# A Review on Flavonoids as Anti-_Helicobacter pylori_ Agents
## 3 Results
### Medicinal Plants and Their Potential Application  
Medicinal plants have been used for their health benefits since ancient times. Historical records from Traditional Chinese Medicine and other sources have verified that medicinal plants have long been documented for disease treatment and prevention [50]. However, the knowledge surrounding these plants is often poorly documented. In most cases, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Gene/Protein** & **Genome** & **Function** & **Reference** \\ \hline CYP2C19 & Host & Drug metabolisation & [1; 41] \\ NikR & Bacteria & Nickel-responsive regulator & [45] \\  & & Metabolism and stress & [45] \\ HsrA & Bacteria & defence & [45] \\ OipA & Bacteria & Outer membrane protein & [1; 45] \\ CagA & Bacteria & Cell transformation to cancer cells & [1; 45] \\ BabA & Bacteria & Adhesion to mucosa cells & [1; 45] \\ HopQ & Bacteria & Adhesion to CEACAMs & [1; 45] \\  & & Protein involved in & \\ Urease & Bacteria & helping the colonization & [45; 48] \\  & & in the acid pH in & \\  & & stomach & \\ Flavodoxin & Bacteria & Small electron transfer & \\  & & protein involved in & [45] \\  & & pyruvate metabolism & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Genes/Protein and Potential Markers for biotechnological Development. it has been passed down orally through generations, necessitating in situ observation and conversations with local populations to uncover their significance, particularly in inaccessible regions [51; 52; 53]. The processing of these herbs into medicines is usually rudimentary. It employs techniques limited by local technological advancements, including sun-drying, boiling, grinding, bounding, chewing, wrapping, pressing, or mixing with foods [51; 52; 53]. Despite advancements in modern medicine, a persistent demand remains for new compounds or compound combinations to treat longstanding and emerging diseases. These challenges have prompted the pharmaceutical industry to develop new drugs by characterising and innovating novel bioactive molecules [54; 55; 56]. As a result, the search for new and previously known molecules from medicinal plants continues to be a vital resource for the pharmaceutical industry and an alternative treatment option for individuals who prefer natural products. Basic and applied research on medicinal plants is essential for identifying new bioactive molecules and treatments for chronic and emerging diseases [54; 55; 56; 57; 58]. Remarkably, approximately one-quarter of all FDA- and EMA-approved drugs are plant-derived or utilise plant-based bioactive molecules, underscoring the critical role of medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical market [59]. Among the most significant classes of bioactive molecules synthesised by plants are polyphenols. This group includes phenolics, stilbenes, flavonoids, tannins, and lignoids, all characterised by phenolic groups. These compounds are widely distributed across various plant parts consumed in the human diet (e.g., fruits, vegetables, leaves, roots, seeds) or obtained through processed extracts (e.g., tea, coffee, pressed oils, or ethanol-based extracts). The prevalence of these bioactive compounds in dietary sources has driven research into their health benefits, particularly the correlation between plant-based diets and the high polyphenol content in these products [60; 61]. After consumption, polyphenols undergo partial processing in the liver and small intestine before they enter systemic circulation. In the liver, they are subjected to Phase I and Phase II metabolic reactions facilitated by enzymes such as uridine-5-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), sulfotransferase (SULT), and catechol-O-methyltransferasease (COMT). Meanwhile, certain polyphenols are hydrolysed into their aglycone forms in the small intestine before absorption (Figure 2). However, a significant portion of ingested flavonoids is metabolised by gut microbiota, with metabolites from Phase I and Phase II processes recycled through enterohepatic circulation [62].