## 4 Results
The more significant drop in XNOR performance compared to other logic functions might be attributed to its reliance on both AND and NOR operations, where the cumulative effects of signal degradation have a greater impact on its overall efficiency. Additionally, the AND function maintains the highest QF values across all data rates, while XNOR consistently shows the lowest, highlighting a stronger resilience of the AND operation in high-speed conditions. These results suggest that optimizing parameters such as the injected optical power, bias current of the CR-SOA, or phase tuning in the interferometer could mitigate performance losses at higher data rates. Further analysis could focus on investigating alternative configurations or signal processing techniques to enhance the robustness of AOLGs operating at ultra-high speeds. Figure 4: Simulation results showing the variation in the QF for different output logic operations of the encoder and comparator (\(\overline{\text{AB}}\), \(\overline{\text{AB}}\), \(\overline{\text{AB}}\), \(\overline{\text{AB}}\) (AND), \(\overline{\text{A}}\) \(\overline{\text{B}}\) (NOR), and \(\text{AB}+\overline{\text{A}}\) \(\overline{\text{B}}\) (XNOR)) as a function of the power of signal B (PB) using CR-SOA-MZI at 120 Gb/s. The results illustrate the variation in the QF as a function of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) power (PASE) for different logic gate operations--\(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\mathrm{AB}\) (AND), \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (NOR), and \(\mathrm{AB}+\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (XNOR)--using a CR-SOA-MZI-based system at 120 Gb/s, as shown in Figure 6. PASE is added numerically to the logic operations' output powers given by Equations (14), (17), (20) and (23), ensuring a realistic evaluation of ASE-induced degradation in system performance. The ASE power is calculated using the following equation [39]:  
\[P_{ASE}=\ N_{sp}\left(G-1\right)h\
u B_{0} \tag{25}\]  
where  
* \(\mathrm{N_{sp}}\): Spontaneous emission factor
* G: Signal gain
* B0: Optical bandwidth  
Figure 5: Simulation results showing the variation in the QF for different output logic operations of the encoder and comparator (\(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\mathrm{AB}\) (AND), \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (NOR), and \(\mathrm{AB}+\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (XNOR)) as a function of data rate using CR-SOA-MZI at 120 Gb/s. Figure 6: Simulation results showing the variation in the QF for different output logic operations of the encoder and comparator (\(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\overline{\mathrm{AB}}\), \(\mathrm{AB}\) (AND), \(\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (NOR), and \(\mathrm{AB}+\overline{\mathrm{A}}\)\(\overline{\mathrm{B}}\) (XNOR)) as a function of amplified spontaneous emission power (PASE) using CR-SOA-MZI at 120 Gb/s. As P\({}_{\text{ASE}}\) increases from 0.5 \(\mu\)W to 5 \(\mu\)W, a significant reduction in the QF is observed for all logic functions. At P\({}_{\text{ASE}}\) = 0.5 \(\mu\)W, the highest QF is recorded for the AND operation (19.05), followed by \(\overline{\text{AB}}\) (17.56) and \(\overline{\text{AB}}\) (17.04). The NOR and XNOR operations show lower QF values of 10.95 and 8.33, respectively. This trend indicates that the AND function maintains the strongest resilience against initial ASE-induced impairments, while XNOR is the most sensitive to ASE-related performance degradation. With increasing P\({}_{\text{ASE}}\), the QF decreases progressively. At P\({}_{\text{ASE}}\) = 2 \(\mu\)W, the QF for \(\overline{\text{AB}}\), \(\overline{\text{B}}\), and AND drops to 12.86, 11.98, and 14.62, respectively, representing a significant performance decline. NOR and XNOR gates experience more severe degradation, with QF values falling to 6.52 and 4.72, respectively.