## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.2 Wireless Protocols
Water measurements demonstrated successful data transmission at a depth of 0.6 m, suggesting potential applications in reservoir monitoring. Another interesting study [54] delves into enhancing the security of LoRaWAN. Though LoRaWAN integrates AES-128 cryptographic protection, certain tasks, particularly those within critical infrastructure systems, require supplementary cryptographic measures, such as adherence to the GOST 34.12-2018 specification. The research proposes a software module for LoRaWAN devices, implementing encryption with a 128-bit block length (\"Kuznyechik\"), complying with Russian standards. The module is implemented in the IMST GmbH iM880B module, highlighting its feasibility. This software addition ensures information security beyond the LoRaWAN standard, preventing unauthorized access and specific attacks. The software implementation offers advantages in terms of flexibility, lower power consumption, and cost-effectiveness compared with hardware approaches. Tests confirmed the feasibility of additional encryption without causing errors in LoRaWAN standard operation and providing enhanced confidentiality. The flexibility of software implementation indicates easy integration into existing devices. Overall, this research presents a promising approach for industrial implementation, contributing to the evolution of secure communication in critical infrastructure systems. Lastly, a study [55] from the US Department of Defense supports the effectiveness of integrating LoRaWAN and Helium Network technologies, illustrating practical instances of a robust global network. It recommends that the Department of Defense (DoD) adopt and adapt this technology to improve environmental sensing, establish immediate tactical networks, and oversee critical infrastructure and logistics. The suggested amalgamation has the potential to furnish the DoD with a dependable, secure, and anonymous communication network utilizing LoRaWAN nodes and routers, ensuring end-to-end encryption up to AES-128 (aligning with DoD SECRET-classification standards). Application of LoRaWAN IoT devices in real-time environmental data collection, encompassing tasks like urban flood monitoring and earthquake detection, is proposed. This would aid in efficiently coordinating evacuations during natural disasters, thereby enhancing mission success and operational safety. Additionally, deploying LoRaWAN devices on personnel, vehicles, and structures for real-time information transmission in various scenarios is suggested, offering both defensive and offensive capabilities. This includes monitoring human factors, stress, vitals, and adversarial infrastructures. The study emphasizes the optimization of monitoring critical infrastructures like electricity, natural gas, water, and sewage by leveraging LoRaWAN's wireless signal range. The proposed method suggests minimal alterations to existing IoT infrastructure, ensuring low adoption costs and swift implementation. The envisioned fusion of LoRaWAN and Helium Network technologies emerges as a compelling resolution to address IoT challenges faced by the DoD. By establishing an IoT ecosystem supported by the Helium blockchain, there is the potential to significantly bolster the DoD's lethality and dominance in information warfare. The proposed technological fusion offers practical solutions for emergency management, real-time battlefield information, and safeguarding critical infrastructure. * Bluetooth Low Energy  
Bluetooth technology owes much of its success to the remarkable flexibility it affords developers. With two radio options, Bluetooth caters to a diverse range of wireless connectivity needs, making it a preferred choice for various applications. Whether facilitating high-quality audio streaming, data transfer between devices, or communication in building automation, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) and Bluetooth Classic radios offer tailored solutions to developers worldwide.