## 1 Introduction
### Simulation Results of Proposed HG-SIQBC  
To observe the performance of the converter, simulations were performed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK tool. The following parameters were considered for the simulation: for a 1 kW system, DC input voltage = 75 V, output voltage = 400 V, inductor \(L_{1}=L_{2}=2.8\) mH, \(L_{3}=50\) uH, capacitor \(C_{1}=100\) uF, \(C_{2}=C_{3}=50\) uF, \(C_{0}=470\) uF, load resistance \(R_{L}=160\)\(\Omega\), and switching frequency \(f_{s}=10\) kHz. The closed-loop control system for the proposed HG-SIQBC with a PI-based voltage controller is presented in Figure 11. The PI controller parameters \(\text{K}_{\text{p}}\) and \(\text{K}_{\text{i}}\) were chosen as 0.001 and 0.1 respectively. The output voltage (\(V_{0}\)) was compared with the reference voltage, generating an error signal. This error (\(\text{e}_{1}\)) was processed in the PI controller. The output of this controller was compared with a high-frequency repeating sequence signal, and the required PWM signal for the switch was generated. To match with the rating of the  
Figure 10: Converter loss breakdown chart for HG-SIQBC topology. DC bus voltage, the reference voltage (\(V_{ref}\)) was considered as 400 V. The performance of the converter was analyzed in terms of rise time, settling time, overshoot (%), and regulation (%), corresponding to the load variation for three different values of input voltages. The plot for output voltage response and load current of the converter concerning variations in load resistance is shown in Figure 12.  
At \(t\) = 0.5 s, an undershoot of 7.5% of \(V_{0}\) occurred with a step increase in load from 2.5 A to 5 A. The output voltage returned to the steady state within 0.04 s. Similarly, an overshoot of 5% of \(V_{0}\) occurred at \(t\) = 1.2 s with a step decrease in load from 5 A to 2.5 A. The output voltage returned to the steady state within 0.06 s. Thus, the proposed converter is well suited for integrating PV with the DC grid. Hence, the performance was analyzed by considering the change in input voltage due to a change in irradiance. For each input voltage range, the load was varied from 160 \(\Omega\) to 320 \(\Omega\) with a step increase of 20 \(\Omega\). The performance parameters for the proposed HG-SIQBC are calculated and presented in Tables 2-4. Figure 11: Block diagram of closed-loop control for proposed HG-SIQBC. Figure 12: HG-SIQBC-output voltage and current when subjected to a load change for \(V_{in}\) = 75 V.  
From the above tables, it can be observed that the output voltage of the converter is well regulated, becoming settled earlier for wide range of load variations. The output voltage response corresponding to input voltage variation is shown in Figure 13. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & \(V_{in}\) = 250 V & & \(V_{n\!f}\) = 400 V & \\ \hline
**R (f)** & **Rise Time (s)** & **Setting Time (s)** & **Overshoot (\%)** & **Regulation (\%)** & **Measured Output** \\ \hline
160 & 0.0012 & 0.008 & 6.25 & 0.275 & 398.9 \\
180 & 0.0019 & 0.009 & 6.35 & 0.2 & 399.2 \\
200 & 0.0011 & 0.016 & 6.4375 & 0 & 400 \\
220 & 0.00116 & 0.018 & 6.5 & 0.075 & 399.7 \\
240 & 0.00112 & 0.12 & 6.56 & 0.175 & 399.3 \\
260 & 0.00115 & 0.12 & 6.56 & 0.175 & 399.3 \\
280 & 0.00119 & 0.125 & 6.625 & 0.175 & 399.3 \\
300 & 0.00119 & 0.125 & 6.6875 & 0.2 & 399.2 \\
320 & 0.0012 & 0.125 & 6.725 & 0.2 & 399.2 \\
80 & 0.00115 & 0.1 & 5.35 & 0.2 & 399.2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Performance parameters of proposed HG-SIQBC for \(V_{in}\) = 250 V.