## 5 Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Weight Management and Metabolic Health in Obesity
### Effects of Micromutrient Supplementation on Body Weight Reduction  
Supplementation with most micronutrients did not influence body weight reduction (Table 3). \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Micronutrient**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Studied Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of People**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Measure**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% Confidence**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} \\  & & **Included** & & & **Interval** & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. A} & Iranian \(\,\)*OB & \multirow{2}{*}{56} & MD \(-\)1.5\(\,\)* & \(-\)1.8\(\,\)\(-\)1.3 & [73] \\  & reproductive-aged women & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. D} & OW and OB participants & \multirow{2}{*}{947} & MD \(-\)0.4 & \(-\)1.1, 0.2 & [74] \\  & of weight loss programs & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. E} & OW and OB adults & 1245 & WMD \(-\)0.1 & \(-\)2.1, 2.0 & [55] \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. C} & Iraqi \(\,\)* Adults with MetS & 120 & MD 0.0 & 0.0, 0.0 & [75] \\  & & Mexican OW and OB & \multirow{2}{*}{36} & MD \(-\)0.6 & N/A & [76] \\  & & adults with T2D & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. B6} & Iranian \(\,\)*dieting OB and & \multirow{2}{*}{44} & MD \(-\)1.4\(\,\)* & \(-\)2.5, \(-\)0.4 & [77] \\  & OW women & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vit. B9} & Adults & 457 & WMD \(-\)0.2 & \(-\)0.5, 0.2 & [78] \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{Iranian \(\,\)* adults with  NAFLD} & \multirow{2}{*}{40} & DBM \(-\)0.6 & N/A & [79] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mg} & Adults & 2551 & WMD 0.2 & \(-\)0.3, 0.7 & [80] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ca} & OW and OB adults & 662 & MD \(-\)0.7\(\,\)* & \(-\)1.0, \(-\)0.5 & [81] \\  & \multirow{2}{*}{Se} & Iranian \(\,\)* women with & \multirow{2}{*}{60, 24, and 37, respectively} & MD \(-\)0.8 in all & \multirow{2}{*}{Range from \multirow{2}{*}{}} \\  & & Spanish \(\,\)* healthy men on & & & \\ \end{tabular}  \
\begin{tabular}{c} \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} \The meta-analyses showed that only Ca administered to people with obesity and overweight allowed for a modest but statistically significant decrease of body mass by MD of \(-0.7\) kg [81], while RCTs documented such an effect for vitamin B6 (MD \(-1.4\) kg [77]), vitamin A (MD \(-1.5\) kg [73]), and Se (MD \(-0.8\) kg [82]) supplemented to dieting women with excess weight, women of reproductive age with obesity, and women with polycystic ovary syndrome who were given probiotics, respectively. Several studies have indicated that the characteristics of the study group, the presence of dietary intervention, and the dose and source of micronutrients may influence the extent to which vitamin and mineral supplementation is helpful in reducing body weight. For example, supplementation with Ca did not contribute to a significant weight loss in meta-analyses where data from studies that included varying population groups were considered [85; 86] but, as mentioned, a small significant effect was noted when only data from studies on participants with overweight and obesity were looked at [81]. In addition, two independent meta-analyses have shown that increasing dairy consumption may be more likely to aid weight and fat loss when used in conjunction with a weight loss program [86; 87]. Although Mg supplementation did not aid weight loss in a broad range of participants included in the meta-analysis by [PERSON] et al. (2021), the authors reported a statistically significant decrease in BMI (WMD \(-0.21\) kg/m2, 95% confidence interval \(-0.41\), \(0.00\)) [80]. This was because several studies used in the abovementioned meta-analysis did not report the weight of participants but only BMI. Moreover, the authors found that the effects of Mg supplementation were associated with a statistically significant decrease in the body weight of particular groups, namely women, people with excess weight, and people with insulin resistance and/or hypertension.