## 4 Emergent Configurations in the IIoT
### Application of EC in the IIoT for Maritime Operation  
The underlying concepts of EC is presented in Section 4 of this paper, whereas, an overview of maritime operations with specific application to oil and gas extractions is presented in Section 4.3. The propounded application of EC in combating oil and gas leakages during maritime oil and gas explorations is further highlighted in this section. For this application, it is assumed that a _ground station_ is positioned at some remote onshore location, where the entire oil and gas exploration processes are monitored as depicted in Figure 10. The control station consists of display management systems such as computer monitors and projectors, lighting systems including numerous shared IoT objects such as sensors and actuators. The _oil rig_ (which is a platform that is built over the oil well) is designed to consist of a substation that receives instructions from the onshore control station. The oil exploration set up, and procedures is described as presented in Section 4.3. Stationed around the derrick are sensor objects, for instance, a helium-filled balloon (aerostat) carrying OWL IoT sensors. Positioned at the onshore control station are emergency mechanical devices built with OWL sensors such as helicopters and other unmanned aircraft systems for instance, remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS). _Platform supply vessels_ (PSVs) are offshore kind of vessels that are adopted for transiting required equipment as well as additional manpower for oil explorations. Another name for PSVs is _offshore supply vessels_ (OSV) \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Application** & **Key Features** & **Originator** & **Message Transition** & **Underlying Transport** \\
**Protocol** & **(Benefells)** & **(Creator)** & **Technique** & **Layer Protocol** \\ \hline MQTT & Efficient routing for small, cheap, low-power and memory devices & IIM and Circus Link & Publish/Subscribe & TCP/IP \\ COAP & Automatic configuration, multicast messaging, congestion control, & IETF & Request/Response & UDP \\ AMPP & Provides flow controlled message-oriented communications. & JPMorgan Chase & Publish/Subscribe & TCP \\ AMPP & Secure and spam-free instant messaging, chat, video and voice calls. & IETF & Publish/Subscribe & TCP \\ WebSocket & Full-duplex communication for encrypted and unencrypted connections. & IETF & Request/Response & TCP \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of adaptable application layer protocols for marine communication networks. and they are also useful during oil spillage cleaning operations. Other kinds of unmanned surface sensor carrying vessels are also well positioned onshore in preparation for oil spillage emergencies. At a depth of the sea are stationed _unmanned underwater vehicles_ which are designed for monitoring the activities of the oil drilling and explorations. For instance, _autonomous underwater vehicles_ (AUV) are robots that do not require human operations to monitor drilling operations several kilometers beneath the sea. Mobile _non-autonomous underwater vehicles_ that require human control can also be employed for motoring/surveying drilling activities beneath the sea. A good example is the _remotely operated underwater vehicle_ (ROV) that is linked through a _tether_ to a host vessel on the water surface. Marine environments can be polluted from accidental oil spillages. The pollution may occur from the depth of the sea or on the water surface. It can arise from the bottom of the seawater as a result of improper drilling operations that may result from human errors. For instance, the ground rocks not being cemented appropriately when drilling operation commences as a result of the drilled ground rock diameter been greater than the diameter of the cemented conductor pipe. This may cause leakage of high-pressure hydrocarbons from the sides of the cemented conductor pipe consequently posing great environmental hazards to marine organisms.