## 3 Results and Discussion
### FTIR Spectroscopy  
The FTIR spectroscopy of individual ingredients (GEF pure, TPGS, SLS and HP \(\beta\)-CD) of GEF SDs (F1, F2 and GEF-TPGS SDs complexed with HP \(\beta\)-CD (F3)) was investigated for the shifting in the wavenumber (if any) of functional groups, as represented in Figure 3. The GEF belongs to the class of quinazolines, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The secondary (2\({}^{\circ}\)) amine of the drug depicted sharp stretching vibration at 3391.34 cm\({}^{-1}\). The aromatic C-H and C=N stretching vibration of the quinazoline ring exhibited frequencies at 2952.92 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 2815.33 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The C-N stretching vibration of the morpholine ring was exhibited at 1390 cm\({}^{-1}\). The halogen functional groups illustrate their stretching vibrational peaks at 1498.95 cm\({}^{-1}\) for fluoro and 842.97 cm\({}^{-1}\) for chloro groups. The C-O-C stretching vibration of the pure drug was observed at 1119.25 cm\({}^{-1}\). The displayed frequency of the carrier TPGS was observed at 2878.13 cm\({}^{-1}\), which beheld the stretching vibration for the ester group. The other functional groups of the carrier exhibited stretching vibrations at 1345.75 and 1100.69 cm\({}^{-1}\) for C=C and C-O-C moieties. The HP \(\beta\)-CD displayed its stretching vibration at 3287.60 cm\({}^{-1}\) and 1018.62 cm\({}^{-1}\) for cyclic hydroxyl and C-O-C moieties, which was also noted during the FTIR spectroscopy of HP \(\beta\)-CD at of 4000 and 450 cm\({}^{-1}\) scanning range [44]. The binary complex (GEF with TPGS) attributed their stretching vibration to the slight variation in the peak at 3393.71 cm\({}^{-1}\) for 2\({}^{\circ}\)-amine of the GEF-pure. This finding exhibited that there was no potential intermolecular interaction between GEF and TPGS in its binary complex, which was also noted in the previous studies such as the complexation of desloratadine with HP \(\beta\)-CD [45], quercetin with methyl-\(\beta\)-CD [46] and fluoconazole with \(\beta\)-CD [47]. Halogen peaks were also observed in the binary complex with a drastic change in their stretching vibration peaks at 1462.14 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the fluoro and 838.57 cm\({}^{-1}\) for chloro group in comparison to the peaks of the GEF pure. The stretching vibration of the C-N moiety of the morpholine ring also exhibited drastic changes in their peaks at 1344.09 cm\({}^{-1}\) when correlated with the pure drug. The binary complex also exhibited carrier stretching vibration peaks with a slight change at 2877.68 cm\({}^{-1}\) for the ester moiety. It is worth mentioning that no peaks were observed for the C=N stretching vibration of the quinazoline ring, which may be assumed to be merged with the peaks of the carrier's ester moiety. The IR spectral peak analysis confirmed the formation of a binary complex  
Figure 2: (a) Dissolution efficiencies (DE%) with 95% confidence intervals of different GEF SDs, where \"***\" \(p<0.005\) represents the significant improvement in DE% of F3 against all other GEF products; \"***\" \(p<0.005\) represents the significant improvement in DE% of F1 against F2 and GEF pure and \"***\" \(p<0.005\) represents the significant improvement in DE% of F2 against GEF pure only. (b) Mean dissolution time (MDT) with 95% confidence intervals for different GEF SDs. in the form of GEF SDs, which was also reported during the development of SDs of GEF with polyethylene glycol-4000, GEF with Kollidon(r) and polyethylene glycol-4000 as well as GEF with Soluplus(r) and polyethylene glycol-4000 [26]. The pattern of IR spectra for the GEF-TPCS HP \(\beta\)-CD inclusion complex (F3) confirmed the encaging of GEF-TPCS SDs inside the bucket-like cavity of HP \(\beta\)-CD, as substantiated by the host-guest complexation of desloratadine with HP \(\beta\)-CD [48]. The IR spectroscopy of GEF, TPGS and HP \(\beta\)-CD physical mixture exhibited stretching vibration peaks at 3391.26 cm\({}^{-1}\) for 2\({}^{\circ}\) amine with an insignificant change as compared with GEF pure.