## 4 Discussion
[26] similarly highlighted the importance of dynamic visual acuity in goalkeepers, emphasizing its relevance in high-speed decision-making and execution during gameplay. Our results further suggest that sports requiring constant attention to moving objects, such as football, handball, rugby, and tennis, place significant demands on athletes' dynamic visual acuity. These findings align with the idea that dynamic visual acuity is a key performance indicator for interceptive sports, where tracking and responding to rapidly changing stimuli is critical. Additionally, cricketers and baseball players, who depend heavily on dynamic visual acuity for tasks such as predicting ball trajectories and timing interceptions, exhibited superior performance levels. This reinforces the necessity of sport-specific visual training programs designed to enhance dynamic visual acuity and other related skills [24; 29]. Such programs could target not only the refinement of tracking and anticipation abilities but also the development of complementary visual functions like contrast sensitivity and stereopsis, which are essential for depth perception and object recognition in varying conditions. However, our results cannot be used to confirm the efficacy of visual training programs, as these evaluations were not conducted within the scope of this study. Normative data for stereopsis indicate values around 100-200 arc s for the general population [28] and approximately 40-60 arc s for athletes in sports requiring high spatial precision, such as basketball and volleyball. In this study, participants recorded a mean stereopsis value of 67 \(\pm\) 44 arc s, closely approaching values typically associated with high-performance athletes, especially in sports with dynamic visual demands. High levels of stereopsis were found to be associated with an enhanced perception of stimuli in sports such as basketball, volleyball, and hockey [30]. These sports require rapid and precise three-dimensional spatial awareness to judge distances, predict object trajectories, and make split-second decisions during dynamic gameplay. Conversely, sports like golf, which involve stationary targets and less reliance on depth perception during active play, demonstrated lower stereopsis levels, reflecting the differing visual demands across sports disciplines [14; 31]. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring visual training interventions to address the unique visual skill requirements of specific sports. By focusing on enhancing stereopsis in athletes where depth perception is critical, such interventions could improve overall performance and decision-making accuracy. In our study, fixation disparity values were lower than those reported by [PERSON] et al. [32] for both athlete and control groups. This discrepancy may stem from the differences in participant age, as younger athletes often exhibit better ocular alignment and binocular coordination. Additionally, variations in the reliability and repeatability of the evaluation methods used across studies may contribute to the observed differences. These findings underline the necessity of adopting standardized and consistent methodologies for assessing visual skills to facilitate meaningful comparisons between different populations and ensure accurate evaluations. The results further reinforce the importance of integrating customized visual assessments and training programs into sports science to optimize specific visual and oculomotor skills. By addressing these unique visual demands,sports professionals can enhance athletes' capabilities, ultimately bridging performance gaps between elite and non-elite players while fostering overall athletic development. Specifically, hand-eye coordination response times for the general population average around 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.2 s, while elite athletes often achieve times of 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 s in dynamic sports like rugby and tennis [33].