# From Bottom of Sea to Space: Quo Vadis IoT? So What About Security?
## 3 Security Challenges and Mechanisms
### IoT on the Ground
#### 3.2.1 Extensions with Applications in Medicine
Through security analysis testing, a long list of properties proposed by the authors of [76], the paper proves that the PSL-MAAKA protocol out performs other schemes including, [PERSON] et al. 's [77], [PERSON] et al. 's [78], [PERSON] et al. 's [79] and [PERSON] et al. 's [80]. The authors of [81] propose another method of mutual authentication that ensures that both the source and destination are checked for integrity to prevent packet loss. The main focus of the authors is to defend against the black hole attack, a commonly forgotten attack. It is an attack in which a router deletes all messages it was supposed to forward. The proposed scheme is the combined use of medium access control and enhanced on-demand vector-enabled routing. Mobile devices must start a session with a registered device in order to begin communication. The encryption method used is the well-known elliptical-curve Diffie-Hellman method. Through simulation testing, they were able to prove the effectiveness of the scheme against multiple attacks with a high rate of success. Mutual key authentication allows users to ensure that the data they collect are the same as the information sent. There are other methods that allow for the same authentication through a form of digital signature. The authors of [82] propose a method composed of four main parts: checksum computation, the novel left data mapping (LDM), the pixel repetition method (PRM), and RC4 encryption. PRM is used to upscale an input image. RC4 is then used to encrypt the binary secret data that are then grouped together in 3-bit groups that are then converted to decimal. Using LDM, the decimal digits are encoded and inserted into a cover image. To protect against taper, a checksum digit is created and inserted into a main diagonal pixel. If the image is tampered with, the checksum digit will not match when calculated again. This is a form of digital signature to check the authenticity of the data received. The experimental results collected by the authors of [82] show that the proposed system outperforms some of the best systems when focusing on computational complexity, the ability to detect tapering, payload, and imperceptibility. Encryption  
Encryption is very important in the secure transport of information from IoMT to another location. One such method proposed by the authors of [83] suggests the use of the Rivest Cipher to generate a key value followed by the use of the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to encrypt the value. Lastly, the value is hashed using SHA256. The proposed scheme is tested by the authors and proven to be sufficient against attacks. With IoMT a lot of authors have looked for easy ways to transmit data from IoMT to servers. This leads us to the use of smartphones in today's society. They allow for easy transportation of data between users and healthcare professionals. The issue comes with communicating that sensitive data in a way that does not allow attackers to take advantage of the system of communication. The authors of [84] have proposed a method using blockchain and key authentication agreements. The protocol would provide a secure place for keys to be managed on the blockchain. This would allow for the secure transfer of keys between implanted devices, personal servers, and cloud servers. The data would then be accessible to appropriate users via the blockchain. The Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool was used to perform tests on the proposed system and proved to be resilient against attacks. Since the beginning of COVID-19, many physicians have moved to remote care for their patients, also known as telemonitoring. When doing so, doctors must transmit an extensive amount of patients' personal data. To keep the information safe, the authors of [85] have proposed a lightweight method of mutual authentication and secret key establishment protocol.