esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 System Model  
The adopted scenario considers a cellular mMTC network where IoT devices employ a GF RA policy to transmit their packets contending for \(\tau_{p}\) orthogonal pilot resources. We consider a time-division duplex scheme, where the wireless channels are assumed constant during an entire time slot. The BS is equipped with a massive number of BS antennas (\(M\)) localized at the center of the cell. Let \(\mathcal{K}\) be the set of single-antenna devices in the cell, which decide to activate with probability \(P_{a}\) transmitting _payload data_ together with a randomly selected _pilot sequence_ to enable UL channel estimation at the BS side. We denote the \(\tau_{p}\) mutually orthogonal pilot sequences as \(\mathbf{s}_{1},...,\mathbf{s}_{\tau_{p}}\in\mathbb{C}^{\tau_{p}\times 1}\), such that each pilot has length \(\tau_{p}\) and \(\|\mathbf{s}_{t}\|^{2}=\tau_{p}\), \(\forall t\in[1,\tau_{p}]\). Besides, we denote the number of active devices as \(K_{a}\), while each device has a number of \(L_{k}\) packets to transmit. Therefore, considering \(\mathcal{S}_{t}\subset\mathcal{K}\) as the set of devices that want to transmit data selecting pilot \(t\); its cardinality follows a binomial distribution:  
\[|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\sim\mathcal{B}\bigg{(}K,\frac{P_{a}}{\tau_{p}}\bigg{)}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(K=|\mathcal{K}|\) is the total number of devices in the cell. An illustrative representation of the adopted scenario is presented in Figure 1, while a detailed description of each protocol step is provided in Section 4.  
The channel vector between BS and device \(k\) is denoted by \(\mathbf{h}_{k}\in\mathbb{C}^{M\times 1}\). The channel follows a complex Gaussian distribution \(\mathbf{h}_{k}\sim\mathcal{CN}(0,\beta_{k}\mathbf{I}_{M})\), where \(\beta_{k}\) is the large-scale fading coefficient, which follows an urban micro scenario [31]. So, the large-scale fading of the link between device \(k\) and the BS is  
\[\beta_{k}=10^{-\kappa\log(d_{k})+\frac{\kappa+\varphi}{10}}. \tag{2}\]  
In this equation \(d_{k}\) is the distance between device \(k\) and the BS, \(\kappa=3.8\) is the path loss exponent, \(\varphi\sim\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma_{\text{sf}}^{2})\) is the shadow fading, with standard deviation \(\sigma_{\text{sf}}=10\) dB, and \(g=-34.53\) dB is the path loss at the reference distance [31].  
The devices transmit the payload data prepended with an RA pilot to enable channel estimation employing a GF RA protocol. If the transmitted payload data packet is successfully decoded at the BS, the device proceeds to transmit the next data packet. Otherwise, the device repeats the transmission of the same packet in the next frame, which increases _latency_ and decreases the _per-device throughput_ and the _network throughput_. A pilot collision occurs when two or more devices choose the same RA pilot in the above process and is one of the leading causes of packet losses. Therefore, designing strategies for decreasing the probabilities of pilot collisions is essential in mMTC networks, as described in the following sections.
# Fully Convolutional Neural Network with Augmented
## 2 Materials and Methods
### A-ASPP Module  
As the main structure of ASPP, dilated convolution is important for the segmentation task. Although it is useful with regards to resolution and background context, it is not friendly to small object segmentation in HRRS images. The role of the A-ASPP module is to solve problems of the ASPP module. Specifically, aggressive application of dilated convolution in ASPP causes two problems, (1) dilation factors that are too big lead to a sparse convolution kernel, and a large amount of computational information is lost. (2) The consistency of adjacent spaces becomes weak, and local information is lost at the upsampling layer.  
Firstly, in order to solve the sparsity problem caused by diluted convolution, more intensive computation is needed, and the dilation factors are increased. For example, in the one-dimensional volume set with convolution kernel of 3, the combination of expansion rate of 3 and expansion rate of 6, compared with only expansion rate of 6, there are seven eigenvalues in the convolution of combinatorial expansion rate. Only three eigenvalues are involved in the computation of convolution with expansion rate of 6.  
Therefore, the large expansion can be calculated from the small expansion, which makes the computation and sampling denser, thus allowing for obtaining more detailed context information. Therefore, the A-ASPP structure first uses a gradual expansion rate.  
Figure 3: Schematic representation of the proposed architecture: Augmented ASPP network with Fully Convoluted fusion path, and post-processing stage. (**a**) Augmented Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (A-ASPP) module with three parallel dilated convolution branches, each branch consists of four different expansion rate dilated convolution layers. (**b**) Fully connected (FC) fusion branch module consists of two convolution layers and one FC layer, our method fuse predictions from A-ASPP and FC outputs for better prediction.  
To handle the second problem, we propose decreasing the dilation factor. The idea is that the main cause of the problems is an increasing dilation factor. If we attach structure with decreasing dilation factor after increasing one, information pyramids of neighboring units can be connected again. Thus, decreasing the structure gradually recovers consistency between neighboring units and extracts local structure in higher layer.  
The structure of A-ASPP is shown in the (a) section of Figure 3. The A-ASPP structure uses the dilation factors that expands first and then decreases to maintain the advantage of multi-scale information acquisition and enhance the learning ability. First, the dilution factors are gradually expanded to make the receptive field larger and denser, and more detailed contextual information is obtained, and then the feature extraction of small objects is enhanced through the aggregation of local information by decreasing the dilation factors.
# Development of a Caterpillar-Type Walker for the Elderly People
## 3 Results
### Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Activity
#### 3.2.3 Slooped Terrain  
Table 6 shows the activity of the upper extremity and lower extremity muscles when using GTW and CTW in sloped terrain. The statistical significance of muscle activity for each condition was confirmed through Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In the uphill section, on a 10-degree inclination angle, a reduction of 2% in FDS, 14% in BB, 17% in FDP, 24% in TB, 25% in TA, 15% in RF, 20% in GA, and 22% in BF occurred when using CTW compared to GTW. Significant differences were observed in FDP, TB, TA, RF, GA, and BF (\(p<0.05\)). On a 20-degree inclination angle, a reduction of 2% in FDS, 10% in BB, 17% in FDP, 25% in TB, 25% in TA, 14% in RF, 21% in GA, and 24% in BF occurred when using CTW compared to GTW. Significant differences were observed in FDP, TB, TA, RF, GA, and BF (\(p<0.05\)). Additionally, the statistical significance of muscle activity according to inclination angle for the two walkers was confirmed through a Kruskal-Wallis test. In the case of GTW, when the inclination angle increased from 10 degrees to 20 degrees, the muscle activity increased by 2% in FDS, 9% in BB, 8% in FDP, 8% in TB, 15% in TA, 18% in RF, 7% in GA, and 8% in BF. In the case of CTW, the muscle activity increased by 2% in FDS, 13% in BB, 8% in FDP, 6% in TB, 13% in TA, 19% in RF, 6% in GA, and 5% in BF. A significant difference was only observed in the TB muscle (\(p<0.05\)).  
In the downhill section, on a 10-degree inclination angle, a reduction of 15% in FDS, 33% in BB, 2% in FDP, 11% in TB, 18% in TA, 14% in RF, 20% in GA, and 14% in BF occurred when using CTW compared to GTW. Significant differences were observed in FDS, BB, TA, RF, GA, and BF muscles (\(p<0.05\)). On a 20-degree inclination angle, a reduction of 26% in FDS, 49% in BB, 3% in FDP, 10% in TB, 29% in TA, 14% in RF, 22% in GA, and 14% in BF were observed when using CTW compared to GTW. Significant differences were observed in FDS, BB, TA, RF, GA, and BF muscles (\(p<0.05\)). Additionally, in the case of GTW, when the angle increased from 10 degrees to 20 degrees, the muscle activity increased by 11% in FDS, 25% in BB, 5% in FDP, 2% in TB, 11% in TA, 2% in RF, 5% in GA and 0.6% in BF. In the case of CTW, the muscle activity decreased by 2% in FDS and 0.3% in TA while it increased by 2% in BB, 4% in FDP, 2% in TB, 2% in RF, 4% in GA, and 2% in BF. A significant difference was only observed in the cases of BB and FDP muscles (\(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 9: Upper and lower extremity muscle activity in obstacle terrain (\({}^{\text{ns}}\) not significant, \({}^{\star}\) significant difference (\(p<0.05\))).
###### Abstract  
The treatment of wastewater containing various metal ions is a challenging issue in the anodizing industry. The current study investigates the application of membrane distillation/crystallization (MD/MCr) for the simultaneous recovery of freshwater and sodium sulfate from wastewater originating from a Danish anodizing industry. MD/MCr experiments were performed on supernatant from wastewater obtained after centrifugation. The effect of various feed temperatures and cross-flow velocities on flux and crystal characteristics was investigated. The crystal growth in the feed tank was monitored through the use of an online PaticleView microscope. The crystals' morphology and form were determined by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), respectively, while inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was applied to determine the purity of the obtained crystals. The weight and dimensions of the MD/MCr unit that were required to treat the specific amount of wastewater were evaluated as a function of the feed inlet temperature. It was demonstrated that the application of MCr allows extracting high-purity sodium sulfate crystals and more than 80% freshwater from the wastewater.  
sodium sulphate; mineral recovery; membrane crystallization; membrane distillation; anodizing industry +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Protecting Data at Risk of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanation: TEMPEST Profiling
## 3 Sources of Electromagnetic Leakage
### Radio Frequency Identification
Limiting the EM emissions of the system can prevent side-channel attacks, but this usually limits the operating range. Another approach is to increase the RFID chip complexity and make it difficult for attackers to find out information about its internal system and operations. This solution is, however, limited by the small physical dimensions of the tags and cost factors. The author of [84] examines the integrated circuit bandwidths and emphasizes the importance of their performance in a wide frequency range. The author investigates EM perturbations of HF waves caused by differential electrical and physical characteristics of an integrated circuit and proposes a new authentication methodology that exploits the process variation effects through EM and RF-based approaches. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**RFID Reader Type** & **Frequency Band** & **Range** & **Data Rate** \\ \hline LF RFID & 120–150 kHz & 10 cm & Low \\ HF RFID & 3–30 MHz & 0.1–1 m & Low to moderate \\ UHF RFID\({}_{\text{433}}\) & 433 MHz & 1–100 m & Moderate \\ UHF RFID\({}_{\text{65-868}}\) & 865–868 MHz & 1–12 m & Moderate to high \\ UHF RFID\({}_{\text{902-908}}\) & 902–908 MHz & \textgreater{}8 m & Moderate to high \\ Microwave RFID\({}_{\text{2,4-5.8}}\) & 2.45–5.8 GHz & 1–2 m & High \\ Microwave RFID\({}_{\text{3,1-10}}\) & 3.1–10 GHz & up to 200 m & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Operating characteristics of the RFID reader.
# Unlocking Efficiency in Fine-Grained Compositional Image Synthesis: A Single-Generator Approach
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Results  
#### 4.2.1 Image Quality Evaluation  
The quality of the generated images is a crucial aspect for a generative model. In Figure 3, we show some generated images produced with a resolution of 256 \(\times\) 256 and with a truncation of 0.7. It is evident that these images have high perceptual quality and the corresponding segmentation masks accurately align with their intended semantic meanings. To quantitatively assess the image quality, two widely used metrics--namely, the Frechet Inception Distance (FID) [69] and Inception Score (IS) [70]--were employed. A lower FID value or a higher IS value indicates higher image quality. The FID and IS scores are summarized in Table 3. Notably, SSSGAN achieved the lowest FID value of 6.19, albeit with a slightly lower IS value of 3.15. It should be acknowledged that quantitative evaluation of image quality remains an open problem; overall, based on the results, we can conclude that SSSGAN achieves comparable performance in generating high-quality images.  
The semantic parts of a face exhibit strong correlations with each other. To generate a high-fidelity facial image, it is essential to arrange the latent codes for these parts in a cohesive manner. Our findings demonstrated that the LSTM module of SSSGAN effectively captures the relationships between the parts, enabling a single local generator to encode the facial images using these latent codes.
## 1 Introduction
* The high-frequency fluctuation of an echo envelope was characterized by the echo envelope fluctuation intensity, and a model of echo envelope fluctuation intensity was established. * Results from simulation and real sea experiments of a benchmark model and synthetic echo are provided in detail. * The feasibility of the proposed method for discriminating between a real target echo and a synthetic echo was verified by real sea experiment. The method proposed in this paper has low processing complexity and provides a new and valuable insight into the classification of underwater real and synthetic echoes. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the theoretical analysis of the high-frequency envelope fluctuation of a complex underwater target echo, and the characterization model we established is presented. Section 3 presents the extraction of echo envelope fluctuation features from a scaled benchmark model and synthetic echo with different frequencies and pulse lengths, and the simulation and experimental results are discussed in detail. Section 4 describes the proposed method of real echo and synthetic echo discrimination. Section 5 consists of sea experiments, data processing results, and discussion of estimation performance. A summary of the proposed method is provided in Section 6.
# The Concept regarding Vehicular Communications Based on Visible Light Communication and the IoT
###### Abstract  
The most controversial technology--visible light communication--is becoming increasingly promising in the field of wireless networks, being ideal for many indoor and outdoor applications. This article proposes VLC methods and architectures capable of providing high security in vehicles and in their communications with the environment or other cars in traffic. The architectures proposed involve the inclusion of ambient lighting equipment and systems and indoor and outdoor lighting systems, such as headlights, traffic lights, and stoplights. Securing data within vehicular networks and validating them through multiple layers of filtering at the level of the physical PHY layer would drastically strengthen the position of VLC. They are the only source of information through which direct contact is maintained with the other entities in the network. The evaluations and proposals presented here are highly viable and deserve future consideration in light of the results obtained in the practical steps carried out in the research process.  
Keywords:in-vehicle communication; inter-vehicle communication; optical communication; security wireless; visible light communication; wireless optical communication +
Footnote †: journal:
## 5 Conclusions  
The current work based on the obtained results shows a strong influence of even small amounts of citric and tartaric acids on the hydration of the MgO-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) system under hydrothermal conditions. Based on this study, several conclusions can be drawn:  
* The addition of citric and tartaric acid does not change the phase composition a lot, but change the content of each phase in the samples during the hydrothermal treatment;
* The citric and tartaric acid additives show an anti-hydration effect in relation to MgO;
* The citric and tartaric acid additives decrease the content of boehmite and probably brucite in relation to the reference sample;
* The citric and tartaric acid additives increase the content of mixture double magnesium aluminum hydroxide hydrate and hydrol calcite-like phases in relation to the reference sample;
* There are probably no significant differences between tartaric and citric acid with regard to their influence on the studied samples in the experimental conditions.  
The obtained results can be useful for a better understanding of the changes that take place during the heat treatment of refractory castables.  
Conceptualization, R.P. and D.M.; methodology, R.P.; software, R.P.; validation, R.P. and D.M.; formal analysis, R.P.; investigation, R.P. and J.R.; resources, D.M.; data curation, D.M., W.N.-W.; writing--original draft preparation, R.P.; writing--review and editing, D.M.; visualization, R.P.; supervision, D.M.; project administration, D.M.; funding acquisition, D.M.; sample preparation, J.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was founded by The National Centre for Research and Development (Poland) within the framework of LIDER VIII project No. LIDER/5/0034/L-8/16/NCBR/2017 (Recipient: D.M.). The sponsor had no role in the design, execution, interpretation, or writing of the study.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data used in this study are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Proposed Method
### Transfer Learning and Fine-Tuning Strategy

Table 1: Detailed configuration of ResNet50 architecture. the same manner, target domain data is denoted as \(D_{T}=\left\{\left(x_{T_{1}},y_{T_{1}}\right),\ldots,\left(x_{T_{nT}},y_{T_{nT}} \right)\right\}\), where \(x_{T_{i}}\) and \(y_{T_{i}}\) are \(i^{th}\) target instance and health state label in the target domain. \(n_{T}\) is the number of target domain instances. Target domain data \(D_{T}\) is divided into target training data \(D_{T}^{train}\) and target test data \(D_{T}^{test}\). Target training data \(D_{T}^{train}\) are employed in fine-tuning the pre-trained model, whereas target test data \(D_{T}^{test}\) are used only for validation. Both \(D_{S}\) and \(D_{T}\) are sets of vectors composed of domain instances' features and corresponding true health state labels. A large labeled dataset is available in the source domain, whereas only a small labeled dataset is available in the target domain (\(n_{S}\gg\ n_{T}\)). In addition, data belonging to each domain follow different marginal probability distributions (\(P_{S}(X)\
eq P_{T}(X)\), where \(P_{S}(X)\), and \(P_{T}(X)\) are marginal probability distributions of source and target domain, respectively). A fine-tuning strategy is used to train the target diagnosis model. When the deep model is trained with sufficient source domain data, a pre-trained model with feature extraction and classification layers suitable for source domain is obtained. The structure and parameters of the pre-trained model are transferred to target domain and fine-tuned with the target domain data. After these steps, a deep transfer learning model suitable for the task of the target domain is obtained. By using this strategy, incomplete training and overfitting can be avoided, which occur when only few target data are used for training. In addition, the performance of the fine-tuning strategy is determined by the dissimilarity between the source and target domains. Therefore, if the source and target domains are significantly similar, only the fully-connected layer can be fine-tuned, whereas the range of the structure carrying out fine-tuning should increase when the dissimilarity between source and target domain increase.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Numerical Analysis of Hybrid-Bonded CFPR/Steel Composites  
An important condition identified by the aforementioned LSS tests of riveting and bolting is the filling of clearance that occurs during mechanical fastening. The effect of the initial inclination of the fastener due to the clearance on the deformation of the rivets and bolts was investigated through numerical analysis. Figure 8 shows the stress distribution of the rivet under an external force of 1500 N. In both cases, the highest stress was applied at the rivet end where the CFRP is located, which was consistent with the area where fracture occurred in the experiment. Note that the maximum stress in Figure 8a, in which the clearance was empty, was 866 MPa, whereas in Figure 8b, in which the clearance was filled with the adhesive, the maximum stress was 499 MPa, which shows that the stress on the rivet was reduced by 42% by using the adhesive. This is because the rivet was tilted by the clearance, and the stress at the edge significantly increased by the external force. Figure 8 also shows that the clearance being filled with structural adhesive to prevent the rivet from tilting can reduce the stress at the corner where the maximum stress is applied. Figure 9 shows the analytical results of the stress distribution on the bolt when an external force of 1500 N was applied. A comparison of Figure 9a,b confirms the effect of the washer in reducing the force exerted on the bolt. Figure 9b shows that the stress exerted on the bolt  
Figure 7: Deformation of the washer and adhesive joint: (**a**) riveting and (**b**) bolting.  
was reduced by distributing the stress using the washer; consequently, the deformation of the bolt was reduced even when the same external force was applied.  
Figure 9c,d display the numerical analysis results when the structural adhesive was filled in the clearance without and with a washer, respectively. Figure 9c confirms the effect of preventing the bolt from tilting. Compared to the case in Figure 9a, the maximum stress applied to the bolt head reduced by approximately 20%. This result is similar to the case of using the washer. Figure 9d shows that the maximum stress exerted on the bolt reduced  
Figure 8: Numerical analysis results for riveeting: (**a**) clearance without and (**b**) with the adhesive.  
Figure 9: Numerical analysis for bolting cases: (**a**) clearance without an adhesive as well as (**a**) without and (**b**) with the washer, and clearance with an adhesive as well as (**c**) without and (**d**) with the washer.  
by 10% compared to that shown in Figure 9b. This indicates that even when the washer is used, the stress applied to the bolt can be reduced by preventing the bolt from tilting by filling the clearance. These results are consistent with the experimental results summarized in Section 3.1.
## 3 Results  
### Study Selection  
The results of the search performed on databases are presented in Figure 1. A total of 8557 articles were identified. In the first step, 3452 duplicate articles, 311 reviews or surveys, 171 references without an abstract or without authors, 141 articles not written in English, and one article retracted, were removed. After that, 4481 articles remained for screening based on the title and abstract. Of these, 4373 articles were excluded because they did not meet the outlined inclusion criteria, whereas 108 full-text articles were thought potentially eligible. Twenty-five studies were included in this systematic review according to the eligibility criteria (Figure 1).