# Advances in Remote Sensing and Propulsion Systems for Earth Observation Nanosatellites
## 3 Earth Observation
### Inland Water Monitoring  
Monitoring inland water bodies is vital for assessing water quality, managing flood risks, and understanding ecological dynamics. Nanosatellites offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for frequent observations of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Equipped with advanced sensors, nanosatellites enable high-resolution monitoring of water turbidity, surface dynamics, and water quality parameters. This Section reviews studies that demonstrate the potential of nanosatellites in inland water monitoring. The use of CubeSats for inland water monitoring represents a significant advancement in environmental monitoring. Several studies in the literature highlight the feasibility and practicality of using nanosatellites for coastal water quality monitoring and propose innovative designs to optimize water quality monitoring for different bodies of water. These studies illustrate the transformative impact of CubeSat technology in providing detailed, timely, and accessible data for inland water monitoring, crucial for environmental management and protection. [PERSON] et al. (2017) propose a comprehensive analysis of the ENTRUST project, focusing on the feasibility of operational downstream services utilizing Copernicus services and Hyperspectral data from small satellites to monitor coastal water quality parameters. The authors investigated various system hypotheses and demonstrated that hardware related to water quality monitoring is indeed feasible, with a nanosatellite solution deemed more suitable in the short term. Also, market perspectives indicate larger corporations' primary use of nanosatellites, but strategies such as shared satellite usage or launching dedicated nanosatellites could broaden access to this technology. However, while drones remain relevant for local applications, further technical development is needed to ensure high-quality water quality retrieval. [PERSON] et al. (2018) propose an approach to enhance the monitoring of surface water quality in the southern catchment of the Baltic Sea through the design and analysis of a nanosatellite constellation. Furthermore, the authors have devised an efficient and cost \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method Used** & **Evaluation Metric** & **Reference** \\ \hline CubeSats deployed for disaster management, real-time data transmission to Disaster Management Centers. & Improved disaster mitigation with frequent data collection and real-time information. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline Constellation of four low earth orbit 6U nanosatellites with 62 m resolution for disaster monitoring. & Enhanced disaster monitoring in Africa and Asia. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline Nanosatellite tech for addressing Indonesia’s vulnerability to natural disasters, enhancing early warnings. & Prospective applications in disaster management, IoT, communications. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline Satellite imagery and ANN for oil spill detection in marine environments. & 82.01\% accuracy in oil slick classification, valuable for timely detection. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline Monitoring volcanoes with high-res EO data from CubeSats, specifically the Doves constellation. & High-resolution and frequent updates aiding volcanic hazard mitigation. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline Onboard deep learning-based video analysis for disaster monitoring with nanosatellites. & Achieved 89\% test accuracy, 30\% reduction in downlink costs. & ([PERSON] et al., 2018) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: EO methods used for natural disasters. effective solution by utilizing small satellite platforms equipped with the Simera Sense MultiScape100 CIS multispectral sensor and the MP6 Nano Avionics platform. Through meticulous orbit design, which involved determining altitude and inclination tailored to the mission's requirements and sensor optics, the authors identified a low Earth orbit configuration that outperformed traditional heliosynchronous orbits regarding coverage and imagery acquisition probability.