## 2 Theoretical Background and Related Work
These training also enables trained pilots to learn the procedures and operations during exceptional circumstances such as emergency landing and engine failure. Therefore, FSTD-based training is a key element in student pilots' education and renewal of pilot licences [7]. In terms of human-centred studies for pilot training, a flight simulator is also a promising offline environment to carry out experiments without interfering with real-world air transportation. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [9] carried out a flight simulator-based study to collect psychophysiological responses during take-off, landing, air-air attacks, and air-ground attacks for military pilots with EEG and heartbeat rate measurement devices. [PERSON] et al. [27] deployed 16 pilots for a simulator-based take-off task and established the relationships among attention span, instrument reading, and eye movement mode using an eye-tracking system with behavioural responses. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] evaluated a training method aiming to improve the situational awareness for ab initio student pilots by inviting the student pilots to complete a flight task in a flight simulator. [PERSON] et al. [28] assessed the metacognition of student pilots during flight simulation tasks with demand resource evaluation scores (DRES) and revealed that individual metacognitive evaluations might be crucial in stressful events in aviation. From the above, it is apparent that the virtual counterpart of flight operations serves as a crucial digital twin-based platform for learning and practising flight operations. In addition to pilots, the ATCOs need to undergo training in the digital twin-based platform before moving on to on-the-job training with real equipment located in the operations control centre [29]. Various commercial ATC simulators have been developed for this purpose, such as the _NLR Air Traffic Control Research Simulator (NARSIM)_. To evaluate the human performance in aviation operations and facilitate visualisation of flight data offline, different scholars also built different ATC simulators. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [30] developed the _ATClab-Advanced_ simulated platform for conducting human-centred research with a limited geographical scope. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] developed an open-sourced Python-based _BlueSky ATC simulator_ to facilitate research works on air traffic management and air traffic flow. BlueSky incorporated the _OpenAP_ developed by [PERSON] et al. [32] to achieve automation in simulation. Compared to _ATClab-Advanced_, the geographical scope of _BlueSky_ is global but it is under heavy development. However, regardless of the purpose of the simulators, the majority of ATC training employed pseudo-pilots to simulate the aircraft movements and conversations. In other words, the communication element, which is the key contributor to efficient teamwork, cannot be realistically simulated by the ATC simulators. Nonetheless, this is also the case for pilot training, with the instructions provided during simulation being imitated by pseudo-ATCOs. Therefore, it is evident that there is currently a lack of a platform for nurturing shared situational awareness. With technological advancement, intelligent automation decision aids are becoming more feasible in the 2020s. Therefore, on top of appropriate training, proper intelligent automation decision aids can also be designed and implemented to minimise human errors occurrence within aviation operations. [PERSON] et al. [33] first examined the autonomous components of the human-automation interaction within conflict detection and resolution advisory systems, revealing that utilising such autonomous systems could improve the performance and reduce workload of the operators. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [16] further adopted intelligent automation decision aids such as conflict resolution aids and vertical situation display for ground control operation. The corresponding experimental evaluation was also deployed in the _NARSIM_ with various air traffic scenarios.