## 3 Results
### HY7602-FA Improves Biomarkers of Muscle Endurance, Energy Supply, and Muscle Fatigue after Exercise  
At the end of the experiment, we performed a swimming endurance capacity test, after which mice were sacrificed and blood was taken for blood analysis. Table 1 shows the effects of HY7602-FA on serum ALT, LDH, and CK levels, all of which are markers of muscle and liver damage, after the swimming endurance capacity test. Serum ALT, LDH, and CK levels in the HY7602-FA group were significantly lower than in the exercise control group, indicating that HY7602-FA reduces liver and muscle damage during intense exercise (\(p<0.05\)). Moreover, serum markers of muscle endurance, energy supply, and fatigue (creatinine and lactate) were significantly lower in the HY7602-FA group than in the exercise control group (\(p<0.05\)). Blood analysis also indicated that serum levels of ALT, LDH, CK, lactate, and creatinine in the HY7602-FA group were lower than those in the NFA-fed group. These results suggest that HY7602-FA effectively increases muscle endurance and energy supply, and reduces fatigue. Figure 5: Effect of HY7602-FA on grip strength and skeletal muscle mass. Forelimb grip strength was measured using a grip strength meter equipped with a T-shaped pull bar. Each mouse performed three consecutive tests to obtain the peak value (**a**). Ratio of skeletal muscle mass (soleus, EDL, and gastrocnemius muscles)/bodyweight increases after HY7602-FA intake (**b**). Data are expressed as the mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 9 mice per group), and _asterisks_ indicate significant differences: * \(p<0.05\) and ** \(p<0.01\) vs. the control group. NFA, non-fermented antler; FA, fermented antler. HY7602-FA Activates Muscle Protein Synthesis, Mitochondrial Biogenesis, and Exercise Signaling-Related mRNA Expression  
To analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FA in mice, we examined expression of genes encoding _lgf-1_, _Pi3k_, _Akt_, _Mtor_, and _P70s6k_, which play roles in muscle protein synthesis, by RT-PCR. As shown in Figure 6a, expression of these genes in the HY7602 FA group was higher than that in the exercise control, positive control (creatine), and NFA groups. In particular, expression of all factors (except for _lgf-1_) in the HY7602-FA group was significantly higher than that in the exercise control group (_p_ < 0.05). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Normal** & **Control** & **Creatine** & **NFA** & **HY7602-FA** \\ \hline ALT (U/L) & 18.00 \(\pm\) 2.7 & 19.57 \(\pm\) 2.9 & 19.29 \(\pm\) 2.0 & 16.38 \(\pm\) 3.2 & 15.57 \(\pm\) 4.6 \({}^{*}\) \\ LDH (U/L) & 376.14 \(\pm\) 73.1 & 262.43 \(\pm\) 101.5 & 273.00 \(\pm\) 129.8 & 258.38 \(\pm\) 117.9 & 145.71 \(\pm\) 23.5 \({}^{*}\) \\ Creatine kinase & 51.71 \(\pm\) 21.9 & 132.71 \(\pm\) 71.9 & 102.57 \(\pm\) 39.6 & 72.25 \(\pm\) 34.6 & 55.43 \(\pm\) 22.9 \({}^{*}\) \\ Lactate & 69.77 \(\pm\) 5.6 & 78.13 \(\pm\) 10.4 & 62.84 \(\pm\) 16.4 & 61.23 \(\pm\) 5.7 & 48.90 \(\pm\) 13.7 \({}^{*}\) \\ (mg/dL) & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{*}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The data are presented as the mean \(\pm\) SD (\(n\) = 9 mice per group). \({}^{*}\)_p_ < 0.05 vs. exercise control. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Blood biomarkers in HY7602-FA-intake mice after the swimming endurance capacity test. Figure 6: Effect of HY7602-FA on expression of mRNA encoding genes related to muscle protein synthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and exercise signaling pathways in skeletal muscle tissue. (**a**) Expression of _lgf-1_, _Pi3k_, _Akt_, _Mtor_, and _P70s6k_ (related to muscle protein synthesis) in mouse skeletal muscle tissue was detected by RT-PCR. (**b**) Expression of _Ampk_, _Sirt1_, and _Pparg1a_, which are known to be important for mitochondrial energy supply and metabolism in mouse skeletal muscle tissue, were detected by RT-PCR.