# Smart Healthcare: Exploring the Internet of Medical Things with Ambient Intelligence
## 3 Sensors and Actuators in the IoMT
### Influence of Actuators in the IoMT
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Organ** & **Name** & **Invasive?** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Heart} & Pacemakers & Yes & Implantable devices that regulate the heart’s electrical activity. \\  & Cardioverison Devices & Yes & Devices are used to deliver electrical shocks to restore normal \\  & & & heart rhythms. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Lungs} & Respiratory Verilators & No & Machines that support or control a patient’s breathing. \\  & Nebulizers & No & Devices that deliver liquid medication in a fine mist for inhalation. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Stomach} & Gastric Stimulators & Yes & Implantable devices used to stimulate the stomach muscles for \\  & Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) & No & Used to detect blood in the stool, often used for colon \\  & & & cancer screening. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Limbs} & Orthopedic Devices (e.g., exoskeletons) & No & Wearable or assistive devices that support limb mobility and \\  & Prosthetic Limbs & No & strength. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Skin} & Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems & No & Artificial limbs designed to replace lost or amputated limbs. \\  & & & Devices that administer drugs through the skin for \\  & & & systemic effects \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Brain} & Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Devices & Yes & Implantable devices that deliver electrical stimulation to specific \\  & Intracranial Pressure Sensors & Yes & brain regions. \\  & Electrocorticography (ECoG) Electrodes & Yes/No & Implantable sensors used to monitor pressure within the brain. \\  & & & Electrodes placed on the brain’s surface to record activity for \\  & & & research and treatment. \\  & & & Implantable devices that monitor brain activity and deliver \\  & & & electrical stimulation to prevent seizures. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Eyes} & Retinal Implants & Yes & Implantable devices that restore vision by stimulating the retina. \\  & Elastic inflatable microactuators & No & Allows 360 visualization of different sections of the retina \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ears} & Cochlear Implants (Implanted Components) & Yes/No & Implantable devices that provide auditory stimulation to \\  & & & individuals with hearing loss. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: List of actuators used in healthcare. 1. **Linear actuators:** Linear actuators such as adjustable hospital beds, patient lifts, and wheelchair lifts are used in various healthcare applications. They enable smooth and precise linear motion, facilitating patient positioning and mobility assistance. 2. **Rotary actuators:** Rotary actuators are employed in medical devices such as robotic surgical systems and diagnostic equipment. They provide rotational motion, allowing for precise positioning of medical instruments and imaging components [53]. 3. **Pneumatic actuators:** Pneumatic actuators utilize compressed air to generate motion and force. They are utilized in medical devices such as pneumatic compression sleeves for deep vein thrombosis prevention and pneumatic assistive devices for patient transfers and mobility aids [51]. 4. **Electrical actuators:** Electrical actuators are used in medical imaging equipment such as MRI machines and CT scanners. They enable precise control of moving parts within these devices, contributing to high-resolution imaging and diagnostic accuracy [53]. 5. **Piezoelectric actuators:** Piezoelectric actuators are employed in medical devices for precise positioning and manipulation at the microscale. They find applications in areas such as micromanipulation for surgical procedures, microfluidics for drug delivery, and nanotechnology for cellular manipulation [51]. 6. **Hyraulic actuators:** Hydraulic actuators use pressurized fluid to generate motion and force. They are utilized in medical devices such as hydraulic patient lifts, operating room tables, and hydraulic assistive devices for rehabilitation and physical therapy [53].