# Infrastructure BIM Platform for Lifecycle Management
## 3 Literature Reviews of Infrastructure Lifecycle Management  
### BIM for Infrastructure Lifecycle Management  
Although infrastructure has many stages during its lifecycle, the gathered literature was analyzed by dividing it into three categories: planning and design, construction, and management.  
In the planning stage, BIM aids in the effective and fast determination of the best solution among a number of scenarios [8]. Application of BIM from the beginning of large-scale projects makes communication simple while enhancing collaboration among different stakeholders. BIM is also applicable to reduce design errors, enhance quality, check quality and clash, etc., in the design stage. [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed fourteen kinds of quality parameters to establish a standardized means of validating design quality [21]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an extended IFC schema, which is still not able to be completed for steel box bridges, and they developed an IFC-based steel bridge information model in the design phase [22]. [PERSON] et al. developed an IFC-based multi-scale BIM shield tunnel model with a methodology of transformation using a multi-scale model in CityGML [23]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a BIM-based reinforced workflow of precast shop drawing generation [24]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] developed a parametric file that designs and generates any type of bridge to solve difficult applications of the BIM schema to bridges [25].  
A well-developed BIM model in the planning and design stage is helpful, not only for reducing construction errors, missing and clash, but also for enhancing construction quality and processes in the construction stage. [PERSON] et al. validated the advantages of adapting BIM at a railway construction site using seven construction projects [26]. [PERSON] et al. developed a bridge BIM model to combine the design and construction processes of a precast box-girder bridge [27]. [PERSON] et al. developed 4D GeoBIM, which combined BIM and geographical information systems (GIS) to ensure construction efficiency and safety [28]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a tunnel information modeling framework for safe tunnel construction [29]. Time and cost resource management of the construction stage is also important. Therefore, the schedule (4D) and cost (5D) BIM was proposed and developed. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s BIM was based on a time and cost management technique of bridges by integrating BIM with the earned value (EV) concept to determine the status of a project at a specific reporting date [30]. [PERSON] et al. proposed 4D BIM to sequentially construct and reconstruct highways to prevent the probability of potential stochastic spatiotemporal clashes [31]. [PERSON] et al. developed a multidimensional (nD) modeling technique, integrating a work breakdown structure (WBS) and other construction code structures for rail transit construction [32].  
After construction, infrastructure needs regular monitoring to remain functional and safe. In the USA, the National Bridge Inspection Standards (BNIS) require inspection at least once every 24 months for highway bridges. In South Korea, infrastructure has been regularly managed by the Special Act on the Safety Control and Maintenance of Establishments law since 1995. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of infrastructure is the main concern for lifecycle management. [PERSON] et al. developed a BIM for port maintenance [33]. [PERSON] et al. developed a framework BIM-3D GIS system for effective maintenance of utility tunnels [34]. [PERSON] et al. developed a BIM-GIS framework for underground utility management systems [35]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an SHM-BIM digital platform for automated health monitoring of infrastructure [36]. [PERSON] et al. proposed 6D BIM for time schedule management, cost estimation, and carbon footprint analysis across the lifecycle of bridges [37].