## 4 Proposed Solution
### Packet Transmission at Source Node
This is due to a wait time feature upon receiving the first RREP, so as to gather more than one route before the transmission begins. In the case of ESTA, in the absence of any malicious nodes, the delay for the first packet is quite high in the case of no pause on the node mobility, whereas, in the presence of the malicious node and more pause time, the delay is higher for the first packet delay. This is due to the fact that, with fast mobility, the nodes are able to form more routes as and when required, whereas, with more pause time, the non-performing nodes still exist in the same area, causing delays. Figure 7: PDF for varying Pause Time. Third, the throughput of the AODV, ESTA (no-Trust) and ESTA, captured in Figure 5:0 The throughput of the AODV and ESTA variants are high in the absence of blackhole nodes. However, if a blackhole node enters the network, the performance of AODV degrades substantially, whereas the ESTA variants perform fairly. The performance of ESTA is good, both at 0 pause time and high pause time. The reason for this behavior is the formation of new paths due to node mobility or malicious paths being suppressed, respectively, in case some of the paths do not perform well. ### Scenario B

In this scenario, the area of network is 1000 m \(\times\) 1000 m, 50 nodes with a transmission range of 250 m each. A CBR-based traffic generating application is used which produces four packets/sec of 1024 bytes; in total seven applications are used. Two different node mobility speeds are simulated, (a) Slow Mobility (SM) with node speed of 2 m/s and a pause time of 5 s; (b) High Mobility (HM) with node speed of 20 m/s and pause time of 2 s. Varying percentages of malicious nodes, 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% are introduced in both cases. First, the study is focused on the PDF of AODV and ESTA in the presence of a varying number of blackhole nodes, comparing their performance in varying mobility as well. As seen in results captured

Figure 5:1 Time delay for varying pause time. Figure 5:2 Throughput for varying pause time. in Figure 10, the AODV performs well when the node mobility is low and in the absence of blackhole nodes, but, with an increasing number of blackhole nodes, the performance degrades drastically and, in the case of high mobility, it reaches almost to 0%. Whereas the ESTA performs well when the node mobility is low, but, with high mobility and an increasing number of blackhole nodes, its performance also degrades. However, it still performs far better than AODV in an adverse environment. Second, the focus is the average end-to-end time delay in the delivery of the first data packet. The results shown in Figure 11 illustrate that AODV has very low delay compared to ESTA; this is due to the fact that PDF in AODV is very low and a few applications are only able to partially perform transmissions. In ESTA, the time delay is high with an increasing number of blackhole nodes, and it re-transmits the packets to ensure maximum performance. Therefore, the packets dropped due to the formation of corrupt paths because of malicious nodes are also re-transmitted, which adds to the delay for the first packet of applications. Third, the throughput of AODV and ESTA, and the results are captured in Figure 5:3 As in the case of PDF, the performance of the ESTA, in terms of throughput, is quite higher than standard AODV. However, with slow mobility, even if the blackhole node percentage is high, it performs fairly. Figure 5:4 Time delay for varying % of blackhole nodes and mobility. Figure 5:5 PDF for varying % of blackhole nodes and mobility. ### Scenario C

In this scenario, the focus is the effect of the network area and a varying number of nodes. The two different networks taken into consideration are 1000 m \(\times\) 1000 m and 1500 m \(\times\) 1500 m, with varying number of nodes 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130. The transmission range of nodes is 250 m each and seven CBR-based traffic generating applications are used, which produce four packets/sec with size of 1024 bytes.