## 5 Conclusions  
Utilizing the Hotelling model and considering the influence of comprehensive transportation costs on shippers' port selection, this paper explores the impact of cross-border transportation corridor construction on ports between neighboring countries. Additionally, this study examines the effect of the Primorsky International Transport Corridor (PITC) on the competition between Dalian Port and Vladivostok Port, analyzing how cross-border transportation costs and shipping costs influence the pricing of port containers, container cargo throughput, profit, and related issues.  
Based on the model derivation and numerical analysis, the following main conclusions are drawn:  
1. The higher the cross-border land transportation cost of goods transported to the overseas port and the maritime transportation cost of goods transported from the overseas port to the destination port, the lower the demand and price of goods of the overseas port in this region, putting it at a disadvantage compared to the port in this region. It is worth mentioning that the operational efficiency and capacity of the new international land-sea transport corridor would also be affected by international politics, geopolitics, market environment, and other factors, so the operational efficiency and cost of the international land-sea transport corridor is one of the important factors that restrict the expansion of overseas ports to the hinterland of the region.
2. In the case that overseas ports have a cost disadvantage compared with domestic ports when their maritime transportation cost is higher, the profit increase in domestic ports will be greater. Conversely, if overseas ports have a cost advantage over domestic ports, even if their maritime transportation cost is higher, the profit of domestic ports will decrease accordingly.
3. When the overseas port has an advantage in maritime transportation costs, an increase in cross-border transportation costs can enhance its competitiveness. Conversely, when there is no such advantage, cross-border transport costs need to be large enough to offset the disadvantage and thereby increase profits. Given the current conditions of the PITC, high cross-border transportation costs are not conducive to improving the competition of Vladivostok Port in the transportation market of Northeast China. Therefore, further reducing the cross-border transportation cost of the PITC is an important factor to expand the market scope of Vladivostok Port and maintain its profits.  
Conceptualization, C.L. and H.F. (Houming Fan); methodology, C.L. and H.M.; software, C.L.; validation, C.L., H.M. and H.F. (Hao Fan); formal analysis, X.Z.; investigation, H.F. (Hao Fan); resources, H.F. (Houming Fan); data curation, C.L.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing, H.F. ([PERSON]) and H.M.; visualization, X.Z.; supervision, C.L.; project administration, H.F. ([PERSON]); funding acquisition, H.F. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Social Science Foundation of China (23 FGLA010), the Major project of the Social Science Planning Fund of Liaoning Province (L22 ZD014), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61473053).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy concerns.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors gratefully acknowledge the reviewers for their comments to improve the quality of this paper and would also like to thank the editors for their help with this paper.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.