esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Parametric Simulations on Leakage and Performance of a Miniature Free-Piston Generator (MFPG)
## 4 Parametric Study on Leakage and Performance
### Effect of the Scavenging Pressure
Thus, the piston stroke increases and the bottom dead centre (BDC) expands. The geometric compression ratio \(\epsilon_{c}\) increases accordingly. Since the enhanced in-cylinder pressure imposes more hindrance effect on the piston movement, the piston velocity \(v\) decreases more rapidly in the later stage of the compression stroke with the increase in scavenging pressure \(p_{sc}\), as inferred from the shorter time elapsed from the maximum compression speed to zero velocity. The peak velocity \(v_{\max}\) also rises with the increase in \(p_{sc}\) for the same reason. In addition, the piston frequency \(f_{p}\) decreases with the increase in \(p_{sc}\), which is a combined result of the enhanced in-cylinder pressure and prolonged piston stroke, which exert opposite effects on system stiffness. As indicated from Figure 7e, the indicated thermal efficiency under Hypothesis 1 decreases slightly as \(p_{sc}\) increases, due to the reduced in-cylinder trapping efficiency \(\varphi_{tmp}\). Under Hypothesis 2, since the reduced gas leakage ratio offsets the effect of \(\varphi_{tmp}\) decreasing, the corresponding \(\eta_{i,b}\) increases slightly. Therefore, the effect of leakage loss on the indicated thermal efficiency characterized \(\Delta\eta_{i,a\text{-}b}=\eta_{i,a}-\eta_{i,b}\) decreases, shown in Figure 7f. Hypothesis 3 takes heat loss into consideration. The heat transfer across the cylinder wall is mainly determined by the in-cylinder gas temperature \(T\) and heat transfer time. Since the heat transfer mainly occurs in the expansion stroke, the expansion duration \(t_{exp}\) is thus considered as the heat transfer time. The gas temperature enhances with the increase in \(p_{sc}\), while \(t_{exp}\) shrinks. Thus, in general, the effect of heat loss, characterized as \(\Delta\eta_{i,b\text{-}c}=\eta_{i,b}-\eta_{i,c}\) increases at low \(p_{sc}\) and changes little at high \(p_{sc}\). The effective thermal efficiency is mainly affected by the indicated work \(W_{i}\) and three consumption works: the motoring work \(W_{consm}\), the pumping work \(W_{pump}\) and the frictional work \(W_{f}\). With the boosting of \(p_{sc}\), \(W_{pump}\) increases. Meanwhile, the extension of the piston stroke and the acceleration of the piston velocity lead to the rise of the \(W_{consm}\) and the \(W_{f}\), respectively. As a result, \(\eta_{e,a}\) decreases monotonously. With the contribution of positive increment of \(W_{i}\) in Hyp. B, \(\eta_{e,b}\) increases at first and starts to decay, while the increment of energy consumption is too large to offset, leading to a local extremum \(\eta_{e,b}\) at 1.15 bar. Since the variation of heat loss is slight, the effective thermal efficiency under Hyp. C \(\eta_{e,e}\) retains the same trend with \(\eta_{e,b}\).
# Teleolocation--Remotely Operated Legged Robots
## 3 Experimental Protocol
### Experiment I--Telelocomotion Interface Types with Varying Traversal Complexity
#### 3.1.5 Metrics  
In this experiment, two quantitative metrics of efficiency were of interest. These were:  
1. time taken to complete the navigation task (s)
2. number of steps taken to complete the navigation task  
While the measures are hypothesized to be correlated, the latter may be more indicative of energy consumed in the navigation task. Both metrics were measured for each trial starting from the first step past the starting line and ending with the first step into the goal area.
###### Abstract  
The geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutment with a staged-construction full height rigid (FHR) facing and an integral bridge (IB) system was developed in Japan in the 2000s. This technology offers several advantages, especially concerning the deformation behavior of the GRS-IB abutment. In this study, the effects of GRS in the bridge abutment with FHR facing and the effects of geosynthetics reinforcement length on the deformation behavior of the GRS-IB are presented. The numerical models are analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) in Plaxis 2D program. The results showed that the GRS-IB model exhibited the least lateral displacements at the wall facing compared to those of the IB model without geosynthetics reinforcement. The geosynthetics reinforcement in the bridge abutment with FHR facing has reduced the vertical displacement increments by 4.7 times and 1.3 times (maximum) after the applied general traffic loads and railway loads, respectively. In addition, the numerical results showed that the increase in the length-to-height (L/H) ratio of reinforcement from 0.3H to 1.1H decreases the maximum lateral displacements by 29% and the maximum vertical displacements by 3% at the wall facing by the end of construction. The effect of the reinforcement length on the wall vertical displacements is minimal compared to the effect on the wall lateral displacements.  
geosynthetics; geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS); integrated bridge system (IBS); reinforcement length; numerical modeling; bridge abutment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 System Establishment and Modeling  
### Aircraft-SOFC/GT Hybrid System Description  
The SOFC is integrated into the flow path of the GT alongside a reforming reactor based on either steam reforming (SR), catalytic partial oxidation (CPOx), or auto-thermal reforming (ATR). The advantage of this system arrangement is that the GT is responsible for supplying the air, and jet fuel as well as maintaining the temperature of CPOx/SOFC. This way, losses that result from the balance of plants of separate systems are eliminated.  
Figure 1 illustrates the chosen system configuration for analysis. This configuration directs combustor outlet fluid mass flow into the heat exchanger (HX) to facilitate heat transfer before turbine entry. This is different from the convention that utilizes the turbine outlet fluid flow for heat transfer in the HX, which is typical in SOFC/GT configurations for aircraft propulsion [23]. This intricate multi-component system is aimed at achieving optimal net system efficiency through coupling various components.  
In the depicted setup, air enters the inlet diffuser at point (1), undergoes compression through the fan, and is split into bypass and core flows according to the bypass ratio at (1b). Core airflow at point (2) undergoes compression in both the low-pressure compressor (LPC) and the high-pressure compressor (HPC). The HPC outlet flow at point (3) is then further split into three streams using the split ratio (AS-ratio): reformer air flow to the  
Figure 1: A-SOFC/GT configuration.  
CPOx (4c), cathode inlet air flow (4b), and combustor airflow (4a). The reformer air flow facilitates partial oxidation of fuel injected at (6) from the fuel injector/vaporizer at (5b), sourced from (5a). The fuel injector/vaporizer component reduces soot formation in the CPOx by utilizing higher fuel evaporation temperatures before injecting the fuel into the CPOx [28]. The resulting syngas (primarily comprising CO and H\({}_{2}\)) is then fed into the SOFC anode inlet (AI).  
Cathode air flow engages in electrochemical reactions with the anode fuel and serves to cool the SOFC at the cathode inlet (CI). For cathode inlet air temperature elevation, combustor outlet flow at (8) transits through the heat exchanger (Air HX), facilitating heat transfer to the cathode inlet air from the HPC. The electrochemical reaction yields onboard electric power. Byproducts--water from the reaction, unused fuel, and SOFC exit air--are expelled at (AE and CE) and recycled into the combustor. The combustor outlet flow temperature must exceed turbine inlet temperature (TIT) because its temperature diminishes through the heat transfer in the HX before turbine entry at (9) by the nature of this configuration. To meet the TIT demands at (9), fuel injection is carried out at (7) to raise the combustor outlet air mass flow temperature. The turbine converts exit flow enthalpy and residual pressure into mechanical energy to drive the compressor and fan, with flow through the nozzle generating thrust for aircraft propulsion at (11). As this is a turbofan engine, 70% of the thrust is generated by the fan, while the rest is generated by the core flow.
## 2 Application of Thermography in Pig Breeding
### Meat Quality Prediction
However, because of the low or moderate correlations with other physiological indicators, the authors have concluded that thermography cannot be used as the sole tool for assessing the physiological conditions of pigs in response to stress and it needs to be complemented by other indicators in order to have a reliable assessment of the status of pigs after pre-slaughter handlings. Similarly to the study by [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [24] used thermography to identify pigs having a warmer- or cooler-than-normal surface skin temperature during the pre-slaughter rest. Over 500 pigs in various environmental conditions, ranging from \(-2^{\circ}\) to \(+26^{\circ}\) C, have been tested. When the environment temperature ranged between \(+6^{\circ}\) and \(+14^{\circ}\)C, the \"warm\" pigs, having their temperature 1.3 standard deviations above average, had a kind of meat with lower water retention rates, while \"cold\" pigs, having their temperature 1.3 standard deviations below average, had the same fault, yet at a range of environmental temperature between \(+21^{\circ}\) and \(+26^{\circ}\)C. Within the lowest temperature ranges, between \(-2^{\circ}\)and\(-1^{\circ}\)C, no differences have been detected in the meat quality belonging to the two groups of animals. The outcome of this study suggest that thermography may indeed play a role in predicting final meat quality, but its effectiveness is highly dependent on the environment conditions under which it operates. [PERSON] et al. [25] have considered the possibility of using thermography on the slaughter line to assess the quality of hams intended for their transformation into PDO hams. Images have been recorded 20 min after stunning, and a square area located in the center of the caudal surface of the thigh has been scanned. Beside the measurements to assess the quality of the semimembranosus muscle, such as pH and color, another assessment was made on the thighs being trimmed for fat layer and for the identification of vein defects and reddened skin. The temperature of both hams was found to be very similar and unrelated to changes in pH and color of the muscle examined. Vein defects and reddened skin too have not shown any connection to thighs temperature. Conversely, the surface temperatures of thighs were different according to their fat layer. Those with a lighter fat layer showed higher temperatures, while those with a heavier fat layer showed the lowest temperatures because of the insulating effect of the fat layer around the thigh. The relationship between the fat layer and surface temperature suggests that thermography could be a valuable, fast, and noninvasive method to estimate the degree of adiposity.
## 1 Introduction
### Location and Geological Background of the Study Area  
The Geju tin ore deposit lies between the Pacific tectonic domain and the Tethys [22; 23; 24]. Gaosong ore field is located in the northeastern Geju tin ore deposit. Mesozoic, Permian, and Triassic strata mainly outcrop in the Gaosong ore field and are comprised of Dolomite and Dolomite limestone. The area has experienced four periods of geological tectonic movement, namely the Indonesian period, the middle and later Yanshan period, the early Himalayan period, and the later Himalayan period. Multistage geological movements have led to the complex tectonics in the area [25; 26; 27]. The fracture structure can be divided into EW, NE, NW, and SN groups based on the strikes. The strike directions of the major faults are EW and NE, and NW strikes are also fairly common. The EW fracture group contains the Gesong fault, the Kirin Mountain fault, the Machishui fracture, the Gaoa fracture, and the Beiyin Mountain fault from north to south. These features are near-equally distributed. The Gesong and Beiyin Mountain fault scales are the largest and the Kirin Mountain fault is the third largest. The NE fracture set includes the Lotus Flower Mountain, Lutangba, and Linaxi fractures from west to east. The NW fracture set includes the Daqingdong, Heimashi, Camel, Axi Village, and Lina fractures. The NS fracture set is not developed within the ore field (Figure 1) [28; 29; 30].  
The formation of the hydrothermal ore deposit, which is associated with magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, was the result of fluids generated in the Earth's crust migrating from low-permeability to high-permeability zones via the fracture structure, which includes lineaments near the surface. Therefore, an appropriate method for lineament interpretation can help us to analyze the genesis of ore deposits and the establishment of an ore-forming model [31; 32].  
Most lineament research has focused on structural measurements, tectonic and geochemical evaluations, determination of the fault and ore body directions, and of fracture structure characteristics that are linked to multiperiodic activity. However, few lineament length and density studies have been conducted. In this study, we will try to make up for this vacancy.
# Plasmonic and Dielectric Metasurfaces: Design, Fabrication and Applications
## 2 Plasmonic Metasurfaces
### Metasurface on Conventional Optical Fiber Facet for Linearly-Polarized Mode Generation [121]  
Design: We design and fabricate a metasurface on the facet of conventional G.652 single mode fiber (SMF). Figure 13a shows the concept of LP\({}_{11}\) mode generation using the designed metasurface on the facet of G.652 SMF. The insert displays the details and working principle of a metal rectangle resonator: the polarization of incident light is polarized along \(x\), which can be decomposed into two perpendicular components corresponding to the long and short edge of the resonator, respectively; the transmission amplitudes of the response for a resonator in both components are almost the same, while the relative phase retardation is around \(\pi\), where the linear polarization conversion occurs, resulting in a \(y\)-polarized transmitted light. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is also used to simulate the amplitude and phase response of the proposed metal rectangle resonator and its mirror image. The amplitude responses of y-polarized transmitted light of this resonator and its mirror image are almost the same, while their phase responses have a difference of \(\pi\). Therefore, this feature can be used to generate a higher-order LP mode in the optical fiber. As depicted in Figure 13a, when an \(x\)-polarized Gaussian beam is irradiating on the metasurface on the facet of G.652 SMF at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, it can generate two kinds of transmitted beams with orthogonal polarization. The transmitted beam with \(x\) polarization called the normal refractive beam that is not influenced by the metasurface can generate the LP\({}_{01}\) mode. Meanwhile, the transmitted beam with \(y\) polarization called the abnormal refractive beam, which is influenced by the metasurface, can generate the LP\({}_{11}\) mode. Owing to the orthogonal polarization of the generated LP\({}_{01}\) and LP\({}_{11}\) modes, it is significantly convenient to separate these two modes in the optical fiber.  
Figure 12: Schematic diagram of fabrication process of the proposed V-shaped antenna array to realize N-fold OAM multicasting. EBL, electron-beam lithography; EBE, electron-beam evaporation.  
Figure 13: (**a**) Concept and principle of the LP\({}_{11}\) mode generation using the metasurface on the facet of G.652 single mode fiber (SMF); (**b**) fabrication process of the metasurface on the facet of G.652 SMF. EBE, electron beam evaporation; FIB, focused ion beam. Reproduced with permission from [121], Copyright Nature Publishing Group, 2016.  
Fabrication: Figure 13b illustrates the fabrication process of the designed metasurface on the facet of G.652 SMF. First, a 5 nm-thick Cr layer and a 45 nm-thick Au layer are successively deposited on the facet of optical fiber utilizing the electron beam evaporation technique. Then, this is followed by focused ion beam (FIB) etching to shape the appearance of the metasurface.
# A Vision of 6 th Generation of Fixed Networks (F6G): Challenges and Proposed Directions
## 4 Optical Transmission: Key Challenges and Proposed Directions
### Capacity Increase Employing a Greater Number of Channels
#### 4.3.2 Space Division Multiplexing
From this figure, we can observe the trend to migrate to SDM in order to overcome the 100 Tb/s capacity crunch, showing the potential to reach 1 Pb/s by 2030, satisfying the challenging demands of F6G services as they were presented in Section 2.  
networks, a very large number of parallel single mode fibers (>10,000 s) are exploited in order to attain Pb/s rates. As a consequence, SDM is an already adopted solution here, where each fiber is populated with only a limited number of channels, e.g., four or eight, giving the opportunity to increase the overall transported capacity by one or two orders of magnitude both through the use of a larger number of channels and by increasing the data rate per channel, e.g., by scaling the baud rate.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Performance Evaluation  
The performance of the detectors was assessed and compared in terms of (1) precision, (2) recall, (3) F1 score, (4) onset bias, and (5) offset bias:  
\[precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP}, \tag{11}\]  
\[recall=\frac{TP}{TP+FN}, \tag{12}\]  
\[F1\;score=\frac{2(recall\times precision)}{(recall+precision)}, \tag{13}\]  
\[onset/offset\;bias=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}(|\hat{t}_{i}-t|). \tag{14}\]  
In this paper, simulated and real EMG data with labels were used. Therefore, the algorithm performance could be examined by quantitatively comparing the detected onset and offset time points with the ground truth. \(\hat{t}_{i}\) in Equation (14) represents the ground truth, and \(t_{i}\) is the estimate of the onset/offset time points. We can express the algorithm accuracy by the absolute difference between the detected time point and the true time point, as well as describing the robustness of the detector by the precision, recall, and F1 score. The confusion matrix of the three indices of the precision, recall, and F1 score was obtained by classifying the sampling points one by one using the following rules:  
* True positives (TP): the number of EMG time points correctly classified as 1 by the detectors in activity segments;
* True negatives (TN): the number of EMG time points correctly classified as 0 by the detectors in baseline segments;
* False positives (FP): the number of EMG time-points incorrectly classified as 1 by the detectors in baseline segments;
* False negatives (FN): the number of EMG time-points incorrectly classified as 0 by the detectors in activity segments.  
In addition, the running time of the program on the same PC platform was recorded as a way to verify the computational resource usage of the algorithm. Detailed comparison results are discussed in Section 3.
# Development of a Clock Generation and Time Distribution System for Hyper-Kamiokande +
## 4 Conclusions  
As a conclusion, the R&D is entering its final phase for this proposed new timing system for Hyper-Kamiokande. The first results fall easily into the requirements even if they are not in full real conditions. Most of the work is now focusing on obtaining the best possible time precision with this system to expand the physics opportunities of HK.  
All authors participated in the conceptualization; electronics and technical development, S.R. and V.V.; analysis aspects, L.M., M.G., and B.P.; writing--original draft, L.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by IN2P3/CNRS, the French \"Agence nationale pour la recherche\" under grant number ANR-21-CE31-0008, the \"IdEx Sorbonne Universite\" and the 2019 \"Sorbonne Universite Emergences: MULTIPLY\" grant.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to ongoing analysis and R&D process.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
GNSGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems  
GPSGlobal Positioning System  
UTCUniversal Time Coordinated  
R&DResearch and Development  
SYRTESYstemes de Reference Temps-Espace (lab)  
Figure 3: Evolution of time differences between the Rubidium clock (deterministic drift removed) and French UTC via GPS signals over 6 days.
## 5 Conclusions  
We explored the temporal stability of DBFs and DNFs in North China with two remote sensing-based datasets, MODIS EVI and GPP, by quantifying their correlation with climate factors and legacy effects. Our results suggest that the two datasets were able to depict similar spatial distributions of temporal stability for forests in North China. These datasets were also able to capture the long-lasting legacy effects of forest responses to the SPEI. The results suggested that the remote sensing-based EVI and GPP could be used as substitutes for detecting responses of forests to droughs in areas lacking field measurement records. Meanwhile, the difference among the legacy effect detected from different datasets reminds us to select data according to the purpose of the analysis. Despite the multiple data sources, divergent temporal stabilities and legacy effects between DNFs and DBFs suggested that DBFs were more acclimated to droughs. Our further work will consider disentangling the contribution of climate factors to forest stability.  
Conceptualization, X.L.; Funding acquisition, X.L.; Methodology, X.L. and G.Y.; Writing--original draft, X.L.; Writing--review & editing, M.L., O.L.H., and G.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant number 41901112) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (grant number ZRMS2019002066).  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding websites or authors.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 11: Spatial distribution of (**a**) TS\({}_{\text{EVI}}\) and (**b**) TS\({}_{\text{CPP}}\) during 2001–2018. The panels on the left are the spatial distributions of the temporal stability calculated from each pixel, while the panels on the right are the mean \(\pm\) std of the latitudinal values of the DNFs (red lines) and DBFs (blue lines).
## 2 Problem Statement and Modeling
### Description of MDP  
The strategy for navigating the CAV through signalized intersections is developed as a Markov decision process (MDP) [34]. This MDP framework for CAV control considers various factors, including the vehicle's velocity and location, information from the preceding vehicle, and the current state of traffic signals. The framework operates under the following assumptions:  
1. The road is solely used by motor vehicles in prime driving condition, adhering to established regulations and free from unforeseen incidents like malfunctions or erratic intrusions;
2. Real-time information regarding the vehicle's position, speed, and acceleration is accessible. Simultaneously, real-time communication between onboard devices and roadside equipment is assured, without any delays.