esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Research on Rollover Stability and an Anti-Rollover Warning System for the Vibroseis Truck
## 2 Rollover Stability Analysis for Vibroseis Truck
### Analysis of the Rollover Stability Mechanism of the Vibroseis Truck
#### 2.2.3 Slope Steering Stability  
During the steering process on a slope, the resultant force along the slope cannot provide the centripetal force needed for the steering because of influencing factors such as roll angle, self-structure, and gravity, which leads to a rollover accident. The steering process on the slope is shown in Figure 6. When the vibroseis truck is in a rollover critical state, the support force \(N_{1}\) is equal to zero. By calculating the moment for point \(O\), the following equilibrium equations can be obtained:  
\[(G\sin\varphi+F)H=G\cos\varphi\cdot\frac{B}{2} \tag{8}\]  
\[R=\frac{K\cos\beta+L-K}{\sin\beta}+\frac{B}{2} \tag{9}\]  
Figure 4: Steering process analysis for the vibroseis truck on a flat road.  
Figure 5: Relationship between critical steering speed and steering angle for a vibroseis truck steering on a flat road.  
\[F=M\frac{u_{2}^{2}}{R} \tag{10}\]  
So, we can obtain the critical steering speed of the vibroseis truck:  
\[u_{2}=\sqrt{\left(\frac{\cos\varphi\cdot B}{2H}-\sin\varphi\right)gR} \tag{11}\]  
Figure 7 demonstrates that with the increase of the steering angle \(\beta\) and the slope angle \(\varphi\) during the steering process on a slope, the critical steering speed \(u_{2}\) tends to decrease. The critical steering speed is reduced to 3.7 km/h, while the steering angle \(\beta\) is 30\({}^{\circ}\) and the slope angle is 40\({}^{\circ}\), which is much lower than the critical steering speed of 10.5 km/h during the flat-road steering process. Therefore, for the vibroseis truck, steering on a slope is more dangerous than steering on a flat road. The research on the influence of different parameters on the rollover stability provides directions and guidance to establish a warning system suitable for vibroseis trucks.  
Figure 6: Steering process analysis of the vibroseis truck on a slope.  
Figure 7: Relationship between critical steering speed, steering angle, and slope angle for the vibroseis truck during slope steering.
# Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Submaximal Force Control of the Ankle
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Study Design  
This study employed a randomized crossover design to examine the acute effects of SS on force control of the plantar flexors. All participants completed both an SS condition (a single 60 s static stretching) and a control condition (no stretching). The order of these conditions was randomized for each participant via a random draw using a mobile application (Randomizer App, Randomness LLC, Corning, IA, USA). The two experimental sessions were separated by at least 48 h to minimize carry-over effects.  
Upon arrival at the laboratory, the participants were instructed to remain seated at rest for 10 min to allow for acclimatization. They then completed two practice trials for each of the two types of force tracking tasks. Subsequently, range of motion (ROM) at ankle joint was assessed, and the peak passive resistance torque, used later in the SS protocol, was determined. Before and after the 60-s SS intervention, performance on force-tracking tasks and maximal dorsiflexion ROM were evaluated. All measurements and interventions were conducted on the dominant leg, which is defined as the leg used to kick a ball. All participants identified their right leg as their dominant leg. Laboratory room temperature was maintained at 24 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout the procedure.
## 2 Modern Physical Layer
### Modulation
#### 2.2.2 Coherent Modulation  
To increase the spectral efficiency and communication range, researchers have explored different alternatives based on phase-coherent modulation techniques, such as phase-shift keying (PSK) [34] and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) [35]. However, in order to face acoustic channel spread without significant spectrum efficiency loss, incoming signals should be equalized according to the channel response and decoded later. By using these techniques, modern complexity and power consumption increase.
## 5 Empirical Results
### The Comparision of the CCD and BBD Experiment  
This section performs the comparisons of the CCD and BBD experiments. The summary of the response optimizer results of CCD and BBD are displayed in Table 7 below. Next, the overlaid variance dispersion graph for CCD and BBD are drawn as in Figure 23. RSM was applied to build the prediction models, hence, prediction variance was significant. For more than two independent variables in the model, the variance dispersion graph (VDG) was one of the useful tools to validate the surface's results. VDG shows the value of minimum, maximum, and average of the scaled prediction variance (SPV) versus the distance of the design point from the center point [50].  
Figure 21: BBD—response optimizer for TC and CSL.  
Figure 22: BBD—surface and contour plots for the total cost.  
According to the terms of the variance in Figure 23, the blue lines show the BBD experiment while the green lines display the CCD experiment. Both of these designs almost had significant differences in the total cost results with 2000 difference, which means, the distance of design point from the center point, and the scaled prediction variance (SPV) shows the CCD design had better SPV (smallest values) than the BBD design, therefore, CCD experiment can be considered as the best model in this paper. On the other hand, based on the results of the response optimizer, BBD design gave the smallest total cost. In other words, this paper provided useful insights for reference decision-makers in the related industry. Based on the objective of the industry, the managers or policymakers can consider the possible experimental designs that give the best performance toward the strategy of sustainable development.
# A Novel Drone Design Based on a Reconfigurable Unmanned Aerial Vehicle for Wildfire Management
## 7 Static Structural Analysis
### Structural Simulation Results
#### 7.1.1 Anisotropic Behaviour of CFRP Material  
Even before simulation, during the design phase of the CFRP assemblies, the anisotropic behaviour of the material was taken into consideration. CFRP consists of layers of woven mats of long carbon fibres encapsulated in a resin matrix. The carbon fibres exhibit outstanding tensile strength, enabling the achievement of exceptional mechanical properties in specific loading directions. Consequently, strength is exceptional along the fibre directions. However, the resin matrix itself cannot bear significant loads compared with carbon fibres. Thus, certain loading directions in the CFRP material should be avoided (e.g., tension in a direction vertical to the CF layers does not take advantage of the CF strength and relies only on the relatively weak resin, making the material prone to delamination failure).  
The UAV body structure has been designed to capitalize on the aforementioned characteristics. Two CFRP plates, separated by a distance \"d\" via the intermediate structure, collaborate to withstand the loads exerted by the UAV arms. The upper plate operates under compression, while the lower plate functions under tension (Figure 19).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **CFRP Tubes [53]** & **Nylon 12 Powder [54]** & **Aluminium Alloy** \\  & & & **7075 Arm Mounts** \\  & & & [55] \\ \hline E-modulus [GPa] & 64 & 18.50 & 71.7 \\ Tensile strength & 650 & 50 & 503 \\
[MPa] & 1600 & 1020 & 2810 \\ Density [kg/m\({}^{3}\)] & 1600 & 1020 & 2810 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Material characteristics.  
The intermediate structures, comprising one central rectangular flanged ring and eight radial reinforcements, additionally enhance the stiffness of the body assembly (Figure 7). These CFRP structures were formed with a molding process and high temperature-cured in a vacuum (vacuum bagging). Moreover, they have been designed to have large contact surfaces with the upper and lower plates.  
The body assembly is held together with aerospace grade adhesive (taking advantage of the large contact surfaces), to uniformly distribute the loads throughout the structure. Especially for the upper plate, which is subject to compressive forces, the radial reinforcements ensure that no buckling can occur.  
Additionally, bolted connections (Figure 7) reinforce the structure where loads are transferred from the arms to the body via the aluminum joints. Small CFRP plates (also glued) have been added at the areas of the bolted connection as reinforcements to help evenly distribute the arm loads to the body. Moreover, the bolted connections create a compressive state along the axis vertical to the body plane, ensuring that no excessive tensile stress (that can lead to delamination failure) can occur to the resin matrix (especially for the upper plate where compression occurs).  
A similar design approach was also applied for the assembly of the arms and joints.
## 5 Simulation Characterization
### Simulation Metrics
#### 5.2.2 Performance Metrics  
For the performance evaluation, we used the following metrics:  
* Energy Consumption: the consumed energy ratio during running time for routing with and without the defined privacy-aware modes. We aim to compare needed energy in privacy-aware routing versus privacy-unaware routing schemes. We set energy model parameters in the ONE simulator to initial energy = 72,500 (equivalent to typical mobile phone battery capacity), scan energy = 1, transmit energy = 1, and scan response energy = 1.
* Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR): the ratio of total packets delivered to the total packets transmitted across from source to destination nodes. It measures the rate of delivered messages in the whole network. It will show if privacy enhancement positively or negatively affects the number of successfully delivered messages.
* Average Transmission Time (ATT): measuring the average time needed to transfer a message to a destination. We will compare privacy-aware routing to normal routing to measure the possible delay introduced.
* Packet overhead: measures how many packets are used in the whole running time to identify the impact of privacy modes on message delivery.
## 5 Field Tests and Discussion on Results
### Field Tests for NB-PLC-Based Demand Side Management System
#### 5.1.2 NB-PLC Test over MV Power Lines  
Field tests by measuring the SNR profiles of industrial, commercial, and residential MV channels are performed by keeping the MV channel length \(1000\) m between the two transceivers, sending and receiving data between Laptops C and D, as shown in Figure 1. A signal \(1\) volt RMS is received and injected on the same phase. Figure 7a-c show the SNR profiles for NB-PLC communication on MV channels for residential, commercial, and industrial consumers respectively. The SNR gains vary between \(2\) dB and \(10\) dB, which are high in the residential channels as compared to commercial and industrial consumers. A difference of \(10\) to \(20\) dB can be observed in all three channels. The comparatively smaller  
Figure 5: Setup for field measurement of LV NB-PLC network.  
Figure 6: SNR profiles of NB-PLC. (**a**) Communication on LV channel for residential consumers. (**b**) Communication on LV channel for commercial consumers. (**c**) Communication on LV channel for industrial consumers.  
difference in MV channels as compared to LV channels is due to two factors; (1) ratings of MV/LV transformer are kept similar and (2) the transformer acts as a bridge between high voltage, 50 Hz LV, and MV networks as compared to very low voltage, high frequency NB-PLC signal, and thus resist to transfer the low frequency signals between the two networks. A detailed analysis is presented by box plot analysis in Section 5.4.
# Damping of Beam Vibrations Using Tuned Particles Impact Damper
## 4 Experiments  
In the laboratory tests the authors focused on determining original damping characteristics for various operating parameters of the TPID device presented in Table 2. The impact of changeable volume of the container is specially underlined. The main objectives of laboratory tests were to confirm the usefulness of introduced granular damping strategy and to reveal the innovative adaptive-passive method for attenuation of the investigated beam vibrations. Several excitation frequencies were taken into account in experimental research. The whole variety of applied frequencies covered the range before and after the resonance. Various vibration acceleration spectra acquired for different kinds of granular materials were determined. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is especially visible for the resonant frequency where the activation and deactivation of the TPID device caused reasonable changes in the recorded amplitudes of the vibrated beam.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RMS [mm]**} \\ Volume **[dm\({}^{3}\)]** & \(\mathbf{M_{p}=0.1M_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{M_{p}=0.2M_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{M_{p}=0.05M_{s}}\) \\ \hline
0.20 & 42.4 & 46.3 & 43.9 \\
0.35 & 37.4 & 43.5 & 43.8 \\
0.50 & 36.8 & 36.5 & 43.1 \\
0.65 & 29.7 & 32.2 & 42.1 \\
0.79 & 22.5 & 31.5 & 38.8 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Root Mean Square (RMS) of the displacement for various masses of the grains.  
Figure 4: Research plan.  
Figure 3: The investigated grains. (**a**) Plastic particles; (**b**) Steel particles; (**c**) Mixed particles.
# User Modelling Validation over the Security Awareness of Digital Natives
## 4 Analysis of Results and Discussion
### Use of Mobile Devices
#### 4.1.3 Question 4  
We asked the digital natives \"How frequently do you check the permissions (access rights) that an application requires before completing the installation\", with possible responses being \"Never\", \"Rarely\", \"Often\" and \"Always\". Accordingly, the security experts have been asked to estimate the most frequent and second most frequent responses across all SCG groups, as well as how many out of ten digital natives have selected \"Always\" and \"Never\". The responses are presented in Figures 4-6, while the most frequent answers of the digital natives from the first round of results have been: GSCG--(Rarely: 38.2%, Often: 25.5%), MSCG--(Always: 34.9%, Often: 25.5%), HSCG--(Always: 40%, Often: 40%). The results show that the experts missed both options for the GSCG, got the second most frequently right for the MSCG, and both options right for the HSCG.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Software Updates for Cell-Phones/Tablets**} \\ \hline  & **Most Frequently** & **Second Most Frequently** \\ \hline GSCG & Apps and OS, 81.3\% & Apps, 8.8\% \\ MSCG & Apps and OS, 79.5\% & Apps, 8.3\% \\ HSCG & Apps and OS, 88.6\% & Apps, 8.6\% \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Software Updates for Laptops**} \\ \hline GSCG & Apps and OS, 75.3\% & I do not update, 14.5\% \\ MSCG & Apps and OS, 73.1\% & I do not update, 8.0\% \\ HSCG & Apps and OS, 94.1\% & Apps, 5.9\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: First round results for questions 2 and 3; GSCG: general security competence group; MSCG: medium security competence group; HSCG: high-security competence group.  
Figure 3: Expert predictions for question 3—laptops.  
Figure 2: Expert predictions for question 2—cell-phone/tablets.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Photocatalytic Decay of Methylene Blue  
Under illumination of an unfiltered commercial LED visible light, specifically two 12 W lamps with 1200 lm (Bareeq, Egypt), the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye was assessed using two loading ratios of doping agent in the SA/PVP polymer matrix. Typically, 1 g L\({}^{-1}\) of the SA/PVP/TiO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposite beads was suspended in MB dye solution model wastewater. The suspension was agitated at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C using magnetic stirring under visible light, and samples were taken at regular intervals. A UV-vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2600, Kyoto, Japan) was used to evaluate the residual MB concentration after irradiation by sampling 3 mL of the reaction mixture at the wavelength of 665 nm. The photocatalytic decay of MB was calculated by means of Equation (1),  
\[\text{photodegradation (\%)}=[(\text{C}_{0}-\text{C})\ /\ \text{C}_{0}]\times 100 \tag{1}\]  
where C\({}_{0}\) and C stand for the initial and final MB dye concentration, respectively.  
The photocatalytic efficiency of the produced nanocomposite beads on MB dye degradation was investigated at a pH of 7. This pH value is the most suited for photocatalytic degradation [24] and was set by adding either 0.1 M NaOH or 0.1 M HCl solution.  
Figure 1: Possible structure of the SA/PVP/TiO\({}_{2}\) nanocomposite.
###### Abstract  
Employing the first-principles calculations within density functional theory (DFT) combined with the nonequilibrium Green's function, we investigated the interfacial electronic, magnetic, and spin transport properties of Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl/Ag/Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl current-perpendicular-to-plane spin valves (CPP-SV). Due to the interface rehybridization, the magnetic moment of the interface atom gets enhanced. Further analysis on electronic structures reveals that owing to the interface states, the interface spin polarization is decreased. The largest interface spin polarization (ISP) of 78% belongs to the MnCo\({}^{\text{T}}\)-terminated interface, and the ISP of the MnMn\({}^{\text{T}}\)-terminated interface is also as high as 45%. The transmission curves of Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl/Ag/Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl reveal that the transmission coefficient at the Fermi level in the majority spin channel is much higher than that in the minority spin channel. Furthermore, the calculated magnetoresistance (MR) ratio of the MnCo\({}^{\text{T}}\)-terminated interface reaches up to 2886%, while that of the MnMn\({}^{\text{T}}\)-terminated interface is only 330%. Therefore, Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl/Ag/Mn\({}_{2}\)CoAl CPP-SV with an MnCo-terminated interface structure has a better application in a spintronics device.  
Keywords:Heusler alloy; spin gapless semiconductor; electronic structure; spin transport +
Footnote †: journal:
## 3 A Taxonomy of Measuring Methods, Techniques, and Sensors in Physiological-Based DMSs
### Electrocardiography (ECG)
#### 3.1.1 Contact ECG Sensors
[21] proposed a design for a driver health monitoring system with ECG sensor electrodes located on the left and right sides of both the upper and lower parts of the steering wheel, where the driver typically holds the steering wheel most of the time while driving. The front or rear electrodes are used interchangeably for ECG recording, thus ensuring driver comfort. In laboratory tests with ten participants, the authors reported a mean absolute error of 1.5 bpm for HR measurements from the ECG sensor compared to a standard medical device. In these developments, the ECG signal is acquired continuously and unobtrusively from the driver's hands while the user is driving, via sensors embedded in the steering wheel. However, the reliability of these contact non-wearable sensors is highly dependent on the driver's good grip with both hands of different parts of the steering wheel. Too many steering wheel movements and changes in grip position, as well as the habit of some drivers to steer with one hand, pose a problem for continuous ECG monitoring.
# Research on a Mongolian Text to Speech Model Based on Ghost and ILPCnet
## 3 Mongolian Speech Synthesis Model Based on Ghost-ILPCnet
### Encoder-Decoder
#### 3.2.1 Multi-Resolution STFT Auxiliary Loss  
Since the improved Para-WaveNet Mongolian speech synthesis model generates speech slowly, has a long training cycle, and a high real-time rate, this paper proposed the use of STFT loss and adversarial loss, instead of training of knowledge distillation model and convolutional network in the attention block in the encoder-decoder to optimize the training steps, which improved the speed and stability of speech generation by the Para-WaveNet model. When using adversarial training, it requires linear prediction parameters to convert glottal excitations into audio waveforms. Therefore, this paper used multiple STFT auxiliary losses to optimize the training steps. The principle is as shown in Equation (1):  
\[\mathrm{L_{S}(G)=E_{z\sim p(z),x\sim P_{data}}\big{[}L_{sc}(x,\hat{x})+L_{mag}( x,\hat{x})\big{]}} \tag{1}\]  
Among them, \(\hat{x}\) represents generated audio, \(L_{sc}\) represents spectral convergence, \(|STFT(\cdot)|\) represents STFT amplitude, and \(L_{mag}\) represents logarithmic STFT amplitude loss, specifically as follows Equations (2) and (3):  
\[L_{sc}(x,\hat{x})=\frac{\left|\left|\left|STFT(x)\right|-\left|STFT(\hat{x}) \right|\right|\right|_{F}}{\left|\left|\left|\left|STFT(x)\right|\right|\right| _{F}} \tag{2}\]  
\[L_{mag}(x,\hat{x})=\frac{1}{N}||\log|STFT(x)|-\log|STFT(\hat{x})||_{1} \tag{3}\]  
Among them, \(||\cdot||_{F}\) represents the Frobenius norm and \(||\cdot||_{1}\) represents the \(L_{1}\) norm. Multi-resolution loss is the superposition of different parameters (number of FFT points, window size, and frame shift). \(M\) is the number of STFT losses. The multi-resolution STFT loss is shown in Equation (4):  
\[L_{aux}(G)=\frac{1}{M}{\sum_{m=1}^{M}L_{s}^{(m)}(G)} \tag{4}\]
## 6 Performance Evaluation and Discussion
### Simulation Setup  
A simulation setup is devised to analyze the model and solution of proposed MFG-based power control scheme with a total system bandwidth of 20 MHz. A hybrid network environment is simulated, consisting of random numbers of HTC and MTC devices generated as a PPP independent of each other The total number of MTC nodes included in the simulation design varies between 100 to 500, with 10-100 HTC nodes in each cell of the cellular network. For simplicity, the throughput and maximum transmit power level for all MTCD devices are assumed to be similar. The path loss (PL) model used for simulations is \(128.1~{}+~{}37.6~{}\log_{10}d\) with \(d\) being the distance in km and the std. dev. of shadow fading being 3 dB. The background noise power is \(2\times 10^{-9}\) W with power spectral density (PSD) of \(-170\) dBm/Hz. An LTE-A framework [38] is adopted with a frame duration of 10 ms and the receiver sensitivity threshold of 0.1 mW. The total simulation time is set as T = 5 s consisting of a total of 500 frames of data. A battery energy rating of 200 \(\upmu\)J is defined with the maximum transmit power for the MTC devices being 50 mW. As mentioned above, an MTC device will be required to match an SINR threshold, which is required for establishing a communication link, and no additional power is allocated to nodes after this SINR criterion is met.  
A clustering model is utilized for MTC devices in close proximity to lower the burden of a massive number of devices simultaneously accessing the network. The discretization of the state space grid is performed with a \(50\times 50\times 50\) grid with the respective player states analyzed at different time instances for the duration of the MFG. Here, the value for the maximum energy level \(E_{max}\) as well as the maximum tolerable interference level \(\beta_{max-}\) for each MTCD is defined as 0.5 J and \(6\times 10^{-6}\) W, respectively.