## 4 Applications and Market Adoption  
BLE may benefit from the widespread use of Bluetooth technology, since BLE easily integrates into classic Bluetooth circuitry, and hence it is likely that future Bluetooth devices will be dual-mode devices. According to published forecasts, BLE is expected to be used in billions of devices in the near future [4]. In view of the important role that BLE may play in the Internet of Things, the IETF 6 LoWPAN WG is developing a specification in order to enable end-to-end IP communications for BLE devices [6]. For example, BLE-equipped smartphones can act as IP routers for BLE-enabled sensors and actuators. IP connectivity may dramatically increase the potential space of services and added value for BLE devices. While BLE is emerging, other low-power wireless technologies, such as ZigBee, 6 LoWPAN or Z-Wave, have already achieved significant presence in several market segments. However, they do not have high deployment expectations in devices such as smartphones. BLE, on the other hand, is expected to have a strong position in these. Table 2 shows the main characteristics of BLE and the aforementioned technologies (classic Bluetooth has been included for comparison purposes). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**ZigBee**} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**6 LoWPAN (Over 802.15,4)**} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**Z-Wave**} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**Bluetooth Low Energy**} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{**Classic Bluetooth**} \\ \hline  & **RF band (MHz)** & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{868/9152400} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{2400 (400 & \multirow{2}{*}{2400} & \multirow{2}{*}{2400} \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Bit rate (kbps)**} & \multirow{4}{*}{2040250} & \multirow{4}{*}{BFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK (v1.2), GFSK/w 4-DQPSK\(\times\)2-EDR, 802.11} \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & (v3+HS) & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{4}{*}{**Modulation**} & \multirow{4}{*}{BPSK/BPSKO-QPSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{BFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK} & \multirow{4}{*}{GFSK (v2.1), GFSK/w 4-DQPSK\(\times\)2-EDR, 802.11} \\  & & & & & (v3+HS) & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Spreading** & DSSS & \multirow{2}{*}{No} & \multirow{2}{*}{FHSS (2 MHz channel width)} & \multirow{2}{*}{FHSS(1 MHz channel width)} \\  & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Receiver** & \(-\)85 or better(2.4 GHz band)\({}^{-}\)92 & \multirow{4}{*}{\(-\)101 (at 40 kbps)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(-\)870 (required)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(-\)870 (typical)} \\  & **sensitivity (dBm)** & or better(868/915 MHz bands) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Transmit** & \(-\)32 to 0 & \(-\)20 to 0 & \(-\)20 to 10 & \(204\)/40(Class 1/2/3) \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Power (dBm)** & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Link layer**} & **MAC** & TDMA+CSMA/CA (beacon mode) & \multirow{4}{*}{CSMA/CA} & \multirow{4}{*}{TDMA} & \multirow{4}{*}{TDMA} \\  & **mecha-nism** & and CSMA/CA (beaconless mode) & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Message size** & \multirow{4}{*}{127 (maximum)} & \multirow{4}{*}{64 (max. MAC payload in 200 series chip)} & \multirow{4}{*}{8 to 47} & \multirow{4}{*}{358 (maximum)} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{4}{*}{**Error control**} & \multirow{4}{*}{16-bit CRC. ACKs (optional)} & \multirow{4}{*}{8-bit checksum. ACKs (optional)} & \multirow{4}{*}{24-bit CRC. ACKs (optional)} & \multirow{4}{*}{8-bit CRC (header); 16-bit CRC and 2/3 FEC (payload). ACKs} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & **Latency (ms)** & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{4}{*}{16- and 64-bit MAC addresses, 16-bit addresses, 128-bit IPv6 addresses} & \multirow{4}{*}{16- and 64-bit MAC 8-bit public device Bluetooth address or random address} & \multirow{4}{*}{48-bit public device Bluetooth address} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \multirow{4}{*}{16-bit ACKs (optional)} & \multirow{4}{*}{8-bit checksum. ACKs (optional) ACKs (payload).