esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Theoretical Approach  
We report on ab initio calculations to study the intermediate band states of substitutional transition metal defects in \(TM^{2+}{}_{x}Zn_{1-x}\)Te (\(TM\) = V, Cr, Mn) alloys. Our ab initio studies were based on the density functional theory (DFT) methods and calculated with the Vanderbilt ultrasoft pseudopotentials (USPPs) using the Cambridge serial total energy package (CASTEP) [17; 18]. The utilized USPPs to efficiently treat ion-electron interactions derived from the projector augmented wave (PAW) method and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the Perdew-Wang (PW91) exchange-correlation functional [19; 20]. The electronic configurations for the valence electrons are V: \(3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{2}3d^{3}\), Cr: \(3s^{2}3p^{6}4s^{1}3d^{5}\), Mn: \(4s^{2}3d^{5}\), Zn: \(4s^{2}3d^{10}\), and Te: \(4d^{8}5p^{4}\). The ZnTe (space group: 216 \(F\)-\(43m\)) and \(TM^{2+}{}_{x}Zn_{1-x}\)Te (\(TM\) = V, Cr, Mn) alloys were constructed using bulk crystalline configurations with discrete \(TM^{2+}\) compositions of 25% and 3% (or \(x\) = 0.25 and \(x\) = 0.03). The structural properties of \(TM^{2+}{}_{0.25}Zn_{0.75}\)Te, and \(TM^{2+}{}_{0.03}Zn_{0.97}\)Te were modeled by substituting one \(TM^{2+}\) ion on the Zn site within an 8-atom and 64-atom zinc-blende lattice unit cells, respectively. The 8-atom zinc-blende ZnTe and \(TM^{2+}{}_{0.25}Zn_{0.75}\)Te (\(TM\) = V, Cr, Mn) models and 64-atom zinc-blende Cr\({}^{2+}{}_{0.03}Zn_{0.97}\)Te model are shown in Figure 1. The Brillouin zones were performed using a \(4\times 4\times 4\) (\(2\times 2\times 2\)) Monkhorst-Pack grid and a 400 eV (150 eV) energy cutoff in \(TM^{2+}{}_{0.25}Zn_{0.75}\)Te (\(TM^{2+}{}_{0.03}Zn_{0.97}\)Te). The highest occupied Kohn-Sham orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied Kohn-Sham orbitals (LUMO) have been used to analyze the intermediate band states of substitutional transition metal defects in \(TM^{2+}{}_{x}Zn_{1-x}\)Te (\(TM\) = V, Cr, Mn) alloys. Recent theoretical work confirms that the infrared light emission of 0.852 eV derived from first-principles theoretical models is close to the value 0.842 eV of experimental photoluminescence (PL) defect-peak observations of the twist-bonded dislocation network [21].
## 2 Methods
### Nonuniform Sampling  
The schematic diagram of nonuniform sampling is shown in Figure 2. The sampling points on SCGH are unevenly distributed as the phase of SCGH is compensated point-to-point from WRP, as shown in Figure 2a, which means any two adjacent sampling points on SCGH should be equally spaced in the direction of \(x\) and \(y\) axis.  
Taking an arc \(AB\) on SCGH as an example to explain the principle of nonuniform sampling, according to the geometric relationship in Figure 2b, when arc \(AB\) is equally sampled in the direction of x axis (each dashed line is equally spaced), it will be divided into several short arcs with different length. If the intersections of these dashed lines and the arc \(AB\) represent the sampling points of SCGH in the direction of x axis, the short arcs truncated by the dashed lines indicate the sampling intervals. It is clear that the sampling intervals on the SCGH are uneven. Arc \(a\) is longer than arc \(b\), for instance. The conclusion is that the SCGH is nonuniformly sampled, and the paraxial region is sampled more densely with relatively small sampling intervals, which is clearly shown in Figure 2a.  
Because of the rule of point-to-point nonuniform sampling, the pixel resolution of SCGH is identical to that of WRP which is decided absolutely by the plane diffraction. In other words, the sampling points required to generate SCGH is coincident with that of the plane diffraction model adopted, which significantly reduces the number of sampling on SCGH when it is reconstructed by the visible range of light wavelengths. Furthermore, the proposed PC method thus provides possibility for the practical application of SCGH.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Batch Absorption Experiments  
#### 3.2.1 Adsorption Kinetics of Cu(II) into Lime Sand Bricks  
For investigation of the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) with brick particles, it is important to monitor how fast the interaction takes place [29]. Figure 4 shows the kinetic behavior of Cu(II) uptake by the lime sand bricks. Under the conditions (i.e., \(C_{0}\) = 5 mg/L, solid-liquid ratio = 8 g/L, stirring speed = 135 rpm, pH = 5), the adsorption of Cu(II) onto the lime sand bricks reached an equilibrium within 7 h. It is apparent that the adsorption is fast at the initial stage and then reaches a plateau, indicating that adsorption equilibrium is reached. Initially, the removal is fast due to the adsorption of Cu(II) ions onto the vacant surface sites, and thereafter the rate decreases due to the saturation of the surface sites [30].  
The adsorption kinetic data were fitted by pseudo-primary-order and pseudo-second-order models. Table 3 shows the parameters obtained from these two models. It can be concluded that the adsorption kinetics of Cu(II) on lime sand bricks is more in line with the pseudo-second-order model (\(r^{2}>0.99\)) because the fitting obtains a higher \(r^{2}\). This indicates that the adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order model. The model is based on the assumption that the rate-limiting phase can be  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Composition** & **MgO** & **Al2O3** & **SiO2** & **CaO** & **MnO** & **Fe2O3** & **P2O5** & **Others** \\ \hline Content (\%) & 4.92 & 3.93 & 15.74 & 42.16 & 0.02 & 0.67 & 0.02 & 32.54 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The major elements’ contents (oxide%) in lime sand bricks measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF).  
Figure 4: The kinetics of Cu(II) removal by lime sand brick bricks at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\(C_{0}\) = 5 mg/L, solid-liquid ratio = 8 g/L, stirring speed = 135 rpm, pH = 5).  
Figure 3: The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) spectra of lime sand bricks.  
described by chemisorption, which involves the valence of electrons shared or exchanged between the adsorbent and the adsorbate [28]. The current results are consistent with [PERSON] et al. who observed that the adsorption of Pb(II) on manganese oxide coated bricks conforms to the pseudo-second-order model [31]. [PERSON] et al. observed that the adsorption of Zn(II) by lime sand bricks is also in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model [26]. The rapid metal uptake was clearly related to the availability of active sites on the bricks surfaces [26].
## 3 Methodology
### Data Collection  
The speech files are recorded from several news broadcasts on TV and radio while keeping the same data. We collaborated with other regional receivers and television locations to acquire pre-recorded dialogue assemblies (such as portions of their annals). With these aligned efforts, the time and expense associated with producing the necessary speech dataset are reduced. Where the speech tapes are longer, the files are divided into shorter segments of 10-30 s. Longer files (more than 30 s) are problematic and can cause the speech recognizer to struggle to match the tapes to their phonetic transcripts. For recordings longer than 10 min, preliminary placement might not work, which would cause problems during the training phase. Shorter recordings can be used to create a more efficient and successful process.  
The following parameters are set when recording to create a corpus: Sampling Rate = 16 kHz (or 8 kHz, depending on the training data), Bits = 16, and Channels = Mono (=single channel). Once the speech recordings are obtained, the spoken words are transcribed and annotated. The statistics used in this study are based on text data taken from 4071 Arabic audio clips. Sports, technology, education, health, economics, security, and justice are among the topics covered in the gathered audio data. There are various data levels within each category of collected data. While some categories have three data levels, others only have two: the data in the sports category include information on boxing, as well as sports in general; the two technology subcategories are electronic device-based technology and mobile phone technology; the education category contains broad information on tutoring, such as literacy rates, public education, higher education, compulsory education, kindergarten, university and college, midway education, main education, and research.
## 2 Modeling
### Correction Factors  
A correction factor is usually introduced in a model to reduce differences between simulation and experimental results; therefore, the model's accuracy is improved. A correction factor is defined as a set of data used to improve simulation results [34]. The correction factor may modify reaction constant [15; 25; 35], temperature [36], ER [25], and ER-temperature dependence [20]. This study developed a correction factor by modifying the models of [PERSON] et al. [37]. Table 5 demonstrates the calculation of the correction factors \((f_{k})\) for the reaction equilibrium constant (\(K_{i}\)).  
Table 5 shows that the correction factor for the equilibrium constant of \(K_{3}\), coded as \(f_{3}\), is defined as the ratio between \(\left(n_{3}/n_{4}^{2}\right)_{\text{exp}}\) and \(\left(n_{3}/n_{4}^{2}\right)_{\text{cal}}\). The \(\left(n_{3}/n_{4}^{2}\right)_{\text{exp}}\) represents the volume ratio (%) of experimental gas, whereas the \(\left(n_{3}/n_{4}^{2}\right)_{\text{cal}}\) represents the predicted mole ratio (%). The other correction factors (\(f_{3}\)-\(f_{6}\)) can be interpreted similarly. The correction factors of \(f_{3}\), \(f_{4}\), \(f_{5}\), dan \(f_{4}\), which are associated with R3, R4, R5, and R6, respectively, were calculated in this research. Further, the correction factors were used to develop a new empirical correlation for the reaction equilibrium constant, which is described in Equation (42).  
\[K_{n}^{*}\ =\ a_{0}f_{k}^{r}K_{n}^{s}T^{t} \tag{42}\]
## 4 Aging Model Establishment
### Aging Features' Extraction  
Before the calculation, aging features must be extracted. Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram of the extraction architecture.  
According to the concept of the rainflow counting method mentioned in [18], the continuous SOC curve is processed to remove unnecessary values, leaving only the relative peaks and relative valleys in the series. Therefore, the original SOC curve is filtered twice, and then the rainflow counting algorithm is used. The schematic is shown in Figure 9.  
The original input SOC data has a resolution of 0.5%. Through the first filtering, we can separate the continuous parts of the SOC value from the original SOC sequence and record it as calendar aging events, including the placing time and storage SOC. Since the values between the relative maximums and relative minimums are not meaningful during the rainflow cycle counting method, these values should be removed from the sequence first in the following second filtering to generate a new one with only the relative maximums  
Figure 7: A schematic diagram for the four-point algorithm.  
and minimums. In the final stage, cycling aging features such as cycle depth, the number of cycles, and the average SOC of the cycle will be identified through the rainflow counting algorithm and recorded as cycling aging events in sequence.
# Nucleotides as Bacterial Second Messengers
## 2 The c-di-GMP Nucleotide
### Cell Motility  
The transition from motility to non-motility involves several cellular states; first, a cell requires a surface to which to adhere temporarily and remain attached by its adhesive components. Subsequently, the cell must inhibit motility, which is where c-di-GMP comes into play. Elevated intracellular levels of c-di-GMP favor a strong counterclockwise (CCW) rotation. CCW induces smooth swimming and inhibits bacterial propagation on semisolid agar. The motility control mechanism by c-di-GMP is via the YcgR receptor, to which c-di-GMP binds to and causes flagellum quenching. This mechanism is supported because a mutation in _ycgR_ gene restores bacterial motility on semisolid agar [24]. Signaling of c-di-GMP through the YcgR receptor is direct, as this receptor interacts with the flagellar motor. In addition, c-di-GMP can block the synthesis of new flagella in some bacteria, such as the case of _P. aeruginosa_. The FleQ protein (the first factor regulating flagellar gene expression) in _P. aeruginosa_ is regulated in its function by c-di-GMP, which controls the expression of the flagellar regulon [25], causing flagellar gene switch-off.
## 1 Introduction
The main crystalline phase of CAS glass-ceramic is wollastonite (CaSiO\({}_{3}\)), and the content of the crystal phase increases with the addition of MTs in CAS glass-ceramic materials. Microcrystalline glass not only has the excellent properties of both ceramics and glass but also has properties (mechanical properties, chemical corrosion resistance, acid and alkaline resistance, etc.) superior to those of similar ceramics and glass [14; 15; 16]. There are three main processes for preparing microcrystalline glass: the melting method involves adding a certain amount of a nucleating agent to a solid waste raw material, melting and homogenizing it under high-temperature conditions to form a glass melt. Then, the melt is cast and shaped, and after a little cooling and shaping, it is then annealed. After the annealing process, nucleation and crystallization are carried out under certain temperature conditions to obtain finished microcrystalline glass. The melting-sintering method is a process in which raw materials are melted and quenched by water to obtain a glass powder that is then further ground and pressed into shape and finally sintered at a high temperature to obtain the desired microcrystalline glass products. In the one-step method, one directly mixes and grinds raw materials in the glassy or crystalline state and then sinters them to make solidly soluble raw powder materials to form glass [17; 18; 19]. At present, a large amount of waste SACs-3 is generated and a large amount of slag obtained from the melting and trapping processes is accumulated, but there have been few studies related to the treatment methods for this slag. In the present study, the smelting glass slag obtained from waste automobile three-way catalysts through iron collection was used as the raw material. Microcrystalline glass heat treatments were compared and analyzed to develop a one-step recrystallization heat treatment suitable for the obtained melting slag and to finally prepare microcrystalline glass. The studied method showed the advantages of a short process flow and energy saving compared with the commonly used nucleation-crystallization treatment process. A new process of slag vitrification in the smelting process was proposed, and the influence of the vitrification process on the harmless treatment of hazardous solid wastes such as SACs was studied. Thereafter, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to analyze the phase composition and microstructure of the as-prepared microcrystalline glass, and the physical and chemical properties of the glass were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of crystallization time and temperature on the physical and chemical properties of the microcrystalline glass were investigated, and the optimal heat treatment system was determined.
# Coupling and Optical Analysis of a Round-Cornered Square-Shaped Microresonator
###### Abstract
However, it was found through a systematic study that the long interaction length between the waveguide and the resonator may make the coupling strength very sensitive to any phase mismatch between the waveguide mode and that of the resonator [20]. On the other hand, the application of polygonal optical microresonators with sharp corners can be limited by severe energy loss at the corners. [PERSON] et al. [27] incorporated a rounded fillet design into the square resonator, allowing the electromagnetic wave to slowly turn from one side of the square to the other side, thus reducing the optical loss at the sharp corners. When the radius of curvature was varied while maintaining a constant optical path length, they showed that for the single-mode square-shaped microresonators, the quality factors could be significantly increased. At an optimum radius of curvature, it was seen that the quality factor could even be one order higher than that of conventional circular microring resonators. However, the quality factor was found to be lower for several other values of radii of curvature, for which a few possible reasons were provided and discussed [27; 28]. In the present work, an optical filter with a round-cornered square-shaped (RCSS) microring resonator is considered and its performance is analyzed. To benchmark the structural and optical characteristics of an RCSS, a coupled-mode theory is employed in the present study and compared to electromagnetic finite domain (EMFD) analysis and experiments. Previously, the differences in optical losses in the resonator due to the variation of geometric parameters such as the length of straight stretches, the radius of curvature, and coupling length were conjectured to be the main cause of the changes in the optical response; however, the present results indicate that the nature and characteristics of the coupling are also major drivers of the variations. The effects of the radius of curvature and the RCSS rotation on the performance of the filter are numerically investigated and experimentally validated.
# Hydrological Analysis of Extreme Rain Events in a Medium-Sized Basin
## Materials and Methods
### Precipitation Data
Thereafter, the peak precipitation equal to 7.0 mm that fell afterwards in 1 h justified the reason why the peak discharge occurred 11 h later, which was feasible with an average velocity of the peak rain intensity equal to 0.4 m/s. About the aforementioned sub-basin of the 22-25 June 2017 flash flood event, the AMC--5 days before the event--were recorded as equal to 56.3 mm, followed by 26.3 mm of rain during 15 h of the sudden precipitation event, meaning that the soil became quickly saturated prior to the peak rain intensity. Straight away, 23.3 mm of rainwater fell in 2 h, of which the 16.6 mm precipitated in just 1 h, which in combination interprets the observed peak discharge to be noted just 2 h after the peak rain intensity. That travel time resulted in an average velocity of the peak precipitation equal to 2 m/s. For the sub-basin W1030, a fully urban area, at the 26-30 June 2010 rain event, the 5 days' AMC equal to 27.0 mm were followed by 9.6 mm of precipitated water during 35 h of the studied event, so the ground was fully saturated thus far due to the high imperviousness. As a result, it is very comprehensible why the time of peak runoff occurred 1 h after the time of peak precipitation of very high intensity, equal to 24.1 mm/h. The resulting travel time of the peak precipitation until the exit of the sub-basin took place with an average velocity equal to 9 m/s. Regarding the event of 22-25 June 2017 and the same sub-basin, there were two peaks of precipitation, one of 7.4 mm and one other--which happened 4 h later--equal to 8.4 mm, that with their turn resulted in two peaks of peak discharge that happened immediately. The first peak discharge was higher and occurred 4 h earlier than the second one. The direct flow was also justified because of the high imperviousness of the urban area, as well as of the high 5 days' AMC equal to 33.8 mm. The wave's average velocity was very high as well.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Measurements of the Water Contents in Films before and after Frictional Electrification  
The results discussed in the previous sections indicate that the crystal form of the TiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticle has a significant effect on the humidity dependence for the charging of TiO\({}_{2}\)-doped PES films. Subsequent results revealed that doping with P25, RUT, and AMO nanoparticles reduced the humidity dependence of the film, while ANA doping increased it. To reconfirm this from an analytical perspective, we measured the amount of water in the films before and after frictional electrification, as described in Section 3.4.  
Figure 11 shows the measured water contents in the reference and charged samples for the PES single film and TiO\({}_{2}\)-nanoparticle-doped films. The TiO\({}_{2}\) doping level was 10 wt% and the humidity during the measurements was in the range of 40-45%RH. The water content was normalized per gram of film. The water content of the reference sample (6.90 mg g-film\({}^{-1}\)) of the PES single film was less than those of the TiO\({}_{2}\)-doped samples (14.8 \(\pm\) 3.5 mg g-film\({}^{-1}\)). This is related to the water adsorbed by TiO\({}_{2}\) described in Sections 4.3 and 4.4 and may be attributed to the PES single film being relatively more hydrophobic than the TiO\({}_{2}\)-doped films. The water content of the charged sample of the PES single film was considerably higher than that of the corresponding reference sample. Based on the CWP model, the difference in water content between the two samples is estimated to be the amount of charged water produced by frictional electrification. A relatively large increase in the water content due to frictional charging was also observed for the ANA-doped film. Although not as pronounced as the PES single film and ANA-doped film, an increase in the water content due to frictional charging was also observed in the P25 mix-doped film. These cases correspond to the TiO\({}_{2}\) samples with large humidity dependences illustrated in Figure 6, indicating that the increase in the water content due to  
Figure 10: Plot of \(V_{\text{sat}}\) versus relative humidity for layered (**a**) and single-layer (**b**) films with an average doping level of 1 wt% P25.  
frictional electrification is greater for TiO\({}_{2}\) samples where molecular adsorption of water is more likely to occur. On the other hand, in the case of the other TiO\({}_{2}\) samples (RUT, AMO, and P25), the change in the water content due to frictional charging was small. This corresponds to the cases with small humidity dependence illustrated in Figure 6, indicating a relatively small or almost no increase in the water content of films doped with TiO\({}_{2}\) where the dissociative adsorption of water is more likely to occur.