## 3 Results
### Morphology and Chemical Composition  
The SEM images of the doped and co-doped MBG powders are shown in Figure 3. The particle size distributions of un-doped, 2.87 Ag-doped, 5.75 Ag-doped, 2.87 Ce-doped, 5.75 Ce-doped, and 2.87 Ag/2.87 Ce co-doped (mol%) MBG are 671.17 \(\pm\) 183.46, 602.19 \(\pm\) 166.28, 663.43 \(\pm\) 188.44, 646.50 \(\pm\) 189.83, 668.19 \(\pm\) 151.87, and 529.81 \(\pm\) 180.98 nm, respectively, are shown in Figure 4. The elemental composition of materials was determined using EDS, as shown in Table 1. The results demonstrated that all MBG specimens show experimental composition values that are qualitative consistent with the nominal composition values. For doped MBG specimens, the atomic percentage of Ag and Ce is proportional to the dopant concentration. Furthermore, the co-doped MBG specimens showed the presence of both Ag and Ce elements. These results indicated that the dopant of Ag, Ce, and Ag/Ce into the MBG structure was successful. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & & & & & \\ \hline
**Sample Type** & **Si** & **Ca** & **P** & **Ag** & **Ce** \\ \hline Nominal & 76.92 & 15.38 & 7.69 & - & - \\ Un-doped MBG & 71.49 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 14.82 \(\pm\) 0.64 & 11.63 \(\pm\) 0.73 & 2.06 \(\pm\) 0.52 & - \\
2.87 mol\% Ag-doped MBG & 69.52 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 14.34 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 10.07 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 6.07 \(\pm\) 0.69 & - \\
5.75 mol\% Ag-doped MBG & 71.89 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 14.01 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 11.07 \(\pm\) 0.69 & - & 3.03 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\
2.87 mol\% Ce-doped MBG & 68.78 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 13.6 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 11.79 \(\pm\) 0.89 & - & 5.82 \(\pm\) 0.23 \\
5.75 mol\% Ce-doped MBG & 69.07 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 14.0 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 11.01 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 2.9 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\
2.87 mol\% Ag/2.87 mol\% Ce & 71.49 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 14.82 \(\pm\) 0.64 & 11.63 \(\pm\) 0.73 & 2.06 \(\pm\) 0.52 & - \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Atomic compositions of un-doped, 2.87 mol% Ag-doped, 5.75 mol% Ag-doped, 2.87 mol% Ce-doped, 5.75 mol% Ce-doped, and 2.87 mol% Ag/2.87 mol% Ce co-doped MBG. Figure 2: XRD patterns of un-doped MBG, 2.87 mol% Ag-doped, 5.75 mol% Ag-doped, 2.87 mol% Ce-doped, and 2.87 mol% Ag/2.87 mol% Ce co-doped MBG. According to our TEM studies (Figure 5), the successful system of spherical mesoporous particles of un-doped MBG is confirmed. Ag-doped, Ce-doped, and Ag-Ce-co-doped MBG all had spherical shapes. In addition, the Ag dopant and Ag nanoparticles were seen on the surface of the particles, as shown in Figure 5b,c. Figure 5f, which also illustrates the result of the Ag/Ce co-doped MBG sample, shows a similar nanostructure to the Ag-doped MBG samples with Ag nanoparticles produced on the particle's surface [52]. Moreover, in Figure 5e, the Ce nanoparticles exhibit that they are noticeably darker than undoped and Ag-doped MBGs. This observation indicates a higher atomic weight. It is worth noting that Ce possesses an atomic number of 58, while Ag possesses an atomic number of 47. On the other hand, the constituents of un-doped MBG do not possess atomic numbers greater than 20. Furthermore, the MBG samples that were doped with 5.75% Ag, 5.75% Ce, and 2.87% Ag/2.87% Ce (mol%) display darker regions on the MBG particles. These darker regions become more prominent in terms of both quantity and size of nanoparticles as the concentrations of Ag and Ce increase. This suggests a correlation with the growth of metallic Ag and Ce nanoparticles on the glass surface and within the pores. Figure 3: SEM images of (**a**) un-doped MBG, (**b**) 2.87 mol% Ag-doped, (**c**) 5.75 mol% Ag-doped, (**d**) 2.87 mol% Ce-doped, (**e**) 5.75 mol% Ce-doped, and (**f**) 2.87 mol% Ag/2.87 mol% Ce co-doped MBG. BET and BJH analyzed particular powder specimen sur face areas, typical pore sizes, and pore volumes using physical adsorption and desorption with nitrogen gas, which was utilized because of its availability, inertness, and excellent quality.