esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, a double raschel structure was employed to enhance the bending strength of GCCM. Bending strength was compared and analyzed alongside the concrete filling amount and foaming agent content. When the concrete filling amount was the same, the thickness of the double raschel GCCM increased with the addition of a blowing agent, but it was observed that cracks occurred on the surface due to concrete shrinkage during hydration. When a blowing agent was added, it was observed that as the concrete filling amount increased, the bending strength of the double raschel GCCM also increased, and, due to this, it can be inferred that the influence of concrete's tendency for brittle failure may be reduced. Additionally, when the double raschel GCCM was subjected to 30 days of treatment in seawater, freezing and thawing conditions, acidic, and alkaline conditions, the retention of bending strength followed the order: seawater > acidic > alkaline > freezing and thawing conditions. For the double raschel GCCM in seawater, there was almost no change in bending strength. However, under freezing and thawing conditions, there was a 35% reduction in bending strength. In acidic and alkaline conditions, there were reductions of 17% and 26%, respectively, in bending strength.  
It can be seen that when expanding the application of double raschel GCCMs to purposes such as coastal erosion prevention, coastal protection, and slope reinforcement, the above results can be used as reference data.  
Conceptualization, S.K., J.Y. and H.J.; methodology, H.J.; validation, E.K. and D.L.; formal analysis, E.K.; investigation, E.K. and D.L.; data curation, H.J.; writing--original draft preparation, S.K. and J.Y.; writing--review and editing, S.K., J.Y. and H.J.; supervision, S.K., J.Y. and H.J.; project administration, H.J.; funding acquisition, H.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by a grant (20010999) from the Industrial Material Core Technology Research Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy of the Korean Government.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Environmental** & **Curing** & **Bending Strength** & **Retention of Bending** \\
**Condition** & **Period (Days)** & **(MPa)** & **Strength (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Sewater} & 0 & 9.29 & \multirow{2}{*}{97.8} \\  & 30 & 9.08 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Freezing and Thawing} & 0 & 9.29 & \multirow{2}{*}{65.9} \\  & 30 & 6.12 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Acidic (pH 4)} & 0 & 9.29 & \multirow{2}{*}{83.1} \\  & 30 & 7.72 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Alkaline (pH 12)} & 0 & 9.29 & \multirow{2}{*}{74.1} \\  & 30 & 6.88 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Bending strength of double raschel GCCM under environmental conditions.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the numerical investigation on the seismic performance of a steel-concrete hybrid structure consisting of reinforced concrete (RC) tubular columns and steel braced truss with A-shaped steel frames, which is a novel supporting structural system to house air-cooled condensers (ACC) in large-capacity thermal power plants (TPPs). First, the finite element (FE) modeling approach for this hybrid structure using the software ABAQUS was validated by a range of pseudo-dynamic tests (PDTs) performed on a 1/8-scaled sub-structure. The failure process, lateral displacement responses, changing rules of dynamic characteristic parameters and lateral stiffness with increase of peak ground acceleration (PGA) were presented here. Then, nonlinear time-history analysis of the prototype structure was carried out. The dynamic characteristics, base shear force, lateral deformation capacity, stiffness deterioration and damage characteristics were investigated. Despite the structural complexity and irregularity, both experimental and numerical results indicate that the overall seismic performance of this steel-concrete hybrid supporting structure meets the seismic design requirements with respect to the high-intensity earthquakes.  
Keywords:hybrid structure; thermal power plant (TPP); seismic performance; pseudo-dynamic test; numerical modeling +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Dynamic Characterization  
External modulation is one of the most popular techniques of modulating data onto an optical signal and offers several advantages, such as high bandwidth (stemming from the modulation bandwidth of the external modulator used) and the possibility to generate complex modulation formats. Currently available external intensity modulators can achieve high modulation bandwidths >40 GHz [31]. However, the external modulator suffers from several disadvantages, such as high insertion loss (which needs to be compensated using optical amplifiers), bias drift, and polarization dependence. These features act as obstacles in using external modulation in cost-sensitive applications, such as DCNs and short-reach networks. Direct modulation, on the other hand, is a simple and cost-effective technique, where data modulation is accomplished simply by adding the information signal to the bias current of the laser [32]. The main drawbacks here are the limited laser bandwidth and the frequency chirp. The first one restricts the maximum modulation data rate, while the second leads to a broadening of the optical spectrum, which in conjunction with fiber dispersion, limits the transmission distance [33].  
OIL can be implemented to overcome both of these drawbacks, thus extending the data rates and the transmission distances achievable in systems employing direct modulation. Previous reports have shown that external injection can enhance the intrinsic modulation bandwidth of the laser up to about three times [10; 13]. There are also some studies on how injection locking can be used to significantly reduce the chirp of a directly modulated laser [15; 34].
# Refined 3D Solar Temperature Field and Effect Simulation of Ultra-High Steel Bridge Pylon
## 6 Influence of Shadow Occlusion on the Temperature Effect
### Influence of Shadow Occlusion on Alignment Shape of Bridge Pylon  
For ensuring the accuracy of the construction and measurement results, the morning period after sunlight is usually chosen as the construction time due to the stable air temperature; thus, this paper selects four time periods of 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, and 9:00 for analysis because the sunrise time at the bridge site is from 5:00 to 6:00. At this time, the west pylon column is sheltered by the east tower column, so the upper bridge pylon for the west pylon column in summer is selected to analyze the influence of shadow effect on the alignment shape, and the displacement change of the longitudinal and transverse directions is positive to the south and east respectively. According to the actual construction situation, the upper tower column is divided into seven segments. Each segment is 10.8 m long, and every 7 days is a construction period. The analysis time is from 22 June 2020 to 9 August 2020, and the calculation takes the cumulative deformation error caused by tangent assembly into account.  
According to Figure 21, at 6:00, the shielding effect has little influence on the alignment shape, because the small shadow area of the east pylon column to the west pylon column. From 7:00 to 8:00, the influence of sunshine shadow on the alignment shape of the bridge pylon increases continuously. At 9:00, the alignment shape error of transverse bridge direction further increases, while the influence on the alignment shape error of longitudinal bridge direction decreases. During this period, the east wall of west pylon column has been in partial shading due to the occlusion of the east pylon column, and the alignment shape of the west pylon will constantly deviate from the design linear. Finally, the maximum alignment shape error can reach 45 mm in the transverse direction to east and can reach 17 mm in the longitudinal direction to north.  
Figure 21: Influence of shadow occlusion on alignment shape of bridge pylon during summer construction: (**a**) Transverse alignment shape. (**b**) Longitudinal alignment shape.  
From the above analysis, the influence of shadow on the deflection of steel bridge pylon cannot be ignored, especially on the transverse bridge of bridge pylon. Thus, after considering the shadow, it can accurately reflect the construction alignment shape of super-high steel bridge pylon.
# Variable Rate Point Cloud Attribute Compression with Non-Local Attention Optimization
## 4 Experimental Results
### Rate-Distortion Efficiency  
In a lossy compression problem, one must trade off two competing costs: the bitrate of compressed representation and the distortion between the reconstructed data and input data, which is also known as rate-distortion trade-off. Following the convention, we evaluate the proposed method by comparing the rate-distortion performance with different methods, including traditional and learning-based methods.
# Optimization of Multilayer Absorbers Using the Bald Eagle Optimization Algorithm
## 1 Introduction
### Literature Review  
There have been various multilayer material structures created with different optimization approaches for the optimal design of MMAs, as shown in the following sample studies.  
[PERSON] et al. (1993) presented structure models for MMA structures in the FR of 0.2-2 GHz and 2-8 GHz, given a predefined set of materials with frequency-dependent electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability. Using a genetic algorithm (GA), they aimed to minimize the RC and the thickness of the absorber structure, and they simultaneously determined the optimal material selection and thickness for each layer [7].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2010) modified the CFO algorithm to design the optimum MMA for normal incidence in a given frequency band. It was determined that the CFO findings were superior to those produced by the SADE algorithm, PSO, and GSA [10].  
[PERSON] et al. (2015) compared the performances of different variations of the PSO algorithm to obtain the optimal designs of multilayer microwave absorbers over different frequency ranges, angles of incidence, and polarizations. Numerical optimal results were presented for each variation of PSO and the best results were compared with those available in the literature. Various absorber designs were obtained in the wideband frequency range in both TM and TE modes for normal and oblique incidences. In comparison to those described in the literature, the produced microwave absorber models obtained by [PERSON] et al. (2015) were typically thinner and had a better frequency response [13].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) proposed a double-stage artificial bee colony (DS-ABC) algorithm for the optimal design of an MRA. The number and order of layers were evaluated separately from the thicknesses The developed MRAs were compared to those optimized by other techniques, demonstrating that the DS-ABC approach outperformed others in terms of finding the ideal layer order and matching thickness [21].
## 3 Basic Strategies to Treat Biofilms  
In general, two different strategies to treat biofilms exist: (1) biofilm inhibition, to prevent biofilm from forming, and (2) biofilm dispersal, to eliminate already formed biofilms (Figure 1). In order to avoid biofilm development, the adherence of planktonic cells to various surfaces or the development into premature microcolonies and also to matured biofilms should be prevented. The early attachment could be tackled in two ways: Firstly, one can modify the surface that imprints distinct 3D patterns or target physicochemical properties such as surface hydrophobicity to block microbial attachment [15; 16; 17]. Secondly, one can pre-condition the surfaces with chemicals to prevent initial attachment. For example, treating the surface with certain surfactants can inhibit bacterial adherence [18]. The approaches that are aimed to impede bacterial establishment on various surfaces or to avoid maturation of biofilms, typically exploit some stimuli to control the genes involved in the formation of biofilm [19] such as repressing the expressions of bacterial adhesins [20], inhibition of the biofilm EPS synthesis [21], and provoking Quorum sensing (QS) signals [22; 23; 24; 25], or even eliminate bacteria in biofilms [26].  
Preformed matured biofilms could be dispersed by breaking off biofilm assemblies and promoting detachments (Figure 1). For inducing biofilm detachment, EPS polymers should be disrupted, or cells should be programmed to disperse [17; 27]. All of the antib biofilm agents and the therapeutic approaches we discuss to tackle biofilms are based on these two strategies (Figure 3).  
Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of antibiotic (drug) tolerance in biofilms. Possible tolerance mechanisms at (**A**) community and (**B**) cellular level.
# Improved Calculation of Load and Resistance Factors Based on Third-Moment Method
## 2 Computation Procedure of Load and Resistance Factors
### Accuracy of the Zero-Iterative-Based Calculation  
In order to investigate the feasibility of calculating target resistance without iteration, the following performance function is applied:  
\[G(X)=R-(D+L+S) \tag{43}\]  
where \(R\), \(D\), \(L\), and \(S\) are the resistance, dead load, live load, and snow load, respectively. The details (the mean value, \(\mu_{S_{i}}\), coefficient of variation, \(V_{i}\), and skewness, \(\alpha_{3i}\)) of the basic variables are shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**RVs** & \(\mathbf{\mu_{Qi}}\) & \(\mathbf{V_{i}}\) & \(\mathbf{\alpha_{3i}}\) \\ \hline \(R\) & - & 0.2 & 0.608 \\ \(G\) & 1 & 0.1 & 0 \\ \(Q\) & 0.5 & 0.59 & 1.18 \\ S & 0.47 & 0.21 & 1.14 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Basic random variables for Equation (43).  
Figure 1: Precision testing of Equation (39).  
\(\mu_{R0}\) can be computed using either the proposed method or the existing method introduced in this paper, but with different convergence speeds to obtain \(\mu_{RT}\). The convergence rates of two methods are shown in Table 2. As presented in Table 2, it is evident that the convergence rate of the proposed formula is faster than the existing one. Besides, compared with \(\mu_{R0}\) computed by Equation (20), the other computed by Equation (42) with the value of 3.27 is far closer to the convergence value of 3.32. In order to simplify the calculated process, \(\mu_{RT0}\) calculated by Equation (42) is directly regarded as the target mean resistance, which means iteration is not required in the proposed method.  
To investigate the feasibility of the simplified process, \(\mu_{RT}\) was obtained by applying the proposed method and the existing methods were used to compare to the convergence value, which served as an accurately calculated result, as shown in Figure 2. In the case of the target reliability index being less than 2.5, the calculated result of the proposed method is slightly less than the convergence value and extremely close to that of the existing method, indicating that the accuracy is acceptable. When \(\beta_{T}\) is greater than 2.5, \(\mu_{RT}\) computed by the proposed method is greater than the existing method and the convergence value, but with errors in the acceptable range, which implies that buildings designed with the proposed method are relatively safer. Therefore, the proposed zero-iterative-based calculation is feasible along with the acceptable calculated results.
## 8 Conclusions  
Vehicle pollution monitoring using Internet of Things is required to monitor the air quality for a clean and healthy environment for the human beings. The implementation of Internet of Things system requires reliable and low power communication protocol for the transmission of real-time data. Blockchain technology plays an important role in today's scenario in terms of information security and transparency capabilities. In this study, we have proposed Long-Range and blockchain-based Internet of Things-inspired system with sensor node and gateway for real-time monitoring of vehicle pollution. Bit rate, receiver sensitivity, and time on air of the LoRa network are calculated by varying various parameters such as SF, CR, bandwidth, number of packets, payload size, preamble and noise figure. It is concluded from the evaluation that an increase in CR and increase in bandwidth increase the bit rate and, the ToA is high for the BW1 in SF12 and Low for the BW3 in SF7. The real-time implementation of the system is carried out by deploying the hardware and obtained real-time sensor values on the cloud server through Long-Range and Internet of Things connectivity. The sensor values recorded in the cloud server is compared with optimal values and concluded that the PM\({}_{10}\), PM\({}_{2\text{-}5}\) are high in the air and remaining values of NO\({}_{2}\), O\({}_{3}\), CO are optimal in the air. Along with this an architecture is proposed for interfacing the hardware with blockchain network through cloud server and API for node authentication. As a part of future work and to overcome limitations, this study will carry out monitoring of individual vehicles emissions with low-cost sensors by mounting on vehicles with customized Internet of Things-based system.  
Conceptualization, A.R.; methodology, A.R. and A.A.; validation, S.V.A. and M.R.; formal analysis, A.G. and R.S.; writing--original draft preparation, A.R.; writing--review and editing, M.R. and A.A; supervision, A.S.R. and S.S.A.; funding acquisition, A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/148), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Not applicable. Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Data in this research paper will be shared on request to the corresponding author. The authors would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/148), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia for supporting this research work. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Results
### Scenario with Fewer Servers and Fewer Fog Nodes
#### 6.2.1 Server Load Distribution  
**Key high-performance servers:** In this scenario, servers 4 and 5 are crucial for handling the majority of the load. These servers have proven to be robust and capable of supporting most of the traffic, with average loads of 137.35 and 104.90, respectively. This ensures that the system can remain operational even under high-demand conditions, leveraging the available capacity of these servers.  
**Efficiency in task distribution:** Although the load is not evenly distributed among all servers, those handling the highest load manage this without overloading to the point of failure. The server with the highest load (Server 4) has a maximum of 150 units, which remains manageable within the system's operational limits.  
**Prevention of critical failures:** The ability of some servers to handle large volumes of load without failing demonstrates the robustness of the load balancer. This ensures that the system maintains availability and continues to serve users without interruptions, which is crucial for real-time environments like MMO games.  
Effectiveness of Fog Nodes  
**Intelligent activation of fog nodes:** The fog nodes activate at key moments to relieve the most loaded servers. Although the number of nodes has been reduced to two, their activation during peak loads ensures that servers do not become excessively overloaded,  
Figure 5: Load behavior in relation to time in an environment with the proposed model. (**a**) Server load behavior in relation to time in an environment with the proposed model. (**b**) Fog nodes load behavior in relation to time in an environment with the proposed model.  
Figure 6: Server and fog nodes load behavior in relation to time in the scenario with fewer servers and fewer fog nodes.  
maintaining system stability. This confirms that fog nodes continue to play an essential role in improving load distribution.  
**Optimization of fog resources:** Despite the reduction from four to two nodes, the system is still capable of adequately handling demand peaks. This indicates that the fog nodes are optimized to activate only when necessary, resulting in more efficient resource use, avoiding unnecessary activations, and maximizing processing availability.
## 1 Introduction
Nevertheless, this linear relationship differs for different plant types due to the influence of the canopy structure or photochemical pathways [19; 31; 32; 33; 34]. As shown in Equations (1) and (3), APAR is the bridge linking SIF and GPP. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] found that the discrepancy and variation in the fluorescence quantum yield were both small under a range of illumination and stress conditions. So, the SIF signal may be a better proxy for estimating APAR. Based on diurnal and seasonal measurements made on a temperate deciduous forest [36] and crops [34], previous studies have demonstrated that SIF has a stronger correlation with APAR than with GPP. It is reasonable to assume that APAR is absorbed mainly by chlorophyll and also that the SIF is emitted by chlorophyll, which results in the significant correlation between SIF and APAR [14; 37]. Therefore, understanding the mechanism underlying the link between directional SIF and APAR\({}_{chi}\) is the key issue in interpreting the relationship between GPP and SIF. However, so far, this link has not been well explored. In this paper, based on simulations made using the SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation Photosynthesis Energy fluxes) model and field observations, we aim: (1) to investigate whether a reliable relationship exists between \(\text{SIF}_{canopy}\) and \(\text{APAR}_{chi}\) and how this relationship is controlled by the canopy biochemical components and canopy structure--this includes the effect of the chlorophyll a + b content (Cab), leaf area index (LAI) and leaf angle distribution (LAD); and (2) to explore whether this relationship is different for \(\text{SIF}_{canopy}\) signals at different bands. We hope this exploration of the relationship between \(\text{SIF}_{canopy}\) and \(\text{APAR}_{chi}\) will assist in the estimation of GPP using remotely sensed SIF.
# SCMC: An Efficient Scheme for Minimizing Energy in WSNs Using a Set Cover Approach
###### Abstract  
Energy-efficient clustering and routing are well known optimization problems in the study of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) lifetime extension. In this paper, we propose an intelligent hybrid optimization algorithm based on a Set Cover approach to create clusters, and min-cost max-flow for routing (SCMC) to increase the lifetime of WSNs. In our method we used linear programming (LP) to model the WSN optimization problem. This model considers minimizing the energy for all nodes in each set cover (cluster), and then minimizing the routing energy between the nodes and the base station through intermediate nodes, namely cluster heads. To evaluate the performance of our scheme, extensive simulations were conducted with different scenarios. The results show that the set cover approach combined with the min-cost max-flow algorithm reduces energy consumption and increases the network's lifetime and throughput.  
Keywords:set cover; min cost flow; cluster; optimization; wireless sensor network; routing +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2017**, \(9\), 95; doi:10.3390/fj9040095