## 5 Conclusions  
We mapped the regional and local velocity fields within western Arabia using a time-series analysis of InSAR observations derived from the ESA Sentinel-1 radar satellite constellation. We used InSAR products generated by the JPL-Caltech ARIA project for regional analysis, and we manually reprocessed InSAR products with 580 interferograms at a higher resolution for local analysis to maximize spatial and temporal coverage. We reported three regions where we observed continued subsidence within western Arabia (Al-Yutumah, Shajwah, and Dhaa valleys) (Figure 2). We focused on the Al-Yutumah valley where multiple fissures and fractures were reported. We applied multiple corrections on the regional and local scales. For the regional, we removed the delay within our time series due solid earth tides, troposphere, and DEM error. Additional long wavelength removal applied to highlight the short wavelength signals in our regional velocity map. For the local scale, we removed the delay corresponding to the troposphere and DEM error only to preserve any potential signal.  
We observed continued subsidence within the Al-Yutumah valley with more than 40 cm accumulated displacement (Figure 3). We mapped the spanning event in November 2018 to show the spatial distribution of observed displacement in consequence to rainfall event (Figure 4). We presented the time series for the regions where fissures and fractures were observed. We manifested the strong correlation between the main rainfall event in November 2018 and the observed offset in our time series (Figure 5). We calculated the spatial gradient amplitude of the observed LOS InSAR velocity field to highlight local deformation patterns (Figure 6). The spatial gradient amplitude reaches its maximum value along the boundaries of the subsidence, which shows strong correlation with the distribution of fractures and fissures in the Al-Yutumah valley. We plotted the spatial gradient along three main cross-sections, first along the railway, second along the national pipeline, and third across the valley where we observed surface fissures and fractures(Figure 6). We manifested that the magnitude of spatial gradient within the valley is close to the magnitude along the pipeline, suggesting potential fractures and risk.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14081769/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14081769/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14081769/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14081769/s1)), Figure S1: Regional phase residuals; Figure S2: Regional coherence history and interferogram network; Figure S3: Regional spatial and temporal solid earth tides; Figure S4: Velocity field of western Arabia after removing solid earth tides; Figure S5: Velocity field of western Arabia after removing delay due to troposphere; Figure S6: Velocity field of western Arabia after removing effect of DEM error; Figure S7: Spatial distribution of annual periodic signal; Figure S8: Spatial distribution of error; Figure S9: Spatial distribution of error; Figure S10: Local phase residuals; Figure S11: Local coherence history and interferogram network.  
Conceptualization, T.A. and M.S.; Methodology, Z.Y., D.B., K.A.A. and T.A.; Software, Z.Y., D.B. and T.A.; Validation, T.A., M.S. and K.A.A.; Formal analysis, T.A., Z.Y., D.B. and Y.-K.L.; Data curation, Z.Y. and D.B.; Writing--original draft preparation, T.A.; Writing--review and editing, M.S., Z.Y., K.A.A., D.B., Y.-K.L. and T.A.; Visualization, T.A. and Z.Y.; Supervision, M.S.; Project administration, T.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
This research was supported by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) and carried out at the California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and KACST. We thank the reviewers for their thoughtful and constructive feedback.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.