# A Systematic Review on Design Thinking Integrated Learning in K-12 Education
## 3 Results
### What Intervention Approaches Were Employed in DTIL?
#### 3.4.5 Design Tools and Materials  
Among the 44 studies, 20 mentioned the design tools or materials used. Six provided students with conventional design tools or materials, such as paper, pencil, glue, tapes, scissors, etc., [36; 42; 44; 46; 50; 51]. Specially, one of these studies employed a reverse engineering teaching context, in which students learned from already designed products rather than started from scratch [51]. By dissecting the product's components and structures, it helps students understanding how those components function and work together, and then students can redesign or build their own product to properly solving a design challenge with micro-innovation or applying the scientific concept they had learned during the learning process. Fourteen studies employed digital platforms as teaching aids of designing and making in the class. For example, some studies organized design activities with open-source hardware and software. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [52] provided students with Arduino Leonardo-based device to solve the engineering problems, by which artifacts can be made through assembly of various blocks with sensors and actuators, and also be driven by the programming language based on Scratch and app inventor. In [49], Raspberry Pi with programmable microelectronics, adapted versions of SNaP and Tiles toolkits, and Google's Design Sprint Kit techniques were combined to help IoT design across generations. Another platform, such as the mobile telepresence robot called KT, which is controlled over the internet through a web interface, was used to design human-centred robots that served a need in the local environment and allowed remote peers to explore the local spaces [61]. [PERSON] et al. [40] also explored middle school students' design literacy who had experience with digital technology in maker settings (e.g., FabLabs). [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [31] studied virtual reality (VR) teaching application on engineering design creativity. In their study, the junior high school students experienced design teaching with VR devices used as teaching tools. The VR box (for a 360\({}^{\circ}\) view), zSpace built-in software Franklin's Lab (for detailing motor operation), Cyber Sciences-3D (for explaining circuits), and Leopoly-3D (for modelling simulation) (created by zSpace, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) were used to design an electric model vehicle capable of automatically avoiding obstacles. There were other tools, meant for prototyping or concept understanding, for example, the 3D design and printing tools, that were employed in some reviewed papers. In [26], the design stage used computer-aided design to create a three-dimensional model of the toy. [PERSON] et al. [27] studied children' STEM learning performance in 3D technology-enhanced makerspaces by using iPad and 3D design software and print device (Makers Empire, created by Makers Empire Pty Ltd., Adelaide, Australia). [PERSON] et al. [57] discussed the digital fabrication in elementary school education. The 3D model design by Tinkercad software (created by Autodesk, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) and 3D artefact printing by Ultimaker printer were adopted to aid the design activities, such as designing and printing a name tag, a floor plan, and a game piece. In [43], the teacher explained the mechanical functions and STEM knowledge via physical and 3D virtual simulation models, and then in the inquiry experiment stage, students were asked to assemble the LEGO to design a movable toy with various mechanical structure types. Besides 3D modelling tools, other design platforms were also employed. Four studies involved students in the poster design activities, and three of them used poster design games on computer [60; 65; 68], while another one used WPS Writer(r) to complete the new year poster design [48]. A tool dedicated to assisting design communication was also mentioned. [PERSON] et al.