# Augmenting CCAM Infrastructure for Creating Smart Roads and Enabling Autonomous Driving
## 5 Proposed CCAM Solution for Autonomous Driving
### Communication bit-pipes for Autonomous Driving
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Relationships** & **Denotation** & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MNO _to_ CA _or_ RIO _or_ OEM} & (i) MNO provides communication infrastructure, (ii) CA, RIO, and OEM are MNO tenants, (iii) CA controls the data, which it exchanges with other stakeholders in accordance with predetermined rules. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MNO _to_ Users} & (2) & MNO provides the services to the users. For \\  & (iii) & infotainment, this relationship still holds true, but not \\  & (iv) & for autonomous driving’s communication services. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{OEM _or_ CA _or_ RIO _to_ Users} & (3) & OEM/CA/RIO provide services to the users. The \\  & (iv) & services provided by CA, OEM, and RIO could include \\ \cline{1-1}  & (v) & perception-as-a-service (PaaS). It could be the data \\ \cline{1-1}  & (v) & which is gathered from outside sources such as \\ \cline{1-1}  & (v) & on-road sensors, OEM backends, etc. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CIP _to_ CA _or_ RIO _or_ OEM} & (4) & The communication infrastructure is installed by CIP, \\ \cline{1-1}  & (v) & and it is run by CA/RIO/OEM. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Inter-stakeholders relationship for envisioned. In order to provide frequency details from 3 GPP Release 14 to Release 17, we created a Figure 8, which presents a number of technical documents supporting 4G, 5G, and 4G-&-5G communication technologies. The complete set of these technical documents is shown in Figure 7 and details of technical specifications (TS) can be found for each communication technology: For 4G, the specifications are _TS 22.185_[23], _TS 22.186_[9], _TS 23.285_[24], _TS 24.385_[25], _TS 24.386_[26], _TS 24.486_[27], _TS 29.387_[28], _TS 29.388_[29], _TS 29.389_[30]; For 5G, the specifications are _TS 23.287_[31], _TS 24.587_[32], and _TS 24.588_[33]; For 4G and 5G together, the specifications are _TS 23.286_[34], _TS 29.486_[35], _TS 33.185_[36], and _TS 33.536_[37]. The readers are encouraged to look into the given specifications links for details such as title, status, type, release, and versions of the technical specification. When taking into account all releases, the frequency rate for 4G continued to decrease, was normal for 4G-&-5G, and began to increase for 5G (more technical documents are expected in release 17). Similar to this, the breakdown of technological support, the number of technical documents, and pertinent cellular communication technologies are presented in Figure 9. It is important to note that this breakdown is influenced by the 3 GPP Technical Specification Groups (TSG), such as the radio access network (RAN), service and system aspects (SA), and core network and terminals (CT). It provides an easy-to-navigate approach for naive readers to equip themselves with exact support categories rather than following the puzzling structure of the standardization documentation. Figure 7: Taxonomy and 3 GPP technical documents for autonomous driving.