## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Electromagnetic Characteristics  
The proposed super-wideband monopole antenna is analyzed in terms of reflection coefficient (S11), voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR), and input impedance (\(Z_{\text{in}}\)), as shown in Figures 3-5. Figure 3 demonstrates the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna for all the iterations from 1 to 6, whose electrical characteristics are summarized in Table 2. In iteration 1, an eight-sided polygon radiating element of the copper conductor layer with a partial ground plane is developed, and this antenna has a maximum reflection coefficient (S11) of \(-38.41\) dB at resonance frequency of 24.1 GHz and an impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 29.69 GHz over a frequency range of 3.49-33.18 GHz with S11 \(\leq-10\) dB, as shown in Figure 3. In iteration 2, an elliptical slot is etched into the polygon structure to obtain wider bandwidth characteristics, while the ground plane remains unchanged from the first \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Design Parameters** & **Dimensions** & **Design Parameters** & **Dimensions** \\ \hline L\({}_{\text{f}}\) & 6.3 & D\({}_{1}\) & 5.45 \\ W\({}_{\text{f}}\) & 1.5 & D\({}_{2}\) & 5.45 \\ L\({}_{\text{g}}\) & 6 & D\({}_{3}\) & 3.8 \\ S & 3.45 & D\({}_{4}\) & 1.8 \\ R & 4.5 & W\({}_{1}\) & 1.5 \\ L\({}_{\text{s}}\) & 16 & W\({}_{2}\) & 2 \\ W\({}_{\text{s}}\) & 14 & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Novel self-similar slotted monopole antenna with partial ground plane dimensions given in mm. Figure 4: VSWR of the proposed antenna. Figure 3: Simulated reflection – coefficient of proposed antenna. step. As shown in Figure 3, this antenna covers multiple bands in the desired spectrum, and the corresponding IBWs are 28.67 GHz, 42.73 GHz, 14.82 GHz, 15.56 GHz, 61.1 GHz, 23.58 GHz, and 18.52 GHz, as listed in Table 2. The antenna design has been modified to avoid notches by incorporating an elliptical plus-shaped slot into the octagonal patch design. Iteration 3, provides bandwidths of 3.54-33.69 GHz and 45.28-147.10 GHz, with respective FBWs of 161.96% and 105.85%. There is a significant enhancement in both the wide and fractional bandwidths, though the notches are not completely eliminated, as shown in Figure 3. In iteration 4, a plus-shaped ring is etched into a conventional octagon, which enhances the fractional bandwidth and bandwidth characteristics illustrated in Figure 3. These characteristics restrict the fractional bandwidth of two broad bands to 161.36% and 105.76%, respectively. In iteration 5, the radiating element is optimized by integrating the minor elliptical slots and the ring slots to resemble a flower structure. The bandwidth is increased to cover the frequency range of 3.37 GHz to 307.24 GHz with minor notch bands at 43.80-47.15 GHz, 58.82-60.47 GHz, 77.98-81.87 GHz, 101.92-103.88 GHz, 113.03-116.49 GHz, and 157.39-171.96 GHz with the modified structure. In addition to the notch bands, the iterative structure exhibits a huge bandwidth, which covers a wide range of wireless applications. The main objective of the proposed structure is to cover a wide band spectrum suitable for a diverse range of wireless applications such as industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM), radar, satellite, navigation, sensing, explosive detection, short-range indoor applications, etc. Iteration 6 transforms a 50 \(\Omega\) transmission line into a tapered-fed structure with a partial ground plane. The proposed monopole structure with optimized geometry, as shown in Figure 3, has an operating range of 3.71-337.88 GHz at S11 \(\leq-\)10 dB and an impedance bandwidth of 334.17 GHz, a bandwidth ratio (BR) of 91.07, and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 195.65%, as stated in Table 2. The proposed antenna achieves a very high bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of) of 6057.27 due to the novel structure.