## 2 State-of-the-Art
### 5G Usage Scenarios  
The goal of Industry 4.0 is to increase efficiency by incorporating the features of cutting-edge technologies into all processes and assets, as well as to provide a better understanding of manufacturing processes across their manufacturing sites in near real-time. The deployment of 5G has raised expectations that it will open new opportunities for manufacturing business models, given the expected increase in data requirements ranging from mission-critical to massive machine connectivity. As shown in Table 3, 5G promises faster download speeds, lower latency, and increased capacity.  
By automating industrial technologies and utilizing other enabling technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, the manufacturing industry expects to maximize the innovations of 5G wireless communications. Industry expects this to lead to more precise decision-making, such as the automation of physical tasks based on historical data and knowledge, or improved outcomes for a wide range of vertical marketplaces, including agriculture, supply chain logistics, healthcare, and energy management, among others [30]. The use of network slicing is listed as follows: (a) eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband), (b) URLLC (ultra-reliable low latency communications) and (c) mMTC (mobile multimedia transmission control) (massive machine-type communications). By 2030, it is estimated that 5G technology will increase the global manufacturing gross domestic product by 4%, which is equivalent to approximately $740 billion [12; 30].  
Figure 5: Spectrum ranges for 5G [32].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Network Type** & **Average Download Speeds** & **Peak Download Speeds** & **Theoretical Download** & **Milliseconds (ms)** \\ \hline
3G & 8 Mbps & \(\sim\)20 Mbps & 42 Mbps & 60 ms (Typical) \\
4G & 32.5 Mbps & 90+ Mbps & 300 Mbps & 50 ms (Typical) \\
5G & 130 Mbps\(=\)240 Mbps & 599 Mbps+ & 10–50 Gbps & 1 ms (Theoretical) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of 3G/4G and 5G latency times and data speeds [19; 21].  
The evolution of mobile communications has significantly affected socio-technical evolution in recent decades, by contributing to the economic and social development of both developed and developing countries. Mobile communications have become deeply ingrained in all aspects of daily life. The evolution of mobile communications systems and socio-technical trends are expected to remain tightly coupled, forming a foundation for the next generation of society in 2020 and beyond. Therefore, new demands, such as increased traffic volume, a greater number of devices with varying service requirements, improved quality of user experience (QoE), and improved affordability through cost reduction, will necessitate a greater number of innovative solutions soon. The potential user and application and technological trends, spectrum applications can be summarized to the following: (1) support very low latency and high reliability human-centric communication, (2) support very low latency and high reliability machine-centric communication, (3) support high user density, (4) maintain high quality at high mobility, (5) enhanced multimedia services, (6) Internet of Things (IoT), (7) convergence of applications, and (8) ultra-accurate positioning applications. Finally, Figure 6 presents the three major application scenarios for 5G [13].  
The International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Bureau (ITUR) defines three typical application scenarios of 5G as illustrated in Figure 7.  
* Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) is mainly for high-bandwidth demand services such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and online 4K video
* Massive machine-type communications (mMTC) is mainly for services with high connection density requirements such as smart cities and intelligent transportation
* Ultra-reliable low latency communication (uRLLC) is mainly for delay-sensitive services such as internet-of-vehicles, unmanned driving, and UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)