## 2 Literature Review
### Smart Government
#### 2.1.2 Countermeasures  
This paper [4] shows how proper smart governance and security framework on which a built adequate security infrastructure could simplify and speed up the certification process and simultaneously reduce the certification cost. However, the link between smart governance and data security is quite complex [23]. Information security risks and data challenges, such as data transfer, processing, information management, network security, and equipment access are significant. The goal is to improve the smart governance operation environment and big data security by studying and improving relevant laws and regulations, strengthening access control processing, improving system protection levels, strengthening the integration of new technologies, and improving network intrusion detection systems and identity security verification mechanisms [24]. Only authorized users should be able to access smart governance services, so authentication must be more secure. This research proposes a three-factor authentication scheme for e-goverance applications to address the shortcomings of previous approaches. Lightweight XOR, one-way, and perceptual hash are used for permission. User identity, passwords, and biometrics improve scalability and security. The suggested approach has been verified using the popular Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. According to the security study [22], the system is resistant to numerous threats. In this direction, the authors of this article [25] provide a smart data sharing architecture for a smart city environment based on smart contracts and blockchains. The suggested approach combines data access control and auditing to protect data exchange among stakeholders. PoT is a complex security solution. The proposed consensus technique uses a multidimensional trust model to determine smart service provider trustworthiness. The suggested solution complies with privacy laws and regulations, including GDPR duties. Additionally, to protect the privacy of this sensitive information, unique software tools and cryptographic security protocols must be employed using the user's settings [16; 26]. Hardware devices must be put inside the linked system to improve these security settings. Because the government is the critical player in delivering electronic services under its authority, this study has previously presented a citizen-centric multidimensional smart-card-based e-governance system [13]. The authors of [14] created a cloud architecture as an interconnected governance model to handle a large volume of sensitive information. The new model's viability is shown via cloud banking transactions via a linked governance environment. On the other hand, there are several practical proposals for this avenue: the authors of this study [15] propose an architecture for the smart governance of heterogeneous IoT solutions inside smart cities, which includes aspects such as power distribution, security limitations, and scalability, among others. It is a modified version of the fundamental architectural paradigm of smart government systems. It relies on digital objects to represent, store, and interact with physical and digital materials. It also uses open-source technologies to create the architectural concept and manage digital objects. Following the proposed transparent and open adjudication procedure, local officials may assign, for example, the administration of the city's smart lighting system. This is done by defining and creating new digital objects as part of the smart city infrastructure for these new actors: (55555/city/company for the company and 55555/users/manager for the company manager or representative) and granting permissions to the manager to handle all smart lighting infrastructure. Similarly, the manager may authorize other members of the institution, such as the IoT system manager (55555/users/iotmanager), to assign tasks to trusted employers.