## 2 Conceptual Framework Building  
### Integrating Decision-Making Capacity in Evacuation Behavioural Strategy Based on Literature  
As revealed in the previous section, knowledge gaps in the field of evacuation efficiency prediction suggested that existing theories cannot provide correct predictions for specific evacuation phenomena for which researchers have been ambiguous [38]. It indicates that established theories may be replaced by broader and more accurate theories of prediction [39]. This section, therefore, proposes a conceptual framework for evacuation behavioural strategies to bridge the gap in existing assessments of evacuation efficiency that lack integrated decision-making capabilities. The conceptual framework of this study integrates risk perception capabilities, survival capabilities, emotions, and level of emergency knowledge. To incorporate these factors into decision-making capabilities, this study utilises a cross-disciplinary research approach that combines the anomaly-seeking approach and the paradigm of relational development systems. The anomaly-seeking approach which applies to exceptions to established general principles promotes a re-examination of the general principle or theory [39]. The paradigm of relational development, on the other hand, is a complementary process in the construction and acquisition of knowledge, which explains the discovery of anomalies in the old paradigm as well as the emergence of discoveries. It is also a perspective for the development of behavioural, cognitive and affective sciences [40]. A theory of concepts is a collection of multiple related propositions and a result of the intertwined evolution of people's knowledge of things and themselves [40]. It is constructed to establish a balance between induction, deductive reasoning and research [41]. It is, therefore, feasible to build the conceptual framework for this study utilising both research methods. Based on this, the theoretical construction of this study utilises the anomaly-seeking approach to retrace the widespread phenomena in evacuation behaviours in conjunction with the paradigm of the relational developmental system. Knowledge gaps in previous research are then bridged by examining phenomena within phenomena and other disciplinary perspectives [42]. This framework forms the basis of this study. Understanding Evacuation Behaviours Based on the Anomaly-Seeking Approach and the Relational Developmental System Paradigm  
Real evacuation cases in the past have shown that evacuation does not always succeed even when there are no obstacles in terms of physical health and space for escape routes [38]. It has led scholars to focus on the psychological and social aspects of relationships. Retracing the widespread phenomenon of evacuation reveals that people may be under great stress in the face of emergencies, which leads to a general loss of self-control and decision making that produces non-social and irrational behaviour [43; 44]. However, while people do respond emotionally and make different behavioural decisions in response to stress [45], evacuees behave more socially than in mass panic [46; 47] and tend to make rational decisions and display pro-social behavioural decisions rather than lose self-control [48]. During the evacuation, depending on their social identity, people make a range of behaviours that conform to social norms [46; 49] and decisions that are consistent with group behavioural tendencies [50]. Additionally, such decision making may be associated with sustainable or unsustainable behaviours [51]. However, in evacuated groups, in contrast to irrational conflict, the expression of mutual behavioural strategies tends to dominate [52]. To further understand evacuation behaviours, there is a review of the \"phenomena within phenomena\" of evacuation behaviours. In general, evacuation behaviours are divided into pre-evacuation behaviours and behaviours during evacuation.