# Intelligent Beam-Hopping-Based Grant-Free Random Access in Secure IoT-Oriented Satellite Networks
## 3 Beam-Hopping-Based Grant-Free Random Access
### Optimization of Activation Factors by Exploiting Space-Time Distribution Constraint
Simultaneously, an activation probability optimization strategy is devised to further mitigate secondary user collisions, constrained by spatio-temporal distribution. Simulation findings indicate that BH-GFRA effectively manages extensive access. The investigation of LEO satellite communication networks is in the developmental phase; so, the study presented in this paper may offer valuable theoretical and practical insights for satellite system design. Despite the improvements in our proposed RA protocols, some problems and challenges in satellite IoT, energy-efficient SDRe mechanisms, and AoI in satellite IoT remain. Heterogeneous IoT devices with different QoS requirements are deployed in different domains experiencing various channel environments. To ensure accurate data detection with minimal AoI, ML-based RA strategies may be a promising solution. Conceptualization, Z.D. ; methodology, Y.L. ; software, Y.L. ; validation, Y.L. ; formal analysis, Y.L. ; investigation, Z.D. and Y.L. ; resources, Y.L. ; original draft preparation, Y.L. ; editing, Y.L. ; visualization, Y.L. ; project administration, Z.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant number: 2020 YFB1808005). Not applicable. The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. ## References

* (1) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Research on 5G application in special scenarios. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Harbin, China, 28 June-2 July 2021; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 1616-1619. * (2) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; et al. A Low Earth Orbit Satellite-Orbit Extrapolation Method Based on Multi-Satellite Ephemeris Coordination and Multi-Stream Fractional Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average. _Aerospace_**2024**, _11_, 746. [CrossRef]
* (3) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Secure satellite-terrestrial transmission over incumbent terrestrial networks via cooperative beamforming. _IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun._**2018**, _36_, 1367-1382. [CrossRef]
* (4) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] A novel load balancing scheme for satellite IoT networks based on spatial--Temporal distribution of users and advanced genetic algorithms. _Sensors_**2022**, _22_, 7930. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* (5) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] An efficient topology partitioning algorithm for system-level parallel simulation of mega satellite constellation communication networks. _Comput. Netw._**2024**, _238_, 110102. [CrossRef]
* (6) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Joint beam-hopping pattern scheduling and power allocation for LEO satellite network. In Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 21-24 April 2024; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2024; pp. 1-6. * (7) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] CapMax: A Framework for Dynamic Network Representation Learning From the View of Multiuser Communication. _IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst._**2022**, _35_, 4554-4566. [CrossRef]
* (8) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Industrial internet of things: Challenges, opportunities, and directions. _IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform._**2018**, _14_, 4724-4734. [CrossRef]* [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Learning emergent random access protocol for LEO satellite networks. _IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun._**2022**, _22_, 257-269. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Novel Packet Arrival Rate Estimator for LTE-Based Random Access. _IEEE Access_**2022**, _10_, 75596-75603. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al.