## 3 Simulation Results  
Once the simulation scenario has been defined, simulation results can be obtained. Figure 5 shows the power distribution within the considered scenario for different heights (Figure 5a). As it can be seen, the influence of the obstacles (like the trees and streetlights) can be easily appreciated. It is shown that the morphology as well as the topology of the considered scenario has a noticeable impact on radio wave propagation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Frequency** & & **2.41 GHz** \\ \hline Vertical plane angle resolution & \(\Delta\theta\) & 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Horizontal plane angle resolution & \(\Delta\varphi\) & 0.5\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Reflections & & 6 \\ Transmitter Power & & 18 dBm \\ Cuboids resolution & & 0.5 m \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Parameters in the ray launching simulation. Figure 5: Estimation of received power (dBm) on the vegetation environment obtained by the 3D Ray Launching algorithm **(a)** For the transmitter antenna placed at a fixed point and for different heights **(b)** For two different points of the transmitter antenna for the same height. In order to gain insight into the influence of the scenario in radio wave propagation, different locations of the transmitter antenna has been considered. Figure 5b represents the received power for 1 m height for two different points (X = 14.7 m, Y = 41, \(Z\) = 1.2) and (X = 14.7 m, Y = 11, Z = 1.2). It is shown that the position of the transmitter antenna plays a key role in the distribution of the received power, because electromagnetic phenomena, such as reflections, diffraction and absorption due to obstacles are different depending of the environment. Therefore, this change in the overall signal levels obtained can provide with mean values of received signal but the consideration of local point values requires analysis for the specific transceivers positions employed. Figure 6 depicts a linear distribution from within the transmitter-receiver range of power along the Y-axis of the considered scenario, for two different values of X, for different heights. It is observed that the distribution of power exhibits large variability due mainly to the strong influence of multipath components. Figure 5: _Cont._  
Figure 6: Estimation of radials of received power (dBm) along the Y-axis for X = 12.5m and X = 16.5 m for different heights. An important radioelectric phenomenon in this type of environment is given by multipath propagation. To illustrate this fact, the power delay profile for the central location of the scenario has been obtained and it is shown in Figure 7. As it is observed, there are several echoes in the scenario inherent to the behavior of multipath channels. Time dispersion varies widely in a mobile radio channel depending on the geometrical position relationships among the transmitter, the receiver and the surrounding physical environment. Because of that, another parameter that can grossly quantify the multipath channel is the delay spread, which shows the effects of dispersion and is depicted in Figure 8 for the considered scenario. The strong dependence between the observation point and received multipath components given by the complex morphology of the environment can be clearly seen. Specifically, it is observed that the  
Figure 8: Delay Spread estimation within the considered scenario at 1 m height. Figure 7: Power Delay Profile at a given cuboid, located at the central location in the considered scenario. Delay Spread values nearer the transmitter point are much higher than farther values. This is because at nearer points, the higher power level of the rays produced more dispersion caused by the reflections and diffractions of obstacles and metallic elements inherently presented in the environment. In order to gain insight on the effect of topology on energy consumption, a current consumption map for the considered scenario has been obtained and is shown in Figure 9, for the same position of the transmitter.