# The Impact of Gamifications and Serious Games on Driving under Unfamiliar Traffic Regulations
## 3 Related Work
### The Impact of Gamification and Serious Games on Road Safety  
Gamification is a promising avenue for enhancing the driving environment and road safety by adapting certain user driving performances and behaviors either on real or simulated roads. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] proposed a game with a sharable scoring system for accomplishments to motivate eco-driving behavior. Their approach was based on continuously detecting the unwanted practices of the driver (e.g., sharp accelerations and slowdowns) in a real driving environment and providing the score at the end of the journey. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [48] designed a gamification mobile that provides the driver with different gamification elements, such as prizes, scores, feedback, and a ranking when unsustainable behavior is detected in a real driving environment. [PERSON] et al. [12] proposed two gamified approaches to detect bad driving behavior while driving in a real environment and then played immediate feedback for better green and collaborative driving. Some studies provided gamification elements to prevent risky driving performances or behavior. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s [17] gamified mobile application assigned scores to safe driving behavior by detecting unsafe practices and encouraging drivers to follow certain corrective behaviors. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed a serious game that improved erratic and dangerous driving performances and behavior to improve road safety. The game detected some smooth and hazardous driving performances and, accordingly, provided a set of gamification elements, such as auditory feedback while driving and visual feedback, virtual money, and scores when reaching the target destination. Using a driving simulator, [PERSON] et al. [49] provided verbal intervention as a gamification element to solo drivers in order to reduce the driving speed and the signs of drivers' fatigue. [PERSON] et al. [42] developed a serious game in a virtual city where the players can be a driver. While the player drives in the city, they should follow the traffic rules. In case of traffic violations, the game educated the player about the correct actions via feedback and counted the traffic violations to present them at the end of trail. [PERSON] et al. [50] designed a gamified logbook application to motivate inexperienced young drivers to be engaged in more driving events prior to being issued a driving license. For that purpose, the application records the driver's experience while driving. When the application stops recording the journey, it presents feedback and various interactive elements explaining the performance history and rewards the player with virtual coins. Table 1 compares different gamification studies on driving according to the environment (real or simulated), traffic regulations, the gamification elements provided to drivers, and the driving tasks covered in the study. Some studies developed serious games in real environments, such as [12; 17; 48], other studies (e.g., [42; 49]) depended on a driving simulator when developing a serious game. That might be due to the familiarity of the traffic system that the game was designed for or the target driving tasks the studies focused on. None of the studies investigated the impact of gamification and serious games on driving under unfamiliar traffic regulations (i.e., driving in keep-left traffic regulations for drivers who only have experience in driving in keep-left traffic regulations). Even when following the traffic rules is covered [42], the study does not consider the familiarity of the traffic regulations and the challenges that arise in such driving conditions. Although study [50] specifically examines inexperienced drivers, the study refers to young drivers who are new to driving. In our study, we focus on drivers who have experience in their home country but are inexperienced driving under the opposite traffic regulations. These studies address neither driving against traffic flow nor the improper use of the signal indicators.