esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion  
### Improvements to State-of-the-Art  
The approach described in this paper offers more flexibility and artistic freedom compared to the existing State-of-the-Art (SotA) techniques. The proposed approach can deal with more complex images containing multiple objects of interest from various classes. The use of YOLOv5 allows automatic identification of relevant objects and their corresponding classes. The selection of adequate warp-style images is also managed internally using a heuristic approach.  
The main advantage of the proposed technique is that each object can be deformed individually using the best-matching warping style. For a direct comparison with the most similar SotA technique, DST, the proposed pipeline can be run with a single style image, even though, normally, multiple style images would be used against the content image in Figure 5. The results of this run can be seen in Figure 6. The same inputs were also used for a DST run, for which the results can be seen in Figure 7.  
It can be easily noticed that when using the DST method, the warping is not as pronounced, as the entire image is taken as one object and mapped to the features in the style image. A slight peak on the car on the left that may correspond to the house and a small curvature on the car on the right that may match the field under the tree can be observed. Comparatively, the warping of each individual object is more noticeable in the result using the proposed method, as it can be clearly seen that both cars have been warped to match the shape of the house.  
Figure 4: Results of the proposed method, applied to the “cats and dogs” image, for various style images.  
Figure 5: The image used for comparison; left—content image; right—style image.
# Operationalisation of Building Inspections and Repair: Systematisation-Based Approach
###### Abstract
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Category** & **Code** & **Diagnosis Method** \\ \hline D-G & Mechanical methods & D-G7 & Pull-off test (standards ASTM D4541-17 [24] and ASTM D7234-19 [25]) (DT) \\  & Mechanical methods & D-G8 & Coring (DT) & Adhesion assessment by grid and knife tests (standards EN ISO 2409:2013 [26] and ASTM D6677-18 [27]) (DT) \\  & & D-G10 & Adhesive tape method (standard EN ISO 4628-6:2011 [28]) (NDT) \\ \hline D-H & Pressure methods & D-H1 & Vertilator test (standard ASTM E741-11(2017) [29]) (NDT) \\ \hline D-I & Colour methods & D-II & Colour-meter (NDT) \\  & Colour methods & D-I2 & Munsell system or NCS scale colour specification (standards ASTM D1535-14(2018) [30] and ASTM E2970-15 [31]) (NDT) \\ \hline D-J & Chemical methods & D-J1 & Speedy moisture test (DT) \\  & & D-J2 & Test strips and field kit (NDT)t \\  & & D-J3 & Phenolphthalein indicator (NDT) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Category** & **Code** & **Defect** \\ \hline A-A & Defects of physical nature & A-A1 & Leakage damp & Surface moisture \\  & Defects of physical nature & A-A3 & Dirt and accumulation of debris \\  & & A-A4 & Colour changes \\  & & A-A5 & Spalling/peeling/exfoliation and pop-outs \\  & & A-A6 & Cohesion loss/disaggregation and chalking \\ \hline A-B & Defects of chemical nature & A-B1 & Biodeterioration/biological growth \\  & & A-B2 & Vegetation growth \\  & & A-B3 & Efflorescence/cryptoflorescence and carbonation \\  & & A-B4 & Blistering/bulging \\  & & A-B5 & Corrosion on the current surface \\  & & A-B6 & Corrosion in metallic fastening or tail-end elements \\ \hline A-C & Defects of mechanical nature & A-C1 & Mapped cracking \\  & & A-C2 & Oriented cracking on the current surface \\  & & A-C3 & Fracture or splintering on the current surface \\  & & A-C4 & Cracking and/or splintering adjacent to joints/edges \\  & & A-C5 & Wear or scaling of the finishing coat \\ A-C & Defects of mechanical nature & A-C6 & Scratches/grooves and deep wear \\  & & A-C7 & Warpage, swelling, deformation, and other flatness deficiencies \\  & & A-C8 & Material gap/puncture \\  & & A-C9 & Detachment \\  & & A-C10 & Loss of adhesion \\  & & A-C11 & Bending and rupture of metallic fastening elements \\ \hline A-D & Other defects & A-D1 & Flaws in tail-end elements \\  & & A-D2 & Misalignment of cladding elements \\  & & A-D3 & Finishing defects/discontinuities in architectural concrete surfaces \\  & & A-D4 & Finishing colour flaws in painted facades \\  & & A-D5 & Finishing texture flaws in painted facades \\  & & A-D6 & Degradation of the filling material of current joints \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._
# Efficient Online Engagement Analytics Algorithm Toolkit That Can Run on Edge
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Blink Detection--Adaptive Threshold
#### 3.3.4 Datasets  
The authors run the algorithms against three different datasets, RT-BENE, Eyeblink8 and Talking Face, to test the performance and the robustness.  
The RT-BENE (Real-Time Blink Extraction in Natural Environments) dataset [70] is a collection of videos captured in natural environments, aimed at providing a challenging and realistic testbed for blink detection algorithms. It includes individuals performing various activities, a wide range of lighting conditions and head poses, captured at 30 frames per second with a resolution of 720 \(\times\) 576 pixels, annotated with blink events, and providing information about head pose and lighting conditions. The dataset has a total of approximately 20,000 blink events and is widely used as benchmark dataset in blink detection research.  
The Eyeblink8 dataset is considered to be more difficult to work with due to the presence of facial expressions, head movements, and instances of individuals looking down at a keyboard. It consists of 408 instances of both eyes blinking (2571 when counting each eye individually as detected by MediaPipe Facemesh) captured across 70,992 video frames, and the data was annotated by [71]. The videos have a resolution of 640 \(\times\) 480 and were captured at 30 frames per second, with an average length ranging from 5000 to 11,000 frames.  
The Talking Face dataset features a single video recording of a subject speaking and displaying various facial expressions in front of the camera. The video was captured at 25 frames per second and has a resolution of 720 \(\times\) 576. The dataset includes 61 instances of both eyes blinking (valid 312 individual blinks) that have been annotated by [71; 72].
# End-to-End Performance Evaluation of MEC Deployments in 5G Scenarios
## 3 Co-Simulation Based E2E Evaluation Framework  
We now describe the architecture of the co-simulation framework for end-to-end simulation of MEC-enabled cellular networks. The latter is achieved by joining the Simu5G network simulator and the Intel CoFluent MEC host simulator. We first describe both simulators and then the framework that joins them.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Methods  
The mineral composition of the rock samples was primarily determined through XRD experiments. These analyses were conducted using an Ultima IV diffractometer manufactured by Rigaku from Japan, which operated on powdered samples (<200 mesh). The testing conditions were set as follows: Cu K\(\alpha\) radiation, 40 kV, 40 mA, with a scanning step width of 0.02\({}^{\circ}\). Comprehensive whole-rock random-powder patterns were recorded within the range of 5 to 45\({}^{\circ}\) 20 during the experiments.  
For the precise determination of TOC content, a 12.5% hydrochloric acid solution was incrementally introduced to the samples, which had been reduced to 80 mesh, to eliminate carbonate minerals. The samples were held at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for over 2 h to ensure that the reaction came to a halt. Subsequently, the samples underwent a gradual rinsing with distilled water until the acidic solution was thoroughly removed, after which they were dried. The TOC content was quantified using a CS-844 analyzer manufactured by Leco from the United States.  
In addition to XRD experiments, powdered samples (less than 200 mesh) were employed for major and trace element testing. Major elements were analyzed using an Axios-MAX wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer manufactured by Rigaku from Japan, with an analytical precision better than 5%. Trace element concentrations were determined using an 7900 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) manufactured by Agilent from the United States.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, we proposed a hybrid mechanism with regard to FFR and ABS for D2D communication underlying the LTE-A network. The hybrid mechanism provided a solution toward mitigating serious interference caused by CUEs of neighboring cells to D2D receivers in the cell edge area. The use of ABS in the conventional FFR provided an effective method with regard to decreasing inter-cell interference levels to victims (DUE-Rx) near the cell edge area. Based on our mathematical analysis, we determined that the ABS ratio that could provide balance between CUEs and DUEs in terms of Quality-of-Service. Performance evaluation results of the proposed scheme showed that the introduction of the FFR-ABS scheme could significantly improve system throughput and guarantee Quality-of-Service to both CUE and D2D pairs in the cell edge area. Further studies should be extended from the scheme to minimize intra-cell interference caused by co-channel D2D pairs.  
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20161520302230), and supported by the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2015-N).  
[PERSON] contributed to design the proposed scheme and perform computer simulation and major revision of this paper. [PERSON] contributed to design the proposed scheme and write the 1 st draft of this paper. [PERSON] is a correspondence of this paper and the proposed research results.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Methods
### Discussion  
The traditional wireless optical communication system requires the transmitter to keep the same line of sight alignment with the receiver. When the distance of the communication link is large, it will produce signal delay and increase time and uncertainty. The method proposed in this paper changes the traditional joint control of the transmitter and the airborne side to achieve alignment and transforms it into a situation where both the transmitter and receiver can be independently controlled to achieve alignment, which is more flexible. When testing the capture performance, alignment performance, and spot positioning performance of the airborne system, it is found that, compared with the traditional method of common-view axis, it was greatly improved, and the problem of long time-consuming beam alignment in traditional wireless optical communication was solved. Non-common-view axis alignment system is an important technology used in airborne laser communication, which allows a certain angle deviation between transmitter and receiver in the process of optical communication. This is especially suitable for UAVs, aircraft, and other reasons that may cause orientation changes due to motion, weather, and other reasons. Based on the researlh in this paper, there are still some problems to be further solved and perfected. Numerical simulation should be carried out to analyze the maximum communication link distance under this system, which is helpful in analyzing the effect of airborne communication under larger distances. This experiment only realized the transmission of square wave signals. In the next step, the transmission of voice, video, and other signals can be realized by adding cameras, encoders/decoders, and other equipment, and the applicability will be strengthened and applicable to more fields. And the test environment is carried out under weak turbulent conditions, without considering the impact on the airborne laser communication system under strong turbulent weather conditions. In the later stage, the impact on the APT system can also be studied by comparing the experimental results under different weather conditions, and more stable communication can be achieved through technologies and algorithms such as adaptive optics, wavefront distortion correction, and anti-interference design.
## 5 Experiments and Discussion
### Evaluation Metrics  
To assess the performance of the classification models, we utilized two distinct evaluation metrics, namely, the log-loss and AUC. The log-loss measures the discrepancy between predicted and actual sample scores, while the AUC quantifies the probability of the classifier randomly selecting positive samples ranking higher than randomly selected negative samples. A superior model will have an AUC value close to 1, implying a good separability measure. In the task scenario of this experiment, the interactions between the task and the service API were observed as positive samples, whereas unobserved interactions constituted negative samples.
## 4 Results
### 240 GHz  
The O\({}_{3}\) retrieval errors induced by various instrument uncertainties are shown in Figure 13. NEDT is the major error source in the middle and upper atmosphere which leads to an error of 10%-50% above 60 km. The local oscillator offset (LO) plays a secondary important role in instrument uncertainties above 60 km with an error of around 10%. The impact below can be neglected, since the line width is quite large compared with 0.5 MHz. The effect of sideband weight and pointing offset (LOS) has almost no influence in the observation region.  
The brightness temperature difference \(T_{A}-T_{B}\) at various tangent heights measured by 240 GHz radiometer (235 GHz spectrometer) are shown in Figure 14. Since the FOV of 240 GHz radiometer is 3.3 km, the impact of the antenna is relatively small compared with 118 GHz and 190 GHz.  
The difference mainly exists in the spectral line wings of O\({}_{3}\) at the tangent height of 10 km. The largest brightness temperature offset can be 6 K. Above 50 km, the effect can be neglected.  
Figure 12: The H\({}_{2}\)O retrieval error induced by external error source: (**a**) absolute and (**b**) relative retrieval errors. The uncertainties assumed are summarized in Table 5.  
Figure 13: The O\({}_{3}\) retrieval errors induced by different instrument uncertainty sources: (**a**) absolute and (**b**) relative retrieval errors. The uncertainties assumed are summarized in Table 3.  
Figure 15 shows the O\({}_{3}\) retrieval errors induced by different calibration uncertainties. R-J approximation is the largest calibration error source which leads to a retrieval error of around 10% below 70 km. The effect of the antenna pattern is similar to the 190 GHz radiometer, which leads to an error of around 2% above 20 km and becomes larger than 10% below. The residual nonlinearity has a little impact on the retrieval below 70 km, but leads to an error of 5% above 70 km. The hot target offset causes an error of less than 1% in the valid observation region.  
The O\({}_{3}\) retrieval errors induced by the a priori errors are shown in Figure 16. The retrieval errors induced by the error of the a priori profile can be neglected below 80 km.  
Figure 14: The brightness temperature difference \(T_{A}-T_{B}\) at various tangent height measured by 240 GHz radiometer (235 GHz spectrometer): (**a**) 10 km; (**b**) 20 km; (**c**) 30 km; (**d**) 50 km; (**e**) 70 km; (**f**) 90 km.  
Figure 15: The O\({}_{3}\) retrieval errors induced by different calibration error sources: (**a**) absolute and (**b**) relative retrieval errors. The uncertainties assumed are summarized in Table 4.
# The Quanta Image Sensor: Every Photon Counts
## 4 Read Noise and Counting Error Rates
### Quantization and Bin Counts
For example, consider a single-bit QIS array of jots with pitch of 1 \(\upmu\)m. An ensemble of 100 jots, formed from 10 \(\times\) 10 \(\times\) 1 cubic would cover an area of size 10 \(\upmu\)m \(\times\) 10 \(\upmu\)m. For a quanta exposure \(H=0.01\), the ideal expected count from the ensemble would by \(N_{TOT}=1\). Using Equations (11)-(14) or Figure 8 with \(H=0.01\), and read noise of 0.15 e\(-\) r.m.s., one obtains an expected count of 100 \(\times\) 0.0104 \(=\) 1.04 e\(-\), but for a higher read noise of 0.30 e\(-\) r.m.s., one obtains an expected count of 100 \(\times\) 0.0568 \(=\) 5.68 e\(-\). It is noted that this systematic error is different in nature than a typical manifestation of read noise which leads to a correct average value over a large number of samples but with some standard deviation or noise. In this case, the average readout value itself is offset. Sub-electron (voltage) quantizer resolution (e.g., 0.05 e\(-\)) may be used to provide more accurate counting in the presence of higher read noise, by computing the mean signal of a larger number of samples and converting to electrons, as is done conventionally and which was used to calibrate the horizontal axis of Figure 8. However this requires a more accurate ADC, higher power, and likely slower field readout rate.
# Calculation of Guided Wave Dispersion Characteristics Using a Three-Transducer Measurement System
## 3 Methodology
The proposed methodology in this paper is based on the acquisition of two signals spaced a few centimeters apart, since for such short distances the distortion for any wave mode is relatively small, enabling a straightforward determination of the phase shift.
## 2 System Model and Methodology
### Structural Model
The transfer rate equation of the hybrid isolation system is given in Equation (8):  
\[H(s)=\frac{m_{1}s^{2}+(c_{1}+c_{2})s+(k_{1}+k_{2})+\frac{m_{1}}{m_{2}}(c_{2}s +k_{2})}{\frac{m_{1}}{m_{2}}(m_{2}s^{2}+c_{2}s+k_{2}+k_{3})+c_{2}s+The results indicate that at lower frequency ratios, the transmissibility of the hybrid isolation system is significantly lower than that of the passive isolation system, especially for both the superstructure and the substructure. This suggests that the hybrid isolation system is more effective in reducing vibrations in low-frequency conditions compared to the passive isolation system. As the frequency ratio increases, the transmissibility of the hybrid isolation system rises and eventually exceeds that of the passive isolation system, indicating that its isolation performance is weaker at higher frequency ratios. When the frequency ratio continues to increase, the transmissibility of both systems converges to one, meaning that the isolation performance of the hybrid, active, and passive systems becomes similar. This suggests that at higher frequency ratios, the isolation benefits of active control diminish, and the system behaves similarly to passive isolation. From the above results, it can be concluded that the hybrid isolation system performs excellently in low-frequency conditions, where the transmissibility from the lower to the upper layer is significantly reduced, outperforming the passive isolation system. The use of a PID controller in the hybrid isolation system, while accounting for the reactive forces, allows for a more accurate and realistic response to seismic forces. This enables better regulation of the displacement of the upper structure, ultimately leading to improved isolation performance.
###### Abstract  
This paper proposes a novel faulted section location method for power distribution networks based on the status information collected by fault-indicating equipments. It has an advantage that it does not need to analyze and calculate any electrical parameters, and it is not affected by fault types and system parameters, so this method can be easily applied to power distribution networks. Firstly, a novel method for automatically constructing a line list is proposed in this paper--it can represent the topology structure of the power distribution line and the status information of fault-indicating equipment. Based on the line list, a topology search algorithm is proposed in the method to locate the faulted section. Considering that information loss will cause errors in the line list, an information loss detection algorithm is proposed to detect and correct the wrong status of fault-indicating equipments. Then, different fault conditions such as single fault, multiple faults, distributed generations in system and information loss condition are tested in power distribution networks with different topologies, and the simulation results indicate that the proposed method can deal with each case well. Moreover, the proposed fault location method has an advantage that the running time does not necessarily increase when the node scale is expanded.  
power distribution network; fault location; feeder terminal units; fault indicator; topology identification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Case Studies
### Analysis of the Communication Space of the Center and Regions  
The regional transport system is a complex of subsystems interacting with regional systems of air transport, land transport, and water transport. The organization of these systems has a hierarchical structure, requiring the solution of problems of coordination and synchronization of the participants in transportation [11].  
A large role in the airport system is played by aviation hubs, allowing the solution of problems of synchronization and coordination in the transportation system.  
Let us consider an example of how we can analyze the communication space of the center and regions.  
The airports of Moscow were chosen as air hubs: Vnukovo Airport, Domodedovo Airport, and Sheremetyevo Airport. The airports of Ufa City, Yekaterinburg City, and Chelyabinsk City were chosen as regional airports. These airports are used for the transportation of goods and passengers, including the movement of labor capital and tourist  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**X**} \\ \cline{2-5}
**Y** & **Total** & **Air transport** & **Terminal** & **Freight** \\  & **Movements** & **Movements** & **Passengers** & **Tonnes** \\ \hline Total movements & 0 & 0.13 & 0 & 0.13 \\ Air transport movements & 0.25 & 0 & 0 & 0.13 \\ Terminal passengers & 0 & 0.13 & 0 & 0 \\ Freight tonnes & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Transfer entropy from \(Y\) to \(X\) based on movements, passengers, and freight statistics.  
Figure 6: The graphs \(G_{\text{TE}}\) (**a**) and \(G_{\text{TES}}\) (**b**) for movements, passengers, and freight statistics.  
An illustration of the obtained results in the form of a graph model is presented in Figure 9. From an analysis of the communication space based on the obtained results, it follows that there is some heterogeneity in the communication spaces for regional air transport hubs and the center, which requires an increase in the efficiency of solving the problems of managing the coordination of regions and the center.