## 3 Results
### Geographical Origin of Vineyards Leads to Differences in Soil Microbial Diversity  
To investigate the role of vineyard soil and winery microbial diversity in shaping the regional characteristics of wines, 90 samples, including soil, must, and fermenting must, were collected for the analysis of wine-associated microbiota. A total of 10,522,051 high-quality 16S rRNA sequences and 10,440,758 high-quality ITS sequences were obtained, which were clustered into 27,475 bacterial and 15,132 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using a 97% similarity threshold. Additionally, the rarefaction curves of all samples tended to be flat (Figure S2), indicating a reasonable number of samples and good OTU coverage provided by high-throughput deep sequencing. At the phylum level, the dominant fungal taxa in all soil samples were _Ascomycota_, _Basidiomycota_, _Mortierellomycota_ and _Mucromycota_. Among these, the relative abundances of _Ascomycota_ and _Basidiomycota_ exhibited significant differences among vineyard soils  
Figure 1: The metabolite profiles of wines from different vineyards exhibit distinct regional differences. Note: The figure shows \(\alpha\)-diversity analysis based on the Shannon index (**a**), PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance (**b**), and characteristic metabolites (**c**) identified by LEFse in wine. Different letters indicated the difference, with statistical significance (\(p<0.05\)). (\(p<0.05\)), while _Mortierellomycota_ and _Mucornycota_ did not show significant differences (Figure S3a, \(p>0.05\)). The dominant bacterial phylum in the collected soil samples were _Proteobacteria_, _Firmicutes_, _Actinobacteria_, _Bacteroidetes_, _Cyanobacteria_, _Chloroflexi_, _Patescibacteria_, _Planctomycetes_, _Chlamydiae_, and _Acidobacteria_; among these, the relative abundances of _Proteobacteria_, _Firmicutes_, _Actinobacteria_, _Bacteroidetes_, and _Chloroflexi_ exhibited significant differences among vineyard soils (\(p<0.05\)), while _Cyanobacteria_, _Patescibacteria_, _Planctomycetes_, _Chlamydiae_, and _Acidobacteria_ did not show significant differences (Figure S3b, \(p>0.05\)). The diversity (\(\alpha\)-diversity, Shannon index) of soil bacteria and fungi exhibited significant differences among the vineyards (ANOVA; F\({}_{\rm fungi}=6.988\), \(p<0.01\); F\({}_{\rm bacteria}=404.752\), \(p<0.01\)). Compared to bacteria, the soil fungal communities exhibited lower diversity (Table S3). At the OTU level, PCoA analyses were performed for fungi and bacteria based on Bray-Curtis distance and weighted UniFrac distance, respectively, and the results showed that soil fungal and bacterial community samples from different regions were significantly separated (Figure 2a,b). The first two principal coordinates (PC) axes explained 76.92% of the total variation for fungi and 89.49% for bacteria (Figure 2a,b). PERMANOVA also confirmed significant differences in soil microbiota among the wine regions (Fungi, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9309, \(p=0.001\); Bacteria, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9982, \(p=0.001\)). Figure 2: Soil microbiota from different vineyards exhibit regional differences. Note: FCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac distances revealed the distribution patterns of soil fungal (**a**) and bacterial (**b**) samples from different vineyards. LefSe identified the differentially abundant fungal (**c**) and bacterial (**d**) taxa among the vineyards (LDA > 4). LEfSe analysis further identified the differentially abundant taxa associated with distinct vineyard soils (Figure 2c,d; Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test, \(\alpha<0.05\)).