esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Towards a Machine Learning Model for Detection of Dementia Using Lifestyle Parameters
## 4 Discussion
#### When to Take the Survey?  
Recognizing the initial stages of dementia holds significant importance as it allows for prompt diagnosis and the introduction of appropriate treatments. Patients are recommended to take dementia pre-clinical screen tests above the age of 65 irrespective of apparent normality of cognitive faculties [3; 35] as prevalence of dementia doubles with every five years increments in age. The proposed survey can be carried out before the existing clinical protocol begins. The flow-chart for the protocol is highlighted in Figure 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Final Testing Questions** & **Possible Answers** \\ \hline How many people around you do you trust? & Number of people (integer) \\ \hline Do you find interest and pleasure in activities that you do daily & 1—NOT AT ALL, 2—SEVERAL DAYS, 3—MORE THAN HALF THE DAYS, 4—NEARLY EVERY DAY \\ \hline Do you feel that more and more decisions are taken by others & 1—Agree A Lot, 2—Agree a little, 3—Agree not at all \\ on your behalf (Perceptions of control of one’s life) & 1—Correct Response, 2—Wrong Response \\ \hline What is the Last Name of your nation’s head of state & 1—Correct Response, 2—Wrong Response \\ \hline Do you need help moving inside your house & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline Are you comfortable while using mobile, tablet or laptop? & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline What is the first name of your head of state & 1—Correct Response, 2—Wrong Response \\ \hline Do you enjoy outing with your friends/family? & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline Do you need help while bathing & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline Is it difficult to get dressed yourself & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline Do you need help moving outside your home & 1—Yes, 2—No \\ \hline What is today’s date? & 1—Correct Response, 2—Wrong Response \\ \hline What is today’s month? & 1—Correct Response, 2—Wrong Response \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 16: List of questions for proposed protocol. (Structure of questions are in first person form’ they can be re-formed appropriately in cases where the responses are filled on behalf of the person).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.Z.; Methodology, A.Z. and R.K.; Software, A.Z.; Validation, R.K.; Resources, O.K.; Writing--original draft, A.Z.; Writing--review & editing, R.K.; Supervision, R.K. and O.K.; Project administration, O.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** No new data were created or analysed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article.  
Figure 6: Proposed Methodology flowchart.  
**Acknowledgments:** For Data Source: National Health and Aging Trends Study. Produced and distributed by www.nhats.org with funding from the National Institute on Aging (grant number U01 AG032947).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Evaluation of Industry 5.0 Concepts: Social Network Analysis Approach
## 2 Literature Review  
### Digital Product-Service Systems  
When firms started to offer services and products together, the term Servitization was created [16]. During the previous years, firms have started to use Servitization as a strategy for doing business, which has triggered the appearance of Product-Service Systems [17; 18]. Product-Service Systems represent a way to increase a product's value,by including different kinds of services as a part of the final version of the product that is offered to the end users [19; 20]. These services range from basic to advanced, where the basic ones represent services related to the characteristics of the product, while the advanced services do not relate to the product's characteristics [21].  
The initiation of Industry 4.0, known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has caused Servitization to grow into Digital Servitization, and Product-Service Systems have a new, digital dimension--Digital Product-Service Systems [16; 22]. When offering Digital Product-Service Systems, firms are including digital services with the products aimed for end users [23].  
In the context of Industry 5.0, Digital Product-Service Systems contribute to all three of the main approaches [24]. The contribution to human-centricity reflects in the number of people needed to successfully implement and manage the Digital Product-Service Systems, which enables improvement of the existing value chains and the creation of new ones [25; 26].  
Additionally, Digital Product-Service Systems support sustainability because of their digital aspects--not only do they influence business models in a manner that makes them long term and sustainable, but they also lower the negative impact that firms are having on the environment, both locally and globally [27; 28].  
Finally, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Digital Product-Service Systems proved to be resilient, precisely because of their digital aspects [24]. Digital services can be provided no matter the time and place, the main condition is to have Internet access so that the digital services can be delivered [29].
# Rapid-Detection Sensor for Rice Grain Moisture Based on NIR Spectroscopy
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Chemometric Analysis
#### 2.3.3 Single Linear Regression  
Single linear regression (SLR) is a statistical analysis method which uses regression analysis in mathematical statistics to determine the quantitative relationship between the two variables. In SLR, data are modeled by linear prediction function, and unknown model parameters are estimated by data. The most commonly used linear regression model is that the conditional mean of \(Y\) with given \(X\) value is an affine function of \(X\)[27].
# Effect of Plasma Surface Modification on Print Quality of Biodegradable PLA Films
###### Abstract  
PLA films, as non-absorbent materials, require modification of the surface before the printing process in order to improve the wettability of the substrate and to obtain proper ink adhesion to the substrate. In this paper, the surfaces of two kinds of PLA films were modified using plasma activation with parameters enabling high surface free energy (SFE) values, and then the films were printed on using different kinds of flexographic inks. Two gases, oxygen and argon, were used for activation, as these make it possible to obtain good hydrophilicity and high SFE values while having different effects on the roughness, or the degree of surface etching. Plasma-activated films were subsequently subjected to the measurements of: contact angle with water, diiodomethane and three printing inks, roughness, weight change, strength properties, color and gloss change, and SFE was determined. Unmodified and activated films were flexographically printed in laboratory conditions and then the quality of obtained prints was analyzed. The results showed a strong effect of activation with both oxygen and argon plasma on the SFE value of the films and the contact angles of water and inks, with the gas used for plasma activation and the type of film significantly influencing the thickness of the fused ink layer and the resultant color. Moreover, plasma activation had a especially favorable and significant effect on the quality of prints made with water-based inks, while it had little effect when printing with solvent-based inks.  
plasma activation; PLA films; biodegradable polymers; water-based inks; solvent-based inks; flexographic printing; printability; print quality +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 4 Discussion
We were not able to compare our results to the previous findings of the published articles due to the difference in the measurement units. [PERSON] et al. [16] and [PERSON] et al. [39] measured the activity of GOx in micrograms of the hydrogen peroxide produced in one hour per gram of honey, while [PERSON] et al. [19] measured the amount of the GOx enzyme in micrograms per gram of honey. The GOx activity of the _Ziziphus_ honey samples from the Asir and Jazan regions was significantly different and the _Ziziphus_ honey of the Jazan region was significantly increased compared to the polyfloral honey of Jazan. The conclusion of this study is that the floral and geographical origin had significant effects on the GOx activity. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [13], [PERSON] et al. [16], and [PERSON] et al. [18] reported that the floral origin had significant effects on the activity of honey enzymes including the GOx. This study found that the range of the CAT enzyme activity in the studied honey samples was (0.91-5.59 U/g). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [40] studied the CAT activity in different honey samples and found that the enzyme activity depends on the floral origin and ranges from 0-17 g/min [40]. Fourteen Brazilian honey samples from different floral origins were studied and their CAT activity was ranging from 9.97 to 99.07 U/mg [41]. The significant effect of the floral origin on the studied parameters in the Jazan region may be due to its climate conditions such as the high temperature, high humidity and barometric pressure. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering showed the possibility of using the studied parameters' results to predict the floral and geographical origins of the honey samples. Many previous studies proved that the results of honey analysis are useful for the prediction of the floral and geographical origins of honey samples [42; 43; 44]. This study suffers from the small number of samples in the subgroups, but it opens windows to conduct future studies on the activities of the GOx and CAT enzymes. Moreover, measurement of the hydrogen peroxide is highly recommended.
## 4 Experiments and Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
### Probe Resolution Experiment  
Probe resolution experiments were carried out to verify the performance of an SSEP probing sensor. The experiments were conducted in a clean room with a temperature of 20 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and humidity of 45 \(\pm\) 5% RH.  
The probe with a \(\phi\)3-mm probing ball shown in Figure 8 was used, and a metal plane part with surface roughness lower than 5 nm was measured. The probe was kept still, while the part was driven close to and away from the probing ball repeatedly with steps of 1 nm, 2 nm, and 3 nm by a piezoelectric stage (PI P-517.3 CD). The smallest step that caused a perceptible change in the indication of the probe was defined as the resolution. The piezoelectric stage had a travel of 100 \(\upmu\)m, a closed-loop resolution of 1 nm, a repeatability of \(\pm\)5 nm, and a maximum nonlinearity of 7 nm in the full range. The experimental results are shown in Figure 13. The results indicate that the displacement resolution of the SSEP probe was as small as 1 nm.  
Figure 12: Standards and parts.  
Figure 13: Resolution experiment results.
# Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for Time Series Data of Spacecraft Using Multi-Task Learning
## 3 Materials and Method
### Multi-Tasks and Joint Learning  
The multi-task model, i.e., MTADmt, learns the spatial-temporal patterns of the spacecraft data simultaneously through joint training via the four proxy tasks described below. The input is \(X\in\Re^{M\times K}\), as shown in Equation (9), and the output is the four-dimensional vector \(Err(X)\).
# Joint Channel Estimation Algorithm Based on DFT and DWT
## 5 Joint Channel Estimation Algorithm Based on DFT and DWT
### Estimation of Noise Variance in the Frequency Domain  
Based on the correct wavelet basis and the number of wavelet decomposition layers, the wavelet-denoising algorithm can carry out denoising with almost no effective signal removed by mistake. Therefore, the noise variance of the pilot subcarriers can be estimated based on the CFR values before and after wavelet-denoising. Thus, the instantaneous estimated value of the mean square error of the denoised noise on each subcarrier CFR can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{s\text{-}d}^{2}=\frac{\sum_{k\in\Omega_{\text{P}}}\left[\left|\hat{H }_{\text{LS}}[k]-\hat{H}_{\text{DWT}}[k]\right|^{2}\right]}{N_{\text{P}}}, \tag{33}\]  
where \(\hat{H}_{\text{LS}}[k]\) and \(\hat{H}_{\text{DWT}}[k]\) represent the frequency domain channel response estimated by the LS algorithm before wavelet-denoising and after denoising, respectively. From Equations (7), (8) and (32) the approximate value of the average power of the noise removed from the frequency response of each subcarrier channel after wavelet-denoising can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{s\text{-}d}^{2}\approx\text{MSE}_{\text{LS}}[k]-\widetilde{\text{MSE }}_{\text{DWT}}[k]=\frac{L_{0}}{L_{\text{total}}}\sigma_{wf}^{2}. \tag{34}\]  
Therefore, the instantaneous frequency domain noise variance can be estimated as:  
\[\sigma_{s\text{-}wf}^{2}=\frac{L_{\text{total}}}{L_{0}}\sigma_{s\text{-}d}^{2}. \tag{35}\]
# A Wideband Termination Based on Laser-Scribed Lossy Microstrip Line Structures
###### Abstract  
Laser-direct writing has become an alternative method to fabricate microwave devices. We present a laser-scribed wideband open-end termination that relies on conductor loss of the microstrip line structure to obtain effective absorption. The proposed design consists of a resistive film overlapped on a strip conductor, providing an enlarged sheet-resistance range (20 \(\Omega/\square\)-1.2 k\(\Omega/\square\)) of the resistive film to reduce the fabrication difficulties. The resistive film is in tapered shape to enable small gradual changes in impedance, yielding minimized reflections (1S\({}_{11}\)). The prototype is demonstrated utilizing the laser-direct writing technique, with a measured 1S\({}_{11}\)1 over \(-\)15 dB from 6 GHz to at least 30 GHz. The termination can also be used for attenuation over a \(-\)10 dB attenuation level (\(>\)8.5 GHz) with a low reflection level better than \(-\)15 dB (\(>\)2.0 GHz). This study can be employed for the applications where cheap wideband planar terminations are needed and promote fast, flexible, and low-cost prototyping or modification of the existing microwave circuits.  
laser-direct writing; sintering; radio frequency; wideband termination +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Study on the Anti-Interference Performance of Substrate-Free PEDOT:PSS ECG Electrodes
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Dynamic Factors on Impedance and ECG
#### 3.2.2 Effect of Breathing Frequency  
In this study, two sets of experiments with different breathing frequencies, normal breathing frequency (about 20 breaths/min) and accelerated deeper breathing during exercise (about 40 breaths/min), were conducted to investigate the effects of breathing frequency on skin-electrode impedance and ECG signal. The results are shown in Figure 9. From Figure 9a, it could be observed that the skin-electrode impedance did not differ significantly between the two breathing frequencies. However, the ECG spectrogram analysis in Figure 9b shows that fast breathing led to higher amplitudes at frequencies lower than 1 Hz, indicating more severe baseline interference. Furthermore, the ECG waveform in Figure 9c demonstrates that fast breathing induced an approximate sinusoidal baseline drift, and the characteristics of the P and T waves were not evident.  
A quantitative analysis revealed that for slow breathing, the SNR was 5.3715 \(\pm\) 1.0996 dB, while for fast breathing, it was \(-\)7.1862 \(\pm\) 3.1288 dB. A negative SNR indicates that the noise level is higher than the signal level. This indicates that fast breathing significantly degraded the ECG signal quality compared to slow breathing. These results indicate that different respiration frequencies have no significant effect on the skin-electrode impedance but significantly increase the ECG baseline interference. This also suggests that ECG interference is not solely caused by changes in the skin-electrode impedance, but is also affected by other factors, especially EMG [32; 33; 34]. Additionally, the results show that even under fast breathing conditions, the substrate-free PEDOT:PSS electrode can maintain a stable skin-electrode interface.  
Figure 8: (**a**) Skin–electrode impedance modulus at 1 Hz frequency; (**b**) Impedance modulus at 10 Hz frequency; (**c**) Impedance modulus at 30 Hz frequency; (**d**) Spectrogram of different electrode states; (**e**) ECG waveforms of different electrode states.
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper has presented a new evolutionary deep learning method to enhance the detection performance of BC systems. The proposed approach trains the DCNN as a signal detector using a hybrid optimization algorithm based on ABC, BBO, and PSO to optimize the DCNN architecture. The research leverages the benefits of the proposed deep architecture to improve the BER performance of the BC system. The simulation results indicate that the proposed HABC-DCNN achieves superior performance in training the benchmark datasets and significantly enhances the detection performance of backscattered signals compared to previous works.  
Overall, optimizing DL models using meta-heuristic algorithms remains a difficult task, requiring further investigation. HABC, like many other meta-heuristics, employs a range of operators that designers must accurately model to effectively apply to real problems. Additionally, the computational time required for HABC in real-world scenarios poses a significant challenge, including the computation of fitness functions for all possible solutions and the selection of the optimal solution.  
There are several possible research directions for future studies. Fine-tuning selective parameters and thresholds in the equations of HABC is an area that requires further work. Additionally, applying HABC to various fields, such as image processing, smart homes, data mining, big data, and industry, could be a valuable contribution. Since acquiring labeled data is often expensive, the next generation of DL models will be more focused on semi-supervised and unsupervised learning. In this context, clustering algorithms could be employed to improve the performance of DLs.  
Conceptualization, S.A., A.L., F.S., D.M. and A.A.S.; methodology, A.L., D.M. and F.S.; software, S.A. and A.L.; validation, A.L. and F.S.; investigation, S.A.; writing--original draft preparation, S.A. and A.A.S.; writing--review and editing, S.A., A.L., F.S. and D.M.; supervision, D.M.; funding acquisition, D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 17: The convergence trend of DL architectures.
# Mechanism and Application of Soilbags Filled with Excavated Soil in Soft Soil Subgrade Treatment
## 3 Application of Soft Soil Subgrade Treated with Soilbags
### Construction of Soilbag-Treated Subgrade  
Usually, soilbags are made using a sophisticated bagging machine at another place near the construction site and then transported for construction. However, considering the utilization of the excavated clayey soil on-site, bagging the clayey soil in another place was not suitable in this case. Thus, common-sized soilbags were fabricated on-site utilizing manual labor. For the fabrication of large-sized soilbags, a specialized bagging frame was conceptualized, and semi-mechanized bagging approaches were implemented, amalgamating the efforts of an excavator and manual labor. Figure 7 shows the construction processes of the soilbag-treated subgrade. First, the bagging frame was placed in the construction area for the large-sized soilbags, and an open large-sized polypropylene bag was placed in the steel bagging frame. Then, the air-dried excavated clayey soil was poured into the bag, as shown in Figure 7a, and the large-sized soilbag was sealed with a hand-held sewing machine. The bagging frame was then moved to the next construction area for construction. After the construction of each layer of large-sized soilbags, a 22-ton roller was used for roller compaction six times. The common-sized soilbags were produced in the construction site and compacted four times by the roller. To ensure the effective elongation constraint of the soilbags, a certain gap was left between the soilbags to accommodate their deformation after compaction. A gap of 30-40 cm was reserved for the large-sized soilbags, while a gap of approximately 10 cm was reserved for the common-sized soilbags. If there were gaps left between the soilbags after roller compaction, the gaps were filled with mixed soil. It should be mentioned that to ensure the consolidation of the subgrade, there was a one-month pause in construction after completing the process of paving the cement-gravel stabilized cushion.
## 3 Results and Discussion
These three compounds are reported in the literature as the major components present in hop, being responsible for up to 90% of the composition of hop essential oils [4]. All these substances are formed from precursors obtained through the methyl-D-erythitol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway followed by the transformation by prenyltransferasees into geranyl diphosphate (GPP) [51; 52]. \(\beta\)-Myrrene is formed by GPP during hop growth by a monoterpene synthase (MTS2) [53; 52] and has the odour characteristics of peppery, spicy, balsam, plastic, and terpene [24]. For the samples studied, the highest area of \(\beta\)-myrrene was reported for the hop ENIG (37.82%), followed by ZAPP (17.06%) and CASC (5.93%). Caryophyllene, or \(\beta\)-caryophyllene, is an isomer of humulene, also identified as \(\alpha\)-humulene or \(\alpha\)-caryophyllene, and both compounds are produced by sesquiterpene synthase 1 (HISTS1) from the precursor \(\beta\)-farnesene formed after GPP [53; 52]. Humulene is a metabolite that originated in the final stages of hop cone maturation and was reported in the samples with the highest area of 54.07% for the sample LORA, 41.36% for AZAC, and 36.44% for CASC; lowest humulene abundances, although still with a considerable percentage, were 16.04% for ENIG and 10.05% for ZAPP. Caryophyllene showed lower concentrations than humulene in the samples, except for ZAPP, which had twice the carryophyllene area than humulene. Table 3 lists the major compounds in the five hop samples. Another observation noted here and confirmed from the literature was the relation between \(\beta\)-myrrene and humulene, where \(\beta\)-myrrene has an inverse trend in concentration compared to humulene, described by a common intermediate in their biosynthesis via \(\alpha\)-acids and \(\beta\)-acids [4; 54]. Some compounds have been identified in only one of the samples (i.e., unique to a single hop), with possible use as chemical markers including those in Table 4.  
The elucidation of the GC\(\times\)GC distribution of compounds tentatively identified can be expressed by the apex plot in Figure 3a, which was constructed considering all the identified molecules present in Table 3. The classes can be seen as different markers, where the location of peaks shows a region for various classes. For instance, esters (orange circles) persist over the full range of \({}^{1}\)f\({}_{\text{R}}\) but cluster between \({}^{2}\)f\({}_{\text{R}}\) = 1.0 and 2.0 s, and are shown above the hydrocarbons (dark blue circle). The terpenoid compounds, Figure 3b, demonstrate the