## 2 Context and Research Objectives  
### Introduction to Industry 4.0  
In 2011, a German governmental project coined the term Industry 4.0 with the ambition to \"drive digital manufacturing forward by increasing digitization and the interconnection of products, value chains and business models\" [5]. Since then, the concept has been widely accepted as embodying the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by enhanced connectivity and autonomy of production systems. The beginnings of the first industrial revolution happened in England around 1785, with the introduction of the first flour mills and mechanical looms [6]. During the early 19 th century, the use of steam machines, first designed by [PERSON] (1647-1713), to power repetitive manufacturing tasks spread in Europe and North America. Inside factories, increased productivity is achieved by greater division of labor, first theorized by [PERSON] (1723-1790) [7]. In between companies, the transactions tended to grow international, powered by steam-powered transportation systems. The electrification of factories progressively enabled replacing single-speed central steam engines by task-specific power groups, allowing greater flexibility, reduced power loss and improved working conditions [8]. In 1867 in Chicago, the first industrial assembly lines powered the meatpacking industry by moving the meat to the workers instead of moving the workers to the meat, imposing a relentless production rate [9]. This is accepted to be the start of the second industrial revolution, characterized by enhanced electrification, elimination of waste, standardization and workflow optimization based on quantitative management methods after [PERSON] (1856-1915) [10]. With the Model T, first introduced in 1927, [PERSON] (1863-1947) was the first to apply the assembly line to the automotive industry and give birth to a new industrial model relying on mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers [11]. [PERSON] had to somewhat simplify the design of automobiles so they could be manufactured that way, initiating a logic of \"design to manufacturing.\"  
The third industrial revolution began in 1960 when [PERSON] (1931-1998) invented the first programmable logic controller (PLC) [12], which became the electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems, enabling smarter control of manufacturing processes. Computerized manufacturing lines and supply chains gave opportunities for finer production management, optimized logistics and reduced waste. While this technical revolution was happening, [PERSON] (1912-1990) created what would be known as Toyota Production System [13]. This production model aimed at reducing what he called the seven wastes of mass production: delay, surplus, over-processing, transportation, unnecessary motion, inventory and defects. Essentially, modern industry remains tied with PLC technology and [PERSON]'s principles of just-in-time production, later renamed \"Lean Manufacturing\" [14]. In 1981, [PERSON] of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer. This is accepted as the precursor event to what is called the fourth industrial revolution [15]. In 2002, the first non-experimental Fab Lab was created in Vigyan Ashram, India [16]. A small-scale workshop offering digital fabrication, typically equipped with an array of flexible computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials, the Fab Lab combines the flexibility of additive manufacturing methods with the ability to distribute the production as close as possible to end-customer by exchange of data instead of shipping goods. Essential is the role of the Internet and the need for resilient remote monitoring and optimization capabilities in this new approach to manufacturing.