esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Therapeutic Potential and Challenges of Pioglitazone in Cancer Treatment
## 3 Therapeutic Use of Pioglitazone
### Therapeutic Effect on Different Types of Cancer
#### 3.6.7 Glioma  
As mentioned before, pioglitazone can cross the blood-brain barrier, a capability that can be utilized in the case of glioma, as it is one of the most aggressive brain malignancies. Cytotoxic activity has been confirmed, as it has been reported to reduce glioma cell proliferation in vitro in the U87 MG, T98G, and U251 MG cell lines, as well as LN-229 cells in a xenograft model [94; 95]. However, in another xenograft study using Gl261 cells, pioglitazone seemed to significantly alter the fate of the test subjects only when injected into the cerebrum [96]. Antineoplastic action can be by conventional, PPAR\(\gamma\)-dependent and -independent pathways previously mentioned, namely alterations in the levels of cyclin D1, MMP9, N-Cadhenin and caspase 3, in addition to \(\beta\)-catenin inhibition, as revealed by knockout studies [97; 98]. Invasiveness is also affected, as it was limited to C6 rat glioma cells [99]. Complimentary to this is the evident increase in the expression of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 (EAAT2) in the same cell lines, except T98G. Lack of this transporter is commonly found in glioma cells as the resulting elevation of extracellular glutamate concentration leads to excitotoxicity, assisting in the thriving of malignant cells, as an excitatory neurotransmitter, and sets the field for tumor associated epilepsy (TAE). As such, by increasing EAAT2 levels in glioma cells, pioglitazone worsens the conditions, not favoring the development of glioma and, potentially, the associated symptoms such as TAE [100]. The effect of pioglitazone has been further investigated in glioma stem cells (GSCs), which do not seem to be immune from the effects of pioglitazone either. In vitro tests by [PERSON] et al. (2016) involving treatment of GSCs revealed that G166, GliNS2, GBM2, and G144 (with latent effects) cells reduced their metabolic rate and alteration in the proteomic profile regarding the expression of markers related to differentiation and stemness. These changes in the behavior of the cells were not accompanied by any alterations in their morphology [101]. Data originating from the clinical data reveal a preventative relationship between pioglitazone and glioma [94]. A synergy between TZDs (with pioglitazone being the most potent of them) and statins has been suggested by [PERSON] et al. (2010), as they observed a significant reduction in the population in in vitro tests using the U87 and RG II cell lines, even in hypoxic conditions [102]. Follow-up rodent model tests,also by [PERSON] et al. (2016), revealed no significant differences in overall survival rate compared to the controls, and that the only combination displaying reduction in tumor size was lovastatin/atorvastatin + plus piogltazone [103]. Related to cancer care, piogltazone has also been found to protect against radiation induced cognitive decline in patients with brain malignancy and is relatively safe for use in radiation treatment [104].
# High-Pressure Effects on Selected Properties of Pea and Soy Protein Isolates
## 4 Discussion  
### Protein Composition and Solubility  
Eight bands were identified for the PPI samples (Figure S2A,B), being most likely legumin's acid (\(\alpha\) = -39 kDa) and basic (\(\beta\) = -20 kDa) subunits, the three vicilin's subunits (-46 kDa; -32 kDa; -29 kDa), convicilin's globular fraction (-68 kDa), lipoxygenase (LOX = -93 kDa) and albumin's major subunit (PA2 = -23 kDa) [18]. For SPI samples, eleven bands were identified (Figure S2C,D) and attributed to \(\beta\)-conglycinin subunits (\(\alpha^{\prime}\) = -74 kDa; \(\alpha\) = -70 kDa; \(\beta\) = -52 kDa), glycinin's acid (A\({}_{1\text{-}4}\) = -31-45 kDa) and basic (B = -20 kDa) subunits, glycinin's acid-basic subunits pair (AB = -62 kDa), lipoxygenase (LOX = -93 kDa) and agglutinin (-28 kDa) [19].  
The observed solubility increases for PPI at pH 8 can be attributed to electrostatic repulsion brought on by negative net charges on the protein surface, as it was also reported for other commercial pea protein isolates [20; 21]. A decrease in the solubility of SPI with the increase of the pH, from 6.5 to 7.5, particularly for the glycinin fraction, was previously reported [22].  
Figure 6: Emulsifying stability index (ESI) measured for O/W emulsions prepared with soy protein dispersions previously subjected to different high-pressure processing treatments (200, 400 and 600 MPa). The columns with diagonal stripes represent control samples (0.1 MPa); blank, gray and black filled columns denote 5-, 10- and 15-min processing times, respectively. Selected data shown correspond to (**A**)—total soy protein at pH 6; (**B**)—soluble soy protein at pH 6; (**C**)—total soy protein at pH 8; and (**D**)—soluble soy protein at pH 8. Different letters indicate significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) between samples represented in each figure; vertical bars denote the standard deviation from three replicates.  
Overall, both protein isolates showed a relatively low protein solubility, what seems to be a general characteristic of commercial protein isolates, related to a high degree of protein denaturation and the presence of varying amounts of soluble and insoluble proteins (aggregates) [16; 23].  
The observed increase in protein solubility with pressure is probably related to protein unfolding and dissociation of preformed aggregates [16; 24], an effect that will be even more noticeable due to more significant electrostatic repulsions occurring at higher pHs. The observed trend of increased solubility can be attributed to the increase in interactions between proteins and solvent, which may be caused by the dissociation of aggregates and the unfolding of proteins promoted by pressure [16; 24].
# Buckling Analysis of Interspersed Railway Tracks
## 2 Methodology  
### Finite Element Modelling  
The buckling analysis was conducted using a three-dimensional finite element model. The finite element analysis software called \"STRAND7\" [51] was used to carry out the analysis, and five different types of railway tracks were used. A linear buckling analysis solver based on eigenvalue analysis was used. The finite element models of railway tracks were validated against previous numerical and experimental modal parameters [19; 52]. The rails and sleepers were modelled as beam elements. The two-dimensional Timoshenko beam model was used for the beam elements as it was found to be a suitable option [53]. The validated sleeper model with spring support considering compression only was replicated to construct a track model. The support spring value was tuned to represent the whole substructure layer for the railway track. The rail pads and fastening systems were simulated using a series of spring-dashpot elements. The stiffness and damping values of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pads were assigned to the spring-dashpot elements based on experimental results [54]. As for the ballast, the tensionless spring support option correctly represents the ballast characteristics in real tracks since this attribute allows the beam to lift over the support, while the tensile supporting stiffness is omitted. Meanwhile, the lateral spring is applied at one sleeper end, and the resistance value can represent the overall ballast lateral resistance as a tensionless spring.  
In this study, four types of commonly adopted interspersed railway tracks and plain concrete track were adopted, as shown in Figure 2. They are identified as plain timber railway track (\"1 in 1\") and \"1 in 2\", \"1 in 3\", and \"1 in 4\" interspersed railway tracks. By definition, \"1 in 2\" entails the establishment of alternating concrete and timber railway sleepers on the railway tracks, while \"1 in 3\" refers to another type of interspersed track where one concrete sleeper is seated alongside every two timber sleepers. Similarly, the \"1 in 4\" configuration indicates that one concrete sleeper is present for every three timber sleepers along the railway track. It should be noted that a concrete sleeper track was also compared with the timber and interspersed tracks in this study.  
Figure 2: Railway track models: (**a**) concrete track; (**b**) timber track; (**c**) “1 in 2” interspersed track; (**d**) “1 in 3” interspersed track; (**e**) “1 in 4” interspersed track.
# Power Amplifier Predistortion Using Reduced Sampling Rates in the Forward and Feedback Paths
## 4 Experimental Validation
### Case I--Validation Using 20 MHz Test Signal
However, the spectrum of the signal corresponding to 49.15 MSa/s rate deviates slightly from these, hence, causing a loss of linearization performance, as observed in the amplifier's output spectra of Figure 13.  
To have a better insight about the relative performance of the various predistorters, the size of the memory polynomial function was varied by sweeping the nonlinearity order (from 1 to 7) and the memory depth (from 1 to 5). The tests were repeated for all five predistorters that are the RTNTB predistorter, the EMP predistorter, and the proposed predistorter with the three sampling rates (128.88 MSa/s, 61.44 MSa/s, and 49.15 MSa/s). For each size, the corresponding predistorter was used to linearize the power amplifier, and the adjacent channel leakage ratio was measured in the adjacent channel and alternate adjacent channel. Here, the alternate adjacent channel refers to the next channel beyond the adjacent channel. The results of these tests are summarized in Figure 15, which presents the measured ACLR in the adjacent channel and alternate adjacent channel as a function of the number of coefficients in the memory polynomial function of the predistorter. In some cases, more than one combination of nonlinearity order and memory depth can lead to the same total number of coefficients. For these cases, the reported results are the ones corresponding to the combination that leads to the best ACLR. These results show that the proposed predistorter performance is not affected by a 50% reduction in the sampling rate (from 122.88 MSa/s to 61.44 MSa/s) in the forward and feedback paths. Moreover, for these two sampling rates, the performances of the proposed predistorter are comparable to what is obtained using the RTNTB predistorter derived at 122.88 MSa/s. However, a further reduction in the sampling rate (to 49.15 MSa/s) leads to significant degradation in the performance of the proposed predistorter. This figure also shows that the EMP-based predistorter performances are lower than that of the RTNTB-based predistorter and the  
Figure 14: Measured spectra at the input of the digital-to-analog converter in the signal forward path for the benchmark digital predistorters and the proposed predistorter derived and implemented using various reduced sampling rates (Case I: 20 MHz test signal). proposed predistorter (derived at 122.88 MSa/s and 61.44 MSa/s) for the considered range of coefficients. The EMP performance is characterized by a noticeable imbalance between the upper and lower ACLR channels. It is important to note here that while the performance of the proposed predistorter shows a degradation when the sampling rate of the forward and feedback paths are reduced by 60%, the obtained results are still compliant with the 5G standard requirements for adjacent channels emissions as they are better than \(-45\) dBc.
## Appendix D  
The proposed objective evaluation test uses weighting factors to determine an overall evaluation score from the weighted single-test evaluation scores. With the help of these weighting factors, significance of single tests can be adjusted.  
The panning test is conducted in two versions. The aim of the time- and frequency-independent panning test is to test the ability of an upmix algorithm to reproduce the virtual sound sources true to original. Therefore, time- and frequency-independent virtual test sound sources are defined. The aim of the time- and frequency-dependent panning test is to test the ability of the upmix algorithm to respond to fast changes of the virtual sound source. Therefore, time- and frequency-dependent virtual test sound sources are generated independently. Since the focus of the panning test is whether the direction of the virtual sound source in the stereo-to-multichannel upmix corresponds to the direction of the virtual sound source in the initial stereo configuration, the time- and frequency-independent panning test is higher weighted than the time- and frequency-dependent panning test (the time- and frequency-independent panning test counts twice). The evaluation score of the panning test results from the double-weighted time- and frequency-independent panning test (\(g_{PT1}=2\)) and the single-weighted time- and frequency-dependent panning test (\(g_{PT2}=1\)). Due to the assumed high overall importance of the panning test in comparison with the other single tests, the panning test is triple-weighted (\(g_{PT}=3\)). That is because a stereo-to-multichannel upmix should enhance and extend the listening experience without adding artificial effects or contents, and provide virtual sound sources true to original.  
The phase test and the perception test are single-weighted (\(g_{PT}=1\); \(g_{WT}=1\)) because of the assumed low overall importance in comparison to the other single evaluation tests. That is because the effects of the correlation of the surround channels are perceived subjective. In addition, the impacts of lateral energy fraction and interaural cross-correlation on perceived spatiality are subjective, too. The direct test and the volume test are double-weighted (\(g_{DT}=2\); \(g_{LT}=2\)) because of the assumed middle overall importance in comparison to the other single evaluation tests. Thus, they are higher weighted than the phase test and the perception test, but lower weighted than the panning test.  
Note that the weighting factors used are not obligatory. They can be used in order to adjust the significance of the single evaluation tests as described above. In addition, they can be used to compare several upmix algorithms with a focus on a special issue.
# Secure Service Proxy: A CoAP(s) Intermediary for a Securer and Smarter Web of Things
## 2 Overview of CoAP and DTLS
### Datagram Transport Layer Security
In cases where the key exchange does not use the server certificate, the server may send a ServerKeyExchange message. For example, in Pre-Shared Key cipher suites (PSK suites are discussed later), the server may send a hint in the ServerKeyExchange message to help the client in selecting which PSK identity to use. Additionally, the server may also send a CertificateRequest message to request a certificate from the client. Finally, a ServerHelloDone message is sent by the server to indicate that the hello-message phase of the handshake is complete. If the server requested a certificate, the client must provide one in its Certificate message. Next, the client sends a ClientKeyExchange message, the contents of which depend on the chosen key exchange algorithm. In the case of RSA for example, the client chooses a secret and encrypts it with the public key from the certificate of the server and sends the result in the ClientKeyExchange message. Together with the Certificate and ServerKeyExchange messages of the server, the client's Certificate and ClientKeyExchange messages are used for the key exchange. The CertificateVerify message allows the client to prove the possession of the private key in the certificate. In the case of pre-shared key cipher suites, the key exchange of the client consists of a ClientKeyExchange message, which contains the identity of the chosen PSK. Next, the client sends a ChangeCipherSpec message, which signals that the client has switched to the negotiated cipher spec. The client then immediately sends the Finished message, which contains a hash of the shared secret and all handshake messages. The server must verify the contents of the Finished message in order to detect any tampering of the handshake messages. The Finished message also proves that the client knows the correct shared secret (i.e., the pre-master secret), and any subsequent keying material (master secret, encryption keys and MAC keys) is generated from this pre-master secret. After the server has sent its own ChangeCipherSpec and Finished messages and the client has successfully verified the Finished message, the handshake is completed, and secure communication of application data can start.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Concentration of PCB in SP and Cytotoxicity of the Extracts  
First, the amount of PCB present in SP was determined by comparing the HPLC chromatograms with those of the standard PCB (Figure 1). The concentration of PCB in SP was estimated to be 46.63 \(\pm\) 1.72 mg PCB/g dry weight of _A. maxima._  
As shown in Figure 2a, the viability of cells treated with pure PCB was lower than that of cells treated with the extracts, with a significantly reduced cell viability of 83.37 \(\pm\) 3.39% at concentrations of pure PCB greater than 0.5 mg/mL compared with that in the non-treated group (_p_ < 0.01). Notably, at 0.5 mg/mL, SP, which contained approximately 23.3 \(\mu\)g/mL of pure PCB, exhibited 86.19 \(\pm\) 2.98% cell viability. A similar pattern was observed for all other concentrations. This indicated that other components of SP may have played a protective role against the cytotoxicity of human skin fibroblasts, whereas this was not the case for fibroblasts treated with pure PCB. At the highest concentration (1 mg/mL), SP showed 78.03 \(\pm\) 6.58% cell viability, whereas no cytotoxicity was observed at 0.1 mg/mL. In contrast, WB was nontoxic across all treatment concentrations, with 103.25 \(\pm\) 7.16% cell viability at the highest concentration (1 mg/mL). At the same concentration, SPWB showed 82.47 \(\pm\) 1.84% cell viability, whereas SP (78.03 \(\pm\) 6.58%, \(p\) < 0.01) and PCB (70.80 \(\pm\) 2.43%, \(p\) < 0.001) demonstrated significant toxicity compared with the non-treated group. Therefore, we used concentrations up to 0.1 mg/mL for PCB and SP, 1 mg/mL for WB, and 0.5 mg/mL for SPWB in this study. These results indicate that the addition of WB reduced the cytotoxicity of PCB.  
Figure 2: Cytotoxicity of the extracts against human skin fibroblasts. PCB, PCB standard; SP, the PCB extract from _Arthospira maxima_, prepared by water extraction using ultrasonication at room temperature followed by ethanolic extraction at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C; WB, the wheat bran extract prepared by water extraction at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for eight hours; SPWB, a mixture of SP and WB containing the same amounts of PCB and SP. Cytotoxicity of PCB standard (**a**) SP (**b**), WB (**c**), and SPWB (**d**). The mean \(\pm\) SD values for triplicate experiments are shown; error bars represent the SD. * \(p<0.05\), *** \(p<0.01\), and *** \(p<0.001\) compared with the non-treated group.  
Figure 1: PCB structure and comparison of HPLC chromatogram of standard PCB and SP. (**a**) PCB structure (**b**) HPLC chromatogram of standard PCB and SP. Blue line: PCB standard; Black line: SP, the PCB extract from _Arthospira maxima_, prepared by water extraction using ultrasonication at room temperature followed by ethanolic extraction at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
# Source Rock Prediction Using Well Log and Seismic Data:
## 4 Results
### Biomarker Compounds  
The special and stable structures of biomarkers that allow for little or no change during thermal evolution can be used to identify and trace information about the parent material of source rocks [31]. The organic molecular and geochemical characteristics of Well L  
Figure 4: Relation diagram of the vitrinite reflectance and depth of Lower-Cretaceous-Albian-stage source rock in the Côte d’Ivoire Basin.  
Figure 3: Classification of the pyrolytic kerogen of Lower-Cretaceous-Albian-stage source rocks in the Côte d’Ivoire Basin.  
in the Cote d'Ivoire Basin show that, according to the \(m/z\) 191 mass chromatogram, the Pr/Ph of the source rocks is greater than 1, indicating a weak oxidation-weak reduction environment. The C\({}_{30}\) propane content is the highest, the kurtosis of C\({}_{31}\)-homohopane to C\({}_{35}\)-homohopane is gradually reduced, and C\({}_{34}\)-homohopane and C\({}_{35}\)-homohopane are almost not visible, indicating that organic matter is preserved under weak reduction conditions [32; 33]. Moreover, the gammacerane index is 0.06, indicating that there is no obvious stratification in the water body during the deposition period. The salinity has no significant effect on the preservation of organic matter [34]. Via whole extract GC analysis, the main peak carbon number was found to be mainly nC\({}_{14}\), the main peak carbon number is low, which shows that the parent material of the Lower-Cretaceous-Albian-stage source rock in the Cote d'Ivoire Basin is mainly algae and other lower-aquatic organisms [35]. The mass spectrum of \(m/z\) 217 shows (Figure 5) that the abundance of C\({}_{27}\) regular steranes is high, while that of C\({}_{28}\) and C\({}_{29}\) regular steranes is relatively low, and the three are distributed in an \"L\" shape, indicating that the parent material is mainly from microalgae, but there are also mixed inputs of higher terrestrial plants [36; 37].  
Pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph) are the two most common types of isoprene in the source rocks, and the Pr/Ph is an important index reflecting the source of the parent material and the sedimentary environment [38; 39]. Based on the available data, the Pr/nC\({}_{17}\) and Ph/nC\({}_{18}\) crossplot (Figure 6) is established. The results show that the sedimentary environment of the Lower Cretaceous source rocks in the Cote d'Ivoire Basin is in a transition environment of oxidation-reduction, which is more conducive to the preservation of organic matter [40; 41].  
Figure 5: Mass chromatography of biomarker compounds in the Lower-Cretaceous-Albian-stage source rocks of the Côte d’Ivoire Basin.  
Figure 6: Pr/nC\({}_{17}\) and Ph/nC\({}_{18}\) crossplot of Lower-Cretaceous-Albian-stage source rocks in the Côte d’Ivoire Basin.
# The Current Development of Structural Health Monitoring for Bridges: A Review
## 5 Damage Identification Methods
### Finite Element Model Updating Methods
#### 5.2.3 Nonlinear Model Updating Methods  
In a study to evaluate the damage and residual performance of piers after earthquakes, [PERSON] et al. [141] established a nonlinear section element model and proposed a two-stage model updating technique. In this method, the maximum and minimum strain of the section are used as updating parameters to update the damage parameters of nonlinear material models. [PERSON] et al. [142] developed a new nonlinear FEMU method. This method can be used to evaluate the degradation of structural strength and stiffness in the time domain. In the shaking table test of a cable-stayed bridge, the proposed method can accurately identify the damage and predict the seismic response. Based on a nonlinear FEMU method, [PERSON] et al. [143] identified the bond-slip and core concrete parameters of a full-scale RC bridge column and achieved the identification of damage on the bridge column by utilizing the variation of these parameters. [PERSON] et al. [144] proposed a nonlinear FEMU method based on a time history analysis. The feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method were verified on the scaled structure of Sutong Bridge in China.