## 4 Discussion
However, the unique characteristics of SBA--such as the unstable snow surface and varying approach speeds--impose distinct biomechanical demands. Comparative analysis that identifies these sport-specific parameters can help refine training strategies and technical development for SBA athletes. Based on these findings, we recommend that coaches and athletes implement targeted interventions to optimize performance in high-difficity SBA maneuvers. Training should prioritize enhancing lower limb strength and explosive power through exercises such as squats, box jumps, and depth jumps to improve takeoff velocity and flight height [46, 47]. Increasing trunk and shoulder flexibility and strength is also crucial; for shoulder conditioning, exercises such as dumbbell shoulder presses, lateral raises, bent-over reverse flyes, banded shoulder abductions, arm circles, and scapular wall slides are suggested to boost shoulder power, mobility, and stability [48, 49]. Joint mobility exercises--including lungs with trunk rotation and dynamic stretching for the hips, knees, and elbows--can facilitate more effective force transfer and body coordination [50]. Additionally, incorporating drills such as agility ladder exercises and balance board training can help develop full-body coordination, timing, and precise body positioning required for complex tricks [51]. Finally, utilizing video analysis and slow-motion feedback during simulated takeoff and flight drills can further assist athletes in refining body posture and optimizing joint mechanics for both performance and safety [52]. This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the sampling frequency used may not have fully captured instantaneous peak acceleration and angular acceleration during snowboarding maneuvers. Although similar rates have been adopted in previous research [16, 53, 54], future studies are encouraged to utilize higher sampling frequencies to improve the accuracy of kinetic and kinematic measurements. Second, all experiments were conducted on dry ski slopes, which differ from natural snow in surface properties such as friction and hardness [55], so the findings may not be entirely representative of performance on natural snow. Future research should collect and compare data in real snow environments to enhance ecological validity. Third, potential learning or adaptation effects across the repeated trials cannot be completely ruled out, as participants may have improved their performance through practice, potentially influencing the results despite familiarization procedures. Fourth, this study focused exclusively on backside rotations, limiting the generalizability of the findings to other rotation directions or trick types. Finally, the relatively small number of female participants resulted in an unbalanced gender distribution, which may restrict the applicability of the findings to female snowboarders. To address these limitations, future research should employ higher-frequency motion capture systems, test under both dry slope and natural snow conditions, randomize trial orders to minimize learning effects, include a broader range of movements, and recruit larger and more gender-balanced samples to further validate and extend the current findings.