## 4 Common Species of _Amaranthus_ Grown for Grain and Leaves and Their Uses
This is because the leaves of young grain varieties are also used as pot herbs sauce. Aside from the wild (_A. spinosus_) described in Figure 2, grows voluntarily in fallow landscapes, four popularly cultivated species of vegetable _Amaranthus_ exist: which include: _A. cruentus_, _A. dubius_, _A. blittum_, and _A. tricolor_. However, it is was identified that _A. cruentus_ can be cultivated both as a vegetable and as grain, depending on the target market of the producer [2]. This occurs because the weeds species show morphological commonality with leafy vegetable form, other grain forms of _Amaranthus_. The seed character is very useful in differentiating vegetables, grain, and weed _Amaranthus_. This because the vegetable group shares a striking similarity with the weed group in having brownish-black or black seeds. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Vegetable _Amaranthus_** & **Grain _Amaranthus_** & **Weed _Amaranthus_** \\ \hline _Amaranthus tricolor_ & _Amaranthus cruentus_ & _Amaranthus spinosus_ \\ var. _tricolor_ & _Amaranthus hypochondricus_, & _Amaranthus hybrids_ \\ _Amaranthus tricolor_ var. _tristis_ & _Amaranthus cuadatus_ & _Amaranthus virtilis,_ \\  & & _Amaranthus retrolezus_ \\  & & _Amaranthus stenczians_ \\  & & _Amaranthus dubius_ \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Classification and description of _Amaranthus_[4; 40]. Figure 1: (**A**) _Amaranthus dubius_ or wild spinach (**B**) _Amaranthus viridis_. Figure 2: (**A–C**). Variant of _Amaranthus spinosus_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Number** & **Language** & **Vernacular Name** & **Author** \\ \hline
1–5 & South Africa: Afrikaans & Hanekam, kalkoenslurp, misbredie, varkbossie & [41] \\  & Tswana & Imbuya, thepe & [41] \\  & Venda & Umfino, vowa, Morogo & [41] \\  & Xhosa & Umfino, umtyuthu, unomdolomboyi & [41] \\  & Zulu & Imbuya, ishekke & [41] \\
6 & Congo & Bitekuteku _Amaranthus virilis_, Kinshasa Province & [41] \\
7 & Indonesia & Bayam & [27] \\
8 & Laos & Pak hom & [27] \\
9 & Siri Lanka & Thampala & [27] \\
10 & India & Rangasak, ramdana, rajeera, lalsak, lalsagchauli; & [41] \\  & cheera; koyagura; kuppaikeerai; thotakura & [41] \\
11 & China & Een choy, Yin choy, In-tasi, Hsien tasi, xiancai, & [41] \\
12 & Japan & Hyiura & [41] \\
13 & Spanish & French: calalou, callaloo & [41] \\
14 & Fulani & Boroboro & [41] \\
15 & Ghana & Madze, efan, muotsu, swie & [41] \\
16 & Sierra Leone: [PERSON] & Creole, hondi, Mende & [41] \\
17–19 & Nigeria: & Alayyafo & [41] \\  & Hausa & Fdo & Efo tete, Eforiro & [41] \\  & Youba & Igbo & Igbo inene; Temne: ka-bonthin & [41] \\  & Iglbo & Malawi: & Bonongwe & [41] \\
20 & 21 & Philippines & Kulitisllongo, uray Tagalog & [41] \\
22 & Indonesia: & Bayam, Bayammenir, Java, Bayamkotok & [41] \\  & Sumatra, Chaulai & & [27] \\
23 & Thailand: & Pak-komhat, pak. Phomsuan & [27] \\
24 & Jamaica: & Callaloo & [41] \\
25 & Vietnam & Yan yang & [27] \\
26 & Peru & Anchita, achos, achis, incajtaco, coimi and & [27] \\
27 & Bolivia & Coimi, Millmi & [27] \\
28 & Ecuador & Sangoracha, alaco & [27] \\
29 & China & Hiyu, hon-toi-moi, yin choy, hin choy, een choy, & [27] \\
30 & India & Chhaulai, Rangasak, ramdana, rajeera, lalsak, lal & [41] \\
31 & Malaysia & Bayamputeh, bayarmmerah & [41] \\
32 & Caribbean & Spinach, bahaji callaloo, calaloo, etc & [3] \\
33 & English: & Prickly amaranth, needle burr, spiny amaranth, & \\
34 & Hindi: & & [41] \\
35 & Tamil: & Mullukkeerai, Malayalam: Kattumullenkeera & [41] \\
36 & Telugu: & Bengal: Kantanotya Oriya: Kantaneutia & [41] \\  & Sanskrit: Tanduliuyah & & \\
37 & French & amarante; brede de Malabar, queue de renard, & \\  & discipline des religieux & & [41] \\
38 & Mexico & Zac-tec & [41] \\
39 & Portugal & Carurro & [41] \\
40 & Sweden & Mchicha & [41] \\
41 & America & “Chowlai” & [21] \\
42 & Philippines & Kulitis & [27] \\
43 & Thailand & Pakkhom ha, pak, khomsuan & [27] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Common names of Amaranth in different countries of the world.