esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Constructed wetlands have been applied to micro-polluted rivers and lakes. However, they often show poor nitrogen removal efficiency due to insufficient carbon sources for complete denitrification in the waters. In this study, a vertical-flow wetland system was built, in which reeds as a carbon source were added in the middle layer of the substrate. Thereby, the effect of the reed carbon source on denitrification of micro-polluted rivers and lakes with a low C/N ratio in the wetland and the denitrification mechanism were studied. The results showed that the concentrations of NH\({}_{4}\)+-N, NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)N and NO\({}_{2}\)\({}^{-}\)N in the effluent of the constructed wetland were reduced to 0.17-0.35, 0.20-0.49 and 0.01-0.02 mg/L after adding the reed carbon source, and the removal efficiencies of the system for NH\({}_{4}\)+-N and NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)N reached 93.84% and 84.69%, respectively. The abundances of _nirK_, _nirK_, _nirK_, _nirK_, _nizo_ and _nirA_ genes in the wetland substrate increased by 95.51%, 54.96%, 52.89% and 731.95%, respectively, which was considered to be related to the enhanced denitrification, anammox and dissimilarity nitrate reduction to ammonium of the wetland system. Reed planting promoted the increased abundances of _amoA_ and _nirB_ genes, which might play a positive role in enhancing nitrification in wetland systems. The result of this study may provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of low C/N micro-polluted water bodies.  
constructed wetland; low C/N micro-polluted water; reed carbon source; denitrification
# Discrete Lattice Element Model for Fracture Propagation with Improved Elastic Response
## 2 Novel Discrete Lattice Element Model
### Exchange of Data between FEAP and MATLAB  
The proposed mechanical model is implemented in the Finite Element Analysis Program (FEAP) [42]. Nevertheless, the computation of the stress tensor in nodes and the calculation of fictitious forces take place in MATLAB. To ensure data exchange between FEAP and MATLAB, we employ the MATFEAP interface [43]. The lattice element forces in the local element frame are first extracted from FEAP. Once the fictitious forces are computed on the basis of the extracted values of forces in MATLAB, they are then transferred to FEAP via the interface and incorporated into the internal force vector. This integrated approach allows for consistent and effective communication between the two platforms, enabling the final computation of displacements within the FEAP environment. The exchange of data between the two platforms is performed in each time step. However, when the first fractures are initiated, the algorithm for the computation of fictitious forces stops, since the specimen no longer behaves as an elastic continuum, but it changes to a discrete and discontinuous state.
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Test Results and Analyses
#### 4.2.2 Viscoelastic Parameter-Time Curves of Interface-Layer  
Figure 11 shows viscoelastic parameter-time curves of three one-layered CGS (L1, L2, L3) and their combined interface-layers (L1/L2, L2/L3, L1/L3) which can be drawn by data in Table 4, i.e., _J-t_ curves. Similar to _J-t_ curve of the one-layered CGS, they all consist of three stages: instantaneous deformation, attenuation deformation, and stable creep deformation. The \(J\) of the interface-layers (e.g., L1/L2) are between those of the two combined one-layered CGS (e.g., L1 and L2) and smaller than the average values of two one-layered CGS (e.g., (L1 + L2)/2).  
Figure 11: Viscoelastic parameter–time curves of three one-layered CGS and their combined interface-layers (**a**) L1, L2, and L1/L2, (**b**) L2, L3, and L2/L3, (**c**) L1, L3, and L1/L3.
# Predicting C/N0 as a Key Parameter for Network RTK Integrity Prediction in Urban Environments
## 3 Analysis of the Positioning Solution and Observation Data Quality
### Number of Available Dual-Frequency Signals  
One key factor to enable a fixed solution is the strength of the employed mathematical model, which depends on the receiver-satellite geometry or dilution of precision (DOP, ADOP), the number of observed signals, the observation period, the observation precision and the dynamics of the object [37].  
In addition, the availability and continuity of dual-frequency carrier phase observations play an important role, here investigated for GPS (GL1C/GL2L or GL1C/GL2W) and GLONASS (RL1C/RL2C) observed by the Altus receiver.  
Figure 3 shows the number of dual frequencies for GPS, GLONASS and the sum for every epoch during the fifth round. The color codes indicate the solution status as shown in Figure 2. The way-points indicate the position of the receiver, cf. Figure 2. Different saturations from light to dark specify GLONASS dual-frequency availability, GPS dual-frequency availability and the total number, respectively, as shown in the legend. It can be seen that the least total number (five) occurs before way-point E, where the solution status is navigated. The numbers of the dual-frequency phase observations are clearly in lower cases in float, code and navigated solutions compared to those in fixed ones. Part D to F of the trajectory is a difficult situation for satellite visibility (cf. Figure 1a).  
Figure 4 shows the histogram of the dual-frequency phase availability for the four solution statuses in all twelve rounds. For the status fixed solution (Figure 4a), there are at least four dual-frequency phase observations available, with two for GPS and two for GLONASS. But this case is really rare, with only two instances (two epochs). In sixteen cases, five dual-frequency phase observations (three G + two R) have occurred. The replication for six (three G + three R) increases to nearly 200 occurrences. The probability to have a fixed solution is the greatest for six dual-frequency GPS observations. There are only four instances for float solutions with two G and two R dual-frequency observations (Figure 4b). Mostly, float solution are reported with four G and three R dual-frequency observations. For the solution-type code, we can see that there are solutions even with two dual-frequency observations. The most probable case is four G and two R dual-frequency observations (Figure 4c). For a higher number of dual-frequency observations, it is less probable that the solution go to navigated, but still with seven (five G + two R) available dual-frequency phase observations there are navigated solutions (Figure 4d). It is more probable for navigated solutions to have only one G and one R dual-frequency observations.  
Figure 3: Number of dual-frequency phase observations for GPS (G) plus GLONASS (R) color-coded by solution status. The way-points A to K are as defined in Figure 1a.
## 3 XR Technologies and Inclusive Education
### Benefits of XR Technologies for Students with Disabilities  
XR technologies offer numerous benefits for students with disabilities, helping to create a more inclusive and supportive learning environment. XR can provide multisensory experiences that cater to different sensory needs. For example, VR can offer visual and auditory stimuli that help students with sensory processing disorders engage more fully in learning activities. AR can enhance visual information with auditory cues, aiding students with visual impairments.  
XR allows for flexible and customizable learning environments that can be adapted to suit individual needs. Students can learn at their own pace, revisit challenging concepts, and engage with content in ways that best suit their learning styles. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for students with learning disabilities who may require additional time and support.  
XR technologies can promote greater independence among students with disabilities. For instance, VR can simulate real-world tasks, such as navigating public transportation or shopping, allowing students to practice and gain confidence in their abilities. AR can provide step-by-step guidance for complex tasks, enabling students to complete activities independently. XR can create rich visual experiences that enhance understanding and retention for visual learners. 3D models, virtual simulations, and augmented content can bring abstract concepts to life, making them more tangible and easier to grasp. Also, XR can integrate auditory elements, such as narrated content and sound effects, to support auditory learners. For example, VR environments can include verbal explanations and audio cues that reinforce learning.  
XR can provide interactive and hands-on experiences that are ideal for kinesthetic learners. MR allows students to manipulate virtual objects and engage in physical activities within a digital environment, promoting active learning and engagement.  
In summary, XR technologies hold immense potential in promoting inclusive education by addressing the diverse needs of all students. Through personalized learning experiences, enhanced engagement, and improved accessibility, XR can create more inclusive and effective educational environments.
# Explainability and Interpretability in Concept and Data Drift: A Systematic Literature Review
## 6 Taxonomy
### Latent-Representation Geometry and Similarity
#### 6.7.3 Multidimensional Class Evaluation  
As visible from Table 15, this class addresses diverse drift types, including sudden, gradual, incremental, and recurrent concept drift, as well as data drift. The wide range of drift types illustrates the versatility of latent-space methods, which naturally handle multiple drift scenarios by representing data shifts in embedding spaces rather than in raw features. The application contexts are particularly specialized, covering financial analysis, geology, image generation, process mining, healthcare, weather prediction, manufacturing, energy, and environmental monitoring. The prominent inclusion of contexts such as image generation, manufacturing, and healthcare reflects the inherent suitability of latent-space methods in complex, high-dimensional, and structured data domains. Regarding the scope, both global and local interpretations are well represented, with a slight inclination toward global explanations. This pattern reflects the inherent capability of latent representations to capture system-wide shifts through visualizations and global metrics while retaining the potential for localized interpretability through instance-specific analyses. The intended audience for these methods is primarily data scientists, as latent-space analysis typically involves advanced visualizations (e.g., UMAP, t-SNE) and mathematical interpretations (e.g., embedding distances, cosine similarity), demanding sophisticated analytical expertise. No explicit interpretability-related metrics are mentioned within this class. This indicates that interpretability primarily arises from visual explorations and embedding-space trajectories rather than standardized quantitative measures. The learning mode appears balanced among offline, hybrid, and online methodologies, highlighting the flexibility of latent-space techniques for both retrospective analyses (batch processing) and real-time monitoring.
# A Review of Advanced CMOS RF Power Amplifier Architecture Trends for Low Power 5G Wireless Networks
## Advanced RF PA Architectures  
This section provides a description to each advanced RF PA architecture that has potential to be implemented in a 5G wireless network, emphasizing the existing advantages and disadvantages that are specific to that architecture.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay  
The antioxidant potential of _Z. officinal_-derived AuNPs was evaluated by a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. Double-fold concentrations of AuNPs with ascorbic acid as a standard (1000-1.95 \(\upmu\)g mL\({}^{-1}\)) were prepared in Milli-Q water. One mL of each concentration of the gold colloidal solution and ascorbic acid was dispensed in a test tube. Then, 1 mL of 0.1 M DPPH (dissolved in methanol) and 450 \(\upmu\)L of Tris-HCl buffer (50 mM/pH 7.4) were added before incubating under shaker conditions (100 rpm) at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min in the dark. Another set of experiments was achieved by replacing AuNPs or ascorbic acid with one mL of Milli-Q and running as a blank. The absorbance of the formed color was measured at 517 nm [44]. The percentage of radical-scavenging efficiency was calculated by the following equation:  
\[\text{Scavenging inhibition }(\%)=\frac{\text{Absorbance of control }-\text{Absorbance of test sample}}{\text{Absorbance of control}}\times 100 \tag{2}\]
# Adaptive Visual Saliency Feature Enhancement of CBCT for Image-Guided Radiotherapy
## 5 Conclusions  
We propose a novel adaptive visual saliency feature enhancement algorithm of CBCT images for IGRT in this paper. Firstly, to overcome the influence of the potential noise on the image enhancement and registration, we propose a structural similarity-based low-rank approximation (SSLRA) model. SSLRA can effectively enhance the structure and gradient information of the source image while denoising it. To improve the detail in important regions, we propose a visual saliency feature enhancement (VSFE) method. The main advantage of our VSFE method is that the saliency regions are enhanced first rather than enhancing the whole image directly; in this way, the problem of insufficient visual contrast caused by manipulating the whole image is avoided. Experimental results show that the SSIM value can be increased by 0.2197 using the proposed CBCT enhancement method. It also proves that the proposed algorithm outperforms other enhancement algorithms both in visual and objective evaluations for CBCT images. In addition, it is worth noting that the proposed method is more able to support the registration task of CBCT and CT images in IGRT, which is very critical and meaningful for IGRT tasks.  
Conceptualization, L.X. and K.H.; methodology, L.X. and K.H.; software, L.X.; validation, and D.X.; supervision, D.X.; project administration, D.X.; funding acquisition, D.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Provincial Major Science and Technology Special Plan Projects under Grant 202202 AD080003; in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62202416, Grant 62162068, Grant 62172354, Grant 62162065; in part by the Yunnan Province Ten Thousand Talents Program and Yunling Scholars Special Project under Grant YNWR-YLXZ-2018-022; in part by the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department-Yunnan University \"Double First Class\" Construction Joint Fund Project under Grant No. 2019 FY003012; and in part by the Science Research Fund Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education under grant 2021Y027.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: Registration comparison. The positions of the two images are shown in different colors. (**a**) Source CBCT and CT images. (**b**) Registration results of source CBCT and CT images. (**c**) Registration results of MSR-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**d**) Registration results of MSRCR-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**e**) Registration results of DCP-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**f**) Registration results of CBF-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**g**) Registration results of RRM-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**h**) Registration results of SMIPC-enhanced CBCT and CT. (**i**) Registration results of CBCT and CT enhanced by our method.
## 3 VRDeepSafety Simulation Environment
### V2X Communication Integration
#### 3.7.1 V2X Protocol Implementation Details  
V2X communication is vital within the VRDeepSafety framework, enabling real-time data exchange between vehicles and infrastructure to improve the safety and situational awareness of AVs. The system uses IEEE 802.11p and C-V2X to create a flexible and scalable network that can adapt to any scenario. VRDeepSafety uses these technologies to ensure vehicle-to-environment communication, which is necessary for accident prediction and prevention.  
To simulate these protocols effectively, we employed a custom middleware layer developed within Unity to model message passing, including packet generation, encoding, and transmission. Data packets for BSMs, CAMs, and DENMs are structured according to the relevant standards and include spatial-temporal data, velocity, and hazard classifications. To model the dynamic behavior of V2X, we implement the following: a queuing mechanism for message transmission with prioritization based on the message type, a signal loss model that uses an inverse square relationship, modeled using the \"Free-space Path Loss\" equation for modeling attenuation and interference. The latency for these communications is managed through a time-delay model, with configurable parameters that mimic network conditions and a collision detection mechanism that simulates interference and data corruption, specifically modeling instances where transmissions overlap. Additionally, each V2X device and each vehicle have an address and unique identification number so that the system can keep track of individual message sources.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mathematical Model Assumptions  
In order to develop a mathematical model, it is necessary to make appropriate assumptions. These are as follows:  
* both the flow of fluid and heat transfer take place under steady state conditions;
* the working fluid is water, which is treated as an incompressible Newtonian fluid;
* fluid flow is caused only by pressure difference, and gravitational force is negligible;
* fluid flow is in a laminar regime;
* thermal expansion of the solid part of the heat exchanger is negligible;
* heat flow in a fluid is caused by convection and conduction;
* the energy dissipation due to viscosity is negligibly small;
* heat flow in a solid is caused by conduction;
* there are no internal heat sources;  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Dimension (Figure 1b)** & **Value (mm)** \\ \hline a & 1 \\ b & 3 \\ c & 0.5 \\ h & 1 \\ l & 80 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The dimensions used in the calculations.  
Figure 2: Dimetric view of the four types of channels used.  
* radiation heat transfer is negligible;
* the influence of temperature on fluid density and viscosity is taken into account;
* the specific heat and thermal conductivities of the solid and fluid, and the density of the solid are constant.  
Due to the repeatability of identical microchannels (Figure 1), the entire heat exchanger can be divided into repeatable segments. Each segment consists of half of the microchannel and a solid surrounding it (Figure 2). The solid partition between the microchannels is divided into two equal parts belonging to adjacent segments.
# ISAC towards 6G Satellite-Terrestrial Communications: Principles, Status, and Prospects
## 2 The Development Status and Key Technology Of ISAC  
With the development of 6G technologies, ISAC has emerged as a focal point of 6G research, drawing significant interest and active participation from standardization organizations and research institutes, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Hexa-X, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the 3 rd Generation Partner Project (3 GPP). In Table 1, we list some institutes that are actively participating in ISAC research.
## 1 Introduction
The authors in [24] proposed a simple adaptive relaying protocol (ARP) for general relay networks, and in [25] we proposed a full rate DQOSTBC matrix with embedded adaptive DAF/AAF elements for four single-antenna relays. In spite of this research, cooperative relaying networks still need to be studied. This is the main aim of this paper. There is very little research focus on both user selection protocol and EH with different Nakagami-m/Rayleigh channels. For this purpose, we analyzed the performance of user selection protocol cooperative networks with PS protocol-based EH over Nakagami-m/Rayleigh channels. Our article provides the following contributions. (i) We derive closed-form expressions of Outage probability (OP) and ergodic capacity (EC), (ii) propose user selection for choosing the best-received destination, (iii) investigate and compare the OP and EC with maximum and non-maximum capacity, and (iv) verify all analytical expressions by Monte Carlo simulations. The structure of the rest of the paper is as follows. Section 2 illustrates the system model, and Section 3 investigates the system performance. Section 4 proposes and discusses the research results, and conclusions are proposed in Section 5.
### Publichead  
**Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Obese Children with Relevant Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Can Be Assessed through Carotid Intima Media Thickness**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*\(\copyright\)**, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 4 and [PERSON] 5,6\(\copyright\)**  
Footnote 1: PhD School Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 2: Department of Pediatric, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.P.V.)  
Footnote 3: Independent Researcher, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 4: Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Department of Functional Sciences—Pathophysiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 5: 2 nd Department of Internal Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 6: Center of Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;  
Footnote 7: Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Featured Application: The proposal to use intima-media thickness as a non-invasive and cost-efficient biomarker of subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children.  
**Abstract** Given the growing obesity rates among children, a more complete evaluation of their potential cardiometabolic risk is needed. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), a marker of endothelial distress and a predictor of atherosclerotic progression in adulthood, may complete the day-to-day evaluation of children at risk. Multiple risk factors act as additional precipitant causes of atherosclerosis. We analyzed 60 patients aged 6-17 years old by measuring their CIMT using the Aixplorer MACH 30 echography machine automatic measurement software. All subjects were clinically and namestically assessed to identify risk factors. CIMT values are significantly higher in older children and boys. Over 20 kg weight gain during pregnancy and other at-risk disorders (\(p=0.047\)), family history of cardiovascular risk (\(p=0.049\)), hypertension (\(p=0.012\)), and smoking (\(p=0.015\)) are linked to increased CIMT. Our study also supports international data on artificial postnatal nutrition, high/low birth weight, and sedentary lifestyle being linked to increased CIMT. Significant correlations were detected between CIMT and the entire lipid panel. Weight excess and abdominal adiposity in children is clearly linked to increased CIMT. Moreover, waist circumference and TG/HDL-c are significant predictors of CIMT. Although each parameter of the lipid panel is correlated to CIMT, fasting glucose is not.  
**Keywords**: cardiometabolic risk; carotid intima-media thickness; childhood obesity; subclinical atherosclerosis