# Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia: Opportunities Through the Emerging 6G Network
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Challenges in Agriculture 4.0 and Agricultural 5.0 in Colombia  
The digital transformation of Colombia's agricultural sector through technologies such as Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0 faces substantial challenges that go beyond the mere adoption of technology. One of the primary obstacles is the limited access to the internet in rural areas, which prevents many farming operations from integrating digital solutions such as sensors, cloud-based platforms, or real-time monitoring systems. Although these technologies have the potential to optimize processes, improve market access, and enhance production efficiency, their adoption requires significant improvements in educational, transportation, and digital infrastructure, as well as an effective system for training and knowledge management. It is essential to strengthen the role of agricultural extension agents and to provide farmers with training in the use of technological tools. Furthermore, financial incentives are needed to enable small-scale producers to access such technologies, alongside the development of practical, accessible applications with a focus on user-friendly design [21].  
In addition, both technical and human challenges hinder the full integration of these technologies. From a technical standpoint, it is vital to consider whether the country has thenecessary resources and capacities to install and maintain smart systems or whether it will depend on imports. Regarding human capital, academic programs in the agricultural sector must incorporate knowledge of emerging technologies such as AI, big data, blockchain technologies, and the IoT, thereby fostering skills aligned with the digital environment. Equally important is facilitating a generational transition that enables less technologically literate producers to adopt these tools without being left behind. Figure 7 illustrates the core technological components of Agriculture 5.0, highlighting the integration of advanced tools. These technologies work together to enable real-time data collection, precision monitoring, and automated decision-making processes, contributing to more sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.  
These innovations would not only enhance productivity but also create new employment opportunities in rural areas focused on technological management. In this regard, the Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies projects that the development of the 6G network will connect millions of devices through high-speed, low-latency connectivity. This advancement will support the implementation of precision agriculture, crop automation, and digital traceability--even in regions that are currently disconnected.  
In the Colombian context, the prioritization of crops for the development and implementation of emerging technologies is based on criteria such as productivity, sustainability, and agricultural competitiveness. According to [73], new improved varieties of strategic crops have been developed and promoted, including corn (Corpoica V-159), cacao (TCS 13 and 19), industrial cassava (Corpoica Belloti, Sinuana, and Ropain), soybean (Corpoica Achagua 8), forage sorghum (JJT-18), yellow potato (Sol Andina), and regional rice, all of which exhibit high potential for scalability and integration into technological systems such as precision agriculture, bioinformatics, and IoT-based monitoring. Additionally, the 2025 Commercial Portfolio highlights the focus on value chains such as plantain, avocado, oil palm, sugarcane, and coffee, where technological platforms are already in use for traceability, production efficiency, and genomic data analysis [73; 74]. This strategic focus allows for the allocation of research and innovation resources toward crops with national relevance and high economic value, while also enabling the development of contextualized technological solutions, such as mobile apps, expert systems, and sensors applied to Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0.  
Figure 7: Limitations and enabling technologies for Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia.