# Review of V2X-IoT Standards and Frameworks for ITS Applications
## 4 IoT Standards Applicability in ITS
The LoRaWAN standard is regulated by the LoRa alliance of five hundred companies [101]. Like Zigbee, LoRaWAN is designed for low-speed, low-power networks and their nodes. However, the main difference from Zigbee is that LoRaWAN is for wide-area networks. The range of these networks can vary from 2 to 5 km in the city, up to 15 km in the suburbs and up to 45 km in the rural area. This IoT technology uses license-free sub-gigahertz frequency bands: 169 MHz, 433 MHz, 868 MHz (Europe) and 915 MHz (North America), with data rates ranging from 0.3 kb/s to 50 kb/s [102]. LoRaWAN can also be widely deployed in intelligent transport systems and their infrastructure. For example, South Korean mobile operator SK Telecom deployed a nationwide LoRaWAN network, capable of connecting millions of items (sensors, controllers, and other devices) and implement a new infrastructure for healthcare, renewable energy and autonomous cars [103; 103]. It is also planned to install LoRaWAN in the urban street lighting networks to collect environmental and existing road load data and to adjust lighting intensity and reduce energy consumption. Cellular LTE-M (machine-type communications) and NB-IoT (narrowband Internet of things) standards for the IoT networks are regulated by the 3 GPP [104; 105; 106; 107]. The main advantage of the LTE-M standard is the global connectivity capability to track moving network nodes over long distances. According to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSMA), this \"technology provides improved both indoor and outdoor coverage, supports massive numbers of low throughput devices, low delay sensitivity, ultra-low device cost, low device power consumption and optimized network architecture\" [108]. As the IoT technologies in this standard work on cellular communication networks (LTE bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 20, 25, 26, 28) [109], LTE-M can be used to monitor, control and retrieve information from IoT devices built into many modes of transport: trucks, trains, ships, and so on. Examples of such use are provided in the following references [110; 111]. Although LTE networks provide transfer speeds of tens of Mb/s, to reduce power consumption, data rates of LTE-M devices are reduced to 100-380 kb/s [112]. One of the advantages of the LTE-M standard is that in the absence of the LTE network, the system can operate on WCDMA (3G) or GPRS/EDGE (2G) networks. NB-IoT is also used on multiple LTE bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 31, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 and 85) [104; 106; 107] and its range is up to 10 km. However, the IoT technologies based on the NB-IoT standard are more intended for indoor use and where even lower data rates are sufficient (up to 250 kb/s in accordance with 3 GPP Release 13). However, there are NB-IoT solutions for parking systems [113], smart street lighting management [114], transport control and tracking systems [115]. IEEE 802.11 af (White-Fi) and IEEE 802.11 ah (HaLow) standards are also designed for various IoT solutions. The first of these standards works in the VHF and UHF bands from 54 MHz to 790 MHz (470-790 MHz in Europe and 54-698 MHz in United States), data transfer is available from 1.8 Mb/s to 35.6 Mb/s, and the designed coverage is up to 1 km [116]. Meanwhile, IEEE 802.11 ah operates in the 863-868 MHz (Europe) and 902-928 MHz (North America) bands, with a coverage of up to one kilometer, and data rates ranging from 150 kb/s to 347 Mb/s [117]. These IoT standards can also be widely used in the design of various engineering solutions for intelligent transport systems [118]. A summary of common wireless standards for IoT is given in Table 6.  
To summarize, it can be said that V2X and IoT technologies are a necessity in the operation of existing and new smart transport systems. This would bring together a number of V2X and IoT standards into one whole and choose the most appropriate communication standard for the intelligent transport systems and the surrounding environment.