## 4 Results
### Effectiveness of the Capability Model
Our study investigates whether the capability model helps stakeholders identify capabilities that are entirely overlooked in the implementation roadmap. Therefore, we analyze what unique capabilities can be distinguished, i.e., capabilities entirely absent in the first roadmaps but added to the enhanced ones. These are shown with an exclamation mark in Table 3. Notice that all institutions added Ethics to their second roadmap. When asked why no capabilities from the category Privacy and Ethics were initially planned, participants said that this was already present or discussed within the organization: \"The \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Alpha** & **Bravo** & **Charlie** & & **Delta** & & **Echo** & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & **Capability** & **1** & **1** & **1** & **2** & **1** & **2** & **1** & **2** & **Total** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Data usage & & 1 & 3 & 3 & 2 & 2 & & & 11 \\  & Feedback on analytics & & & & & & & & 0 \\  & Quality & & & 0 & 1! & & & & 1 \\  & Reporting & & & & 2 & 2 & & & 4 \\  & Sourcing and integration & & 3 & 3 & 4 * & 4 & 7 * & & & 21 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Capability development & 2 & 1 & 0 & 2! & & & 0 & 1! & 6 \\  & Culture and readiness & 1 & 1 & & & & & 1 & 1 & 4 \\  & Evidence-based and & & & & & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 4 \\  & theory-driven & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 1 & 4 \\  & External environment & & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 2 \\  & Funding and investment & & & 1 & 1 & & & & & 2 \\  & Identifying benefits & 1 & & 1 & 1 & & & & 3 \\  & Implementation, & & & & & & & & 3 \\  & Deployment, and & & 3 & 5 & 6 & 6 & 7 & 7 & 6 & 7 * & 47 \\  & Application & & & & & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 5 \\  & Performance monitoring & & & & & & 1 & 1 & 1 & 6 \\  & Policies and CoP & 1 & & 1 & 2 * & & & & 1 & 1 & 6 \\  & Responsibility and & & & 1 & 1 & & & & & 2 \\  & accountability & & & & & & & & 0 & 1! & 2 \\  & Strategy & 1 & & & & & & & & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Collaboration & Combined skills and & & & & & & & & 0 \\  & Knowledge & & & & & & & & & 1 \\  & Communication & & & 1 & 2 * & & & & & 3 \\  & Stakeholder Identification & & & & & & & & & 3 \\  & and Engagement & & & & & & & & & 4 \\  & Training & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Ethics & & & 0 & 1! & 0 & 1! & 0 & 1! & 3 \\  & Human decision-making & & & & & & & & 0 \\  & Legal compliance & & & & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3 * & & 7 \\  & Security & & & & & & & & 0 \\  & Transparency & & & & & & & & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Automation & & & 1 & 1 & & & & & 2 \\  & Connectivity & & & & & & & & 0 \\  & Infrastructure & 1 & 1 & 2 & 5 * & 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 17 \\  & System characteristics & & & & & & & & 0 \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Capability**} & Total & 12 & 14 & 26 & 38 & 21 & 33 & 15 & 19 & 178 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Codes assigned to the first roadmaps (1) and the second, enhanced roadmaps (2). Numbers with an asterisk (*) indicate an increase in capabilities. Numbers with an exclamation mark (!) indicate the uptake of new capabilities. ethical part is described in our vision on data. [... ] For learning analytics, there is a privacy statement\" ([PERSON], P5), \"the discussion about ethics is an old one\" ([PERSON], P3), or \"we have been busy to get [privacy and ethics] organized but I think it is not mentioned in our discussion\" ([PERSON], P4). This endorses [PERSON]'s observation that institutions must decide on ethical considerations before starting the implementation. Nonetheless, the participants agreed this topic should have a more prominent place in the implementation process. As a result, capabilities regarding ethics were added to the second, enhanced roadmaps of all institutions. Moreover, two institutions added capabilities regarding capability development to their roadmap, while Quality and Stakeholder identification and engagement were each included in one roadmap.