esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Application of the Predictive Model  
By employing a dual-validation approach, combining data sampling with 70% for training and 30% for testing, alongside a 10-fold cross-validation, we rigorously assessed machine-learning predictive models including logistic regression, Neural Networks, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, SVM, Gradient Boosting, and kNN. This method provided a reliable estimate of model performance, identifying logistic regression as the most effective based on key metrics [108]. The relevance of such machine-learning techniques in deriving relevant insights and predictive frameworks from complex data sets has been previously highlighted and confirmed in analogous research within the realm of hospital facility emissivity analysis, public health efficacy, and the resulting patient health mobility [109; 110; 111]. logistic regression demonstrated an AUC of 0.821, showcasing its effectiveness in healthcare management analysis. These findings, depicted in Figure 2, offer a solid foundation for the informed selection of the most suitable predictive model for analyzing AI's impact on healthcare management. The AUC was chosen as the primary metric due to its ability to provide a comprehensive measure of model performance across all classification thresholds, offering a balanced evaluation of both sensitivity and specificity. The analysis provided by the confusion matrix, shown in Figure 3, offers an optimistic view on the predictive model's effectiveness in classifying studies and research within AI in healthcare management. Its notable percentage of 55.6% in correctly recognizing COVID-19 related research highlights the model's strength in identifying specific themes, despite challenges from overlapping areas like service quality and technological innovation. The colors in Figure 3 aid visual interpretation, with purple tones representing correct classifications and red indicating misclassifications; darker shades correspond to higher percentages. This outcome underscores the importance of continually refining classification strategies to address such challenges. Simultaneously, the model demonstrated good performance in correctly identifying studies on resource management, with a percentage of 66.7%, and on quality, with a percentage of 60.0%. These results highlight the model's value in enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability in healthcare. However, the precision in the security category
# Enhancing Absorption Bandwidth through Vertically Oriented Metamaterials
## 4 Unit Cell Containing a Single PSRR  
In a similar manner, we now consider a unit cell containing a single PSRR. The PSRR dimensions are defined in Table 2.  
Under normal incidence with the electric field polarized parallel to the PSRR gap, a plane wave excites a narrower absorption peak, as illustrated in Figure 3 (top). Note this PSRR is driven only by the electric field of the illuminating plane wave. The absorption peak (\(A=0.988\)) is located at the same spectral location of the single VSRR (30.21 THz), and demonstrates a FWHM of 3.278 THz. This result already shows the inherent advantages of using vertical metamaterials enabled by MPL, as the absorption bandwidth of the VSRR is more than double the one exhibited by the PSRR. The electric and magnetic field magnitudes are plotted at the resonance frequency in Figure 3 (bottom). Similar to the single VSRR, the fundamental resonance is driving the absorption for this geometry.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \(\mathbf{h_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{w_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{t_{s}}\) & \(\mathbf{w_{a}}\) & \(\mathbf{w_{g}}\) \\ \hline
2.055 & 0.85 & 0.05 & 0.124 & 0.03 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Dimensions of the PSRR. Units are in micrometers  
Figure 2: **(top)** Spectral absorption; and **(bottom)** electric and magnetic field profiles (magnitudes) in V/m and A/m, respectively, are shown for a unit cell containing a single vertical split-ring resonator (VSRR).
# Positioning Methods and the Use of Location and Activity Data in Forests
## 6 Emerging Research Needs
### Development of Integrated Formats and Protocols for Sharing Augmented PNT and Other Big Data  
When GNSS-derived positions are modified in some way, such as through augmentation or integration with GNSS-INS localization, some retention and transfer of those changes is needed for quality assurance and quality control in downstream applications, or subsequent meta-analyses. Thus, development of integrated methods, protocols, and standards for transferring this modified location data among networked devices is needed. As points are shared on an ad hoc network, the timestamp of the original GNSS fix may be carried through the network to other devices, but temporal referencing critical for subsequent applications may become lost or unclear depending on the programming logic determining how different devices and mobile apps transfer and consolidate data. This could occur for example, when the position and vector heading of a forest machine is not sent to another machine due to a missed or delayed radio signal, which could result in navigational errors. Correcting potential errors of this sort may be as simple as adding additional fields or data columns that carry subsequent timestamps associated with when information is sent or received each time data is transferred between devices. Thus, the development of best management practices or standardized protocols for sharing location data among IoT devices that may be lagged in time is important for future research. Similarly, development of consistent formats by which supplementary data may be transferred among devices along with position information will facilitate rapid and consistent growth of enterprise applications. This is particularly important for public safety, in which the well-being and lives of first responders depend on accurate PNT data. Given the variety of technologies and correction methods that may ultimately be applied to improve positioning accuracy in forested environments, it may also be most useful to develop methods or protocols for providing observed end-user accuracy estimates when possible. In wildlife and fisheries research, the sharing and of big data, and thus availability for higher tier meta-analysis and comparative studies, may be affected by whether researchers tend toward collaborative and altruistic behavior, participate in telemetry networks, and other factors [228].
###### Abstract  
The extension of low-earth orbit (LEO) services to non-terrestrial mobile communications has huge potential for eliminating network white spots and providing high-speed, low-latency links with worldwide geographic coverage. State-of-the-art user terminals for mobile platforms are too large for integration into a passenger vehicle. Antenna elements loaded with a dielectric superstrate could potentially lead to a considerable miniaturization of the user terminal. As per link budget calculations, an array with a gain of 27 dBi is necessary to ensure a throughput of 25 Mbps in the downlink at the Ku-band. A conventional array with a gain of 6 dBi per element, assuming a 12 \(\times\) 12 arrangement with half-wavelength spacing, would require a footprint of 36 \(\lambda^{2}\) at 10 GHz to achieve this target and appears unsuitable for automotive integration. This paper proposes a low-profile, dual-band, dual-polarized, vertically stacked patch antenna with superstrate loading and shows that the inclusion of the superstrate improves the antenna's gain by at least 3 dB. Therefore, compared to a conventional array, a superstrate-loaded array would need only half of the number of elements to meet the target gain, thus occupying only half of the surface area, and offers better integration for automotive applications. Requiring half of the number of elements also implies considerably reduced design complexity and cost.  
compact phased array; Ku-band; LEO satellite 20231310867. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910867](https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910867)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910867](https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910867))
# Enhancement of EPR Effect for Passive Tumor Targeting: Current Status and Future Perspectives
## 4 The Use of EPR in Passive Tumor Targeting with Nanomedicines
### Biological Barriers Encountered by Nanoparticles
#### 4.2.1 Nanocarrier Specifications
On the other hand, micelles are ideal for the delivery of water-soluble drugs with their hydrophobic core and hydrophilic surface. Additionally, nanospheres consist of a matrix in which the drug is distributed through encapsulation or adsorption and can be surface-modified for targeted delivery by adding polymers or biological materials. Nanocapsules also offer a spherical structure but have a central core that encapsulates the drug and an external polymeric membrane for the attachment of targeting ligands or antibodies. Finally, fullerenes and nanotubes provide an impressive carbon-based formation, ideal for attaching antibodies or ligands for targeted delivery [145]. The nanoparticle shape that has been observed to accumulate the most in tumors is elongated, such as carbon nanotubes with a high aspect ratio and nanorods. Porous materials, additionally, aid in the filtration process [72]. In another study, it was reported that nanospheres are taken up at a rate five times greater than nanorods [127]. The variety of these shapes allows for the customization of nanoparticles according to the needs of each medical application, thus enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the therapy [145]. For example, in a study involving the preparation of gold nanostructures of similar size but different shapes, specifically nanospheres, nanodisks, nanorods, and nanocages, it was found that nanospheres had the longest circulation time in the blood and the highest overall uptake within the tumor for breast cancer in mice. It was also observed that nanospheres and nanodisks were located at the surface of the tumor, while nanorods and nanocages approached the tumor cores, providing the potential for the application of this shape for photothermal therapy [5; 140]. In another case, where the goal was drug encapsulation and release, worm-shaped micelles were preferred over spherical ones [5; 146]. Thus, it can be concluded that the optimal shape of nanodrugs is determined by considering the application for which it is intended [5].
# Enhancing Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocols with Trust
## 5 Experiments and Results
### Dependence of the TARA Method Performance on the Delay Function
#### 5.1.3 Exponential Delay Function  
Results for the Exponential Delay function are shown in Figures 10 and 11.  
The best metric values and combinations of Exponential Delay function parameters to reach them are presented in Table 6.  
Table 7 represents the combination of parameters for the Exponential Delay function for the best trade-off between maximizing \(PDR_{avg}\) and minimizing \(RDD_{avg}\) for the practical application of the TARA method.  
If the Exponential Delay function is compared with the Linear Delay function, Exponential Delay penalizes nodes with high \(PDR\) less, depending on the \(BASE\) value.  
As with previous functions, greater \(MD\) increases \(RDD_{avg}\), while using a greater \(BASE\) with the same \(MD\) helps reduce the delay but, at the same time, produces worse \(PDR_{avg}\).
# Blockchain-Based Multimedia Content Protection: Review and Open Challenges
## 4 Limitations, Open Challenges and Future Research Directions
### Future Research Directions
#### 4.3.2 Designing Multimedia Content Protection Systems to Support the Blockchain Technology  
* Design improvements: The fine-grained analysis of the evaluated state-of-the-art systems sheds light on the need to improve traditional content protection mechanisms (encryption, DRM, watermarking/fingerprinting) so as to enable amicable integration with the blockchain technology. For example, key management, concurrent key acquisition and protection of keys can be explored in future studies for implementing blockchain-based multimedia encryption systems. Similarly, transfer of access rights to the consumers without a trusted third party, smooth execution of the transaction between the copyright provider and the client, and privacy-aware fine-grained usage control in blockchain-based DRM systems need further investigations. Likewise, in blockchain-based watermarking and fingerprinting schemes, low embedding and computational complexity, high robustness against possible security attacks, and acceptable transparency are a few mentionable open research challenges that the future research should tackle to enable widespread use of the blockchain-based copyright protection applications.
* Trustless systems: Fully decentralized content protection mechanisms had existed before the advent of blockchain. A key advantage that blockchain offers in addition to decentralization is trustlessness. The analyzed blockchain-based content protection systems are based on hybrid trust models that include presence of trusted third party or trusted users. Thus, there is a need to exploit the blockchain technology to its full potential and build truly trustless copyright protection systems.
* Security issues: The integration of the blockchain technology with an access control mechanism for off-chain sources needs to be investigated to ensure that only authorized parties can access the sensitive information. In addition, there is a need to address how to make the off-chain sources fault tolerant and prevent them becoming bottlenecks or single points of failure.
* Promoting adoption of blockchain in copyright applications: Most studies have yet to address the costs and limitations in deploying the content protection mechanisms on blockchain at the commercial level, and it would take considerable time to evolve, and require further technological advancements and security guarantees to be accepted by all the involved parties (such as copyright owners, multimedia producers, buyers, and others).
## 4 Data Set Weighting  
### Benefit of Multiple Data Sets  
The Chi-Chi earthquake is a particularly interesting event to work on a joint inversion methodology as it has been well studied already, its fault geometry is quite stabilised and the island is well monitored so a large variety of data sets is available from satellite images (ERS and SPOT) to field measurements (levelling, benchmarks, GPS in our case).  
As explained previously, geodetic observations were selected with their advantages and disadvantages but presenting a good temporal and spatial complementarity. Figure 8 presents the slip distribution obtained for each data set alone to see its impact to the overall slip distribution. For the GPS based slip distribution (Figure 8A) and adding benchmark and levelling data (Figure 8B), similar patterns as the one presented in Reference [14] are observed. The maximum of the slip occurs near the surface at the northwestern edge of the fault and negligible slip is present below 10 km depth. The contribution of benchmark and levelling data sets in addition to GPS is useful to get more information in the curved part (where the slip has the highest magnitude and where the geometry of the fault may not be optimal). A shallower slip distribution is visible in comparison to GPS alone (especially subfaults 2 and 3) and we obtain more precision about the vertical movement. From InSAR observations (the result from the interferogram 28 October 1999-15 July 1999 is presented in Figure 8C), the slip is under-estimated in comparison with GPS data due to its asymmetrical distribution, only covering the football. This is also why we do not observe any signal on the decllement at depth. Finally, Figure 8D, from only SPOT offsets, is not over- or under-estimating the slip but showing more deformation at depth mainly due to the large uncertainties in the far-field.  
Figure 7: Fault geometry used in this study (Table 3).
## 4 Discussion
### Biocompatibility
#### 4.2.3 Cell Proliferation  
The proliferation rate of the three cell types, with few exceptions, increases steadily over the experimental days. For MG-63, the proliferation rate on the scaffolds increases by approximately 44% from day 3 to day 10. This value correlates with the results from the Live/Dead experiment. Here, a strong increase in cell number was also observed. The proliferation rate on the scaffolds of MLO-Y4 also increased during the course of the experiment. The increase here is approximately 148% from day 3 to day 10. The MSCs have the smallest increase with a proliferation increase of about 130%. This is due to the fact that the proliferation rate, compared to the two other cell types, is already very high on day 3 (see Figure 7). The results from the wells in which the cells were allowed to proliferate under optimal conditions (C+) also correlate with the results from the Live/Dead assay (see Figure 5). A very strong increase in proliferation rate can be seen in MG-63. At day 3, the value was still about 0.3, at day 7 about 1, and at day 10 about 1.5. In comparison, the proliferation rate of MLO-Y4 at day 3 is already high at the beginning with about 0.6 and experiences a stagnation at about 1 from day 7. For MSCs, proliferation is highest at day 3 at 0.76. In the further course, the value increases to approx. 1 (day 7) and subsequently falls to approx. 0.8 on day 10. This trend is similar in the live/dead assay: From day 7 on, the total number of MSC and MLO-Y4 decreases. To provide an indication of whether most of the cells adhered to the scaffolds or \"slipped\" through the pores, the scaffolds were transferred to a new well after 3, 7 and 10 days. Thus, proliferation of cells on the scaffolds and at the bottom of the well could be measured. For MG-63, it was found that the proliferation rate at the bottom of the well was higher than on the scaffolds. Accordingly, the majority of MG-63s appear to \"slip\" through the scaffolds. The situation is similar for the MLO-Y4. Again, the proliferation rate at the bottom of the well is higher than on the scaffolds. However, the difference is not as large as in the MG-63 (see Figure 7). The MSC show the best result in the experiment. Here, proliferation on day 3 at the bottom of the well is only minimally higher than on the scaffolds. From day 7 onwards, the proliferation rate on the scaffolds is in some cases significantly higher than on the bottom. In comparison with the other two cell types, the proliferation rate of the MSC is also higher on the scaffolds and thus the adhesion of the MSC to the scaffolds is better (see Figure 7).
# A Method to Optimize Routing Paths for City-Pair Airlines on Three-Layer Air Transport Networks
## 2 Multi-Layer Air Transport Networks
### Mapping of Air Transport Networks
#### 2.2.2 Coupling Relationship between \(G_{an}\) and \(G_{fn}\)  
For each city-pair airline \(l_{i,j}=(a_{i},a_{j})\in L(G_{AN})\) from city \(a_{i}\) to \(a_{j}\), there may exist many flights along the city-pair airline or not; thus, the flight operation network is the sub-graph of the city-pair-airline network. In addition, the flights along the city-pair airline are scheduled by different airline companies at different times in a day. Therefore, the flight operation network \(G_{FN}\) can be obtained by extending each city airport of \(G_{AN}\) along the time axis into 24 time intervals. Furthermore, then, according to the arrival and departure time of all flights based on the timetable of flights, and definition 3, we can obtain the 24 flight operation networks, which are the sub-graph of the city-pair airline network.  
Furthermore, we can also obtain the city-pair airline network \(G_{AN}\) from flight operation network \(G_{FN}\), where the nodes in \(G_{AN}\) are defined as follows: \(A(G_{AN})=\cup_{1\leq l\leq 24}A^{l}(G_{FN}^{l})\). Furthermore, the edges \(l_{i,j}=(a_{i},a_{j})\) in \(G_{AN}\) are defined as follows:  
\[l_{i,j}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}true,&if\ \ \exists t\in[1,24],e_{i,j}^{t}(G_{ FN}^{t})==true\\ false.&otherwise\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]
## 3 Test Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Influencing Factors
#### 3.3.2 Effect of Steel Content  
Batch II eccentric specimens II-PSRPC-1, II-PSRPC-2 and II-PSRPC-3 have the same cross-sectional dimensions, eccentricity and RPC strength class and contain 4.1%, 6.4%, and 8.7% steel, respectively. The same is true for specimens II-PSRPC-4, II-PSRPC-5 and II-PSRPC-6. As shown in Figure 9, the ultimate load of the specimens increases with increasing steel content. The slope of the rising section of the load-displacement curve of the deflected specimen increases as the steel content increases, the displacement increases at a slower rate and the load capacity decreases at a slower rate, as shown in Figure 7. As the thickness of the steel section increases, the contact surface between the section and the RPC increases, which improves the chemical bond between the section, and the RPC and increases the restraint effect of the section and the hoop on the RPC in the core area, thus increasing the stiffness and ductility of the specimen. Figure 9 shows that increasing the steel content improves the load bearing properties of the specimen but is not the most important factor affecting the load bearing capacity.  
Figure 8: Ultimate load–RPC strength relationship curve.
## 4 Conclusions  
The authors had proposed the Bi-LSTM model for continuous and noninvasive RVSBP estimation using HS signals supported by ECG signals. The model was able to learn the maps between HS signals and RVSBP. At the same time, RVSBP were estimated without complex features extraction. Three schemes were used to test and verify the Bi-LSTM model. The results indicated that the mean MAE and SD were usually not greater than 5 mmHg in scheme I and scheme II. The model even had good generalization ability across subjects in scheme III. This study suggested an easy operated technique to monitor RVSBP in real-time. It may have potential applications in early detection of right ventricular disease.  
Conceptualization, M.W. and H.T.; methodology, M.W and T.F.; software, M.W.; validation, M.W. and H.T., T.F. and B.G.; formal analysis, H.T.; investigation, M.W. and H.T.; resources, H.T.; data curation, H.T.; writing--original draft preparation, M.W. and H.T.; writing--review and editing, T.F. and B.G.; visualization, M.W. and H.T.; supervision, T.F. and B.G.; project administration, H.T.; funding acquisition, H.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61971089, No. 61471081. National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, SQ2019 YFC200094.  
The authors declare no conflict of interests.