## 3 Results
### Fish Species Used and Recommended Levels of Animal Protein Sources  
Results from the review articles showed that animal protein sources replacing fishmeal ranged from insects (Mopane worms (_Inbrasia belina_), grasshoppers (_Zonocerus variegatus_), field crickets (_Gryllus bimaculatus_), blowfly maggot (_Chrysomya megacphala_), black soldier fly (_Hermetia illucens_) and superworm (_Zophbas morio_), terrestrial animal by-products (fermented feather meal, feather meal, poultry by-products, meat and bone meal, and blood meal), and fishery by-products (fish silage, shrimp head meal and krill meal) (Table 2). Furthermore, a variety of fish species such as _Oreochromis mossambicus_, _Clarias gariepinus_, _Oreochromis miloticus_, _Sparus aurata_, _Dicentrarchus labrax_, _Scopththamus maeotinus_, _Lutjanus guttatus_, _Ophiocophilus argus_, Red tilapia (_O. mossambicus \(\times\) O. miloticus \(\times\) Oreochromis aureus_), and _Aciepenser glueldenstaedtii_ (which were not selected but reported because it is important to know when reporting for protein sources used) have been used. Animal protein sources inclusion levels in the diets ranged from 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, to 100%. Recommended levels of animal protein sources in feeds were 20% for feather and shrimp head meal for _C. gariepinus_, 20% of meat and bone meal for _Op. argus_, 25% of superworm, poultry by-product and grasshopper meal for _L. guttatus_ and _C. gariepinus_ respectively, 30% of krill meal for _A. glabelenstaedtii_, 20-50% of fermented feather meal for _O. miloticus_, 50% of poultry by-products and fish silage for _O. miloticus_ and Red tilapia (_O. mossambicus \(\times\) O. miloticus \(\times\) O. aureus_), respectively, 60% of propane worm meal for _O. mossambicus_ and 100% of field cricket meal for _C. gariepinus_.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Protein Science** & **Fib. Species** & **Recommended** & **Duration of** & **Feeding frequency** & **Initial Weight** & **O Outcomes for Recommended Levels** & **References** \\
**Replacing FR Mall** & **Levels of feed** & **Dependent** & **(Time/Cap)** & **TW (g)** & **FW (g)** & **SCH (E)** & **FCR** & **SR (E)** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fib.shape} & Rod slips & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & \begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Spiring based model} & Chris & 20 & 84 & NR & 12.1 & 32.8 & 1.9 & 2.50 & NR & [35] \\  & \
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & & 30 & 200 & NR & 403 & NR & 0.56 & 1.10 & 83 & [35] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} \multicolumn{10}{c}{NR = Not recorded.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary of studies that assessed animal protein sources as a fishmeal replacement in fish diets in aquaculture. Final weight (FW in grams), specific growth rate (SCR in percentage (%)), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival rate (SR in %) were used as the assessment parameters to measure response.