esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Field Pull-Out Tests of Percussion Driven Earth Anchors (PDEAs)
## 1 Introduction
He also observed that shallow anchors such as H/B = 2 and H/B = 5 generally show a conical failure shape mode during the pull-out of the anchor. [PERSON] et al. [30] provided results of field pull-out experiments of actual flip anchors driven into the ground consisting of a top sand layer and a clay layer underneath. Their results indicated that pull-out behavior of flip anchors in clay was quite different from that in the sand. The overburden pressure contributed less to the pull-out force for anchors built in clay than in sand. In summary, previous studies mainly focused on the pull-out behaviors of traditional anchors, both in clay and sand, such as plate and flip anchors. Limited research has been conducted on investigations of the pull-out behavior of percussion-driven earth anchors in clay. Some anchor manufacturers supply PDEA anchors in different shapes and sizes, including Platipus, Duckbill, and Hulk. However, the usage of these anchor systems is minimal due to the insufficient information on design methodology and performance data as it relates to slope stability applications. Therefore, building an anchor performance database containing different soil conditions for these anchors is necessary to enable engineers to develop and improve the design methodology for such systems. In summary, most theoretical and experimental studies on the pull-out resistance of soil anchors were conducted on circular plates within the sand. Additionally, very limited theoretical and experimental studies exist measuring the performance of deep anchors with a H/D value over 6. In addition, most of the analytical equations derived from the above theoretical and experimental studies could not be directly and fully applied to the deep PDEA studied in this project. Therefore, in this paper, field tests of three PDEA anchors are presented to study the pull-out capacity of PDEA anchors. The relationship between anchor pull-out load and displacement was established and analyzed to determine the behavior of PEDAs during the field pull-out process. Moreover, an existing empirical method was modified by inputting in situ Texas cone penetration (TCP) data to estimate pull-out capacity. The comparison between in situ pull-out and predicted results showed a reasonably good match. This study helped to understand the relationship between the calculated and actual field pull-out resistance when PDEAs are used in clayey soil slopes.
# Hamming Distance Optimized Underwater Acoustic OTFS-IM Systems
## 2 OTFS-IM for Underwater Acoustic Communication System
### Detection Algorithm  
As shown in Figure 1, the received signal is equalized, and CP is removed and serially transformed at the receiver end of the system and then converted to a time frequency signal by means of the Wigner transform:  
\[Y^{FT}=F^{M}Y^{T} \tag{10}\]  
The DD domain received signal is then obtained by the SFFT:  
\[Y^{DD}=F_{M}^{H}Y^{FT}F_{N}=Y^{T}F_{N} \tag{11}\]  
After the DD domain signal passes through channel equalization and the OTFS block divider, \(Y^{DD}\) is divided into \(g\) groups for the index detector and mapping detector. The grouped signal can be expressed as:  
\[\widetilde{Y}^{DD}=\left[\widetilde{Y}_{1}^{DD},\cdots,\widetilde{Y}_{\beta}^{ DD},\cdots,\widetilde{Y}_{g}^{DD}\right] \tag{12}\]  
where group \(\beta\) is:  
\[\widetilde{Y}_{\beta}^{DD}=\left[\widetilde{y}_{\beta}^{DD}(1),\widetilde{y}_ {\beta}^{DD}(2),\cdots,\widetilde{y}_{\beta}^{DD}(n)\right]^{T} \tag{13}\]  
In signal detection, OTFS-IM differs from conventional OTFS in that OTFS-IM needs to detect the index bit information carried by the active sub-grids in the DD domain with the symbol bits. In this paper, two different detection algorithms are used.
## 2 Literature Review and Hypothetical Relationships in the Research Model
### Psychological Acceptance--Perceived Risk  
[PERSON] (1967) introduced the seminal construct of perceived risk, connoting consumers' subjective perception of the degree of uncertainty and severity linked to their decision-making processes [66]. Perceived risk, being inherently goal-oriented, is malleable and capable of undergoing modifications during the trajectory of decision-making [67]. Building upon this foundation, [PERSON] delineated a dichotomy between inherent risk and handled risk, with the former pertaining to latent product-associated vulnerabilities and the latter alluding to the risks that consumers consciously perceive when contemplating a purchase [68]. This encompasses the disruption of psychological anticipations concerning product performance and post-purchase evaluations, typically entailing the dimensions of time, function, physical attributes, financial implications, social dynamics, and psychological resonances [69,70]. Within the sphere of leisure pursuits, an array of risks emanates from the surrounding environment. The advancement of technology has demonstrated the potential to ameliorate certain risk factors, particularly those such as network security, which tend to preoccupy consumers in the context of utilizing SWDs. Nevertheless, the apprehensions regarding information leakage, system errors, the potential compromise of personal physiological information, system incompatibility, and inadequate software provisions persistently loom, eluding complete eradication.  
[PERSON] underscored the inverse correlation between the propensity to embrace new technology and the perceived risk associated with its adoption [65]. The salience of perceived risk also extends to influencing the emotive dimension of consumer satisfaction both pre- and post-purchase [71]. In a similar vein, some studies have independently underscored the substantial negative impact of perceived risk on technology acceptance models and overall satisfaction [72,73]. The present study aims to delve into the nuanced facets of perceived risk and satisfaction engendered by the utilization of SWDs during leisure pursuits. Moreover, it endeavors to elucidate the intricate interplay between these constructs and their collective influence on behavioral intentions. Accordingly, the following overarching hypotheses are devised for exploration and validation:  
**Hypothesis 6**: _Perceived risk has a negative significant impact on the satisfaction of using SWDs in leisure._  
**Hypothesis 7**: _Perceived risk has a negative significant impact on behavioral intentions to use SWDs in leisure._  
A schematic representation of the research model (the technical dimension is shown in blue; the psychological dimension is shown in yellow) is presented in Figure 1 below:
## 2 Principles of Eddy Current Testing and Probe Design
### Probe Design  
#### 2.2.1 Probe Geometry  
Based on the above analysis, reducing the direct mutual inductance between the excitation coil and the detection coil while increasing the detection voltage can effectively improve the probe's sensitivity. Therefore, a novel triple rectangular coil probe was designed. The geometric structure of the probe is shown in Figure 2, which consists of three rectangular coils. One rectangular coil is used and placed horizontally as the detection coil, while two vertically placed rectangular coils are arranged side by side as the excitation coils, forming the novel triple rectangular coil probe. Using two rectangular coils as excitation coils can increase the induced eddy currents in the vertical direction within the sample, thereby increasing the detection voltage signal. In this configuration, the excitation coils and the detection coil are spatially perpendicular, effectively reducing the mutual inductance between the excitation coils and the detection coil [23], thus reducing the interference signal.  
In the detection process, the interference of delamination on the magnetic field manifests in the fact that defects will alter the eddy current paths within the CFRP sample. Therefore, when using dual-coil excitation, the direction of the excitation current flowing into the coils must also be considered. Figure 3 illustrates the eddy current paths in the sample under different excitation conditions. It can be observed that the presence of delamination blocks the original eddy current path. Moreover, from Figure 3b, it can be seen that  
Figure 2: Novel triple rectangular coil probe.  
when opposite excitation currents are applied to the dual excitation coils, the eddy currents form a closed loop along the edge of the defect. Considering the geometry of the probe shown in Figure 2, the position of the detection coil is precisely above this loop. Therefore, the detection coil can effectively capture the delamination information in this configuration. Consequently, in subsequent studies, opposite excitation currents will be applied to the dual excitation coils.
# Recent Advances in Photodetectors Based on Two-Dimensional Material/Si Heterojunctions
## 2 Figures of Merit for Photodetectors
### Noise Equivalent Power  
The minimum detectable signal of a photodetector is determined by its noise level. To quantify the ability to detect weak optical signals, the noise equivalent power (NEP) is commonly used. NEP is the incident light power required to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of one within a bandwidth of 1 Hz [52]:  
\[P_{NEP}=\frac{i_{n}}{R_{I}} \tag{7}\]  
where \(i_{n}\) is the square root noise current per unit bandwidth with a unit of \(A/\sqrt{Hz}\). The unit of the NEP is \(W/\sqrt{Hz}\).  
Figure 1: Schematic for gain and response time. (**a**) Photogenerated carrier transport in a photoductor. (**b–d**) Photogenerated carrier transport in a photodiode. (**b**) Zero bias. (**c**) Reverse bias. (**d**) Reverse bias with hole traps in the depletion region. (**e**) Response time diagram. Rise time: \(t_{n}\). Decay time: \(t_{d}\).
# Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanocomposites for Pb\({}^{2+}\) Removal from Aqueous Solution
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Modeling of Sorption Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics
#### 2.4.1 Adsorption Isotherms  
Three models of equilibrium isotherms were used, namely: (i) Langmuir isotherm (Equation (2)), which is based on the monolayer adsorption of the solute; (ii) Freundlich isotherm (Equation (3)), which was originally developed for heterogeneous surfaces and (iii) Sips model, which is a model that combines the aforementioned models, Langmuir and Freundlich. The equilibrium isotherms were obtained by the graphical representation of the q\({}_{\rm e}\) function of C\({}_{\rm e}\), and the related parameters were obtained for each isotherm. The Langmuir and Freundlich constants were calculated using the linearized form of the resulting patterns after fitting.  
Langmuir isotherm:  
\[q_{e}=\frac{q_{L}\cdot K_{L}C_{e}}{1+K_{L}\cdot C_{e}} \tag{2}\]  
where: q\({}_{\rm L}\)--Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (mg\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\)); K\({}_{\rm L}\)--Langmuir constant.  
Freundlich isotherm:  
\[q_{e}=K_{F}\cdot C_{e}^{1/n_{f}} \tag{3}\]  
where: K\({}_{\rm F}\) and n\({}_{\rm f}\)--characteristic constants that can be associated with the relative adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and the adsorption intensity.  
Sips isotherm:  
\[q_{e}=\frac{q_{s}\cdot K_{s}\cdot C_{e}^{1/n_{s}}}{1+K_{s}\cdot C_{e}^{1/n_{s}}} \tag{4}\]where: qs--maximum adsorption capacity (mg:g-1); Ks--constant related to adsorbent adsorption capacity; nS--heterogeneity factor.
## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline Monotonic & \(\sigma_{\text{n}}=25\) kPa & \(\sigma_{\text{n}}=50\) kPa & \(\sigma_{\text{n}}=100\) kPa \\ \hline P\({}_{\text{R}}\) & 0.75 & 0.83 & 0.95 \\ \(\tau_{\text{i}}\) & 0.87 & 0.97 & 1.07 \\ \(\mu_{\text{s/GSY}}\) & 0.87 & 0.97 & 1.11 \\ \hline Cyclic/post-cyclic & \(\sigma_{\text{n}}=25\) kPa & & \(\sigma_{\text{n}}=100\) kPa \\ \hline P\({}_{\text{R}}\) & 0.78 & & 0.94 \\ \(\tau_{\text{i}}\) & 0.92 & & 1.06 \\ \(\mu_{\text{s/GSY}}\) & 0.91 & & 1.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Ratios between the results from small and large equipment (SB/LB). Higher values of pullout resistance are reached when the large box is used. However, as the normal stress increases, the ratio between the results from different equipment becomes closer to unity, such that a satisfactory agreement is attained for \(\sigma_{\text{n}}\) = 100 kPa. This corroborates that the increase in normal stress diminishes the scale effect, and consistent results are obtained from both test devices under higher confining pressures. The results in Table 5 also show that, under post-cyclic loading conditions, the effect of apparatus scale on the pullout resistance values follows the same trend as that observed under monotonic loading. Compared to the pullout resistance, the values of maximum shear stress and apparent coefficient of friction were less influenced by the size of equipment and loading conditions. This can be justified by using the same specimen width-to-length ratio (1.21) for all the tests. Moreover, considering the ASTM pullout test standard guidelines regarding the equipment dimensions in relation to soil particle size, it becomes evident that the use of relatively fine soils in this study contributed to attenuating the apparatus scale effect. [PERSON] [39] performed monotonic tests comparing both types of equipment with different boundary conditions, geogrids, specimen size ratio and soil properties, and a similar pattern for the shear stress was also verified. Nevertheless, additional studies involving different geosynthetics and fill materials would be useful to determine whether the obtained conclusions can be generalized.
# SPEKS: Forward Private SGX-Based Public Key Encryption with Keyword Search
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a public key encryption with keyword search scheme guaranteeing forward privacy using Intel SGX. We formally defined a security model for the proposed TEE-based scheme. Compared with the previous schemes, our scheme shows significantly higher efficiency because the proposed scheme generates a single search token regardless of conditions; while the previous schemes require multiple search tokens. Furthermore, the proposed scheme requires significantly less computation time for creating indices, generating search tokens, and searching processes.  
Our scheme considers only a multi-sender environment. Extending our scheme to the multi-receiver environment is another important and challenging issue. In addition, preserving resilience against de-synchronization attack is also an important open problem in most of the cryptographic protocols or algorithms based on shared secret information such as IV (initial vector) or counter information. Since most of the forward secure PEKS schemes are constructed based on counter values, how to make an efficient countermeasure against the de-synchronization attack over the shared counter value is also a challenging topic in the PEKS literature as an important future work.  
Conceptualization, H.Y. and C.H.; methodology, H.Y. and J.H.; validation, H.Y., J.H. and W.L.; formal analysis, H.Y. and C.H.; investigation, H.Y., S.M., and Y.K.; data curation, S.M. and Y.K.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Y.; writing--review and editing, H.Y., C.H., and J.H.; visualization, H.Y., S.M., and Y.K.; supervision, J.H. and W.L.; project administration, H.Y., J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported as part of Military Crypto Research Center (UD170109 ED) funded by Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) and Agency for Defense Development (ADD).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Color of Infusions--Instrumental and Sensory Analysis and Anthocyanin Pigment Content
In the case of the color parameter L* and the color evaluation notes, a negative correlation was noted (r = \(-\)0.56). The following anthocyanins derived from chokeberry pomace were identified in the infusions: cyanidin-3-\(O\)-galactoside, cyanidin-3-\(O\)-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-\(O\)-xyloside and cyanidin-3-\(O\)-glucose. The increasing addition of dried chokeberry pomace to the infusion composition caused an increase in cyanidin-3-\(O\)-galactoside and cyanidin-3-\(O\)-arabinoside content (Table 3). The anthocyanin composition of chokeberry pomace was studied by others. The same profile was confirmed by [PERSON] et al. [39], with a dominant contribution of cyanidin-3-\(O\)-galactoside (62%) and cyanidin-3-\(O\)-arabinoside (30%), together representing about 92% of chokeberry anthocyanin. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] determined anthocyanins in chokeberry pomace infusions at a much higher level (27.2-34.2 mg/100 mL) than in our study. The content of pigments in the infusion may depend on many factors. The initial content of these compounds in the by-product is very important. This, in turn, may depend on the content of anthocyanins in the raw material, the processing method of the fruit into juice and, finally, the conditions of drying the pomace. Thus, obtaining the highest content of anthocyanins in the pomace infusion also requires further research related to the optimization of the process of their sourcing. In RHF infusions, the following anthocyanins have been identified: deplbinidin-3-\(O\)-samubioside and cyjanidin-3-\(O\)-samubioside (Table 3). Literature data indicate the presence of four compounds. Apart from the two compounds previously mentioned, two more were found: deplbinidin-3-\(O\)-glucose, and cyanidin-3-\(O\)-glucose [40; 41]. The former two were mainly extracted from the calyx [42]. The content of these compounds was relatively low (0.7 mg/100 mL); therefore, there was no significant difference between the content of anthocyanins in the infusions of white and red hibiscus flowers with the addition of chokeberry pomace. [PERSON] et al. [43] determined the content of anthocyanins in infusions of red hibiscus flowers at a level of 7.3 mg/100 mL. However, the brewing time used by them was longer and lasted 20 min. The addition of dried pomace to both green tea leaves and hibiscus flowers caused a significant increase in anthocyanins in the obtained infusions. In the case of green tea leaves, the highest content in infusions was determined when 2.5 g of by-product was
## 6 Conclusions  
This study proposed a dynamic VESS operation strategy for the SEC to maximize the social welfare of the participants. The VESS for the SEC model, including the VESS, SEC, and utility grid as the main components, was described. The dynamic VESS operation problem considering the usage-limited constraint for each participant was formulated as a mixed-integer linear problem that can be solved optimally by applying gradient methods and dual decomposition. The proposed operation used the VESS resource more dynamically than the fixed VESS capacity-allocation-based operation. The simulation results using the real dataset in Korea demonstrated that the participants serving by the proposed VESS operation achieved greater net benefit with a maximum cost efficiency of 2.7 times greater than that of the existing VESS operation. The simulation also showed that the proposed VESS operation accurately reflects the characteristics of the participants, and thus, more units can participate in the VESS operation service. In addition, the peak demand reduction provides the possibility of improving the system performance of the utility grid and increasing the net benefit to the participants.  
In this study, the basic environments for the VESS, SEC, and utility grid were considered. This study can be extended to more complex environments. For the SEC model, this study considered only passive units as energy consumers. This can be extended to the environment of active units, such as prosumers who participate in demand-side management programs. For the VESS model, it can be considered that the VESS capacity is installed in a flexible size, such as an electric vehicle, in addition to the fixed size. Finally, by including the power system requirements, the utility grid model can be extended to a more realistic environment.  
Conceptualization, E.O. and S.-Y.S.; methodology, E.O. and S.-Y.S.; software, E.O.; validation, E.O. and S.-Y.S.; formal analysis, E.O.; investigation, E.O.; resources, S.-Y.S.; data curation, S.-Y.S.; writing--original draft preparation, E.O.; writing--review and editing, S.-Y.S.; visualization, E.O.; supervision, S.-Y.S.; project administration, E.O. and S.-Y.S.; funding acquisition, E.O. and S.-Y.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Funding: The work of E.O. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korea Government, Ministry of Science and ICT, under Grant 2020R1A2B5B01095044. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References
# An Effective AUSM-Type Scheme for Both Cases of Low Mach Number and High Mach Number
## 4 Theoretical Analyses on Low Speed Issues
### The AUSM-Type Schemes
#### 4.2.3. Slau
\begin{array}{l}\widetilde{m}_{il}=\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}\cdot\overrightarrow{ n}}{2}\rho_{i}+\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}} \rho_{l}-\frac{\left|\mathbf{u}_{i}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}\right|+\left| \mathbf{u}_{i}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}\right|}{2}(\rho_{l}-\rho_{i})\\ -\frac{1}{M_{*}}\frac{(p_{i}-p_{j})}{2c_{il}}+\frac{\sqrt{\frac{u_{i}^{2}+p_{ i}^{2}+u_{l}^{2}+p_{l}^{2}}}}{\sqrt{2}c_{il}^{2}}(p_{l}-p_{i})\end{array}  \tag{92}\]  
Following the method in Section 4.1, we expand the variables based on the power of the reference Mach number as in Equations (40)-(44) and introduce these terms to the systems in Equations (88)-(92). By merging the similar terms with equal power of the reference Mach number, we obtain  
12. Order \(1/M_{*}^{2}\) \[ \begin{array}{l}p_{i+1,j}^{0}-p_{i-1,j}^{0}=0\\ p_{i,j+1}^{0}-p_{i,j-1}^{0}=0\end{array} \] (93)
13. Order \(1/M_{*}\) \[\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{1}{2}p_{l}^{1}-\frac{15}{32}\frac{\mathbf{u }_{l}^{0}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}\Delta p_{il}^{0}-\frac{15}{32 }\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}^{0}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}p_{i}^{0}( n_{x})_{il}\right](n_{x})_{il}=0\] (94)  
\[\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{1}{2}p_{l}^{1}-\frac{15}{32}\frac{\mathbf{ u}_{l}^{0}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}\Delta p_{il}^{0}-\frac{15}{32 }\frac{\mathbf{u}_{l}^{0}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}p_{i}^{0}( n_{y})_{il}\right](n_{y})_{il}=0 \tag{95}\]  
\[\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left(p_{i}^{0}-p_{l}^{0}\right)=0 \tag{96}\]  
When the Mach number approaches to 0, we can obtain:  
\[ \begin{array}{l}\left|\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{x})_{il}\right|_ {\text{SLAU}}=\left|\frac{15}{6}\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{\mathbf{u }_{i}^{0}\cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}\Delta p_{il}^{0}(n_{x})_{il }\right]\right|\approx 0\\ <\left|\frac{15}{8}\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}^{0} \cdot\overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}p_{l}^{0}(n_{x})_{il}\right]\right|= \left|\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{x})_{il}\right|_{\text{AUSMPW}+}= \left|\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{x})_{il}\right|_{\text{AUSM}+}\\ \left|\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{y})_{il}\right|_{\text{SLAU}}=\left| \frac{15}{16}\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}^{0}\cdot \overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}\Delta p_{il}^{0}(n_{y})_{il}\right]\right| \approx 0\\ <\left|\frac{15}{8}\sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}\left[\frac{\mathbf{u}_{i}^{0}\cdot \overrightarrow{n_{il}}}{c_{il}^{0}}p_{l}^{0}(n_{y})_{il}\right]\right|=\left| \sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{y})_{il}\right|_{\text{AUSMPW}+}=\left| \sum\limits_{l\in\pi(i)}p_{l}^{1}(n_{y})_{il}\right|_{\text{AUSM}+}\end{array}  \tag{98}\]  
Thus, SLAU is much better than AUSMPW+ and AUSM+ in terms of the accordance with Equation (48) at low speeds. Furthermore, Equation (96) shows that SLAU is free from the checkerboard decoupling problem at low speeds.