## 1 Introduction  
Since the implementation of the \"Western Development Strategy\" and the \"One Belt, One Road\" initiative, infrastructure construction in the western part of China has been developing rapidly. A large number of infrastructure projects, including the \"Qinghai-Tibet Railway\", have been built, and a large number of infrastructure projects, including the \"South-North Water Transfer Project\" and other water transfer projects, will be developed or are being developed in the western part of China. The western region is rapidly developing, both economically and socially. Infrastructure construction has made great progress, gradually resolving the issue of unbalanced and insufficient development in the east and west of China. The natural environment in the western region of China is complex and harsh, compared with mild climate areas, and there is a large temperature difference between day and night (the temperature difference between day and night in Xinjiang was previously close to 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C), low humidity, dryness, and other characteristics [1], which is not conducive to the development of concrete strength and durability. In dry and low humidity environments, early drying of concrete adversely affects the strength, impermeability, and durability of concrete. Moisture migrates and evaporates from within the concrete [2], which is not conducive to continued hydration reactions; the evaporation of water at an early stage leads to more shrinkage [3], and localized water loss increases capillary stresses, leading to further drying shrinkage [4]. The early heating during the hydration of concrete is affected by large changes in temperature [5], generating uneven temperature stresses, and as the temperature difference increases, the concrete becomes more susceptible to cracking [6,7] and its mechanical properties decrease as the number of cycles with a large temperature differences increases [8]. In addition, more than 1000 different types of salt lakes are located in the western region, and their surrounding saline soils are widely distributed [9] and contain a large number of aggressive ions, such as Cl\({}^{-}\) and SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\)[10]. As concrete has initial defects such as initial cracks and pores, aggressive ions from the environment enter the concrete interior, causing corrosion of reinforcements and producing expansive defects causing concrete cracking [11,12], which affect the durability and safety of concrete structures. Recently, there have been more studies on the effects of temperature cycling changes on concrete properties. [PERSON] et al. [13] investigated the effect of sub-temperature cycles (normal temperature \(\sim\)200 \({}^{\circ}\)C) on the mechanical properties of concrete. Under sub-temperature cycles, the evaporation of free water from concrete led to the formation of micro-pores and micro-cracks, which caused degradation in the mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson's ratio. In the process of temperature cycling, the first temperature cycle led to the worst degradation of the mechanical properties of concrete, and the subsequent temperature cycles had a gradually decreasing effect on the properties of concrete. [PERSON] et al. [14] investigated the effect of different temperature cycles on the strength of concrete, where the compressive strength and the shear strength of concrete were reduced by 4.9% and 17.4%, respectively, under cycles in the range of 25 to 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [15] found that the splitting strength of concrete was most sensitive to temperature cycling from 20 to 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The change in thermal stresses generated by the temperature cycling led to cracks in the interface transition zone first, and further temperature cycling led to the expansion and connection of cracks in the interface transition zone with cracks in the cement matrix. Ambient humidity has an important influence on the microstructure and macroscopic properties of concrete [16]. [PERSON] et al.