## 1 Introduction  
Western China is rich in coal resources, accounting for approximately 70% of the total coal resources in China [1]. Among these coal resources, the Jurassic coal field in northern Shaanxi is one of the areas with the best development prospects, with a high degree of coal resource enrichment, good coal quality and relatively simple mining conditions [2]. However, most of the resources in the western region are located in fragile ecological environment areas, and groundwater leakage and ecological environment damage are easily caused by mining [3]. Accurately detecting the development height of the water-flowing fractured zone in the working face is an effective way to solve the problem of coal mining. At present, there are many research methods for investigating overburden deformation and failure of the working face, including theoretical analysis [4; 5; 6; 7], empirical statistics [8; 9; 10; 11], simulation calculations [12; 13; 14; 15; 16] and field measurements [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. The application of the above methods has played a guiding role in the safe, efficient and green mining of coal resources in a specific period. However, there are still numerous shortcomings, which mainly manifest as follows: (1) Methods and technologies such as theoretical calculation and numerical simulation typically simplify the complex rock mass in the working area and make approximate selections of relevant parameters. As a result, the evaluation results often deviate to a certain extent from the actual situation, and the change process of overlying rock cannot be simulated accurately. (2) Currently, the results of rock deformation and failure obtained through in situ testing are mostly judged by a single method and based on a single parameter. Thus, the resolution, accuracy, and the degree of identification of multiple disaster sources are limited. (3) Due to the influence of mining, the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock after coal face mining mostly focus on transient effects. Moreover, monitoring methods that combine the background field and ground electric field of rock formation are rarely studied. Therefore, it is essential to employ a multi-means and multi-attribute joint interpretation method to accurately detect the deformation development law of overburdened rock. At present, due to the \"westward migration\" of China's coal layout, the mining and utilization of deep coal seams in western China are facing significant challenges. In particular, the deeply buried coal seam in the western ecologically fragile area has typical geological structure characteristics, which makes the overburden fracture mechanism caused by working face mining obviously different from that of the conventional development law. The development of the caving zone and water-flowing fractured zone shows the characteristics of a large fracture height, widespread range and poor regularity. The main reason for the difference is that the Jurassic coal seam is deeply buried, the strata structure is not consistent with the Carboniferous Permian in north China, and the key strata are mostly located in the middle and upper parts. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately grasp the law of overburden fracture development of deep coal seams in the ecologically fragile area of western China in order to carry out water conservation mining, green mining and damage reduction mining in the later stage. The mining area studied in this paper is Menkeqing coal mine, which belongs to Ordos Basin and is a typical ecologically fragile area. The occurrence characteristics are as follows: (1) the embedded depth is approximately 750 m; (2) the thickness of the Quaternary loose layer is relatively large; (3) the water content in the loose layer is large, which leads to a risk of water inrush; (4) there is a large mining height, where the thickness of the coal seam is more than 4 m; and (5) there is no stable distribution of aquiclude in the whole area.