# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 7 Conclusions  
The last few years have already made some advances and the first steps towards the construction of future smart cities known, namely in terms of mobility. The increase in the world population inevitably has considerable consequences on the way urban mobility operates, not least because cities were planned decades or even hundreds of years ago, taking into account a much smaller population and where infrastructure needs were very different. A challenge now arises in adapting cities to current needs. However, the evolution towards cities and smart mobility will not involve making more space for vehicles or more roads; rather, it will undergo a cultural paradigm shift in which people will have to stop using their private cars to switch to shared transport, which may thus reduce not only the number of vehicles in circulation, but also contribute to reducing the ecological footprint. In addition to the technological issue associated with this change, we also have, and in a very marked way, an underlying cultural change because there is a certain comfort and facilitation in the use of our own cars that will not be easy to change from one moment to the next. Citizens must realize the negative consequences for the environment of maintaining the current state and the impossibility of managing so many cars within the cities with the highest population density, and while there must be an effort to raise awareness of the benefits, we will all gain from this cultural and paradigm shift.  
Technology and its exponential evolution, which is expected to continue in the coming years, will support the transition from Smart Mobility to a Mobility-as-a-Service paradigm, where vehicle sharing, carsharing, and carpooling will bring the emergence of a new dimension. The IoT and the connectivity that will be able to be established between vehicles, traffic lights, and pedestrians, among others, will allow the evolution to intelligent traffic management systems with reduced congestion and even the number of accidents, which is the main premise that Level 5 Autonomous Vehicles intend to achieve. To this end, we will have the big contribution of Big Data and AI that, together, will process gigantic volumes of information collected from the IoT and will allow services to be made available to citizens that will make their daily lives much easier and will allow preventive action in decision-making with regard to the management of vehicle, fleet and pedestrian traffic.  
Conceptualization, M.A.A., S.P. and G.T.; methodology, S.P., G.C. and N.F.; formal analysis, M.A.A., G.T., G.C.; investigation, S.P., G.C. and N.F.; resources, M.A.A., S.P., G.T.; data curation, N.F., G.C., G.T.; writing--original draft preparation, M.A.A., S.P., G.T.; writing--review and editing, N.F., G.C., S.P.; supervision, M.A.A., G.T., N.F.; funding acquisition, G.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
[PERSON] acknowledges funding from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research through the European PON project AIM (Attraction and International Mobility), nr. 1852414, activity 2, line 1.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.