## 4 Discussion  
The impact of the silver nanoparticles on the bond strength and failure mode during the dislodgment of the calcium silicate-based sealer was investigated in this study. Nanoparticle characterization can be carried out using microscopy-based techniques and other extensive methods, which provide information about the size, shape, size distribution, degree of aggregation, and other surface chemistry [23]. In this current study, AgNPs exhibited a spherical morphology with an even distribution in both the SEM and TEM techniques. Additionally, the dimensions of the NPs are between 5 and 22 nanometers. The images also showed a singular dispersion of the sphere-shaped nanoparticles, without any significant aggregation within the calcium silicate-based sealer structure. This study's findings demonstrated a significant increase in dislodging resistance when the BC sealer was incorporated with AgNPs. The inclusion of the nano-sized particles, which had a high surface area and wetting capacity that led to enhanced contact with the surface and increased bond strength of the sealer, may be responsible for the remarkable results. Additionally, the dispersion of the nanoparticles acting as a reinforcing filler would improve the mechanical properties of the sealer, improving its tensile and shear strength [24; 25]. This study's findings indicate that the heated obturation approach, when combined with the inclusion of AgNPs, resulted in the highest mean values, which were statistically significant. This discovery aligns with many studies that have documented enhanced resistance to the dislodgment of biocearamic sealer when employed in warm obturation procedures [12; 26]. The heat-induced increase in gutta-percha flow into deep depressions, auxiliary canals, and fins unfilled by sealer cement is associated with increased retention of root canal filling material to the canal walls. However, these findings contradict other research that indicated a reduction or no differences in the binding strengths of different biocearamic sealers when using warm obturation methods; different experimental protocols and parameters may explain the variability in the results [27; 28]. Nonetheless, when the sealer was not combined with AgNPs, this study's findings demonstrated comparable bond strength in both the warm obturation approach and the single-cone technique. In this present work, 20 nm-sized particles were used to ensure infiltration through the dentinal tubules, which have an average diameter of 2.5 \(\upmu\)m. It is proposed that particle size significantly influences the degree of dentin infiltration; smaller diameter particles show a greater infiltrative capacity [29]. The utilization of nanosized particles is reliant on both dose and time. In this investigation, a concentration of 0.06% of AgNPs was employed since it was shown to have the maximum antibacterial activity when mixed with calcium hydroxide and used as an intracanal medicament, and the efficacy improved considerably over time [30]. The ratio of the pin to root canal diameter is a significant component in the experimental design. In this current investigation, we employed a pin diameter of 0.6 mm in order to avoid any effect from the test machine, as per a previously published study, which states that the pin diameter should not be less than 0.6 mm or greater than 0.85 mm [31]. Among the clinically available root canal sealers, calcium silicate-based sealers are currently in widespread use. Thus, the resin-based root canal sealers were not included in the experimental groups due to their differing material compositions and properties. Additionally, earlier studies showed that resin-based sealers had weaker bond strengths compared to calcium silicate-based sealers [12; 32; 33]. In terms of obturation techniques, many practitioners may find it difficult to utilize the single-cone technique and prefer to use a thermoplasticized approach, despite the manufacturer's guidelines. Thus, in this current investigation, both approaches were employed.