# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E--General)
Effective algorithms and heuristic solution procedures can enable fatigue mitigation while integrating fatigue into scheduling problems by extra variables, i.e., the number, placement, and duration of rest breaks and the length of shift. The scheduling problems include minimizing tardiness penalty costs, minimizing the difference between workload and assignments, and minimizing the number of part-time workers. This kind of approach can reduce the occurrence of work-related fatigue and integrate the planning of workers and the performance of the machines [94]. There are indirect costs related to hiring, training, reduced performance, increased errors, increased scrap costs, and wasted managerial effort among the many indirect costs aspects related to employees' MSDs in manufacturing. The application of human factors would improve productivity, technology implementation, quality, and system reliability [95]. Participatory ergonomics involves workers in ergonomic analysis and design. This can lead to the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries but also to decreased production time and reduced costs [96]. Physical and cognitive load enables integrated complexity evaluation methods of the production process. It has the flexibility to evaluate changes in labor loads. It includes operation difficulty, the complexity of information processing, time stress, and other factors needed to complete the production process. The output is the evaluation index and provides useful information for task assignment, operator selection and training, work organization, and performance prediction [97]. Another study focused on implementing a fatigue model that uses exponential and logarithmic functions to estimate its effect on human operators in a human-robot collaborative environment. Different assembly station collaboration scenarios, including pure human operators, robot support, and combined approaches, were evaluated using simulation in AnyLogic. The results showed that the integration of robot support and F-WS systems significantly increases the speed and efficiency of the operator while reducing fatigue accumulation. The study highlights the importance of integrating human-robot collaboration, intelligent task allocation, and ergonomics for sustainable development [98]. The implementation of lean management could lead to the neglection of human factors and ergonomics. Hard lean practices can worsen workers' quality of work life, which influences performance. They therefore suggest soft lean practices and highlight the significance of human factors and ergonomics, which can lead to the sustainability of the model. The results of their work showed that the degree of lean performance is positively related to HF/E, while psychosocial and physical factors influence lean performance enhancement more than others do; cognitive factors influence them the least. The more complex a task and the more HFs were involved, the more difficult it is to substitute technology for the operator [99]. Job rotation can affect physical factors positively, i.e., MSDs, while negatively affecting psychosocial factors such as health at work, job satisfaction, and workers' intention to stay on the job. This helps to expand job knowledge, work experience, and social support through interaction with more co-workers. Job autonomy, on the other hand, allows workers flexibility in scheduling their work and freedom to make decisions and select the methods used to accomplish their tasks [82]. Cognitive factors such as situation awareness, human reliability (human error), and decision-making skills are positively related to operational performance [100]. Physical ergonomics has more influence on the enhancement of lean performance than organizational ergonomics. Cognitive ergonomics have the least influence on lean performance enhancement [101].