## 4 Experimental Results
### Comparison with the State-of-the-Art Methods
The statistical results from the point of view of the SD, Mean, Max, and Min values of the RMSEs for solving three types of PV models of the RTC France solar cell and Photo Watt-PWP 201 PV module are summarized in Table 11.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Algorithm** & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & **SD** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{SDM} & ICO & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.359430 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\) \\  & CO & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.514867 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-17}\) \\  & DE & 2.548243 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 3.429082 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.156655 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.593907 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & PSO & 1.593396 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.868491 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 3.775047 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.243550 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & GA & 4.691761 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 8.714732 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.787222 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 5.653593 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\  & TLBO & 1.664059 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.999367 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.559745 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.180581 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & SEDE & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 3.991527 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\  & JAYA & 2.418342 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 3.531127 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.851238 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 6.100849 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & PGJAYA & 6.333531 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 7.058293 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.014990 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 8.519482 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) \\  & WSO & 6.324406 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 7.772328 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.389641 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 2.497353 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\  & GWO & 1.960570 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.136671 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 1.390015 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 6.306585 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\  & SSA & 3.066949 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 8.840933 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 1.161650 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\) & 2.092938 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) \\  & AVO & 1.732400 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.438500 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 6.433800 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.084200 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\  & TSO & 1.921900 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.622900 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 6.116800 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.666900 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & AHT & 1.729800 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.729800 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.730000 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 5.392300 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{DDM} & ICO & 4.770147 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 5.670894 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.310191 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.266204 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) \\  & CO & 4.782418 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 5.509457 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 6.223188 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 4.826332 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) \\  & DE & 3.053124 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.424541 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.891955 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.969994 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & PSO & 5.569682 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 2.279931 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 3.391297 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 7.329564 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & GA & 4.466775 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 9.483070 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.733149 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\) & 6.105827 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) \\  & TLBO & 1.428260 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.960379 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.680988 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 2.592217 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & SEDE & 6.275536 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 7.240450 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 1.215475 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.323627 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\  & JAYA & 3.080909 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 4.479366 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 7.592475 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & 1.207246 \(\times\) 10\({}^{The results show that most algorithms obtained the optimal solution.