esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Background
### Recent Studies on Web Size Metrics and Effort Estimation
* The authors in [16] investigated the effectiveness of IFPUG Function Points (FPAs) and web objects (WOs) in measuring web application size and subsequently web effort estimation. The WO is an extended version of the FPA with four more web-specific components: multimedia files, web building blocks, scripts, and links [25]. The results indicate that the WO was more accurate than the FPA. * The authors in [17] proposed Web Points to measure the functional size of web applications by adapting FPA and including components such as multimedia files, scripts, links, and web building blocks. The results showed that Web Points could be valuable tools for project management. Despite this growing body of work on web size metrics and effort estimation, a notable gap remains: all of these studies are limited to web application development projects and have not addressed the sizing of web analytics implementation-related development efforts. For example, most studies on web analytics focus on exploring its applications across diverse fields, including healthcare, finance, marketing, business, and social sciences [34; 35], online gaming [36], social media and multi-channel marketing [37], online shopping [38], prediction of online purchases, and behavior analysis [39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45]. Additionally, studies on web analytics have focused on mobile app usage [46], website trust, and privacy [47; 48; 49]. Other studies have explored website design [50; 51; 52], ranking, and popularity [53]. Other studies have addressed web analytics in various contexts, including e-commerce [54], analytics maturity [3], tool adoption [55] and business-oriented reviews [56]. Others have explored tool comparisons [57; 58], developing tracking tools [59], weblog pre-processing [60], and privacy-focused open-source solutions [61]. In particular, no study to date has proposed the use of a formal functional size measurement method, such as COSMIC, to measure size and estimate the effort associated with web analytics implementation. Table 1 presents the key insights from the literature in the context of web development and web analytics implementation. * limitations of traditional metrics in these contexts;
* emergence of the usage of FSM in these contexts;
* adaptation and refinements in these contexts to date. How the FSM has been used in web development can be adapted and applied to the measurement of web analytics implementation, highlighting the limitations and benefits of a more refined approach.
###### Abstract  
In gravitational wave measurement and inter-satellite laser communication systems, the relative rotation and motion between the transmitter and receiver terminals introduces small angular deviations over a link distance of thousands of kilometers, which need to be measured with high accuracy and sensitivity. The heterodyne coherent angle measurement has a higher measurement accuracy and detection sensitivity compared with the traditional direct detection technique, which performs angle measurement through the phase of a beat frequency signal. In this paper, we propose a four-quadrant heterodyne coherent angle measurement technique with \(\upmu\)rad accuracy and nW-level detection sensitivity. A mathematical model of a differential wavefront sensing (DWS) angle solution was formulated, and a Monte Carlo simulation system was built for performance testing. An experimental system was devised to assess the accuracy and sensitivity of the heterodyne coherent measurement method and to compare the performance with that of the direct detection method. The experimental results showed that for azimuth and pitch axes, the accuracy of the heterodyne coherent angle measurement was 2.54 \(\upmu\)rad and 2.85 \(\upmu\)rad under the same signal power of \(-\)16 dBm, which had a 5-fold improvement compared with direct detection. The sensitivity of the heterodyne coherent detection was \(-\)50 dBm at the 20 \(\upmu\)rad accuracy threshold, which was a 1000-fold improvement compared with direct detection. This research is of great significance for the phase measurement and tracking system in the field of gravitational wave detection and has a guiding role in system design work in the field of inter-satellite laser communication.  
Keywords:gravitational wave measurement; space laser communication; heterodyne coherent angle measurement; four quadrant detector +
Footnote †: journal: _Photonics_
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Method Validation
#### 3.4.4 Accuracy  
Based on sample recovery, the method's accuracy and level of conformity were assessed. The standard addition method was used to calculate sample recovery by taking the percentage mean recovery of each vitamin sample. The findings of this analysis demonstrate that the accuracy level of the developed method was high with percent mean recovery ranging from 99.37% to 101.53% for vitamin D\({}_{2}\), 100.89% to 101.51% for vitamin D\({}_{3}\), 99.67% to 102.51% for vitamin E, and 97.64% to 102.18% for vitamin K\({}_{1}\). According to ICH guidelines, all results fall within the acceptable limit (Table 5).
# Health Pods for Automated Triage Improve Efficiency and Satisfaction in Nurses and Patients
###### Abstract  
Emergency department (ED) overcrowding and limited staff availability pose ongoing challenges to healthcare efficiency. Recent advancements in automated health technologies, such as the health pod, aim to alleviate these pressures by automating vital sign measurements for low-risk patients. Over three months, the CAPSULA Health Pod was implemented and used in a paired setting with normal triage procedures in an urban hospital ED; it demonstrated improvements in triage efficiency and patient satisfaction, aligning with evidence that supports automation as a solution in high-demand healthcare settings. With 1342 assessments across 404 patients, despite some challenges with elderly patient engagement, CAPSULA achieved excellent measurement accuracy and relevant efficiency for the first assessment of patients in crowded situations and for reassessment. The findings indicate CAPSULA's potential to reduce patient wait times, improve workflow efficiency, and support resource-limited EDs. Although the main limitation remains IT integration, the system demonstrates scalability and potential for broader adoption.  
hospital emergency department; healthcare process efficiency; patient satisfaction; health pod; automated triage; vital sign self-measurement Article
## 3 Signal Acquisition and Preprocessing
### IEEE 802.11p OFDM PHY Frame
 \tag{2}\]  
A period of long training symbol lasts 6.4 \(\upmu\)s in the time domain, and the protocol states that two periods of long training symbols need to be sent, totaling 12.8 \(\upmu\)s. In addition, a 3.2 \(\upmu\)s cyclic prefix GI2 is added before the two long training symbols with the result that the total duration of the long preamble field is also 16 \(\upmu\)s.  
Each frame of PPDU signal has the same format of preamble field, and the short preamble and long preamble have the same length and different structures, which is convenient for the removal of channel features and the extraction of the location independent RFF characteristics with better consistency.
## 4 Discussion  
### Application of ITS2 Sequences in Identification of She Medicine  
DNA markers have become convenient tools for species identification and molecular systematics as a result of the advances in molecular technology [34; 35; 36]. However, ITS/ITS2 regions as universal barcodes present several problems and limitations, such as ITS/ITS2 showed poor PCR success in non-angiosperms [36]. Moreover, this parameter is quite variable in numerous phylogenetic studies. The amplification segment length of ITS/ITS2 was more than 1100 bp in some species and long poly-G, poly-C, and poly-A in ITS2/ITS made it difficult to sequence and sequence analysis [36]. Additionally, the nuclear gene itself has many copies and numerous variations within sequences, hindering it as a common barcode [37]. While [PERSON] et al. [38] found that the mutation of ITS2 in a genome is frequent but major variants of ITS2 are conserved and predominant. The usage of the major variants alone is sufficient for phylogeny construction and species determination in most cases. ITS2 is one of the most important core markers in molecular systematics and evolution [23]. Thus, this trait has shown great potential as a barcode to identify plants by providing the highest rates of accurate identification at the species and genus levels [23; 26; 30]. Compared with other candidate DNA barcodes, namely, _psbA-trnH_, _matK_, _rbcl_, _rpC1_, _ycf5_, and ITS, the ITS2 sequence represents the most suitable region for DNA barcoding applications to classify medicinal plant species [22]. Most medicinal plants such as _Cornus officinalis_, _Menisperum dauricum_, _Rhodiola crenulata_, and _Selaginella tamariscina_ could be identified effectively based on ITS2 barcode [19; 20; 35; 39]. In the present study, the ITS2 region was used to distinguish Shi-Liang tea species from closely related species. The results showed that the ITS2 barcoding regions could be easily amplified with sufficient discrimination as a candidate marker to identify Shi-Liang tea.
## 1 Introduction
### Multidimensional Membership Functions, Multivariable Modeling and Identification
The findings suggest significant potential for improving system identification processes in various domains. The proposed method in this paper is closely connected to previous Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) identification techniques that use one-dimensional membership functions, as presented in [4; 5; 6; 27; 28]. However, our approach introduces a significant improvement by designing multidimensional membership functions based on solid mechanics concepts, specifically using moments of inertia to define the principal axes and subdivide the data space into homogeneous regions. This approach not only reduces identification errors but also enhances the precision and computational efficiency of the model. The development of this method arose from the need to address the limitations observed in previous methods, where fuzzy rules were frequently positioned outside the system's areas of influence, generating unnecessary computational load. Our process began with identifying these limitations through an exhaustive literature review and preliminary experiments that highlighted the need for a more robust and efficient approach. Thus, several iterations of multidimensional membership functions were designed and tested, culminating in the formulation presented in this work, which uses point cloud data from the system to avoid inappropriate rule placement  
The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, fuzzy T-S monodimensional modeling with classic formulation is described. In Section 3, multidimensional fuzzy T-S modeling is explained. In Section 4, the design of multidimensional membership functions is presented. In Section 5, illustrative examples of a multivariable thermal mixing process and a binary distillation column are explained to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. The results are presented in Section 6. The limitations as well as the contributions of this investigation are analyzed in Section 7. Finally, the conclusions are presented in Section 8.
# A LoRaWAN Architecture for Communications in Areas without Coverage: Design and Pilot Trials
## 4 Design of the TeamUp Network Based on LoRaWAN
### Note  
The end devices or motes are elements that must be carried by each member of the group because they are responsible for receiving messages from the smartphone using the BLE communications protocol and performing the technology change to LoRaWAN for the retransmission of information packets to the gateway and in the opposite direction. Two types of devices were tested for configuration: NodeMCUv03 and PyCom Fipy. The first is a class A device and is programmed using the arduino IDE. It has certain advantages, such as a smaller size, lower power consumption and lower cost. The problems it may present are due to the transmission time that must remain below 1% of the duty cycle,  
Figure 6: TeamUp application navigation. First, the users launch the application and register. If they are registered, they can log in and connect to the mote in the Devices Table. Then, the users are in a position to send a location by activating the GPS tab and send messages via the Chat tab.  
which indicates the time the devices are able to transmit and does not allow sending messages bidirectionally. Meanwhile, the second device was programmed using MicroPython, and this allows it to transmit at any time and bidirectionally. This seems ideal, but the problem with these devices is the energy consumption and their being somewhat more expensive economically.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Extent of Dust Accumulation and Soil Loss
#### 3.2.2 Soil Loss Analysis  
The amount of soil loss followed the order of dust deposition > wind surface > wind erosion for all the studied sites (Figure 5 and Table 2). This could be due to the high velocity with which the wind blew over the surface of the land, depositing a large number of particles that had been eroded from the area. Significantly, the highest amount of soil loss due to wind erosion was recorded in S11, while the lowest was recorded in S5. The sequence of soil loss due to wind erosion across all sites is as follows: S11 > S6 > S1 > S17 > S12 > S16 > S13 > S14 > S15 > S7 > S18 > S19 > S3 > S20 > S4 > S8 > S9 > S10 > S5. The details of soil loss at each site are clearly illustrated in Figure 5 and Table 2 to give a better understanding. This distribution indicates that certain sites are more susceptible to erosion, which could be influenced by factors such as soil type, vegetation cover, and topographical features. Further analysis of these factors could provide valuable insights into the underlying causes of soil erosion in the Al-Baha region.  
The findings of our study are consistent with previous research on wind erosion and its related effects. This pattern can be attributed to the high wind velocity across the surface of the land, which deposits a substantial number of eroded particles. Similar observations have been documented by [PERSON] et al. [2], who highlighted how wind erosion in Northern China leads to significant soil degradation, exacerbated by strong winds that carry eroded soil particles over long distances. Moreover, research by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] also points to the substantial role that wind plays in redistributing soil and organic matter, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, further corroborating our findings on the role of wind velocity in enhancing dust deposition. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [3] studied the transport of microplastics by wind erosion in semi-arid agricultural soils, noting the powerful influence of wind on particle movement, which parallels our results showing dust deposition as a dominant factor in soil loss.  
Similarly, in the S11 study site, a significantly higher amount of soil loss due to wind surface was recorded when compared to other study sites, with the lowest recorded in S5. The order of soil loss due to wind surface followed a similar pattern: S11 > S1 > S6 > S17 > S12 > S16 > S13 > S7 > S14 > S20 > S18 > S15 > S3 > S19 > S10 > S4 > S9 > S8 > S5. The concentration of soil loss due to dust deposition was also highest in S11 and lowest in S5. The dust deposited in the study sites followed the pattern of S11 > S6 > S1 > S17 > S16 > S7 > S2 > S12 > S13 > S20 > S14 > S18 > S15 > S19 > S3 > S8 = S9 > S10 > S4 > S5.
# CNN-Based Model for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment from Multispectral Data
## 4 Implementation and Evaluation of the Method: A Case Study in Boyaca, Colombia
### Study Area and Dataset  
In order to evaluate the proposed methodology, an area with susceptibility to mass movements was selected, given its geological, geomorphological and weather conditions. The zone is in the department of Boyaca, Colombia, and it includes rural areas in the municipalities of \"San Luis de Gaceno\", \"Santa Maria\" and \"Chivor\". The location of the study area is shown in Figure 2.  
From the point of view of remote sensing data, the Sentinel-2A sensor was selected since it includes multiple bands in both the visible and infrared spectrum, with an acceptable spatial resolution (10, 20, and 60 m), as well as being available for free download and use. Accordingly, an MS image from the Sentinel-2A sensor captured in January 2016 was selected for the study area, where a \(998\times 750\) pixels crop and 12-bits radiometric resolution were used. Specifically, of the thirteen bands available in the Sentinel 2A image, those with a resolution of 10 or 20 m were selected, corresponding to bands 2-8A, 11 and 12. It should be noted that bands 1, 9 and 10 were not considered as input attributes due to their low spatial resolution (60 m). In the selected bands, for each pixel position, the input attributes correspond to the pixel value of each of the image bands. The false-color Sentinel 2A image of the study area is shown in Figure 3.
# Mining Hidden and Fragmented API Usages in Android Applications
## 6 Experimental Setup
### Research Questions  
RQ1. How many API usages are hidden or fragmented without the generalization?  
The generation aims to reveal the hidden usages and fix the fragmented usages. The higher the number of such usages, the more effective the generalization is for improving the coverage and accuracy.  
To answer this question, the number of hidden or fragmented usages was counted among the Android- and Java-related API usages collected from the experimental dataset. Assume that an API sequence \(\mathcal{S}\) is supposed to be collected from a source file. The sequence was considered as fragmented when the generalized usage included any methods that did not exist in the raw usage. Similarly, the sequence was considered as hidden when it could be collected with the generalization only.  
RQ2. How accurate is the code completion based on the generalized and raw API usages?  
The HAPI models based on the generalized sequences were expected to be more accurate than those based on the raw sequences. The API generalization provided more sequences for the method training because it included the fragmented and hidden sequences. In addition, the generalization helps discover the general API usages that could be found in multiple classes.  
To demonstrate this expectation, two different groups of HAPI models were generated based on the generalized and raw API usages, respectively. If the fragmented or hidden APIs were rare, no difference was observed between the accuracies of the two groups. The completion was considered correct when the expected method was ranked in top \(k\).
## 7 Emerging Research and Innovations
### Smart Materials and Responsive Composites  
Smart materials can undergo significant changes in their properties under controlled conditions, enabling them to detect and respond to stimuli for beneficial effects. They demonstrate \"smart behavior\" by reacting reliably to physical or chemical inputs. Recent advancements include self-healing components, sensing materials, and shape-changing substances, with a focus on intelligent bio-based composites utilizing natural biopolymers, such as cellulose, which can be enhanced with inorganic elements to achieve dynamic responses. Applications span biomaterials, robotics, and artificial muscles.  
According to [PERSON] et al. [83], two-dimensional smart membranes are gaining traction for their roles in separation processes, healthcare, and environmental remediation, showcasing capabilities such as pressure transduction and energy harvesting. Advancements in smart biodegradable food packaging utilize plant extracts, such as anthocyanins, for quality monitoring and shelf-life enhancement, alongside innovative photoactivated materials. Smart materials are paving the way for improvements in health and well-being, facilitating innovations in medical applications, from physiological monitoring to minimally invasive surgery. Their development is crucial for advancements in wireless communication, smart buildings, and sustainable design, using materials such as piezoelectric and thermochromic options that enhance energy efficiency.  
Smart hybrid Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) materials are increasingly used due to their smart properties. Combining NiTi alloys creates a \"smart material\" with smart alloy properties. NiTi alloys benefit various sectors, with a primary focus on automotive applications, including suspension systems, wing mirrors, and safety lock units. NiTi can also be used in shape-memory alloys for the automotive sector.
## 2 The Working Principle of CFST Ductile Column Energy Dissipation Device (CFST Dampers)  
The CFST dampers is composed of multiple (4 to 6) CFST ductile columns in parallel with a height of about 1/2 to 1/4 of the story height and rigid supports on both sides, as shown in Figure 1. It is placed between the frame structure foundation and the beam or beam-to-beam in the form of columns or short-limb wall, and the connection method can be cast-in-place or prefabricated assembly. According to the assumption that the in-plane stiffness of the floor is infinite, when the inter-story displacement of the main structure is \(\Delta\), then the displacement angle of the CFST ductile column is \(\theta_{1}=\Delta/h\), and the inter-story displacement angle of the frame column is \(\theta=\Delta/H\); then, \(\theta_{1}/\theta=H/h\). If the height of the CFST ductile column is 1/2-1/4 of the story height, the inter-story displacement angle of the CFST ductile column is amplified by 2-4 times, as shown in Figure 1. The amplification effect of the deformation angle allows the CFST dampers to play a significant role in energy dissipation, whereas the main structure still undergoes a small deformation. The damper can dissipate more seismic energy to protect the structure from damage and improve the seismic performance of the building.  
Compared with the ordinary energy dissipators installed on the diagonal braces [16], the energy dissipators of concrete-filled steel tubular ductile columns avoid serious local stress problems at the connection between the structure and the diagonal braces, and overcome many shortcomings, e.g., the ordinary energy dissipators have different material  
Figure 1: The working principle of CFST damper.  
from the main body of the structure, and are high in price, have a highly professional design, and need regular maintenance.