## 2 IoV-Based Architecture for SC Waste Management Strategies  
The connectivity between vehicles and the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a new era of technological advancements in terms of vehicular networks known as the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which depicts a global convergence of the traditional IoT and the mobile internet [13], whereby vehicles serve as smart moving nodes in the network. The authors of [2; 14; 15], conceive of the IoV as a technological platform that enables a network of interactions between vehicles and other devices or objects within their environment, which may include other vehicles, sensors actuators, humans, and road infrastructure. IoV-based technology provides a huge network of interactions amongst the various communication models exploiting IoT-based technologies to enable big data information on smart waste bins scattered within an SC ecosystem and the collection and transmission of such data using vehicular networks. Some application specifics of IoV for SC solutions can be found in the areas of big data analytics, infotainment, intelligent transportation systems, cloud computing, crash response, environmental management, and traffic management [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. Recent studies on IoV reveal that researchers have focused on the above-mentioned application specifics but have yet to extend this application to SC waste management. Other studies show that research efforts are currently focused on exploiting IoT-enabled techniques for SC waste management strategies. Hence, the potential of the IoV has not yet been explored for SC waste management solutions. One of the challenges of using IoT-enabled technologies for data collection for waste management is the high energy dissipation of the sensor nodes, which is occasioned by high transmission overheads. To optimize energy consumption of sensor nodes, many researchers have proposed the use of mobile collectors for data collection [6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 19]. Thus, this study aims to harness the potentials inherent in IoV-based methods for an intelligent waste management strategy in SCs. In this study, we further investigated some of the critical issues and tradeoffs affecting efficient data collection and transmission for SC waste management solutions using analytically based approaches. Figure 1 shows the architecture of IoV-based waste management in an SC. While Figure 1a gives an overview of IoV-based SC waste management, Figure 1b presents a model of data collection for an SC waste management technique. Figure 1: An IoV-based network model for smart city waste management. (**a**) An overview of Internet of Vehicles smart city waste management. (**b**) A model showing data collection for SC waste management. We note that several research efforts have utilized multiple mobile elements for data collection [20; 21; 22] to tackle the challenges of scalability associated with a single collector scheme. However, none has considered an IoV-based approach to address the need to optimize energy consumption for big data collection in LS-WSNs by examining critical issues and tradeoffs affecting efficient data collection for SC waste management solutions. Some advantages of exploiting vehicles as mobile collectors are that (1) vehicles are able to traverse and roam across different unconnected geographic regions of the SC for data collection and transmission purposes; (2) vehicles can be used to optimize energy consumption of sensor nodes by enabling short-range data collection and transmission, which saves substantial energy use by sensor nodes and minimizes their transmission overheads; (3) unlike the energy-constrained IoT-based sensors, vehicles are energy-renewable; (4) vehicles can handle the issues of flexibility and scalability associated with a typical single collector scheme; and (5) the opportunistic approach enables the same vehicle to be simultaneously exploited for multiple applications to minimize energy consumption.