## 2 Related Works  
The performance of LoRa technology in both indoor and outdoor environments has been the subject of various research studies. However, there is a limited number of articles specifically addressing LoRa in vegetated environments. The authors in [20] explore LoRa performance in a unique environment, namely the ISTAC-IIUM Campus, featuring a row of five palm trees. Utilizing different spreading factors (SF7-SF12) at 868 MHz, 125 KHz bandwidth, and a transmission power of 14 dBm, the study measures the received signal strength indication (RSSI). It highlights factors impacting LoRa propagation through vegetation, including diffraction, foliage scattering, and reflection, emphasizing the importance of considering these aspects to optimize LoRa performance in vegetated areas and overcome associated challenges. The article [21] presents a study about LPWAN for smart agriculture applications, evaluating the performance of LoRa transmission technology operating in the 433 MHz and 868 MHz bands, intended for wildlife monitoring in a forested vegetation area. The study analyzed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), RSSI, and packet delivery rate (PDR), showing that the stability of the LoRa signal significantly depends on the environment and is more stable in less dense forest environments than in highly dense forest environments. Furthermore, it suggests future research regarding the study of environmental impact, considering atmospheric conditions (humidity, pressure, rainfall, etc. ), LoRa performance, and proposing a suitable propagation model for forested environments based on the obtained results. Aiming to obtain a suitable propagation model for vegetated environments, the article [22] investigates the use of empirical propagation models in precision agriculture. Models such as the Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) for large-scale loss in free space, the Flat Earth (FE) model, and vegetation models like Weissberger, ITU-R, FITU-R, and COST235 are explored in a simulation, assuming flat terrain greenhouse with an area of 100 m \(\times\) 100 m and operation frequency of 2.5 GHz. The study considers variations in antenna heights, distance between transceivers, and vegetation depth to predict signal propagation loss. At the end of the simulation, the study explains that propagation losses decrease with great antenna heights and increase with large distances between transceivers and deeper vegetation. The total loss is calculated as the sum of free space loss and vegetation loss in greenhouse-style environments. The article [23] proposes a method to improve the accuracy of path loss for wireless communication in a mountainous forest area called Takakuma at Kagoshima University, Tarumizu City, southern Japan, at an elevation of 2000 m. The devices operate at a frequency of 920 MHz, SF12, transmission power of 13 dBm, a bandwidth of 400 KHz, and monopole antennas with vertical polarization at heights of 2 m and 2.5 m for the receiver and transmitter, respectively. This method divides the total distance between the transmitter and receiver into two parts: one is the total transmission distance through the forest, and the other is the total distance considering free space. Subsequently, it calculates the path losses for the forested area and the open space, and then sums them to obtain the total path loss. Finally, the study compares the proposed method with five literature models Weissberger, ITU-R, FITU-R, LITU-R, and COST235, and concludes that the proposed method exhibits a reasonable level of path loss accuracy in mountainous forest environments and has the potential to enhance the accuracy of wireless communication in such environments. In [24], the behavior of wireless channels at frequencies of 433 MHz and 2.4 GHz is investigated, considering the effects of distance and antenna height on signal strength and packet loss rate in agricultural areas.