## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Properties of Dust and Soil Samples  
Collected soil samples were further analyzed for their chemical properties and textural class, as shown in Table 3. The findings confirm that the soil across the study areas is slightly alkaline, with a mean pH range of 7.38-7.79. This pH range is similar to the results dis cussed by [PERSON] [47], who highlighted the influence of such alkaline conditions on metal dynamics and adsorption processes. These slightly alkaline soils can affect the availability and mobility of metals, making up an important factor in understanding soil chemistry and its implications for environmental sustainability. The mean pH values suggest that the soil across the study areas is slightly alkaline. This information is important, as it relates to the soil's suitability for agricultural practices and its capacity to retain nutrients. The highest pH was recorded at site S8 (7.79), followed by sites S11 (7.76) and S19 (7.76), while the lowest pH was observed at site S4 (7.38). The slightly alkaline pH range of 7.38-7.79 can influence metal dynamics and adsorption, which is crucial for understanding soil quality. Specifically, when soil pH is within this range, it can affect the availability and mobility of various metals, potentially leading to several risks. (1) Metal availability: An alkaline pH can lead to the immobilization of certain heavy metals, reducing their bioavailability to plants. However, it may also facilitate the release of other metals that are more soluble at higher pH levels, leading to potential toxicity, particularly at Sites S8 and S11, where the highest pH values were recorded. (2) Adsorption capacity: The pH affects the adsorption capacity of soil minerals for heavy metals. Changes in pH can alter the surface charge of soil particles, impacting the adsorption of metals and, consequently, their transport in the soil profile. Sites like S4, with a lower pH of 7.38, may experience more dynamic metal movement compared to higher-pH sites like S8 and S11. (3) Environmental contamination: Elevated levels of heavy metals in the soil can pose risks to plant growth and soil organisms, and the heavy metals can ultimately enter the food chain, affecting human health and the ecosystem. Sites with higher pH levels, such as S8 and S11, might face challenges related to metal toxicity, impacting plant growth, soil organisms, and the broader ecosystem. (4) Soil quality: The dynamics of metal adsorption can also influence overall soil quality, affecting fertility and productivity. High concentrations of certain metals can lead to soil loss, limiting agricultural output. Managing the pH and metal dynamics, particularly at sites with higher pH values, like S8 and S11, is essential for promoting sustainable land management practices that align with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Considering these factors, understanding the pH's role in metal dynamics and adsorption is essential for assessing soil quality and implementing effective soil management practices. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Site**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**pH**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**EC**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Cations and Anions (meq kg\({}^{-1}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**CaCO\({}_{3}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**OM**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Textural**} \\  & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline S1 & 7.55 bed & 10.67 \({}^{\ast}\) & 1.85 \({}^{\ast}\) & 166.98 \({}^{\ast}\) & 19.68 \({}^{\ast}\) & 3.70 \({}^{\circ}\) & 1.89 \({}^{\circ}\) & 211.56 \({}^{\circ}\) & 8.17 \({}^{\circ}\) & 5.66 \({}^{\circ}\) & 0.61 \({}^{\circ}\)Hg & LS \\ S2 & 7.65 \({}^{\circ}\)ke & 0.97 \({}^{\ast}\) & 0.45 \({}^{\circ}\)hk & 4.99 \({}^{\circ}\)oh  
The electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil samples varied widely, with a minimum value of 0.23 dS m\({}^{-1}\) and a maximum of 10.67 dS m\({}^{-1}\). This variation in EC suggests that soluble salts have accumulated, indicating severe soil salinization.