esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design and Evaluation of Large-Scale IoT-Enabled Healthcare Architecture
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a large-scale IoT-enabled healthcare architecture is proposed. This architecture consists of three main components: a communicator, manager, and prioritize. To ensure that the maximum number of medical devices is covered, three coverage tools are used under predetermined priority rules. These coverage tools are satellites, HAPs, and Internet. The control of the coverage tools is the function of the communicator. For easy management objectives, the manager is used to transform the proposed architecture into small clusters. The prioritize is used to create several importance levels for the healthcare data. A network simulation package (NS3) is used to measure the performance of the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture enhances the performance of the traditional healthcare architecture. The delay decreased by 19.211%, and the energy consumption decreased by 11.357%. The packet loss decreased by 26.886%, whereas the throughput increased by 22.999%. The percentage of served users increased by \(\approx\)10%. The usage of coverage tools and the percentages of each exchanged data type were measured. Finally, the future work of this research is summarized in executing of more intensive simulation experiments until find the optimal utilization of coverage tools while maintaining a balance between efficiency and cost factors. Moreover, trying to apply other methodologies to decrease the size of the data that is exchanged through the proposed IoT-enabled healthcare architecture.  
[PERSON] designed the architecture and performed the simulation experiments. [PERSON] performed the problem formulation and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work was supported by the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/60), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
The data used in this study is created by the simulation package (NS3).  
The authors extend their appreciation to the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/60), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Performance Comparison of Selected Filters in Fast Denoising of Oil Palm Hyperspectral Data
## 3 Results and Discussion
The threshold for wavelet and cosine coefficients was set at 10 percent of the highest coefficient. This value was also obtained by trial and error. When the threshold was increased, more high-frequency components were suppressed, resulting in a blurry output. However, when the threshold was reduced, more noise remained in the output. Normally, besides SNR, SSIM and PSNR are calculated as denoising metrics to provide relative filter performance. They compare a noisy image to its clean self to come up with the index. However, since there are no clean copies of the noisy channels, reference-less image quality metrics like NIQE can be utilized. NIQE is trained on relatively clean images and may not correlate well with human quality perception [34]. However, it does not use subjective quality scores. NIQE assigns a score to an image, and the lower the score, the better the visual quality of the image should be. Table 3 presents the NIQE metrics of the first four and last four noisy channels before and after filtering. As seen, after filtering, all channels registered lower NIQE indices. It was found that the spatial filtering by itself was not effective in denoising the channels. When the noisy bands were subjected to spatial filtering repeatedly, they lost contrast and became blurry. Applying the 1D spectral filtering alone iteratively reduced the noise, but the improvement tapered off just after a few iterations. When spectral and spatial filtering were combined, they produced better results, but increasing the maximum iteration did not improve the results after the second iteration. This was due to the blurring effect of lowpass filtering. The main concern of this work was whether the spectral and spatial filtering of the channels suppress important local features within individual channels, resulting in the loss of channel characteristics. This concern will be addressed in future work.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Questionnaire Design and Validation  
In order to evaluate the concept of presenting artistic works, such as 3D models of the sculptures in public spaces we employed a questionnaire that measures users' engagement, engrossment and total immersion with virtual objects in AR. The proposed questionnaire builds on the standardized Augmented Reality Immersion (ARI) questionnaire [19], originally developed for location-based AR applications. The overall concept of presenting artistic works, such as sculptures, in public spaces was evaluated by measuring the engagement level associated with using AR to display 3D models of the sculptures. Engagement relates to the emotional and cognitive involvement of users with the AR experiences. This aspect was considered relevant for evaluating users' attitudes toward AR exhibitions in public spaces. To evaluate the users' perception of artistic digital and digitized sculptures in augmented reality, the levels of engrossment and total immersion levels with virtual objects in AR were assessed. These levels consist of four subcategories, emotional attachment, focus of attention, presence, and flow. A seven-point rating scale was used for measuring each aspect, where 1 = \"totally disagree\" and 7 = \"totally agree\". Finally, to assess whether users' perceptions of virtual objects in AR, in terms of personal preferences, depend on immersion with a 3D object, and vice versa, we included a question about users' preferred sculptures. Participants' general preferences and opinions regarding specific sculptures and potential methods for presenting artistic sculptures in public spaces were gathered through two multiple-choice questions. The overall research questionnaire can be structured into three main parts, as shown in Table 2, along with the question types, answer formats, and objectives.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Analysis** & **Q. No.** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Research Question-** \\ **naires/Questions** \\ \end{tabular} & **Answers** & **Objective** \\ \hline AR engagement & & & & To measure overall engagement with AR application: \\ with the AR app for displaying sculptures in public space & RQ 3 & Modified AR questionnaire & Likert scale 1–7 points (Totally Disagree—Totally Agree) & - Interest for the activity of observing sculptures in AR in public space - Perceptions about the app’s usability \\ \hline AR immersion & RQ 1 & Modified AR questionnaire & Likert scale 1–7 points (Totally Disagree—Totally Agree) & - Emotional attachment to particular sculptures \\ with each 3D model of the sculpture & & & & Focus of attention measured for each sculpture \\ \hline RQ 2 & Modified AR questionnaire & Likert scale 1–7 points (Totally Disagree—Totally Agree) & To measure immersion with particular 3D models of the sculptures in public space: - Presence during the AR experience \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Research questionnaires and questions design.
## 2 Newly Proposed Evaluation Method and Analysis Procedure
### Detailed Procedure of CRITIC-GRA Model to Optimize Stop Dimensions
#### 2.2.1 Comparison of Stope Stability Indicators Based on CRITIC-GRA Model  
All factors that may affect stope stability are typically categorized into rockmass quality factors and stope structural characteristics factors. Rockmass quality factors encompass the physical and mechanical properties of rockmass and geological conditions including the _RQD_ value of rockmass, groundwater conditions, in situ stress, properties of geological joints and discontinuities. Stope structural characteristics factors include the length, width and height of the excavated stope void.  
Although the application of the Mathews stability graph method and FLAC3D numerical simulations could separately accomplish the analysis of stope stability with different influential factors, the results of these two methods usually exhibit obvious differences. Therefore, the CRITIC-GRA model is recommended to integrate the results of the above two for stope dimension optimization.
###### Abstract  
The design and preparation of hydrophobic, wear-resistant, and thermally conductive multifunctional composites is an important direction of scientific research and application. In this study, A-CF/EP/FEP composites were prepared by incorporating APDMS-modified carbon felt (A-CF) into an epoxy resin (EP) and fluorinated ethylene propylene resin (FEP) mixed resin. The low surface energy of FEP, good adhesion of EP, and the supporting of carbon felt framework endow the A-CF/EP/FEP composites with hydrophobicity, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity at the same time. Firstly, the water contact angle (WCA) of A-CF/EP/FEP composites with 20 wt% FEP reaches \(109.9\pm 2.6^{\circ}\), and the WCAs of all composites with different FEP contents (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) is greater than 90 deg, indicating the composites have a hydrophobic surface. Secondly, the A-CF/EP/FEP composites have high wear resistance and maintain long-term hydrophobicity after tribological tests, because the residual debris and nanoparticles generated by external loading adhere to the friction interface, regenerating the microstructure of the hydrophobic surface. Finally, the A-CF/EP/FEP composites have high thermal conductivity up to 0.38 W/(m-K), which is 1.81 and 2.0 times that of pure EP and EP/FEP composites, respectively. This is because a relatively complete heat conduction network is formed after the addition of A-CF to the composites. The synergy among epoxy resin, FEP, and the A-CF filler plays a particularly important role in constructing hydrophobic surfaces and improving wear resistance and thermal conductivity. The EP enhances adhesion, the FEP supplies low surface energy, and the A-CF framework improves the wear resistance of A-CF/EP/FEP composites. This work provides ideas for the design and preparation of multifunctional composites and will underlie the application of high-performance epoxy resin and its composites.  
hydrophilic surface; wear resistance; carbon felt; epoxy resin; composites Article
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Resources for Readily Available EO and Other Data (Research for Step 2)  
The following datasets were used for Step 2 and to complement the use of VHR imagery for the habitat suitability assessment carried out in Step 3 of this research:  
2.1 UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Land Cover Map 2019 (LCM2019) (20 m Classified Pixels) and Crop 2019  
The Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) has recently made available the UK Land Cover Map 2019 (LCM2019) [56, 88], a product based on satellite images (mainly Sentinel-2), digital cartography, and machine-learning techniques (e.g., bootstrap training combined with random forest classifier). LCM2019 provides information about physical materials on the Earth's surface; these can be natural such as vegetation, freshwater, inland rocks, etc., and non-natural materials such as buildings or urbanised areas. LCM2019 has 21 classes using similar UK BAP Broad Habitats categories except for a couple of inconsistencies. Mapping relationships and discrepancies in definitions between the CEH LC 2019 and UK BAP Broad Habitats categories are outlined in [56, 88].  
Figure 2: Locations of SH-AONB and the three intensive study sites.  
The SH-AONB is covered by 11 of the CEH LC classes illustrated and listed in Figure 3 for the whole SH-AONB and for our three intensive study sites. Further details of the SH-AONB LC and UK BAP Broad Habitats classes are given in Supplementary Materials (Table S1) [56; 82]. UK CEH Crops 2019 product was obtained using Sentinel-2. The crops from 2019 in SH-AONB were identified as winter wheat, winter oats, spring wheat, winter barley, spring barley, oilseed rape, field beans, potatoes, maize, peas, and other crops (which might include other cereals, root crops, early potatoes, and vegetables) (Figure 4).  
The UK CEH LCM2019 and Crops2019 products were obtained free of charge in raster and vector format from the Digimap Edina platform [89] under University of Surrey's license.
## 2 State of the Art
### Category Theory
#### 2.3.3 Use of Category Theory in System Engineering  
Because category theory is a tool that encompasses abstraction levels and interactions between objects, some approaches have given representation of complex systems through this mathematical frame.  
Fundamental mathematical approaches give highly theoretical representations of these systems. Dynamic systems can be represented using the concept of sheaves [27], which are functors from a category to the category of sets with compelling topological properties. This allows for the representation of interactions between multiple dynamic systems. Category theory can also be used to represent systems in a way that allows for straightforward representation of hierarchy levels with evolutive memory systems [28], through the evolution of the system, and interactions between multiple systems.  
Some approaches are closer to the system engineering point of view. Ontologies and category theory are used to represent MBSE models in the MB2 SE framework [29]. A category-based meta-model of system engineering and safety assessment was also designed [30].
# Fabrication of Mesh Patterns Using a Selective Laser-Melting Process
###### Abstract  
The selective laser-melting (SLM) process can be applied to the additive building of complex metal parts using melting metal powder with laser scanning. A metal mesh is a common type of metal screen consisting of parallel rows and intersecting columns. It is widely used in the agricultural, industrial, transportation, and machine protection sectors. This study investigated the fabrication of parts containing a mesh pattern from the SLM of AISI 304 stainless steel powder. The formation of a mesh pattern has a strong potential to increase the functionality and cost-effectiveness of the SLM process. To fabricate a single-layered thin mesh pattern, laser layering has been conducted on a copper base plate. The high thermal conductivity of copper allows heat to pass through it quickly, and prevents the adhesion of a thin laser-melted layer. The effects of the process conditions such as the laser scan speed and scanning path on the size and dimensional accuracy of the fabricated mesh patterns were characterized. As the analysis results indicate, a part with a mesh pattern was successfully obtained, and the application of the proposed method was shown to be feasible with a high degree of reliability.  
additive manufacturing; selective laser melting; 3D printing; mesh pattern; copper base; Finite element method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks and Their Derivative Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
## 2 Fabrication Strategy of 2D MOF and Their Derivatives
### Fabrication Strategy of 2D MOF
#### 2.1.1 Top-Down Synthesis
Despite this success, the physical synthesis method  
Figure 1: (**a**) The fabrication process of ZSB-1 nanosheets. (**b**) AFM analysis of exfoliated ZSB-1 nanosheet and corresponding height contours. (**c**) SEM image of an exfoliated ZSB-1 nanosheet. (**d**) TEM image of an exfoliated ZSB-1 nanosheet. Reproduced with permission [106]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (**e**) SEM image of vdW MOF-2 sheets exhibiting a thickness of 10 nm and lower. (**f**) SEM image of large lateral single-crystal sizes. (**g**) Tape exfoliation process. (**h**) Exfoliated flakes on Si/SiO\({}_{2}\). Reproduced with permission [107]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. has notable drawbacks, such as low yield and unstable storage. Therefore, the development of more efficient methods to overcome these challenges is a significant area of interest. To circumvent the challenges posed by mechanical or solvent-mediated exfoliation processes, controlled chemical reactions can effectively manipulate interactions between layers to generate synthetic ultrathin 2D nanosheets [89; 90]. In a pioneering study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [109], the researchers achieved chemical exfoliation of intercalated MOF crystals to produce high-yield 2D MOF nanosheets. This was performed by incorporating the chemically unstable 4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide (DPDS) ligand into the layered MOF crystal to create a novel inserted MOF, followed by the reduction of disulfide bonds with trimethylphosphine (TMP) (Figure 2a). By weakening the interactions between the DPDS-swollen 2D layers, the researchers were able to easily exfoliate the MOF into ultra-thin (\(\sim\)1 nm) nanosheets with an impressive product yield (\(\sim\)57%). [PERSON] et al. [110] demonstrated an alternative approach by altering the pH and chemically exfoliating the MOF into negatively charged nanosheets. This was achieved by introducing protonated phosphonate groups into the layers of [Co(Ni-H\({}_{7}\)TPPP)\({}_{2}\)]-8H\({}_{2}\)O (TPPP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[p-phenylphosphonic acid]porphyrin). In a quest for a more effective way to break the coordination bonds between MOF crystal planes, [PERSON] et al. [111] utilized chemical oxidation in an electrochemical exfoliation method. In this method, catechol-functionalized pillars were oxidized and removed during the electrochemical process, resulting in ultra-thin nanosheets (2 nm) (Figure 2b). Despite being cost-effective and easy to handle, top-down synthesis of 2D MOF nanosheets has limitations such as precursor requirements, low yield, and challenges with stacking synthesized products, which restricts its applicability on a large scale. Figure 2: (**a**) Depiction of the intercalation and chemical exfoliation method for the synthesis of 2D MOF nanosheets. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (**b**) Process of interlayer pillar removal for the synthesis of 2D MOF. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discharge Temperature and Specific Power  
Figure 10 shows the variation in discharge temperature with the rotating speed, discharge pressure, and cooling water flow rate. Comparing the discharge temperature in Figure 10 with the highest surface temperature of the intercooler in Figure 5, it can be seen that cooling water had a significant cooling effect on discharge gas.  
At a given rotating speed and discharge pressure, the discharge temperature significantly decreased with the increase in the cooling water flow rate. In addition, it can be seen that the discharge temperature increased with the increase in the rotating speed and the increase in the discharge pressure.  
Figure 11 shows the effect of rotating speed, discharge pressure, and cooling water flow rate on specific power. The increase in the cooling water flow rate led to a decrease in specific power, which meant that the energy consumption of the compressor relatively decreased.  
Figure 10: Effect of the rotating speed, discharge pressure, and cooling water flow rate on the discharge temperature.  
At 2 bar, the specific power decreased more and more slowly with the increase in the rotating speed, while at 1.5 bar, the specific power decreased first and then increased with the increase in the rotating speed. This was caused by the different rates at which the volumetric flow rate and shaft power increased with increasing rotating speed. Moreover, it can be seen that the specific power increased with the increase in the discharge pressure.
# Modulus Waveform Design Based on Manifold ADMM Idea in Dual-Function Radar-Communication System
## 2 System Model and Problem Formulation
### DFRC Trade-Off Model between Radar and Communication  
Combining the problems of (5) and (8) together, we mainly discuss the trade-off model between radar and communication systems. Namely, the trade-off optimization problem of DFRC is formulated as  
\[\begin{split}&\min_{\mathbf{X},\alpha}\quad w\left\|\mathbf{H} \mathbf{X}-\mathbf{S}\right\|_{F}^{2}+(1-w)\frac{1}{J}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{J} \left|\alpha^{2}D\big{(}\theta_{j}\big{)}-\mathbf{x}^{\mathrm{H}}\mathbf{R} \big{(}\theta_{j}\big{)}\mathbf{x}\right|^{2}\\ & s.t.\quad\quad\left\|\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{X}_{0}\right\|_{F}^{2}< \eta_{\min},\\ &\left|x_{n,l}\right|=\sqrt{\frac{P_{0}}{NL}},n=1,2,\ldots,N;l=1, 2,\ldots,L,\end{split} \tag{12}\]  
where \(w\in[0,1]\) is the weighting factor to balance radar and communication performances.  
**Remark 1:** By considering communication performance solely when \(w=1\), and radar performance exclusively when \(w=0\), the judicious selection of weighting factors enables the achievement of a well-balanced performance.
# Review of Structural Health Monitoring Techniques in Pipeline and Wind Turbine Industries
## 4 Health Monitoring Techniques for Wind Farms  
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Content Management Systems (CMSs) for Health Monitoring  
SCADA and CMSs are the two most recognized health monitoring systems and come very handy when offshore wind farms are considered. Being too distant from the mainland, these wind farms require constant monitoring. They monitor the elementary components and also take care of the difference in input factors including the [163] wind speed and outputs. It is ensured that the sampling frequency can be managed at 0.02 Hz at an interval of 10 min for monitoring. This small interval allows for analysis before it is too late to find the error that has occurred and the details such as the extent and location where it has happened. The program also provides real-time solutions or suggestions. Researchers also find the log data to be very useful in their work, which in turn creates an environment for the creation of even better systems of monitoring. Further studies provided an insight into the combination of different systems and SCADA monitoring to present even reliable combined machines. Notable are the uses of the neuro fuzzy system [164, 165], Bayesian frameworks [166], and Yang's varying conditions [167]. Another important tool in the same line is the CMS, which has the capability to identify damages through vibrations at higher frequencies, normally 50 Hz or higher, and the response system collects data at an even increased frequency [168, 169, 170]. CMSWind and the ADAPT.wind system are the newer and modified forms of the traditional monitoring systems. The only logical next step was to combine these two major systems, SCADA and CMS, together. It is a huge task but could combine the best features of the two. Examples of this combination/integration are the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Wait Time Information System (WTIS) systems. A combined basic setup is depicted in Figure 15 below.