# Potential of Laurel (_Laurus mobilis_ L.) Leaf Polyphenols for Modulation of Body Composition
## 4 Influence of Laurel Leaf Polypphenols on Body Composition
### Influence of Laurel Leaf Polyphenols on Bones
#### 4.1.2 Hydroxycinnamic Acids  
As shown in Table 1, several positive outcomes of hydroxycinnamic acids on bones were reported. [PERSON] et al. [27] showed beneficial effects on osteoporosis and bone erosion related to rheumatoid arthritis, in which treatment with ferulic acid resulted in significant decrease in osteoclast activity and downregulation of the inflammatory NF-kB pathway in vitro tested on albino Wistar rats' bone marrow cells and a murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Another study showed an increase in bone mineral density along with increased mRNA and SIRT-1 levels and the reduction of NF-kB in vivo in neonatal rats with glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis [48]. Another observed effect was the promotion of bone regeneration by the application of sinapic acid-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, which showed activation of osteogenesis molecular pathways in vitro on mouse mesenchymal stem cells and bone formation in vivo in a critical-sized rat calvarial bone defect model system [49]. In addition, a \(p\)-comamic acid-conjugated collagen scaffold applied in a rat  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Compound(s)** & **Effects** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Kaempfer} & Induction of SaOS-2 osteoblast differentiation & [43] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Promotion of osteoblast survival in glucocorticoid induced osteencrosis & \\  & on human bone microvascular endothelial cells and in vivo in female & [44; 45] \\  & ovariectomized rats & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Promotion of bone regeneration in rat bone marrow stromal cells and & \\  & in vivo in rat femur bones & [46] \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Hydroxycinnamic acids} & Supression of bone erosion and osteoporosis in murine bone marrow cells & \\  & and RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line; in vivo in neonatal rats with & [47; 48] \\  & induced osteoporosis & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Promotion of bone regeneration in a critical-sized rat calvarial bone defect & [49; 50] \\ \cline{2-3}  & model system and in a rat model of critically sized mandible defects & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation related to arthritis and disc & \\  & degradation in nucleus pulposus cells and in acute and chronic models & [51; 52] \\ \cline{2-3}  & of inflammation & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Apigenin} & Reduction of epidural fibrosis after spine surgery in human fibroblasts and & \\  & in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats & [53] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Treatment of osteoporosis in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of main laurel leaf polyphenols’ effects on bones.  
model of critically sized mandible defects showed enhancement of bone regeneration by activating osteogenic, anti-osteoclastic and angiogenic responses [50]. Ferulic acid incorporated into a gelatin-chitosan-glycerol phosphate hydrogel showed downregulation of metalloproteinase activity and upregulation of type II collagen and inhibited oxidative-stress-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells related to disc degeneration [52]. An ethyl ester of \(p\)-coumaric acid showed inhibition of the inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis on acute and chronic models of inflammation, showing potential for application in treatment of arthritis [51].