## 2 Architectural Models and Research Methods
Figure 2: Actual building exterior wall construction. Formula (1) shows the heat consumption \(Q_{\text{j}}\) (W)of the enclosure structure. \[Q_{\text{j}}=F\cdot K\cdot(t_{\text{n}}-t_{\text{w}})\cdot a \tag{1}\]  
where F(m2) represents the area of the enclosure structure, \(K\) is the heat transfer coefficient of the enclosure structure (W/m2-K), \(t_{\text{n}}\) is the design temperature of the heating room (K), \(t_{\text{w}}\) is the calculated temperature of the heating outside (K), and \(a\) is the temperature difference correction coefficient of the maintenance structure. There are gaps and openings in the building envelope, including doors and windows. These gaps and openings allow outdoor air to penetrate into the room due to the pressure difference between indoor and outdoor environments caused by factors such as wind pressure and temperature differences. It is important to seal these gaps and openings to prevent energy loss and maintain indoor comfort. This results in the infiltration of cold or hot air, depending on the outdoor temperature. When calculating the heat load, the usually considered factor is the permeable air load. The calculation of the air infiltration load \(Q_{\text{x}}\) (W) is as follows:  
\[Q_{\text{x}}=\frac{1}{3.6}\cdot\rho_{\text{w}}\cdot\text{L}\cdot c_{\text{p}} \cdot(t_{\text{w}}-t_{\text{n}}) \tag{2}\]  
where \(\rho_{\text{W}}\) represents the air density (kg/m3) outside the heating room at the calculated temperature, \(c_{\text{p}}\) is the specific heat coefficient of air (J/(kg K)), and L is the amount of permeated cold air (m3/h). The ventilation and air conditioning system are designed to dissipate the heat generated by the electrical equipment, ensuring efficient operation and preventing equipment failure due to excessive temperature. The calculation of the equipment's heat load includes the heat loss of the transformer, high-voltage switchgear, and low-voltage switchgear, as \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Outdoor Parameter** & **Design Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline Dry bulb temperature calculation for summer air conditioning & 30.7 & \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Summer ventilation outdoor temperature calculation & 26.7 & \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Outdoor relative humidity calculation for summer air conditioning & 62\% & \\ Calculation of outside temperature for winter air conditioning & \(-\)27.1 & \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ Calculation of relative humidity for winter outdoor air conditioning & 73\% & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Outdoor design meteorological parameters. Figure 3: Hourly dry bulb temperature and load chart throughout the year. well as the power loss of the cable, heat gain of the enclosure structure, and heat dissipation of the room lighting. Formula (3) is used to calculate the equipment heat load \(Q_{\mathrm{e}}\) (W). \[Q_{\mathrm{e}}=n_{1}\cdot n_{2}\cdot n_{3}\cdot N\cdot C_{\mathrm{cl}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(n_{1}\) is the coefficient of simultaneous use, \(n_{2}\) is the installation coefficient, \(n_{3}\) is the load coefficient, \(N\) is the installation power of the electric heating equipment, and \(C_{\mathrm{cl}}\) is the cooling load coefficient of the heat dissipation of electric equipment and appliances. Based on the formula and relevant software modeling analysis described above, specific parameters are depicted in Figure 4. The conclusive calculation results reveal that the peak heat load of the substation's main control building is 9.842 kW, with a peak cooling load of 5.052 kW. Additionally, the annual heating heat consumption is 19,425.519 kWh, while the cooling consumption is 2524.104 kWh. This paper uses CFD to calculate the distribution of indoor flow velocity and airflow direction, presenting a comprehensive view of indoor wind speed and airflow organization. The turbulence model reflects the fluid flow state. When conducting numerical simulations of fluid mechanics, it is important to select an appropriate turbulence model for different fluid flows to simulate the real flow field value as accurately as possible.