## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **No Harvest** & **Harvest** & **Harvest** & **No Harvest** & **Harvest** \\
**ES Indicator** & **Unit** & **No Maint.** & **No Maint.** & **No Maint.** & **Maint.** & **Maint.** \\  & & **FR = 0.5** & **FR = 0.5** & **FR = 0.8** & **FR = 0.5** & **FR = 0.5** \\ \hline Total extracted timber & m\({}^{3}\) & 0 & 2600 & 2600 & 0 & 2600 \\ Timber revenues & EUR & 0 & 9440 & 9440 & 0 & 9440 \\ Recreation costs & EUR & 0 & 0 & 0 & 16,640 & 16,640 \\ Air pollution deposition & Ton PM\({}_{10}\) & 2.1 & 1.9 & 1.9 & 2.1 & 1.9 \\ Water purification & Ton N & 5.4–5.6 & 5.1–5.4 & 5.2–5.5 & 5.4–5.6 & 5.1–5.4 \\ Carbon sequestrated & Ton CO\({}_{2}\)-eq & 1300–1360 & 1190–1250 & 1220–1280 & 1300–1360 & 1190–1250 \\ Recreation (average WTT) & km & 5.8–6.1 & 5.9–6.2 & 5.9–6.2 & 9.3 & 9.4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Results for selected ES indicators. rainfall and unique seasonal cycles, which would require careful tuning of hydrological and growth models within the DSS. However, with targeted data collection and adaptation, the Multisilva DSS could eventually support tropical applications, especially in more managed tropical forests where available species data may align with existing model parameters. The mapping functionality within Multisilva is a robust spatial analysis tool, and with access to spatially explicit maps of ecosystem service supply, it would be straightforward to extend this capability to other regions beyond Europe, enabling a broader application of the tool in supporting forest ecosystem service provision. In the long run, the DSS can be tailored to help forest owners to identify potential customers of ESs, and hence set the path towards the implementation of payment of ecosystem services, or alternatively to support ES certification procedures by offering the ability to simulate the impact of specific management practices with respect to a business-as-usual scenario. The following are available online at [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10)) 3390/f15122248/s1. Table S1: Assessment of tools listed on the Forest DSS Community of Practice. Sheet S1: List of all tools. Sheet S2: Selection of tools able to model ESs or forest management. Conceptualisation: C.P. and B.R. ; funding acquisition: C.P. and B.R. ; methodology: C.P. and J.S. ; data collection: C.P. and J.L. ; software: C.P., L.C., T.N.G., and J.L. ; UI development: [PERSON] and J.L. ; writing: [PERSON] and [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR) through the Industrial Fellowship postdoc programme (project reference 12686431) and the JUMP programme (project reference JUMP2I/16685649). For the purpose of open access, and in fulfilment of the obligations arising from the grant agreement, the authors have applied a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. The links to geospatial data sources are provided in Table A1 in Appendix A. The authors would like to thank Luxplan, and particularly [PERSON] and the forest department, for their partnership and technical support in the development of the prototype. The authors would also like to thank the Nature and Forest Administration (ANF) of Luxembourg for the forest inventory data and insightful feedback. B.R. further acknowledges the support of the NBFC (National Biodiversity Future Centre), funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, P.N.R.R., Missione 4 Componente 2, \"Dalla ricerca all'impresa\", Investimento 1.4, Project CN00000033. The authors are furthermore grateful to [PERSON], the SEACOOP team, and [PERSON] of LIST for their insightful discussions and comments. The manuscript benefited from three anonymous reviews. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.