## 3 Experimental Section
### Method
#### 3.2.5 Characterization  
FT-IR spectrum of the P(St-_co_-GMA) based polyHIPE scaffold was characterized using an FTIR spectrometer (Nicolet 6700). The microstructure of polyHIPEs and cell-immobilized polyHIPEs were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, S-4800, Hitachi, Japan). In order to estimate the mean size of the voids and interconnected pores, 100 voids in the SEM image were investigated using the software Image J. For the cell observation, the cell immobilized polyHIPE was soaked into 2.5 wt.% of glutaraldehyde for 40 min at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and then the sample was transferred and submerged for 15 min in a gradient concentration of ethanol. The interconnectivity (I) of the polyHIPE was calculated according to Equation (1):  
\[\text{Interconnectivity (I)}=\frac{1}{4}\text{n}\times\left(\frac{\text{d}}{ \text{D}}\right)^{2}\times 100 \tag{1}\]  
where n is the average number of interconnected pores per void. D and d are the average diameters of the void and interconnected pores, respectively. For the mechanical strength test, the compression moduli of polyHIPEs were measured as follows: a cube sample of about 10 mm \(\times\) 10 mm \(\times\) 10 mm was made and squeezed with a WDW-50E universal testing machine (Sansi, Shenzhen, China) at a constant rate of 1.0 mm/min until half the height of the sample was reached. The stress-strain curve was used to compute the Young's modulus (_E_) from the slope of the curve's initial linear region, and it is the average value obtained by compressing three samples. The material's wettability was characterized using a contact angle goniometer (JC2000C Contact Angle Meter, Powereach Co., Shanghai, China). A drop of water (about 20 uL) was dripped onto the sample. The contact angle was determined by averaging the results of five measurements taken at various locations on the same sample. The qualitative analysis of immobilized cells was characterized by an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, QUANTAX 400-30), which evaluates the location of microbial cells within the carrier by analyzing the sulfur element distribution of the material microregion components. The quantitative analysis of immobilized cell content in the polyHIPE was determined by an elemental analyzer (Elementar Vario EL Cube). Simultaneously, quantitative analysis was conducted on the control sample of polyHIPE carriers without cells. The cell content within the support is determined by calibrating the pure cells before immobilization for elemental nitrogen content, and the immobilized capacity (g/g) was calculated according to Equation (2). \[\text{Imobilized capacity }(\text{g/g})=\frac{\omega_{\text{im}}-\omega_{\text{ polyHIP}}}{\omega_{\text{c}}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\omega_{\text{im}}\) (wt.%) and \(\omega_{\text{c}}\) (wt.%) are the mass fractions of elemental nitrogen of cell immobilized polyHIPE and pure cells, respectively. \(\omega_{\text{polyHIPE}}\) (wt.%) is the mass fraction of elemental nitrogen in the polyHIPE without cell and is used to correct for testing errors of the elemental analysis instrument. The Megazyme \(\text{D}^{-}\)/\(\text{L}^{-}\)-Lactic Acid Kit was utilized in order to conduct an analysis of the chiral purity of the \(\text{L}^{-}\)-lactic acid (Megazyme International Ireland, Bray, Wicklow, Ireland). The reduced glucose was determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay [55; 56; 57]. The standard curve was obtained as follows: Take 0 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.8 mL, and 1.0 mL of glucose standard solution (1.0 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\)) in a 15 mL tube, fill to 1.0 mL with distilled water, and add 2.0 mL of DNS reagent, respectively. The solutions were heated in a boiling water bath for 2 min, cooled with running water, and fixed with water to a 15 mL scale. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a UV-5800 spectrometer (Shanghai Metals Instruments Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China). For sample determination, the sample was diluted appropriately to make the sugar concentration within the range of 0.2-0.6 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\).