# Neuromuscular Assessment of a Stand-Up Paddle Stroke
## 3 Results  
Regarding the time in stroke cycle, the participants spend approximately 60% in the recovery phase and 39% in the pull phase. There were no significant differences in the stroke cycle parameters between left and right paddle stroke cycles (Table 1). We observed higher muscle activation during the recovery phase for the upper limbs on the left paddling side in the biceps brachii adjacent (18.6% MVC), upper trapezius adjacent (18.3% MVC) and opposite (33.1% MVC). During the pull phase, higher activation was observed in the triceps brachii adjacent (38% MVC) and opposite (51% MVC) (Figure 2). Regarding the lower limbs, higher muscle activation was observed in the tibialis anterior for the adjacent and opposite sides of the body, but higher activation in the pull phase compared with the recovery phase (Figure 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Paddle Side** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Cohen’s D** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**95\% CI for Cohen’s D**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline Stroke Time (s) & Left & \(1.50\pm 0.25\) & \multirow{2}{*}{0.93} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.03\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.77\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.71} \\  & Right & \(1.51\pm 0.27\) & & & & \\ \hline Recovery Time (s) & Left & \(0.92\pm 0.20\) & \multirow{2}{*}{0.83} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.66\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.82} \\  & Right & \(0.91\pm 0.19\) & & & & \\ \hline Pull Time (s) & Left & \(0.60\pm 0.11\) & \multirow{2}{*}{0.85} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.07} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-067\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.82} \\  & Right & \(0.59\pm 0.12\) & & & & \\ \hline Recovery Phase (\%) & Left & \(60.04\pm 5.62\) & \multirow{2}{*}{0.66} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.16\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.91\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.57} \\  & Right & \(60.97\pm 5.56\) & & & & \\ \hline Pull Phase (\%) & Left & \(39.96\pm 5.62\) & \multirow{2}{*}{0.66} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.16} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-0.57\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.91} \\  & Right & \(39.03\pm 5.56\) & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Stroke cycle parameters regarding time (seconds) and percentage (%) of stroke phases (recovery and pull phases) expressed as mean (mean \(\pm\) SD). \(p\)-values and effect sizes are also shown. Figure 2: Muscle activity (% MVC) patterns for the left paddling side stroke concerning the stroke cycle and regarding the muscles of the opposite and adjacent sides of the body. For the upper limbs on the right paddling side, higher muscle activation was observed during the recovery phase in the muscles: upper trapezius adjacent (27.4% MVC) and opposite (20.4% MVC). During the pull phase, higher activation was observed in the triceps brachii adjacent (39.1% MVC) and opposite (39.49% MVC). The lower limbs had the same behavior for muscle activity as the left paddling side (Figure 3). On the right paddling side, in the pull phase, there were significant differences between the opposite side and the adjacent side in the upper trapezius and, in the recovery phase, differences were also found in the upper trapezius and biceps brachii (Table 2). Regarding the left paddling side, there were significant differences in the pull phase between the opposite side and the adjacent side in the upper trapezius and biceps brachii, and in the triceps brachii during the recovery phase (Table 3).