esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Platelet concentrates in blood banks in Malaysia can only be stored for 5 days at 20-24 \({}^{\circ}\)C with continual agitation in accordance with Ministry of Health guidelines, and will be discarded as biological waste if no transfusion is performed. Even though the platelet concentrates have expired, most of the platelets and growth factors inside are still intact. Expired platelet concentrates can thus be collected and processed into HPL for cell culture purposes [11; 12]. This practice is considered safe as HPL is derived from platelet concentrates prepared according to national and international standards, minimizing the risk of infection. HPL is rich in various proteins, including fibrinogen and other coagulation factors. Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. When present in excess, fibrinogen can undergo a series of enzymatic reactions triggered by thrombin, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot [13]. In the context of cell culture, this clotting phenomenon can be highly problematic and disruptive to the process of cell culture and storage. Therefore, an anticoagulant such as heparin is frequently added to HPL to prevent clot formation. Heparin suppresses coagulation factors such as fibrinogen, preventing proteins from clumping and producing a gel-like material. However, heparin is usually derived from animals, and despite careful adherence to the recommended maximum dosage, challenges related to clot and precipitate formation can still persist [14]. Fibrinogen-depleted human platelet lysate (Fd-HPL) is used in cell culture as an alternative to HPL to address this issue [14]. Calcium chloride is added to HPL produced via the freeze/thaw cycle method to induce clot formation. Calcium ions promote the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and accelerate the rate of fibrin monomer polymerization, resulting in increased fibrin clot formation. The precipitate that develops is then removed via centrifugation to obtain Fd-HPL. As a result, it can optimize cell growth conditions and enhance the reliability of experiments on them, particularly in contexts where a pure and uninterrupted cell culture environment is essential. In this study, we investigated the effects of two types of human platelet lysate, hPL supplemented with heparin and fibrinogen-depleted HPL without heparin supplementation, on the growth kinetics and phenotypes of human osteoblasts. Testing was performed on the human fetal osteoblast cell line (hFOB), which is derived from human fetal bone tissue that has been cultured and immortalized in a laboratory setting. This cell line serves as a valuable tool in scientific research, particularly in studies related to bone development, mineralization, and various bone-related diseases. This study is the first to directly compare the effects of heparin-supplemented HPL (He-HPL) and fibrinogen-depleted HPL (Fd-HPL) on the growth kinetics and osteogenic phenotypes of human osteoblasts, addressing critical gaps in understanding how these culture media influence bone cell behavior.
## 3 Results
### Model Estimations and Comparisons
#### 3.3.4 Comparison of Models  
In terms of the estimated value scatter plots (Figures 8-10), compared with the PLRG and the BPNN, the MEA-BPNN yielded better modeling results, and its estimated values were more evenly distributed on the 1:1 line.  
Table 5 lists the best estimates for the three heavy metal elements. It can be seen from the table that all R\({}^{2}\) was greater than 0.5, and the RPD values are greater than 1.5, which indicated that it was effective in estimating the heavy metals in soil by using the spectroscopic method. Among all the optimal models, the MEA-BPNN model has the best performance in modeling stability and prediction accuracy. It could be considered as a good prediction model. Compared with the BPNN model, R\({}^{2}\) was improved by 0.145, 0.147, and 0.182, respectively. It can be seen from Table 5 that the prediction ability of PLRG was relatively weaker than that of MEA-BPNN model, especially in terms of model stability.  
Figure 8: Individual points of heavy metal concentrations in soils predicted by PLRG model compared with measured values. (**a**) Individual points of Cd concentrations; (**b**) Individual points of Cr concentrations; (**c**) Individual points of Pb concentrations.  
Among all of the optimal MEA-BPNN models, Cr had the best modeling effect, as indicated by: R\({}^{2}\) = 0.884, RMSE = 33.415, and RPD = 3.000.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we investigated the thermodynamic performance of three configurations of the air cycle refrigeration system for compartment air conditioning, including closed-loop cycles, open-loop low-pressure cycles and open-loop high-pressure cycles. The results show that the COP of the closed-loop cycle is generally smaller than that of the open-loop cycles because of the irreversible loss in the heat exchangers. The following conclusions can be drawn.  
(1) For all the air refrigeration cycles, the optimal expansion ratio decreases with increase of the compressor and expander efficiency, but it increases with the decrease of the ambient pressure. For all-fresh-air air-conditioning, the optimal expansion ratio is increased, while the corresponding COP is reduced. Both the optimal expansion ratio and COP are increased in the two-stage compression intercooling configuration.  
(2) For the normal environment, among open-loop cycles, high-pressure cycles have higher COP than low-pressure cycles. In open-loop low-pressure cycles, the COP of the TC-C cycle exceeds that of the CT-C cycle as the compressor efficiency increases, and a similar trend can also be observed in open-loop high-pressure cycles.  
(3) An increase in air humidity increases the optimal expansion ratio and COP of the system. In open-loop low-pressure cycles, the condensed water can be recycled by being sprayed into the expander inlet, increasing the maximum COP of the TC, TC-C and C-TC cycles by 34.5%, 30.1% and 29.5%, respectively. Furthermore, if the remaining water is used for wet compression, the maximum COP of the TC, TC-C and C-TC cycles can be increased by 44.7%, 48.8% and 48.4%, respectively.  
(4) In the air conditioning systems of plateau trains, the open-loop low-pressure cycle has the highest COP under the requirement that the supplied temperature is greater than 283.15 K. The COPs of open-loop high-pressure cycles are relatively low, but the high-pressure air in the cycle can be used to separate high-concentration oxygen.  
The COP of the air refrigeration cycle at room temperature is low, and humidity can improve the COP. Future research needs to further improve the efficiency of the  
Figure 13: COP of air refrigerators in high altitude trains at the ambient pressure of 56.04 kPa for all fresh-air systems: (**a**) variable expansion ratio and (**b**) variable supplied temperature.  
compressor and expander to improve the COP. Improving the efficiency of wet expansion and compression, in particular, can improve the COP.  
Conceptualization, X.Y. and L.C.; data curation, X.Y.; formal analysis, Z.Z.; investigation, X.Y.; methodology, X.Y. and Y.H.; project administration, S.C.; resources, L.C.; validation, X.Y. and Z.W.; visualization, X.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, X.Y.; writing--review and editing, X.Y. and L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (U21B2084) and the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Drone-Based Vibration Monitoring and Assessment of Structures
## 2 Background
### Vibration-Based SHM  
SHM refers to activities used to diagnose structures over time. Structural damage can be detected by investigating the dynamic properties of the structure. The change in the modal parameters (e.g., frequencies, mode shapes, and modal damping) indicates the change of the physical properties of the structure (e.g., mass, damping, stiffness) [15]. Methods for SHM can be divided into local and global methods; local methods are used in locations where damage is expected, while global methods are used to detect damage through monitoring changes in the structure's dynamic fingerprint [16]. Vibration-based damage detection methods are classified into four levels based on what the method is able to do [17]:  
* Level 1: indicates that damage is present;
* Level 2: identifies the location of the damage;
* Level 3: quantifies the severity of the damage;
* Level 4: finds the remaining lifetime of the structure.  
Research developments in early damage detection focus on model-based and data-based methods. Model-based methods assume that a detailed numerical model of the structure is available, and the model parameters are updated based on measurements obtained from the physical structure [15,18]. Data-driven methods use in situ monitoring to identify changes in the structure's response characteristics and correlate those changesto the location (Level 2) and severity (Level 3) of damage [18; 19; 20]. Contactless techniques are also being developed to capture the pure dynamic response of the structure without added masses or stiffening due to the attached sensors [21].  
In this work, a data-driven method is investigated to detect Level 1 damage using time-domain responses. The B-Spline Response Function (BIRF) technique [22; 23; 24; 25] was implemented to extract the DSR of the structure from experimental vibration measurements. The DSR is a unique characteristic of the structure and will remain the same if the geometry, materials, and boundary conditions of the structure are not altered. The DSR is independent of the actual loads that caused the vibration. Therefore, the DSR represents the current state and condition of a structure. Comparing the DSR before and after damage can be used for damage detection.
## 6 Algorithms and Frameworks in Federated Learning
### Comparison with Synchronous Updates  
* Latency: Asynchronous methods aim to reduce the latency by using the available data immediately, promoting faster model evolution.
* Communication Efficiency: They avoid waiting for stragglers, leading to potentially fewer communication rounds and quicker learning.
* Convergence: Synchronous updates offer stable convergence patterns, whereas asynchronous updates may face challenges in achieving consistent convergence.
* Scalability: Asynchronous methods support large-scale deployment better, handling more devices without significant changes [92].  
Benefits
* Real-Time Learning: The global model adapts quickly to changes, enhancing its responsiveness and accuracy.
* Efficiency: Continuous updates optimize server resource use and minimize idle times.
* Scalability: Asynchronous methods easily manage growing networks. Challenges
* Staleness Management: Managing outdated updates requires complex strategies.
* Overhead Complexity: Integrating diverse updates can lead to high computational overheads and complex aggregation.
* Inconsistency: The global model might reflect transient states rather than providing a consistent network-wide representation.  
Embracing asynchronous updates can enhance federated learning, especially in large and diverse networks, but we require robust strategies to address its inherent challenges.
# Biochar from Agro-Forest Residue: Application Perspective Based on Decision Support Analysis
###### Abstract  
The present work aims at (a) carbonizing agriculture biomass residue; (b) characterizing the obtained biochar; and (c) exploring its potential use for energy/resource recovery purposes. Six types of biomass were carbonized. The biochar was investigated through scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detector, thermogravimetric (TGA), proximate, ultimate, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses, along with bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and salt content measurements. The results served as input data for multi-criteria, multi-objective decision analysis of biochar, aiming to evaluate its best application prospective. The TGA identified two general stages: devolatilization (stage 2: 180-560 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and combustion (stage 3: 560-720 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The activation energy of stage 2 decreased with an increasing heating rate, but the opposite trend was observed for stage 3. The biochar CO2 adsorption suggested possible applications beyond energy conversion technologies. The decision support analysis revealed that peach stones, cherry stones, and grape pomace biochar achieved the most promising results for all evaluated applications (bioruel; catalyst; CO2 sequestration and soil amendment; supercapacitor) in contrast to colza, softwood, or sunflower husks char.  
biomass; carbonization; biochar characterization; decision support analysis Article
## 2 Accelerator
### Undulator Line
Magnetic field measurements and local field corrections are carried out with an integrated measurement bench based on the SAFALI system developed for measurements of cryogenic undulators [66]: After defining two parallel axes by means of a pointing stabilized laser, the system uses two pinholes around the Hall probes and two position sensitive photodiodes to detect and correct for horizontal and vertical positon as well as pitch in a closed loop with 20 \(\upmu\)m accuracy. A custom-made, low-noise Hall probe with a novel ceramic support was developed by SENIS to meet the stringent demands given by the small gap and the required accuracy [67]. Figure 3: SwissFEL Aramis undulator line with a total length of 60 m (4 m each module and 0.75 m intersection). For the transport of the undulators inside the SwissFEL building an air-cushion vehicle (AEROFILM Systems) allows for smooth and precise positioning of the undulators onto the camshaft mover system. The 5-axis camshaft movers allow for adjustments of the module with respect to the reference axis. The straightening of the magnetic axis and the correction of long-range errors are accomplished with the adjustable columns. Local field corrections are automatically corrected by an integrated screwdriver robot; the fine adjustment of all magnets in a single module takes slightly more than one hour. All corrections, columns and local keeper are model based and result in a straightforward field optimization. For the installation of the vacuum vessel, however, the magnet array has to be disassembled. At the level of precision needed for the hard X-ray FEL the columns have to be readjusted afterwards using a similar measurement setup, but adapted to the limited space available inside the vessel. Field maps at various gaps provide the raw data needed for modelling the operation of the undulators [68]. Finally, dedicated small alignment quadrupole magnets, realized with permanent magnets, are located at the entrance and exit of each undulator module and adjusted to the magnetic axis. They can be moved in and out with pneumatic drives and are used in conjunction with the module's camshaft mover system for the beam-based alignment of the undulator modules during beam commissioning. This approach is inspired by commissioning work at the LCLS, where the quadrupole magnets in the intersections are used for the alignment of the undulator modules [69]. Since in our case no transfer via any mechanical fiducial system is involved, the achievable accuracy is expected to be better than 20 \(\upmu\)m.
## 6 Simulation
### Zigbee  
The simulation of the Zigbee network for the proposed system was carried out and performance analysis concerning various parameters was calculated. The Riverbed simulation model was used to realize the Zigbee framework, as depicted in Figure 11. It was tested based on start topology and was configured as per the parameters stated in Table 1. In this case, we used various performance indicators such as sent and received traffic statistics, the end-to-end delay between layers, the packet delivery ratio, retransmission attempts, and throughput over the channels.  
Figure 12 shows the simulation result of the packets received by the nodes in the ZigBee network. This simulation was carried out over the timeline. The packets were received at the speed of 900 bits/s throughout the timeline. Figure 13 illustrates the packet sent by the sender node to the target node over a timeline. It was configured to receive the data at a speed of 450 bit/s. Based on our analysis, we received a PDR of about 0.80. In another way, we can say that nodes established communication with 80% accuracy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **Network Layer Parameters** \\ \hline Zigbee End device & 07 \\ Zigbee router & 03 \\ Zigbee Coordinator & 1 \\ Packet size & 1024 kbps (cont) \\ Packet interval time & Constant (1.0) \\
**Physical Layer Parameters** & \\ Transmission band & 2.4 GHz \\ Transmission Power & 0.05 W \\ Receiver Sensitivity & -85 \\ Data rate & Auto calculate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation Setup for the Proposed Model.  
Figure 11: Node Deployed in Network Using Star Topology.
# Validation Analysis of Drought Monitoring Based on FY-4 Satellite
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods
#### 2.3.2 Data Processing  
L1-level products of FY-4A ARGI from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. are selected in this research. The darkest pixel atmospheric correction algorithm is used for atmospheric correction after radiometric and geometric corrections. NDVI is calculated combined with CLM products to remove the cloud-covered effects. Daily NDVI and LST were obtained by MVC and hourly data. Finally, we acquired the daily TVDI (Figure 3).
# A Comprehensive Review of In-Body Biomedical Antennas: Design, Challenges and Applications
## 5 In-Body Antenna Applications
### Blood Pressure Monitoring Implant  
The frequent rise and drop in blood pressure can originate a stroke or severe cardiovascular disease for patients, which necessitates the requirement for an accurate blood pressure monitoring system in a healthcare space.  
The measurement of blood pressure through an implantable antenna system embedded into the heart would be an outstanding solution for risky heart patients. In Ref. [PERSON] et al. (2018), a pseudo-normal-mode helical antenna is presented with a poly-siloxane (PDMS) insulation layer, as shown in Figure 12. The operation frequency of the antenna is 863-870 MHz with a size of 3 mm in diameter and 9.44 mm in height. The antenna is built with a 0.33 mm diameter nitinol wire. The implant antenna and sensor are put inside the left ventricle and subjected to experimentation with a pig, as shown in Figure 8. This antenna can provide a maximum radiation efficiency of \(-\)27 dB and directivity of 2.65 dBi.  
Figure 11: Triband spiral shaped antenna and its test setup in minced pork ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Copyright © _IEEE._  
Figure 10: Tiny and compact implantable planar antenna for a wireless cardiac pacemaker ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Reproduced with permission from an open-access article from _Scientific Reports_ (CC-BY).  
A smart stent antenna is presented in Ref. [91] for intravascular monitoring, as shown in Figure 13. The commonly used L-605 Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) alloy is used as the material for the stent. The diameter and length of the stent are 2 mm and 18 mm, respectively. This antenna can achieve a gain of 1.38 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 74.5% at a resonant frequency of 2.07 GHz.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Metal Analysis
As shown by the partition scheme according to site and season in Table 7, the highest percentage of Pb in soils was found bound to the Fe/Mn oxide fraction (mean 28.0%) followed by residual \(>\) organic matter \(>\) exchangeable \(>\) carbonate; [PERSON] and [PERSON] found that the Fe/Mn oxide fraction was the highest also in soils impacted by hazardous waste [40]. For sediments, the order of average percentage was bound to the Fe/Mn oxide (25.4%) \(>\) residual \(>\) organic matter \(>\) carbonate \(>\) exchangeable fraction. However, an association of Pb to this and the organic matter bound fractions may potentially remobilized during changes in the physicochemical conditions of the substrates [41]. No significant relationships were found between seasons. Several researchers have found that Pb was highly associated with the Fe/Mn oxide fraction in mining areas. For example, [PERSON] et al. found that seven mining soils in Europe were associated with Fe/Mn oxide fraction (37.75-71.61%) [53]; [PERSON] et al. found that 61.99% of soil is on the Fe/Mn oxide fraction [54] and [PERSON] et al. observed that the Fe/Mn oxide fraction was also the highest percentage in sediment [17]. In the area evaluated in this study, [PERSON] et al. found that the residual fraction showed the highest percentage (30.2%) followed by Fe/Mn fraction (22.4%) in soil, and the carbonate fraction showed the highest percentage (34.1%) followed by Fe/Mn fraction (30.0%) in sediments [13]. The percentage of Pb in the exchangeable fraction (F1), for the majority of soils and sediments, was relatively high for S6, S12, S15, S22, and S24 (Table 7). This apparent low adsorption suggests greater anthropogenic contamination. Notably, during the rainy season, 53.7% of the Pb in sediment sample S1 was principally associated with the carbonate fraction (F2), this has a particular interest due to present at this site like a potential hazard to human health, environment and living organisms. These fractions (F1 and F2) are presumably the most mobile and bioavailable fractions [55], representing the greatest risk to human health, living organisms and the environment. However, it is important to note that the potential environmental impact is highly dependent on the pseudo-total concentration of the metal; comparing S1 with S15 (both for sediment samples obtained during the dry season), samples with similar percentages associated with these mobile fractions (20.90% and 22.78%, respectively), very distinct concentrations are observed. S1 with a concentration of 395.6 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), suggesting fresh discharge, is 35 times higher than the concentration at S15 (see latter column in Table 7), and, thus, likely to have a higher impact and represent an increased environmental risk for the ecosystem [56].