An Evaluation of the Fire Safety of Waste Paper-Based Internal Finishing Materials Combined with Expandable Graphite According to Changes in Magnesium Hydroxide Content  
[PERSON]  
1 Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.K.) 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Graduate School of Safety Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.K.) 1  
[PERSON]  
2 Fire Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea 2  
Footnote 1: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci))  
Footnote 2: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journals](https://www.mdpi.com/journals)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journals](https://www.mdpi.com/journals))  
materials, it has become essential to secure the fire performance of these materials. In this context, various studies have developed flame-resistant finishing materials by adding flame retardants to existing building materials. For example, [PERSON] et al. manufactured cellulose architectural finishing materials with ceramic binders using a 3D printer. Through an ISO 11925-2 experiment, they confirmed that cellulose finishing materials with 20 wt% added ceramic binder satisfied the criterion of vertical charring length within 150 mm at 30 s ignition, according to EN 13501-1. Moreover, cellulose finishing materials with 40 wt% added ceramic binder showed no residual combustion after the ISO 11925-2 experiment [11]. In another study, [PERSON] et al. confirmed that cellulose architectural finishing materials produced using an LWC 3D printer exhibited the same mass, density, and fire performance, thus verifying the production efficiency of the LWC 3D printer. They also added ceramic binder to cellulose architectural finishing materials and accordingly conducted the ISO 5660-1 test. The results showed that cellulose finishing materials with 50 wt% added ceramic binder could successfully be utilized as fire-resistant architectural finishing materials [12]. [PERSON] et al. measured the thermal conductivity and specific heat of the flame-resistant cellulose architectural finishing material that was prepared using the LFA 1000 experiment. They also confirmed the generation of toxic gases through a NES 713 experiment. Using the measured data, they conducted FDS simulations that considered medical facilities. By comparing the data between the produced cellulose architectural finishing material and polyurethane, they concluded that cellulose architectural finishing material was appropriate for use as a building finish material in medical facilities [13]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. conducted FDS simulations using fire data from cellulose architectural finishing materials with varying sizes of expandable graphite particles. The results of those simulations confirmed that cellulose architectural finishing materials with varied particle sizes were efficient in providing safe evacuation times for evacuees [14]. This study aimed to enhance the fire performance of cellulose architectural finishing materials by creating a dual flame-retardant mixture using expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide added into recycled paper waste. Specim fabrication involved using a pressing method and applying uniform pressure to compress the mixture in a mold. The cone calorimeter was used to measure the total heat release (THR) as well as variations in CO and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions in response to changes in the magnesium hydroxide additive ratio in the produced specimens. Moreover, NES 713 experiments were conducted to assess alterations in the Toxic Index values associated with fluctuations in magnesium hydroxide content. Figure 1 shows the flow chart for this study.  
Figure 1: Flow chart.