## 2 Datasets
### AMP Databases  
**APD**  
[PERSON] et al. published an online AMP database called APD from 2004 to 2019, which contains the following three versions: APD, APD2, and APD3 [67; 77; 78]. The newest version of APD3 is illustrated in this article. The APD3 (Antimicrobial Peptide Database) is a comprehensive and widely referenced resource for antimicrobial peptides and is characterised by the following features and data metrics. APD3 contains 5099 AMPs in total, categorised into three groups as follows: 3306 natural AMPs, 1299 synthetic AMPs, and 231 predicted AMPs. Therein, natural AMPs span the following six life kingdoms: bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, and animals. APD3 contains AMPs with many different activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antibiofilm, anti-HIV, antiparasitic, etc. APD3 continuously integrates new AMPs identified through genomic screening, synthetic design, and experimental validation, reflecting advancements in combating antimicrobial resistance. **CAMP**  
[PERSON] et al. developed CAMP, a database of natural and synthetic AMPs, in 2010, and it has been updated in three versions to CAMP\({}_{R4}\)[68; 79; 80; 81]. CAMP\({}_{R4}\) introduced separate prediction algorithms tailored for natural and synthetic AMPs. The updated database now contains 24,243 AMP sequences, 933 structures, 2143 patents, and 263 AMP family signatures. It provides comprehensive data on sequences, sources/target organisms, inhibitory/hemolytic concentrations, terminal modifications, and unusual amino acids. Integrated tools enable AMP prediction, rational design (for both natural and synthetic types), sequence/structure analysis (BLAST [82], Clustal Omega [83], and VAST [84]), and family characterisation (PRATT, ScanProsite, and CAMPSign). **LAMP**  
[PERSON] et al. collected an AMP database called LAMP in 2013 and updated it to LAMP2 in 2020 [69; 85]. The LAMP2 database, an upgraded version of the Linking Antimicrobial Peptide (LAMP) platform launched in 2013, addresses the growing need to consolidate AMPs as critical tools against drug-resistant bacteria. The key features of LAMP2 include comprehensive data, cross-database integration, functional organisation, and evidence-based curation. LAMP2 contains 23,253 unique AMP sequences, with 20,909 (\(\sim\)89%) being experimentally validated. LAMP2 is a cross-database integration that links 16 public AMP databases, revealing that 12,236 sequences (>50%) are exclusive to one database, whereas >45% connect to two or more. The functional organisation of LAMP2 includes the classification of AMPs into eight major functional classes and 38 specific activities, which are categorised by structure, composition, source, and function for enhanced analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l c} \hline
**Category** & **Name** & **Number** \\ \hline
**AMP Datasets** & APD [67] & 5099 \\  & CAMP [68] & 24,243 \\  & LAMP [69] & 23,253 \\  & DBAASP [70] & 23,600 \\  & DRAMP [71] & 30,260 \\  & dbAMP [72] & 33,065 \\  & ESKtides [73] & 12,067,248 \\ \hline
**Non-AMP Generation Methods** & Normal [74] & – \\  & Random [74] & – \\  & Shuffle [74] & – \\ \hline
**Petide Datasets** & PeptideAltas [75] & 3,979,590 \\  & UniProt [76] & 252,761,752 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Online database information summary. Evidence-based curation is supported by 1924 references documenting AMP activity and cytotoxicity. LAMP2 streamlines research by centralising fragmented AMP data and providing robust tools for discovery, validation, and therapeutic development. **DBAASP**  
[PERSON] et al. manually curated a database of the antimicrobial activity and structure of peptides (DBAASP) in 2014 to support the development of antimicrobial compounds with increased therapeutic potential. [PERSON] et al. changed and updated new sequences in 2016 and 2021, respectively, [70; 86; 87].