## 1 Introduction  
Hand-arm vibration disease has become a common occupational disease in industrial and agricultural countries [1, 2]. Hand-arm vibration disease is usually caused by long-term hand-transmitted vibration work, which mainly involves peripheral circulation disorders of the hand, nerve dysfunction of the arm, and bone and joint-muscle damage to the arm; the typical manifestation is vibration white finger [3]. The white finger phenomenon is the main basis for the diagnosis of hand-arm vibration disease, and the damage to the hand-transmitted vibration to the hand-arm system, it is not just limited to the finger area. Studies have shown that wrist injuries or symptoms such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) are associated with hand-transmitted vibrations [4, 5, 6, 7], grinding with wrists in an improperly bent position, which is the main cause of CTS in the wrist area [8]. Although studies have confirmed epidemiologically and clinically that wrist injuries are associated with hand-transmitted vibrations, the pathogenic mechanism is not yet clear. The study of the vibration transmission properties of the wrist is an important basis for understanding the mechanism of its vibration disorder. Currently, experimental studies on the vibration transmission characteristics of hand-arm systems are mainly conducted based on ISO 10819; however, ISO 10819 specifies only one posture of the wrist (W1, as shown in Figure 0(a)) [9]. ISO 5349-1 states that the posture of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder will also affect the transmission of vibration response [10]. In actual working scenarios, the wrist posture is diverse due to the different power tools, workplace, and work nature, etc. This study hopes to better understand the vibration transmission characteristics of the wrist part and the hand-transmitted vibration damage mechanism of the wrist part. There are many researchers who study the effect of arm posture on the response characteristics of the hand-arm system [11; 12], all of which mainly consider the effect of elbow flexion angle (also called arm posture, as shown in Figure 2) on the response characteristics, while the effect of wrist posture is not considered. [PERSON] et al. studied the vibration transmission characteristics of the wrist under a specific posture in a real working environment [13]. [PERSON] et al. also investigated the vibration transmissibility characteristics on a specific posture of holding the horizontally mounted handle with both hands; none of the effects of other wrist postures were considered, and the effect of push force on vibration transmissibility is analyzed only in [14]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the effect of three wrist postures on the mechanical impedance characteristics of the whole hand-arm system in an experimental environment; the study considered a wrist posture different from the one in this paper, and the effect of push force is not considered [15]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the vibration transmission characteristics of the wrist part in the \(z\)-axis and \(y\)-axis directions on the standard posture specified by ISO 10819. Other postures of the wrist were not considered, and vibration transmissibility in single axial direction is analyzed only in [16]. In summary, this research hopes to further improve the understanding of vibration damage mechanisms in the wrist region and to establish a more effective biodynamic model of the hand-arm system. In this study, the effects of arm posture, grip force, thrust force, and wrist posture on the total vibration transmissibility of the wrist region are comprehensively analyzed, among which the effect of wrist posture is proposed for the first time.