esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adaptive PI Control Strategy for Optimal Microgrid Autonomous Operation
## 2 MGD Demonstrating  
A MGD is shown in Figure 1, which has been primarily split into three DGRs connected by transmission lines. Transmission lines link the primary grid to the DGRs throughout PCC 1. To prevent unnecessary power quality difficulties, each DGR comprises a DC supply coupled to pulse width modulation (PWM) connected to a transformer through a filter. A complex load is added after the \(\Delta\)-Y transformer. Table 1 has the MGD details.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Transformer Data** & \(\Delta\)**/Y = 0.6/13.8 KV** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Load data} & Load 1 & C\({}_{1}\) = 50 \(\mu\)F, R\({}_{11}\) = 9 \(\Omega\), R\({}_{02}\) = 150 \(\Omega\), \\  & Load 2 & C\({}_{2}\) = 42 \(\mu\)F, R\({}_{22}\) = 42 \(\mu\)F, R\({}_{22}\) = 75 \(\Omega\), \\  & Load 3 & C\({}_{3}\) = 33 \(\mu\)F, R\({}_{32}\) = 20 \(\Omega\), R\({}_{22}\) = 50 \(\Omega\), \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Transmission Line Parameters} & \(Z_{\text{T1}}\) & R\({}_{\text{T1}}\) = 0.7 \(\Omega\), L\({}_{\text{T1}}\) = 0.5 mH \\  & \(Z_{\text{T12}}\) & R\({}_{\text{T12}}\) = 1.5 \(\Omega\), L\({}_{\text{T12}}\) = 0.9 mH \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Filter data (Z\({}_{d}\)) \\ Grid parameters \\ \end{tabular} } & R\({}_{\text{f}}\) = 15.0 m\(\Omega\), X = 0.5 mH \\  & \(V\) = 13.8 KV, R\({}_{\text{g}}\) = 0.2 \(\Omega\), L\({}_{\text{g}}\) = 0.3 mH \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: MGD information.  
The proposed MGDs may be operated and managed electrically in either grid-connected or grid-disconnected (islanded) mode. The utility in the grid-connected mode identifies the PCC voltages and frequencies. Nonetheless, their active and imaginary powers must be managed. In contrast, the microgrid's voltage and frequency need to be modified in the islanded mode. As a result, it is necessary to address the DGR unit's functioning in order to supply the load continuously. This article concentrates on boosting the MGD efficiency in islanded mode by using the cascading control mechanism described in detail in the next section.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Hyperspectral Imaging Acquisition  
Hyperspectral image acquisition was conducted on a visible near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system covering the spectral range of 380-1030 nm and a near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system covering the spectral range of 874-1734 nm.  
As for visible near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system, an imaging spectrograph (ImSpector V10E; Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland) with the spectral resolution of 2.8 nm, a high-performance CCD camera (Hamamatsu, Hamamatsu City, Japan) with 672 \(\times\) 512 (spatial \(\times\) spectral) pixels, a camera lens (OLES23; Specim, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland) were assembled.  
As for near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system, an imaging spectrograph (ImSpector N17E; Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland), a high-performance camera (Xeva 992; Xenics Infrared Solutions, Leuven, Belgium) with 326 \(\times\) 256 (spatial \(\times\) spectral) pixels, a camera lens (OLES22; Specim, Spectral Imaging Ltd., Oulu, Finland) were assembled.  
The two systems were integrated in one platform. In the platform, two 150 W tungsten halogen lamps (3900 Lightsource, Illumination Technologies Inc., Elbridge, NY, USA) were used for illumination of the two systems; a conveyer belt driven by a stepper motor (Isuzu Optics Corp., Taiwan, China) was used for sample motion for line scan. The two systems were controlled by two data acquisition and preprocessing software (Spectral Image-V10E and Spectral-Image-Xenics 17E, Isuzu Optics Corp., Taiwan, China).  
To acquire clear and nondeformable hyperspectral images, the moving speed of the conveyer belt, the exposure time of the camera and the height between the lens of the camera and the samples for the visible/near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system were adjusted to 2.3 mm/s, 0.04 s and 22.2 cm,  
Figure 1: Rice seeds of 4 varieties. From left to right: Xiushui 134, Zhejiang 99, Zhongjiazao 17 and Zhongzao 39.  
respectively. The moving speed of the conveyer belt, the exposure time of the camera and the height between the lens of the camera and the samples for the near-infrared hyperspectral imaging system were adjusted to 18.8 mm/s, 3 ms and 20 cm, respectively.
## 1 Introduction
In our work, two basic classifiers are tested on real sEMG data collected from prolonged walking to investigate the influence of muscle fatigue. By dividing the data in chronological order, we get non-fatigue sets and fatigue sets. We train the gait phase classifiers by the non-fatigue set and test them by the fatigue set to reveal their performance under fatigue. In addition, different features are used in the classification to compare their performance. In order to solve the deterioration of the classifiers, we propose a training strategy that adds part of the fatigue set into a training set, which presents a promising improvement. Ultimately, we perform the analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the feature extracted from the sEMG signals to interpret the phenomena in the classification. Figure 1 shows how this research is conducted. Our contributions can be summarized, as follows. Figure 1: Flowchart of our research. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first study that shows how the gait phase classifiers are affected by muscle fatigue;
* We propose a training strategy to improve the classifiers' robustness against muscle fatigue;
* We explain the phenomena of the classification by quantitatively analyzing the time-varying characteristics of sEMG features under muscle fatigue.
## 2 Design of the Printed Patch Antenna
### Methods of Feeding Patch Antennas  
An important part of microstrip antenna manufacturing is the correct choice of power supply. There are several ways to power patch antennas. The type of power supply affects the bandwidth of the antenna and its impedance matching. Power supply types can be divided into two groups, namely contact power supply and noncontact power supply. In the case of a contact feed, it is a conductive connection between the feed line and the metal patch. The most common method of contact power supply is microstrip and coaxial power supply. In noncontact power supply, the power is not supplied directly to the patch, but the energy transfer occurs through electromagnetic coupling. The most used are aperture power and near-line power.  
The feed of the patch antenna, in this case, is a coaxial probe. Coaxial probe feeding is one of the basic ways of feeding these types of antennas. The outer conductor of the coaxial connector is connected to the ground plane of the substrate, and the center coaxial conductor is soldered to the metal antenna element after passing through the substrate at a point where impedance matching is achieved. The strip excitation is due to the coupling of the feed current \(jz\) flowing through the center coaxial conductor and through the electric  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **200 MHz** & **500 MHz** & **1 GHz** & **2 GHz** & **5 GHz** & **10 GHz** & **15 GHz** & **20 GHz** \\ \hline \(\varepsilon_{r}\) & 2.80 & 2.81 & 2.81 & 2.80 & 2.80 & 2.78 & 2.75 & 2.78 \\ \(tg(\delta)\) & 0.001 & 0.004 & 0.006 & 0.011 & 0.012 & 0.013 & 0.013 & 0.012 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Relative permittivity \(\varepsilon_{r}\) and loss factor \(tg(\delta)\) for the 3D material [12]. Note: dielectric breakdown voltage thickness 0.6 mm for 40.3 KV [12].  
field strength component \(Ez\) of the antenna patch. This type of power supply was selected, as LDM technology can also be used with soldering technology, as with conventional substrates (see Figure 2).
# The Law and Mechanism of the Effect of Surface Roughness on Microwave-Assisted Rock Breaking
## 3 Numerical Experiment
### Plastic Zone  
The plastic zone is an important index for determining the effect of microwave irradiation, which is usually analyzed from the distribution and size of the plastic zone. There was no plastic zone on the surface of the flat rock, and the plastic zone of the rough rock surface was mainly distributed in the central area of the rock surface, which is basically consistent with the distribution of the temperature and electric field. The plastic zone of the sample with a roughness of 1.2 was roughly distributed in the central area of the rock surface, and the plastic zone of the specimen with a roughness 1.5 was mainly concentrated in the contour convex position of the central area of the rock, as shown in Figure 15 (The red area represents the plastic zone). The total volume of the plastic zone after microwave irradiation is shown in Figure 16; the volume first increased and then decreased with the increase in roughness. The volume of the plastic zone on the flat surface was 144.83 mm\({}^{3}\), and the plastic zone on the rough surface gradually increased by approximately 10.8%, 17.5%, 23.3%, 31.3%, 44.7%, 28.2%, and 22.9%.  
The above results indicate that the change characteristics of the plastic zones of rock surfaces with different roughness values after microwave irradiation are different from their temperature characteristics and electric field characteristics. This is because the distribution of the plastic zone is not only related to the electric field, temperature, and physical and mechanical parameters; the location of the stress concentration also has a certain influence on the occurrence of the plastic zone.  
Figure 14: The average peak temperature values of the samples with different roughness values obtained through physical and numerical experiments.  
Figure 15: Cloud map of the plastic zones of the samples (Group A). (**a**) \(R_{p}=1.2\). (**b**) \(R_{p}=1.5\). (**c**) \(R_{p}=1.7\).
###### Abstract  
The research addresses challenges in food safety related to the migration of contaminants from plastics to food. It focused on the physicochemical and sensory degradation of olive oils packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and subjected to thermal exposure at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for several weeks and a subsequent 12 months of storage, as well as the stability and migration of compounds from the PET packaging itself. Olive oils (OO) from Spanish supermarkets (a mixture of refined and virgin, with commercial identifications of mild and intense) were selected and subjected to thermal treatments at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1, 2, and 3 weeks, followed by 12 months of storage. The treatments were conducted through the following two independent experiments: Experiment A focused on immediate analysis post-thermal treatment, while Experiment B included a 12-month storage period post-thermal treatment. The presence of antimony (Sb) was analyzed using acid digestion with nitric acid (HNO\({}_{3}\)) and high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS), while the metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and iron (Fe) were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The PET characterization was assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range (FT-IR/MIR), carbonyl index, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed increases in the acidity index by 0.29%, the peroxide value by 25.92%, and the K\({}_{280}\) coefficient by 51.22% between the control sample and the most severe treatments, with more pronounced effects observed after 12 months. Sensory quality declined, with reduced intensity of the \"fruity\" attribute and increased presence of the \"rancid\" defect. PET degradation was reflected in an increase in the carbonyl index and greater structural amorphization. Fe was the predominant metal, and Sb concentration increased after thermal treatments. The lack of studies on the raw consumption of oils packaged in PET and the concerns about the migration of compounds from the packaging to the food highlight the relevance of this research. This study provides new insights into the effects of thermal exposure and storage on the migration of PET contaminants into oils, contributing to the development of strategies to ensure food safety and product quality.  
olive oil; PET; degradation; migration; FT-IR; carbonyl index; DSC 2024 14 7507 10.3390/app14177507
## 2 Advanced Medical Treatments in Metastatic RCC: Mechanisms of Action  
According to the pathogenetic mechanisms and molecular basis of RCC, antiangiogenic agents and ICIs have developed as advanced treatment options [3]. These drugs have replaced the conventional therapy based on interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 which had unfavorable toxicity profile and low response rates (10-20%) [6]. These new agents have mainly a cytostatic effect inducing tumor stabilization and/or slow regression, unlike cytotoxic compounds, that may induce complete tumor regression.  
Most commonly used antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of metastatic RCC are represented by sunitinib, pazopanib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib and axitinib [7]. These tyrosine kinase inhibitors target the vascular endothelial growth factor pathways involved in tumor neoangiogenesis, the process by which RCC generates its own irregular and immature microvascular network [5]. In particular, the upregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor and the inactivation of the Von Hippel Lindau contribute to neoangiogenesis in RCC. Antiangiogenic agents decrease tumor perfusion blocking the aforementioned pathway, even though having limited efficacy in reducing the tumor lesion in size for the main cytostatic effect [8]. For these reasons, complete response occurs rarely (<1%), while minor response and disease stabilization are very frequent (>70% of cases) [5]. Furthermore, clear cell RCC, the most common (75%) RCC histological subtype, is associated with somatic/hereditary mutations or deletions in the Von Hippel Lindau gene region and are expected to respond better [9]. On the other hand, papillary RCC may also get benefits from antiangiogenic agents if the gene encoding fumarate hydratase is mutant [10].  
The most promising ICIs approved for metastatic RCC include anti PD-1 agents, such as pembrolizumab, to be administered with axitinib, and nivolumab (anti-PD-1), to be administered alone or with ipilimumab (an anti-CTLA-4 agent) or with cabozantinib, and anti-PDL-1 agents such as welumab, to be administered in combination with axitinib [11; 12]. ICIs consist of innovative cancer immunotherapy agents, downregulating multiple immune checkpoints, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, expressed by different immune cells, in this way they rehabilitate exhausted T cells which recover toxicity against tumor cells. These agents also regulate the T cell trafficking and migration [13]. ICIs provide a long-term immune protection because they induce a memory cell response, so, unlike chemotherapy, their effects continue even after stopping the treatment [14]. The specific and targeted mechanism of action allows an improvement in the overall survival with fewer side effects compared with initially approved drugs, like everolimus, in patients with advanced RCC; however, the reported objective response rate to ICIs is 25% [15].
## 3 Methodology and the Model
### Sc-Co\({}_{2}\) Jet Model  
Hydro-jet fracturing is a complicated process, especially for SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet in a perforation tunnel. Before the initiation of fracture, the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) was compressed in the closed perforation tunnel. For this reason, the compressible fluid (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)) boosted the pressure in the close perforation tunnel with large variations in pressure, density, temperature, and other turbulent parameters. To accurately simulate the pressure boosting process, several methods were applied. The mesh density was refined near the wall of the perforation tunnel (Figure 5). The shear stress transport (SST) model _k-w_ turbulent model was used to obtain the turbulent changes in the perforation wall. The SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet penetrated the perforation tunnel and underwent significant changes in temperature, pressure, and velocity. The numerical model considered both the heat transfer and the fluid dynamics to solve the conservation of mass equations, the conservation of momentum equations, and the conservation of energy equations. The conservative, 2-D plane flow is represented by Equations (1) and (2).  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\rho\
abla\cdot\mathbf{ V}=0\\ \frac{\partial\rho u}{\partial t}+\
abla\cdot(\rho u\mathbf{V})=-\frac{\partial p }{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yy}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yy}}{ \partial z}+\rho f_{y}\\ \frac{\partial\rho v}{\partial t}+\
abla\cdot(\rho v\mathbf{V})=-\frac{ \partial p}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial\tau_{yy}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial \tau_{zz}}{\partial z}+\rho f_{z}\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
\[\begin{array}{c}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}[p(e+\frac{V^{2}}{2})]+\
abla \cdot[p(e+\frac{V^{2}}{2})\mathbf{V}]+\rho\dot{q}+\frac{\partial}{\partial y} (k\frac{\partial T}{\partial y})+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}(k\frac{\partial T }{\partial z})-\frac{\partial(\mu\
u)}{\partial y}\\ -\frac{\partial(\
u\rho)}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial(\mu\tau_{yy})}{\partial y }+\frac{\partial(\mu\tau_{yy})}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial(\mu\tau_{zz})}{ \partial y}+\frac{\partial(\sigma\tau_{zz})}{\partial z}+\rho\mathbf{f}\cdot \mathbf{V}\end{array}\right.. \tag{2}\]  
Previous studies have shown that the SST _k-\(\omega\)_ model is more accurate and suitable for turbulent simulation, especially in the region close to the walls. Considering the shear layer in the jet mixed layer, the higher Reynolds _k-\(\omega\)_ turbulence model was selected. Both the parameters \(k\) and \(\omega\) are defined using Equations (3) and (4), respectively.  
\[K=\frac{3}{2}(\overline{\tau v})^{2} \tag{3}\]  
\[\omega=K^{1/2}/(0.27\overline{L}). \tag{4}\]  
Figure 5: Numerical symmetric model of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet in a closed perforation tunnel.  
The Peng Robison (PR) equation of state has widely and successfully been used in supercritical fluid simulations, especially the SC-CO\({}_{2}\) jet simulations. The PR equation of state is expressed using Equation (5).  
\[P=\frac{R_{sp}T}{\
u-b}-\frac{a}{\
u^{2}+2\
u b-b^{2}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(b=0.0778\frac{R_{sp}T_{c}}{P_{c}}\) and \(a_{0}=0.45724\frac{R_{sp}^{2}T_{c}^{2}}{p_{c}}\).
## 6 Simulation Results
### Energy Consumption
#### 6.2.3 Transmission Redundancy  
In this subsection, we concentrate the transmission redundancy and verify that TS-R can effectively reduce the redundancy. A new variable _redundancy ratio_ is introduced to quantify the transmission redundancy in the chase phase, denoted as \(\gamma\).  
\[\gamma=\frac{N}{n} \tag{23}\]  
where \(N\) is the packets transmitted in the chase phase, and \(n\) is the number of hops on the trail in the chase phase. Ideally, if there is no transmission redundancy, the number of transmitted packets will be the same as the number of hops, i.e., \(\gamma=1\). If \(\gamma\) is a large value, it implies that there exists non-trivial transmission redundancy. The update interval varies from 1 s to 6 s.  
Figure 10: The average times of search attempts over the waiting time of actor \(\tau_{A}\).  
Figure 9: The average times of search attempts over the threshold value of trail age \(\varepsilon\).  
As shown in Figure 11, the redundancy ratio \(\gamma\) of TS-R is equal to 1. On the other hand, the \(\gamma\) can be up to 5.46 in the TS without redundancy reduction scheme. The redundancy reduction scheme significantly reduces the number of hosts that are involved the chase phase and thus eliminates packet transmission redundancy in the network. This experiment verifies the effectiveness of TS-R.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Microorganisms and Essential Oils  
1. For experimental purposes, the following reference strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) were applied: _S. aureus_ 6538, _P. aeruginosa_ 15442, and _C. albicans_ 10321.
2. The EOs chosen for the experiment purposes were as follows: - Eucalyptus oil (_Eucalyptus globulus_ [PERSON]), (PharmaTech, Poland), later referred to as E-EO; - Thyme oil (_Thymus vulgaris_ L.), (Etja, Poland), later referred to as T-EO; - Tea tree oil (_Melaleuca alternifolia_ [PERSON]), (PharmaTech, Poland), later referred to as TT-EO. - The above-mentioned EOs were chosen for experimental purposes because of their confirmed antimicrobial activity. This fact allows comparing the results presented in this work with the results of other research teams.
3. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Tested EOs Composition TT-EOs, T-EOs, and E-EOs were diluted with hexane (JTB, Great Britain), vortexed, and immediately analyzed. The analysis was performed using the Agilent 7890B GC system coupled with the 7000 GC/TQ system connected to PAL RSI85 autosampler (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The column used was HP-5 MS; 30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m (J & W, Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with helium as a carrier gas at a total flow of 1 mL/min. Chromatographic conditions were as follows: split injection at a ratio of 100:1, the injector was set at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the oven temperature program was 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C held for 1 min, then 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min up to 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then isothermal for 2 min. The MS detector operated in the electronic impact ionization mode at 70 eV. The transfer line, source, and quadrupole temperatures were set at 320, 230, and 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. Masses were registered in the range from 30 to 400 m/z. The peaks were identified in the MassHunter Workstation Software Version B.08.00 coupled with the NIST17 mass spectra library and accomplished by a comparison with linear retention indexes. The relative abundance of each EO constituent was expressed as a percentage content based on the peak area normalization. All analyses were performed in triplicate.
# PUF and Chaotic Map-Based Authentication Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks
## 5 Informal Security Analysis
### Replay Attack  
In our scheme, we used timestamp and the random number to resist replay attacks. In each session of the scheme, random numbers, \(ru\), \(rs\), and \(rug\), are generated by the user and the sensor node to establish the session keys, and the session keys of each session are calculated relying on these random numbers. Meanwhile, these messages are protected by the encryption algorithm and hash function. Therefore, our scheme can withstand the replay attack.
# Transmit and Receive Diversity in MIMO Quantum Communication for High-Fidelity Video Transmission
## 3 Methodology
### Quantum MIMO Transmission and Quantum Channel
#### 3.4.2 Phase-Flip Noise  
Phase-flip noise alters the relative phase of a qubit without changing its probability amplitudes in the computational basis. It is modeled using the Pauli-Z operator with error probability \(p_{z}\), as shown in Equation (15).  
\[\mathcal{N}_{Z}(\rho)=p_{z}Z\rho Z^{\dagger}+(1-p_{z})\rho \tag{15}\]
## 3 Normalization Algorithms
### Histogram Matching  
Histogram matching is one of the most common distribution\(-\)based radiation normalization methods [35]. It can avoid subjectivity in the selection of pseudo point features as well as image misregistration [36]. One simple way to conduct histogram matching is to plot the histogram of the reference and subject images and use the mean differences between the two to shift, or normalize, the subject histogram to the master [7]. The principle of histogram matching is to calculate the frequency of image brightness accounting for frequency variation. This approach has the clear advantage of using all pixels from images. Here, reference and subject images are manually geospatially calibrated, and histogram matching is applied to obtain a normalized comparison object.