## 1 Introduction  
Endodontic treatment is primarily aimed at thoroughly chemo-mechanically disinfecting and obturation the root canal completely [1]. In this process, the smear layer and debris are removed from the wall of the root canal, as they can serve to prevent canal irrigation solutions and root canal sealers from penetrating dental tubules, which, in turn, could cause microbial microleakage and failure of the root canal treatment [2]. Employing conventional needle irrigation alone is insufficient for complete chemo-mechanical preparation. Thus, a variety of different manual and machine-assisted irrigation methods were introduced to enhance the effectiveness of chemo-mechanical disinfection, such as endo brushes, dynamic gutta-percha technique activation, sonic, ultrasonic, and laser devices [3, 4]. However, the EndoActivator (EA) system constitutes one of the devices most frequently used for activating irrigation. EA is a sonic activation technique that comprises a handpiece along with three flexible non-cutting polymer tips. This device, when run in the root canal, produces vigorous intracranial fluid agitation, which in turn activates the irrigation solution [5]. Ultrasonic devices are also used for irrigation activation, which is an effective method for cleaning residual debridement within the root canal and increasing canal disinfection. The operating frequency at which the majority of ultrasonic devices function for passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) is 25-30 kHz. A non-cutting tool is positioned within the root canal at its working length. This tool then transmits energy via PUI (passive ultrasonic irrigation) to the irrigation solution inside the canal. This process aids in cleaning and disinfecting the canal by utilizing ultrasonic energy to agitate the solution, effectively removing debris and bacteria from difficult-to-reach areas [6]. A different method that has recently been proposed for disinfecting the root canal and efficiently removing debris and the smear layer is laser-activated irrigation (LAI). Laser devices such as erbium, chromium:yttriumscandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) as well as erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG), generate explosive vapor bubbles that have a secondary cavitation effect as the laser energy is highly absorbed by water [7,8]. The wavelength of Er,Cr:YSGG is 2780 nm, which is delivered to the canal at different output powers by radial firing tips (RFTs). In comparison to alternative laser devices, the use of such a laser enables superior cleaning of the root canal due to its strong affinity to hydroxyapatite and water in addition to its minimal thermal damage [9,10]. On the other hand, shockwave-enhanced emission of photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) constitutes a novel LAI concept that was introduced according to use of the Er:YAG laser (2940 nm wavelength) with the irrigation solution. This technique's unique mechanism is that a pair of ultrashort sub-ablative energy pulses (20 mJ) are emitted, where the second of these pulses occurs immediately before the bubble caused by the first bubble collapses. Consequently, the pulse peak power generated is extremely high (800 W) and secondary cavitation is amplified, which disseminates to the extreme regions of the root canal [11]. Another crucial goal in root canal treatment is to employ biocompatible materials to achieve a tightly sealed and three-dimensionally filled root canal. The canal is sealed laterally and apically using root canal sealers, which facilitate the effective adaptation between the filling materials and canal walls. This can be achieved via the penetration of the sealer into the canal wall's dentine tubules, which causes the sealing ability to be enhanced and the sealer to be retained [12]. Additionally, bacterial colonization and reinfection of the root canal can be prevented via the penetration of the sealer into the dentine tubules via its antibacterial activity [13].