## 1 Introduction  
The underground mining operations during mineral extraction certainly has effects on buildings and structures located nearby, as well as on the Earth's surface [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Soildeformations during underground mining have the character of not only uneven settlement, but also horizontal displacement of soils, which leads to the loss of stability of foundations and the building structure itself [1; 2; 3]. Coal deposits are characterized by their stratified occurrence [2; 3; 4]. Often, several coal seams, called suites, are found at different depths in one deposit. A significant part of Karaganda region cities and villages in Kazakhstan are located on the areas affected by underground mining (Figure 1), while Karaganda city itself is almost entirely located on coal deposits and coal reserves [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. The foundation soil that can serve as a reliable support for buildings lies at a depth of 6-8 m from the Earth's surface) [4; 5]. The Karaganda coal basin ranks third in the CIS (after Kuzbass and Donbass) [4]. The conditions of the seams' occurrence can be very diverse--from horizontal and gently sloping, with an angle of incidence of \(\alpha\leq 25^{\circ}\), to inclined (\(\alpha\leq 45^{\circ}\)) and steep (\(\alpha>45^{\circ}\)). As a result of coal extraction from the depths, the rock strata covering it is displaced into the resulting cavity, and a bowl-shaped depression, called a displacement trough, forms on the Earth's surface. According to [PERSON] [6], a zone of destructive displacements exceeding permissible deformations (limit values for ensuring the stability of buildings, according to the Standards [7; 8] in Kazakhstan) and a zone of relatively safe displacements with minor deformations of the foundation soil, are distinguished. Destructive displacements caused by underground mining often occur not only within the central subsidence trough, but also along its margins, where tensile strains and differential ground movements are most pronounced. Their impact on construction depends on several geotechnical factors, including the subsidence potential of the foundation soil, local slope and curvature (convex or concave), horizontal displacements, and the presence and height of existing step-like deformations along the slope [6]. As the minerals are mined underground and the working area expands, the surface points undergo further stages of deformation, in turn (Figure 2) [9; 10]: a section with positive curvature (convexity) and tensile strains (section AB), a zone of negative curvature and horizontal compression strains (section BC) and a zone above the subsidence trough. Figure 1: Karagandy coal basin map. In the latter, all points of the surface depressed into the flat bottom of the displacement trough, with possible horizontal tensile deformations, are transferred from stages 1 and 2. A more detailed description of the stress-strain state of the soil layer in the undermining areas was presented in a study by [PERSON] et al. [9]. Measures to prevent unacceptable deformation in foundation structures of buildings and structures require enormous labor costs and excess material consumption, which affects the economic feasibility of construction in this region. In the previous work, conical foundations experimentally proved their effectiveness in horizontal tensile soil displacements, especially in the convexity zone [9]. Conical foundations represent a specialized type of substructure used for efficient distribution of load, particularly in areas with weak or layered soil conditions. The geometric advantage of a tapered profile enhances the bearing capacity, reduces stress concentration, and improves stability against overturning and uplift. Conical foundations are frequently employed in transmission towers, telecommunication masts, and offshore wind structures, where lateral and uplift forces are critical.