## 5 Conclusions  
In this research, a case study was conducted to investigate the impact of vertical wind shear on the summer orographic cloud and precipitation over the Tian Shan Mountains. Multiple remote sensors were deployed in the field experiment, including a radiometer to measure the ambient conditions, a vertically pointing micro-rain radar to measure the vertical structure and temporal evolution of the precipitation, and a Ka-band cloud radar to detect the fine structures of the orographic clouds. In addition, a convection-permitting simulation was conducted to investigate the role of vertical wind shear. Our main findings are as follows:  
1. The MRR measurements show that the case presented in this paper had three segments of precipitation. The precipitation was light to moderate and no strong convection occurred. The precipitation was mainly due to the warm rain process, though snowflakes fell in the mixed-phase region. In all three segments, the drops size distributions broadened as the rain fell towards the surface, but the concentrations and VMDs varied differently with height, depending on the rate of evaporation and the accumulation of rain drops. 2. The cloud radar measurements show that the clouds had very different structures and temporal evolutions above and below the vertical wind shear level, indicating that vertical wind shear had an important impact on the cloud development. Firstly, the top of the convective cells rarely exceeded the wind shear level, suggesting that the vertical wind shear had an inhibiting impact on the development of convection. Additionally, the formation of multiple layers of clouds was strongly related to the vertical wind shear, since their shapes were consistent with the structure of vertical wind shear. Moreover, the different thermodynamic and shear conditions resulted in significant differences in the three segments of the precipitation process. 3. The results obtained from the WRF model indicate that low-level convective instability existed on the north slope of the mountain, providing favorable conditions for convection formation near the surface. However, the tendency analysis suggested that the vertical wind shear dominated the variation in convective stability and had a negative effect on the convection below the wind shear level. This explains why the convective clouds were short-lived and rarely exceeded the shear level, and confirms that the vertical wind shear had an inhibiting impact on the vertical development of clouds. The analysis shown in this study highlights the advantages of using millimeter radars for measuring the fine structures of orographic clouds over complex terrain; thus, they can be used to study the interactions between the vertical wind shear and cloud development. The findings show that the vertical wind shear not only influences the development of convection but also has an impact on the formation of multi-layer clouds over mountains, as it may interact with gravity waves. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the role of complex terrain when analyzing the interaction between vertical wind shear and clouds over mountains. The main limitations of millimeter radar are its relatively small sample area and the blockage of low-elevation beams by ground clutter. The use of a combination of large eddy simulation, ground-based radar observation, and aircraft measurements will help us to better understand the orographic clouds and precipitation over complex terrain in the future, including aspects such as the impact of shear-induced turbulence on clouds; the impact of vertical wind shear on cloud microphysics, and the interactions among vertical wind shear, small-scale orographic features, and clouds. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.Y., Y.L. ([PERSON]) and E.L.; methodology, J.Y., E.L., Y.L. ([PERSON]), Y.Y. and X.J. ; software, J.Y., E.L. and Y.L. ([PERSON]); validation, J.Y., E.L., Y.L. ([PERSON]), Y.Y., X.J. and Y.L. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, J.Y. and E.L.; investigation, J.Y., E.L., Y.L. ([PERSON]), X.J. and Y.Y.