# Bacteria-Mediated Modulatory Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
## 2 Bacterotherapy in CRC Treatment
### Mechanisms Used in Bacterotherapy in CRC
#### 2.1.2 Bacterial Peptides
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c|} \hline
**Protein/Peptides** & **Bacterial Source** & **Mode of Action** & **Refs.** \\ \hline  & & & Binds to Claudin-3/ -4 surface receptors and leads to CRC \\  & & & cell lysis in SW480, HCT-116, SW620, Caco-2, HT-29 and & [62; 63] \\  & & & PDX CRC cells. & \\ \hline
**Enterotoxin (CPE)** & _Clostridium perfringens_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Induces TNF-\(\alpha\)-upregulation leading to decreased \\ Claudin-4 expression, disrupted tight junctions, reduced \\ EMT-, adherence- and metastasis-capacity in HT-29 \\ CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [93] \\ \hline
**Diphteria toxin (DT)** & _Corynebacterium diphteria_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subunit A blocks protein synthesis by ADP-ribosylation of \\ EF-2 leading to cell death. \\ \end{tabular} & [65; 66] \\ \cline{3-4}
**Diphteria toxin (DT)** & _Corynebacterium diphteria_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Non-toxic CRM19 suppresses angiogenesis and \\ proliferation in SW480, SW620, HCT-116, Caco-2 and HT-29 \\ CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [67; 68] \\ \hline
**Nisin** & _Lactococcus lactis_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Leads to apoptosis via promoting hole formation in the cell \\ membrane of Caco-2 and HT-29 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [69] \\ \cline{3-4}
**Nisin** & _Lactococcus lactis_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Prevents expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, CDTs and Cif in \\ SW480, HT-29, Caco-2 and LS-180 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [70; 71] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Increases cytotoxicity of anti-cancer agents resulting in \\ lower doses necessary for treatment. \\ \end{tabular} & [70] \\ \hline
**Colicin** & _Escherichia coli_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Acts cytotoxicity through membrane hole formation, and \\ non-specified DN/RNase activity in HT-29 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [72; 73] \\ \cline{3-4}
**Micocin** & _Escherichia coli_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Subunits A, E1, E3, U inhibit cell growth and promote \\ apoptosis in HT-29 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [73; 74] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Pore forming into cell membranes, thus leading to apoptosis \\ in CRC cells and other cancer cell lines such as HeLa. \\ \end{tabular} & [75; 76] \\ \cline{3-4}
**Micocin** & _Klebsiella pneumonia_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Subunit E492 shows a noticeable cytotoxicity especially in \\ HT-29 but also in SW620 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [94] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subunit E492 reduces tumor proliferation in a xenograft \\ model with SW620 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [94] \\ \hline
**Pediocin** & _Pediococcus acidilactici_ & \begin{tabular}{c} Shows lethal effects on HT-29 and DLD-1 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [78] \\ \cline{3-4}  & & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Subunit PA-1 interoperates with TLRs and initiates \\ cell death. \\ \end{tabular} & [79] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibits cancer cell proliferation as a carrier combination. \\ \end{tabular} & [95] \\ \hline
**Phenazine** & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subtype PDC weakens viability and DNA synthesis and \\ initiates cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis in HT-29 \\ CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [80; 81] \\ \cline{3-4}
**Azurin** & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Influences p53/EphB2/VEGF-2 signaling pathway and \\ prevents angiogenesis in CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [26; 84] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibits cancer cell mobility and shows strong anti-cancer \\ effect in HCT-116 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [96] \\ \hline
**Exotoxin A (PE)** & _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Inhibits EF-2 and protein biosynthesis via ADP-ribosylation, \\ induces apoptosis in HCT116, HT-29 and COLO320 \\ CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [86; 87; 89] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Subtype PE24-based amyloid injection leads to growth \\ arrest and metastasis prevention in CRC-diseased mice. \\ \end{tabular} & [97] \\ \hline
**Listeriolysin O (LLO)** & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Acts as a membrane-damaging cytotoxin in Caco-2 \\ CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [98] \\ \cline{3-4}  & &
\begin{tabular}{c} Shows hemolytic activity and anti-tumor properties in \\ Colo205 CRC cells. \\ \end{tabular} & [90; 92] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}