## 3 Results
### Effect of CCA Extract on Metabolic Variables in T2 DM Rat Model  
To verify the beneficial effects of the CCA extract on antidiabetic effects, an in vivo study in a high-fat diet with streptozotocinocin (STZ)-induced T2 DM rats was performed. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of the normal diet with 400 mg/kg BW of the CCA (NDH) group was not significantly different compared with the normal diet control group (NDC). This suggested that supplementation with 400 mg/kg of CCA for 12 weeks did not affect body weight in normal rats. On the other hand, CCA tended to reduce visceral fat in the NDH group but did not significantly differ when compared with NDC group. (\(p>0.05\)) (Table 2). The ratio of visceral fat and visceral fat/body weight did not increase significantly in the DMC group compared to the NDC group (\(p>0.05\)). However, the visceral fat and the relative visceral fat mass in the DMH group significantly decreased when compared with the DMC group (\(p<0.01\)). The average food intake and calorie consumption are shown in Table 2. There were no significant differences in food intake among the experimental groups, but the calorie intake significantly increased in the DMH and DMM groups compared to the DMC group (\(p<0.001\)). These results suggested that supplementation with 400 mg/kg BW of CCA for 12 weeks effectively decreased the visceral fat and relative visceral fat mass in the T2 DM rat model. Figure 5: Effect of CCA extract on glucose uptake in LPS-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The cells were co-treated with 1 mg/mL LPS and CCA extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL and incubated for 24 h. The cellular glucose uptake was determined using 2-NBDG. The values are expressed as mean (SD) (n = 3); * \(p<0.05\) vs. control group, # \(p<0.05\), ### \(p<0.01\), and ### \(p<0.001\) vs. LPS-treated group. Figure 6: Effect of CCA extract on glycerol release in LPS-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The cells were co-treated with 1 mg/mL LPS and CCA extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL and incubated for 24 h. The values are expressed as mean (SD) (n = 3); * \(p<0.05\) vs. LPS-treated group. Effect of CCA Extract on the Fasting Plasma Metabolic Parameter in T2 DM Rats at the End of the Experiment  
The fasting plasma glucose levels of experimental rats are shown in Table 3. The fasting plasma glucose levels did not alter after 12 weeks of CCA extract supplementation in the normal rats (\(p>0.05\)). The 12-week experiment period demonstrated a significant increase in the fasting plasma glucose level in the DMC group compared to the NDC group (\(-155\%\), \(p<0.001\)), confirming the diabetes condition. Remarkably, administration of the CCA extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW successfully decreased the fasting plasma glucose (\(-34\%\) and \(-44\%\), respectively, \(p<0.001\)). These results were similar to metformin treatment, which significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose level by \(-43\%\) concerning the DMC group (\(p<0.001\)). To investigate whether the glucose-lowering effect of the CCA extract is involved in pancreatic insulin secretion, the fasting plasma insulin levels were measured. Notably, the fasting plasma insulin levels were not significantly different among the experimental groups (Table 3). These results suggest that an antihyperglycemic effect in the T2 DM rat model of CCA extract supplementation may be similar to metformin treatment. Next, the whole-body insulin resistance and \(\beta\)-cell function were determined by the HOMA-IR and HOMA-\(\beta\), respectively. As shown in Table 3, supplementation of the CCA extract did not alter the HOMA-IR and HOMA-\(\beta\) in the normal rats (\(p>0.05\)). As expected, the HOMA-IR was markedly increased in the DMC group compared to the NDC group (\(p<0.01\)), indicating that these T2 DM rats had insulin resistance. Interestingly, the DML, DMH, and DMM groups had significant decreases in the HOMA-IR compared with the DMC group (\(p<0.001\), \(p<0.01\), and \(p<0.01\), respectively).