esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Methods
### The CAD Framework  
In this study, the proposed CAD system is shown in Figure 6. Deep learning and machine learning algorithms were combined in the designed CAD system by training three deep learning models using the training dataset and aggregating the trained models using the bagging ensemble method. In detail, the malignant cases in the training dataset were divided into three subsets with the down-sampling technique. Next, each malignant case and all benign cases were utilized to train the CNN models. Lastly, the three trained CNN models were aggregated using the bagging ensemble technique. This study also incorporated a five-fold cross-validation to evaluate the CAD's performance.  
Figure 5: This is the result of the data augmentation.  
Figure 6: This graph shows how the proposed CAD system works. It consists of three main steps. Firstly, the CAD system performs down-sampling specifically for malignant cases. This down-sampling process helps to reduce the influence of an imbalanced dataset. Secondly, the CAD system utilizes a combination of all the benign cases and an equal number of divided malignant cases to train separate CNN models. Lastly, the CAD system aggregates all the trained CNN models together to generate the final classification result for the input EBUS image. This aggregation step combines the outputs of multiple CNN models, leveraging their collective knowledge and expertise to make a comprehensive and reliable diagnosis.
# Effect of Contralateral Cervical Glide on the Suprascapular Nerve: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study
## Appendix A  
_Detailed Analogical Study Procedure_  
The torso specimen was placed in an upright position with its hands leaning in front on the table to stabilize it. Two researchers oversaw the measurement procedure. One of them, situated contralateral to the side studied, stabilized the specimen and executed the maneuver. With one hand, the scapula was stabilized on the side to be mobilized, and the ulnar edge of the other hand was used to grip the lateral surface of C5-C6, stabilizing the head of the specimen between the arm and the forearm. The second researcher was on the homolateral side of the torso when performing the different measurements.  
The researcher who executed the maneuver was situated on the left side of the torso specimen, pressing it toward them to stabilize it. With the right hand supporting the trunk and maintaining scapular stability, the cubital side of the researcher's left hand was placed on the lateral side of C5-C6. The contralateral cervical glide was performed by the researcher gradually pressing the ulnar edge of their left hand horizontally toward themselves until an articular end-feel was obtained.  
Two different maneuvers were studied:  
* A contralateral cervical glide (CLCG) focusing on C5-C6 was performed. The maneuver was performed by the researcher gradually pressing the ulnar edge of the hand on the lateral surface of C5-C6 until an articular end-feel was obtained before returning to neutral position. The torso on the side contralateral to the measurement was stabilized, with the scapula being kept stable on the side that was being measured by the researcher who was performing the maneuver.
* The infraspinatus muscle fibers were gripped to bring the origin and insertion closer together to mimic a muscle contraction.  
Three different paired measurements were performed with a Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo ABSOLUTE Solar Caliper Series 500 with ABSOLUTE technology, Aurora, IL, USA). Each pair of measurements was repeated five times. The paired measurements were:  
* The distance between the superior ring and the STSL before and after a CLCG.
* The distance between the inferior ring and the SGN before and after a CLCG.
* The distance between the superior ring and the STSL before and after mimicking an infraspinatus contraction.
# Use of Phase Change Materials for Food Applications--State of the Art in 2022
## 2 Food Applications of PCM
### Food Processing
#### 2.1.5 Multi-Purpose Heat Storages for Various Heating Applications  
The situation of multi-purpose heat storages for various heating applications is quite different compared to cold storages for cooling. While for cooling water/ice is a technically and economically suitable storage material, and experience with it exists for thousands of years, for heating no such material exists. Technically and economically suitable PCM for heating still had to be developed in the past decades. The focus was here on space heating and domestic hot water, as well as TES for solar-thermal power. PCM in a suitable temperature range for food processes, and related suitable storage concepts, therefore are mainly a spinoff of developments made for completely different application areas. And not to forget, the general options to choose from for heating applications are quite different from those for cooling. PCM compete here with other technologies, like hot-water storage, but moreover heating can be done conveniently without heat storage if heating is done by burning fossil fuels or if done by electric heating. Only if using a heat pump, if using solar-thermal collectors, and more recently if using intermittent, surplus energy from solar PV or wind, heat storage becomes important, and using PCM is one option. For supply of heat to a production process in general there is no significant market share of PCM yet, because of the competition with hot water storage, which is cheap and allows easy power regulation. However, there are several market niches. One market niche is when space is limited and/or the allowed temperature range to store heat is small. Another is when the temperature is generally far above 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C where the pressure in water storage can become critical. This also applies if steam is finally required.  
In recent years, the company Sunamp ([[https://sunamp.com](https://sunamp.com)]([https://sunamp.com](https://sunamp.com)), accessed on 1 December 2022) has developed, and now markets PCM TES. Starting the business with storages for space heating and domestic hot water, using PCM of phase change temperature at 58 \({}^{\circ}\)C, now also storages to freeze (\(-30\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), refrigerate (5 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and even sterilize (118 \({}^{\circ}\)C) are available, with storage capacities ranging from 3 kWh to 12 kWh for domestic applications, and 80 kWh for industrial applications. And the first use in the food area is now investigated.  
Figure 4: Mobile solar-driven freezer/pre-cooler (source: Phase Change Material Products Ltd.).
## Materials and Methods
### Preparation of Sensor
The cross-section of the hybrid paper before coating with PDMS resin is depicted in Figure 2c. The average width of the structure in question is approximately 120 \(\upmu\)m. After coating both sides with PDMS resin, the thickness of the sensor increased up to approximately 350 \(\upmu\)m (Figure 2d). Figure 3a,b show the hybrid paper's opposite surfaces before applying the resin layer. Surprisingly, the distribution of the AgNWs layer is asymmetric despite the intensive mixing of the nanowire and cellulose suspension during the application to the filter surface. The observed stratification structure results from the differences in density and size of AgNPs compared to cellulose pulp fibers. A similar effect was not observed in other available research data when cellulose nanofibers were applied [17; 12]. Thus, it may represent a technological constraint in some applications of this type of sensor, especially when material transparency is expected. Using a connection that covered both sides of the sensor minimized the possible effect of asymmetrical conductor distribution. Figure 1: Examples of the original hybrid paper-based sensor fabrications for studies on: (**a**) mechanical interactions between sensor and strain forcing object, sample #2, (**b**) human vital reflexes, sample #1, (**c**) sensor—LED—DC power supply circuit connection. Figure 2: SEM images representing samples of: (**a**) cellulose pulp, (**b**) prepared silver nanowires, (**c**) hybrid paper cross-section, (**d**) hybrid paper coated on both sides with PDMS resin. It is worth mentioning that both surfaces of the hybrid paper, despite differences in silver nanowire coating, showed electrical conductivity during the simple measurements using a typical ohmmeter. Figure 3c illustrates a cross-sectional view of a sensor, with only one side coated with resin. It allows one to estimate the approximate thickness of the AgNWs layer to be approximately 10 \(\upmu\)m. Elemental EDS analysis of the cross-section confirmed the presence of elements in the components used to fabricate the sensor (Figure 3d). This concerns, in particular, the carbon and oxygen atoms that make up the substrate, the silver that forms the electroconductive layer, and the silicon, which, in addition to oxygen and carbon, is part of the PDMS silicone resin.
# Ocean Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications: A Review (Part II)
## SONAR
### LiDAR  
LiDAR has also been applied in the marine environment to map and monitor AV and CR [353]. Not only LiDAR can sample the depth of the seabed along straight lines in clear water, but it can also estimate the intensity of returning light pulse. Therefore, various LiDAR-derived indices can be efficient proxies for illustrating different seafloor ecosystem characteristics, including reef fish assemblages, CR, and different AVs [354, 355, 356]. For example, airborne LiDAR systems provide very dense point cloud data and can accurately compute the coral reef ecosystem's surface at the decimeter scale over relatively large areas (e.g., 1-100 km\({}^{2}\)) [355, 357]. However, all the disadvantages mentioned in LiDAR bathymetry negatively affect the accuracy of AV and CR mapping.  
Many studies have so far investigated the potential of LiDAR data for AV and CR mapping. For instance, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) [358] applied bathymetric LiDAR data to detect bottom type variation and submerged vegetation in shallow waters. They argued that the main sources of uncertainties were water absorption and the effect of the water column on the LiDAR signal. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. (2018) integrated the observations of a passive multispectral camera and a bathymetric LiDAR system mounted on an airborne drone to map the CR ecological state at a sub-meter resolution. Finally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2007) applied the airborne drone visible bands, with a spatial resolution of 0.03 m, to calibrate LiDAR intensity data (0.5 m pixel size). Then, they applied an ANN algorithm to classify images into five ecological states with an overall accuracy of 75%.
# Weather Radar in Complex Orography
## 3 Challenges
### Other Challenges  
The variable of interest in the context of hydroelectric power production, water resource management and studies on the mass balance of glaciers in the Alps, is often the snow water equivalent [125; 126]. The conversion of radar signals from snowflakes and ice crystals into values of the snow water equivalent on the ground is another major source of uncertainty, thus adding to the complexity of radar usage over mountainous regions.  
Moreover, there are other problems in mountains. It frequently occurs that a radar is at the same height as the melting layer of a precipitation system. This obviously depends on the climate and the height of the radar. In these cases, the radome, the protection sphere around the antenna, will likely be wet and the radar beams at low elevation angles will travel back and forth for many kilometres through melting snow. Both the water on the radome [127; 128; 129] and the melting snow along the propagation path [12; 13] can result in significant attenuation of the radar signal.  
Figure 10: Cumulated fraction of the Swiss territory (x-axis) that is visible to the radar network below a certain height (\(y\)-axis). **(a)** Situation if data are available from 1 radar (Albis), 3 radars (Albis, Dôle and Lema) and all 5 radars (Albis, Dôle, Lema, Plaine Morte and Weissfulhugipfel). The areas in blue and green indicate the proportion of the atmosphere that is visible to the radar network, whereas the area in white corresponds to the proportion that is not visible, either due to shielding or clutter contamination. The calculations are based on echo and clutter statistics from 2020 referring to the three-dimensional volume above the 41,000 km\({}^{2}\) Swiss territory. It should be noted that Albis is the lowest radar in Switzerland and is located on a hill near Zurich. The Dôle and Lema radars are located on mountain tops at intermediate heights (1.6 km above sea level), whereas the Plaine Morte and Weissfulhugipfel radars are situated on peaks close to 3 km above sea level in the inner part of the Alps, see also Figure 1. **(b)** Situation when the lowest radar, Albis, is missing, for instance, due to corrective maintenance. For QPE, the usefulness of measurements decreases with range because of the broadening of the beam. At a 115 km range, a one-degree beam has a width of 2 km. **(c)** The same as **(a)**, but only using radar measurements up to a maximum range of 115 km.
# Less Rare-Earth Electromagnetic Design for a High-Performance Permanent Magnet Motor
## 5 Discussion  
Banana-shaped permanent magnet motors typically use parallel magnetization (straight pattern). Between parallel and radial magnetization, radial provides a higher air-gap flux density. However, parallel magnetization is typically used in motor design to avoid extra manufacturing costs that may not compensate for the performance improvement. This paper proposed an alternative to the design process. The process applies tilted magnetization to obtain a less rare-earth motor candidate with banana-shaped topologies using only electromagnetic design. Initially, tilted magnetization was applied to the baseline motor model, increasing the output torque by 7.14%. This increase of torque due to a higher magnetic loading demonstrates that tilted magnetization is a better option than the straight pattern (zero degrees) when designing banana-shaped motors because it provides better use of the magnet weight.  
Two options of tilt angles were proposed either the maximum point consisting of different tilt angles for each magnet layer or the maximum with the same tilt angle. Even though there is a slight decrease of 1-2% of the fundamental air gap flux density compared to radial magnetization, it is still an excellent alternative to radial magnetization because it presents the manufacturing advantage of keeping the conventional parallel magnetization. So, instead of building a specialized mold as in radial, it is only required to tilt the magnet part to get the desired pattern.  
The application of the presented workflow resulted in a motor candidate that achieved a magnet weight reduction of 21.82%, demonstrating that titled magnetization is an excellent alternative in the electromagnetic design of banana-shaped motors. This fact has not been published to the authors' understanding, making it an innovative solution for this topology.
###### Abstract
Recently, MMW signal generation using a quantum dot (QD) laser has been greatly promoted, mainly due to the superior characteristics of nanostructure lasers constructed with progressive QD active regions [20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. Repetition rates of 29.8 and 55.6 GHz with pulse duration of 855 and 707 fs were obtained, respectively [21]. By regulating the gain current and the reversed-biased voltage, the generated signals with adjustable frequency and the minimum pulse width of 3.7 ps have been demonstrated, with an adjustable frequency range of 300 MHz [20]. A phase noise as low as 105 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 100 kHz was achieved by using a quantum dash mode-locked laser. In [25], they demonstrated intracavity MMW generation within THz quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) over the unprecedented range of 25 to 500 GHz. This will open up the possibility of compact, low noise MMW generation using mode-locked THz frequency combs. In [5], they launched a coherent comb with 8.9 GHz spacing with a span of almost 200 lines in the C-Band (1530 to 1565 nm), with only 20 dBm of microwave modulation power. Extremely spectrally pure microwaves at 32 GHz achieved a phase noise \(<-120\) dBc/Hz, although the carrier frequency is limited to harmonics of the repetition frequency of the comb [26]. In [27], they proposed a scheme of MMW signal generation with a 20 nm bandwidth using a two section InAs/InP Quantum dot mode-locked laser (QDMLL), with an optical linewidth of less than 101 kHz. However, there are inadequate reports proving the MMW signal generated to have excellent low phase noise properties by these methods [16; 28; 29; 30; 31]. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel tunable multi-tone MMW photonic generation based on ultra-wide electro-optic frequency combs for high-capacity 5G+ signal transmission. The architecture of the scheme mainly uses a flexible ultra-wide broadband electro-optic frequency comb generator, UTC-PD and tunable frequency filter. In particular, an electro-optic frequency comb is generated by only usinga passive QDMLL and a DD-MZM, but not many optical devices, such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG), semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and erbium doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA). Mode locking enhances the broadband spectrum, spectrum flatness, equal frequency spacing and low phase noise. Compared to the reported MMW generators mentioned above [18; 19; 20], the proposed method is very flexible and compact, as it does not use polarization controllers, optical filters, SOA and phase-locked loop, which greatly improves the efficiency and robustness of the system.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Numerical Analysis for Electric Field Distribution  
Initially, we performed a numerical simulation to predict the electric field distribution in IRE, referencing a previous study [28]. The simulation employed a disk-type electrode (Tweezertrode (45-0487), BTX, Holliston, MA, USA) with an exposure diameter of 3 mm and a distance of 2 mm (Figure 1A,B). We used a commercial finite element package (COMSOL Multiphysics, version 6.1; COMSOL, Stockholm, Sweden) for the task. The simulation Parameters were set with an applied voltage of 250 V around the electrodes, exhibiting a conductivity of 1.37 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) S/m [29]. The governing equation used in the simulation was the Laplace equation:  
\[-\overset{\rightarrow}{\
abla}\cdot\left(\sigma\overset{\rightarrow}{\
abla} \varnothing\right)=0 \tag{1}\]  
where \(\varnothing\) denotes the electric potential and \(\sigma\) signifies the consistent tissue conductivity. For the purpose of the simulation, the rat stomach tissue was modeled as a flat model, measuring 15 mm vertically and 10 mm horizontally, and with a thickness of 2 mm. This model comprised 4,488,676 elements. The electrically exposed surface adhered to the boundary conditions of \(\varnothing=V\) (source) and \(\varnothing=0\) (sink). Conversely, the remaining surfaces were treated as electrically insulated.  
Figure 1: Experimental procedure and electrical simulation. (**A**) Entire experimental procedure. First, the distribution of electric field was simulated around a disk-type electrode using an applied voltage of 250 V, with the results presented below. This was followed by the application of near-infrared irradiated at a spot size of 4 mm in diameter, delivering a dosage of 3 J/cm\({}^{2}\). Immediately after, IRE was applied using the specified voltage. The following day, tissues were removed under the experimental conditions and fixed in a 10% neutral formation solution. (**B**) Disk-type electrode approach process. (**1**) Exposure; The body of the stomach was extended for easier electrode access. (**2**) Aperture; An opening (yellow circle) was made for electrode insertion. (**3**) Insertion; Via this opening, one electrode was placed inside the stomach, while the other remained outside. (**4**) Contact; The operator manually maintained a 2 mm distance between the electrodes. (**C**). Electrical simulation. (**1**) Electric field distribution; (**2**) temperature distribution. (**D**). Change in impedance. Data are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (n = 3), and statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired Student’s \(t\)-test (***\(p<\) 0.001). ANOVA with [PERSON]’s HSD test (***\(p<\) 0.01).
# Rapid Laser Reactive Sintering Synthesis of Colossal Dielectric CCTO Ceramics
## 3 Results and Discussion

Table 1: Grain and grain boundary resistance for CCTO sintered at various laser power rates with the measuring temperatures of 25–300 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \(R_{g}\): grain resistance; \(R_{gb}\): resistance of grain boundary. Figure 7: Complex impedance plots for CCTO specimens sintered at laser power rates of 25 W (**a**), 45 W (**b**), 65 W (**c**), and 85 W (**d**), respectively, with the measuring temperatures of 25–300 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Inset in (**a**) shows the two parallel resistor-capacitance (RC) equivalent circuit in series. deduced from the impedance spectra as described in Table 1. According to the Arrhenius equation, the electrical conductivity is strongly dependent on temperature, which can be written as:  
\[\sigma(T)=\sigma_{0}\exp(-\frac{E_{A}}{k_{B}T}) \tag{2}\]  
where \(\sigma_{0}\) is the pre-exponential factor, \(E_{A}\) represents the activation energy of the grain boundary, \(k_{B}\) is the Boltzmann constant, and \(T\) is the absolute temperature, respectively. Figure 8 shows the plot of ln\(\sigma\) vs. \(1/T\), in which the solid lines show the results fitted using Arrhenius equation for CCTO ceramics sintered at different laser power rates. The experimental data obeys the equation approximately. The calculated activation energy of grain boundaries \(E_{A}(gb)\) can be deduced: 0.601 eV, 0.628 eV, 0.633 eV, and 0.532 eV for CCTO sintered at 25 W, 45 W, 65 W, and 85 W, respectively. The magnitude of \(E_{A}\) is close to the reported values from a similar analysis of CCTO-based ceramic materials, where an activation energy between 0.5 and 0.7 eV was obtained. The \(E_{A}\) value of 0.532 eV in the sample sintered at 85 W suggests the modification of electrical conductivity of grain boundaries, which is due to the increase of charge carrier motion at the grain boundaries.
# Super-Resolution Reconstruction of an Array Lidar Range Profile
## 2 Methods
### Improved POCS Method
#### 2.2.2 Gaussian Pyramid Multi-Scale Optical Flow Iteration  
A Gaussian pyramid is used for the multi-scale iterative calculation of motion vectors to improve the accuracy of the obtained motion vector. The range profile at the bottom of the pyramid is used to represent the original low-resolution range profile, and the multi-layer range profile with reduced resolution can be obtained by downsampling the original range profile continuously. Then, starting from the top of the pyramid, the optical flow iterative correction is carried out layer by layer downwards, as shown in Figure 1.  
Firstly, the optical flow vector \(d\) of the low-resolution range profile \(L_{0}\) is first derived as the initial value of the bottom of the pyramid, and the range profile size is set to be downsampled by a factor of \(2^{-1}\) at a time. Then, the top layer \(L_{m}\) motion vector is:  
\[d^{L_{m}}=\frac{d}{2^{L_{m}}} \tag{8}\]  
Secondly, the optical flow value of the top layer \(L_{m}\) is set to \(d^{L_{m}}=d^{L_{m}}+g^{L_{m}}\), so that the initial value of the estimated optical flow is \(g^{L_{m}}=[0,0]^{T}\).  
Then, the initial estimate for layer \(L_{m}-1\) is:  
\[g^{L_{m}-1}=2\Big{(}d^{L_{m}}+g^{L_{m}}\Big{)} \tag{9}\]  
After being solved iteratively layer by layer, the final value of the underlying optical flow \(d\) is:  
\[d=d^{L_{0}}+g^{L_{0}} \tag{10}\]