## 1 Introduction  
Endodontic practices have changed greatly over time, and research is constantly looking for ways to make the materials and procedures utilized even better. Success in endodontic therapy is demonstrated by healthy, functional teeth devoid of clinical complaints and peripheral inflammation as seen on radiographs [1]. The most prevalent worry today in regard to endodontic therapy is tooth structure dislocation brought on by the use of endodontic cements [2, 3, 4]. For a variety of restorative and endodontic treatment procedures, including indirect and direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, regenerative endodontics, sealing of perforations, and retrograde root fillings, materials like calcium silicate-based cements and mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) are frequently used [4, 5]. According to the European Society of Endodontology [6], pulpotomy is the procedure of removal of an inflamed vital pulp tissue followed by the application of a biomaterial onto the remaining pulp tissue prior to the placement of a permanent restoration. In this pulotomy implementation, the exposed area is typically covered with calcium silicate-based materials. Materials similar to MTA are generated from the Portland cement's parent component; it is a bioactive silicate that includes hydrophilic elements like bismuth, iron, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and dicalcium silicate [7, 8]. When subjected to physiologic solutions, MTA has been shown to be a biocompatible material that cangenerate hydroxyapatiteapatite [9]. Moreover, high clinical success rates were reported with the use of MTA [10]. Despite its positive properties, MTA has disadvantages such as tooth discoloration, long setting time, and difficult processing [11]. Grey MTA, the first commercial calcium silicate-based cement to be present on the market, was made of calcium, silica, and bismuth oxide [12]. Grey MTA has been linked to teeth discoloration, according to various studies [13; 14; 15]. White MTA (wMTA), which has aluminum, magnesium, and ferrous oxides reduced, has been created to navigate around this restriction. The aluminoiferrite phase, which gives grey MTA its gray hue, was eliminated as a result of the reduction of ferrous oxide [16]. However, it has been demonstrated that bismuth oxide, in particular, can lead to tooth discoloration, with potential causes including iron content oxidation [17], bismuth oxide oxidation [18; 19], and bismuth oxide's interference with dentin collagen [16]. More recent calcium silicate materials were created specifically to lessen the negative effects of MTA. For instance, wMTA was developed especially for use in aesthetic areas, and the literature has reported various research on the discoloration that is observed after clinical use [20; 21]. The manufacturer recommends using wMTA Angelus (Angelus Solucoes Odontologicas, Lodrina, Brazil) in aesthetically demanding regions due to its color stability. However, there are also other clinical issues related to the clinical usage of wMTA Angelus, such as its handling characteristics and tooth discoloration effects [22]. Additionally, due to the bismuth oxide content, teeth filled with wMTA Angelus have been reported to show a grayish discoloration with dentin staining [16]. Biodentine (Septodont, France), another calcium silicate-based material originally produced as a pulp coating and pulpotomy material, can also be used in endodontic conditions similar to MTA [23; 24] and is a calcium silicate-based cement that is claimed to overcome some of the disadvantages of MTA [25]. Calcium carbonate, zirconium oxide, tricalcium silicate, and liquid calcium chloride are components of Biodentine [26]. With improved qualities such as short setting time, homogeneity, sealing ability, and high compressive strength, Biodentine offers a high biocompatibility and bioactivity [12]. Rather than bismuth oxide that is found in MTA, Biodentine contains zirconium oxide to provide radiopacity.