## 4 Case Analysis: Validity Check for the Framework  
The best way to validate a conceptual model is to see whether the framework fits well in empirical cases. In this section, case analyses are provided, in which the proposed framework is applied to various NCP cases. First, a detailed application process of the framework is described for one product, and then four additional products applied in a similar way are explained. The NCP selected for the detailed case analysis is a fiber-optic LED pad, recently developed as a road delineation (hereinafter referred to as fiber-optic LED pad). The development of the product was based on the convergence of different technologies; specifically, it integrates solar power charging technologies, fiber-optic manufacturing technologies, and fiber-optic implantation technologies into a single product (see Table 2). In particular, without the fiber-optic implantation technologies, the development of this product would have been impossible, because the optic fibers could not be inserted into the flexible pad and kept stable. Compared to other road delineation products such as retroreflectors and road pavement markers, this product has at least two major differences. Unlike the retroreflectors, the new product emits its own light using the sunlight as an energy source. Due to this difference, the existing test method for the reflective performance is not suitable for the new product. Instead, the luminous intensity needs to be tested, which is a measure of the amount of light that a light source radiates in a particular direction (unit: candela, cd). Another difference is the location where the new product is installed. For example, road pavement markers are installed on the ground along the yellow center lines of the roads, while the fiber-optic LED pads are attached to the road safety facilities set up at the edge of the roads. Because of this, it is not straightforward that the test methods and certification criteria suitable for the similar products can be perfectly applied to the new product. For example, compared to LED road pavement markers that also emit the light but are installed along the center lines, the product's luminous intensity test may have to take into account a wider visual angle. A possible reason is that in a car running at high speed on the innermost lane of a road with many lanes, drivers must be able to accurately identify what this product on the roadside is displaying (i.e., sharp curve chevron). Otherwise, it would cause serious user safety problems. Therefore, the verification process should be followed to confirm that there are no problems in using the same test method and criteria as other products to certify this new product. Using the framework proposed earlier, the real-use environments of the product are analyzed below (see also Table 2). First, the fiber-optic LED pads are categorized as a product that is used indirectly. Thus, as seen in Figure 1, the key elements constituting the user context of the product include the user's demographics (e.g., age, gender), his or her activity and location (e.g., driving a car in the second lane, listening to the radio while driving), and the presence or absence of other users (e.g., driving in other lanes). Next, in terms of the technological context, this product is an independently operated finished product. So, no other special information is needed to understand the technological real-use environments of the product, except the basic contextual information such as technical specifications and status of the product (see Figure 2). Finally, the framework in Figure 3 suggests that this product is used outdoors and installed in a place where the natural environmental factors such as weather (e.g., sunny, rainy or snowy), temperature, and humidity normally change, and various natural objects (e.g., trees) and artifacts (e.g., buildings, road sound barriers) exist nearby.