# Plant Foliar Geometry as a Biomimetic Template for Antenna Design
## 3 Results
The radiation pattern cuts (vertical and horizontal) at \(f\) = 1.05 GHz and \(f\) = 3.09 GHz are illustrated in Figure 3d-g. As illustrated in Figure 3d-g, good radiation characteristics are obtained for these frequency cuts. The ovate geometry impacts the generation of more design frequencies below 10 GHz with respect to elliptic geometry. The circular base geometry (_Cissampelos ovariiensis_ Menispermeaceae, Figure 4) provides at least seven interesting frequency bands below 10 GHz (1.1-1.34 GHz, 1.61-1.81 GHz, 2.4-2.55 GHz, 2.98-3.11 GHz, 3.75-3.98 GHz, 6.05-6.40 GHz and 8.4-8.96 GHz). In addition, the reflection coefficient (Figure 4b) remains below \(-\)10 dB for frequencies higher than \(\approx\)14.9 GHz. The pattern cuts (vertical and horizontal) at \(f\) = 1.2 GHz and \(f\) = 6.27 GHz  
Figure 8: _Quercus alba_ Fagaceae (pinnately lobed) (**a**) front view, (**b**) \(S_{11}\) Parameter, (**c**) 3D radiation pattern at 3.18 GHz, and cuts of the pattern at \(f\) = 3.18 GHz (**d**) vertical and (**e**) horizontal cut, and at \(f\) = 5.88 GHz (**f**) vertical and (**g**) horizontal cut. are illustrated in Figure 4d-g. The leaf width impacts the generation of better radiation characteristics (there is more radiation in all the cuts) with respect to the previous cases. This phenomenon can be observed through the obtained radiation patterns at the operating frequencies of 1.2 GHz and 6.27 GHz. The obovate case (_Paramomus spectrum_ Proteaceae, Figure 5) provides several frequency bands below 10 GHz: 1.5-1.66 GHz, 2.19-2.92 GHz, 5.1-5.47 GHz, 5.82-6.1 GHz, 6.28-6.75 GHz, 7.28-7.91 GHz, 8.36-8.92 GHz, 9.27-10 GHz. This case generates the best behavior for high frequencies (with respect to the other cases), i.e., for frequencies higher than \(\approx\)9.27 GHz the reflection coefficient (Figure 5b) remains below \(-\)10 dB. An exciting observation can be made from the radiation patterns (observe Figure 5d-g) obtained at \(f\) = 2.34 GHz and \(f\) = 5.31 GHz. These figures exhibit improved radiation characteristics for higher frequency values. Theoothed case (_Cesearia licifolia_ Salicaceae, Figure 6) generates more operation frequency bands below 10 GHz with respect to the other cases (0.8-0.97 GHz, 1.62-1.81 GHz, 2.36-2.56 GHz, 3.22-3.38 GHz, 4.55-4.74 GHz, 5.81-6.03 GHz, 6.4-7.6 GHz, 8.07-8.47 GHz, 8.83-9.15 GHz and 9.6-9.92 GHz). Furthermore, the reflection coefficient (Figure 6b) remains below \(-\)10 dB for frequencies higher than 18 GHz. Figure 6d-g illustrates good radiation characteristics considering the horizontal and vertical cuts for the frequency values at \(f\) = 5.91 GHz and \(f\) = 6.51 GHz. The geometry of lobed leaves (_Liquidumbar strackfhua_ Hamamelidaceae, Figure 7) provided seven operation frequency bands below 10 GHz (1.98-2.07 GHz, 4.11-4.34 GHz, 5.46-5.76 GHz, 5.86-6.17 GHz, 7.24-7.52 GHz, 7.79-8.485 GHz and 8.99-9.84 GHz). Some of these frequency bands presented values of \(S_{11}\) (Figure 7b) very close to \(-\)10 dB. Figure 7d,e illustrates the obtained radiation cuts (horizontal and vertical) at \(f\) = 2.34 GHz and \(f\) = 5.31 GHz. The depicted figures demonstrate notable radiation characteristics at the respective frequency values. The geometry of pinnately lobed (_Quercus alba_ Fagaceae, Figure 8) provided several frequency bands and the widest frequency band below 10 GHz with respect to the other cases (2.41-2.57 GHz, 3.1-3.3 GHz, 3.66-3.95 GHz, 4.56-4.68 GHz, 5.05-6.13 GHz, 7.47-9.801 GHz). The reflection coefficient (Figure 8b) illustrates a frequency band of \(\approx\)2.2 GHz (from 7.47 GHz to 9.8 GHz). Furthermore, the horizontal and vertical cuts of obtained radiation for \(f\) = 3.18 GHz and \(f\) = 5.88 GHz are shown in Figure 8d-g. A better behavior of the radiation characteristics for the higher frequency value is illustrated.