# Application of the Residue Method in Steam Superheater Fault Detection
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussions
Following the introduction of the fault, this one was detected via a residual generator for the system. Figures 14-16 show the results of the experiment. First of all, it can be seen that at a time t = 650 s (in this experiment), due to the failure of the execution element controlling \(W_{inj2}\), there is an influence on the temperature \(T_{a3}\). As expected, and as can be seen in Figure 14a, the value of \(T_{a3}\) (symbolized by the green color) has a variation in the sense that it slightly decreases at t = 650 s (at the appearance of the fault) and slightly increases at t = 1350 s (at the end of the fault removal procedure). In Figure 14a, one can see that the temperature \(T_{a2}\) (simulated with the blue color) does not change, as expected because a defect in \(W_{inj2}\) only influences the temperature in section three of the system. Figure 14: This Influence of fault occurrence on system temperatures: (**a**) T\({}_{a2}\) (green) and T\({}_{a3}\) (blue); (**b**) T\({}_{a3m}\) (green) and T\({}_{a3}\) (blue). Figure 13: Simulink model. Figure 14b plots the temperature \(T_{a3}\) versus \(T_{a3m}\), which represents the temperature affected by the defect occurrence and then affected by the defect removal procedure using the residuals generator method. Figures 15 and 16 show an overview of the evolution of the calculated residuals for the case in the experiments. The following experiments were performed under the same assumptions, namely the defect in the actuator influencing \(W_{inj2}\). The following presents the graphical results of the simulations for a time interval from t = 150 s to t = 600 s. When analyzing the temperatures, it can be seen that \(T_{a3}\) will decrease from 570 \({}^{\circ}\)C (as it was initially) to 540 \({}^{\circ}\)C. All the results of this experiment can be seen in Figures 17 and 18. Figure 16: The primary residues: (**a**) The primary residues r1 (blue), r2 (green); (**b**) close-up view. Figure 17: This Influence of fault occurrence on system temperatures: (**a**) T\({}_{a2}\) (blue) and T\({}_{a3}\) (green); (**b**) T\({}_{a3m}\) (green) and T\({}_{a3}\) (blue). Figure 15: The structured residue: (**a**) The structured residue R1 (blue), R2 (green); (**b**) The structured residue R1 (blue), R2 (green)—close-up view. The third experiment was performed under the same actuator fault conditions influencing the \(T_{a3}\) temperature evolution. In this case, the prescribed temperature value should be \(T_{a3}=570\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. It is desired to maintain this temperature and the transient regime generated by the occurrence of the fault to last as short as possible. After the event, the time interval t = 150 s to approximately t = 600 s is taken for analysis. All results will be plotted in Figures 19 and 20. Through a series of experiments, it has been found that the structures for fault detection and location outlined in this article are highly effective in assisting operators at a thermal  
Figure 19: This Influence of fault occurrence on system temperatures: (**a**) T\({}_{a2}\) (blue) and T\({}_{a3}\) (green). ; (**b**) T\({}_{a3m}\) (green) and T\({}_{a3}\) (blue). Figure 20: Graphic representation of residues: (**a**) The primary residues r1 (blue), r2 (green); (**b**) The structured residue R1 (blue), R2 (green). Figure 11:0 Graphic representation of residues: (**a**) The primary residues r1 (blue), r2 (green); (**b**) The structured residue R1 (blue), R2 (green). power plant in identifying any potential faults that may arise within the steam boiler and superheating system. To test the validity of these structures in real time, an electronic simulator of the steam superheater was employed. This allowed researchers to conduct a thorough examination of a range of factors related to communications on the analog and digital buses between the transducers and computing equipment, as well as between the computing equipment and the execution elements. The fault detection method that was chosen has been found to be highly responsive, delivering quick and accurate results.