## 1 Introduction  
Mining activities have precipitated extensive ecological degradation and environmental contamination, emerging as a paramount global concern. Due to the sulfur content inherent in ore constituents, sulfide copper ores undergo insufficient separation during ore beneficiation processes. Unseparated sulfur and tailings are collectively deposited in waste piles, culminating in long-term soil exposure and pervasive issues of soil acidification and heavy metal contamination [1]. Furthermore, excessive copper (Cu) levels in the soil incite plant toxicity symptoms, severely compromising plant establishment and growth [2]. Hence, the judicious selection of efficient and cost-effective amendments for the remediation of acidic soils associated with sulfide copper mining assumes pivotal significance. Establishing a secure and stable vegetation ecosystem is of paramount importance for the ecological restoration of soils in metal-contaminated mining areas. In recent years, a plethora of inorganic and organic amendments has found widespread application in the remediation of soils tainted with heavy metals, constituting what is known as in situ immobilization remediation. By judiciously adding amendments to the soil, this technique modulates the form of heavy metals, reducing their mobility and bioavailability. This presents an effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable remediation paradigm [3]. However, inherent disparities in the composition of various amendments may impart corresponding limitations to their efficacy in soil remediation. Notably, biochar, endowed with a meticulously defined porous structure and an abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, exhibits commendable adsorption capabilities for soil pollutants. Nevertheless, uncertainties enveloping the aging of biochar may portend potential environmental risks, and its exorbitant cost may render it impracticable for large-scale mining restoration initiatives [4]. While the application of lime expeditiously elevates the pH of acidic soils, its aptitude to sustain soil pH equilibrium is circumscribed, rendering it susceptible to secondary acidification and potential soil compaction with protracted use [5]. Ergo, the quest for environmentally friendly and cost-effective amendments stands as a linchpin in the realization of in situ immobilization remediation of soils. Extant research posits that vermicompost, replete with organic matter and diverse amino acids, proffers superlative water retention, breathability, high fertility, and enduring fertility. They efficaciously ameliorate the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Additionally, vermicompost, with its discernibly porous structure, can serve as adept adsorbents and passivators for heavy metals [6]. As a byproduct of the steel production process, steel slag has a utilization rate of only approximately 22%. Steel slag not only burnishes soil structure and regulates soil pH but also enhances the soil's proclivity for metal ions, fomenting the formation of hydroxides. Ergo, employing steel slag as a soil amendment for the remediation of acidic soils associated with sulfide copper mining is a sagacious and sustainable choice [7]. _L. perenne_, with its potential for phytostabilization of acidic and heavy metal-contaminated soils, emerges as an eminently suitable candidate [8]. The concomitant cultivation of _L. perenne_ affords a holistic evaluation of the remediation effects of vermicompost and steel slag on acidic soils associated with sulfide copper mining. The ultimate aim of soil remediation transcends the mere reduction in the bioavailability and mobility of deleterious metals within the soil; it is paramount to elevate the health indices of the soil. The intricacies of the soil microbial community structure wield profound importance in augmenting soil functionality, representing a pivotal metric for assessing soil vitality. Consequently, a heightened focus on the nuanced alterations within soil microbial diversity becomes imperative [9].