# Review of Monitoring and Control Systems Based on Internet of Things
## 4 Discussion  
Each of these sectors places different requirements on IoT systems, which leads to the creation of various technological solutions. In agriculture, IoT systems monitor soil and weather conditions and manage irrigation. In health care, the IoT enables the remote monitoring of patients and the management of medical equipment. The IoT tracks shipments, optimizes routes, and manages vehicle fleets in transport and logistics. Smart cities use the IoT to manage urban infrastructure through street lighting, traffic management systems, and air quality monitoring. In environmental protection, the IoT helps monitor and manage natural resources and detect ecological threats. This chapter compares IoT-based monitoring and control systems and considers their specific applications, benefits, and challenges. After the analysis of existing monitoring and control systems based on the IoT, a summary was made in the form of two tables: Table 1 lists the platforms used in the systems, and Table 2 lists the protocols used for data transmission. We distinguished seven different protocols. The authors of other solutions [43; 45; 48; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 60] only marked that they used wireless communication technology. Thus, Table 3 compares the presented system in the scope of chosen parameters. One can see a wealth of choices when considering the microcontrollers used in the examined examples of IoT-based monitoring and control systems. Among them, the three most popular options are Arduino in various variants, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi. Each solution has unique features and capabilities that allow it to adapt to various design needs. Known for its reliability and versatility, Arduino [64] offers a wide range of boards and modules that enable rapid prototyping [65] and easy scaling of projects [66]. ESP32 [67], in turn, is distinguished by advanced communication functions [68], which makes it an excellent choice for projects requiring connection to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth networks [69]. However, Raspberry Pi [70], thanks to its computing power and expansion possibilities [71], is an ideal candidate for more advanced applications where support for the operating system and applications [72] of greater complexity is needed. Thanks to the diversity of these \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Platforms** & **Systems** & **Website** & **Accessed** \\ \hline Arduino & [46; 49; 50; 51; 53; 55; 60] & www.arduino.cc & 1 July 2024 \\ ESP32 & [44; 48; 57; 61] & www.espressif.com & 2 July 2024 \\ ESP8266 & [58] & www.espressif.com & 2 July 2024 \\ MCU MT3620 & [63] & www.mediatek.com/ & 5 July 2024 \\ PIC16F877A & [47; 62] & www.microchip.com & 4 July 2024 \\ Raspberry Pi & [51; 54; 55; 56] & www.raspberrypi.com & 6 July 2024 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Platforms used in the systems. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Paper** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Used Real** \\ **Prototype** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Used Real** \\ **Data** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Practical** \\ **Using** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Data** \\ **Management** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Used AI** \\ **Sociarity** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Discussed** \\ **Architecture** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **Used** \\ **LPWAN** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Discussed** \\ **Energy** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline
[43] & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\
[44] & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) & \(-\)  
platforms, designers and developers have a wide range of tools to implement their ideas related to the IoT. When analyzing the protocols or solutions used for data transmission in IoT systems, it is worth noting that one of the most frequently used is undoubtedly Wi-Fi [73] due to its universality, ease of implementation, and high data throughput.