## 1 Introduction
Critical gaps, the minimum acceptable gap between vehicles for safe entry, and follow-up times, the interval between successive vehicles entering the roundabout, are crucial in modeling driver interactions [10]. Additionally, user perceptions of safety at roundabouts, which can vary significantly, also play a vital role in driver behavior [11]. These factors are essential for an inclusive understanding of driver behavior and have been explored extensively in the literature. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a comparison of driver behaviors in signalized and non-signalized roundabouts in Qatar. Specific objectives included determining the frequency of turn signal usage, evaluating the correct lane usage, analyzing lane change behavior, and comparing driver behavior between the two types of roundabouts. _Qatar's Traffic Environment and Its Influence on Roundabout Behavior_  
Qatar's traffic environment is characterized by high vehicle ownership, a multicultural driving population, and rapid infrastructure development. These factors significantly influence driver behavior at roundabouts, affecting lane discipline, signal compliance, and overall traffic flow. The diverse driving norms in Qatar stem from its large expatriate population, with drivers bringing varied habits and expectations regarding roundabout navigation. This diversity can lead to inconsistencies in lane discipline and signal usage, as some drivers adhere strictly to traffic rules while others may have different interpretations. A study comparing driving behaviors among different ethnic groups in Qatar found significant variations in violations, errors, and lapses, highlighting the impact of cultural differences on driving practices [12]. High dependence on private vehicles contributes to congestion, especially at major urban roundabouts. During peak hours, signalized roundabouts often experience long queues, leading to driver frustration and impatience. This situation prompts last-minute lane changes as drivers attempt to reduce waiting times. Research on driver behavior at minor-street stop-controlled intersections in Qatar indicates that aggressive driving and risky behaviors are prevalent, with critical gap acceptance values lower than those in other countries [13]. Despite strict traffic regulations, enforcing lane discipline within roundabouts remains challenging. Qatar employs automated systems to monitor speeding and red-light violations; however, improper lane changes are not consistently addressed. The presence of traffic cameras has improved compliance with signal rules but has not significantly reduced erratic lane-changing behaviors. A study utilizing the Driver Behavior Questionnaire in Qatar and Turkey identified a correlation between aggressive driving behaviors and accident involvement, underscoring the need for targeted enforcement strategies [14]. Rapid infrastructure development in Qatar has led to modern road networks and advanced roundabout designs. However, some older roundabouts lack optimal lane guidance and clear signage, contributing to driver uncertainty and sudden maneuvers. Inconsistent road designs and frequent construction projects further exacerbate this issue, making it difficult for drivers to anticipate correct lane choices. Guidelines on driving in Qatar emphasize that while lane discipline is encouraged, actual driving practices may vary, leading to potential confusion at roundabouts [15]. Cultural factors and driving attitudes also play a role in roundabout navigation. Some drivers prioritize speed and efficiency over strict adherence to lane rules, resulting in aggressive lane changes and reduced compliance with traffic regulations. Others, unfamiliar with local roundabout designs, may hesitate or make last-minute decisions, slowing traffic flow and increasing the risk of conflicts. Understanding these cultural influences is essential for developing effective interventions to improve roundabout safety and efficiency.