## 5 Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Security Solutions and Integration Models
### Data Privacy with Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) and Confidential Transactions
#### 5.3.2 Architectural Model for Cross-Chain Supply Chains and Smart Contract Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Blockchain Model** & **TPS** &
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} & **Estimated VM (KWh/tx)** & **Data Storage Need** & **Integration Cost** & **SCM Suitability** \\ \hline PoW (Bitcoin) & \(\sim\)7 & \(\sim\)800 & 6–8 VMs & High (on-chain) & High & Low \\ PoS (Ethereum 2.0) & \(\sim\)15–210 & \(\sim\)0.01 & 4–6 VMs & Medium (mixed) & Moderate & Moderate \\ PBFT (Hyperledger) & 1000–2500 & \(\sim\)0.0001 & 3–4 VMs & Low (off-chain) & Moderate & High \\ PoA/Raft & 1000+ & Low & 2–3 VMs & Low & Low & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 18: Key operational cost factors in blockchain-based supply chain systems: a comparative overview of performance, infrastructure demands, and integration complexity. Future research in these areas should not only follow technological trends but also align with evolving systemic demands to enhance blockchain's strategic contribution to secure and resilient supply chains [3; 27]. ### A Holistic Outlook

To conclude, this section provides a holistic perspective that integrates the diverse insights presented throughout the paper, aiming to guide future developments in blockchain-based SCM. Blockchain is not a standalone solution for the digital transformation of supply chains. However, when effectively integrated with complementary technologies, such as the IoT, AI, digital twins, edge computing, and cloud infrastructure, it can contribute to building transparent, resilient, and adaptive supply chain ecosystems. Emerging technologies, particularly the IoE, quantum computing, and autonomous decision systems, are reshaping the requirements for data security, traceability, and integrity. These developments introduce both opportunities and new vulnerabilities. In this regard, the future role of blockchain will extend beyond enabling trust and move toward supporting resilience, adaptability, and responsiveness to evolving systemic demands. ## 8 Conclusions

This review has comprehensively examined the role of blockchain in enhancing security, traceability, and data integrity within SCM systems. The findings suggest that while blockchain offers significant potential in these three core dimensions, its real-world application faces several structural, technical, and organizational challenges. Blockchain can enable end-to-end transparency, immutable data recording, and reduced reliance on intermediaries in supply chains. However, to ensure the sustainable realization of these benefits, further efforts are needed in integrating blockchain with existing systems, developing data-sharing standards, and adapting smart contract mechanisms to legal and operational requirements. Moreover, blockchain adoption is not merely a technological shift, it also demands changes in organizational culture, collaboration frameworks, and human capital strategies. Balancing technical innovation with socio-organizational dynamics is essential for meaningful transformation. Notably, emerging technologies, such as the IoE, AI, quantum computing, and edge computing, are introducing new expectations and complexities in how data are generated, validated, and secured. In this context, ensuring trust, traceability, and integrity is no longer a static challenge, but a dynamic and forward-looking requirement. Thus, future efforts should go beyond integration and emphasize the development of socio-technical models aligned with evolving systemic demands. This review aims to provide both researchers and practitioners with a clear perspective on the current state and developmental directions of blockchain-enabled supply chain systems. It concludes that building more secure, traceable, and trustworthy supply chains is not solely a matter of technological implementation, but also a product of shared vision, open data culture, and sustainable design principles. Despite the promising potential of blockchain in securing supply chain systems, several limitations still hinder its seamless adoption.