esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Literature Review
### EVRP Research Under HERI  
Despite the increasing feasibility of deploying combined charging and battery-swapping infrastructures in real-world settings, research on EVRP under this assumption remains significantly less explored compared to studies focusing solely on CI. Existing research often emphasizes energy replenishment heterogeneity by introducing multiple charging technologies to CI, where high-power, high-cost \"super-fast charging\" is abstracted as analogous to battery swapping due to their similarities in energy replenishment speed and expenses. [PERSON] et al. [31] and [PERSON] et al. [32] demonstrated the advantages of fast charging in reducing fleet size and energy costs by incorporating multiple charging technologies into EVRP. [PERSON] et al. [33] independently examined the characteristics of charging and battery-swapping infrastructures, which permitted partial charging at CI and battery swapping at BSI. However, the study separated the usage scenarios of these heterogeneous infrastructures by analyzing route costs under partial charging and battery swapping modes in isolation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] proposed an optimization model for ride-hailing services, integrating multi-mode charging and battery swapping networks to enhance fleet utilization and reduce costs. Their non-convex programming and Manhattan case study demonstrated that joint planning increased profits by 11.7% and 17.5% compared to battery swapping-only and charging-only, respectively. However, their work focused on theoretical modeling, which lacked the integration of HERI with EVRP.  
In summary, existing research primarily treats charging and battery swapping as separate energy replenishment methods, overlooking the synergistic potential of integrating HERI. The complementary benefits of such integration remain underexplored, and the common assumption of unlimited CI capacity leads to suboptimal conflict resolution strategies, such as the first-in-first-out static scheduling framework, which fails to proactively optimize the utilization of finite charging resources from a global perspective. To overcome these limitations, we propose an EVRP methodology that incorporates the complex characteristics of HERI through an MIP model combined with a heuristic algorithm featuring dynamic rescheduling for charging conflicts. This approach enhances operational efficiency and decision-making in transportation and logistics.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis
Thus, this index was not the best one for the evaluation of the system with the absorption chiller, but it was given in order to present both energy and exergy indexes in this work and to make a complete work. So, it is critical to state again that the exergy efficiency is the one which evaluates the heat input as the equivalent work consumption and thus it has to be taken into consideration in the final evaluation of any system. Furthermore, it has to be said that the mean work consumption decrease was 41.39% with the M-SC system, and with the ACH-SC system it was 53.83%, by taking into account all the examined operating scenarios. These are important values that have to be taken into consideration for the future designs of the CO\({}_{2}\) transcritical systems. Moreover, it has to be said that the values in the literature about the enhancement with the M-SC system are about 30% [23]; however, this study found slightly higher values because of the detailed optimization procedures. In regards to the comparison of the two subcooling cases in the financial point of view, it has to be said that the investment cost of the absorption chiller is higher than the mechanical compression system, thus the use of the M-SC system would be a better choice financially. The difference between electricity consumption was not high enough between the two cases in order to be able to cover the great investment cost of the absorption machine. However, if, in the future, the electricity cost increased, the absorption chiller would be a less expensive technology due to its maturity; and then, maybe, the ACH-SC system would be competitive financially. Lastly, it has to be said that the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, can be applied in order to cover the energy needs of the dedicated subcooling systems. Photovoltaic panels can be used in the case of dedicated mechanical subcooling, and solar thermal systems can be used in the case of dedicated subcooling with an absorption chiller. The hybrid operation with solar energy gives the potential for an environmentally friendlier design, which could provide an opportunity for future \"state of the art\" refrigeration systems.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Lipid Oxidation  
Volatile compounds are mainly composed of lipid oxidation products. POV is the measure of hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation. POV represents the degree of primary oxidation of lipids. Hydroperoxides are not stable and decompose spontaneously to form other compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids [21]. The extent of lipid peroxidation is measured by the formation of TBARS. TBARS assay detects lipid peroxidation products. The TBARS' value refers to the reaction result of TBA with derivatives, such as malondialdehydehyde produced by oxidative decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids in animal fats. A high or low value indicates that the amount of secondary oxidation products, or final products, of fat has a strong correlation with the data of sensory analysis is one of the most widely used indexes to evaluate the degree of fat oxidation. Changes in POV and TBARS values at different processing stages of Zhenba bacon are shown in Figure 1. The treatments of control represent the four stages of: raw meat stage (fresh), curing stage (YZ), smoking stage (XZ), and mature stage (CP). Compared to the control (Fresh), the TBARS values of other groups significantly increased with processing time (\(p<0.05\)), the TBARS value changes in bacon are due to the changes in lipid during the heating and smoking process. In general, TBARS' values increased with increasing process period, due to the promotion of lipid oxidation and dehydration. It indicates that the degree of secondary oxidation of lipids is gradually deepening. It can be seen from the figure that after the sample is pickled, the activity of lipoxidase is enhanced due to the increase of salt, thus the secondary oxidation of lipids is intensified. For the smoking stage, as TBARS values decreased slightly, the further oxidation of aldehydes to organic alcohols or carboxylic acids is inferred.  
The trends in the POV are consistent with those of the TBARS change. During bacon processing, these values were increased. The POV value reflects the content of primary lipid oxidation products, indicating that the accumulation of primary oxidation products is basically the same during processing. [PERSON] et al. (2018) found that the TBARS are mainly aldehydes, which are then degraded into volatile compounds. POV and TBARS showed that under fermentation and smoking conditions, hydroperoxide and free fatty acids were produced from the lipids of Zhenba bacon, and the lipid hydrolysates played an important role in the formation of volatile flavor components of bacon.
# Environmental Protection in the Planning of Large Solar Power Plants
## 2 Initial Position  
In this paper, the results of the SEA study of the agrisolar power plant \"Agrosolar Kula\" (2024) were used as an illustration. The main reasons to take the agrisolar power plant \"Agrosolar Kula\" as a case study are as follows:  
* The specificity of the combination of agricultural and energy activities in the agrisolar power plant; the specificity of the biological and landscape features, which made the project particularly challenging from the aspect of SEA application and the application of the principles of preventive protection;
* The project's spatial coverage and substantial installed power of approximately 800 MW made it one of the largest solar power plants;
* The improvement in standards in the application of SEA was made feasible by the readiness of the project investor to apply the principles of preventive environmental protection and all the related procedures.  
The area of the planned agrisolar power plant 'Agrosolar Kula' is located in the northwestern part of Serbia, on the territory of the municipality of Kula (Figure 1).  
The area is a flat region of the Pannonian plain. The location of the planned \"Agrosolar Kula\" agrisolar power plant is located in an area that has been mostly anthropogenically altered by agricultural activities, so there are sporadic fragments of preserved natural micro-locations. The location of the designed power plant is neither within the protected areas with initiated or implemented protection procedures, nor within the spatial coverage of ecological corridors of international, regional, or local importance of the Ecological Network of the Republic of Serbia. In the wider surroundings of the location, there are several ecologically significant areas of the Ecological Network of Serbia, elements of other ecological networks, as well as a few protected areas. Less than 1% of the total area of the site is under forests, which are characterized by a certain ecological and conservation value. There are (semi-) natural habitat types on the site. These are mainly fragments of forest and shrub vegetation and agricultural land in different stages of succession, forming a mosaic typical for the location. In such a specific and ecologically demanding area, it was a challenge to apply the principles of preventive protection in the SEA process and determine the possibility of effective environmental protection during the realization of an agrisolar power plant. The presentation of the SEA process focuses on the methodological approach and some important findings that are sufficient to provide an overview of the application of SEA in the sustainable planning of solar power plants.
# Evaluation of Radio Access Protocols for V2X in 6G Scenario-Based Models
## 3 Performance Metrics of V2X Technologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & **802.11p** & **802.11 bd** & **LTE-V2X** & **NR-V2X** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Frequency band} & \multirow{3}{*}{5.9 GHz} & \multirow{3}{*}{5.9 GHz, 60 GHz} & \multirow{3}{*}{5.9 GHz} & FR1 (Sub-6 Ghz):} \\  & & & 410 MHz to 7.125 GHz \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & FR2 (mm wave): \\  & & & 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Subcarrier spacing (SCS)} & \multirow{3}{*}{156.25 kHz} & \multirow{3}{*}{312.5, 156.25, 78.125 kHz} & FR1 (Sub-6 GHz):} \\  & & & 15 kHz \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 78.125 kHz & \\ \hline Base technology & IEEE 802.11a/n & IEEE 802.11n/ac & 4G/LTE & 5 GNR \\ \hline PHY layer & N/A & OFDM & SC-FDMA & SC-FDMA, OFDM \\ \hline mm wave support & N/A & Yes & N/A & Yes \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Latency} & \multirow{3}{*}{\textless{}100 ms (average)} & 0.5–10 ms (300 m range) & \multirow{3}{*}{50 ms (average)} & 0.5–10 ms (300 m range) \\  & & 10–100 ms & & 10–100 ms \\ \cline{1-1}  & & (300 m–2 Km range) & & (500 m–2 Km range) \\ \hline Range & 1 Km & 2 Km & 1 Km & 2 Km \\ \hline Modes & Broadcast & Broadcast, groupcast & Broadcast, groupcast, \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & unicast \\ \hline Retransmission & none & Congestion-dependent & Blind & HARQ-based \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Feature comparison between 802.11p, 802.11 bd, LTE-V2X, and NR-V2X. receiver vehicle in terms of communication reliability. The following subsections show the definition, implementation, and calculation of these metrics.
# Degree-Constrained Minimum Spanning Hierarchies in Graphs
## 3 Degree-Constrained Spanning Problems
### Minimum Spanning Problem Under Capacity-Like Degree Constraints  
**Definition 4** (Node capacity constrained minimum spanning problems).: _In a graph \(G\), the degree bounds \(D(v)\) associated with nodes \(v\in V\) represent the maximum degree capacities. The problem consists of finding the minimum cost solution spanning the node set \(V\) such that the degree constraints are respected for each occurrence of the nodes._  
**Property 1**.: _The minimum cost solution spanning the set of nodes of a connected graph under limited node capacities is a hierarchy._  
Proof.: Let us assume the solution exists (the reader can find the conditions in Section 4). Since homomorphism preserves adjacency, any solution can be given by a homomorphism-based triplet \((S,h,G)\). For a connected solution, \(S\) must be a connected graph. Suppose there is an optimal solution respecting the degree constraints, which is not a hierarchy. In this case, \(S\) is not a tree but another connected graph. Therefore, it contains cycles. Trivially, some edges can be removed from the cycles in \(S\) without removing nodes thus preserving the node coverage in \(G\) with a lower cost. In the minimum cost solution, \(S\) is a tree, and the triplet defines a hierarchy.  
A degree-constrained minimum spanning hierarchy (DCMSH) is illustrated in Figure 2. The cost of any edge in \(G\) is unitary, and the capacity constraints are indicated. Trivially, no DCMST exists but there is a spanning hierarchy satisfying the constraints. It contains the node \(b\) twice, and each occurrence of this node respects the degree constraint as shown by the labeled tree \(T\) of the solution. The image of the solution is the graph \(G\) itself.  
The case of uniform capacity bounds and its approximation have been presented in [6]. Spanning hierarchies satisfying homogeneous degree constraints always exist. An ILP-based exact computation of the optimum can be found in [17]. The approximation has been improved in [18].  
Since the problem of uniform degree constraints is NP-hard (cf. [17]), the more general problem of non-uniform constraints is NP-hard.  
The following section discusses the conditions for the existence of a feasible solution in the case of non-uniform bounds.
## 3 Methodology  
### Prediction Model Architecture  
To deploy the suggested system, a data logging tool must be utilized to gather data from both the vehicle bus and the smartphone. Numerous affordable commercial OBD scanner tools are accessible for collecting data from the vehicle bus. Additionally, phone sensor data can be transmitted via Bluetooth to the processing module. The collected data are then fed into the deep learning module, which comprises trained neural network models designed to forecast driver behavior and road traffic conditions. Subsequently, the model predictions can be integrated into vehicle applications, such as driver alarms and warnings regarding aggressive driving styles, as well as alerts about traffic congestion. Furthermore, traffic road predictions can be fused with the navigation system to offer optimized routes for the driver. Figure 1 presents the block diagram for the proposed system, showing the data path from the vehicle and smart phone to the deep learning module and then to the vehicle application level.
# Experimental Study of See-Saw Mode Nano-Vibration on Orifice-Type Restrictors
## 5 Conclusions  
A one-orifice restrictor was simulated using a COMSOL FEM model based on FSI, and the nanometer vibration performance of orifice-type restrictors was discussed. Two practical restrictors underwent experimentation to verify the vibration characteristics. The conclusions are as follows:  
1. With a steady-state air flow, the gas film flow of the restrictor caused fluctuations at the micro-level, resulting in the entire restrictor producing fluid-solid-coupling vibrations. This vibration creates the see-saw motion, which increases with the air-supply pressure and gas film velocity.
2. The see-saw form of vibration has a rotating axis, which is determined by the orifice and the restrictor. It is considered that this rotating axis changes slightly with the influence of the micro-air flow.
3. The nano-vibration of the restrictor is related to its number of orifices. Multiple orifices induce greater vibration.
4. The nano-scale micro-vibration of the restrictor is not completely random at the kilohertz level, and its working surface structure also affects the vibration frequency.  
The present study investigates the nano-vibration mechanism and aims to promote the ultra-precision equipment performance. Experimental measurements pertaining to the two-specific orifice-type restrictors without sliding were obtained, and the vibration during movement was neglected. Although the current experimental results reveal the characteristics of nano-vibrations in the orifice restrictor, an accurate mathematical model for the natural frequencies has not been established based on the experimental results. In the future, we will test more orifice-type restrictors and other types of restrictors.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, X.S. and D.L.; methodology, X.S.; software, J.Y. ([PERSON]); validation, J.Y. ([PERSON]) and J.Y. ([PERSON]); formal analysis, X.S.; investigation, X.S. and J.Y. ([PERSON]); resources, [PERSON] ([PERSON]); data curation, X.S.; writing--original draft preparation, X.S.; writing--review and editing, X.S. and D.L.; visualization, X.S.; supervision, D.L.; project administration, X.S.; funding acquisition, D.L., [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and X.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51775529); Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.LY19E050002); and Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang (Grant No.2020 YW03).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Investigation of Impact Behavior of STS304L Steel Plate Under Cryogenic Temperature
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Plastic Deformation  
In the drop-weight impact test, the specimen deformed because of multiple forces acting simultaneously, including a radial stretching force as the specimen moved with the impactor, a shear force in the thickness direction at the hemispherical radius point, and a global bending force applied across the entire specimen. These forces induced bulging and dishing deformations, as illustrated in Figure 8.  
Upon impact, the impactor exerted a compressive force, generating a plastic wave that propagated radially, resulting in bulging deformation. When the radius of the bulging deformation matched that of the hemispherical impactor, dishing deformation occurred outside the contact area [28]. Figure 9 shows a specimen after impact, clearly displaying the bulging and dishing deformations caused by this mechanism.  
Because the clamped region was fixed by bolts, deformation was limited to the free region of the specimen. The impact area, which was directly affected by the impactor, exhibited bulging deformation, whereas dishing deformation occurred in the surrounding area owing to bending forces. Figure 10a-c display deformation measurements under different conditions. Across all conditions, the maximum deformation occurred at the impactor-specimen contact region, and the deformation patterns remained consistent regardless of the test temperature. The maximum deformations recorded for STS304L were 10.89 mm at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 11.02 mm at \(-\)100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 11.12 mm at \(-\)193 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 8: Mechanism of deformation in the drop-weight impact test.  
Figure 11 presents the relationship between the impact energy absorption capacity, plate deflection, and temperature. The difference in plate deflection across temperatures was insignificant, suggesting that cold embrittlement effects did not occur in STS304L at cryogenic temperatures. The increase in stiffness at lower temperatures contributed to a greater impact energy absorption. However, because the plastic deformation differences were minimal, deformation alone cannot fully explain the changes in energy absorption capacity.  
Figure 10: Deformation measurements at different impact energies and temperatures: (a) 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C; (b) \(-\)100 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and (c) \(-\)193 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 9: Cross-section of a specimen after dropping weight impact testing.  
A portion of the plastic deformation energy is consumed by strain-induced martensitic transformation, which exhibits temperature sensitivity [26]. Therefore, to fully understand the temperature sensitivity of impact energy absorption, it is necessary to analyze the fraction of transformed martensite.
## 3 Experimental Set-Up
### Optical Receivers  
The receiver implemented in this work consists of an array of photodiodes strategically placed on a semi-spherical structure, fabricated using 3D printing. The structure has a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 4.5 cm. The photodiodes are uniformly distributed along the azimuthal angle, with a fixed elevation angle of 36.8\({}^{\circ}\). The receiver has eight photodiodes, and the azimuthal angle between each photodiode is 45\({}^{\circ}\). Additionally, an extra photodiode is positioned at the top of the semi-sphere.  
The photodiodes used correspond to a PIN BPW21R photodiode, which is equipped with a flat glass window with a built-in color correction filter, resulting in a sensitivity near to the spectral response of the human eye, and also offers a wide angle of sensitivity, more specifically, 50 deg at half sensitivity [26]. The angular diversity is arranged in a semi-spherical configuration, as shown in Figure 3.  
Signal conditioning is a crucial aspect when working with tiny and noise-prone signals, which is why a PCB was developed for the proposed system. The PCB is composed of four fundamental blocks,  
* A transistor-based amplifier with collector feedback biasing for pre-amplification of the received signal.
* A first-order high-pass filter to minimize the background illumination, which introduces interference (managed at noise), e.g., other illumination sources, at a frequency of 100 Hz.
* An operational amplifier in a non-inverting cascade configuration to amplify the received signal.
* A resistive divider ensuring that the amplified signal remains within the valid input range of the ADC.  
Specifically, the PCB contains nine modules, one for each photodiode, and is equipped with operating voltage pins and pin headers to connect the output to the ADC. The resulting PCB is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: FSK modulation-encoded transmitter shaped frames.