# A Study on Technology Competition of Graphene Biomedical Technology Based on Patent Analysis
## 4 Analysis
### Patent Analysis
#### 4.1.3. Patent Hotspots and Fronts
Based on terminal protection of small-molecule-linked DNA by target proteins and the graphene oxide (GO)-assisted DNA assay strategy, [PERSON] et al. proposed a novel fluorescence method for the testing and detection of the fluorescent hybrid by using graphene oxide (GO)-assisted DNA assay strategy, and the detection of the fluorescent hybrid by using graphene oxide (GO)-assisted DNA assay strategy. of target proteins [90]. [PERSON] et al. designed an aptamer-carboxyfluoresce in (FAM)/graphene oxide nanosheet (GO-nS) nanocomplex to investigate its ability for molecular probing in living cells [91]. The good selectivity and sensitivity of the aptamer/GO-nS nanocomplex predicted its potential use for intracellular ATP monitoring, testing, and detecting in living cells [91]. This indicates that the research represented by technological fields with high centrality as well as high frequency has a greater impact on the research area of graphene biomedical technology. Consequently, this research represents the comparative competitive advantage and core roles of patent hotspots and fronts in this field. L03-A02B (nonmetal conductors--carbon and graphite), B14-S18 (drug combination), B05-B02C (Silicon (SI), Selenium (SE), Tellurium (TE), Boron (B) Inorganic, Inert gases), and B05-U03 (Carbon only nanotubes) have relatively high centrality and low frequency, which indicate that they are closely linked with other technological fields and have good development prospects. The first patent front is L03-A02B (nonmetal conductors--carbon and graphite). Graphene, as a non-metal nanomaterial, is carefully considered for use in biomedical applications: material characteristics; interactions with biological components (tissues, cells, and proteins); and biological activity outcomes [33]. In addition, it also regarded as a potential candidate for integrated circuits in biomedical fields. [PERSON] et al. presented a CMOS-compatible design of graphene-on-silicon hybrid plasmonic-photonic integrated circuits and provided an effective way to excite and implement GSP on a chip [70]. This offered the potential for multichannel and broadband biosensors [70]. [PERSON] et al. reported the charge transport behavior of protein-shelled inorganic nanoparticles combined with graphene and demonstrated their possible application as flexible and biocompatible bionanoelectronic devices that can be integrated into bioelectric circuits for biomedical purposes [71]. Recently, regarding B14-S18 (drug combination), the development of medicines for complex diseases requires the development of drug combination therapies. Graphene was exploited as a promising carrier of photosensizers and chemotherapeutics for the drug combination therapy [76]. For example, nano-graphene oxide (nGO) is a carbon allotrope studied for its potential as carrier for chemotherapeutic delivery, and it helps drug combination (doxorubicin and rapamycin) present synergistic anticancer effects in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and BT474 cells [77]. Researchers at the University of California San Diego constructed a nanoparticle-based RNAi delivery platform that protects siRNA payloads against nuclease-induced degradation and efficiently delivers them to target cells [78]. The nanocarrier is based on biodegradable mesoporous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs), where the voids of the nanoparticles are loaded with siRNA and the nanoparticles are encapsulated with graphene oxide nanosheets (GO-pSiNPs) [78]. As for B05-B02C (Silicon (SI), Selenium (SE), Tellurium (TE), Boron (B) Inorganic, Inert gases), based on selenium doped graphene quantum dots (Se-GQDs), [PERSON] et al. designed a new reversible fluorescent switch for the detection of oxidative hydroxyl radical (\(\bullet\)OH) and reductive glutathione (GSH) [79]. This fluorescent switch provided a new detection approach for redox events involved in cellular redox regulation [79]. In addition, [PERSON] et al.