esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Comparison
### Properties for Different Risers  
Based on the risers' geometries, material properties, buoyancy and top tension forces, pre-stress modal analysis is conducted to obtain the natural frequencies and modal shapes for the risers, as shown in Figure 4 and Table 5.  
When the vortex shedding frequency becomes close to the natural frequency of the riser, the phenomenon of \"lock-in\" happens, which results in large and damaging vibrations leading to the fatigue failure of the riser. The vortex shedding frequency can be calculated by Equation (9) which includes Strouhal number \(S_{t}\), the outside diameter of riser \(D\) and the flow velocity \(U\). According to the relationship between \(Re\) and \(S_{t}\), the Strouhal number \(S_{t}\) for all the risers is 0.21.  
\[f_{s}=\frac{S_{t}\cdot U}{D} \tag{9}\]For a riser, the vortex shedding frequency can also be obtained by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the lift coefficient \(C_{L}\) (Figure 5). These results are compared and summarized in Table 5.  
In addition, the possibility of a riser's \"lock-in\" using reduced velocity \(U_{r}\) was estimated using Equation (10). When \(U_{r}\) ranges 4-8 [5], \"lock-in\" occurs. The \(U_{r}\) of all the risers are listed in Table 5.  
\[U_{r}=\frac{U}{f_{n}D} \tag{10}\]  
From the results listed in Table 5, it can be seen the natural frequencies are far from their vortex shedding frequencies and the reduced velocity \(U_{r}\) are not in the range of 4-8. Hence, for all the risers, \"lock-in\" is unlikely to happen.  
Figure 4: First three mode shapes of the riser.  
Figure 5: Vortex shedding frequencies of the risers using fast Fourier transform (FFT).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Riser 1**} & **Riser 2** & **Riser 2** & **Riser 3** & **Riser 3** \\  & & **Effective** & **Layered** & **Effective** & **Layered** \\ \hline natural frequency \(f_{n}/\left(\text{Hz}\right)\) & 7.87 & 8.64 & 8.85 & 6.98 & 6.82 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{vortex shedding frequency \(f_{s}/\left(\text{Hz}\right)\)} & Equation (9) & 0.25 & 0.23 & 0.23 & 0.24 & 0.24 \\  & FFT of \(C_{L}\) & 0.26 & 0.23 & 0.24 & 0.25 & 0.25 \\ \hline reduced velocity \(U_{r}\) & 0.153 & 0.13 & 0.12 & 0.17 & 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Natural frequencies, vortex shedding frequencies and reduced velocities of the risers.
# A Study of Correction to the Point Cloud Distortion Based on MEMS LiDAR System
## 4 Conclusions  
Aiming at the phenomenon of distortion in the point cloud of MEMS micro-scan imaging LiDAR, the causes of the distortion are analyzed and the MEMS scan trajectory is simulated, and a novel coordinate correction method is proposed to correct the distorted point cloud. Applying the method proposed in this article to our experimental equipment,  
Figure 8: Distorted point cloud obtained by experiment and corrected point cloud: (**a**) the imaging inversion obtained by the scanning coordinates (\(x\), \(y\), \(z\)); (**c**) the corrected point cloud image; (**b**) and (**d**) the point cloud images after de-noising.  
Figure 7: (**a**) Schematic diagram of the LiDAR system; (**b**) target in the experiment.  
the point cloud distortion of simple and complex targets obtained by scanning are all well corrected. In the experiment, we found that the distortion degree of the point cloud is approximately \(16.45^{\circ}\) before correction, and only \(4.7^{\circ}\) after correction. Therefore, the degree of distortion is reduced by nearly \(72.5\%\). It is fully proved that our method has good de-distortion ability.  
Conceptualization: D.G.; data curation: D.G., B.Q., Y.Z., and Q.L.; formal analysis: D.G., B.Q., Y.Z., and Q.L.; funding acquisition: C.W.; investigation: D.G.; methodology: D.G., B.Q., Y.Z., and Q.L.; resources: C.W.; software: D.G.; supervision: [PERSON]; validation: D.G., B.Q., Y.Z., and Q.L.; visualization: D.G.; writing--original draft: D.G. and Y.Z. writing--review and editing: D.G., B.Q., Y.Z., and Q.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program (Grant No. JCYJ2020109150808037); the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Projects of China (Grant No.62027823); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.61775048).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
Calcium has been shown to influence several processes in chloroplasts, but in fact, very few calcium-binding proteins have been described so far. In this work, we investigated the presence of novel calcium-binding proteins in the stroma, where important metabolic processes, such as the carbon fixation, take place. By the approach described here, a novel calcium-binding protein could be identified. CP12 is a chloroplast localized protein widely present in photosynthetic organisms. CP12 orthologs have been identified in plants, green algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms [27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33]. This small chloroplast protein contains four conserved cystein residues [34; 35] and serves as a linker in the reversible assembly of the supramolecular complex between phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). This is part of a regulatory circuit in which GADH and PRK are inactivated by complex formation via CP12 [28]. From antisense studies in tobacco it has been suggested that CP12 has a role in redox-mediated regulation of carbon partitioning from the chloroplast [36]. In cyanobacteria it was shown that CP12 regulation occurs via the NAD(H)/NADP(H) ratio under light/dark conditions [37]. This is noteworthy, since the NAD Kinase, the sole source of NADP production, in higher plants is a calmodulin-binding protein and thus supposedly regulated by calcium [38].  
Together, calcium and redox regulation have been shown to influence other activities of Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle enzymes as well. When reduced, fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) activity was shown to be identical to oxidized fructose FBP pre-incubated with calcium [39]. In a similar way, sedoheptulose 1,7-biphosphatase (SBP) becomes activated when reduced by thioredoxin upon dark-light transitions [40]. Furthermore, catalytic efficiency of both enzymes is inhibited by high calcium concentrations [41; 42; 43]. Upon light-dark transition, a transient increase in stromal free calcium concentration has been shown [44] and calcium was suggested to be actively transported into the lumen during the day to prevent calcium-dependent inhibition of CO\({}_{2}\)-fixation [45]. Thus calcium binding to CP12 could be part of a differential regulatory circuit of chloroplast carbon metabolism.
# Effect of Preheating Treatment before Defatting on the Flavor Quality of Skim Milk
## 3 Materials and Methods
### GC-MS Analysis  
Volatile compounds of samples were extracted using a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) device (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA). All samples (8 mL, in triplicate), 81.6 \(\upmu\)g mL-1 2-methyl-3-heptanone in n-hexane [45] (internal standard, 10 \(\upmu\)L), and sodium chloride (2 g) were added to a 20 mL vial. Then, the sample was stirred magnetically at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. The SPME needle was inserted in the vial, exposing the fiber to the headspace for 30 min at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After 30 min equilibration, the fiber was inserted into the GC-MS injector port for desorption for 5 min.  
In the SPME-GC-MS experiment gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (7890A/5975C, Agilent Technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA), operating conditions were as follows: the samples were separated by a DB-Wax (30 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m) capillary column (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). Helium was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The injector temperature was 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Splitless mode was used with a 5 min desorption time. The initial temperature was started at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, held for 1 min, and then increased at a rate of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C and held for 1 min. The ion source temperature was set at 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The full-scan acquisition was used in the 30-350 amu range. The solvent delay was set at 5 min.  
The volatile compounds were identified using the NIST11 database (Agilent Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA), retention indices (RI), which were calculated by using an alkane series (C6-C30) [46], and the comparison of spectra of authentic standards injected under the same chromatographic conditions. Identified volatile compounds were semi-quantified by comparison with the peak areas of the internal standard.
# A Hybrid SWIM Data Naming Scheme Based on TLC Structure
## 4 Experiment and Result Analysis
### Comparative Analysis
#### 4.4.3 Analysis of Detection Rate and False Alarm Rate of Different Schemes under Attack  
This paper simulates two types of attacks based on the principle of the attack on named data Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), namely attack 1 flood attack and random high-load attack named 2. It can be seen from Table 7 that the DDoS attack detection model based on TLC structure naming compares with the hierarchical naming and flat naming attacks in terms of detection rate and false positive is better. The detection rate for attack 1 is better, and the false alarm rate is higher, which is 99.96 and 0.003, respectively. The detection rate and false alarm rate of attack 2 are slightly worse, which are 96 and 0.85, respectively. However, in general, TLC-based naming is superior to hierarchical naming and flat naming, indicating that the former naming method is more secure and can effectively prevent DDoS attacks.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Query Time of Different Methods Under Different Data Volume**} \\ \cline{2-11}  & **2** & **4** & **6** & **8** & **10** & **12** & **14** & **16** & **18** & **20** \\ \hline naming based on TLC structure & 0.06 & 0.06 & 0.061 & 0.06 & 0.061 & 0.062 & 0.062 & 0.061 & 0.061 \\ \hline hierarchical naming & 0.058 & 0.052 & 0.055 & 0.060 & 0.060 & 0.059 & 0.06 & 0.2 & 0.6 & 1 \\ \hline flat naming & 0.063 & 0.061 & 0.064 & 0.061 & 0.060 & 0.061 & 0.061 & 0.22 & 0.65 & 0.99 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Query time of different methods under different amount.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scheme**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Detection Rate (DR) and False Positive Rate (FPR) of Different Methods**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Attack 1**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Attack 2**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Comprehensive Situation**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **DR** & **FPR** & **DR** & **FPR** & **DR** & **FPR** \\ \hline Naming based on & 99.96 & 0.003 & 96 & 0.855 & 97.5 & 0.42 \\ TLC structure & 99 & 5.76 & 91.89 & 9.91 & 95.9 & 7.84 \\ \hline Flat naming & 98 & 3.46 & 90.56 & 9.45 & 95.2 & 6.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison of detection rate (DR) and false positive rate (FPR) results of different methods in attack 1 and attack 2.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Electrochemical Measurement  
The as-prepared gangue-based electrocatalyst powder was mixed with super P (acted as conductive agent) and Polyvinylidene fluoride (acted as binder) at a weight ratio of 7:2:1 and then dissolved in 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) under continuous stirring. The homogeneous slurry was sprayed onto carbon paper with a mass loading of 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.2 mg cm\({}^{-2}\), and the final whole carbon paper was used as the working electrode. In total, 1 M lithium bis (trifluoromethane sulphonamide, LiTFSI) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the solution was applied as electrolyte. The 2032-LOBs contained a lithium metal anode (\(\Phi\) = 16 mm), a glass-fiber separator (GFC, Whatman, \(\Phi\) = 19 mm), and a gangue-based cathode (\(\Phi\) = 13 mm), which must be assembled in the customized glove box filled with pure Ar. The assembled LOBs were measured in a homemade sealed glass bottle filled with high-purity O\({}_{2}\) to evaluate the electrochemical properties. The galvanostatic discharge-charge tests were carried out on a LAND BT 2000 battery testing system. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were tested via an electrochemical workstation (CHI600E, Shanghai Chenhua Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). All current densities and specific capacities of the LOBs were normalized by the actual mass loading of the active materials.
# IMPA versus Cloud Analysis and IDA: Different Methods to Evaluate Structural Seismic Fragility
###### Abstract  
Well-known methods for seismic performance assessment, such as incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), multi-stripes analysis (MSA) and the cloud method, involve nonlinear response time-history analyses to characterize the relationship between the chosen damage measure versus intensity measure. Over the past two decades, many authors have proposed simplified procedures or nonlinear static approaches to develop fragility. In these procedures, the capacity of the system is evaluated by nonlinear static procedures (i.e., the capacity spectrum method (CSM), the N2 method, modal pushover analysis (MPA)) and the demand is derived by response spectra. In addition to the familiar ones, incremental modal pushover analysis (IMPA) is a novel nonlinear static procedure proposed in recent years, and it is used in this research to present an _IM_-based fragility estimation. The accuracy and effectiveness of different methods to assess vulnerability are investigated by comparing fragility curves derived by MPA-based cloud analysis, IMPA and cloud analysis against IDA. The comparison gives valuable insights on the influence of scaling on different sets of records; however, a more extended validation is needed to confirm the obtained results and draw more general conclusions. Results arise from two relatively small bins of record motions differing by ranges of Joyner-Boore distance and scattered in a range of magnitude are presented.  
IDA; the cloud method; IMPA; MPA; nonlinear static analysis; nonlinear dynamic analysis; fragility curve +
_Applied Sciences_
###### Abstract  
Urban tree canopy (UTC) provides urban residents with numerous benefits, including positive mental and physical health, the mitigation and prevention of urban heat islands, and a sense of place. Numerous studies have shown that as the wealth of a community decreases, so does the amount of UTC found in the community; thus, wealthier communities are more likely to enjoy the benefits that urban forests provide. Emerging technologies in remote sensing and GIS are allowing for new opportunities to study and understand the relationships between urban neighborhoods and UTC. In this study, land cover data for Chattanooga, Tennessee were derived from high-resolution (50 cm) multispectral imagery to assess the previously unknown extent and distribution of UTC and to measure the extent of UTC by neighborhood and census block group level. Using exploratory regression analysis, variables representing income, population density, race, educational attainment, and urban heat islands were analyzed to investigate the influence of UTC on neighborhood characteristics. This study found that UTC represented half of the total land cover composition, the tree equity was not as profound as shown in other cities, and the lack of UTC likely influences the prevalence of urban heat islands. This study also shows the importance and utility of using high-resolution imagery and land cover to assess and understand the impact and distribution of UTC in urban environments.  
GIS; remote sensing; urban tree canopy; UTC; urban forests; urban tree equity +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
larger and denser, the effect of these urban heat islands becomes more prevalent [7]. UTC is important in understanding a community's tree resources and is most useful when overlaid with other geographic information, such as socioeconomic data, health data, and urban heat island locations [8]. This information helps planners and decision-makers to understand the distribution and effects of UTC for activities regarding goal setting, tree planting, park management, policy making, and others related to urban forests and greenspace.  
A recent study shows that the City of Chattanooga, Tennessee has been urbanized significantly [9] and it behaves like an urban heat island (UHI) [10]. However, the relationship between UTC and socioeconomic variables and urban heat islands for Chattanooga, Tennessee has not otherwise been studied, at least to the authors' knowledge. Chattanooga city officials and forest managers, along with local foundations and non-profit organizations, are interested in understanding this relationship and the impact of urban forests on local neighborhoods. The results of this study can help decision-makers to understand these relationships for Chattanooga and inform the development and implementation of an urban forestry plan that includes tree planting and management, neighborhood place making, park planning, and overall improvements in life in the urban landscape. These results may also benefit other cities, as an increased understanding of the relationship between urban forests and at-risk communities can create equitable neighborhoods.
# Estimating Road Segments Using Kernelized Averaging of GPS Trajectories
## 3 Averaging a Set of GPS Time Series  
### Preprocessing the GPS Trajectories  
Given a set \(\mathbf{X}\) of GPS trajectory corresponding all to the same street or road segment, the averaging procedure presented previously cannot be used directly for several reasons:  
* The street segment is not necessarily traveled in a single direction.
* The trajectories are traveled with variable speed, hence the trajectories are possibly not sampled with the same level of detail or uniformly.  
The first preprocessing step (Step 1 in Figure 1) consists in realigning the trajectories such that they could be considered as being traveled in the same direction. If \(\mathbf{x}_{0:n}\in\mathbf{X}\), we denote \(\tilde{\mathbf{x}}\) the reversed trajectory, basically \(\tilde{\mathbf{x}}=\mathbf{x}_{n:0}\). The kernel defined in Equation (3) is used to reorganize \(\mathbf{X}\).  
This is achieved by selecting (randomly) one reference trajectory, \(\mathbf{x}\in\mathbf{X}\) and for all \(\mathbf{x}^{\prime}\in\mathbf{X},\mathbf{x}^{\prime}\
eq\mathbf{x}\), if \(\mathcal{K}_{\text{rdtW}}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{x}^{\prime})\geq\mathcal{K}_{ \text{rdtW}}(\mathbf{x},\tilde{\mathbf{x}^{\prime}})\), \(\mathbf{x}\) will remain unchanged, otherwise, \(\tilde{\mathbf{x}^{\prime}}\) will replace \(\mathbf{x}\) within set \(\mathbf{X}\).  
The second preprocessing step is to re-sample uniformly the trajectories in the set \(X\) so that all trajectories contain the same number of samples, \(T\). This is done using a linear interpolation of the segments that compose the trajectory.  
By the end of the preprocessing procedure, all trajectories within set \(\mathbf{X}\) are supposed to be traveled in the same direction and contain the same number of samples, \(T\).
# A Novel SIW Leaky-Wave Antenna for Continuous Beam Scanning from Backward to Forward
## 2 Antenna Design  
The proposed leaky-wave antenna is constructed using substrate-integrated technology. The copper-cladding layers are placed at the top and bottom of SIW. The SIW technology can provide a high power-handling capability, low return loss, low manufacturing cost, and high-density integration. The two rows of metallic vias, which are placed along the wave propagation path, play similar roles to the perfect conducting wall of the waveguide. The thickness and width of the SIW are h and w, respectively. The period of the vias is s, and the diameter of the metallic vias is d. A 0.813 mm thick RO4003 laminate with a relative permittivity of \(\varepsilon\)r = 3.55 and tan\(\sigma\) = 0.0027 is used as the substrate. The length of each unit cell as a period of the full array antenna is \(p\).  
As shown in Figure 1, the longitudinal slots are placed on the two opposite sides of the top plate of the array antenna. This configuration increases the number of slots as radiating elements and consequently enhances radiation performance and maximum gain. In addition, for the array in which the radiating elements are placed on one side of the top wall, the cross-polarization level is high due to the coupling effect. The proposed configuration for the array antenna can resolve this problem and significantly decrease the cross-polarization level.  
For a periodic LWA, the direction of the main beam is related to the phase constant of the \(n\)th space harmonic in the following way:  
\[\theta_{main-beam}^{n}\approx\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{\beta_{n}}{k_{0}}\right) \tag{1}\]  
\[\beta_{n}=\beta_{0}+\frac{2n\pi}{p} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\beta_{0}\) is the propagation constant of the dominant TE\({}_{10}\) mode within SIW, \(k_{0}\) is the free-space wavenumber, and \(p\) is the period of the array. It can be clearly seen that the direction of the main beam is changed by the frequency, which can provide the frequency beam-scanning capability. The proposed leaky-wave antenna setup is based on the \(-1\)st space harmonic.