esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
Recent studies [20, 21, 22] have achieved reduced error magnitudes and systematic bias in CMJ JH estimation. However, these studies oftenrely on flight time estimates and position the IMU at specific anatomical landmarks. This approach overlooks the biomechanical principle that linear mechanics act through the segmental centers of mass, which are more accurately defined using anthropometric data. Additionally, there are inherent concerns regarding the internal validity of estimating JH from flight time, particularly when making comparisons across individuals [23]. Instead of relying on IMU flight time estimates for CMJ JH, JH can be derived by integrating vertical acceleration to estimate takeoff velocity. However, this approach requires valid IMU acceleration data, which should be validated against criterion methods such as force platform dynamometry. Single IMU models may not fully capture the linear mechanics of the WBCoM, and the positioning of the IMU on the body can affect the validity of the derived signals. Recent research supports this by demonstrating the potential of machine learning approaches to optimize IMU-based detection of jump biomechanics, including peak GRF, peak power, and knee joint kinematics and kinetics. However, these studies have reported similar error levels (e.g., 4.6-11.4%) to those observed in single-IMU estimations of JH using the flight time method [24; 25]. Incorporating multiple IMUs on key body segments may provide a more comprehensive representation of movement mechanics and enhance the accuracy of machine learning algorithms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IMU number and placement on the validity of vertical acceleration and CMJ JH estimates, hypothesizing that seven strategically placed IMUs would yield the most accurate WBCoM data and that IMUs positioned on body segments with greater mass would further improve data validity.
## 4 Edit Distance with Block Moves, Block Deletions, Character Insertions
### NP-Completeness  
We first prove the NP-completeness of edit distance with block moves, block deletions, and character insertions.  
**Theorem 1.** Given two strings \(S\) and \(T\), and a positive integer \(l\), performing only the three unit-cost operations character insertions, block deletions, and block moves on \(S\), it is NP-complete to determine if \(S\) can be converted to \(T\) with \(\text{cost}\leq l\).  
**Proof:** Since a non-deterministic algorithm need only guess the operations and check in polynomial time that \(S\) is converted to \(T\) with \(\text{cost}\leq l\), the problem is in NP. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] show that the edit distance problem with only block moves is NP complete. In other words: suppose you are given a string \(S^{\prime}\), a permutation \(T\) of \(S^{\prime}\) and a positive integer \(k\). Determining whether \(S^{\prime}\) can be converted to \(T^{\prime}\) in a cost less than or equal to \(k\), performing only move operations, is NP complete. We employ a transformation from the _edit distance problem with only moves_. Given an instance \(S^{\prime}\), \(T^{\prime}\) (which is a permutation of the characters in \(S^{\prime}\)), and an integer \(k\), of the edit distance problem with only moves, let: \(S=S^{\prime}\), \(T=T^{\prime}\); \(l=k\). As \(T\) is a permutation of the characters of \(S^{\prime}\), every delete character operation will require an insert of the characters. This means that character insertions and deletions (especially block deletions) are useless in the sense of minimizing the edit-distance. Therefore, \(S\) can be converted to \(T\) with a \(\text{cost}\leq l\) using character inserts, block moves and block deletes, if and only if \(S^{\prime}\) can be converted to \(T\) with \(\text{cost}\leq k\) using only moves.  
Using the notation above, Theorem 1 uses a reduction from the edit distance problem with no insertions, with no deletions, and with block moves, \(<\)-/-/b\(>\), to show that \(<\)c/b/b\(>\) is also NP-hard. The same proof can be applied to 7 more versions of the edit distance problem proving they are also NP Complete: \(<\)-/c/b\(>\), \(<\)-/b/b\(>\), \(<\)c/-/b\(>\), \(<\)c/c/b\(>\), \(<\)b/-/b\(>\), \(<\)b/c/b\(>\), and \(<\)b/b/b\(>\) (the last three allow block insertions).
# Complex Color Space Segmentation to Classify Objects in Urban Environments
###### Abstract  
Color image segmentation divides the image into areas that represent different objects and focus points. One of the biggest problems in color image segmentation is the lack of homogeneity in the color of real urban images, which generates areas of over-segmentation when traditional color segmentation techniques are used. This article describes an approach to detecting and classifying objects in urban environments based on a new chromatic segmentation to locate focus points. Based on components \(a\) and \(b\) on the CIELab space, we define a _chromatic map_ on the complex space to determine the highest threshold values by comparing neighboring blocks and thus divide various areas of the image automatically. Even though thresholds can result in broad segmentation areas, they suffice to locate centroids of patches on the color image that are then classified using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Thus, this broadly segmented image helps to crop only outlying areas instead of classifying the entire image. The CNN is trained to use six classes based on the patches drawn from the database of reference images from urban environments. Experimental results show a high score for classification accuracy that confirms the contribution of this segmentation approach.  
image segmentation; complex numbers; CNN classifier; outdoor environments +
Footnote †: journal: _Mathematics_
# Smart Grid Data Management in a Heterogeneous Environment with a Hybrid Load Forecasting Model
## 6 Results and Discussion (Case Study 2)
### Case Study 2: Data Analytics (Load Forecasting)
#### 6.1.1 The Proposed Model
Figure 19: (**a**) The Actual Load (KW) of Cluster 0; (**b**) The Forecasting Load (KW) of Cluster 0.
## 5 Optimized Design of the Cooling Channel and Its Cooling Performance
### Steady-State Simulation Result Analysis
The addition of an annular liquid accumulation groove at the lower flange, where heat flux density is high, significantly enhances boiling heat transfer, effectively lowering the temperature compared to the old structure. Enlarging the liquid collection sleeve and deepening the channels at the constriction section further improve cooling by increasing the heat transfer area. Under the same water flow velocity, the cooling effect of forced convection of the liquid-phase fluid is improved compared to the previous structure. Consequently, the maximum temperature at the rudder shaft's top decreases by approximately 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to around 460 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
From the perspective of boiling regimes, although similar film boiling occurs at the top of the lower collection ring under a 0.1 m/s inlet velocity, its development is relatively constrained and does not reach the hazardous dry out region. Therefore, in the improved design, an inlet velocity of approximately 0.1 m/s can be adopted, thereby reducing the required cooling water flow. Additionally, to ensure safety in practical applications, the cooling water flow rate can be moderately increased to 0.2 m/s during the peak heat flux period between 800 and 1200 s by adjusting the valves, thus preventing heat transfer deterioration.
# Static Compressive Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Foam Concrete with Concave Hexagonal Unit Cell
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, a kind of concave hexagonal unit cell of polypropylene fiber foam concrete is proposed. Through a quasi-static compression test, the concave hexagonal unit cells of foam concrete with different fiber contents are studied, and the influence of fiber content on the mechanical properties of concave hexagonal unit cells is analyzed.  
* The increase in polypropylene fiber volume content reduces the compressive strength of foam concrete under static compression, but the peak stress of the concave hexagonal unit cell decreases less rapidly than that of the cube specimen with the same size.
* Adding the proper amount of polypropylene fiber into the concave hexagonal cell structure of foam concrete can improve the toughness and reduce the Poisson's ratio of concave hexagonal cells. The effect is best when the fiber content is 1.5%, the width of its transverse displacement interval is increased by 34.1% compared with that of the concave hexagonal unit cells with 0% fiber content, and it has the lowest Poisson's ratio.
* In the process of static compression, the concave hexagonal unit cell is the first to crack at the concave portion of the cell wall of the specimens, and the damage is the most thorough there, indicating that the left and right concave surfaces of the cell wall play a major role in energy absorption during the process of ballasting. Additionally, the cracks are distributed in the form of \"upper left and lower right\" or \"lower left and upper right\".
* Adding the proper amount of polypropylene fiber can significantly improve the energy absorption efficiency of concave hexagonal cells. When the content of polypropylene fiber is 0.5%, the total energy absorption of concave hexagonal cells increases by 12.98%. When the fiber content exceeds 0.5%, excessive polypropylene fiber reduces the strength and deformation of the specimen greatly, thus reducing the energy absorption efficiency.  
Conceptualization, Z.S. and Z.Y.; methodology, Z.Y.; software, L.G.; validation, H.W., J.W. and C.Q.; formal analysis, Z.S.; investigation, Z.S.; resources, Z.S.; data curation, Z.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.S.; writing--review and editing, Z.Y.; visualization, H.W.; supervision, Z.Y.; project administration, Z.Y.; funding acquisition, Z.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by Zhiqiang Yin, the funding number were No. 52274070, 51874006 (the National Natural Science Foundation of China) and No. 202004a07020045 (Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Program).  
Not applicable.  
The experimental test data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
# A Secure and Efficient Three-Factor Authentication Protocol in Global Mobility Networks
## 7 AVISPA Simulation
### HLPSL Specification  
According to HLPSL, we consider three roles: the \(MU\), the \(FA\), and the \(HA\). We define the _environment_ and _session_ using HLPSL in Figure 6, which comprises the security goals. Figure 7 presents the role specification of \(MU\) and \(FA\).  
As shown in Figure 7, the \(MU\) initially receives the message and changes the state value from 1 to 2. Then, the \(MU\) sends the registration request messages \(\{ID_{MU},RPW_{i}\}\) to \(HA\) over a secure channel. Then, \(MU\) receives the secret parameter \(\{A_{i},B_{i}\}\) from \(HA\) and \(MU\) updates the state value from 1 to 2. When a \(MU\) requests access to roaming services, the \(MU\) must send a login request message \(\{M_{1},M_{2},RID_{i},Q_{M}\}\) to \(FA\) over an open channel. After that, \(MU\) declares \(\mathit{witness}(MU,HA,mu\_ha\_mu,R^{{}^{\prime}}_{MU})\) and changes the state value from 2 to 3. Finally, \(MU\) receives the message \(\{M_{4},Q_{MF}\}\) from \(FA\). Then, \(MU\) checks whether \(Q^{*}_{MF}\stackrel{{?}}{{=}}Q_{MF}\). If this holds, the \(MU\) successfully authenticates the \(FA\). The role specification of \(FA\) and \(HA\) are similarly defined. Furthermore, Figure 8 presents the role specification of \(HA\).  
Figure 6: Role specification for the environment and session.
## 3 Results
### Search for a Possible Reason for the Biological Activity Difference between 311 and B6 Lines
#### 3.2.4 The Structure of the Junctions of T-DNA and Genomic DNA
DNA repeats, especially inverted ones, tend to form secondary structures, which usually leads to a weakening of gene expression [24]. However, in this case, the insertion into the transcriptionally active part of the genome was of greater importance, providing a higher recombinant protein activity in the 311 plant line compared to the B6 line. Perhaps the reason is the presence in the tail-to-tail connection of an insert of unknown DNA of significant size, which aliented the inverted copies from each other. Moreover, according to some data, the presence of three copies of transgene in the genome may not affect the level of its expression, and many lines selected for a high level of expression carry three or more copies of the transgene [21]. Complex rearrangements (deletion) were found in the terminal region of the NOS terminator at the insert in the 311 line (Figure 6). According to the literature data, the left border (LB) undergoes more significant rearrangements than the RB when T-DNA is inserted into the host genome [25; 26]. In our case, they did not affect the functionality of the target interferon-gamma gene and may be the result of errors in the plant repair system during T-DNA insertion, which led to the cluster structure of the transgene. It should be noted that the missing fragment did not disappear without a trace but remained in the genome at the head-to-tail T-DNA junction point. It is difficult to explain how it turned out to be reversed. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that T-DNA was transported into the cell completely and only then underwent rearrangement in the forehead region. The resulting truncated T-DNA was copied twice by plant DNA synthesis and repair systems, resulting in a cluster of three copies. In general, the results can hardly be called unusual since the insertion of T-DNA into the genome is often accompanied by chromosomal aberrations [20; 23; 27]. In our case, no residues of vector DNA were found around the inserts, although, according to the literature data, in the case of tobacco plants, 75-80% of transformants contain fragments of vector backbone [25]. The purpose of the experiment was to test the biological activity of the recombinant protein, which is the endpoint in the chain \"presence of transgene\"-\"presence of mRNA\"-\"presence of protein\"-\"biological activity of protein\". As practice shows, variations are possible at all stages of this path. Spatial and temporal variations in mRNA, as well as the local availability of resources for protein biosynthesis, strongly influence the relationship between protein levels and their coding transcripts [28]. Western blot detection of the presence of a protein does not guarantee the preservation of its biological activity due to the peculiarities of folding and protein stability [6]. It is important for the production of recombinant protein for industrial purposes, especially for medical and veterinary purposes.
## Materials and Methods
### Methods
For this purpose, appropriate molds made of silicone were first fabricated from a 3D-printed master mold. Silicone holds are reusable and flexible. This helps in easy extraction of composite samples once they are polymerized. For the fabrication of the composite samples for measurements in the waveguide, a pre-weighted quantity of biochar filler was mixed in epoxy resin using a mechanical mixer. A hardener was added to the mixture to help in polymerization. This mixture was then transferred to the silicone molds. Once polymerized, the samples were extracted from the molds for measurement. Figure 1: Measurement setup for the conductivity study of carbon fillers. After the samples were produced, they were fit into a metallic holder, which was connected between the ends of a rectangular waveguide. The rectangular waveguide was the WR 90, which operates in the X-band (8 GHz to 12 GHz) of the microwave frequency spectrum. The internal dimensions of the waveguide were 22.86 mm \(\times\) 10.16 mm. The Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) used for measurements of the scattering parameters was Agilent E8361A. The measurement setup is shown in Figure 3. The ports of the VNA were connected to the waveguides by means of coaxial to waveguide adapters. A standard procedure for waveguide calibration was adopted before the measurements were collected, which consisted of reflection, transmission and isolation (often omitted). The measurements were performed using calibration standards (short, load and through). Measurements of scattering parameters performed with an empty waveguide showed almost lossless transmission. Subsequent measurements of biochar composites with 10 wt.% and 20 wt.% biochar were performed with a pristine resin sample. From the measured transmission loss (S\({}_{21}\)), the shielding effectiveness values were evaluated as \(SE=-10\,Log(S_{21})\).
## 3 Signal Processing  
As mentioned before, the measured signal is a 1-dimensional signal, which does not directly provide information on the investigated two-dimensional scene. In order to assign the detected targets to their cross-range direction, the unique target features must be extracted and classified as shown in Figure 3. Here the measured signal \(s_{\text{IF}}(t)\) is Fourier transformed (FT) to detect the targets in the radar diagram. After that, feature extraction is performed via time-gating of the spectrum of \(S_{\text{IF}}(f)\).  
Within the time-gating block the detected targets are first separated using a peak finder algorithm. The location of the detected targets is represented by a delta pulse, which is then convolved with a window function. The convolution thus leads to a shift of the window to the location of the target. The targets are then cut out of the spectrum by multiplying \(S_{\text{IF}}(f)\) with the window function \(H(f-f_{\text{P}})\). The time gated target is then transformed with an inverse Fourier transform (IFT) into the time domain, whose time sequence contains the transfer function of the filters. The time sequence of \(|x(t)|\) thus serves as the basis for the classification of the cross-range direction. Due to the duality between time and frequency in the used FMCW radar, the frequency components can be mapped to the temporal sample points of the extracted transfer functions, which helps to identify the resonant frequency components of the filter. Assigning the extracted transfer functions to the class \(\Omega_{\text{i}}\), either unsupervised or supervised methods can be used, which are described in more detail below.
## Results and Discussion
### Volatile components in fresh Jinchen fruit juice and peel oil
Six alcohols only found in the fruit juice were 1-octanol, \(\beta\)-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, nerol, _trans_-carveol, and geraniol. These have been mentioned as important compounds associated to the pulp in the juice [32]. Another possible reason for their presence is that the alcohols are reaction products generated during the processing or storage of the orange juice. Terpinen-4-ol is the degradation product of d-limonene and linalool during the heat treatment of juice and its concentration significantly increased during the storage of the heat-treated juices [33]. Esters have been described to be most important to orange flavor. Ethyl butanoate followed by ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and methyl butanoate, only present in fruit juice, were not detected in peel oil. These lower boiling points and high volatility esters could have higher degree of affinity in the pulp. Aldehyde content, especially of octanal and decanal, is generally considered one of the standards for characterization for orange peel oil, [2]. These compounds were the most predominant among the aldehyde compounds in both samples, occurring in higher proportions in fruit juice than in peel oil. In addition, other aliphatic aldehydes play an important role in orange flavor [11]. Nonanal, and dodecanal were only present in peel oil, whereas hexanal, _trans_-2-hexenal, heptanal, undecanal were only detected in fruit juice. A terpenic aldehyde only present in the peel oil was citronellal, constituting 0.06% of all volatile compounds, which has been reported in many citrus oils [9,11,13,28]. The aldehydes are most likely enzymatic degradation products of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid [28]. With respect to the rest of the identified components, nootkatone was found in both fruit juice and peel oil. It is a typical component of grapefruits, and its content in the fruits increases with maturation and storage [34]. One terpenic oxide compound (_trans_-limonene oxide) was identified only in the peel oil of Jinchen fruit. It is possible that the limonene oxidation during the process and storage may be responsible for the formation of this compound in peel oil.
# A Joint Dual-Frequency GNSS/SINS Deep-Coupled Navigation System for Polar Navigation
###### Abstract  
The strategic position of the polar area and its rich natural resources are becoming increasingly important, while the northeast and northwest passages through the Arctic are receiving much attention as glaciers continue to melt. The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) can provide real-time observation data for the polar areas, but may suffer low elevation problems of satellites, signals with poor carrier-power-to-noise-density ratio (C/N\({}_{0}\)), ionospheric scintillations, and dynamic requirements. In order to improve the navigation performance in polar areas, a deep-coupled navigation system with dual-frequency GNSS and a grid strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) is proposed in the paper. The coverage and visibility of the GNSS constellation in polar areas are briefly reviewed firstly. Then, the joint dual-frequency vector tracking architecture of GNSS is designed with the aid of grid SINS information, which can optimize the tracking band, sharing tracking information to aid weak signal channels with strong signal channels and meet the dynamic requirement to improve the accuracy and robustness of the system. Besides this, the ionosphere-free combination of global positioning system (GPS) L1 C/A and L2 signals is used in the proposed system to further reduce ionospheric influence. Finally, the performance of the system is tested using a hardware simulator and semiphysical experiments. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system can obtain a better navigation accuracy and robust performance in polar areas.  
deep-coupled; vector tracking; dual-frequency GNSS; grid SINS; polar areas +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences