## 3 Results
### Factor Contributions and Hazard-Inducing Environmental Characteristics Across Zones
#### 3.2.2 Hazard-Inducing Environment and Factor Contributions  
The spatial differentiation of dominant factors is fundamentally rooted in the diverse natural geographical conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Overall, the hazard-inducing environment--characterized by geomorphology, geological structure, climatic conditions, and engineering geology--exhibits pronounced spatial heterogeneity. Notably, the thermal  
Figure 4: Contribution degree of disaster-inducing environmental factors to CLD hazards in each subzone (%). Subzones: I, Alpine Valley Freeze–Thaw Tectonic Zone; II, Alpine Canyon Tectonic-Erosional Zone; III, Alpine Freeze–Thaw Tectonically Active Zone; IV, Fauulted Basin Weathered Fragmentation Zone; V, Permafrost–Weathered Rock Belt; VI, Permafrost–Nival Erosion Zone; VII, Alpine Hard Rock Freeze–Thaw Debris Zone; VIII, Alpine Lake Basin Saline Soft Rock Zone. behavior of lithology under cyclic conditions has also been shown to influence slope responses to dynamic subsurface processes [43]. (1) Geomorphology  
The geomorphological landscape of the Plateau is typified by \"crisscrossing mountains and interspersed lake basins\" [44] and is subdivided into eight first-order geomorphic units [20; 21]. Terrain relief exhibits a distinct spatial gradient: plateaus and low-relief mountains dominate the Northern Tibetan Plateau and Qinghai Plateau, while high-relief mountainous terrain is concentrated in the southeastern and northwestern margins (Figure 5a). Geological hazards, such as debris flows and landslides, predominantly occur in steep mountainous areas, including the Himalayan Extremely High Mountain Region, Hengduan Mountain Gorge Region, and Qaidam-Huangyuan Mountain Basin (Figure 5b). These zones correspond to the highest geomorphological contributions in the model for subregions I-IV (22.533%, 27.034%, 20.031%, and 26.889%, respectively), indicating that steep slopes constitute fundamental conditions for hazard development. (2) Geological structure  
Situated at the collision interface of the Indian and Eurasian plates, the Plateau is marked by intense tectonic activity and the development of major fault systems such as the Bangong-Nujiang and Jinsha River fault zones [45]. These have shaped complex structural systems, including the Qiangtang-Sanjiang and Qin-Oilian-Kunlun orogenic belts [22] (Figure 6a). Fault zones and tectonic boundaries often consist of highly fractured rock masses and deeply incised terrain, forming fragile geological substrates conducive to hazard formation [46]. Model results confirm the substantial contribution of tectonic structures in subregions I-IV (30.884%, 30.531%, 24.705%, and 23.844%), aligning well with the observed concentration of disasters along active tectonic belts such as the Himalayas and Hengduan Mountains (Figure 6b). Figure 5: Map of topographic and geomorphic factors of disaster-inducing environments. (**a**) Distribution of CLD hazards and their correlation with topographic and geomorphic units; (**b**) relationship between topographic–geomorphic zoning and CLD hazard quantity/density. Figure 6: Map of geological structure factors in disaster-inducing environments. (**a**) Distribution of CLD hazards and their correlation with geological structures; (**b**) relationship between geological structure zoning and CLD hazard quantity/density (e.g., “The number 'II-1’ in this figure represents the geological structural unit in this figure”).