## 2 Related Studies  
Remote monitoring in the oil pipelines enhances leakage detection and safety; in this section, we present the remote monitoring-based system for oil pipeline detection. Generally, remote monitoring assists respective authorities to have critical information regarding the health of pipelines. This indeed benefits authorities to respond in quick time for minimizing damage and loss of valuable oil that is transported from a far location. Initially, we present the traditional remote monitoring that is following by many industries, and later the significance of real-time monitoring with the IoT will be presented. Remote monitoring is implemented with the assistance of a helicopter, smart pigging, autonomous underwater vehicles, and sensor networks [15; 16; 17; 18]. In recent years, the remote knowledge estimation unit has been wirelessly transmitted to monitor and evaluate the process's activities and make a knowledgeable decision in the case of a traumatic [19; 20; 21]. Automated control systems allow the stable and cost-effective operation of dynamic transport processes with the PID controller [22]. A continuous calculation of operative parameters such as heat, friction, level, flow, and focus and the creation of decisions for the opening or closure of a vapor, slowing up or speeding up a pump or raising or decreasing heat to maintain chosen process measurements in the fixed range values are achieved. Protection is the main vision for advanced control systems because manual loops have a sufficient output of only 68%; thus, the need for sophisticated smart surveillance and control in the latest scenarios is intensified to reduce optimum efficiency in the system [6]. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is the system that is the integration of hardware and software to follow activities namely: supervising the mechanism of the industrial process remotely or locally, obtain and process the real-time data, and records the activities into a log file [23]. Generally, in the SCADA system, the main components present are programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or remote terminal units (RTUs) [24]. PLCs and RTUs are two different digital computers that are integrated with the things such as sensors, Human-Machine Interface (HMIs) and it communicates the information of things to the main computer that is based on SCADA software. This software is capable of processing, communicating, and visualizing the data for assisting operators to take critical decisions [25]. However, the SCADA system requires a high-end infrastructure for remote monitoring, and also the deployment of PLC and RTUs occupies much space [26]. In SCADA systems, the authorities can receive information on the specialized system that is based on the software. The advancement in the sensors led toward the establishment of a wireless sensor network (WSN). WSN encourages to implementation of the wireless infrastructure for initiating communication between the physical things and remote servers. Generally, WSN technology is being used for oil extraction from the field in the upstream sector [27]. The mid-stream industry needs WSN technology to maintain critical pipeline parameters such as leak detection, corrosion, oil repair temperature, and gauge pressures. [28] WSN is implemented in the downstream sector in the procedure of refining and oil stock in wells [29; 30]. The implementation of the automatic system for monitoring oil industries is generally based on WSN. However, real-time monitoring, analytics, and decision-making are limited in the WSN. The evolution of the IoT has provided an opportunity for researchers to apply it in real-time monitoring of the oil pipeline from any remote location without any human intervention [31]. The IoT is the interconnection of many networks through the internet. Here the physical things are monitored and controlled through the internet from anywhere. IoT-based devices capture the relevant data from the sensors and communicate it to the server through the internet.