# Performance Analysis of Downlink 5G Networks in Realistic Environments
## 1 Introduction  
Fifth-generation (5G) technology, known as the fifth generation of wireless technology, represents the most recent progress in mobile communications and networking. It signifies a considerable advancement in speed, capacity, latency, and connectivity relative to earlier generations (like 4G or LTE). Below are the important features and attributes of 5G technology:  
1. Enhanced Speed: Fifth-generation provides much faster data transfer rates compared to earlier generations, achieving peak speeds of up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbps). This allows for quicker downloads, uninterrupted streaming of high-definition material, and real-time interactions with minimal delay. Low Latency: Fifth-generation technology minimizes network latency to as little as 1 millisecond (ms), enabling nearly immediate communication between devices and reducing delays. This is essential for applications such as self-driving cars, telemedicine, and live gaming. * High Capacity: Fifth-generation networks are capable of supporting a large number of connected devices at the same time. The technology employs advanced frequency bands, such as higher-frequency millimeter waves, to enhance network capacity and support the increasing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. * Improved Coverage: Fifth-generation networks use a range of technologies, such as small cells, massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output), and beamforming, to enhance coverage and signal strength. This allows for dependable connectivity even in densely populated areas and isolated locations. * Network Slicing: Fifth-generation brings in the idea of network slicing, enabling network operators to develop several virtual networks within one physical framework. Each network slice can be tailored to fulfill the unique needs of various applications, sectors, or user groups. * Enhanced Energy Efficiency: Fifth-generation technologies are designed to be more energy-efficient than earlier generations. This is accomplished by the means of optimized network architecture, decreased power usage of network equipment, and smart network management. * Fifth-generation is anticipated to play a crucial role in facilitating emerging technologies like autonomous vehicles, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), smart cities, industrial automation, and remote telemedicine. Fifth-generation networks meet the requirements of these advanced applications through their high speeds, low latency, and extensive connectivity. Furthermore, some new technologies to improve coverage and capacity are provided by 5G and beyond. In this regard, Index Modulation (IM) [1; 2; 3] is a groundbreaking approach that aims to improve the spectral and energy efficiency of wireless communication systems, which is especially pertinent for 5G and subsequent technologies. IM holds great promise for 5G, providing notable enhancements in both spectral and energy efficiency. By utilizing the indices of various communication elements, IM is capable of meeting the varied and challenging demands of contemporary wireless networks, thereby serving as a crucial element in the advancement of 5G and future communication technologies. Below is a comprehensive overview of its key features. * Spectral Efficiency: IM improves spectral efficiency by conveying additional information through the indices of various communication entities such as antennas, subcarriers, and time slots [4; 5; 6]. This allows for more data to be transmitted without increasing the bandwidth. * Energy Efficiency: By selectively activating certain communication elements, IM reduces power consumption, which is crucial for the energy demands of 5G networks [5; 6; 7]. There are three types of IM:
* Spatial Modulation (SM): Utilizes the indices of antennas to transmit additional bits of information. This technique is particularly useful in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems [6; 7].