# Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction
## 3 Theoretical Framework
The pedestrian expectation was found as the most dominant factor. [PERSON]'s [53] research was based on road-crossing behavior in potentially risky situations; data of 562 young adults were collected using a questionnaire; 18% of participants were selected who had previous experience of a vehicle collision. Those who had previous experience of vehicle collision showed fewer safe behaviors in crossing the road than those who had not experienced an accident. Subjective norms and attitudes were also found to be influencing determinants during road crossing. In another piece of research [54], pedestrian crossing behaviors were analyzed at signalized intersections, and past behavior and travel environment were added to the model of predicting pedestrian violation. A structural equation model was used to verify the model's validity, and the research revealed that experience and context were the main influencing factors of pedestrian violation. In general, applied TPB-based models for pedestrian behavioral analysis have limitations, including that research data were collected in specific circumstances, the small and targeted group is focused, driver-pedestrian communication is neglected, contextual factors were not given proper attention, awareness, and technology adoption was not linked to behavior prediction, and most important studies did not include different perspectives. In our proposed TPB-based AV-pedestrian interaction model, behavioral analysis was performed while considering all influencing factors. The theory's first construct is the intention, which refers to a person's motivation to work hard to endorse the behavior and willingness to employ effort. The stronger the intention, the more likely the individual is to perform the behavior. The second construct is the attitude towards intention; attitude is one's positive or negative thoughts concerning the performance of the behavior. Behavioral beliefs and outcome evaluation influence attitude. The third construct is the subjective norm, which is how the person feels social pressure to perform the behavior. Subjective norm is predicted by normative belief and motivation to comply. Perceived behavioral control is the fourth construct and is a person's beliefs about the resources and opportunities that may facilitate or impede the behavior. The TPB-based model for this research is depicted in Figure 2. In this proposed model, a person's intention toward any behavior is a function of three constructs: attitude, subjective norms, and behavioral control. For attitude factors such as context, pedestrian-driver visual communication, personal own psychological conditions, and habits of obeying traffic rules were all considered. For subjective norms, features such as the social norm, socio-demographic characteristics, driving habits, and awareness are selected, while perceived behavioral control is defined as affordability, safety, and appropriate communication mode. Based on the theoretical and empirical background discussed above, five hypotheses were formed:  
**Hypothesis 1 (H1)**. _There is a direct relationship between attitude toward the intention and intention._  
**Hypothesis 2 (H2)**. _There is an association between subjective norms and intention._  
**Hypothesis 3 (H3)**. _There is an association between perceived behavioral control and intention._  
**Hypothesis 4 (H4)**. _There is an association between perceived behavioral control and behavior._  
**Hypothesis 5 (H5). **_There is an association between intention and behavior_.