## 3 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
### Characteristics of WBAN
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & & **WBAN** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Reliability} & \(\bullet\) & It refers to the ability of WBAN to consistently and accurately transmit and deliver data from medical sensors to the intended destinations without loss, or corruption. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The reliability of WBAN should be higher than that of regular sensor networks due to the importance of medical data. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Energy} & \(\bullet\) & Deployed devices in WBAN are battery-operated, which puts many constraints on the network design. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Batteries may be easily swapped out in the not implanted sensor; however, it is complicated for sensors implanted surgically in the patient’s body. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Human-centric} & \(\bullet\) & WBANs are attached directly to body parts in order to capture data as a collection of sensed information. \\  & \(\bullet\) & The human body is both exceedingly sensitive and receptive to these sensors. Therefore, these sensors must be safe and simple for the human body to accept. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Availability} & \(\bullet\) & WBANs should support high availability since medical data are critical. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Links between devices and the network sink should always be available. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Mobility} & \(\bullet\) & WBAN should support moderate-to-high mobility since devices are attached to humans. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Based on daily life activities, the mobility of sensor nodes changes, and thus the network should provide stable performance for different mobilities. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Scalability} & \(\bullet\) & Unlike wireless sensor networks, WBANs are small-scale networks dedicated to specific \\  & \(\bullet\) & Depending on their size, up to fifteen sensors are affixed in, on, or around the user’s body. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Deployment} & \(\bullet\) & Numerous sensors are connected directly to exit sites and gateways in these networks, localizing sensors to form a dense network. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Unlike WSNs, WBANs have no constraints in terms of dense deployment scenarios. However, WBANs suffer from interferences between nearby WBANs, which are limited in large-scale WSNs. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Topology} & \(\bullet\) & WBAN does not have constraints on network topology, and thus there is no fixed topology associated \\  & \(\bullet\) & Dynamic, efficient topologies, including stars, meshes, hybrids, and clusters, are all useful in WBANs. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Bandwidth} & \(\bullet\) & The bandwidth of WBANs varies depending on the specific technology and protocol used. \\  & \(\bullet\) & Short-range communication technologies, including Bluetooth, Zigbee, and Wi-Fi, are commonly used for \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(\bullet\) & WBANs; however, battery usage is challenging with such interfaces. Therefore, the bandwidth of WBANs can range from hundreds of kbps up to a few Mbps, depending on the deployed technology and protocol. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Main characteristics of WBAN. ment of WBANs to improve the lives of people with mental and physical disabilities, specific diseases, and pregnant women. The main categories of WBAN are summarized as follows [25; 28]. General treatment and diagnosis application: WBAN has dominated the medical industry by providing diverse services. It improves the efficiency of medical activities, including remote patient monitoring, prompt health status, notification, and emergency phoning, which can be carried out anytime and from any location. Some of the research's potential medical applications are listed below. Electronic healthcare monitoring for older people: This WBAN application aims to improve the health of older people who live alone in their homes. An intelligent home monitoring system based on medical sensors can be used to observe and evaluate the fitness of older people in their homes.