## 4 Review of Case Studies: Electric Vehicle Routing Optimization
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Study** & **Problem Addressed** & **Objectively** & **Optimization Approach** & **Key Contributions** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] [39]} & Hybrid VRP (HVRP) with time window constraints and penalized delays & Minimize vehicle cost, total distance traveled, and penalty cost of delays & Tabu search-based heuristic algorithm & Introduction of Tabu search-based heuristic algorithm for the HVRP. \\ \cline{2-5} [PERSON] et al. [40] & HVRP with time window constraints and multiple vehicle visits & Optimal vehicle routes using MILP model & Branch and cut algorithm-based & Formulation of HVRP as an MILP model and use of commercial software for optimization. \\ \cline{2-5} [PERSON] et al. [41] & Iterated local search (ILS) for various & Optimal solutions for different HVRP variants & Iterated local search (ILS) & Introduction of ILS metheuristic for HVRP optimization. \\ \cline{2-5} [PERSON] and [PERSON] [42] & Variant of HVRP with permissible overloads & Sequential insertion-based heuristic & Introduction of a sequential insertion-based heuristic for the variant of HVRP \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [44]} & HVRP with time windows, multi-product devices, and initially availability & GA, branch and bound approaches & Practical case study of a third-party logistics firm in Thailand & Application of GA and branch and bound approaches to a practical case study. \\ \cline{2-5} [PERSON] et al. [45] & GreenIRP with heterogeneous fleet & Minimize total cost considering load-dependent for consumption and emission costs & Mixed-integer linear programming model & Consideration of green aspects in the IRP and evaluation of performance. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [46]} & Multi-objective VRP with simultaneous pick-up and delivery and time window constraints & Minimize total logistics cost and maximize average customer satisfaction & Multi-objective GA (NSGA-II) & Incorporation of multiple objectives and improved strategies in NSGA-II for the Mo-EVRPIV. \\ \cline{2-5} [PERSON] et al. [47] & EVRPTV considering energy consumption and time windows & Minimize total electricity consumption & Mixed-integer linear programming model & Dynamic estimation of EV maximum range based on speed and load, two linearization methods to handle nonlinear relationships. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [48]} & EVRPTV considering uncertain & Robust optimization model, adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic & Robust optimization model based on uncertain set, efficient solution approach & Consideration of uncertain demand and energy consumption in EVRPTV. \\ \cline{2-5}  & Electric VRP with time windows and mixed fleet (E-VRT1 WMF) & Optimize routing for mixed fleet of electric and conventional vehicles & Adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm & Incorporation of realistic energy consumption model and development of efficient solution approach. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [51]} & Resco et al. [51] & Resco et al. [52] & Resco et al. [53] & Resco et al. [54] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Two-stage electric VRP (\(\Delta\)EVRP) & Resco et al. [52] & Resco et al. [52] & Resco et al. [52] \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & & Resco et al. [52] & Resco et al. [52] & Resco et al. [52] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cent.