## 2 Literature Review  
In the current literature much attention has been paid to the safety of navigation [15,16]. Traffic with high-frequency services have been analyzed [17], as well as an approach to documenting arbitrary data from different entities in a trustworthy way has been proposed [18]. The need to apply comprehensive systems facilitating safe and sustainable navigation has been highlighted in the available literature [19,20]. These systems are primarily intended to have a preventive effect. Therefore, their operation is mainly oriented towards identifying factors that could pose a risk in the future [21]. Moreover, these systems should enable efficient navigation for vessels in designated areas [22]. Within these areas sensors systems may be used [23], as well as radar distance measurement systems may be applied [24]. The progress of intelligent systems, their role in modern vessels traffic and impacts on port operations have been highlighted [25]. In order to successfully support the growing digital and autonomous marine traffic, the fairways should be upgraded and modernized. Therefore, the development of the Smart Fairways concept has been considered [26]. Moreover, [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed an integrated multi-criteria decision support model for sustainable ship queuing policy application via a VTS system [27]. In the available studies, the role of the human factor in the assurance of maritime traffic safety has been highlighted [28,29]. VTS system operators should possess appropriate qualifications [30]. A rule-based maritime traffic situation complex network approach has been examined to enhance situation awareness by VTS system operators [31]. The proper operation of VTS systems is heavily influenced by cooperation with allied services providers, which has been the subject of available research [32]. The cooperation of tugboats and pilots has been analyzed in terms of delays of vessels calling at the port of Rotterdam [33]. Bottlenecks were found along the lines of cooperation and organization of these services. A similar issue was addressed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34] who discussed the re lationship between a VTS system, master and cooperating pilot. [PERSON] et al. [35] studied human-machine cooperation and made an attempt to measure the VTS system operator's workload. Moreover, attention was paid to the need to establish effective teamwork and implement adequate safety leadership on ships, increasing safety in general and improving marine environment protection [36], as well as working conditions on ships [37]. A detailed analysis of the implementation of the new resolution (so-called VTS Guidance) was performed in the literature [38]. The available analyses concern the increase in the efficiency and safety of navigation resulting from the human factor and the impact of new regulations on increasing navigation safety. The factors influencing maritime accidents, which have a significant impact on decision-making processes, were analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [39]. The Bayesian Networks method was used to assess this impact in the research process. The economic impact of actions taken by a VTS system was discussed by [PERSON] et al. [40], where the possible consequences of erroneous decisions and their financial effects were considered. The configuration and parameters of dedicated shipping routes have a key impact on a VTS systems' functioning [41]. Each system uses information that may refer to the navigation plans and navigation alerts, weather information, marine traffic management and other factors [42]. The information distortion impacts the decision-making process and may lead to the occurrence of undesirable situations [43]. The significance of VTS system implementation is expressed primarily in unique traffic rules, as well as restrictions and limitations in navigation within certain areas. For example, specific traffic rules were introduced in the area covered by the Swinoujscie-Szczecin VTS system [44].