## 3 Microgroove Tool Preparation and Data Collection  
### Microgroove Tool Preparation  
As shown in Figure 3a, firstly, a simulation experiment was conducted in the 3D cutting simulation module of the material forming software V11.2. In a finite element simulation, the temperature field appearance of the rake face is the focus of this paper. The initial temperature is set to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In order to reach the steady-state temperature quickly and to extract the temperature field, the heat transfer coefficient is set to 2000 W/(m\({}^{2}\) K). Friction is a significant factor affecting the cutting force, cutting temperature, and specific cutting energy. This paper applies a simple shear friction hypothesis model in finite element Deform-3D [35]: \(\tau=\mu\tau_{0}\), \(\tau\) indicates the shear stress, \(\mu\) denotes the friction coefficient, and \(\tau_{0}\) represents the shear yield stress. Due to the low thermal conductivity shown by difficult-to-machine materials, ductile-fracture fractures and saw-toothed chips are formed under certain conditions of a strain-stress relationship [36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41], for which Deform's default Normalized Cockroft and Latham [42] fracture criteria are applied in this paper: \(\int_{0}^{\overline{\varepsilon}^{f}}(\sigma^{*}/\overline{\sigma})d \overline{\varepsilon}=C\), where \(\sigma^{*}\) represents the maximum main tensile stress, \(\overline{\varepsilon}^{f}\) indicates the fracture strain, and \(C\) denotes the material constant. The effective stress and effective strain are denoted as \(\overline{\sigma}\) and \(\overline{\varepsilon}\) respectively. In order to avoid the separation criterion and severe mesh deformation near the edge radius, the Lagrange mesh repartition technique is applied. The flow stress model stems from 304 stainless steel (machining-AMTC) data in DEFORM-3D material library.  
In addition, the temperature field data and coordinate data of the region with the highest rake face temperature were extracted by the post-processing portion. The filtered temperature field point cloud data was reversely located on the MATLAB data processing platform. Meanwhile, the spatial position of the point cloud data in the initial state of the tool was restored, thus determining a reasonable temperature boundary. The data file was imported into the UG 3D modeling platform, and the temperature field mesh surface was obtained in line with the non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface modeling principle to establish the microgroove geometry. Due to the high concentration of mechanical loads and thermal loads near the cutting edge, the tool-chip interface was subjected to tremendous pressure and high temperature, as a result of which, the shape of the micro-groove was determined and the strength check was conducted on ANSYS. Finally, a micro-groove tool [31; 32] was obtained by means of powder compaction. Figure 3b,c show a 500-fold magnified micro-morphology of the flank wear area of conventional and micro-groove tools. As demonstrated by the results, the wear of the flank of the traditional tool is more severe than that of the micro-groove tool, and the adhesion of microchips formed on the flank of conventional tool is more obvious.