# Low-Carbon Certification Systems in Agriculture: A Review
## 2 Eco/Green Certification Systems in Agriculture
It takes into account factors such as farm management practices, inputs, and historical emission data [7]. The crediting period refers to the duration over which carbon reduction activities are measured and credited. The duration of the crediting period can vary depending on the certification system and the specific agricultural activities being assessed [29; 30]. For example, some systems may involve shorter crediting periods when practices have an immediate carbon reduction impact. The crediting period allows farmers to track and measure their progress in reducing emissions, providing them with a clear incentive to continue implementing sustainable practices. Certification providers have a significant role in the field of eco/green certification, both at European and global levels. However, it is important to note that the certification process primarily relies on data collection from farmers that is subsequently utilized to calculate emissions [31]. The implementation of eco-certification systems in agriculture varies across countries and regions. Developed countries, such as EU member states, have well-established and regulated certification schemes supported by government policies and incentives (Regulation (EU) 2018/848). In contrast, developing countries often face challenges in implementing and enforcing certification standards due to limited resources, lack of infrastructure, and capacity constraints [24; 32; 33]. Despite the growth and positive impact of eco/green certification in agriculture, several challenges persist. One of the most important is the complexity and variability of certification systems, with multiple standards and labels available in the market that create confusion for consumers and do not allow producers to easily navigate the certification landscape. Furthermore, certification costs and administrative burdens pose barriers for small-scale farmers, limiting their access to certification [34; 35; 36]. The future of eco/green certification in agriculture is promising, as it continues to evolve and adapt to emerging sustainability challenges. There is a growing recognition among stakeholders, including governments, producers, and consumers, of the importance of eco-certification in addressing environmental degradation, climate change, and social inequality [37; 38; 39]. Efforts are being made to harmonize certification standards, enhance transparency, and strengthen certification governance. Additionally, digital technologies, such as blockchain and remote sensing, are being explored to enhance traceability and monitoring of certified products [40]. The adoption of eco/low-carbon certification systems in agriculture requires supportive policy and regulatory frameworks at national and international levels [41; 42; 43]. Governments play a crucial role in incentivizing and promoting sustainable farming practices through financial incentives, subsidies, and market-based mechanisms. Additionally,  
Figure 1: Typical quantification of carbon emission reductions for a predefined crediting period. international agreements and initiatives, such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, provide a framework for integrating low-carbon agriculture into global climate and development agendas [44; 45; 46].