## 2 Materials and Methods
### Workflow  
First, the LST data obtained from the satellite were compared with those recorded by the AEMET \"Villafranca\" meteorological station, located in the Castellon region (latitude: 42\({}^{\circ}\)16/43\({}^{\prime\prime}\)N; longitude: 1\({}^{\circ}\)45/3\({}^{\prime\prime}\)W), to verify the representativeness of the satellite data. AEMET stations collect hourly values of temperature, wind speed, wind direction, gust speed, gust direction, precipitation, pressure, pressure trend, and humidity. In this case, we used the air temperature values. The comparison was performed using data from January, February, March, April, November, and December of 2023. This meteorological station was chosen for the comparison because it is one of the few in the region situated in a relatively homogeneous area, allowing for an accurate comparison with data obtained from a 1 \(\times\) 1 km pixel. Although we were comparing air temperature with soil temperature, due to the lack of other available in situ data and the notable difference in spatial resolution, which inevitably generates an error, we thought it was useful to carry out the comparison anyway, even though we were aware of the differences existing between the datasets. Due to the scarcity of easily applicable methodologies that are understandable to farmers and do not require a large amount of diverse input data [39], we have decided to develop a new, simplified methodology based on satellite-measured LST to detect possible frost damages. The collected images were analyzed to extract data on the frequency and duration of frosts. To account for the varying impacts on flowers, fruits, tree trunks, and stems, we established three critical temperature thresholds based on existing literature [40; 41; 42]. The thresholds chosen are \(-2.3\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\), \(-4\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\), and \(-9\,^{\circ}\mathrm{C}\), the latter being the temperature at which permanent damage to the tree structure, particularly the branches, is most likely to occur [25]. Although there is no consensus on the exact critical temperatures at which damage occur, due to the multitude of factors that influence the process, we selected these thresholds as they seem to provide a reasonable guideline according to the available literature. Since the duration of frost also plays a crucial role in determining the extent of damage to a plantation [18], we established four consecutive duration thresholds to assess the potential impact on the plants: 3 to 6 h, 6 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, and more than 24 h. Generally, a brief frost lasting fewer than two hours may not cause significant damage if the frost is mild, as citrus crops are adapted to short periods of cold and can regain vigor as temperatures rise [12]. Once again, due to the lack of precise data on frost duration's impact on plantations, these limits were selected as a reference based on literature. We developed a classification system for frost intensity levels by arbitrarily combining these parameters. Four categories of damage were established: light damage, moderate damage, severe damage, and permanent damage. These categories are represented in Table 1 using a range of colors. However, it is important to note that this classification is indicative and does not account for factors that are crucial but difficult to monitor via satellite. These parameters include the difference between plant and air temperature, the phenological phase and hardening of the plant, or the crop species, all of which influence the extent of frost damage [18; 24]. These factors must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis [25], along with other relevant parameters essential for determining the frost's effects on the crop, such as relative humidity and wind. Using the established methodology, each month of the years under consideration was classified accordingly. The methodology was initially applied to the pixel where \"Villafranca\" is located and, after a temperature analysis, extended to the entire community.