esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# THBase: A Coprocessor-Based Scheme for Big Trajectory Data Management
## 7 Experiment
### Performance of k-NN Query  
In the _k_-NN query experiment, we first evaluate the impact of different dataset sizes on the query performance. We randomly select 10 location points as query reference, and set the value of \(k\) and the query time range to 10 and 24 h, respectively. Figure 7a shows that THBase outperforms CTDM and SPDM; in addition to the reasons mentioned in Section 7.3, there are two reasons as follows: (1) For trajectory data belonging to the same object, THBase can use a certain pruning strategy to filter out more irrelevant data. (2) Incremental iteration strategy further reduces communication and computing overhead.  
Next, we test the impact of different \(k\) values on queries. The dataset size is 200 GB, and the time range is still 24 h. The experimental results are shown in Figure 7b. In a certain range of \(k\) values, the query delay of the three schemes is not affected by the change of \(k\) value, This is because the candidates obtained when \(k\) = 1 already contain a sufficient number of trajectories to cover a sufficiently large \(k\) value. When the \(k\) value is large enough, the spatial range required to complete the query further increases, resulting in a longer query latency.
# Laser Inter-Satellite Link Visibility and Topology Optimization for Mega Constellation
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Number of LISLs in Different Distance Ranges  
* Permanent LISLs  
The pattern of persistent LISLs is evidenced by both intersatellite visibility and AER characterization. For data collation, data were obtained from the simulation distance analysis report, and the number of permanent LISLs in various visibility ranges was searched for using the different distance ranges of LISLs existing between the same orbit as the classification criteria, as shown in Table 3.  
Figure 16: Crossing orbital link AER characterization diagram.  
Figure 15: Neighboring non-adjacent orbital link AER characterization diagram.  
In an environment without water vapor, the lowest atmospheric layer starts at about 80 km above the Earth's surface, which coincides with the minimum height of LISLs above the surface. The radius of the Earth at the equator is 6378 km, and in the Starlink constellation, there are \(R=6378\) km, \(h=550\) km, \(H=80\) km, and the maximum visible distance between satellites is calculated by combining Equation (13) with \(x=5016\) km. Using a single satellite as an example, under the condition of maximum visibility range of 5016 km, this satellite may establish up to 94 permanent LISLs, including 16 intra-same-orbit cases, 34 adjacent inter-orbit cases, and 44 neighboring non-adjacent inter-orbit cases.
* Temporary LISLs As shown in Table 4, the satellite \(S(2,1)\) can establish 30 temporary LISLs with \(S(5,1)\) in non-adjacent orbits within 24 h with an average duration of 1895s, where the range of LISLs for \(S(2,1)\) is about 1972 km, within which \(S(2,1)\) can also establish similar temporary links between four adjacent orbital planes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Access** & **Start Time** & **Stop Time** & **Duration (s)** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Temporary LISLs between \(S(2,1)\) and \(S(5,1)\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**LISLs Range (km)** & **Intra-OP** & **AOPLs** & **NOPLs** & **Total** \\ \hline
659 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\
1317 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 2 \\
1972 & 4 & 2 & 0 & 6 \\
2622 & 4 & 6 & 0 & 10 \\
5016 & 16 & 34 & 44 & 94 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Number of permanent LISLs at different visual distance ranges.  
When the range of LISLs reaches a certain level, a large number of temporary LISLs appear in addition to the permanent LISLs, and the number of temporary links generally increases positively along with the range of inter-satellite LISLs. The data indicate that temporary LISLs exist primarily between cross orbital planes, and mainly when satellites operate to the extent that two satellites are within the range of temporary LISLs. There will be intermittent temporary links in different time periods that serve as an auxiliary role to the connection of permanent links, maintaining the stability of the communication network, and that within the maximum range of LISLs, i.e., 5016 km, a satellite can form 293 temporary links within the span of 24 h.
# A Survey on Robust Video Watermarking Algorithms for Copyright Protection
## 4 Robust Watermarking Algorithms Based on Original Videos  
The watermark algorithms based on original videos take uncompressed video sequences as objects to process. The watermark information is embedded into the original video, and then the video frames containing the watermark are compressed and encoded. According to whether watermarking algorithms are combined with image transformation, they can be further divided into two types: robust video watermarking algorithms in spatial domain and robust video watermarking algorithms in transform domain.
###### Abstract
Although the FSS realizes tri-band, the size of the unit is large, which is not conducive to the miniaturization of the FSS and limits the practical use. There have been similar designs proposed in [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. The design of a multiband FSS can theoretically be realized in a multilayer cascade mode. However, the increase in the number of unit layers and the increase in response characteristics have brought difficulties to multiband design. Multilayered hyperboloid processing is prone to misalignment. Limited by manufacturing process, upper and lower parts of the cell cannot be aligned completely, which not only affects the coherence of resonance between the layers, but also increases the loss and changes the design performance. All the above-mentioned designs use multiple metal layers, which not only requires high processing accuracy, but also increases the production cost. In the conformal design of the radome and the subreflector, the multilayer FSS has a complex structure and high sensitivity, and its transmission characteristics need to be designed. Therefore, it is necessary to design a simple, compact, and symmetrical FSS structure, which has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, good angular stability, and polarization insensitivity. Convolution and interdigitation techniques improve space efficiency by making a compact combination of conductive patterns, and these two techniques will increase the capacitance or inductance of the component, and then contribute to miniaturization. Starting from the convolution structure in [26], we present a miniaturized single-layer quad-stopband FSS in detail in this paper by describing its design concept, design evolution, equivalent circuit model analysis, polarization and angle stability analysis, measurement setup, and comparative analysis. The proposed FSS maintains polarization stability within a 60\({}^{\circ}\) incident angle with multiband characteristics and has practical engineering significance. The proposed FSS has an ultra-thin profile. In addition, compared with the multilayer structure, the single-layer FSS has the advantages of strong usability, low cost, light weight, easy manufacturing, and insensitive response. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the design concept and describes the proposed unit cell design, and gives the specific parameters of the unit cell. Both the equivalent circuit model analysis of the proposed FSS and its performance analysis under different conditions, including structural parameter changes, different polarization modes, and different incident angles are given in Section 3. Section 4 presents a comparison of measured and simulated results. To emphasize the advantages of the proposed FSS over similar structures previously implemented, a comparative study was conducted. Finally, Section 5 provides concluding remarks.
# The Effects of _Anthyllis vulneraria_ Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract as an Adjuvant in Wound Healing
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cream Preparation  
A hydrophilic cream with a 70% water content was prepared as a negative control, referred to as the base cream. The lipophilic components were petrolatum, cetyl alcohol, and paraffin oil. In this cream, in the aqueous phase, a lyophilized extract powder was incorporated. This lyophilized extract powder was created by using 100 g of dried leaf powder and applying the above-mentioned extraction method. The extract was concentrated by evaporation of the solvent in a rotary evaporator coupled with a vacuum pump, thus resulting in the lyophilized extract.  
Two formulations of active creams were prepared by incorporating the lyophilized \(A\). _vulneraria_ leaf extract into a hydrophilic cream base to achieve final concentrations of 1% and 2% total polyphenols, corresponding to 1 mg and 2 mg of total polyphenols per 0.1 g of cream, respectively. These concentrations were determined based on the total polyphenol content (TPC) of the extract prior to lyophilization and were calculated to deliver 1 mg/cm\({}^{2}\) and 2 mg/cm\({}^{2}\) of total polyphenols upon topical application. A commercially available silver sulfadiazine cream (Dermazin, Lek Pharmaceutical and Chemical Company in Ljubljana, Slovenia), obtained from a local pharmacy, was used as the positive control in the animal experimental model.  
The two extract concentrations (1 mg/cm\({}^{2}\) and 2 mg/cm\({}^{2}\)) were selected based on prior studies in the literature and the experience of our research group. Previous experiments showed that low concentrations of polyphenols tend to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, while higher concentrations may exhibit pro-oxidant and potentially cytotoxic properties [38; 39]. Our choice was therefore aimed at balancing efficacy with safety, which was also supported by findings from other groups, further reinforcing the therapeutic window of polyphenic doses in skin models [40; 41; 42]. Moreover, \(A\). _vulneraria_ extract has been shown to exert dose-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro [20], supporting the need for cautious dose selection. We acknowledge that a dose-response curve experiment would have brought more information; however, due to ethical and logistical concerns, we chose only two concentrations.
# Fall Detection Approaches for Monitoring Elderly HealthCare Using Kinect Technology: A Survey
## 4 Kinect-Based Fall Detection Approaches
### Actuation Algorithm  
After modeling the specific characteristics from large sets of learned data, the judgment unit intervenes in the method for arbitrating events Threshold-based approaches are necessarily established based on a value judgment which is generally, a comparison of the acquired data with predefined fixed values [46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72] or both [73; 74]. Researchers have based these thresholds on a configuration installed on logical hypotheses very close to real life or on experimental trials. Setting a threshold is a major challenge, and it is typically necessary to find the most generalized thresholds possible. These values try to correctly detect the events despite the physical variations of the subjects' monitored information (size, sex, and age) and the experimental configurations (scenarios, target-Kinect distance, Kinect positioning). Machine learning is more compatible with variations in the operational constraints of fall detection. The generalization capabilities of ML models can distinguish approaches based on this type of algorithm, often achieving remarkable results. These algorithms are characterized by their ability to receive large amounts data and learn from it. However, real-time implementation and execution in the embedded system remains a scientific challenge. Machine learning techniques commonly used for fall detection include SVM [42; 43; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69], KNN [90], K-Means [91], BoW-VPSO-ELM [92], BoW-naive Bayes [93], RBF [83], Fuzzy logic [94; 95; 96], MLP [83; 84], NCA [43], decision tree [97; 98], C4.5 [43], random forest [43; 99], Fisher vector [85], LMNN [100], Bayesian framework [101], hidden Markov model [102], NBC [86], and sparse representation [65]. Deep Learning, or machine learning with neural networks, has been used to detect falls in the elderly. Deep Learning models are attracting much attention from scientists, and can reach a previously unachievable level of performance, sometimes higher than human performance. The algorithms used include DNN MyNet 1D-D [103], DNN [83], ANN [43; 86], ResNet [104], BPNN [105], and LSTM [44; 106].
# An Integrated Thermal-Electrical Model for Simulations of Battery Behavior in CubeSats
## 4 Results
### Simulation Results
#### 4.1.2 Variant Setpoints  
The previous situation can be mitigated, for example, with the use of setpoints that vary according to the satellite's energy level. Consider that for each energy level \(L\), starting from 1 to 5, \(T_{set}\) is now defined as follows: \(T_{set}=[273,278,281,283,288]\). In other words, the setpoint will assume a different value depending on the level of energy available on the satellite. For example, if \(L=1\) the setpoint will be 273 K, if \(L=2\) the setpoint will be 278 K, and so on.  
As can be seen in Figure 16, using different setpoints for different energy levels allows the battery's state of charge to recover faster, and also maintain a higher \(SoC\) during the orbit. This configuration results in the temperature behavior shown in Figure 17, in comparison with a constant \(T_{set}=283\) K at the eclipse. The heater was kept on for 307 s during the variant case's eclipse, the lowest value among all the simulated scenarios. Its high temperature explains this before the shadow and low setpoint during the eclipse.  
Figure 15: Balance of energy (\(B\)) for \(T_{set}=273\) K and \(T_{set}=283\) K during the 8 th orbit.
# Joint Content Recommendation and Delivery in Mobile Wireless Networks with Outage Management
## 4 Heuristic Algorithms for Joint Content Recommendation and Delivery
### Radio Resource Allocation  
Two different heuristic algorithms are proposed for radio resource allocation: the sum rate maximization algorithm and minimum rate maximization algorithm.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Detection of Intracellular ROS Production After X-ray Irradiation  
Intracellular ROS production after X-ray irradiation was measured using a fluorescence-microscopy-based method. Cells were seeded in a 35 mm glass-bottom dish and incubated overnight. Cells were irradiated with X-rays using an MBR-1505R X-ray irradiation unit (Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The machine was operated at 120 kV and 3.2 mA with a 0.5 mm aluminum filter. The dose rate was 1 Gy/min at a focus-to-surface distance of 30 cm, and the total dose was 20 Gy. After further incubation for 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, and 24 h, cells were incubated with modified Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM MgCl\({}_{2}\), 1 mM CaCl\({}_{2}\), 8.3 mM glucose, and 10 \(\mu\)M hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF) (Goryo Chemical Inc.) for 30 min at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the HPF fluorescence was observed using the same method as that described above. HPF is a detector of intracellular highly ROS and can explicitly demonstrate intracellular ROS generation [14].
## 3 IoV Enpowered IVI in 3G and 4G
### 4G: LTE-V2X Promoting IVI
#### 3.2.2 Intelligent Voice Interaction: A New Trend  
From turning of a mechanical knob and touching a central screen to voice-assisted control, the human-vehicle interaction approaches have been evolved gradually. Currently, driven by AI and automotive sensing techniques, the intelligent voice interaction becomes popular due to its feature of touchless control. For example, 50.9% U.S. adults have used in-car voice assistant and the number of active users is 83.8 million per month, which rises 8.7% from September 2018 to January 2020 [74]. The classical vehicle-mounted voice assistants include Apple Siri, Xiaomi (MI) AI speaker, and Amazon's Echo Auto Alexa.  
With the built-in speech recognition module and voice assistant, IVI systems can support the intelligent voice interaction. Ford SmartDeviceLink allows users to control smartphone app through  
voice commands [75]. Nuance's DragonDrive in-vehicle voice platform can support the functionalities of active recommendation and conversation interruption. Ximalaya Xiaoya AI, a rear-installed voice assistant system can access itself massive audio contents [76]. Depending on scenario-based semantic analysis, Aispeech's TianQin dialogue system supports audio playback, app switching and vehicle control. iFlytek vehicle-mounted auditory system connects devices used in car, home, and workplace. It also supports multi-round dialogue without repeated wake-up and automatic sound localization [77]. DUER OS improves recognition accuracy and offers users with the services of travel query, video playback, and calculation, etc. [78].
## 7 The Impact of Uncertainty
#### The Role of the Transmission System  
It is evident that the transmission system plays a critical role in the analysis of the impact of uncertainty in the vulnerability of power systems. It is the link that governs the performance of the power system under stress and strain. Normally, forced outages of transmission lines are an uncommon event. Terminal equipment is the cause of most transmission line outages especially at extra-high voltages [8].
## 2 Hybrid Vibration Isolation System  
The electromagnetic active-passive hybrid vibration isolation system is composed of a magnetorheological damper, a conical rubber vibration isolator and electromagnetic actuators in parallel, and its internal structure is shown in Figure 1. The stator of the electromagnetic actuator is connected with the base, the mover is connected with the upper end of the rubber vibration isolator and the electromagnetic force generated by the electromagnetic actuators directly acts on the upper end of the hybrid vibration isolation system. The magnetorheological damping buffer is placed inside the rubber vibration isolator and is connected in parallel with the rubber vibration isolator. The upper end of the magnetorheological damping buffer is bolted to the upper end of the hybrid vibration isolation system, and the lower end uses a flange connection with the lower surface of the hybrid vibration isolation system. The electromagnetic actuator has the characteristics of a large output force, fast response speed and low loss. Rubber vibration isolators have the characteristics of a large bearing capacity. When the system is subjected to large displacement loads, the magnetorheological damper buffers the vibration by outputting the damping force to reduce the displacement. Its purpose is to protect the electromagnetic actuator so that it effectively outputs an electromagnetic force to isolate the vibration.
# CRCSI: A Generic Block Interleaver for the Next Generation Terrestrial Broadcast Systems
## 3 Designing the Block Interleaver  
In this section, we will jointly optimize the design of the block interleaver from two dimensions, i.e., the time domain and the frequency domain. Through the joint design of the row and column mapping rules \(\pi_{1}\) and \(\pi_{2}\) aiming at increasing \(d_{min}\) and reducing \(D_{tot}\), a Cross-Row Cyclic Shift Interleaver (CRCSI) is proposed.
## 2 Design of Broadband CP Antenna  
In this section, the circularly polarized antenna single element given in [24], is discussed, along with results. The reference antenna is designed on a commercially famous electromagnetic software tool known as HFSS.
# On Modeling Eavesdropping Attacks in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks +
## 5 Empirical Results
### Comparison between an Isotropic Eavesdropper and an Array Eavesdropper  
If we compare the eavesdropping probability of an isotropic eavesdropper with that of an array eavesdropper in AUSNs by aligning Figures 8 and 10 together, we can see that an array eavesdropper always has the higher eavesdropping probability than an isotropic eavesdropper in AUSNs. We have a similar result in the case by comparing Figures 7 and 9 in IUSNs.  
Figure 9: Eavesdropping probability in IUSNs with an _array_ eavesdropper versus node density \(\rho\) (/km\({}^{2}\)) when \(f=10\) kHz, \(f=30\) kHz and \(f=90\) kHz under different spreading factor \(k\) and wind speed \(w\). (**a**) \(k=1\), \(w=0\,\)m/s; (**b**) \(k=1\), \(w=10\,\)m/s; (**c**) \(k=2\), \(w=0\,\)m/s; (**d**) \(k=2\), \(w=10\,\)m/s.
# Multi-Satellite Task Parallelism via Priority-Aware Decomposition and Dynamic Resource Mapping
## 4 Methodology
### Task Decomposition Strategy Based on Graph Theory and Lagrangian Relaxation
#### 4.1.2 Resource Constraint  
At any given time, the total resource demand of subtasks assigned to satellite \(s\) must not exceed its available resources:  
\[\sum_{T_{ij}\in M}R(T_{ij})x_{ijs}\leq R_{s},\quad\forall s\in S \tag{23}\]
# FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification and Intra-Species Characterization of _Serpula Iacrymans_
###### Abstract  
The dry rot fungus _Serpula Iacrymans_ is the most destructive fungal agent of wood building materials in Europe, Russia, North America, and Japan. The identification of this wood-deteriorating agent and the discrimination of different fungal isolates is very important for the control of buildings in general and for the preservation of cultural heritage in particular. The objective of the study was to develop a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method coupled with a partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for the sample preparation and identification of _S. lacrymans_. Five distinct _S. lacrymans_ strains were analysed and compared to two strains of unrelated fungal species. Different methods of mycelial growth, sample preparation, and FTIR spectral data normalisation were compared. FTIR analysis of a harvested mycelium grown on the surface of a polyether sulfone microfiltration membrane deposited on a malt extract agar medium, followed by vector normalization and PLS-DA statistical analysis, resulted in 100% correct attribution at phylum, species, and strain level, regardless of the type of standardization used. This study confirms the applicability of FTIR spectroscopy for the identification of _S. lacrymans_ and the discrimination of different strains belonging to this species.  
Serpula Iacrymans; biodegradation; wood; cultural heritage; FTIR; identification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], P. FTIR Spectroscopy for Identification and Intra-Species Characterization of _Serpula Iacrymans_.