esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Dynamic Optimization Using Local Collocation Methods and Improved Multiresolution Technique
## 4 Numerical Examples
### Williams-Otto Semi-Batch Reactor Control Problem
Furthermore, it is seen in Figure 12b that there is some noise in the cooling water temperature profile. The comparisons again demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. Figure 11: Control solutions for the Williams-Otto semi-batch reactor problem using the proposed method (ignoring MRT-III): (**a**) Feed flow rate (\(F_{\text{B,in}}\)); (**b**) cooling water temperature (\(T_{W}\)). Figure 10: State solutions for the Williams-Otto semi-batch reactor problem using the proposed method: (**a**) Reactor temperature \(T_{R}(t)\); (**b**) reactor volume \(V(t)\). The mesh refinement results obtained from the three abovementioned methods are summarized in Table 1. Although the CPU times are listed in Table 1 for reference, it should be noted that the CPU times are affected by other many factors (e.g., the way to calculate the NLP derivatives) in addition to the mesh size and the mesh iterations. Therefore, it is more reasonable to compare the efficiencies of different mesh refinement methods by comparing the mesh iterations and the mesh size. It is seen in Table 1 that the proposed method generated a much smaller mesh size and required fewer mesh iterations when compared with other mesh refinement methods, so the proposed method is more efficient than other methods. The objective values from different methods are comparable and are all near to the value from the indirect method.
# Optimal Progressive Pitch for OneWeb Constellation with Seamless Coverage
## 3 Algorithm Design
### Genetic Operator Design
#### 3.5.1 Crossover  
The crossover operation combines two chromosomes to generate new superior offspring, and the superior characteristics of the parent chromosome are inherited to the offspring by exchanging several genes. The exchange of genes could be chosen randomly from the entire chromosome sequence. The new offspring at iteration \(t\), \(C^{t}\), are generated from two parent chromosomes, \(S_{i}^{t}\) and \(S_{j}^{t}\). The specific process could be formulated as below: First of all, two parent chromosomes are chosen. Then the genes are randomly chosen to exchange. Finally the offspring is created as the parent chromosomes after exchange. The \(l\)-th element in the new offspring \(C^{t}(l)\) is randomly chosen between \(S_{i}^{t}(l)\) and \(S_{j}^{t}(l)\), where \(S_{i}^{t}(l)\) and \(S_{j}^{t}(l)\) are drawn from the population of chromosomes. The crossover operation could be represented as the following,  
\[C^{t}(l)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}S_{i}^{t}(l)\quad rand()\leq CR\quad\text{ or}\quad l=randn(L)\\ S_{j}^{t}(l)\quad rand()>CR\quad\text{and}\quad l\
eq rand(L)\end{array}\right., \tag{23}\]  
where \(CR\) is crossover rate and \(rand()\) is random value drawn from \([0,1]\) uniformly. The larger \(CR\) is, the more \(S_{i}^{t}(l)\) contributes, otherwise \(S_{j}^{t}(l)\) contributes more. The length of the chromosome is denoted as \(L\) and equals \(\lfloor\frac{90}{\Delta\psi}\rfloor\), and \(randn(L)\) is to draw an integer from \([1,L]\). Therefore at least one element is from the chromosome \(S_{i}^{t}(l)\), which avoids the ineffective crossover.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Descriptive Sensory Analysis with Trained Panel  
Table 2 shows that _wine A_ had a flatter profile as compared to the other two wines. It is important to highlight here that this wine was aged in a clay-_tinaja_ but with a non-permeable inner coating; thus, there was no direct contact between the wine and the jar, and the micro-oxygenation of the wine was reduced as compared to a more permeable coating or the use of oak barrels. _Wine C_ had the characteristic \"toasted\" (vanilla) odor and flavor due to the contact with the oak wood of the barrel, which led to a longer aftertaste. However, these toasted notes were not supported by volatile compounds with oak or toasted sensory descriptors (Table 1); however, it is worth mentioning that trace levels of furfural, guaiaicol and vanillin were found but could not be quantified due to the short aging time in the oak barrels and perhaps to the use of headspace SPME as the extracting methodology for the volatile compounds. Finally, _wine B_ had a mineral odor and flavor and is as stringent perhaps due to the migration of minerals (K, Ca, and Mg) from the clay-vessel  
Figure 1: Chemical families in the volatile profiles of the studied wines as affected by the type of vessel used for the aging step. Bars with the same letter, within one chemical family, were not significantly different (\(p>0.05\)), according to [PERSON]’s least significant difference test.  
to the wine. In this way, [PERSON] [23] reported that there were significantly higher contents of K, Mg and Na (774, 134, and 31.9 ug L\({}^{-1}\), respectively) in wine aged in clay-_tinajas_ as compared to wines aged in wood barrels (709, 113, and 30.8 ug L\({}^{-1}\), respectively). In addition, an increase in Na and K contents was observed along the aging time due to an increased time of contact between the wine and the clay. The wines studied [23] were from the same winery as those used in the current study and similar clay-_tinajas_ were used in both experiments.  
The attribute \"mineral (odor and flavor)\" can be considered as the key sensory marker to study the effect of the clay pot on the wine. The intensity of this attribute will be positively linked to the direct contact between the wine and the clay; in this way, if a non-permeable coating is used (as in the case of _wine A_), the wine will have no significant mineral nature and will be equivalent to a wine aged in a stainless-steel deposit. However, if a permeable coating or no coating is used (as in the case of _wine B_), the wine will have relatively high intensities of mineral character, minerality (3.0 and 6.0 in the olfactory and gustatory phases, respectively). Thus, it is essential to report the type of coating used when working or selling clay-_tinaja_ wine because this parameter will be clearly reflected in the sensory profile of the wine produced and to be sold or bought.
# High-Precision Ranging Method of 5G NR Co-Band PRS in Industrial Internet Scenarios
### Our Contributions  
The main contributions of this paper are as follows.  
* Unlike the conventional PRS signal, which occupies resources in the time-frequency domain, we propose and analyze a novel low-power PRS signal called the Co-Band PRS signal. This signal does not occupy additional communication sub-carriers or resources and causes minimal interference to communication signals.
* For Co-Band PRS, we propose a high-precision ranging scheme that first captures the communication signal and then tracks the positioning signal. This approach effectively improves signal capture efficiency and tracking accuracy.
* We propose an innovative weighted window coarse synchronization method that offers improved performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional maximum likelihood (ML)-based symbol timing offset (STO) estimation algorithms.
* The iterative DLL algorithm is used to track the positioning signals, and achieves a code tracking accuracy of \(1.81\times 10^{-2}\) samples in simulation. The USRPs are used to create a realistic testing environment, and achieve a final ranging accuracy of 0.16 m@90%.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the 5G NR Co-Band signal model. Section 3 presents the proposed Co-Band high-precision ranging scheme, including coarse synchronization, multipath delay estimation, and delay code phase estimation methods. Section 4 presents the simulation as well as the experimental test scenarios, and the ranging results are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, in Section 5, the conclusions are summarized.
## 4 Discussion
The scan parameters best adapted for each array can be calculated based on its geometrical properties and the center frequency. Moreover, the one-side access design and the homemade (3-D printed) holder make the system easily adaptable to any kind of available probes. Although the feasibility was demonstrated with a 5-MHz ultrasound array, the method is of great interest for higher frequencies within the range of medical ultrasound (>15 MHz), in particular to improve the sensitivity to smaller tissue scatterers and the resolution compared to low frequencies. For applications and ultrasound acquisition modes that do not require high-frame-rate imaging, we believe that our 3-D synthetic aperture rotate-translate scanning method could greatly enhance the capacity of 3-D biomedical ultrasound imaging without the complex development of new transducer arrays. Among clinical applications for which 3-D ultrasonography has already been shown to be of high interest, our approach could specifically benefit those requiring a high contrast and resolution such as quantification of carotid atherosclerosis [44] and use of musculoskeletal ultrasonography to assess rheumatoid arthritis [4; 45]. Additionally, we expect that our 3-D scanning method will help longitudinal monitoring of pathological tissues for which high-quality volumetric images are crucial for image processing and for accurate comparison of images acquired at different points in time.
# Balloon Design for Mars, Venus, and Titan Atmospheres
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper described the performance of various design options for balloons on Mars, Venus, and Titan. A simulation tool was designed, developed, verified, and validated for investigating various parameters of the exploratory balloons. The performance of the different balloon types and shapes was compared, and suitable options were identified for each mission. For the Venus mission, the shape configuration is important for the balloon to stay afloat, and the choice of shape is very much dependent on the mission requirements. In the case of Mars, the shape configuration does not matter for SP and OZP balloons in terms of stable altitude. For the balloon mission on Titan, the shape configuration does not matter as different shapes tend to stay afloat. In general, if the mission demands a fast ascent to the float altitude, then a prolate shape should be the preferred, and if slow ascent is the requirement, then an oblate shape should be preferred. For all three atmospheric bodies, the OZP balloons are preferred as they are more mass efficient than the SP ones and can stay afloat much longer in comparison to the ZP balloons.  
Following is the summary of contributions of authors. Conceptualization, K.G.; methodology, software, investigation, formal analysis, K.G. and T.K.; writing--original draft preparation, K.G.; writing--review and editing, K.G. and T.K.; supervision, project administration, T.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Graduate School of Space Technology at Lulea University of Technology, Space for Innovation and Growth (RIT), Swedish National Space Agency (SNSA), and SSC.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for his technical feedback on the Introduction Section.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 18: Ascent speed variation of different balloon types at a particular fineness ratios (**a**) ZP (**b**) SP (**c**) OZP balloons. The fineness ratio used for comparison is 3 for oblate, 0.4 for airship and 0.6 for prolate shape.
# Impact of CoAP and MQTT on NB-IoT System Performance +
## 3 Results  
Simulations of MTC devices communicating over a CoAP stack with UDP and a MQTT stack with TCP transfer layer over NB-IoT were performed to study the impact the choice of transport layer has on the user and system performance. The main aspects studied are the extra delay and the impact on system load caused by TCP usage when compared to using UDP. We focus on simple sensor report traffic in the uplink direction. When using CoAP, this type of traffic can be sent non-confirmed, while with the MQTT stack TCP will provide reliability. We simulate also the CoAP confirmed case to show the effect using the confirm mode has on the application level performance.
# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 4 Smart Metering Applications--Smart Grid Projects
### Smart Metering Application Projects
#### 4.1.2 MeRegio  
Another project involving smart metering has been the MeRegio project, led by the German energy supplier EnBW. According to it, the smart meter communicates its data to the customer's router and further on the data is sent to the control center via broadband Internet. It aims at adjusting the electrical appliances so as to be switched on and off when the charging rate is low [75].
# Home Automation System Based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers
## 4 Home Automation System Based on Intelligent Transducer Enablers
### Software Architecture  
The software core of HASITE's architecture is called Self-Configuring Intelligent Transducer System (SCITS) (detailed later in Section 5). SCITS involves two main elements: the ITEs (described in Section 5.1) and the self-configuration and detection protocols (detailed in Section 5.2). In Figure 2, the different subsystems needed to manage such elements can be observed:  
* Communications subsystem: This subsystem interconnects all transducers and provides Internet access.
* Control and management subsystem: This subsystem is responsible for controlling and managing the rest of the subsystems. It monitors and registers all of the ITNs; it obtains data from the sensors at a proper frequency; and it controls the actuators according to the user preferences. It also grants and controls the access to the API.
* Transducers subsystem: This consists of groups of ITNs. Each ITN may contain one or more transducers.  
It is also important to note that integral control and communications are key in home automation. For such a purpose, the home automation gateway receives and processes the data acquired by the sensors while monitoring and preserving the connection between all elements. It also provides the  
Figure 3: Generic ITN components and communication buses.  
persistence and external access needed for user interaction with the whole system. In particular, the most important functionalities of the home automation gateway are the following:  
* Central management of ITNs: This registers and keeps control of the ITEs available on the system; it manages the communication with the ITNs; and it processes the requests from other modules. It is also responsible for coordinating the self-configuration and self-registration protocols.
* System configuration: This guarantees the persistence of critical data, like the information about the ITEs, the system configuration or the data about the users of the system.
* Gateway: This provides network connectivity.
* Software interface: This contains the Application Programming Interface (API) that allows third party applications to access all of the system functionalities.
###### Abstract  
Cotton-tipped applicator swabs are used as a collection device for many biological samples and its complete elution is a desired step for clinical and forensic diagnostics. Swabs are used to collect infectious body fluids, where the concentration of pathogens can range from 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) CFU/mL (colony forming units/mL) in respiratory-tract infections and 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) in urinary-tract infections, to up to 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{9}\) CFU/mL in salivary samples. These samples are then eluted and lysed, prior to DNA (De-oxy Ribonucleic Acid) analysis. The recovery of micro-organisms from a matrix of swab fibres depends on the nature of the body fluid, the type of the swab fibres, and the process of elution. Various methods to elute samples from swab include chemical digestion of fibres (~20% recovery), centrifugation (~58% recovery), piezoelectric vibration, or pressurized fluid-flow (~60% recovery). This study reports a magnetically-actuated physical impingement method for elution and recovery of artificial sputum samples from cotton fibres. A device has been fabricated to induce a rotating magnetic field on smaller magnetic particles in a vial that strikes the swab within a confined gap. Elution from the swab in this device was characterized using 2% Methyl cellulose in deionised water, loaded with fluorescent-tagged polystyrene beads and _E. coli_ at various concentrations. The recovery efficiency was found to increase with both rotational speed and elution time, but plateaus after 400 RPM (Revolutions per minute) and 120 s, respectively. At a higher concentration of polystyrene beads (5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) particles/mL), a maximum recovery of ~85% was achieved. With lower concentration, (1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) particles/mL) the maximum efficiency (~92.8%) was found to be almost twice of passive elution (46.7%). In the case of _E. coli_, the corresponding recovery efficiency at 3.35 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) CFU/mL is 90.4% at 500 RPM and 120 s. This elution method is expected to have a wide applicability in clinical diagnostics.  
Keywords:swab; elution; magnetic field; recovery efficiency; impingement +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci. 2017
## 4 Stability Analysis of Multivariable Milling Tools
### Experimental Characterization of One Degree of Freedom Milling Equation and Cutting Force Model
#### 4.2.2 Experimental Determination of Cutting Coefficients  
The force model in Equation (33) was used to predict the cutting force magnitude for a given depth of cut. It is based on a mechanistic approach that assumes a relationship between forces and the uncut chip thickness by means of the cutting coefficients. The cutting force model was established by introducing cutting (shearing) and edge coefficients for the tangential and normal directions of the milling tool. The characterization procedure assumed the linear relationship between the averaged experimental cutting forces \(\overline{F}\) and the feed rate \(f_{z}\) in \(x\)- and \(y\)- directions. This relationship is established as follows:  
\[\overline{F}=f_{z}\overline{F}_{c}+\overline{F}_{e} \tag{42}\]  
Here, \(\overline{F}_{c}\) and \(\overline{F}_{e}\) are the cutting shear and edge components, respectively. The experimental forces at each feed rate are measured, and the cutting-edge components \(\overline{F}_{c}\) and \(\overline{F}_{e}\) were evaluated  
\[K_{tc}=4\frac{\overline{F}_{yc}}{z_{n}a_{p}},\ K_{nc}=-4\frac{\overline{F}_{xc }}{z_{n}a_{p}} \tag{43}\]  
A multivariable cutter provided by a local toolmaker was characterized by using Equation (43) and the experimental setup shown in Figure 5b. Table 2 summarizes the main geometric characteristics of the multivariable tool. A total of five cuttings were performed for full radial immersion in aluminum 7075T6 during dry machining. The forces were recorded by using a dynamometer 9257B Kistler and the spindle speed was set at 3000 rpm based on the dynamometer's natural frequency to avoid the amplification of milling forces. The force signals were acquired using a VibSoft-20 acquisition card at a sample rate of 48 kHz and processed in a custom-made MATLAB app to remove drift and noise. Cutting forces data were collected for the axial depth of cut of 2 mm and four values of feed per  
Figure 5: Scheme of the experimental setup for (**a**) the modal analysis and (**b**) cutting forces characterization.  
tooth 0.05, 0.10, 0.015 and 0.20, so the resulting cutting coefficients \(K_{tc}\) for the tooth 1, 2, 3 and 4 were \(1215\times 10^{6}\), \(1369\times 10^{6}\), \(897\times 10^{6}\) and \(1799\times 10^{6}\) N/m\({}^{2}\) respectively, while that the coefficients \(K_{nc}\) for the tooth 1, 2, 3 and 4 resulted \(272\times 10^{6}\), \(520\times 10^{6}\), \(801\times 10^{6}\) and \(859\times 10^{6}\) N/m\({}^{2}\) respectively.
# High Throughput Data Relay in UAV Wireless Networks
## 1 Introduction
With the DS method enabled, the UAV is able to receive the information of different ground terminals simultaneously, rather than separating the transmission of each ground terminal within sequential time slots or by using different radio bands. Meanwhile, the UAV flight trajectory can be modified when the DS mechanism is enabled, which is different from the trajectory derived in References [18; 20]. It is shown in Reference [24] that the UAV flight trajectory is closely related to the UAV's propulsion energy. Hence different trajectories can result in different consumption of propulsion energy for the UAV. The contributions of this paper are listed as follows:  
* Propose an iterative algorithm which alternately optimizes bandwidth scheduling and UAV flight trajectory in each iteration, and a power balance method for supporting DS. * Comparison of the system performance of a DS-enabled scheme and non-DS schemes in terms of the optimal throughput, bandwidth scheduling and UAV trajectory. * Comparison of the UAV propulsion energy consumption of a DS-enabled scheme and non-DS schemes based on the derived optimal UAV trajectory. In the next section, we present the system model.
## 2 UAV in Wireless Communication Networks
### Practical Applications of UAV Wireless Networks  
#### 2.3.1 Civil and Public Safety Communications  
One of the main applications that have attracted considerable attention is civil and public safety. Since 2006, the public safety departments in U.S. have accelerated the acquisition of UAVs on their missions, and currently more than 347 state and local police, sheriff, fire, and emergency units have acquired UAVs [60]. UAVs cannot only provide a reliable communication link, but also help locate a suspect during a pursuit or assisting firefighters at a warehouse fire. In addition, supporting reliable communication links to victims on the disaster-affected area is critical [21], with a minimum number of UAVs for fast and efficient operations [22]. Mapping UAVs to a destroyed area is presented in [30], and further analysis including UAV mobility [26] and genetic algorithm for the deployment of multiple UAVs [25] are considered to improve the throughput without performance degradation of networks. In addition, supporting user connectivity in crowded places such as sports stadiums, open festivals, shopping malls, and other public events is one of main requirements for 5G networks [58; 61] because the required average user data rates during busy periods for the shopping mall and stadium are 1.07 (0.7) Mbps for downlink (uplink) and 0.3-3 Mbps for both downlink and uplink, respectively. The study on modeling the crowd traffic is performed to deal with the supply-demand mismatch [62], and the reduction of traffic congestion by utilizing UAV relay system is presented in [63]. The flexible modeling for UAV wireless networks to support public safety communications or crowd areas is necessary to mitigate an interference from other users and guarantee therequired QoS; hence, the optimal deployment of UAV is critical to achieve the requirements for a given scenario.