## 2 Literature Review
### Cases of Saports with Offshore Wind Energy Activities in Europe
The Port of Grenaa, also located in Denmark, is one of the main seaports in this country with capacity for offshore wind turbine projects. This port was responsible for supplying turbines to the Anholt offshore wind farm and currently has space available for the long-term storage of offshore wind projects [49]. The Port of Renne, located in Denmark, is surrounded by the Baltic Sea, which is considered one of the seas with the greatest potential for pre-assembling structures for offshore wind farms. This is a reference port for some of the pioneering wind turbine companies, such as Siemens Gamesa and Vesta [50]. The Port of Bilbao, in Spain, received the first operation of offshore wind turbines in 2013 [51] and, since then, it has grown exponentially in the operations associated with this energy activity. In 2006, a leading renewable energy company (Acciona) opened an offshore wind farm near this port (\"near shore\"), with a system of five Siemens Gamesa turbines. The Port of Dieppe, due to its location and contact with the Dieppe channel, is considered the best French port in the Normandie region for the development of offshore wind energy. This port has experience acquired in the unloading of wind turbine parts and is considered one of the most competitive ports in this sector in France. This aspect is due to the space available outside and at the commercial port for maintenance and logistics activities related to the sector, in addition to the Port of Dieppe offering a service for mooring, vessel maintenance, towing, piloting, and dredging. This port has recently been linked to the development of the offshore wind farm in Dieppe (Le treport), developed by three business groups Dieppe-Navals, Dieppe Meca Energies, and Vialog, that have invested in the success of this long-term project [52]. Regarding the Port of Le Havre, Siemens Gamesa and HAROPA (Port du Havre) signed an agreement to establish an offshore wind turbine factory in this seaport. The plant will occupy a 36-hectare plot and will be used both to produce shovels, nacelles, and generators, as well as to support installation activities. It will mainly supply the three French wind farms, in Saint-Brieuc, Yeu-Noirmoutier, and Dieppe-Le Treport, but it will also be able to manufacture facilities for the French, European, and world markets. This project is expected to start in mid-2020 and will create around 750 jobs [53; 54]. The Port of Fos Sur Mer is a French port that is also directed to several projects related to the offshore wind energy sector, such as storage and transport of components. The Port of Amsterdam is located in the Netherlands, between the English Channel and the North Sea. Due to its location, space, layout, and infrastructure, this is considered an ideal place for offshore activities, in terms of installation, production, and maintenance. Over the past few years, several wind farms have been installed through the Port of Amsterdam, such as Princess Amalia, Egmond aan Zee, Luchterduinen, and Westermeerwind. Recently, this port was involved in the installation of the Fryslan wind farm that will be installed in November 2020. Currently, the Port of Amsterdam together with the Port of J'muiden are carrying out the Energiehaven project, referring to the creation of an energy cluster to serve as a basis for the construction and maintenance of offshore wind farms. This cluster will be located in an unused dredging deposit in Averijhaven, a site with about 15 hectares of land to be explored. The new energy port will play an important role in intensifying space and strengthening port infrastructure [55]. Furthermore, in the Netherlands, the Verbrugge terminal (Port of Vissingen), together with the Belgian company Sarens (world leader in lifting and transporting heavy loads) formed a strategic partnership, resulting in a synergy of know-how and capacity, related to offshore wind energy. Both partners signed an exclusive contract to work intensively on all logistics related to offshore wind farms.