# Effect of a Virtual Biophilic Residential Environment on the Perception and Responses of Seniors
## 2 Literature Review
### Virtual Environment and the Physiological Response  
Many studies use VEs to encourage the immersion and interaction of subjects. Related studies have examined the health benefits of biophilic designs through human responses to stress. These studies frequently employ self-report questionnaires or in-depth interviews to complement physiological measures [19]. This study reviewed the application and limitations of VEs through prior research, including physiological response measurements. Findings are presented in Table 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Applications**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Limitations/Opportunities**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Subjects and Sample size} & \(\bullet\) & Many studies conduct experiments on healthy, young intellectuals [30; 31] & \(\bullet\) & Little research on populations with physical or cognitive disabilities \\  & \(\bullet\) & The minimum sample size is 26 [32], and the average number of subjects is small, around & \(\bullet\) & Need for biophilic VE research on individuals with diverse demographic characteristics and backgrounds \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{VE setting} & \(\bullet\) & Emphasize forests and urban parks and include comparisons with modern cities or real-world settings [35; 36] & \(\bullet\) & Research on biophilic architecture and indoor environments is lacking \\  & \(\bullet\) & Focus on direct experiences in medical facilities or workspaces [19] & \(\bullet\) & Different methods and scales for biophilic design should be considered \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Exposure time} & \(\bullet\) & The appropriate exposure time for virtual & \(\bullet\) & Extended VE exposure increases the severity of cybersickness \\  & \(\bullet\) & A “washing-out” process prevents carryover between variables [35] & \(\bullet\) & Lack of diverse experimental samples to generalize effective exposure times \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Studies on the application of VEs to measure responses to experiences with nature. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Biophilic Design** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Biophilic Residential Planning**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Direct experience of nature} & \multirow{4}{*}{Physical} & \(\bullet\) & Water spaces and decor \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Openings and spatial structures facilitating natural ventilation \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Openings with views of natural elements \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Indoor garden or plant decor \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Light well or courtyard \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Digital} & \(\bullet\) & Immersive media on the dynamic properties of water \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Automatic window opening and ventilation based on indoor air quality \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Indirect experience of nature} & \multirow{4}{*}{Physical} & \(\bullet\) & Natural materials and color scheme \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Air vents and circulation systems \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Artificial natural lighting and warm lighting \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Indirect and diffuse lighting \\ \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{4}{*}{Digital} & \(\bullet\) & Virtual 3D natural elements and objects \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Automatic air purification and temperature/humidity control based on resident status \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Biogas energy generation and bioprocessing of waste \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Experience of space and place} & \multirow{4}{*}{Physical} & \(\bullet\) & Visually opened small resting areas \\  & & \(\bullet\) & Community garden and edible landscaping \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & Ecosystem-friendly pathways \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & Seating or spaces providing a sense of protection \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Digital} & \(\bullet\) & Project mapping utilizing spatial characteristics \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(\bullet\) & Controllable transparent switching glass window \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Seniors’ residential planning preferences based on biophilic design experience.