# Exploring the Benefits of Photovoltaic Non-Optimal Orientations in Buildings
## 3 Results
### Industrial PVSCs
For the two-orientation layout, the daily production presents a flatter peak around midday and produces electricity for a longer time in spring and summer, being reflected in a higher daily production. In Figure 11, the hourly production for two clear-sky days with extreme solar trajectories is presented. Figure 11 corresponds to a day near winter solstice and Figure 11 to a the summer solstice. For a better view of the effect of orientation (azimuth and inclination), the data from the four configurations are rescaled to 169 kW. It can be seen that, due to the low inclination of the modules, the variation between the South (15\({}^{\circ}\) inclination) orientation layout and the 2-orientation layout is low. However, in summer, the 2-orientation production profile is more rounded, with a lower peak and higher production at sunrise and sunset. The east-west configuration has a marginally better behavior in summer, but it is poor in winter. On the contrary, the energy-optimal orientation (South, 35\({}^{\circ}\) inclination) presents a better performance in winter but a worse one in summer with a sharper profile, with the lowest production in the morning and in the evening. It is important to reiterate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Configuration** & **\# Modules** & **Peak Power** & **\(\Delta\)Power** & **Annual Production** & **Specific Yield kWh/(kWp.yr)** \\ \hline South, (35\({}^{\circ}\) optimal incl.) & 224 & 98 kW & 0\% & 170 MWh & 0\% & 1729 \\ South & 336 & 148 kW & 51\% & 248 MWh & 46\% & 1675 \\ Two orientations aligned with the building & 386 & 169 kW & 72\% & 270 MWh & 59\% & 1597 \\ East–West & 280 & 123 kW & 26\% & 184 MWh & 8\% & 1495 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Modules inclination is 15\({}^{\circ}\) in all configurations except the optimal energy producing.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summary of configurations for the industrial PVSCS The increments are relative to the optimal orientation. that the installed PV power for the optimal south orientation and the east-west layouts is significantly lower than for the South (15\({}^{\circ}\)) and the two-orientation layouts. Finally, the two-orientation layout was selected. This installation has a peak power of 169 kW. It comprises 386 Canadian Solar CS3W-440 MS PERC 440 W modules with 193 SolarEdge P950 power optimizers [49] and two 82.5 kW three-phase SolarEdge inverters [50] for a maximum nominal power of 165 kW, as shown in Figure 5. The modules are distributed in 11 strings of 16 power optimizers and one of 17 power optimizers (32 or 34 modules/string). The estimated yearly production is 270 MWh with a specific yield of 1597 kWh/kWp and a performance ratio of 82%. The behavior of the built PVSCS on one representative day is presented in Figure 12. As can be seen, the energy consumption decreases at lunchtime, between 14:00 and 16:00. This can make the electricity consumption from the grid too low, so the inverters curtail the production. According to the Spanish regulation [21], if the PVSCS is connected under the category without surplus, grid feeding is not allowed in any of the three electricity phases, as can be seen in the production curtailed around 16:00. So, if the electrical loads into the factory are not well-balanced, it could result in higher PV production losses. This fact is important in favor of PVSCS layouts that yield the energy with flatter and longer production profiles. This PVSCS is in operation since October 2020, and there are data for the PV production for a year, but the factory did not go fully operational until 2021, so the analysis cannot be as complete as for the residential example. Figure 13 shows the heatmaps for the hourly consumed energy (Figure 13a), PV-produced energy (Figure 13b), and imported energy from the grid (Figure 13c). A good fit between the factory peak load before noon and the PV production can also be appreciated. Furthermore, in Figure 13c, a near-zero consumption period can be seen due to the PVSCS production.