## 3 Results
### Results of Sound Propagation Modeling
A key observation, however, is that in both cases, the range of noise propagation terminates approximately at an elevation, which serves as a natural barrier limiting sound propagation. Study area P3 is characterized by varied terrain morphology (Figure 4). Measurement profile A, where an \(L_{Aeq}\) value of 68.1 dB was recorded, exhibits a relatively regular pattern of noise propagation. Sound mainly disperses toward flat areas--agricultural fields and scattered rural buildings. The acoustic impact is more limited in the southern direction, where the terrain rises, as well as toward the forested area. Particular attention should be paid to measurement profile B, which stands out among those analyzed. This profile recorded the highest \(L_{Aeq}\) value of all study areas. A possible reason for such a high noise level is the presence of a straight road segment, which may encourage drivers to increase their speed. Additionally, the terrain morphology on the opposite side of the road-- elevations running parallel to the roadway--may contribute to sound wave reflection and amplification. The modeling indicated a large range of noise propagation in this profile--both along the road and extending into the forest. In measurement profile C, a significantly lower \(L_{Aeq}\) value was recorded, and the range of sound wave propagation was more limited. Nevertheless, the model reveals local variations in terrain morphology that may disrupt the regularity of noise propagation. Figure 2: Results of sound propagation modeling on research area P1, with direct measurement values of \(L_{Aeq}\) (dB) overlaid on a map base with a digital terrain model (own elaboration based on map data obtained from [54]). The final analyzed study area, P4, includes three measurement profiles, which differ significantly in terms of terrain morphology (Figure 5). Noise propagation modeling in measurement profile A highlighted the important role of a small valley--a portion of the  
Figure 4: Results of sound propagation modeling on research area P3, with direct measurement values of \(L_{Adj}\) (dB) overlaid on a map base with a digital terrain model (own elaboration based on map data obtained from [54]). Figure 3: Results of sound propagation modeling on research area P2, with direct measurement values of \(L_{Adj}\) (dB) overlaid on a map base with a digital terrain model (own elaboration based on map data obtained from [54]). sound wave range is seen to 'penetrate' into this terrain depression. It can be assumed that under higher noise levels, the range of acoustic impact would extend further along the valley. Modeling results for measurement profile B revealed a relatively regular pattern of propagation. It is possible that the hill in this area plays a dual role--on the one hand, it may amplify sound by focusing it in a particular direction, while on the other, it may act as a barrier limiting acoustic wave propagation deeper into the forest. Measurement profile C is, in terms of terrain characteristics, similar to profile A in study area P2. The terrain is flat, and the modeling showed a regular propagation pattern with minor disturbances caused by small undulations in the northern part of the profile, near the road. Nevertheless, the recorded \(L_{Aeq}\) value was relatively high, and the range of noise impact extended considerably into the forest. The results of the analysis demonstrated a clear influence of landscape structure on sound propagation. Areas located behind natural terrain barriers, in valleys, or within densely wooded forest sections exhibited a marked reduction in noise levels, which is consistent with theoretical assumptions regarding the scattering and attenuation of sound waves by vegetation structures. At the same time, it was observed that in many measurement points, the dominant acoustic components were natural sound sources, such as bird songs and the activity of other forest animals. Their presence had a significant effect on the overall soundscape, particularly in locations distant from the road.