## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
Ammunition magazines are placed in a wide range of protection zones for human safety and for protecting civilian assets from accidental explosions. These protected zones are based on safety distance, and the minimum separation distance is determined to prevent damage from blast pressure, fragmentation and scattering, and heat generated when an explosion occurs [1, 2, 3]. Underground ammunition storage has the advantage of reducing safe distance by confining the blast pressure and fragments generated in the event of an accidental ammunition explosion using an underground rock mass. The future ammunition storage discussed in this study, which incorporates smart information and communications technology (ICT), is a \"smart underground ammunition storage\". Smart and sustainable buildings have been an active field of research in recent years, achieving remarkable growth in the construction industry. According to a Building Services Research and Information Association report, this field will contribute to improvements in the quality of human life through the application of advanced construction incorporating ICT [4]. In the military sector of South Korea, active research has been on-going toward the development of new solutions for innovation in national defense management that can facilitate a preemptive adoption of smart ICT in the defense sector to ensure national safety and overcome the problems of shortages in military forces, owing to a shrinking population,through the use of new technologies. In particular, along with research in a variety of fields on sustainable construction as well as institutional reform in the Republic of Korea's (ROK) military [5,6], the need for smart and sustainable military facilities is expected to continuously increase. In addition, the construction of new military facilities and a smart military base has become possible through innovation in ICT technology. To this end, the importance of research in leadership and management for the establishment of smart systems has increased with the derivation of smart technologies that can be incorporated in the systems of human resources, education, training, and supply within the army [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Despite these on-going efforts by the military forces, compared to the rapid pace of change in civil society, the development of a smart and sustainably built military environment is still insufficient in a number of aspects. In particular, the ammunition management system of the ROK Army is centered on labor intensive and safety-oriented ammunition management services, as shown in Figure 1. In addition, there are inherent environmental, industrial, and management constraints on the whole, indicating that there is a pressing need for innovation and improved conditions through the use of smart ICT as part of the recent fourth industrial revolution.  
The ROK Army is planning to build new smart underground ammunition storage systems during the years 2019-2024 to improve management, convenience, and safety assurance as part of the \"Smart Mover\" project, and with this background it is necessary to examine and identify specific operational capabilities required for the incorporation of smart ICT in line with recent trends.  
However, research in ammunition storage is limited to safety improvements from accidental explosion of ammunition, and reduction of the safe distance. There is no research on the improvement of the ammunition storage environment and the efficiency of ammunition operations using smart technology. The improvement of the ammunition storage environment is a very important area to reduce operation time and extend storage life.  
Therefore, in this study, as proactive response to the challenges and requirements faced by the ROK Army, we propose an advancement strategy for smart underground ammunition storage for addressing the question: \"How should we adopt and operate smart ICT for application to ammunition storage?\"