###### Abstract
These characteristics result in higher energy absorption and better structural integrity during collisions. The foam's presence enhances both the load-carrying capacity and the overall stability of the columns, making them more effective in crash scenarios. Overall, the foam acts as a crucial component in improving crashworthiness by distributing forces more effectively and enabling the structure to handle high-energy impacts more efficiently. In hybrid structures combining both foam and tubular elements, there is a notable increase in load bearing and energy dissipation capacities. This enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between the foam material and the walls of the tubes [30; 31]. Moreover, foam-filled hybrid structures have been the subject of investigations within the context of nested tubes. In this realm, [PERSON] et al. [32] conducted a comprehensive study on the behaviors of energy dissipation and lateral crushing for aluminum foam filled within nested aluminum tubes, specifically focusing on configurations comprising three and four tubes under compression testing scenarios. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [33] explored the crushing behavior of aluminum foam-filled steel circular and triangular nested tubes when subjected to lateral impacts. Their findings suggest that the incorporation of aluminum foam significantly bolsters the energy absorption capacity, mean crushing force, and collision force efficiency of the tubes, a phenomenon largely due to the interactive dynamics between the tube structure and the foam. In contemporary vehicular engineering, growing emphasis is placed on the augmentation of component efficiency to mitigate fuel consumption and emission ratios [34]. Concurrently, the objective remains to preserve, if not enhance, the mechanical performance expected of these components. Given these ambitions, the prioritization of materials that exhibit both low density and high strength is paramount. In this context, composite materials have emerged as formidable contenders versus traditional metals such as steel and aluminum. This is attributed to their superior specific strength, reduced density, enhanced corrosion resistance, and the simplicity of their manufacturing processes [35; 36]. However, the inherently brittle nature of composite materials introduces certain drawbacks. Specifically, their mode of energy absorption during collisions--through matrix cracking, fiber breakage, and delamination--precipitates abrupt reductions in their load-bearing capacity [36; 37]. To counteract these vulnerabilities, strategies such as the development of hybrid composites incorporating metal structures and the reinforcement of composite tubes with cellular formations, including honeycomb and foams, are being explored. These innovations aim to imbue composite structures with a more resilient response to mechanical stresses [38]. As delineated in scholarly discourse, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the development of metallic energy absorbers. Yet, the exploration of composite nested tubes as energy absorbers under lateral loading remains conspicuously absent in the existing literature. It has been observed that tubes with circular cross-sections deform into elliptical shapes upon lateral compression [39; 40]. While metallic tubes dissipate energy at the hinge points during lateral deformation, composite tubes exhibit fiber breakage and ruptures at their quarter points when subjected to lateral stress, thereby compromising their load-bearing capacity and diminishing their efficacy in energy absorption [41; 42]. This phenomenon is similarly observed in foam-filled composite tubes, where the reduction in foam height--attributable to its transformation into an elliptical shape due to lateral compression--impedes the tube's contribution to load-bearing capacity [43].