esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Analytical Prediction of Tunnel Deformation Beneath an Inclined Plane: Complex Potential Analysis
## 2 Tunnel Description Beneath a Slope  
The geometric representation of Figure 1 depicts a model of a shallow tunnel beneath an inclined plane (infinite domain) in a two-dimensional Cartesian plane with coordinates (\(x\),\(y\)); angle of inclination \(\beta\); a central axis of the tunnel \(o_{1}\); varying equilibrium depths \(h_{1}\) and \(h_{2}\) (left and right), respectively, where \(h\) is the central depth of the tunnel; and a radial distance from the tunnel axis \(r\). The tunnel boundary condition provides a compression force between the inner pressure \(p_{0}\) and the outer pressure \(p_{1}\) under the effect of the slope. Because the tunnel is excavated under a slope, the friction force \(F_{f}\) is considered (Figure 1). The Airy stress function (\(U\)) is used in two-dimensional functions to evaluate the asymmetric stress distribution on the ground surface. The general form of the solution is deduced from the biharmonic function term. Following the biharmonic function, we can obtain \(\
abla^{2}\
abla^{2}U=0\). The general equation resulting from the biharmonic function in the term of analytical function is written as follows:  
\[f_{(z)}=C+iD \tag{1}\]  
where \(f_{(z)}\) is the analytical function and \(C\) and \(D\) are real functions that satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann condition. A function \(\varphi(z)\) introduced by integrating \(f_{(z)}\), \(\varphi(z)\) can be written as follows: \(\varphi(z)=c+id\) with \(\partial\varphi/\partial z=\partial c/\partial x+i\partial d/\partial y=1/4(C +iD)\). Considering the function  
\[F=U=\frac{1}{2}(x-iy)(c+id)-\frac{1}{2}(x+iy)(c-id)=Re\left(\chi(z)\right) \tag{2}\]  
where \(\chi(z)\) is given in Appendix A, and \(x\) and \(y\) are shown in Appendix C, \(\chi(z)\) is another analytical function of \(z\) and the imaginary part \(\chi(z)\) can be denoted G, hence, \(\chi(z)=F+iG\). Following Equation (2), the Airy stress function can be redefined as (Figure 2):  
\[U=\frac{1}{2}\Big{(}\overline{z}\varphi(z)+\overline{z\overline{(z)}}+\chi(z )+\overline{\chi(z)}\Big{)} \tag{3}\]where Figure 2 is shown as follows: (a) uniform convergence, (b) ovalization, (c) translation movement and (d) final shape of the displacement. Equation (3) is a general formula of the biharmonic equation. Under the influence of the slope, the subsequent section will generate the stresses and displacements surrounding the tunnel.
# Electrical and Optical Properties of Laser-Induced Structural Modifications in PbSe Films
## 4 Conclusions  
The effect of laser irradiation on the electrical and optical characteristics of PbSe films was studied. Laser radiation exposure in the scanning mode led to a film structure modification and decrease in reflection by a factor of 7 compared with the untreated sample. The structure of the film after laser irradiation differs significantly from the untreated sample due to the redistribution of the material within the track when the melting temperature is reached in the region of the laser spot.  
Film structure laser modification led to a change in the sample's electrical characteristics. The value of the current after irradiation increased by more than 60% under an external voltage of 0.6 V, and by 40% when an external voltage of 4 V was applied. The resistance of the films after irradiation decreased by more than 10%.  
The band gap energy in the film after irradiation decreased from 1.50 eV to 1.33 eV. This decrease is due to the defect center's appearance in the film-modified regions, which increased the electron transition probability from the bound to the free state.  
The data obtained show that laser modification of films is a promising direction for improving electrical characteristics. In the future, it is possible to use modified chalcogenide films as sensors of organic substances, as well as in gas analysis applications.  
Conceptualization, A.A.O. and M.M.S.; methodology, A.A.O.; software, A.A.P.; validation, A.A.O., A.A.P. and M.M.S.; formal analysis, A.A.P.; investigation, A.A.P.; resources, A.A.P.; data curation, A.A.O.; writing--original draft preparation, A.A.O.; writing--review and editing, M.M.S.; visualization, A.A.O.; supervision, M.M.S.; project administration, A.A.O.; funding acquisition, M.M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant (project no. 19-79-10208).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
The current COVID-19 epidemic has again highlighted the importance of smart healthcare services that offer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment at a distance. Smart healthcare is not simply a technology improvement rather it provides multi-level and global changes in the healthcare arena. The smart healthcare is built around emerging technologies, such as cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, and big data [1]. IoT has become an essential component to fulfill the connectivity requirements of the current smart healthcare systems. IoT, in the healthcare context, is called the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT comprises medical devices connected to patients to sense their medical parameters and share that information with healthcare staff so that they may provide remote healthcare services. The IoMT security is an imperative need worthy of more research due to the need to safeguard the patient's sensitive information from exploitation [2]. To avoid such exploitation, and to ensure a high level of security, IoMT applications must maintain strict authentication schemes that prevent unauthorized access to patients' data, as well as the IoMT resources, and protect the entire system from various types of attacks [3,4]. Developing a strict authentication scheme within the IoMT context is challenging for three main reasons. First, IoMT devices are resource-constrained and cannot handle intensive computational and complex authentication procedures. Second, various IoMT products and vendors work through different platforms and protocols. Consequently, developing strict authentication requires deep knowledge of how different products, platforms, and protocols collectively work. Third, highly distributed IoMT devices that share medical data through the Internet make IoMT systems intrinsically prone to security violations.
# A Partitioned IRS-Aided Transmit SM Scheme for Wireless Communication
###### Abstract  
In this paper, we present a practical partitioned intelligent-reflecting-surface-aided transmit spatial modulation (PIRS-TSM) scheme, where spatial modulation is implemented at the transmitter and partitioning is conducted on the IRS to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) and reliability for multiple-input single-output (MISO) systems. The theoretical analysis of average bit error rate (ABER) based on maximum likelihood (ML) detection and the computational complexity analysis are provided. Experimental simulations demonstrate that the PIRS-TSM scheme obtains a significant ABER enhancement under the same SE compared to the existing partitioned IRS-aided transmit space shift keying or generalized space shift keying schemes by additionally carrying modulated symbols. Moreover, the system performances with different configurations of antenna numbers and symbol modulation orders under the same SE are investigated as a practical application reference.  
Keywords:partitioned intelligent reflecting surface (PIRS); spatial modulation (SM); spectral efficiency (SE); average bit error rate (ABER) +
Footnote †: journal: _Mathematics_
## 2 Methodology
### Code Generation and Compression
In this paper, the SNR gain can  
Figure 3: The BCG code pair modulated by sine wave. Figure 2: The process of generation and compression of the sequence of a Barker code combined with Golay code pair. be calculated based on \(A_{signal}\) as the main lobe of different methods intensity and \(A_{noise}\) is considered to be the main lobe of simple pulse intensity [14]. \[SNR=20 log_{10}(\frac{A_{signal}}{A_{noise}}) \tag{3}\]  
The PSL is a key parameter that describes a code's properties [26] and it can be calculated based on the peak (\(P_{peak}\)) and mean (\(P_{mean}\)) power of lobe pulse, as shown in Equation (4). \[PSL=20 log_{10}(\frac{P_{peak}}{P_{mean}}) \tag{4}\]  
The PSL of the different BCG code lengths are shown in Figure 4. The PSL will decrease as the length of Barker code or Golay code increases. Both the Barker code and Golay code pair are longer, then the PSL becomes smaller in theory. However, a longer length of the transmitted code with an increased transmission period that can affect the inspection resolution. Therefore, similar lengths of coded signals are compared to each other to investigate their performance in improving SNR. Figure 5a shows the comparison of theoretical intensities of nine types BCG codes. Figure 5b shows that a 3-bit Barker code combined with 4-bit Golay code that compared to simple pulse, 7-bit Barker code, 11-bit Barker code, 4-bit Golay code and 8-bit Golay code. When comparing these codes, the sequence of the BCG code has a significant superiority in terms of main lobe intensity improvement. It is clear that the SNR will increase as the length of the code increases from the results. In experiments, similar-length codes will be used as transmitted signals for the excitation of guided waves. Generally, narrowband signals are used in a 5-cycle or 10-cycle Hanning window [27]. In this paper, a simple sine signal is chosen to better compare the SNR gain with other coded waveform functions. Figure 4: The peak-side lobe level of different BCG codes from numerical simulations.
# Intelligent Transaction Scheduling to Enhance Concurrency in High-Contention Workloads
## 1 Introduction  
With the exponential growth of multicore architectures in modern servers, optimizing concurrency control (CC) has become a critical challenge for online transaction processing (OLTP) systems. As the demand for higher throughput and lower latency intensifies, efficiently scaling transaction processing across cores is essential for latency-sensitive applications such as financial trading, e-commerce, and distributed databases. However, the performance of these protocols degrades rapidly on workloads with high contention [1], where hot data items are frequently accessed and modified by many concurrent transactions. Existing approaches to addressing high-contention workloads can be broadly classified into two main paradigms:  
**1. Partition-based execution.** Partitioning techniques aim to colocate contention transactions within the same partition to minimize cross-partition communication and CC overhead. By assigning transactions to fixed threads or cores, partition-based strategies reduce inter-partition contention and facilitate execution with minimal coordination, making explicit CC mechanisms unnecessary in ideal deployment scenarios. However, they inherently limit intra-transaction concurrency and lack flexibility in the presence ofdynamic or skewed workloads. Moreover, many real-world workloads are not naturally partitionable [2; 3], which further constrains their applicability.
## 3 Results and Discussions
However, for the weld bead width there are lower S/N values that identify control factor settings that maximize the effects of the noise factors. Analyzing Figure 10, it is possible to conclude that to optimize the value of weld bead width it is preferable to choose the parameters combination of 20.8 V for the welding voltage, 53\({}^{\circ}\) for travel angle, and 180 A for the welding current. The difference found for the three different levels is notorious. Larger values of S/N ratio identify control factor settings that minimize the effects of noise factors. The same analysis for the width of the weld bead was carried out and the values presented in Table 8 were obtained. The total average of the S/N ratio is 2.05 dB. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**S/N Ratio Average (dB)**} \\ \multirow{2}{*}{**Symbol**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Welding**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Level 1**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Level 2**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Level 3**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Range**} \\  & **Parameters** & & & & \\ \hline A & V (V) & 11.55 & 8.32 & 4.36 & 7.19 \\ B & Travel Angle & & & & \\  & (\({}^{\circ}\)) & 7.93 & 10.74 & 5.56 & 5.18 \\ C & I (A) & 10.47 & 8.44 & 5.32 & 5.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: S/N ratio response for weld root penetration. Figure 10: S/N ratio vs. parameter levels for weld bead width. Once more, different mean values are observed for the different levels. However, for weld bead width there are lower S/N ratio values that identify control factor settings that maximize the effects of noise factors. The ANOVA analysis was then performed using the variables imposed by the Taguchi method and the mean values of the S/N ratio of the weld bead root penetration (Table 9) and weld bead width (Table 10). Where DF represents the degree of freedom, SQ the sum of squares, MQ the mean squares, and the F-value is the variance ratio F.  
Analyzing Tables 9 and 10, it is clear that for the width of the weld bead, the most significant parameter is the welding voltage, with 75.6%, followed by the welding current and travel angle, with 18.24% and 3.62% contribution, respectively. Regarding welding bead root penetration, welding voltage is the most significant parameter, with approximately 44%, followed by welding current and movement angle, with 22.61% and 22.55% contribution, respectively. Evaluating statistically, the \(p\)-Value for the weld bead with the value of welding voltage (A) is lower than 0.05, and thus, has a 95% significance level. Meanwhile, for weld bead root penetration the \(p\)-Value is 0.206, which, despite being higher than 0.05, could be acceptable for real industrial applications.
# Designing Parallel Adaptive Laplacian Smoothing for Improving Tetrahedral Mesh Quality on the GPU
## 5 Discussion
### Comparative Analysis of Mesh Quality  
To verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, we evaluated the quality of the original input mesh (Figure 13a), the mesh after ordinary Laplacian smoothing (Figure 13b), and the mesh after adaptive Laplacian smoothing (Figure 13b).The experimental results show that the mesh quality is significantly improved after adaptive Laplacian smoothing,  
Figure 11: Comparison of the running time in serial and parallel versions.  
Figure 12: Running time when using single block and multiple blocks.  
and the value of the aspect ratio of the mesh tetrahedrons is approximately 0.15 times higher than the input mesh overall.  
As shown in Figure 12(b), it should be noted that the ordinary Laplacian smoothing algorithm cannot improve the quality of tetrahedrones with a radius ratio between \(0\sim 0.2\), which leads to the quality distribution of the smoothing mesh not being continuous. It is clearly in Figure 12(b), there are approximately 2000 tetrahedrons with aspect ratios close to 0.0. However, the number of tetrahedrons with very poor quality in the input mesh is only approximately 1500, proving that the ordinary Laplacian mesh smoothing algorithm cannot improve the quality of very poor tetrahedrons.  
However, the proposed adaptive algorithm in this paper is very obvious for improving the tetrahedrons with very poor quality, and the quantity of these tetrahedrons was reduced to approximately 1000. As shown in Figure 12(c), the tetrahedron mesh quality after adaptive smoothing is relatively continuous. Therefore, the adaptive Laplacian smoothing algorithm for tetrahedral mesh proposed in this paper is very efficient to mesh tetrahedrons with very poor quality, which also means that the proposed algorithm in this paper has a wider range of applications.  
Figure 13: Statistical distribution of the tetrahedral mesh quality.
# Effects of Heavy Rainfall on Shallow Foundations in Bukit Timah Granite in Singapore
## 2 Methodology
### Estimation of Unsaturated Elastic Modulus  
Soil properties are affected by the degree of saturation and matric suction of the soil. Rainfall infiltration into dry soil increases the degree of saturation and reduces the matric suction, along with the increased shear strength and stiffness that stems from the high matric suction. As such, in a study of rainfall infiltration into soils, it is important to estimate and compare the stiffness of the soils before, during and after rainfall  
A semi-empirical model by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] is able to predict the modulus of elasticity with respect to the matric suction of the soil.  
\[E_{i(unsat)}=E_{i(sat)}\left[1+\alpha\frac{u_{a}-u_{w}}{p_{a}/101.3}S^{\beta}\right] \tag{4}\]  
The model was developed using the SWCC and the saturated elastic modulus of the soil, along with fitting parameters \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\). The terms \(E_{i(unsat)}\) and \(E_{i(sat)}\) are the initial unsaturated and saturated tangent elastic modulus, respectively. \(p_{a}\) is the atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa), while \(S\) is the degree of saturation. In the equation, the parameters \(\alpha\) and \(S^{\beta}\) control the non-linear variation of the unsaturated elastic modulus. When the soil reaches residual saturation conditions, the degree of saturation approaches, while the matric suction (\(u_{a}-u_{w}\)) increases to larger numbers. In this study, the \(E_{i(unsat)}\) is found using the \(\alpha\) factor of 0.1, and the \(\beta\) factor of 2.0. The \(\alpha\) factor is a function of the plasticity index of the soil, and the \(\beta\) can be either 1.0 for coarse-grained soils, or 2.0 for fine-grained soils. The matric suction and degree of saturation were obtained from the FEM model for consistency with the simulated results. The SIGMA/W software was unable to implement this model to simulate the changes in stiffness with regard to the change in matric suction under rainfall infiltration. However, a comparison was made in a further section of the study, where the simulated SIGMA/W results were compared against a calculated empirical settlement, using this model as a determinant for soil stiffness.
# Improved DeepSORT Algorithm Based on Multi-Feature Fusion
## 2 Analysis of Related Algorithms
### Feature Pyramid Network  
In the process of pedestrian multi-target tracking, pedestrian feature extraction in a complex environment faces many external factors. Pedestrians in the same frame tend to have different sizes. Using the same feature extractor for pedestrians of different sizes will often cause some smaller pedestrian targets to lose a lot of detailed information, which is not conducive for good appearance matching in the tracking process.  
A Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) [15] combines features from multiple levels to output the final feature map. It is named the feature pyramid network because of its pyramid-like structure and appearance. FPN is widely used in target detection, semantic segmentation, behavior recognition and other fields. Because of the feature fusion at different levels, the output feature map has multi-layer semantic information, which can extract a variety of semantic information when extracting multi-target pedestrian features. The network structure is shown in Figure 1.  
From Figure 1 of FPN network structure, it can be seen that when feature extraction is performed in the backbone network, output features \(C_{0},C_{1},C_{2}\) of different levels of feature information is finally fused by top-down fusion of feature maps. When extracting pedestrian target features, feature size has a great influence on the expression of pedestrian feature information. Using different depths of network structure to extract pedestrian appearance information with different sizes has different accuracy. Fusing pedestrian appearance feature information extracted from different network depths can reduce the differences in feature information caused by scale changes in the matching process [16]. At the same time, a shallow feature extraction network is very sensitive to location information, while a deep feature extraction network is sensitive to appearance information [17]. Combining these two different advantages can perfectly improve the probability of successful pedestrian detection and track-matching in the tracking process.
## 6 Conclusions  
The presented work proposes the envelope spectral indicator combining the vibration energy of the bearing fault characteristic frequencies to closely represent the bearing degradation state, and utilizes the extended Kalman filter algorithm for the degradation state estimation given only a few ESI observations about the fault detection time. The proposed ESI is formulated based on the bearing FCF components in the averaged envelope spectrum, which is enhanced against the random noise through the PSD of the envelope signal segments. The ESI is beneficial in representing the latent deterioration condition of rolling-element bearings as the constituting components of the ESI are solely related to the bearing defects. This indicates that the ESI is free of the interference from the synchronous speed component and the fault components arising from the coupled mechanical structures such as rotors and gear pairs. Along with the computation of ESI, the bearing fault can be efficiently identified through the spectral inspection of the averaged envelope spectrum.  
On the above basis, the early RUL prediction approach for REBs is achieved based on the combination of ESI and EKF. Once the fault is detected in the bearing, only a small number of the ESI observations from the early degradation process are employed for degradation state estimation and end-of-life time prediction. The predictive performance is validated on the public experimental vibration data measured from a bearing rig. The thorough results and observations presented have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method for predicting the RUL of rolling bearings even at the early stage of degradation. Therefore, by enabling the early detection and prediction of RUL, the proposed method may foster more efficient and cost-effective maintenance practices and is identified as having great potential to optimize predictive maintenance strategies for engineering practice.  
Conceptualization, H.W., L.Z. and J.K.S.; methodology, software, writing--original draft preparation, H.W.; resources, supervision, project administration, L.Z. and J.K.S.; writing--review and editing, H.W., L.Z. and J.K.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The XJTU-SY bearing dataset studied in this paper is available through link [[https://biaowang.tech/xjtu-sy-bearing-datasets/](https://biaowang.tech/xjtu-sy-bearing-datasets/)]([https://biaowang.tech/xjtu-sy-bearing-datasets/](https://biaowang.tech/xjtu-sy-bearing-datasets/)), accessed on 27 October 2023.  
[PERSON] acknowledges the financial support jointly provided by the University of Manchester and the China Scholarship Council (CSC).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.