## 4 Results
### Multiple Regression Models
In regions such as Yuhua District and Wangcheng District, a positive correlation between transportation facility density and walkability scores is observed, reflecting the positive association between transportation convenience, regional prosperity, and the completeness of service facilities. However, in Furong District and the southwestern part of Wangcheng District, the density of transportation facilities within the 5-min and 15-min walking thresholds shows a significant negative correlation with walkability scores (\(p<0.01\)). This anomaly may stem from these areas' greater emphasis on non-walking transportation modes, leading to reduced land use density and dispersed service facilities, thereby negatively impacting the quality of the walking environment. The relationship between road proportion and walkability scores demonstrates substantial scale dependency. At the 5-min living circle scale, road proportion shows a substantial positive association with walkability scores in Kaifu District, the western part of Changsha County, and Yuelu District, while it shows a negative impact in Tianxin District. Within a 10-min walking range, Wangcheng District and Kaifu District display distinct spatial clustering characteristics. Notably, within a 15-min walking range, the areas with a negative  
Figure 6: Spatial distributions of local coefficients (5 min life circle) and t-value with significantly <90%. correlation between road proportion and walkability significantly increase and become more spatially dispersed, indicating that merely increasing road proportion does not necessarily enhance walkability. This phenomenon may arise from the expansion of motor vehicle lanes compressing pedestrian space, thereby reducing walking comfort and safety. The relationship between SVF and walkability scores also exhibits a complex spatial differentiation pattern. Within a 5-min walking threshold, Tianxin District shows a significant positive correlation, while Wangcheng District, Changsha County, and Kaifu District display negative correlations. This phenomenon may stem from the fact that in areas with lower facility density, increased SVF (indicating more open spaces) extends walking distances for older adults, thereby negatively impacting walkability scores. As the walking range expands, the negative correlation areas tend to spread from the city center to the periphery, particularly in central urban areas such as Furong District, under the 15-min threshold. This spatial configuration reveals an inherent contradiction between high-density urban development and open space provision: In hyper-intensive urban centers, sufficient open spaces often conflict with dense service facility distribution, ultimately constraining their potential to enhance pedestrian environments. At the 5-min walking threshold, the building space ratio in Furong District does not show a significant correlation with walkability scores (\(p>0.05\)), which may be related to the district's unique attributes as a traditional old urban area of Changsha. As the city's core area, Furong District boasts relatively well-developed infrastructure and service facilities, resulting in an overall high-quality walking environment. This generally superior walking condition may mitigate the impact of building space ratio on walkability at short-distance scales. However, as the spatial scale expands, a significant positive correlation between building space ratio and walkability scores emerges at the 10-min walking threshold (\(p<0.05\)). This suggests that, within a moderate walking range, an increased building space ratio contributes to the formation of a more comprehensive walking environment. Figure 7: Spatial distributions of local coefficients (10 min life circle) and t-value with significantly <90%. Notably, the urban area on the west side of the Xiangjiang River exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, with building space ratio and walkability scores showing a clear positive association.