# V2X Communications in Highway Environments: Scheduling Challenges and Solutions for 6G Networks
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, inconsistent coverage can lead to communication gaps, making it difficult to deliver real-time services. 3. Latency and Reliability Requirements: Several advanced V2N UCs, such as autonomous driving, are time-sensitive and require ultra-low-latency communication. Achieving this on highways, where vehicles travel faster and connectivity can vary, is challenging. Therefore, latency issues could lead to delayed information transfer, potentially compromising the safety-critical applications. 4. Interference and Scalability: With hundreds or thousands of vehicles on a busy highway, the network can experience congestion and interference. This can affect the communication reliability and range of signals, especially when vehicles are in close proximity. Moreover, network overload can reduce the quality of service, leading to dropped messages, errors in communication, or insufficient bandwidth for V2X applications. 5. Cross-Border and Cross-Vendor Integration: Highways often span multiple jurisdictions or regions with different infrastructure providers, communication standards, and regulations. This creates challenges in ensuring seamless V2X service across borders. Furthermore, the lack of standardization or compatibility between regionsor vendors can result in communication failures when vehicles cross into areas with different technologies, creating safety risks or service disruptions. * Security and Privacy Concerns: V2X communication involves exchanging sensitive data such as location, speed, and vehicle status. Securing this data against hacking or tampering is vital, particularly in highway settings where malicious attacks could have widespread consequences, such as interfering with traffic management or misleading vehicles, potentially causing accidents or disrupting services. * High Infrastructure Costs: Deploying V2X infrastructure (such as roadside units, smart traffic signals, and communication towers) along long stretches of highways is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, the high cost of deployment and maintenance can delay or limit the implementation of V2X systems, particularly in regions with low traffic density where the return on investment is uncertain. * Data Management and Processing: V2X applications generate massive amounts of data, particularly on highways. Processing, analyzing, and managing this data in real time poses a challenge concerning computational power and data storage. Without efficient data management systems, delays in processing or data overload could hinder V2X applications. * Environmental Factors: Weather conditions (rain, fog, snow, etc.) can interfere with the communication signals and sensors used in V2X systems, particularly on open highways where exposure to the elements is greater. Therefore, the effectiveness of V2X communication is reduced, causing delays or inaccuracies in critical information like road hazard warnings or accident notifications. * Legacy Infrastructure: Many highways are equipped with older infrastructure that may not be easily upgraded to support V2X technologies, such as roadside units (RSUs) or smart traffic systems. Integrating V2X technology with legacy systems can be complex and expensive, leading to delays in widespread deployment. Addressing these challenges will require coordinated efforts by the main involved organizations in technology development, infrastructure investment, regulatory harmonization, and standardization to fully realize the benefits of V2X in highway environments. Although our previous work [7] provided significant insights into the impact of an improved scheduling mechanism for V2N communications, several points of the Scheduler Optimized for VANET (SOVANET) could be further improved. The improved version of the scheduler, called SOVANET+, overprovisions resources on all vehicles performing critical services despite their channel conditions according to well-defined metrics, which minimizes the waste of resources due to unnecessary overprovisioning, especially under bad channel conditions.