The new advances of IIOT (Industrial Internet of Things), together with the progress in visual computing technologies, are being addressed by the research community with interesting approaches and results in the Industry 4.0 domain. IIOT, industry 4.0, smart factories, and many other related concepts are nowadays a hot topic in industry, far beyond the initial demonstrations and initiatives that started years ago in policy-making, exhibition fairs, and journals. The applied science community is now very active in the context of helping companies and industries, which realize that the connectivity, transmission, curation, storage, analysis and use of data, together with an advanced visual computing technologies, such as visual analytics, intelligent computer vision, and graphics, can empower day-to-day production, processes, final product quality, and post-sale services. The discoveries of new possibilities in the horizontal value chain between different actors factors, the vertical dimension of improving efficiency and productivity in the smart factory, and the end-to-end dimension of considering the full lifecycle (including service) in the re-design of products, are the most relevant Industry 4.0 aspects addressed. The present special issue involves research groups with interesting contributions in fields such as artificial vision, data analytics, smart factories and case studies, technology surveillance, and other topics closely related to the new industrial revolution. Some authors such as [PERSON] et al. [1], focus on macroeconomic indicators. The role of public-private collaboration is also tackled in [2], because new research and development approaches can be applied in a regional agenda, like in the case of the German Industrie 4.0 program, the Industria 4.0 Italian program, the French Alliance Industrie du Futur, the Basque Industry 4.0 strategy, and other regional and international initiatives. All levels of current factories from layout, production scheduling, and even marketing can be affected [3]. [PERSON] et al. [4] analyses the South Korea scenario. One enabling technology in Industry 4.0 is cyber-physical systems (CPS) and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). In [5] an interesting approach is presented on low-cost solutions that may cover several needs in machine monitoring without complex hardware. More complex and complete hardware and software solutions are studied in [6, 7]. The criteria for selection of maintenance operators are presented in [8]. The capacity adjustment of job shop manufacturing systems is addressed using the advanced control strategy of Operator Theory in [9]. Predictive analytic models are addressed by [10] with a good survey on feature set reduction. In [11], an optimization strategy is presented for a cutting insert using ANNs and a Genetic Algorithm\(\parallel\)  
It is interesting to note that several contributions are related to the emergence of new types of _services_ directly related to Industry 4.0 concepts. In [7], authors propose a PLC as a smart _service_ in Industry 4.0 for non-critical processes. [PERSON] et al. [12] proposes an end-to-end connection between industrial machines and their actual market demand using IT platforms. [PERSON] [13] proposes a bridge between the BIM (Bulding Information Modeling) specifications in the construction industry to the related services in the design of configure-to-order services for construction equipment. A marketing perspective is also given by [3] to address the impact on current enterprises of the new Industry 4.0 technologies. Regarding visual computing solutions, it is interesting to note that eight papers addressed how computer vision techniques, with the support of new artificial intelligence algorithms, can have direct and straightforward benefits in specific industrial application scenarios. Indeed, Industry 4.0 solutions also focus on bringing a higher degree of intelligence for production problems.