# Study on Impact Process of a Large LNG Tank Container for Trains
## 1 Introduction
By extending the semi-analytical scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM), which makes use of the benefits of both the boundary element (BEM) and finite element methods, [PERSON] et al. [16] developed a method to study the effect of various baffles on liquid oscillations in partially filled rigid toroidal tanks (FEM). [PERSON] et al. [17] studied the statically and dynamically finite element modeling of the tank container for road and rail environments. A new modular tank and frame were developed and constructed using the FEA results. In order to explore the non-linear dynamic behavior of partially filled tank vehicles under large-amplitude liquid sloshing, [PERSON] et al. [18] introduced a novel methodology. Analysis and comparison of the non-linear dynamic behaviors of the tank vehicle subjected to liquid sloshing and the excitations produced by uneven roads was carried out. [PERSON] et al. [19] devised a numerical technique for estimating the impact pressure based on the contact algorithm on the backdrop grid and extended the material point method (MPM) to handle the dynamic behavior of liquid sloshing in a moving container. To explore liquid sloshing with low liquid depth, [PERSON] et al. [20] carried out a series of tests encompassing the lowest three natural frequencies of rolling coupled pitching. [PERSON] [21] simulated the sloshing flow in two-dimensional and three-dimensional liquid containers using the finite difference method. Experimental, analytical and numerical studies of the perforation process were conducted by [PERSON] et al. [22] to investigate the ballistic characteristics of aluminum alloys at different temperatures and dynamic loading. The results show that the energy absorbed during perforation is quasiconstant for the studied range of velocities (up to 121 m/s) and using conical shaped projectile, the average value was 26 J at room temperature and decreased to the average of 18 J at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [23] analyzed the process of perforation of steel sheet based on different projectile nose shape, finding the ballistic limit and failure modes for each kind of projectile. In addition, a non-linear increase in the ballistic limit with thickness of the plate was noticed and a decrease in the numbers of petals with the conical projectile angle was observed. [PERSON] et al. [24] studied tensile tests and the process of perforation of aluminum alloy AW5005 sheets based on experimental, analytical and numerical methods. In addition, different failure criteria were discussed, coupling numerical and experimental analyses for a wide range of strain rates. It was found from above review that few studies were addressed on the impact of large LNG tank containers for trains. However, in engineering, the capacity to endure railway impact has been considered as a design and quality control criterion for tank containers. In this paper, impact process of a large LNG tank container for trains was studied by performing experiments and numerical simulations. Impact force with induced stress and deformation on the container especially on the frame was investigated and LNG sloshing inside the container was simulated.