## 3 Methodology
### Community Mapping  
The perception of the community regarding the potential risks, disaster preparedness and risk mitigation strategies was captured through a participatory community mapping exercise. This activity was conducted on 6 August 2017, and involved 10 individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds, all of which were residents of the sites surveyed (see Figure 5). Participants were between 35 to 72 years of age, though only one was male (it was particularly difficult to get males to attend this activity, which represents a potential limitation of the study. It is also worth noting how women appear to have a greater perception of the risks that can result from natural hazards than men [49]).  
Figure 4: Results from tsunami simulations [46]. (**a**) Inundation heights. Thick black line represents the coastline, with thin lines showing contour lines at every 5 m ground elevation. (**b**) Tsunami waveform at the virtual gauge G (See Figure 4a).  
The 10 participants were divided into 2 groups of 5 members, and two facilitators were allocated to each group. The entire area of Chanaral is about 2.5 km \(\times\) 4 km, which is small enough for community members to understand the entire layout of the city and be able to provide insights about how it works. The authors documented the entire mapping process using video and audio recorders. This information provided valuable knowledge about the victim's experience during the workshop, allowing a deeper understanding of their needs, feelings, and experiences in these emergency situations.  
At first, participants were first asked to draw a sketch map of their territory on a blank A4 sheet of paper to elucidate what they considered to be important locations in the area in a post-disaster situation, with minimum guidance or supporting maps (see Figure 6). This drawing was used to identify the participants' subjective view of the area, in order to see what the community found significant in the aftermath of a disaster.  
In the second step, the participants were given an A0 size printed satellite map of the area, and other stationery and drawing tools. After defining the legends for each mapping exercise, participants were requested to identify and indicate five different elements associated with the natural and anthropogenic hazards the community is facing. These 5 elements were:  
1. Tsunami hazard areas. Participants were asked to identify areas which were at risk of suffering from a tsunami.
2. Flood hazard areas. Participants were asked to identify areas that could suffer damage due to river flooding, according to their past experiences and risk perceptions.
3. Critical infrastructure/cultural centers and other important buildings in the area. Infrastructure (building, roads, services etc.) which is critical to maintain the minimum requirements for the  
Figure 5: Occupation and demographic characteristics of the participants of the community mapping exercise.  
Figure 6: Community mapping workshop. Exercise 2–Satellite Map: **(a)** Group 1, **(b)** Group 2.  
community to continue to function during and after the disaster was considered to be the critical infrastructure. The participants were also asked to indicate any other important location which can be used for helping the community recover from a disaster.
4. Safe zones, evacuation centers and evacuation routes. Participants were asked to identify the location of safe zones and the routes to reach them.
5. Contaminated areas. Many areas of Chanaral city and the nearby coastline were contaminated by mining residues that have been carried by the river floods, particularly during the last two flooding events in 2015 and 2017. The participants were asked to indicate the extent of the contaminated areas.