## 3 General Findings
### Key Findings Addressing the Research Questions  
#### 3.2.1 Potential Theories, Frameworks/Models Used for the BIS Research  
The result analysis shows; the identified articles have utilized a broad array of theories, frameworks, and models to investigate the significant determinants for the BIS adoption and acceptance. It is found that a total of 8 theories, models and frameworks were frequently used for the BIS adoption/acceptance in the research field. The majority of the studies have used diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory (48.50%), technology organization environment (TOE) framework (35.40%) and institutional theory (32.25%) regarding the BIS adoption in the literature, while for the BIS acceptance; unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) (12.90%), theory of planned behavior (TPB) (9.67%) and technology acceptance model (TAM) (9.67%) are deployed frequently. DOI, institutional theory, resource-based view (RBV) and TOE were used for BIS adoption at firm level and UTAUT, TPB, and TAM were used for BIS acceptance at an individual level. Many researchers applied DOI for the BIS research at both individual level and organizational level [74]. (DOI) theory formulated by [PERSON] in which he claimed that the rate of adoption of any innovations is influenced majorly by five determinants: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability [87]. [PERSON] explained further that relative advantage, observability, trialability and compatibility are normally related positively with the innovation adoption rate but complexity is mostly related negatively with the adoption rate [87]. However, previous studies revealed that researchers have emphasized more on technology compatibility, relative advantage, and technology complexity as the main antecedents to innovations adoption [62; 73; 88]. TOE is the most utilized framework/model for BIS adoption in selected studies. The TOE framework was developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 1990. They have introduced the dimensions by which organizations adopt and implement new technologies [66]. It has three dimensions that influence the adoption of technological innovation within organization [62]. These three dimensions reveal opportunities as well as challenges for the adoption of any innovation. Technological dimension includes internal and external technologies that may comprise both tools and processes which are essential to the organization [73]. Organizational dimension includes the firms' size, degree of scope, degree of centralization, number of slack resources (e.g., human and other resources), managerial  
Figure 5: Sector-wise distribution of articles. structure of organization, and environmental dimension consists of industry structure, size, the macroeconomic context, the competitors, and government policies/regulations etc. [67; 73]. A large number of studies have selected this framework to describe the BIS adoptions as shown by Table 5.  
Institutional theory is also the most deployed theory after the DOI and TOE [73; 79]. Organizations operate in an environment that is influenced by economic, socio-political, and technological pressures which gives rise to institutional isomorphism [89; 90; 91]. Generally, institutional theory comprises three different kinds of institutional isomorphism which are, coercive, mimetic, and normative [92]. Coercive isomorphism refers to both formal and informal pressures deployed in the firm by other firms including policies and regulations of government. Mimetic isomorphism refers to the pressures that imitate the organizations by others to adopt innovation in the same industry. Normative isomorphism is a powerful force that relates to the professionalization of the industry, defined as \"the collective effort of members of the profession to decide the condition and methods of their professional work; to dictate the production of future specialists with basics and legitimacy of their professional autonomy [92].