# The Campus as a Smart City: University of Malaga Environmental, Learning, and Research Approaches
## 3 UMA IoT and Telecommunication Infrastructure
### Testbed on IoT and RATs--UMAIoT/RAT  
As a natural extension of the pre-existent Smart-Campus infrastructure and the UMAHetNet, a wide IoT deployment has been defined in order to serve as a testbed for both IoT and associated RATs--The UMAIoT/RAT testbed. This infrastructure revolves around multiple objectives. First, it widely extends the number and variety of the available sensors and actuators in the campus by including additional IoT nodes. These are expected to provide a general boost to all the activities and lines of the Smart-Campus. Secondly, it implements a testbed for telecommunications research in the field of radio IoT-specific technologies--LoRa [31], Sigfox [32] and Zigbee [33], plus Wi-Fi and LTE--Fitting into the general scheme already put in place for the UMAHetNet and the previous IoT deployments. Thirdly, it provides the means to integrate all pre-existent infrastructures of the campus into a common monitoring platform. The architecture of this Smart-Campus IoT testbed was designed based on three main levels corresponding to the SAD, RAT, and OAM layers of the framework proposed in Figure 5 and formed by sensors connected to IoT nodes, gateways that provide connectivity to them, and a third level where a centralized platform gathers and processes all the data, where it can be accessed by the users from the above ARL layer. The sensor network is based on the \"Waspmote\" OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) technology from Libelium [34]. These modes are compatible with a wide variety of sensors, and they provide a fair amount of flexibility, halfway between what would be a prototyping approach (typically based on Arduino, Raspberry Pi, Edison, etc.) and a solution oriented to production environments. In this way, the infrastructure is provided from the start with a wide set of programming libraries, specific use-case assembled nodes, as well as fully functional development Software Development Kit (SDK). This prevents the need for long integration and development periods and allows its immediate use for research, teaching, and Smart-Campus management. The more than 120 IoT nodes included in the infrastructure cover a wide variety of configurations of sensors and actuators for different applications: agriculture (terrain temperature/humidity, pyranometer, trunk diameter), events (presence + light + temperature/humidity/pressure [THP] + ON/OFF actuator), gases (CH\({}_{4}\), O\({}_{3}\), CO, SO\({}_{2}\), NO\({}_{2}\), air pollutants, THP), air particles, radiation, and parking. To support the research on multi-RAT protocols and algorithms [35], which is one of the main objectives of this testbed, the modes are equipped with two radio-shield interfaces with different reconfigurable combinations of Wi-Fi, LoRa, LTE, Sigfox, and Zigbee (see Table 2). Spare radio frequency (RF) shields are also available, allowing for quick reconfiguration of the nodes given the experimenter's needs. Figure 8: UMAHetNet learning access scheme. Following a capillary approach, these nodes connect to different gateways, although P2P connections between the motes are also possible for some of the RATs (Zigbee, Sigfox). The more common gateways are Meshlium, also a solution from Libelium [36]. These contain different radio interfaces for the communication with the motes, including Wi-Fi (at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) and Zigbee. For the backhaul from the Meshliums to the rest of the network, Ethernet or cellular communications (4G/3G/2G) can be used. Apart from this, one LoRaWAN gateway is also deployed in the campus (estimated range > 15 km). The Sigfox coverage is provided by a telecommunication operator, while the LTE is given by the UMAHetNet. All the data collected by the nodes are stored on a management and open-data platform deployed at UMA server facilities. This platform is based on web tools, and it is designed to have a full set of management, monitoring, and control functions for IoT services.