## 3 Business Process Reengineering (BPR)  
Business Process Reengineering (BPR) refers to the radical redesign of business processes to achieve significant improvements in critical performance measures, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. In contrast, business process redesign (BPD) tends to involve more incremental changes aimed at improving existing processes without a complete overhaul. This manuscript, while incorporating aspects of redesign, fundamentally operates within the BPR framework, focusing on transformative change rather than mere optimization. Effective Business Process Management (BPM) implementation, particularly in the context of Business Process Reengineering (BPR), demands a structured, strategic approach to address challenges, such as resistance to change, resource constraints, and institutional inertia. Building on [22] and synthesizing best practices from recent studies [18; 20], this research proposes a comprehensive BPM lifecycle framework (Figure 1) tailored to higher education institutions (HEIs). The framework integrates five iterative phases--process design, modeling, optimization, implementation, and continuous improvement--to align workflows with strategic objectives while fostering adaptability in dynamic environments. Process Strategy and Selection: This phase focuses on identifying and prioritizing processes with the highest impact on organizational performance. Key activities include analyzing organizational goals, conducting data-driven assessments (e.g., cost-benefit analysis, process impact assessments), and engaging key stakeholders to ensure alignment and resource allocation. The outcome is a prioritized list of processes for improvement, maximizing resource utilization. Process Modeling: This phase aims to create a detailed map of existing workflows (\"AS-IS\" model) to understand current operations and identify inefficiencies. Utilizing standardized notations like BPMN 2.0 ensures consistent and clear documentation. Engaging process owners and stakeholders is crucial for capturing tacit knowledge and ensuring  
Figure 1: Business Process Reengineering framework. model accuracy. Quantitative and qualitative analysis identifies bottlenecks, redundancies, and non-value-adding activities. Process Redesign and Optimization: This phase focuses on reimagining workflows to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and strategic alignment. Design principles, such as Lean, Six Sigma, or Agile, are applied to streamline and optimize processes, resulting in \"TO-BE\" models. Defining clear roles, responsibilities, and accountability is essential. Simulation tools can be employed to test the feasibility and performance of redesigned processes before implementation. Process Implementation and Training: This phase involves deploying the redesigned processes and ensuring successful adoption. A detailed implementation plan, including timelines, resources, and risk mitigation strategies, is developed. Training sessions equip employees with the necessary skills and knowledge. Effective change management strategies are implemented to address resistance and foster buy-in. Process Monitoring and Continuous Improvement: This final phase ensures sustained performance through ongoing monitoring and iterative adjustments. Key activities include establishing performance metrics and KPIs, utilizing process monitoring tools and dashboards, conducting periodic reviews, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement. This framework offers several key benefits:  
* Strategic Alignment: Ensures process improvements directly support organizational goals. * Holistic Understanding: Combines detailed modeling with iterative improvement for both immediate and long-term gains. * Stakeholder Engagement: Promotes ownership and reduces resistance to change through continuous involvement. * Adaptability: Provides a flexible approach applicable across diverse contexts.