## 1 Introduction  
Among various types of natural soils, sand stands as the predominant resource, with an annual consumption of approximately five billion tons [1]. Its widespread utilization encompasses crucial sectors such as road engineering [2] and foundation construction [3], among others. Nevertheless, owing to its inherently loose structure, extensive interparticle voids, and limited cohesive properties, sand is regarded as a problematic soil medium that cannot be employed directly in engineering construction projects. In the absence of proper mitigation measures, a high proportion of loose sandy subsoil in the foundation can give rise to insufficient bearing capacity, consequently triggering a cascade of challenges including building inclination, roadbed settlement, and slope instability [4, 5]. It is imperative to implement appropriate measures for the treatment of sand to mitigate these issues effectively. The prevalent techniques employed for the stabilization of sand can be broadly classified into mechanical stabilization and chemical curing [6]. Mechanical stabilization entails the employment of machinery, such as road rollers and vibratory compacts, to compact the sand and enhance its density. On the other hand, chemical curing involves the introduction of external agents that trigger physical or chemical reactions, thereby imparting a certain level of strength to the sand. Mechanical stabilization exhibits drawbacks including difficulties in equipment transportation, high noise levels, significant energy consumption, and extended construction periods. Compared with mechanical stabilization,utilizing curing agents for soil stabilization presents several benefits including shorter construction periods, lower consumption, and minimal environmental impact. The primary curing agents employed for sand stabilization encompass lime [7; 8; 9], bio-enzymes [10; 11; 12], and polymers [13; 14; 15]. The application of lime as a curing agent in engineering projects is often hindered by challenges including high consumption rates, elevated transportation costs, and relatively low early-age strength [16]. The utilization of bio-enzymes as curing agents poses challenges, such as the instability of their effects and the significant influence of environmental factors on the solidification efficacy [17; 18]. Polymer-based curing agents present notable advantages, such as minimal dosing requirement, convenient transportation, simplified application process, and steadfast efficacy [19; 20]. [PERSON] et al. [21] conducted a study on the reinforcement of sand using different types of short fibers and organic polymer, revealing that the incorporation of composite materials exerts a substantial influence on the strength and modulus. [PERSON] et al. [22] developed a novel sand-fixing curing agent and substantiated its outstanding mechanical properties through rigorous experimental validation. Previous studies have primarily focused on non-epoxy-based polymers, with comparatively limited investigations conducted on polymers incorporating epoxy functional groups. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [23] reveals that the introduction of oxygen atoms into polymer molecules exhibits a substantial enhancement in their adsorption energy. Meanwhile, epoxy polymers are characterized by the presence of two or more epoxy groups, and they find extensive application as curing agents for polymeric materials owing to their outstanding cohesive properties, corrosion resistance, and rheological characteristics [24; 25]. Notable examples of epoxy polymers encompass the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy resin (DGEBA), the diglycidyl ether of 4,4'-dihydroxy diphenyl sulfone (DGEDDS), and aliphatic epoxidation of olefin resin (AEOR), among others. In light of the foregoing, it is evident that the existing body of research predominantly revolves around non-epoxy-based polymers, with a relative scarcity of investigations specifically targeting the curing aspects of epoxy polymers.