## 1 Introduction  
Liquid bulk refers to goods with flowing and semi-flowing states. Such goods include crude oil, petroleum derivatives, and liquid chemical raw materials. A large amount of crude oil and refined oil products passing through ports consists of flammable liquids. The liquid chemical raw materials that are often transported by water mainly include acids (such as sulfuric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. ), alkalis (such as liquid alkali, etc. ), alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol), and benzene (such as phenol, etc.). Most liquid chemical raw materials are corrosive but are generally weaker than petrochemical products in terms of flammability and explosion. Therefore, there is a significant difference between liquid bulk ports and other ports. After World War II, with the beginning of large-scale industry, industrial and oil ports were built and developed in the second half of the 20 th century. Large ports were constructed near industrial areas. The heavy industry and petroleum industry divisions required enormous load capacities, were directly connected to ports, and could not be limited by shape, length, and load units. The operations of the described second-generation ports were determined by the iron and steel industry, petrochemical industry, and other large industries, as defined by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development [1]. The technical features of large industries are as follows: they have a large yard close to the port, as well as an oil terminal with a complex security system, serving as the starting point of oil pipelines or power grids. The transportation system of ships, harbors, and pipelineshas become a key support for the oil trade [2]. The formation of cargo flow routes at liquid terminals mainly depends on the extraction of goods and the global supply chain demand of goods [3; 4]. The worldwide maritime trade was analyzed from the perspective of direct and indirect impacts, as well as consistency in oil trade flows [5]. The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasted that the global petroleum requirement will peak in 2028, reaching about 105.7 million barrels per day. The oil demand for combustible fossil fuels (excluding biofuels, fossil fuels, and other non-energy-related uses) will average 81.6 million barrels per day in 2028. The growth in oil demand is influencing transportation trends and the development of oil terminals. Detailed data on this topic are shown in Table 1.  
The data in Table 1 come from the report _Oil 2023 Analysis and Forecast to 2028_ published by the IEA; the units used are mb/d (million barrels per day). In the transportation of liquid cargo, the liquid terminal is a crucial transit point due to liquid cargo's flammability, explosivity, and corrosivity, and most of the research on liquid terminals published at home and abroad focuses on safety issues regarding the storage process and environmental pollution around the terminal. Petroleum hydrocarbons are an important new type of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Inevitably, liquid terminals have become primary risk factors for petroleum pollution at sea [6]. Pipelines (spanning long distances) are an important mode of transportation for liquid petroleum and gas and are vital to the economies of plenty of countries. Pipelines and the environment can affect each other, causing some hazards. As a result of the harsh utilization environment involved, a significant threat of corrosion surrounds liquid petroleum and gas pipelines. The safe operation of pipelines can be ensured by accounting for the reasonable predictability of corrosion. The corrosion of liquid oil and gas pipelines can be predicted by traditional electromagnetic drive and mechanistic drive models, but the application conditions of these models are complex, the calculations are large, and the models need to be further improved [7]. Long-distance pipelines buried in special climate areas will inevitably be affected by geological disasters, resulting in the displacement, bending, or deformation of pipelines [8].