# Research of Park and Ride Parking Spaces Tiered Pricing Methodology Based on Subway Ride Distance
## 1 Introduction  
The expansion of urbanization and economic growth has given rise to an escalating need for travel, thereby magnifying the urgency of resolving transportation challenges in many cities. This predicament is particularly pronounced within urban core zones, where severe road congestion and a dearth of parking spaces significantly impede daily routines. The P&R travel paradigm, initially introduced by American scholar [PERSON] as a strategic demand management tool, encourages commuters to initially drive to city peripheral transfer parking facilities before seamlessly transitioning to subway or bus services for the following journey. This approach aims to curtail the volume of inner-city car trips, thereby alleviating traffic congestion and ameliorating the strain on parking resources. The travel illustration is shown in Figure 1. Conclusive findings from academic investigations conducted in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong underscore the practicalefficacy of the P&R model in ameliorating traffic congestion [1; 2; 3]. A striking illustration can be observed in Oxford, where the establishment of a P&R system has elicited a notable 20% reduction in vehicular journeys originating from the circumferential ring road and destined for the city center [4]. Since the 1960s, the P&R model has gained widespread traction in cities across the globe. Scholars from various nations have undertaken comprehensive research to refine the implementation of the P&R model. Some researchers have delved into optimizing the placement of P&R facilities. With the objective of covering as much potential demand as possible with P&R facilities, as close as possible to major roads, a multi-objective spatial optimization model was developed, taking into account the existing transport system [5]. [PERSON] built a hybrid linear program to maximize the utility of fixed quantity facilities [6]. [PERSON] has established a P&R facility site selection model with the objective of minimizing car use in urban areas [7]. Furthermore, an array of studies has proactively prognosticated the post-construction demand for P&R facilities, to better scale P&R facilities [5; 8; 9; 10; 11]. With the global proliferation of P&R facilities, scholars have begun to look at the selection behavior of P&R facilities and the current status of facility usage as an entry point for exploring ways to maximize the use of existing P&R facilities [12]. Through a comparative analysis of the two main P&R facility sites in Kuala Lumpur, [PERSON] revealed that travelers using P&R facilities are predominantly long-term users [13]. Through interviews, [PERSON] perceived that parking restrictions downtown would increase P&R usage [14]. [PERSON] found that trust positively affects attitudes toward using P&R facilities and perceived behavioral control, while perceived behavioral control positively affects intent to use P&R facilities, thus advocating increased reliability of P&R facilities [15]. By analyzing travelers' personal characteristics and driving travel barriers on the choice of P&R modality, [PERSON] considers that an increase in age and driving experience negatively affects travelers' choice of P&R mode, while traffic congestion and a lack of parking in downtown areas boosts people's P&R use [16]. In Poland, scholars have meticulously probed the existing usage of P&R parking, extending prior research through the application of multinomial logit models to unravel the drivers underpinning the park-and-ride selection process [17], and found that most users of P&R facilities are commuters with relatively low holiday usage, while travel time is the most important factor for users of P&R facilities [18]. [PERSON] studied the effects of travel costs and travel time on P&R choices and found that transfer times and parking prices significantly affect people's choices [19]; [PERSON] reached similar conclusions after a model study of a Beijing subway station [20].