## 1 Introduction
Researchers have turned to noble metallic ion-doped and co-doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) to combat medication-resistant illnesses, particularly against bacteria like _E. coli_[21]. Among these ions, silver has the strongest antibacterial properties of any heavy metal used in this area [1]. MBG containing silver is an effective and broad-spectrum antibacterial than that is more efficient against Gram-negative (_E. coli_) bacteria than Gram-positive (_S. aureus_) bacteria [1; 22]. The several ways through which silver exerts its antibacterial effect are outlined here. The S-Ag bond is formed when Ag\({}^{+}\) ions interact with the surface proteins of bacterial cell walls' disulfide (S-S) and sulfhydryl (-SH) groups. These binding halts electron transport and respiration in addition to causing the collapse of the proton motive force in bacteria. As a result, it is more difficult to induce effective rescue mechanisms and the membrane is de-energized then the bacterial cell death based on these situations [23]. As a hypothesis, the most essential part of silver's antibacterial activity is the interaction between Ag\({}^{+}\) ions and thiol groups. This interaction disrupts the conformation of the thiol groups of cysteine residues, which are necessary for the activity of many enzymes, and so inactivates bacterial enzymatic activities [24; 25], and cerium is a rare earth element that has been employed in biomaterials to enhance antibacterial activity [26]. Ce\({}^{3+}\)-doped particles had an unusually significant antibacterial impact on _E. coli_[27], and co-doped MBG over the antibacterial activity of silver and cerium has been explained via a variety of processes and are practically related to the presence of Ag\({}^{+}\) and Ce\({}^{3+}\)[28]. Further, previous studies have also described that Ag\({}^{+}\) and Ce\({}^{3+}\) ions quickly bind to _E. coli_ bacteria and enter the cytoplasm through the external and internal membranes, and alter their oxidation states (Ag\({}^{+}\), Ce\({}^{3+}\), and Ce\({}^{4+}\)) [29], reducing reactive oxygen species (There are some reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced: O\({}_{2}\)\({}^{\bullet-}\), H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), OH\({}^{-}\), and \({}^{\bullet}\)OH). As a result, the bacteria's ability to breathe is impaired, and its RNA, DNA, protein, and lipids are damaged. The bacteria's cells are eventually dead [1], and high ROS exhibit favorable bioactivity and suitable cell contacts [26; 30]. Silver and cerium-doped MBG are utilized for bone abnormalities in addition to antibacterial properties. A bone defect is the lack of bone tissue at a particular anatomical site and is caused by an infection/revision surgery, a traumatic impact of great severity, or the removal of a tumor [31; 32]. Severe bone defects can cause disability, restrict a person's capacity to live and work and place heavy social and financial constraints on them. The repair of bone defects is one of the most popular regenerative techniques; approximately one million cases of bone diseases and abnormalities are reported each year [33], yet more than 200,000 bone transplants are carried out globally each year [32]. Cerium has been shown to increase the proliferation, mineralization, and differentiation of primary osteoblasts, which can be employed for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, cerium plays a vital role in the process of bone healing surgery, while silver protects against infection at the surgical site. This is due to the ability of cerium to stimulate bone regeneration and silver's antimicrobial characteristics, both of which are integral components in ensuring favorable outcomes of surgical procedures [34; 35]. Calcium phosphate (CP), which is the inherent form of calcium apatite, comprises the primary mineral constituent of bone fillers [36]. The utilization of calcium phosphate in MBG for bone restoration is driven by the crucial role played by calcium and phosphate ions in bone mineralization and regeneration.