## 4 Conclusions  
The analysis of NEE and LE flux feedback to extreme weather conditions associated with high/low temperature and precipitation revealed a large diversity of flux responses in temperate and boreal forests, primarily related to forest type but also varying with geographic location, regional climate conditions, plant species composition and age, and other biotic and abiotic factors. The main conclusions of our study are the following:  
* The strong seasonal variability of atmospheric fluxes in response to weather extremes was found to be caused by differences in forest type, plant phenology, and functional traits, and the resilience of different tree species to atmospheric forcing. * In the mid-latitudes, extreme temperature and precipitation had comparable effects on the NEE and LE fluxes, in contrast to the tropics, where the effect of precipitation on the fluxes dominated [45]. * Positive NEE anomalies were more frequent than negative anomalies in both the summer and the winter season. Extreme weather conditions were mostly associated with increased CO2 emissions rather than CO2 uptake, due to suppressed assimilation processes associated with extremely hot and dry periods, a greater reduction in GPP at lower temperatures, and higher decomposition rates of soil organic matter and autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration during wet periods. * Extremely high temperatures had a stronger effect on NEE and LE fluxes than air temperature decreases, with a more pronounced difference during the warm season. During the warm season, extremely high temperatures usually led to increased CO2 emissions in all forest types, with the largest response in borealiferous forests, whereas air temperature decreases mostly led to an intensification of CO2 uptake. During the cold season, extremely low temperatures were not accompanied by significant NEE anomalies, and the thaws had a significant impact on NEE, mostly leading to increased CO2 emissions due to intensified ecosystem respiration. The response of LE fluxes to temperature variations did not change significantly over the year, with higher temperatures leading to an increase in LE and lower temperatures leading to a decrease in LE. * The relationships of CO2 and LE fluxes with precipitation extremes were more heterogeneous than the temperature changes. The key finding of the study is the opposite immediate and delayed responses of NEE and LE fluxes to heavy precipitation, indicating a more important dependence of CO2 and LE on sufficient or deficient soil moisture than on the presence or absence of precipitation. The immediate response to heavy precipitation was, in most cases, an increase in CO2 emissions and a decrease in LE. In the warm season, the cumulative effect of heavy precipitation was the opposite of the immediate effect, resulting in enhanced CO2 uptake and higher LE. During the cold season, the cumulative effect of precipitation was similar to the immediate effect--increased CO2 emissions during wet periods. * An unexpected type of relationship was detected for the precipitation deficit conditions: In most of the forest types considered, low API values (determined for 14 antecedent days) were associated with enhanced CO2 uptake during both seasons, indicating that soil moisture is not a limiting factor for photosynthesis in these ecosystems. In addition, the incoming solar radiation was greater during periods without cloud cover and associated precipitation, resulting in higher rates of plant photosynthesis. * The response of LE fluxes to cumulative precipitation forcing could be divided into two types, with almost equal numbers of stations in each group. The first type of relationship consisted of increased evaporation during the wet periods and decreased evaporation during the precipitation deficit. The second type was characterized by a high API value with a decrease in evaporation and a low API value with an increase in evaporation.