# Ensuring Energy Efficiency of Air Quality Monitoring Systems Based on Internet of Things Technology
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Factors Limiting the Energy Efficiency of IoT-Based Air Quality Monitoring Systems  
Despite their importance, IoT-based air quality monitoring systems often face energy efficiency limitations. These limitations are due to a number of factors (hardware components, software, network infrastructure, operating conditions, and system optimization) that are worth considering in detail.  
Hardware Components  
Sensors are an important element of monitoring systems, but they can consume a significant amount of energy. The more often measurements are taken, the more energy is consumed. The type of sensor also affects consumption: electrochemical sensors usually require more energy than optical sensors. Additional features, such as backlights or displays, increase power consumption.  
Microcontrollers are key to data processing. A higher clock speed in the processor increases its performance, but at the same time, it increases its power consumption. The choice of microcontroller architecture can also significantly affect energy efficiency.  
Wireless modules have a significant impact on the power consumption of the system. The choice of data transfer protocol (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LoRaWAN) affects the efficiency of the system; the higher power of the transmitter increases the transmission range but also leads to an increase in power consumption.  
Accessories such as high-resolution displays and speakers can also increase power consumption, especially when using beeps or backlights.  
Software  
Software optimization is of great importance to ensure the energy efficiency of IoT systems. Lightweight operating systems that are specifically optimized for embedded systems allow the reduction of power consumption. Choosing efficient data transfer protocols also helps to reduce energy costs.  
Data processing algorithms need to be optimized because complex computing processes require more resources. The frequency of software updates can also affect power consumption, as frequent updates require additional resources.  
Network infrastructure  
The power consumption of gateways depends on their functionality and the number of connected devices. The servers to which the data are transmitted also affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. Poor signal quality can cause the transmitter to increase power usage, resulting in additional energy costs.  
Operating conditions  
Temperature conditions can affect the performance of components. High or low temperatures may cause additional power consumption. Humidity is also an important factor, as high humidity can cause contact corrosion and increase resistance, which negatively affects energy consumption. Radio interference from other wireless devices can cause transmitters to operate at a higher power level.  
Insufficient system optimization and a lack of energy-saving modes can lead to significant energy costs. Regular system maintenance, including sensor cleaning and component diagnostics, can help prevent an increase in energy consumption and ensure the stable operation of IoT air quality monitoring systems.