## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of Phenolic Acids Profile  
The concentration of phenolic compounds was determined by means of a high performance liquid chromatograph (ExionLC AD, AB Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) coupled with a mass spectrometer (QTRAP 6500+, AB Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA), according to the procedure described earlier [20], with some modifications: instead of 0.1% formic acid in water, the eluent A contained 0.1% of formic acid and 10 mmol/L ammonium formate. Chromatographic separation of ethanolic extracts was carried out on a Kinetex Biphenyl (100 mm \(\times\) 3 mm, 2.6 \(\upmu\)m particle size) column (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA). Column temperature was set at 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.4 mL/min and the injection volume was 5 \(\upmu\)L. The gradient started at 5% B (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile), was held there for 1 min, and increased to 22% B at 2 min. Subsequently, the gradient was increased to 28% at 5.0 min, then held there for 1 min, and increased to 70% at 10 min and to 95% at 11 min, held isocartically from 11 to 12 min and then returned to initial conditions over 0.1 min with a total run time of 14 min. The mass spectrometer operated with an electrospray (ESI) ion source in the negative ion mode. The data were collected in the scheduled multiple reactions monitoring (sMRM) mode. Parameters: temperature of the ion source: 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C; curtain gas (CUR): 35; collision gas--nitrogen (CAD): high; ion spray voltage (IS): \(-\)4500; ion source gas 1 (GS1): 70; ion source gas 2 (GS2): 60; entrance potential (EP): \(-\)10. Compound specific MRM parameters--retention times, precursor ion (Q1), product ions (Q3), collision energy (CE), declustering potential (DP) and collision cell exit potential (CXP)--are listed in Table 2 and were optimized for each phenolic compound. Analyst 1.7.2 software (AB Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) was used to control the LC/MS/MS system. SCIEX OS Version 2.1.6.59781 (AB Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) was used for data processing. The identification of each of the components of the extracts was performed using the standards of phenolic compounds. The main peaks found in the extracts were identified by comparing, using the retention times and mass spectra, with those of authentic standards. An internal standard calibration method for the quantification of phenolic compounds was applied. Individual stock solutions of the standards were prepared by dissolving approximately 4 mg (accurately weighed) into separate 10 mL amber glass tubes and adding 80% ethanol to the final concentration of 1 mg/mL. From the stock solutions, a mix solution was prepared at 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Then, for quantification, the mix solution was serially diluted to generate nine calibration standard solutions in the range of 0.1-500 ng/mL. Calibration solutions were prepared in an extraction solution (80% ethanol), in which the solutions contained varying amounts of standards and a consistent amount of _trans_-cinnamic-d7 (final concentration 100 ng/mL). Each of the calibration levels were analyzed through LC-MS, and the relative responses (response of phenolic acid/response of _trans_-cinnamic-d7) of the standard solutions were plotted against the relative amounts (amount of phenolic acid/amount of _trans_-cinnamic-d7) to create a calibration curve. For peak integration, the MQ4 algorithm was used. Over a relevant range of phenolic acid levels, a linear equation was generated for use in the determination of phenolic acids in the extracts (Table S1 in the Supplementary Materials). Each of the ethanolic extract solutions was prepared as stated in Section 2.2 and contained an equivalent amount of internal standard as in the calibration standards (_trans_-cinnamic-d7 acid, final concentration 100 ng/mL). When the extract was analyzed, the relative responses of the phenolic acid and _trans_-cinnamic-d7, along with the known amount of _trans_-cinnamic-d7 added, allowed the authors to determine the unknown phenolic acid concentration using the previously established linear equation.