# A Comprehensive Review on Network Protocol Design for Autonomic Internet of Things
## 3 Review of Protocol Designs
### Protocol Designs for Routing
The simulation results show that the algorithm minimizes the energy consumption, decreases the number of routing request packets, and increases the network lifetime in comparison with the original AODV. However, these results are based on small number of network nodes, i.e., less than 100 nodes. It still needs further experiments to test on large number of nodes, especially regarding the convergence speed and optimum solution precision of the algorithm. [PERSON] et al. in [32] proposed the Non-Dominated Quantum Iterative routing Optimization (NDQIO) algorithm for addressing the multi-objective routing problem with the goal of achieving a near-optimal performance. The proposed protocol combines the processing power of the hardware and the quantum parallel programming to achieve computational complexity reduction for large scale WSN. The proposed approach is validated through simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the NDQIO algorithm achieves an average complexity reduction of almost an order of magnitude compared with the previous near-optimal quantum optimization algorithm, while having the same order of power consumption. However, since it exploits quantum parallel computation, it needs a sophisticated hardware to implement. [PERSON] et al. in [33] proposed the Cost-Aware Secure Routing (CASER) for addressing two issues in routing in WSN, i.e., the efficiency and the security. The proposed protocol provides formulas to estimate the number of routing hops under varying energy and security requirements. The optimal balance of energy efficiency and security is achieved by adjusting two parameters, energy balance control, and probabilistic-based random walking. It also provides an optimal non-uniform energy deployment strategy for the given sensor networks based on the energy consumption ratio. The proposed method is validated through simulation using OPNET. The simulation results demonstrate that the protocol can provide an excellent tradeoff between routing efficiency and energy balance, and can significantly extend the lifetime of the sensor networks. The protocol can also achieve a high message delivery ratio while preventing routing traceback attacks. For the non-uniform energy deployment, the lifetime and the total number of messages that can be delivered are maximized under the same energy deployment using the proposed quantitative scheme. [PERSON] and [PERSON] in [34] proposed Q-learning LEACH based on Q-table reinforcement learning and Fuzzy-LEACH based on the Fuzzifier method. This study aims to increase the age of the network even though there are changes in the node topology. The static and dynamic topology models use the basic LEACH protocol and the implementation of the proposed algorithms in simulation and processing. The rationale for dynamic node modeling is that it looks at the conceptual trend of energies in both models. As a result, Q-LEACH gets the best results with the least amount of energy. * 11 Multi Objective Fractional Gravitational Search Algorithm (MOFSA)  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] in [35] proposed a multi-objective fractional gravity search algorithm to find optimal cluster heads for energy-efficient routing protocols in IoT networks. This is done by comparing the performance of existing algorithms such as Artificial Bee Colony, Gravity Search Algorithm, and multiparticle swarm immunity cooperative algorithm. Simulation to get results and performance analysis is done using MATLAB. A significant number of live nodes and network energy can be extended by the proposed algorithm. * 12 Routing Protocol for Low Power Lossy Network Objective Function (RPL-OF)  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] in [36] proposed the routing metric selection according to the application requirement. This technique will remove the cumulative effect of short-listen problems from the default drop timer. From the analysis using the Cooja simulator with the Contiki Operating System (OS), all designs can provide good performance. This does not apply to traditional OF.