## 3 Hydrodynamic Characterization of Designed Hulls
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Authors** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Observational Subject** \\ **and Purpose** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Sensing Technology and** \\ **Instrument** \\ \end{tabular} & **Important Remarks** \\ \hline
2010 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] and \\ [PERSON] [70] \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hydrodynamic resistance \\ of three twin-screw and \\ low-\(\varepsilon_{B}\) passenger ship \\ models with different \\ bulbous bows \\ \end{tabular} & Five resistance-type wave probes & Wave probe is sensitive to \\  & & & & environmental changes, so \\ \hline
2011 & \begin{tabular}{c} [PERSON] and [PERSON] \\ [71] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Heave and pitch motions \\ on the resistance in ice \\ going tanker “Uikku” \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Dynamic motion unit (DMU), \\ load cell, cameras (video \\ recording), pointer \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The oscillations and \\ vibrations possibly interfere \\ with resistance signal and \\ motion measurements. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2012 & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] et al. [72] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Hydrodynamic design and \\ performance of an \\ underwater hull cleaning \\ robot (HCR) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Resistance dynamometer, \\ electromagnetic flow meter, \\ camera, weighing scale \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The actual drag force is \\ larger than that obtained by \\ CFD. This discrepancy is \\ assumed by a different setup \\ between CFD and the actual \\ test. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2013 & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] et al. [73] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Seakeeping behavior of \\ Delft 372 fast catamaran \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Keypton optical system (Infrared \\ LEDs), a finger probe and \\ Keyence ultrasound wave probe, \\ second wave system, \\ HYDRONICS load cells, \\ acquisition system \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The Kenek probe is \\ applicable for low \(Fr\) test and \\ wave steepness, and the \\ ultrasound probe is more \\ accurate for higher \(Fr\) and \\ larger wave steepness. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2014 & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] et al. [74] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Frictional resistance \\ reduction of hull bottom of \\ 66K DWT Supramax bulk \\ carrier \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Floating-plate-type friction \\ sensors, camera, flow meter \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The air layer is not fully \\ developed on the floating \\ plate. The air layer is split \\ into left and right in front of \\ the aft local friction sensor. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2015 & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] et al. [75] \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} A full-scale test of 10-m \\ Sailing Yacht Lab \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Strain gauges based mono-axial \\ HBM 59M load cells, a \\ 3 DM-GX3-35 GPS (AFIRS and \\ GPS receiver), GEMAC 23554 \\ analog inclination sensor, \\ gyroscope, accelerometer, \\ magnetometer, ultrasonic 3D \\ anemometer, TOF flying shape \\ detection system, MEMS sensor, \\ and pressure pads \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Strain gauges are placed at \\ the same height as tVCG to \\ calculate the vertical bending \\ moment. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2016 & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ [PERSON] et al. [76] & \begin{tabular}{c} Vertical motions and \\ bending moments on a \\ cruise ship \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Resistive wave sensors, strain \\ gauge \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Strain gauges are placed at \\ the same height as tVCG to \\ calculate the vertical bending \\ moment. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Landmark research on the sensing technology for hydrodynamic characterization in marine structures. Several researchers recently proposed a new direction for full-scale measurement using onboard sensors of ship performance on actual seas. Full-scale measurements are conducted to obtain a better understanding of ship hydrodynamics.