# The Fungicidal Effect of Essential Oils of Fennel and Hops against Fusarium Disease of Pea
## 3 Results and discussion
### Determination of Antifungal Activity In Vitro
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Fungal Species**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **1*** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** \\ \hline
125 ppm & 1.66 & **+2.1** & **+6.7** & 2.9 & **+7.1** & 0.7 & 8.7 & **+9.3** & 1.8 & 9.5 \\ \hline
250 ppm & 0.23 & **+15.4** & **+13.5** & 7.9 & **+22.6** & **+20.8** & 10.8 & **+29.4** & **+2.87** & 1.6 \\ \hline
500 ppm & 2.25 & 18.4 & **+7.59** & 23.5 & **+6.2** & 7.2 & 14.8 & **+1.0** & 12.5 & 19.8 \\ \hline
1000 ppm & 24.76 & 31.3 & **+7.3** & 49.0 & 12.1 & 25.1 & 31.7 & 17.6 & 29.6 & 55.8 \\ \hline
2000 ppm & 100 & **+9.1** & **+9.1** & **+9.1** & **+9.2** & **+9.0** & **+10** & **+29.1** & **+50** & **+29.7** \\ \hline Tebuconazole & 100 & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\)—_Botrytis cinerea_, 2—_Cylindrical cavern destructans_; 3—_Fusarium acureum_; 4—_Fusarium calmorum_; 5—_Fusarium equiseti_; 6—_Fusarium oxysporum_; 7—_Fusarium poae_; 8—_Fusarium solani_; 9—_Fusarium sporotrichoides_; 10—_Fusarium tricticum_.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: MGI of selected pea pathogens with different concentration of fennel essential oil [ppm]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Fungal Species**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **1*** & **2** & **3** & **4** & **5** & **6** & **7** & **8** & **9** & **10** \\ \hline
125 ppm & 0.7 & **+19.5** & **+8.9** & 6.1 & 4.5 & **+0.2** & 27.9 & **+18.5** & 15.6 & 19.8 \\ \hline
250 ppm & 0.4 & **+27.9** & **+6** & 18.5 & 5.5 & **+12.9** & 32.8 & **+52.3** & 15.8 & 29.5 \\ \hline
500 ppm & 4.4 & **14.1** & 23.4 & **41.3** & **39.6** & 21.9 & **+53.3** & 10.6 & 23.5 & **34.7** \\ \hline
1000 ppm & **+24.4** & 35.5 & 35.3 & 47.3 & **+56.5** & 28.0 & **+63.1** & 24.0 & 31.1 & 47.8 \\ \hline
2000 ppm & **+1.3** & **+65.8** & **+7.7** & **+6.6** & **+76.0** & **+60.7** & **+15.5** & **+61.9** & **+73.0** & **+76.2** \\ \hline Tebuconazole & 100 & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** & **+100** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\)—_Botrytis cinerea_, 2—_Cylindrical cavern destructans_; 3—_Fusarium acureum_; 4—_Fusarium calmorum_; 5—_Fusarium equiseti_; 6—_Fusarium oxysporum_; 7—_Fusarium poae_; 8—_Fusarium solani_; 9—_Fusarium sporotrichoides_; 10—_Fusarium tricticum_.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: MGI of selected pea pathogens on different concentrations of hop essential oil [ppm]. oil reduced the mycelial growth of _F. graminearum_ by 48.8%, of _F. avencecum_ by 13.3% and of _F. culmorum_ by only 6.2%. These results contrast strongly with the results of the current study, in which HEO, which was considered less effective than FEO, was a stronger inhibitor of _F. avencecum_ (35.3%) and _F. culmorum_ (47.3%) at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The differences in the antifungal activity of FEO and HEO could be attributed to the specific properties of the pathogenic strains, such as their metabolic capabilities, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the essential oils. The physical and biological properties of essential oils are determined by their composition. Many authors have postulated that the antimicrobial activity of essential oils is closely related to the content of various constituents, especially the major components [50; 51]. According to [PERSON] et al. [49], the differences in antifungal activity of essential oils isolated from fennel seeds can be attributed to their chemical polymorphism. The essential oil obtained from the seeds of fennel plants grown in Poland contained the highest levels of trans-anethole (69.95%) and fenchone (18.14%) and showed strong antifungal activity. In contrast, the oil of fennel seeds from Egypt contained mainly estragole (87.49%) and limonene (8.63%) and were characterised by low antifungal activity.