## 3 Results
### Diameter and Morphology of Red Blood Cells  
The result of the complete blood count test justified the detailed investigation of oxidative-stress-related changes in RBCs. The diameter of RBCs was quantified from smears made from whole blood of chronic diabetic, insulin-treated diabetic, and control rats (Figures 2 and 3). In control rats, the average RBC diameter was 5.49 \(\pm\) 0.001 \(\upmu\)m, which resulted from a normal curve; the diameter was 5 to 6 \(\upmu\)m in 63.5% of RBCs, and ranged from 4 to 5 \(\upmu\)m and 6 to 7 \(\upmu\)m in 17.9% of RBCs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline  & **Controls** & **Chronic Diabetics** & **Insulin-Treated Diabetics** & **Reverted Diabetics** \\  & **(n = 13–18)** & **(n = 12–13)** & **(n = 6–12)** & **(n = 3–4)** \\ \hline RBC, Red Blood Cell (\(\times 10^{6}/\upmu\)L) & 8.43 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 9.34 \(\pm\) 0.11 *** & 8.59 \(\pm\) 0.18 \({}^{\circ}\) & 8.77 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\ \hline HCT, Hematocrit (\%) & 46.94 \(\pm\) 0.75 & 52.42 \(\pm\) 0.56 *** & 49.34 \(\pm\) 1.24 & 50.53 \(\pm\) 2.37 \\ \hline Hb, Hemoglobin (g/dL) & 14.48 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 15.74 \(\pm\) 0.2 ** & 15.11 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 16.08 \(\pm\) 0.55 \\ \hline MCV, Mean corpuscular & 55.68 \(\pm\) 0.53 & 56.13 \(\pm\) 0.45 & 57.54 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 57.6 \(\pm\)1.96 \\ volume (fl) & 17.18 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 16.87 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 17.66 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 18.33 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ \hline MCH, Mean corpuscular & 30.88 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 30.03 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 30.74 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 31.85 \(\pm\) 0.5 \\ hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) & 30.28 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 29.79 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 29.72 \(\pm\) 0.47 & 30.9 \(\pm\) 0.24 \\ \hline CH, Corpuscular hemoglobin & 16.79 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 16.69 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 17.02 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 17.78 \(\pm\) 0.65 \\ content (pg) & 2.74 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 2.34 \(\pm\) 0.06 *** & 2.58 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 2.85 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline RDW, Red blood cell volume & 13.72 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 12.17 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 13.03 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 14.35 \(\pm\) 1.16 \\ distribution width (\%) & 6.0 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 6.08 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 6.62 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 6.08 \(\pm\) 0.69 \\ \hline Lymphocyte count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 4.07 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 3.76 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 4.67 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 5.19 \(\pm\) 0.37 \\ \hline Monocyte count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ \hline Neutrophil count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 1.37 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 1.69 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 1.32 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 1.33 \(\pm\) 0.26 \\ \hline Eosynophil count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline Basophil count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.003 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.005 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.005 \\ \hline Large unstained cell count & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.14 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 819 \(\pm\) 49.71 & 643.8 \(\pm\) 26.79 & 881.7 \(\pm\) 113.3 & 903 \(\pm\) 56.08 \\ \hline MPV, Mean platelet volume (fl) & 7.81 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 6.93 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 7.9 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 8.95 \(\pm\) 0.21 \({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline Reticulocyte count (\(\times 10^{3}/\upmu\)L) & 205.5 \(\pm\) 13.19 & 169.7 \(\pm\) 7.13 & 193.8 \(\pm\) 9.58 & 225.3 \(\pm\) 16.62 \\ \hline MCVr, Reticulocyte mean & 69.22 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 70.13 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 70.52 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 71.7 \(\pm\) 1.82 \\ corpuscular volume (fl) & 27.2 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 27.28 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 26.88 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 27.65 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\blacktri}\) \\ \hline CHr, Mean reticulocyte hemoglobin (pg) & 18.8 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 19.05 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 18.86 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 19.75 \(\pm\) 0.55 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SEM; *
* \(p<\) 0.01; **
* \(p<\) 0.001 vs. controls; \({}^{\circ}\)\(p<\) 0.05; \({}^{\circ\circ}\)\(p<\) 0.01 vs. diabetics;
* \(p<\) 0.05 vs. insulin-treated diabetics.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Complete blood count including red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts and blood cell indices of chronic diabetic rats.