esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Toxic Pool Evaporation
## 3 Small-Scale Test Results
### Influence of other Parameters  
The above paragraph focused on the reference test for small scale tests, but it is important to evaluate whether the proposed model (SS 5) enables the taking into consideration the influence of the different parameters. The other small-scale tests were then compared with the new approach for evaporation rate evaluation.  
Two main parameters' influences were tested during the small-scale tests. The first parameter tested was the initial pool concentration. Reducing the initial concentration, test no. 1 was expected to  
Figure 7: Temperature evolution at three depths for the small-scale reference case.  
reduce the initial evaporation rate and consequently the kinetics of the gradient formation in the liquid phase. This was confirmed by experimental measurements at lower concentrations in tests no. 1 and 2 (compare Figure 8 below with Figure 6). The experimental curve on this figure indicates a smoother variation of the evaporation rate in the first 20 min. This curve also shows that the proposed model is in line with the experiment, even though it over-estimated the evaporation rate in the first 5 min.  
Finally, it is important to verify the repeatability of the experiments. This was done by comparing data from tests no. 1 and 2. Figure 8 shows that they had the same evaporation rate and evolution tendency. The gray and orange zones correspond to the interval of uncertainty.  
The second parameter that was tested was the ambient velocity. Figure 9 below shows the evaporation rate measurement for test no. 4 that corresponded to a 1.5 m/s ambient velocity compared to the reference test. As for previous figures, the uncertainty interval is plotted in orange and grey. This confirms that increasing the ambient velocity leads to an increase in the evaporation rate. This test also shows that the equilibrium reached after 20 min was quite independent of the velocity. On the other hand, test no. 5 led to a reduction of the evaporation rate, about 0.02 g/s after 2400 s. It was not plotted on this curve; we preferred to give an uncertainty domain for each test. The curve also shows that the model tends to overestimate the evaporation rate.  
Figure 8: Evolution of the evaporation rate for test no. 1 and test no. 2 (repeatability).  
Figure 9: Evaporation rate over time: small-scale evaluation of the velocity influence. Test no. 4 corresponds to 1.5 m/s ambient air velocity.  
These curves confirm that the proposed model enables the prediction of the evaporation rate evolution over time with accuracy, as well as reproduction of the influence of the different parameters that govern the evaporation rate. In most cases, the model over-predicted the real evaporation rate, which is a prudent approach when dealing with risk management and land use planning.
# Estimation of Energy Storage Requirements in an Independent Power System from an Energy Perspective
## 3 Mathematical Formulation  
This paper uses Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) to propose a method based on traditional power system economic dispatch. It is essential to establish a mathematical relationship that aligns the final outcomes with an effective dispatch strategy. Such a strategy is characterized by certain features:  
1. Due to the necessity of maintaining system rotational inertia and adhering to the minimum output limits of generators, traditional power systems possess a baseline generation capacity. Furthermore, the marginal cost of power generation escalates in tandem with power output increments due to economic dispatch principles [18];
2. As renewable energy sources are not reliant on fuel, their generation costs are negligible. Consequently, it is economically advantageous to maximize their electricity production, as this study assumes no curtailment;
3. Energy storage systems engage in charging during periods of surplus power generation and discharge at times when generation costs peak. Therefore, it discharges during periods of high power output in traditional power systems.  
The objective is to synchronize the operational profiles of both the battery and traditional power systems with an efficient dispatch strategy, focusing on determining the requisite energy storage power and capacity. In this context, the precise cost calculations are not pivotal and thus are not employed. Our model specifically calculates the costs for traditional generation units in Equation (1), treating all such units as a single entity with their minimum generation capacity set to the system's baseline. The model does not impose a maximum generation limit. Additionally, Equation (2) posits that generation costs are proportionate to the square of the power output, implying higher costs for increased power output. The goal, as per the objective function, is cost minimization, which encourages energy storage to discharge during high power output periods. Furthermore, Equation (9) enforces energy balance at each interval, leading to energy storage charging during periods of excessive renewable energy generation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Year** & **Total Installed Capacity (GW)** \\ \hline
2026 & 7.1 \\ \hline
2027 & 8.6 \\ \hline
2028 & 10.1 \\ \hline
2029 & 11.6 \\ \hline
2030 & 13.1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Installation capacity of offshore wind farms in the future [16].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Year** & **Total Installed Capacity (GW)** \\ \hline
2026 & 23 \\ \hline
2027 & 25 \\ \hline
2028 & 27 \\ \hline
2029 & 29 \\ \hline
2030 & 31 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Installation capacity of solar photovoltaic farms in the future [16].
# Water Extraction in PolSAR Image Based on Superpixel and Graph Convolutional Network
## 3 Results
### Results of Study Area 1
#### 3.2.3 Samples  
A total of 14,878 superpixels were acquired and then sampled according to the method in Section 2.2. Figure 8a shows that the t-SNE method classified all superpixels into three categories: land, water, and unknown. Unknown superpixels refer to shallow water or pretty wetland areas with backscattering characteristics between land and water. Figure 8b shows the visual distributions of these three categories. It is important to note that the pre-classification cannot replace the final GNN classification because it still has many errors and should be carefully selected for samples. The pre-classification is just used to assist in selecting training samples and is not a prerequisite. In this experiment, samples of 46 water superpixels and 67 non-water superpixels were used for the model training, and all others (already having ground truth labels due to manual and pre-classification) were used as the validation dataset. Though the training samples were small, we still obtained satisfying results through further model classification operations.
# The Effectiveness of Unimodal and Multimodal Warnings on Drivers' Response Time: A Meta-Analysis
## 4 Discussion
### MIE of Driving Warnings Reveals a Positive Trend with the Number of Modalities
#### 4.3.2 Comparisons Between Bimodal and Trimodal Warnings  
Comparisons between bimodal and trimodal warning conditions were conducted to expand our investigation of MIE on drivers. The results indicated a non-significant shorter response time in trimodal warning conditions, supporting the multisensory RSE hypothesis. It appeared that drivers' response time was negatively correlated with the number of applied modalities in a driving warning system, but the extent to MIE declined with theincreasing number of modalities. This observation can be explained by the potential effect of cognitive overload. Although MIE does not necessarily require drivers' full attention to the stimuli, knowing that multiple warnings are presented to the drivers during the experimental conditions, drivers are consciously aware of the warning signals. Thus, having drivers to focus on multiple warnings might cause dysfunctional attentional resource allocation due to cognitive overload [109]. Similar observations were found in [8], where they investigated the effect of bimodal and trimodal warning conditions on younger and older drivers. Their results showed that trimodal warnings effectively shorten younger drivers' response time, but simple unimodal (visual) warnings generated the best outcome for older drivers. Older adults are often experiencing cognitive decline [110; 111], causing them to have a smaller cognitive capacity. With that said, older adults would also have a higher chance of cognitive overload, reducing MIE of trimodal warning systems.  
In addition, with more and more sensory modalities exposing in the urban environment, including but not limited to unwanted noises, performance impairments can be resulted due to sensory overload [112]. The effect of sensory overload can on one hand, lead to perceptual distortion of sensory stimuli; and on the other hand, cause disorganizing and potentially psychotogenic effects [113; 114]. How sensory overload would impact MIE of warning systems is yet to be determined.
# Numerical Simulation Analysis of Wellbore Stability in Weak Interlayer of Igneous Rock
## 2 Testing of Key Mechanical Properties of Igneous Rocks  
### Core Mineral Fraction Analysis  
The complex lithology of igneous formations, characterized by the presence of micro-fractures, faults, and pores, creates favorable conditions for the invasion of drilling fluid once the borehole is opened. Additionally, the clay mineral content is closely associated with the degree of hydration and swelling in the rock surrounding the well. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to both the clay mineral content and the composition of clay minerals. In this study, cores were obtained from the Bohai oil field in China, specifically from well BZX-A46. The core debris was retrieved from the core library and subsequently ground into the powder required for the experiment and illustrated in Figure 1. Subsequently, the composition was determined using an X-ray diffractometer, providing the results of quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis for both the igneous whole rocks (Table 1) and clay minerals (Table 2).  
Based on the results of the whole rock analysis, the igneous rocks in the Bohai oilfield predominantly consist of quartz, plagioclase, dolomite, rock salt, barite, hard gypsum, and clay minerals. Among these minerals, plagioclase has the highest abundance, followed by clay minerals, with an average clay mineral content of 16.6% in the three samples, indicating a relatively high presence. Based on the mineral composition, the rock in this particular layer is classified as basalt.  
Figure 1: Core powder samples for the experiment.  
The clay minerals in the rock formation consist of montmorillonite and illite, both of which possess notable hydration and swelling capabilities. As a result, it is expected that the surrounding rock will experience a certain degree of swelling upon contact with the drilling fluid. Moreover, due to the existence of micro-fractures, faults, and pores in the formation, the swelling effect has a more significant adverse impact on the rock strength. Consequently, the potential for instability in the surrounding rock near the wellbore is increased. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct additional experiments focusing on rock strength and hydration to further examine the extent of this negative effect by comparing various parameters.
###### Abstract  
High pressure processing (HPP) is a state-of-the-art food preservation method that can be applied to many types of food items, including fish products. HPP has been found to affect fish protein conformation, with potentially positive effects on protein digestibility, but detrimental effects on sensory quality. In this study, cold and hot smoked rainbow trout samples (CSRT and HERT, respectively) were treated with 200, 400, and 600 MPa at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 min and tested for solubility of proteins (SP) and water holding capacity (WHC). Level of proteolysis (LP) was tested in an in vitro digestion model. A consumer panel evaluated sensory properties with the Rate-All-That-Apply method. Treatment at 200 MPa positively affected LP in HERT, while SP and WHC were reduced in CSRT with increasing pressure. HPP also significantly affected texture, appearance, and appeal, especially of CSRT samples. Reduction in SP and WHC contributed to colour changes in CSRT treated with 600 MPa. It was concluded that HPP had more pronounced effects on physicochemical and sensory properties of CSRT than HERT. The results highlight the importance of optimising the HPP parameters for each product type, in order to minimise the potentially negative effects on protein-related properties and sensory quality.  
high pressure processing (HPP); rainbow trout (_Oncorhynchus mykiss_); in vitro protein digestion; protein solubility; sensory evaluation; Rate-All-That-Apply method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Mechanical Properties  
Mechanical properties of the prepared films were measured using a Universal Testing Instrument (Model H5 KS, [PERSON], Horsham, PA, USA), with a 10-N load cell. The samples from each film formulation were cut in the direction of machine flow into rectangles (150 mm long \(\times\) 10 mm wide) and the test was performed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International Test Method for Thin Plastic Sheeting (D 882--02). The film formulations were placed between two clamps. Each film was pulled by the upper clamp at a rate of 50 mm/min. The force and elongation at the point of break were measured. Three mechanical properties were calculated for the evaluation of the prepared films: tensile strength, elastic modulus and elongation at break. Measurement was done in triplicate and the average value was taken. Values of the modulus of elasticity (the E-modulus (E)) were calculated from the linear part of the stress-strain curve [26]. Elongation as a function of the applied load was recorded at the moment of rupture. Elongation is the increase in length produced in the gage length of the sample by a tensile load. It is usually measured at the moment of film rupture (present elongation at rupture) [27].
# Small Satellite Tools for High-Resolution Infrared Fire Monitoring
## 8 Short Overview of the FireBIRD Ground Segment  
The FireBIRD off-line data processing takes place in its ground segment. Figure 17 shows an overview of the FireBIRD ground segment.  
The information sequence from the data order, the so-called product order placed primarily by users from the FireBIRD science team, to the FireBIRD data product is shown in Figure 17. The members of the FireBIRD science team can initiate a so-called product order by means of the data order tool, a map-based graphical user interface (GUI) (shown in the lower part of Figure 17). Via the FireBIRD ground control, executed by the German Space Operation Center (GSOC) of the DLR, the corresponding commands are sent to TET-1 or BIROS via the DLR ground stations in Weilheim or Neustrelitz in order to trigger the FireBIRD recordings.  
After data acquisition, the raw data from the FireBIRD satellites are sent to the ground via the antennas of the ground stations Neustrelitz, Weilheim, Innuvik, or Gars O'Higgins of the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD). At the DFD's National Ground Segment, the data pockets are sorted according to their specific application and compiled into Level 0 products consisting of image data, calibration data, House Keeping data, and the associated navigation data acquired on board. The data are then processed into radiometrically corrected and geo-coded image data (Level 1 products) and, in a further step of ground-based processing, into thematic products with so-called hot area detection (Level 2 products). Subsequently, the higher-level products (Level 1 and 2) are delivered to the user or to the initiator of the product order via an FTP server, and the Level 0 products are archived together with the parameters originating from Level 1 and 2, such as the location and a summary from the hot area detection, and registered in the EOWEB(r) GeoPortal (EGP  
Figure 17: Overview of the FireBIRD ground segment.  
[[https://eoweb.dlr.de/egp/](https://eoweb.dlr.de/egp/)]([https://eoweb.dlr.de/egp/](https://eoweb.dlr.de/egp/)), accessed on 9 December 2021). Here, users can \"log in\" and data products can be selected and ordered by using the information on the target location and time of recording.
# Wideband-Narrowband Switchable Tapered Slot Antenna for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
## 1 Introduction
In the proposed structure, the frequency switching mechanism was simplified by using one PIN diode. To minimize the degradation of the wideband characteristic of conventional TSA, the meander line resonator was designed to be compact on the back layer of the TSA. Furthermore, as the electromagnetic energy was transferred from the tapered slot of the TSA to the meander line resonator in the back layer with a coupling effect, effective frequency switching was made possible. The frequency and time-domain performance of the proposed antenna were discussed to demonstrate its applicability as a real-time breast cancer detection and treatment system.
## 5 Methodology
### Conducting the SLR  
Database searchFor Google Scholar, the string \"DTN terrestrial applications\" was set anywhere in the article as limiting it to only the title could leave many papers out. So, with that in mind, several iterations were tried. The results are shown below.  
The first one was with the string DTN terrestrial applications, the exact phrase \"DTN\", at least application, terrestrial, delay, disruption, DTN anywhere in the article, which resulted in 172 articles. Then, a formula with all the words DTN terrestrial applications, with at least the word \"DTN\", the time for the retrieval was set to \"2000 to 2023\", review articles, and the language \"English\", resulted in 250 papers.  
For IEEE Xplore, the search term was DTN OR delay disruption tolerant net* AND terrestrial all the fields in the abstract, and the period was set between 2000 to 2023. The result was 1610 documents, classified as 169 journals, 10 early access articles, 34 magazines, 1387 conferences, and 10 books.  
Figure 1 shows each step of the SLR process in one simple and clear image to obtain the picture in one glimpse. First was the searching of the two databases, Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore, and the number of papers at that point. The second step, after applying the exclusion criteria, left 64 papers in Google Scholar and 179 in IEEE Xplore. The last step was reading the abstracts, which resulted in 63 papers in Google Scholar and 92 documents in IEEE Xplore, for a total of 155 papers for the review.  
It is worth mentioning that, even though the exclusion criteria mention works related to space communication, several papers have important concepts of DTN, especially in terms of transport layer protocols and its connection with DTN, the Bundle Protocol, and terrestrial services supported by satellite communication, which was of interest of this work. Therefore, they were referenced.  
Data extractionTaking the results of the two search sources, Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore, a refining process began. To classify the papers collected in this research, a category was established based on the central topics found in most papers. These categories include the following topics:  
* DTN performance. This category includes papers that study any issue that might affect performance in DTN applications.  
Figure 1: SLR process.  
DTN routing. This category includes papers that discuss routing protocols, types of protocols, metrics, or any aspect of routing.
* DTN applications. This category includes papers that propose applications either at the protocol level or implementations in real environments.
* DTN architecture. This category includes mostly discussion papers that analyze aspects of the protocol and specific features.  
It is important to notice that many papers involve more than one of these categories. In that sense, they had been classified in the category where they focus. It is worth mentioning that some papers focus on security; however, they do include aspects related to the listed categories.
# Femtosecond Laser Processing of Biodegradable Polymers
## 2 Femtosecond Laser Processing of Biodegradable Polymers
reported the laser ablation of poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) by comparing the fundamental wave (1064 nm), the second harmonic generation (SHG) wave (532 nm), and the third harmonic generation (THG) wave (355 nm) of Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) laser [25]. They reported that laser ablation is governed by a multiphoton process in all cases, and UV wavelengths exhibited efficient laser ablation. Interestingly, scission of bonds after laser ablation is different for a case with femtosecond laser pulses compared to that with nanosecond laser pulses, even for the same wavelength [43]. Figure 1 shows the C1s narrow scan XPS spectra of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (Figure 1a) and PLLA (Figure 1b). A wavelength of 266 nm was used for both cases, with femtosecond laser pulses and nanosecond laser pulses. The THG from a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplification (CPA) laser system (pulse duration 100 fs) (Coherent Inc., California, CA, USA) was used as the femtosecond laser pulse, whereas the FHG from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (pulse duration 5 ns) was used as the nanosecond laser pulse. As can be seen in Figure 1, although the peak at 289 eV remained relatively unchanged following nanosecond laser irradiation, the peak significantly decreased following femtosecond laser irradiation. Because the bond energy of a C=O bond (7.5 eV) is higher than the photon energy at 266 nm (4.65 eV), two-photon absorption at the irradiation of intense femtosecond laser pulses contributed to induce C=O bond dissociation. The difference between a nanosecond laser and a femtosecond laser can also be seen for different crystallinities of the polymers after laser irradiation. Figure 2 shows the XRD spectra of PLLA. Peaks in the XRD spectra of PLLA decreased in height following laser irradiation, and were significant with femtosecond laser pulse irradiation. The differences in the results of bond dissociation after laser irradiation affect the degradable property of biodegradable polymers, which will be described in the next section. Figure 1: C1s narrow scan XPS spectra for the surface of PLGA films (**a**) and PLLA films (**b**). Black, red, and purple lines indicate non-irradiated films (control), films irradiated with a nanosecond laser, and films irradiated with a femtosecond laser, respectively. A wavelength of 266 nm was used for both cases with femtosecond laser pulses and nanosecond laser pulses.
## 2 Related Work
### Limitations of Existing Studies  
According to our survey analysis, we identified three limitations in the existing studies that focused on spoken dialogue-based virtual medical assistants.  
* None of the existing studies considered security as a primary factor except [30], which uses the traditional PIN-based authentication mechanism [40], and it is vulnerable to brute-force attack [41]. The virtual medical assistant interacts with users and gathers health-related information. The leakage of such information may lead to different attacks such as masquerading, and ransomware [42; 43]. Moreover, commercially available applications such as Your.MD [21], and Sensely [22] only comply with the security standards.
* Most of the existing studies along with commercially available virtual medical assistants analyze the input symptoms, and either provide a list of specific diseases or relevant information [44]. None of the existing spoken dialogue-based system considered patient chief complaint corpora for disease prediction or medical advice.
* Limited studies focused on frame-based assistants due to various challenges such as intent identification, context awareness, and appropriate response generation. However, it provides interactions in a natural way (i.e., similar to humans) and keeps the user motivated to continue the conversation [45].