esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)  
MRI provides visual information for turbid samples during storage. A red color represents a high proton density and blue color stands for low proton density in the pseudo-color images. As shown in Figure 3, the brightness of images varied obscure in the early storage and the brightness of samples became darker and bluer during superchilling storage. At day 15, the color of AP treated samples was bluer and darker than that of other samples, which indicates that the degradation of myofibril and  
Figure 2: T\({}_{2}\) relaxation time distribution curves of turbots under different treatments on the 0 (**a**), 15 th (**b**) and 27 th (**c**) day of the storage period (T\({}_{21}\), bound water; T\({}_{22}\), immobilized water; T\({}_{23}\), free water; AP: air packing; VP: vacuum packing; MAP1:70% CO\({}_{2}\)/30% N\({}_{2}\); MAP2: 60% CO\({}_{2}\)/10% O\({}_{2}\)/30% N\({}_{2}\); MAP3: 50% CO\({}_{2}\)/15% O\({}_{2}\)/35% N\({}_{2}\); MAP4: 55% CO\({}_{2}\)/5% O\({}_{2}\)/40% N\({}_{2}\)).  
destruction of microstructure in AP treated samples [15], while no visible difference was observed among VP and MAP treated samples. The brightness of MAP2 treated samples is lighter compared to other samples at day 27, which indicated that the MAP2 treatment (60% CO\({}_{2}\)/10% O\({}_{2}\)/30% N\({}_{2}\)) is more suitable for the quality maintenance of turbid and the result was consistent with the variation of LF-NMR transverse relaxation.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Image Registration  
In EBRT, in the treatment planning stage, tumor and tissue related volumes are defined by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). The Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) is the gross demonstrable extent and location of the tumor which may also include metastatic regional nodes and distant metastasis if they are indistinguishable from the primary tumor. The Clinical Target Volume (CTV) is a volume that contains a GTV and a margin that reflects the probability of subclinical disease occurrence. The prescribed  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l r r r} \hline
**LINAC** & **kVp (kV)** & **Pixel Spacing (mm \(\times\) mm)** & **Slice Thickness (mm)** \\ \hline NOVALIS & 125 & \(0.879\times 0.879/1.172\times 1.172\) & 2.500/2.000 \\ TRUEBEAM & 140/125 & \(0.908\times 0.908\) & 1.988 \\ TRILOGY & 125 & \(0.879\times 0.879\) & 2.500 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Acquisition settings for CBCT.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l r r} \hline
**GS** & **RG** & **GG** & **\# of Cases** \\ \hline
3+3 & Low/very low & 1 & 2 \\
**3+4** & **Intermediate (favourable)** & **2** & **22** \\
**4+3** & **Intermediate (unfavourable)** & **3** & **24** \\
4+4 & High & 4 & 14 \\
4+5/5+4 & Very high & 5 & 8 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Patients Stratification.  
dose must be delivered to the CTV, plus a clinically acceptable margin that may include organ motion and setup variations [28].  
The initial CT scan is essential for the EBRT planning systems to provide a baseline for volume delineation and the HU values needed for dose estimations. For PCa, an MRI or PET can also be considered in this task. All the volumes were drawn manually, or using semi-automatic tools from the available EBRT planning system at the institution, by medical experts. During the treatment, a CBCT is usually acquired for patient positioning verification. In other words, to verify that the prostate is within the CTV. This visual inspection is validated by a medical doctor. In this work, the included CBCT was the one from the first treatment session.  
To transpose the structures defined in the CT to the CBCT, an elastic registration was performed using the Elastix toolbox [29; 30] available as an extension from 3 DSlicer [31]. The fixed volume was the CT, while the moving volume was the CBCT. The extension computed the displacement field which is then applied to the CBCT to transform the volume. Figure 1(a) shows an example CT image, and Figure 1(b) the registered CBCT and the manually defined CTV structure on both.
## 3 EDAS Prototype Specifications
### Technical Setup  
Encrypted patient body temperature values are collected using a wearable temperature sensor, which are communicated to the hospital site via a smartphone as a relay device. In the patient domain, an app on the smartphone receives, parses and directs temperature readings and any security event generated by the sensor to their respective event databases. The temperature values are extracted by the hospital health application, where they are decrypted and displayed as a continuous real-time graph for medical diagnosis. The security events are pulled by the EDAS platform to investigate and respond to any potential threats. The EDAS platform is a standalone system contained in the hospital-controlled domain. A context diagram of the environment is shown in Figure 3.
# An Improved Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 System Model
### Energy Consumption Model  
The radio hardware energy consumption model is shown in Figure 2. The radio electronics and the power amplifier are run by the transmitter, and the radio electronics are also run by the receiver. Both operations consume energy. The energy consumption model adopts the free space channel with \(d^{2}\) energy consumption and the multipath channel with \(d^{4}\) energy consumption depending on the distance between the transmitter and the receiver [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. Thus, to transmit a packet of \(m\) bits at a distance \(d\), the energy consumption is given by the following equation:  
\[E_{TX}=\begin{cases}m*E_{dec}+m*\varepsilon_{fs}*d^{2}&d\leq d_{0},\\ m*E_{dec}+m*\varepsilon_{mp}*d^{4}&d>d_{0},\end{cases} \tag{2}\]  
where \(d_{0}\) can be calculated by \(d_{0}=\sqrt{\varepsilon_{fs}/\varepsilon_{mp}}\). The electronic energy \(E_{dec}\) is used depending on the digital coding, modulation, filtering, and spreading of the signal. The specific energy function of receiver is the reverse of the transmitter, as depicted in Figure 2. The parameters \(\varepsilon_{fs}\) and \(\varepsilon_{mp}\) are the amplification factors of the transmitting circuit when \(d\leq d_{0}\) and \(d>d_{0}\), where \(d_{0}\) is threshold. To receive a message of \(m\) bits, the receiver expends energy as follows:  
\[E_{RX}=m*E_{dec}. \tag{3}\]
###### Abstract  
This paper makes use of machine learning as a tool for voltage regulation in distribution networks that contain electric vehicles and a large production from distributed generation. The methods of voltage regulation considered in this study are electronic on-load tap changers and line voltage regulators. The analyzed study-case represents a real-life feeder which operates at 10 kV. It has 9 photovoltaic systems with various peak installed powers, 2 electric vehicle charging stations, and 41 secondary substations, each with an equivalent load. Measurement data of loads and irradiation data of photovoltaic systems were collected hourly for two years. Those data are used as inputs in the feeder's model in DigSilent PowerFactory where Quasi-Dynamic simulations are run. That will provide the correct tap positions as outputs. These inputs and outputs will then serve to train a Deep Neural Network which later will be used to predict the correct tap positions on input data it has not seen before. Results show that ML in general and DNN specifically show usefulness and robustness in predicting correct tap positions with very small computational requirements.  
automatic voltage control; deep learning; electric vehicles; neural networks; photovoltaic systems; power distribution networks +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 1 Introduction
To sum up, previous studies have mostly focused on the analysis of rock mechanical properties under static loading and have not yet revealed the dynamic influence law of strain rate on the energy storage-energy dissipation conversion mechanism and damage accumulation of rock samples. Moreover, there are the following deficiencies in model construction. The existing damage models are difficult to accurately characterize the nonlinear hardening characteristics in the compaction stage, resulting in a deviation in the prediction of the early deformation response of rock samples. Meanwhile, the existingconstitutive model studies have failed to clarify the abrupt mechanism of the unstable propagation of secondary cracks from the perspective of energy dissipation. Therefore, in this paper, sandstone is taken as the research object, and displacement loading experiments with different strain rates were carried out on sandstone. The variation laws of peak stress, elastic modulus, and peak strain of rock samples under different strain rates are discussed in detail, and the strength and deformation evolution characteristics of rock samples were quantitatively characterized. Meanwhile, the conversion relationship between the elastic strain energy and the dissipated strain energy of the rock sample was analyzed from the energy perspective, and the energy storage characteristics and energy dissipation characteristics of the rock sample were clarified. Furthermore, by combining the failure mode of rock samples and the characteristics of energy dissipation, the failure mechanism of rock samples under different strain rates was further revealed. Finally, the damage variable was defined based on the cumulative dissipative strain energy, and the constitutive model of energy damage was constructed. The rationality of the model was judged based on \(R^{2}\) and \(RMSE\). This model can not only accurately characterize the nonlinear hardening characteristics of the rock sample during the compaction stage under different strain rates, but it can also respond well to the strength and deformation laws of the rock sample. Meanwhile, the evolution characteristics of the energy damage variables based on this model reveal the sudden change mechanism from the dissipation of elastic strain energy of rock samples to the unstable propagation of secondary cracks, clarify the influence of strain rate on damage accumulation, and provide a theoretical basis for the dynamic assessment of surrounding rock damage and disaster early warning when the mine roof is compressed.
## 3 Surface Plasmons in Photonic Integrated Circuits
### Integrated Magneto-Plasmonics
Such a configuration is easily obtained in multi-layered planar structures, and spatial symmetry breaking is also just a matter of the appropriate geometry (Figure 15). Many guided structures based on TMOKE have been demonstrated, which were based on an MO metallic layer deposited on a dielectric or semiconductor waveguide, interacting with the TE [133] or TM [134] mode; MO garnet transferred on a semiconductor interferometer [135] or on a ring resonator [136]; garnet interferometer including a thin silver film [131]; and gold grating on a garnet waveguide [137]. In the latter structure, the non-reciprocal effect is enhanced by plasmonic light concentration; in addition, its sign is controlled by the grating slit modes coupling with the propagative surface plasmon. In this way, non-reciprocity can be inversed by the proper grating design while keeping the magnetization direction unchanged. Figure 15: TMOKE (transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect) applied to a planar waveguide. The top layer (n\({}_{1}\)) is a material with magneto-optical properties. Such a structure is represented in Figure 16: the gold grating is placed on the top of an MO garnet (BIG) waveguide, whose magnetization is in z direction. The guided TM mode is injected into the structure and interacts with the plasmonic top-grating and with the Fabry-Perot modes inside the grating slits. Their coupling induces anticrossing in the dispersion curves (Figure 16b) and non-reciprocity enhancement on each side of this anticrossing. Because of the resonant character of the structure, the isolation is limited to a narrow bandwidth, and the FoM reaches 40%. Following the same principle, by positioning the plasmonic grating on the side of the waveguide, the TE mode undergoes an isolation ratio higher than 20 dB (8 dB), with possible sign inversion and an FoM above 1 (0.2) [138], with a gyrotropy of 0.1 (0.01). More generally, in this kind of structure, plasmonics may also modify the global properties of the MO material; indeed, in the case of a purely real gyrotropy MO material, TMOKE only induces a non-reciprocal phase shift on the propagating wave. Thanks to the plasmonic interaction at the TMOKE interface, the global non-reciprocity also applies to the amplitude of the propagating wave [139].
# Enhanced Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation for the Internet of Underwater Things
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel energy-efficient spatial modulation scheme called enhancement FGSM has been proposed for IoUT applications. The proposed scheme uses an innovative method to select the transmitter antennas to be activated for data transmission in two different data signal constellations in order to transmit additional data bits. More specifically, the suggested EFGSM is different from the current SMTs in terms of the process of choosing the transmitter antennas carrying information by primary signal constellation and secondary signal constellation. In the proposed scheme, for each case of primary signal constellation and secondary signal constellation, the number of active antennas may vary from the activation just a single transmitter antenna to the case of activating multiple transmitters. As a result, it achieves improvements in the ABER, spectral and power efficiency over the current SM, GSM, and FGSM spatial modulation schemes. The proposed scheme reduces the complex computation of the receiver by more than 90% over the conventional FGSM. The simulation and numerical results show the potential of EFGSM as an energy-efficient underwater communication system.  
Z.A.H.Q.; Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing-Original Draft Preparation and Visualization. H.E.: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal Analysis, Writing-Review & Editing and Visualization. H.S.: Validation, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition. J.W., Validation, Project Administration, and Funding Acquisition. Y.M., Validation and Writing-Review & Editing. S.A.: Validation and Writing-Review & Editing.  
Please add: This research was funded by The National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number (61671394), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number (20720170044), National Key R&D Program of China (2018 YFC0809200) and Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, grant number (16)CONJC01100).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Conclusions  
This research marks the inaugural attempt to conduct a scientometric analysis of TBM performance. The analysis encompasses 528 English-language articles indexed in the WOS from 2000 to 2021. With the goal of creating a comprehensive knowledge map of the TBM research field, this study endeavors to portray the current landscape of TBM performance research and to provide researchers with valuable insights into the most recent developments in the field.  
* This study illuminates the noteworthy contributions made by various nations and institutions to TBM performance research, with a focus on leading contributors such as China, Iran, the United States, and Turkey. The analysis underscores the global scope of TBM research initiatives and emphasizes the necessity of tackling a wide array of tunnelling challenges on a global scale.
* The examination of 40 distinct domains and significant focal points in the study of TBM performance reveals its interdisciplinary character.
* By scrutinizing highly cited articles and essential references, this research offers nuanced insights into pivotal research directions and significant findings.
* Through a comparative analysis of the merits and drawbacks associated with drill and blast methods as opposed to TBM methods, this research provides valuable guidance for stakeholders in the selection of excavation techniques for tunneling projects. It emphasizes the significance of weighing technical and economic indicators to mitigate project risks and optimize efficiency.
* The study further accentuates the potential ramifications of metaverse technology on the future of TBMs, particularly focusing on immersive training and learning concepts and the conceptualization of a TBM metaverse architecture. This integration unveils thrilling prospects for innovation in tunnelling technology and training methodologies.  
In summary, this study enriches our comprehension of TBM performance research, offering valuable insights into prevailing trends, emerging topics, and prospective directions within the field. Its discoveries serve as a guiding framework for researchers and practitioners to propel tunnelling technology forward and effectively tackle the challenges inherent in modern infrastructure development.  
Conceptualization, Y.Z. and J.Z.; methodology, Y.Z.; software, Y.Z.; validation, Y.Z., Y.Q. and J.Z.; formal analysis, Y.Q., P.Y. and C.X.; investigation, Q.X.; resources, Q.X.; data curation, Y.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Z.; writing--review and editing, J.Z., Q.X., P.Y. and C.X.; visualization, D.J.A.; supervision, J.Z.; project administration, Q.X.; funding acquisition, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University (No. PBSKL2023A12) and the Distinguished Youth Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (2022)J10073).  
Not applicable.
## 2 Bimodal Information Collection System  
In order to obtain bimodal information of ground targets, this study builds a bimodal information collection system based on a UAV carrying dual sensors (shown in Figure 1), with the main function of obtaining spectral feature information and vital sign information. It is mainly composed of three components. Their relationship and system operation principle is illustrated by Figures 2 and 3, respectively: (1) the optimal multispectral sensing module acquires spectral information for the preliminary detection of suspected human targets; (2) miniature bio-radar module acquires vital sign information for human subject reconfirmation; (3) UAV carrying system and ground workstation are mainly responsible for carrying out flight and information transmission control tasks. In the following, we will give a detailed description of the 3 main components of the whole system and the coordination between them.  
Figure 1: The overall architecture of the bimodal information collection system.  
Figure 2: The diagram of the bimodal information collection system.
## 3 Evolution Towards Next Generation Networks (NGN)
### Evolution Towards NGN  
The evolution to NGN started initially from legacy PSTN with IN, see Figure 3. PSTN was characterized by distributed application deployment. Each exchange had to process all queries. This was inefficient as the deployment of any new service required an upgrade of all exchanges by the operator. Intelligent Network (IN) was built on top of PSTN and centralized some services. It was an evolution from the SS7 protocol stack. Deployment of any services other than voice services was complicated and usually required a new protocol set.  
NGN started out as a wonderful new idea of how to profit from IP networks at the transport layer. It is obvious that NGN means a revolution in the telco world. From the beginning, service delivery was quite unclear and was the task of one monolithic control block called softswitch. A so-called softswitch architecture is characterized by one monolithic control block and one or more media (voice) gateways. The openness was limited in this concept and no real standardization has taken place for softswitch architectures.  
Then the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) started the conception of a new architecture for service delivery. This architecture matured in Release 5 in 2002 and is known as IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The idea behind IMS is to provide a de-composed architecture with well standardized interfaces between functional elements. The whole system is based on protocols standardized by IETF, like SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), Diameter, RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol), RTCP (Real-Time Transport Control Protocol) and others. As a new approach, interfaces to application servers have been defined that simplify the development of new applications. Even more, operators can open their network to service providers more easily and service providers can easier develop applications for several operators independently of the core network vendor.  
Also the telco world is looking for architecture evolution towards future networks. A comparison of various characteristics of PSTN, NGN and Future Networks is given in Table 3. The most important is the user experience with rich multimedia personalized services.  
Figure 3: Principle for evolution approach from telco view.
# Privacy-Preserving Electricity Trading for Connected Microgrids
## 2 Related Work
Privacy is enforced through an encryption method which limits the nodes able to access each piece of trading information. In our opinion, the proposal does not fit in with a microgrid trading scenario in which all the nodes are potentially interested in purchasing each energy offer, so it is not clear in which way you can limit the recipients of each piece of trading information. Apart from that, the proposal does not refer to the way in which bills are calculated. A similar proposal is given in [22]. The authors propose a blockchain-based three-layer architecture for energy trading in an auction market. The described system makes use of advanced cryptography in order to preserve the privacy of the participants. As in other proposals reviewed in this section, the authors do not address the way in which electricity is paid for. An auction electricity market constructed over blockchain technology is also proposed in [23]. Privacy and security are achieved by means of data encryption and digital signatures. The proposal includes parties able to decrypt bidding messages and also a trusted party able to revoke the anonymity of participants. In a real deployment, this would arise concerns about possible collusion among them. Each transaction involves a payment from the buyer to the seller, but no details about the privacy required in this step are mentioned. Another energy trading system addressing privacy concerns is presented in [24]. The authors propose a blockchain-based transaction scheme in which the privacy of participants is preserved by reducing the data stored on the public blockchain. The paper focuses on optimizing the transactions among market participants by defining a problem regarding electricity pricing. Nevertheless, the paper does not address the way in which electricity is actually paid for and the privacy leakage resulting from the data collected in order to manage these payments. After reviewing existing relevant proposals, this section is concluded by stating the strong points of the new proposal presented in this paper with respect to existing work:  
* The system allows electricity transactions among households (feature not provided in [10; 14]). * Meter consumption and production privacy is provided without the need to trust any third party (unlike [10; 14; 15; 18; 20]) and with no risk of reidentification arising from the use of blockchain pseudonyms (unlike [16]). * The system enables the computation of bills without compromising privacy (unlike [19; 21; 22; 23; 24]).