esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Legibility  
In order to avoid the influence of content or the complexity of texts on legibility during the reading speed assessment, we used the same texts as in previous research [35] on legibility conducted on one of the IAPS papers. The texts were taken from a Slovenian edition of the National Geographic journal. The text length varied between 640 and 707 characters. The typographic properties of the texts were also in line with previous research [35]. The leading was 1 pt larger than the type size, i.e., for the 8 pt type size, the leading was 9 pt; for the 10 pt type size, it was 11 pt; and for the 12 pt type size, it was 13 pt. The vertical view angle [43] was 0.229\({}^{\circ}\) at the 8 pt type size. At the 10 pt type size, the vertical view angle was 0.278\({}^{\circ}\). At the 12 pt type size, the vertical view angle was 0.327\({}^{\circ}\). The time spent to read 700 characters was calculated based on the total time required to read the whole text and was measured in seconds. To assess reading comprehension, we examined the proportion of correct answers to multiple-choice questions which had two response alternatives.  
The observers (\(N=50\)) were between 20 and 23 years old (\(M=21.82\), \(SD=5.1\)), with normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The research was conducted in two parts to avoid fatigue, which may influence human responses. In the first part, the observers read texts on Japanese knotweed paper (S2) and black locust paper (S4). During the second part, which was conducted a week later, the observers read texts printed on giant goldenrod paper (S3) and commercial office Paper (S1). The participants were divided into four groups. Two groups included 13 people and two groups included 12 people. Each participant read all 12 combinations which resulted from manipulation of different levels of two factors (i.e., 3 type sizes and 4 papers). In order to reduce the possibility of order effects, the combinations of factors were presented in random order to each participant.  
The influence of type size and paper grade on legibility was statistically analysed with the program IBM SPSS 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to investigate whether type size (8, 10, and 12 pt) and paper variant (Japanese knotweed paper (S2), giant goldenrod paper (S3), black locust paper (S4),and commercial office paper (S1)) influence the participants' reading time of 700 characters. Statistical hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 error rate. Since the [PERSON]'s test showed that the assumption of sphericity was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser correction was used in the analysis. Cochran Q tests were performed to investigate the influence of samples on the observers' correct responses.
# Spaceborne LiDAR Systems: Evolution, Capabilities, and Challenges
## 8 Conclusions  
Spaceborne LiDAR has come a long way since its inception in the 1960s. The tens of missions developed and launched by multi-world agencies (NASA, ESA, CNES, JAXA,...) carrying LiDAR instruments have been developed to explore our planet and beyond. Missions like ICESat-1 and ICESat-2 have contributed to a better understanding of the balance of the polar ice mass. GEDI has measured forest structure and the distribution of above-ground biomass in the tropics and temperate regions. Other instruments, such as CALIOP on the CALIPSO satellite, have provided data on the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosols, enabling deeper insight into climate and atmospheric dynamics. In the future, missions like MERLIN, AEGLUS2, MOLI, or Gualan are planned in order to follow their successors and bring insights into unexplored areas of our planet and beyond.  
Conceptualization, J.B., M.B.A.G., T.G. and R.M.; data curation, J.B., M.B.A.G., J.V. and S.S.; investigation J.B. and M.B.A.G.; Methodology, J.B. and M.B.A.G.; project administration, T.G. and R.M.; supervision, T.G.; validation, M.B.A.G.; visualization, J.B. and M.B.A.G.; writing--original draft, J.B., M.B.A.G., J.V. and S.S.; writing--review & editing, J.B. and M.B.A.G.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
All data are contained within the paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} ADC & Analog-to-digital converters \\ AGB & Aboveground biomass \\ AOD & Aerosol Optical Depth \\ ALADIN & Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument \\ ATLAS & Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System \\ APD & Avalanche photodiode \\ CFD & Constant Fraction Discriminator \\ CALIOP & Cloud-Aerosol LiDAR with Orthogonal Polarization \\ CALIPSO & Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations \\ CATS & The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System \\ CCD & Charge Coupled Device \\ CALIPSO & Cloud-Aerosol LIDAR and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations \\ CATS & The Cloud-Aerosol Transport System \\ CCD & Charge Coupled Device \\ C-WL & Coherent detection \\ CNES & Centre national d'etudes spatiales \\ \end{tabular}
# Exploring CP Array Antenna Characteristics and Its Applications to a Deployable Structure
## 3 Discussion  
To achieve the desired radiation characteristics of a transmitting CP array antenna with multiple input signals, phase imbalance must be carefully managed. The radiation characteristics of the four-unit CP antenna can be effectively realized when the input phases are nearly identical to those obtained from a single large-panel design utilizing a 1:4 power divider. Specifically, the phase difference between the four output signals from the power divider is approximately 90\({}^{\circ}\), with equally divided magnitude, making it suitable for generating CP antenna performance. Additionally, as the transmitting units are directly connected to the PA module via coaxial cables, as shown in Figure 8d, the PA modules must be capable of adjusting their output phase responses to maintain the performance of the transmitting antenna. Furthermore, in a WPT system where two large panels are connected using deployable hinges, as shown in Figure 9a, to enhance the radiation pattern and gain, careful consideration must be given to the phase response of the feedline. Ensuring that both panels receive electrically identical input signals is crucial; otherwise, the CP array antenna may not achieve the expected performance improvements. The characteristics of  
Figure 10: (**a**) Measured S-parameter magnitude of T-junction with input cables, (**b**) measured S\({}_{21}\) phase of T-junction with input cables, (**c**) simulated radiation pattern with different input phase.  
Figure 9: (**a**) Two CP antennas with deployable hinges for configuration \(\sharp\)3, (**b**) measurement setup, (**c**) simulated and measured AR and gain, (**d**) simulated radiation pattern, (**e**) measured radiation pattern (\(\phi=0^{\circ}\)), (**f**) measured radiation pattern (\(\phi=90^{\circ}\)).  
the proposed CP array antenna with various mounting configurations are summarized and compared with those reported in the literature in Table 2. The proposed 8 \(\times\) 8 CP array antenna, especially the first mounting configuration, can be fairly compared with the previously published ones. Owing to the unique feature of the sequentially rotated feed network, the proposed antenna, which employs a single-panel structure with simple microstrip patch radiators, achieves a wide AR bandwidth. Furthermore, its peak gain at the center frequency is comparable to that of state-of-the-art CP antennas. It should also be noted that the use of a linearly polarized standard gain horn antenna for the radiation pattern measurement in the anechoic chamber introduces an inconsistency in gain units reported in Table 2. Nonetheless, the fabricated CP antenna shows a reasonable and competitive gain performance at the center frequency.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Primer Design and Multiplex PCR Analysis  
An event-specific primer pair for the LM canola was developed using information for the LMO structures and nucleotide sequence data obtained from the Joint Research Centre-European Commission (JRC-EC), International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. The primers were designed using canola genome regions and event-specific regions (Table 1). The primers were synthesized by Biofact Inc. (Daejeon, Korea) and diluted to 100 pmol/uL with sterilized water for further use.  
Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were conducted using AccuPower(r) Gold Multiplex PCR PreMix (Bioneer, Korea), containing 100 ng of each template DNA and 1 uL of each primer (5 pmol for Topas 19/2 and Rf3 and 2.5 pmol for Dp-73496-4, Ms8, GT73, Mon88032, and T45). The multiplex PCR conditions were as follows: one cycle for 30 s at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C (denaturation), 13 cycles for 30 s at 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a reducing temperature of 0.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C per cycle (annealing), and 1 min at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C (extension); followed by 23 cycles for 30 s at 94 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 30 s at 56 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 1 min at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C [30]. Genomic DNA was amplified using the ProFlex PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). The multiplex PCR method was used to analyze 260 suspicious volunteer samples collected under the LMO monitoring project. The amplified products were separated by electrophoresis on a 2.0% agarose gel at 135 V for 25 min and the gel images were visualized using the ChemiDoc XRS+ Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Event** & **Name** & **Sequence (\({}^{\circ}\)/-3)** & **Product Size (bp)** & **Reference** \\ \hline Topas 19/2 & Topas 19/2-F & CGACCGGCCCTGATATATGA & 95 & [23] \\  & Topas 19/2-R & GTCCGTTCTGCTGCATTTCC & & \\ R\({}^{\circ}\)S-F & AGCATTTAGGATGATGATGATGATG & 139 & [27] \\  & Rf-R & CAAA
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Molecular Dynamics (MD) Investigation  
The best-docked pose of Bar and (Bar-CLA) complex were used for simulation and conformational space evaluation. Parameter files and topology of the ligands used were generated through the latest CGenFF using CHARMM-GUI [33; 34]. To perform MD simulation analysis, the GROMACS program with the force field of GROMOS96-43a1 was used. Receptor-ligand structures in a triclinic box were obtained using SPC water models [35]. At a salt concentration of 0.15 M, 29 Cl\({}^{-}\) and 27 Na\({}^{+}\) ions were supplied to the systems to neutralize them and to simulate physiological salt concentrations (Figure 1). To remove unfavorable contact inside the system, energy minimization utilizing the steepest descent method with 50,000 steps was applied [36]. The equilibration of this complex system was obtained by the following two steps. Firstly, an NVT ensemble having a constant number of particles, temperature and volume was maintained for 2 ns. This ensemble is referred to as \"isothermal-isochoric\". In the second step, the NPT ensemble containing a constant number of particles, temperature and pressure was equilibrated for 10 ns. Both systems were subjected to periodic boundary conditions using a leapfrog MD integrator during the NPT/NVT equilibration, run at constant temperature (300 K) and pressure (1.0 bar) [37].  
GROMACS analytic techniques were used for trajectory analysis [38]. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) was calculated using gmxrms instruments. Hydrogen bonding was investigated by gmxhbond instruments. The gmxygrate tool was used to quantify the gyration radius, and the gmxsasa tool was used to obtain the solvent-accessible surface area of the protein in unbound and ligand-bound conditions. Various graphs were made using PyMol/VMD and Grace Software [39].  
Figure 1: Receptor-ligand complex (**a**) (Bar)-Serotonin and (**b**) (Bar-CLA)-serotonin with 27 Na+ and 29 Cl\({}^{-}\) ions for neutralizing in a triclinic box solvated with water molecules.
## 4 In-Depth Analysis and Results
### Findings and Implications
#### 4.2.1 Shortcomings and Gaps  
As it has become evident in the previous qualitative content analysis, insufficiencies in current attempts of linking the Last Planner(r) System and the BIM approach conceptually consist mainly of three points:  
* Parallel applications rather than true integration which would need provision for detailed insights on how to capitalize BIM data systematically and in a software-vendor independent way and vice versa: how to retrieve BIM data for the LPS process and how to store and potentially visualize LPS process information within a BIM model. In addition to that, a sound conceptual model for integration should also cover BIM functionalities other than 3D representations and automated clash detections, especially when striving for new, BIM-based production management systems in construction.
* There is a lot of scientific evidence focusing on traditional, \"stand-alone\" LPS that describes its implementation as less successful when not implemented to its full extent in terms of methodology [93; 94; 95]. Current attempts of implementing the LPS together with BIM show the same methodological inappropriateness which might lead to the same non-satisfactory results. This could be avoided if an accepted reference framework that guides future users through correct methodological implementations in a BIM environment was established.
* Combinations of BIM and LPS in both frameworks and practical implementations in case studies are infrequently connected to solid theory, other than the nowadays known BIM-lean interactions themselves. As claimed by [PERSON] et al. [96], this connection is especially needed in the case of frameworks or conceptual models, which often derive from constructive research based on a design science research (DSR) approach.  
As for gaps and the combination of digital technology such as BIM with the Last Planner(r) System, also digital representations of the LPS entities should be considered in a conceptual model for making a link of these entities to BIM objects possible. Thus, LPS being conceptually a Kanban system [97], intuitively brings up the suggestion of digital Kanban systems, where traditional sticky notes could become digital on a touch-whiteboard.  
We further think that clear roles with distinct responsibilities could add value to a framework for BIM-LPS integrations in order to improve process compliance in terms of methodology and to avoid the omission of important LPS steps. We will consider this when devising a new conceptual model for integration in the next section.
## 2 Comparative Method
### Operational Improvements to Be Compared
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**In-Flight Measures**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ground-Related Measures**} \\  & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Trajectory-Related OIs**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Network-Related OIs**} & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Definition of OI type} & \multirow{6}{*}{*} & Climate mitigation in-flight & \multirow{6}{*}{*} & Climate mitigation in-flight & \multirow{6}{*}{*} & \multirow{6}{*}{} \\  & & Assessment for & & aggregated flight & & airport on-ground \\  & & individual flight mission possible & \multirow{6}{*}{*} & networks & \multirow{6}{*}{} \\  & & & & & infrastructure on land \\  & & & Horizontal and vertical re-routing to reduce & & adjustments of & & and air-side \\  & & & & & origin–destination (OD) & \\  & & climate impact & & pairs, aircraft assignment or frequencies & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Considered measures} & \multirow{6}{*}{} & Reduced cruise altitudes and speeds (Flying low and slow, LOSL) & \multirow{6}{*}{} & Network optimization & \multirow{6}{*}{} & Sustainable taxi operations (SETX) \\  & & Free routing (FREE) & & & Climate-optimized & \multirow{6}{*}{} \\  & & Wind-optimized flight planning (WIND) & \multirow{6}{*}{} & Intermediate Stop Operations (ISOC) & \multirow{6}{*}{} \\  & & Climate-optimized trajectories (CLIM) & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Assessment} & \multirow{6}{*}{Individual trajectory optimization regarding CO\({}_{2}\) and non-CO\({}_{2}\) and non-CO\({}_{2}\) specific weather conditions} & Reduction in climate impact & \multirow{6}{*}{} & Reduction of carbon emissions and their respective climate flight plans in a climatological approach & \multirow{6}{*}{} \\  & & & & & impact on-ground \\ \hline Reference publications & [45; 46; 47; 48] & [20; 31] & [49; 50] & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview on considered operational improvements per type.
## 2 System Overview
### ROV Overview  
An ROV is an underwater dynamic communication node, which can be used as the carrier of the VLC and UAC modems. At the same time, the ROV is also equipped with cameras, pressure sensors, attitude sensors, and voltage detection sensors to detect the underwater environment and its state. The overall structure of the ROV is shown in Figure 8. The structure has four horizontal thrusters and two vertical thrusters, which can ensure that the ROV has four degrees of freedom of motion capability: front and rear, left and right, heave, and horizontal rotation.  
Figure 7: LC filter circuit.  
The ROV control system circuit was designed and developed by means of the module circuit assembly. This part of the system includes an Arduino microprocessor, pressure sensor, acceleration sensor, and DC brushless motor.
## 1 Introduction  
Aloha type protocols, including slotted aloha and unslotted aloha, play an important role in the multiple access communication [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. Framed slotted aloha (FSA), an improvement to the slotted aloha protocol, has been widely used in the satellite networks [6; 7], radio frequency identification networks [8; 9; 10; 11], wireless sensor networks [12; 13], vehicular ad hoc networks [14; 15; 16], wireless cellular networks [17; 18], optical networks[19; 20] and so on. The reason is that FSA protocol is easy to realize in real communication systems and improves the transmission efficiency. In the FSA-based networks, the link-time is comprised of frames and each frame is further divided into slots. The number of slots within a frame can be fixed or even vary dynamically frame by frame on the basis of network condition. All the users in the network are frame- and slot-synchronized, and each user randomly chooses a slot of one frame for transmitting its packet. When a slot is chosen concurrently by two or more users, we usually consider it a collided slot. For this model of collision channel, the maximum channel utilization is approximately equal to \(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\approx 0.37\)[21]. As a matter of fact, the kind of collided slot is likely to be a successful slot when the power level of one user is greater enough than that of the others'. The phenomenon is called capture effect, which often occurs in reality and improves the channel utilization of FSA-based networks.  
In recent years, much attention has been paid to the capture effect in the FSA-based networks. Actually, though some literatures have indicated that the capture effect cannot be ignored, they usually assume that the probability of capture effect is a constant for simplicity or a variable without regard to the real channel condition [9; 10; 11; 22; 23]. Obviously, they do not clearly illustrate the relationships between the capture probabilities of different fading channels and the maximum channel utilization in the FSA-based networks, such as Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-\(m\) fading channel. Motivated by it, we analyze the capture effect in the FSA-based networks under different fading channels mentioned above. Since the setting of optimal frame length is the key to achieve the maximum channel utilizationin the FSA-based networks, we give the optimal frame length with taking the capture effect into account. By means of setting the optimal frame length, the actual channel utilization is maximized.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the closed-form expressions of capture probability under Rayleigh, Rician and Nakagami-_m_ fading channels are derived, respectively. Section 3 indicates the relationship between the optimal frame length and the maximum channel utilization. The numerical results are given in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
# A Scalable Framework for Sensor Data Ingestion and Real-Time Processing in Cloud Manufacturing
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation Metrics  
To assess the effectiveness of the framework, a set of established metrics targeting the system efficiency, scalability, and responsiveness was selected [38]. Based on previous research on real-time data processing, CC, and distributed systems, these metrics provide a comprehensive view of a system's operational capacity and adaptability [1; 39; 40].  
* Throughput measures the number of messages or requests processed per second. Throughput is a key metric for industrial applications such as CM, where a higher throughput indicates an enhanced capacity for handling large-scale data streams.
* Latency defines the delay between data generation and consumption or the response time to an API request. Low latency is critical for real-time applications, where delays can impact decision making and control, especially in time-sensitive manufacturing environments [41].
* Scalability assesses the system ability to sustain performance under increasing workloads by testing with additional message producers, consumers, or concurrent users. This metric is vital for cloud-based architectures, where sensor density or data generation rates can vary significantly over time.
* Resource Utilization: Tracks CPU and memory usage to gauge efficiency. Effective resource utilization ensures high performance and cost efficiency because high utilization may indicate bottlenecks, whereas low utilization and high throughput suggest an optimized system design.  
Using these metrics [42], the accuracy and performance of the framework are evaluated using established methodologies in the CC field.
## 3 Optimization Problem Solving
### Optimizing the IRS Phase Shift for a Given BS Transmit Beamforming
Therefore, it is necessary to map the tangent vector from the tangent space back to the manifold itself:  
\[\beta_{i}\eta_{i}\mapsto\frac{\left(\mathbf{V}_{i}+\beta_{i}\eta_{i}\right)_{n}}{ \left|\left(\mathbf{V}_{i}+\beta_{i}\eta_{i}\right)_{n}\right|}, \tag{31}\]  
where \(\left(\mathbf{V}_{i}+\beta_{i}\eta_{i}\right)_{n}\) denotes item n of \(\mathbf{V}_{i+1}\alpha_{i}\
abla f_{C}\). The RCG algorithm optimizes the IRS phase shift, as shown in Algorithm 2. ```
1:Initialization:\(\mathbf{V}_{0}\),\(\eta_{i}=-\text{grad}f_{C}\), \(i=0,\varepsilon=10^{-3}\);
2:repeat
3: Choose the Armijo backtracking line search step size \(\alpha_{i}\);
4: Find the next point \(\mathbf{V}_{i+1}\) using retraction in (31);
5: Calculate the Euclidean gradient \(\
abla f_{C}\) according to (28);
6: Calculate the Riemannian gradient \(\text{grad}f_{C}\) according to (27);
7: Calculate the transport \(\mathcal{I}_{\mathbf{V}_{i}\to\mathbf{V}_{i+1}}(\eta_{i})\) according to (29);
8: Calculate the conjugate direction \(\eta_{i}\) according to (30);
9:\(i=i+1\);
10:Until\(\mathbf{\lVert}\text{grad}f_{C}\mathbf{\lVert}_{2}\leq\varepsilon\). 11:Output\(\mathbf{V}^{*}=\mathbf{V}_{i}\). ```  
**Algorithm 2** RCG Algorithm for optimizing the reflection coefficients.