## 4 Human-Centered Knowledge Graph Representation for a Wire Harness Assembly Process
### Wire Harness Assembly-Based Case Study  
A recent study on research and development [57] emphasized the importance of exploring collaborative robots in wire harness assembly. The authors of this study also delved into the analysis and design of Intelligent Collaborative Manufacturing Spaces (ICMS) using a hypergraph-based approach similar to a referenced benchmark [58]. The wire harness assembly sector served as the inspiration for the case study discussed in this paper. Specifically, the case study focused on the manufacturing processes of a multinational wire harness assembly plant. Detailed information cannot be disclosed due to confidentiality policies; however, the proposed methodology is continually undergoing validation with manufacturing experts. Figure 5 illustrates the factory floor layout, featuring a coordinate system that establishes a grid for assigning operators and production resources like robots and machinery. The case study incorporates a real-time location system (RTLS) that monitors the whereabouts of assembly workers and assets. The X and Y axes on the shop floor correspond to potential RTLS-based positions. Distances required for material handling and transportation can be determined from the grid. Furthermore, the shop floor is divided into 18 distinct areas, for instance, ST_11, which can accommodate workstations. A dual production system comprising batch and traditional production was specified, and the workflow is depicted in Figure 6, which is derived from an actual wire harness industry assembly line. This process involves two assembly lines that share tasks and resources. The components of these lines are detailed in Table 2. The shop floor includes two storage areas, multiple buffers, crimping stations, and assembly stations. The second group of components encompasses human-machine agents, which can be operators or robots, as well as production line assets, such as machines, tools, screwdrivers, and the AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle). Additionally, specific capabilities are necessary to perform designated tasks, along with sensor components, to oversee the collaborative environment. Figure 5: The grid layout of the benchmark shop floor. A detailed list of activity types for this benchmark problem can be found in Appendix A in Table A2, encompassing categories such as the crimping process, assembly process, or material handling, along with the definitions of the outcomes associated with these activity types. It is crucial not only to define the activity types but also their results for effective process tracking and collaboration. A more comprehensive overview of the wire harness assembly benchmark is presented in Appendix B, where each activity type of the intricate industrial process is outlined in Table A1, followed by detailed descriptions of the sequence of activities in Tables A3 and A4 of the Appendix B, as highlighted in this study. In addition to the main elements listed in Table 2, other attributes of the elements include the following Capabilities necessary for carrying out specific activities: C1--insertion and laying of parts (cabling), C3--terminal handling, C6--terminal screwing, C7--crimp machine operation, C8--loading or unloading of the \(AGV\), and C9--workpiece transport on the shop floor. Moreover, there are specialized tools, some of which are shared across the process, namely \(E1\)--wiring tool, \(E2\)--hose tool, and \(E3\)--\(E5\)--screwdrivers. Additionally, various unique Machines (M) are allocated to different Crimping Stations, while Tools (E) are considered commun assets within Assembly Stations. In Figure 6, the brighter-colored elements represent Production line 1, while the darker ones represent Production line 2. Shared assets and resources are visualized in the middle. Material handling steps during production are indicated with arrows, which can be carried out as a one-piece-flow by operators or through an AGV-based transport