## 1 Introduction  
Recombinant DNA technology, developed in 1973 by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON], can be used to alter the genotypes of living organisms artificially [1; 2]. This technology has led to the development of living modified organisms (LMOs), which include biological species whose DNA has been altered by introducing specific genes. LMOs are widely used in agriculture, food, livestock, and the environment [3]. The first genetically modified (GM) tobacco was developed in 1983, and GM crops such as cotton, soybeans, and corn were commercialized in 1994 [4; 5; 6]. In 1996, the first commercial production of LMO crops occurred, and the cultivation area of LMO crops had grown to 190.4 million hectares in 29 countries by 2019 [7; 8; 9]. Although LMO crops have brought economic benefits through increased crop yields and reduced pesticide costs, concerns remain regarding their environmental impacts and risks. These issues include LMO gene flow to related species and non-LMO crops, reduced herbicide effects, effects on non-target organisms, and uncertainty about their safety in natural environments, including developing resistance to target pests and reduced genetic diversity [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. In addition, LM crops may affect the diversity of the microbial community and soil ecosystem function. Although the interactions between LM crops and soil microbial communities are not well known, it is possible that LMO genes can be transferred to native soil microbes, and proteins released from LM plants may affect the biodiversity of soil microbial communities [15]. For example, previous studies indicated that LM plants, such as glyphosate-resistant crops, could change the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. In line with the One Health concept, the root exudates of LMO plants, which contain engineered proteins, may have either positive or negative effects on the health of soil microorganisms in natural environments. Then, soil microbiomes may play a crucial role in the overall health of other ecosystem components, including plants and animals [22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight the significance of a new priority management system for One Health by mitigating the potential risks associated with LMO spillage in the natural ecosystem. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted as an international treaty to address these concerns in 2000 [27; 28]. The Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, such as Japan, Australia, and European Union, have controlled the development and application of LMOs through their regulation acts [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. Countries that are signatories of the Protocol have strictly established risk assessment systems for LMOs to ensure their safety. The LMO risk assessment, under the Protocol, has been determined through a comprehensive evaluation in a scientific and transparent manner. The LMO environmental risk assessment in particular includes exposure evaluation results obtained through laboratory or confined fields using LMO gene products or plants [35; 36]. The environmental risk assessment, considering the ecosystem's food chain of each member country of the Protocol, is essential during the LMO risk review [37; 38; 39; 40; 41]. There have also been various claims about the potential benefits and risks of LMOs regarding ethical, environmental, health, biodiversity, and religious issues [42; 41]. For this reason, the LMO risk assessment should be conducted according to the principles and methodology consisting of five steps as follows: (step 1) the identification of any novel genotypic and phenotypic traits associated with the LMO that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, (step 2) the evaluation of the likelihood of adverse effects, (step 3) the evaluation of the consequences of any adverse effects, (step 4) the estimation of the overall risk, and (step 5) a recommendation as to whether or not the risks are acceptable or manageable [43; 44].