# Synergies and Potential of Industry 4.0 and Automated Vehicles in Smart City Infrastructure
## 3 Results  
### Automated Vehicles--General  
Since the beginning of road transport, there has always been someone behind the wheel of a car. Over time, together with the rapid development of technology, studies have suggested the possibility of self-driving cars. Vehicle automation has its advantages, such as information sharing with smart cities, but there are also disadvantages to be considered, particularly the liability issues and, last but not least, the cyber-security issues that come with it. As this is an emerging sector in the transport industry, the sector can also be described as a challenge not only for computer scientists and cyber security engineers but also for the legal field and legislators, as the level of answering cyber security questions is at an early stage and, thus, many of them are unanswered. People deal with cybersecurity on a daily basis with our devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, and computers, which are exposed to cyber threats and attacks on a daily basis. Due to the prolonged use of such devices, more risk mitigation practices are being put in place to enhance security. However, in the case of autonomous vehicles, these are just in the early stages of regulation, as evidenced by the recent first legislative acts regulating the area at various levels. Safety must be seen as the most fundamental and most important aspect of autonomous vehicles, whether it is the safety in traffic itself, the safety of passengers, the safety of the surroundings, or the cybersecurity of the vehicle and the information it shares with smart cities [14]. This is where the clash of interests between the smart cities concept and the concept of automated vehicles comes into play. The smart cities concept foresees a wide sharing of information between the different elements. As an example, a situation where automated vehicles would share information with a particular smart city about its location, speed, vehicle occupancy, and destination, and the smart city would calculate the best route with respect to traffic using an advanced computer and thus be able to manage traffic and navigate through traffic jams, phantom jams, and ensure traffic flow. Also, smart cities would be able to adjust traffic lights based on the data from cars, considering the possibility of traffic jams. If a smart city receives information from an automated vehicle stuck in a traffic jam, it would be able to give that direction a kilometer longer to ensure traffic flow. For example, the emergency services would also be able to operate in this way. Thus, a smart city would identify information from the vehicle and adjust traffic accordingly. For example, the emergency services could have a green light at all traffic lights, which means that they would not have to brake before every intersection, worrying whether all vehicles would let them through. This is the ideal situation from a smart city point of view, but on the other side, there is cyber security [15]. Such widely shared information between vehicles, traffic lights, and other road users puts the safety of the occupants of individual vehicles at high risk. The fact that information is exchanged in cyberspace poses the greatest threat in terms of hacker attacks. Data obtained in this way can even be misused in transnational organized crime [16]. The number of cyber-attacks continues to increase, as confirmed by Table 1 below, which shows the top ten data leaks in 2023 and the amount of data leaked. Over 3.5 billion different datasets have been stolen as a result of the biggest data leaks in 2023. Big hacking attacks are also faced by well-known companies that have access to huge amounts of data from different users, often secret data, such as SAP, which had over 95 million different datasets stolen in November 2023. In this context, the individual reasons and consequences of the leaked data should also be mentioned. The most common are forms of hacker attacks on technological infrastructure, inadequate network security, and the human factor that failed.