# AIS Data Vulnerability Indicated by a Spoofing Case-Study
## Abbreviations
Available online: [[https://ctrf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Intelligent-Maritime-Navigation.pdf](https://ctrf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Intelligent-Maritime-Navigation.pdf)]([https://ctrf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Intelligent-Maritime-Navigation.pdf](https://ctrf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Intelligent-Maritime-Navigation.pdf)) (accessed on 17 April 2021). * Series (2021) Series, M. Technical Characteristics for an Automatic Identification System Using Time Division Multiple Access in the VHF Maritime Mobile Frequency Band. Available online: [[http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-ITU-F-E.pdf](http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-ITU-F-E.pdf)]([http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-ITU-F-E.pdf](http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/m/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-ITU-F-E.pdf)) (accessed on 17 April 2021). * DIPS Navniation Center (2021) DIPS Navniation Center. Automatic Identification System. Available online: [[https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pag](https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pag)]([https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pag](https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pag)) (accessed on 17 April 2021). * ICAO Doc 9861 AN/448. _Manual on VHF Digital Link (VDL) Mode 4_; ICAO: Montreal, QC, Canada, 2004. * [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] A novel anomaly detection approach to identify intentional AIS on-off switching. _Expert Syst. Appl._**2017**, _78_, 110-123. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2015) [PERSON] Threats to satellite navigation systems. _Netw. Secur._**2015**, _2015_, 14-18. [CrossRef]
* Advantages of VDES (2021) 7 Advantages of VDES, vs. AIS in Maritime Satellite Communications. Available online: [[https://info.alen.space/advantages-of-vdes-vs-ais-in-maritime-satellite-communications](https://info.alen.space/advantages-of-vdes-vs-ais-in-maritime-satellite-communications)]([https://info.alen.space/advantages-of-vdes-vs-ais-in-maritime-satellite-communications](https://info.alen.space/advantages-of-vdes-vs-ais-in-maritime-satellite-communications)) (accessed on 12 May 2021). * IALA-VHF Data Exchange System (VDES)-Overview, Edition 2.0. Available online: [[https://www.iala-aism.org/product/vhd-data-exchange-system-vdes-overview-1117/](https://www.iala-aism.org/product/vhd-data-exchange-system-vdes-overview-1117/)]([https://www.iala-aism.org/product/vhd-data-exchange-system-vdes-overview-1117/](https://www.iala-aism.org/product/vhd-data-exchange-system-vdes-overview-1117/)) (accessed on 12 May 2021). * AS (2021) AS, D. _Cyber Security Resilience Management for Ships and Mobile offshore Units in Operation;_ DNVGL-RP-0496. DNV GL: Oslo, Norway, 2016. Available online: [[https://brandcentral.dnvgl.com/download/DownloadGateway.dl?h=BE1B38B718539](https://brandcentral.dnvgl.com/download/DownloadGateway.dl?h=BE1B38B718539) CCOAB58A5 FF2 EA7A83 DE6D49 BC96B8 DB13C4 CAAFA95E9 ACCDA9F12593F5 BB9D3D16F4B2 EBE2 FF9780D9]([https://brandcentral.dnvgl.com/download/DownloadGateway.dl?h=BE1B38B718539](https://brandcentral.dnvgl.com/download/DownloadGateway.dl?h=BE1B38B718539) CCOAB58A5 FF2 EA7A83 DE6D49 BC96B8 DB13C4 CAAFA95E9 ACCDA9F12593F5 BB9D3D16F4B2 EBE2 FF9780D9) (accessed on 8 March 2021).