esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methods  
### Establishment of Coating Performance Evaluation System  
The performance evaluation of chromium-free zinc-aluminum coatings is a comprehensive assessment encompassing multiple perspectives and dimensions. To evaluate the coating's performance based on its composition and proportion, it is essential to categorize the evaluation into distinct aspects, elements, and factors. This approach forms a clear hierarchical evaluation system, enabling a comprehensive assessment of chromium-free zinc-aluminum coatings.  
The research and development objective of chromium-free zinc-aluminum coatings is to provide an environmentally friendly and high-performance alternative to traditional chromium-containing coatings [18]. Specific goals include enhancing corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, meeting diverse application requirements, while minimizing environmental and health hazards. This involves compliance with rigorous environmental regulations and standards, ensuring coatings not only excel in performance but also promote safety and sustainability throughout production and use [19].  
This article proposes a hierarchical structure based on the analytic hierarchy process (see Figure 1) to evaluate chromium-free zinc-aluminum coatings across three dimensions: physical properties, corrosion resistance, and economic applicability. Physical properties were analyzed based on thickness, hardness, and adhesion. Corrosion resistance was assessed through saltwater immersion and neutral salt spray tests. Economic applicability was evaluated considering material cost per kilogram and energy consumption.
## 2 Background
### Residual Strength of Panels with MSD
For the case of a panel with open holes and no stiffeners (as seen in Figure 1), \(\beta_{a}\) and \(\beta_{\ell}\) can be determined as follows:  
\[\beta_{a}\ =\ \beta_{\rm W}\ \beta_{a/\ell} \tag{5}\]  
\[\beta_{\ell}\ =\ \beta_{\rm H}\ \beta_{\ell/a} \tag{6}\]  
where  
\(\beta_{\rm H}\): Correction factor for the effect of the hole. \(\beta_{\ell/a}\): The cracks interaction correction factor for the effect of the lead crack on MSD cracks. The different SIF geometric correction factors (usually referred to as \"betas\") are usually readily available in literature in the form of equations or charts and in case they are not available for some configurations they can be determined using FEA [29]. In the case that the panel has stiffeners or it is a bolted (or riveted) lap-joint, additional correction factors to account for the configuration of the stiffeners (\(\beta_{\rm S}\)) or lap-joint (\(\beta_{\rm LJ}\)) are included in the overall correction factors (Equations (5) and (6)). Experimental investigations have also shown that linkup model is not accurate for many crack configurations [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. To cope for the inaccuracy of the linkup model, different empirical corrections  
Figure 1: Illustration of the MSD test panel geometry and the crack-tip plastic zone. were developed and can be found in literature [29]. The most accurate of these empirically corrected models are those developed by [PERSON] et al. [30; 44; 45] where three different empirically corrected models were developed for three different aluminum alloys; 2024-T3, 2524-T3 and 7075-T6. In fact, all of these three linkup model's empirical corrections, for the three aluminum alloys, are function of the ligament length alone. This suggests that the assumption of the linkup model (failure of ligament when the plastic zones touch) is rational but the size of the plastic zones is not accounted for accurately. It also should be stated here that the experimental results show that though the original linkup model is not accurate in many cases, it can reasonably capture the effects of the different parameters on residual strength. [PERSON] et al. [27] developed a single ANN model to predict the residual strength of panels with MSD made of any of the three different aluminum alloys (2024-T3, 2524-T3 and 7075-T6) and compared the ANN predictions accuracy to that of the three empirically-corrected models of [PERSON] et al. [30; 44; 45]. Their results have shown that both the ANN model and the empirically-corrected linkup models are able to give residual strength predictions with reasonably high accuracy where the average error for both approaches is about 4%. Finally, a thorough review for the different approaches (analytical, computational, etc.) used in the literature for estimating the residual strength of panels with MSD cracks can be found in [PERSON] et al. [27]. Such review is not included here because it is distractive to the reader and it is out of the scope of this paper.
## 3 Calculation and Simulation Results  
### Calculation of Ideal Luminous Intensity Curves  
In the calculations and simulations conducted, a ceiling width \(W=4\) m and the distance between the LED luminaire position and the ceiling \(H=0.3\) m were chosen,aiming for uniform illumination, which reflects common specifications in interior lighting installations (Figure 2b).  
The profile \(E_{L}(x)\) for \(k=1\) and \(k=2\) is observed to be relatively flat across the ceiling, although a portion of the light beam extends beyond the ceiling boundary. The sharpness of \(E_{L}(x)\) for \(k=6\) is significant around the midpoint \(x_{0}=2\) m, resulting in a non-uniform distribution if only one LED luminaire is installed on a single side.  
In Figure 3, the luminous intensity curves \(D(\theta)\) are depicted, having been calculated based on the \(E(x)\) for various values of \(k\) (where \(k=1\), \(2\), \(3\), \(6\)), utilizing Formulas (2)-(5). It is observed that the maximum of the luminous intensity curves varies between \(80^{\circ}\) and \(84^{\circ}\). For \(k=1\) and \(k=2\), the maximum angle, corresponding to the end of the ceiling, is determined to be \(86^{\circ}\); hence, luminous intensity values are not obtained for larger angles.  
It is noted that the shape of the luminous intensity curve and the width of the distribution angle at half maximum are exceedingly narrow (approximately \(15^{\circ}\)), presenting a significant challenge for lens designers, particularly when a primary lens system is required for simplicity.
# A Review of Wireless Positioning Techniques and Technologies: From Smart Sensors to 6G
## 3 Wireless Technologies  
The wireless technologies are used for providing the communication medium between entities over distances without the use of wires. Although they were initially intended for replacing the cabling and wiring for mobility and cost-savings, over the last few decades they became a powerful tool for information sharing, productivity, flexible lifestyle, and mobility, as well as a medium for the IoT. In this section, numerous wireless technologies are presented and discussed, with respect to localization. In particular, wide area network technologies, including satellite, cellular, RADAR, FM, LoRa, and SigFox, are presented first, followed by smaller range and lower power technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, UWB, geomagnetism, vision technology, VLC, RFID, acoustic, ultrasound, and infrared radiation.
## 3 Results  
A total of 43 participants were enrolled in the pilot study: 28 women and 15 men. The detailed characteristics of the groups are presented in Table 1. There were no significant differences in laboratory parameters or body mass (BMI) among supplementation and placebo groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Overall**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Supplementation Group**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Placebo Group**} & \\  & **(n = 43)** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(n = 21)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**(n = 22)**} & \\ \hline  & **Mean** & **SD** [\(\pm\)] & **Mean** & **SD** [\(\pm\)] & **Mean** & **SD** [\(\pm\)] & **_p_** \\ \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Anthropometric parameters} & \\ FM [kg] & 33.85 & 11.67 & 36.11 & 13.37 & 31.69 & 9.60 & 0.47 \\ FM\% & 35.67 & 6.80 & 36.26 & 7.44 & 35.11 & 6.25 & 0.45 \\ Body mass [kg] & 93.57 & 21.05 & 97.72 & 22.53 & 89.61 & 19.21 & 0.37 \\ BMI [kg/m\({}^{2}\)] & 31.66 & 5.86 & 32.75 & 6.66 & 30.62 & 4.92 & 0.47 \\  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Biochemical parameters} & \\  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Renal function} & \\ Creatinine [mg/dL] & 0.74 & 0.20 & 0.68 & 0.11 & 0.79 & 0.24 & 0.36 \\ GFR [mL/min/1.73 m\({}^{2}\)] & 107.43 & 22.26 & 113.69 & 21.59 & 101.45 & 21.69 & 0.15 \\ Uric acid [mg/dL] & 5.36 & 1.15 & 5.40 & 1.03 & 5.32 & 1.27 & 0.42 \\  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Liver function} & \\ GGTP [U/L] & 33.02 & 31.91 & 32.52 & 19.79 & 33.50 & 40.79 & 0.19 \\ ASF [U/L] & 20.65 & 8.43 & 21.66 & 9.49 & 19.70 & 7.38 & 0.54 \\ ALT [U/L] & 26.85 & 17.66 & 29.65 & 19.02 & 24.17 & 16.25 & 0.16 \\ Albumin [g/LThe dietary assessment revealed that the participants did not follow the rules of a healthy diet according to the European Society of Cardiology cardiovascular prevention guidelines and the Polish Society of Obesity Treatment [10; 39; 40]. The analysis of the countable aspects of diet showed that fruit (\(p<0.001\)), vegetables (\(p<0.001\)), legumes (\(p<0.001\)), fish (\(p<0.001\)), meat (\(p<0.001\)), eggs (\(p<0.001\)), dairy (\(p<0.001\)), wholegrain (\(p<0.001\)), and sweets (\(p<0.001\)) consumption did not match the guidelines for these products' consumption. The subgroups did not differ in terms of any aspect of dietary behaviors. The detailed results are presented in Table 2. Moreover, the analysis showed that the participants did not eat any kiwi, and the consumption of apples was low and did not differ between the supplementation and placebo group. The supplementation of apple and kiwi product resulted in a lowering of ALT in the supplementation group (from 29.65 \(\pm\) 19.02 IU/L to 23.80 \(\pm\) 13.76 IU/L; \(p=0.01\)). Moreover, in the placebo group there was an observed significant rise of amylase level which was not present in the supplementation group (from 53.42 \(\pm\) 17.15 IU/L to 55.62 \(\pm\) 15.03 IU/L; \(p=0.02\)). The detailed results are presented in Table 3.
# Design of a Piezoelectrically Actuated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) Microantilever Biosensor
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Time Domain Analysis  
In the initial phase of the simulation, the frequency response of the microcantilever was determined. The next step involved estimating the quality factor (\(Q\)) and the oscillation amplitude. However, these parameters cannot be obtained directly from frequency domain analysis unless experimental data are incorporated into the numerical model to account for damping coefficients and mechanical losses.  
In this section, the Heat Transfer in Solids module was implemented to account for thermoelastic damping, a critical effect in MEMS resonators. This module couples the heat transfer equations with the structural mechanics problem modeled using the Solid Mechanics module [25].  
To induce physical motion in the microcantilever, an electrical pulse was applied to the electrodes that sandwich the AlN piezoelectric layer. The duration of the pulse was set to 100 times the period corresponding to the first resonant frequency, which was found to reliably ensure excitation of the fundamental vibrational mode.  
The time steps for the electrical pulses were maintained at \(1\times 10^{-8}\) s, with a strict relative tolerance of 0.001. The simulations employed the BDF solver with fixed time steps. To assess the influence of numerical damping introduced by the solver, the maximum order was varied between 2 and 5.  
To compute the quality factor (\(Q\)), the general equation relating \(Q\) to the damping ratio was used, as defined in reference [26],  
\[Q=\frac{1}{2\zeta} \tag{8}\]  
where \(\zeta\) represents the damping ratio, which quantifies how quickly oscillations decay between successive cycles. It is defined in terms of the logarithmic decrement \(\delta\), as described in reference [25],  
\[\zeta=\frac{\delta}{\sqrt{4\pi^{2}+\delta^{2}}} \tag{9}\]The logarithmic decrement is defined as natural logarithm of the ratio between the amplitudes of two consecutive pulse peaks \(z(t_{n})\) separated by \(n\) cycles of period \(T\)[25],  
\[\delta=\frac{1}{n}\ln\frac{z(t_{n})}{z(t_{n}+nT)} \tag{10}\]  
where \(z(t_{n})\) is the amplitude of the first pulse peak at \(t_{n}\) and \(z(t_{n}+nT)\) is the amplitude of the subsequent pulse peak, occurring after \(n\) cycles of period \(T\).  
The damping ratio was not directly inserted into the model; instead, it was estimated from the time-domain simulation by analyzing the decay of oscillation amplitude after a voltage pulse was applied. This indirect method allows for the calculation of \(Q\) without assuming arbitrary damping values, ensuring that the simulation reflects the natural damping behavior of the microcantilever under vacuum-like conditions.
# Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of Immobilized TiO2 Using Laser-Micropatterned Surfaces
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Photocatalytic Activity of Different Surfaces
SEM-EDX images of these samples, shown in Figure S3, indicate the TiO\({}_{2}\) + Degussa P25 film does not coat the silicon microstructure conformally; rather, it is concentrated only in the valleys, leaving the silicon microcones uncoated. Therefore, in this case, the increased surface area of the substrate is not adopted by the TiO\({}_{2}\) + Degussa P25 film and the photocatalytic efficiency is similar to the one of flat silicon substrates with this coating. This is in contrast to the pure TiO\({}_{2}\) films, which coat both the valleys and microcones on the patterned silicon substrates as indicated in Figure 4, which results in an increase in their photocatalytic efficiency on these substrates. The durability of the photocatalytic activity of the surfaces was also investigated. The reuse of the same surface for five sequential cycles resulted in no significant changes in their photocatalytic performance. The mean \(k_{\rm obs}\) values \(\pm\) SD for F-Si-solgel, F-Si-P25-solgel, and R-Si-solgel were (4.3 \(\pm\) 1.0) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), (40.7 \(\pm\) 2.9) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\), and (7.7 \(\pm\) 1.8) \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) min\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Moreover, the structural integrity of the surfaces is illustrated in Figure S4. The SEM images after photocatalysis experiments are very similar to the SEM images before photocatalysis (Figure 2), indicating the stability of the immobilized TiO\({}_{2}\) surfaces. During the photocatalytic process, several TPs of atrazine, namely CIAT, CAET, and CAAT, were identified with LC-MS/MS by comparing their characteristic transitions with those reported in the literature [64]. The MRM chromatograms of atrazine and the TPs that formed after illumination of atrazine for 60, 90, 120, and 180 min are depicted in Figures S5 and S6. The photocatalytic activity of the most promising surface (M-Si-solgel) was also evaluated for the degradation of two other pollutants: (a) the persistent environmental pollutant 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, frequently found in water; and (b) the endocrine disruptor Bisphenol-a. The results show that this material can efficiently degrade both 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and Bisphenol-a, exhibiting \(k_{\rm obs}\) values 51.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) and 21.6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) min\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of the selected pollutants under UV-A irradiation is depicted in Figure S7.
## 3 Results and Discussion
Device #3, made of an 8 nm-thick MoTe\({}_{2}\) channel, also showed a similar trend under air heating; the smallest current, which was observed at \(-\)25 V in the as-fabricated state, was observed at a potential shift to the right by 20 V after 2 h of air heating, i.e., at a gate potential of \(-\)5 V. Moreover, the current on/off ratio constantly increased for up to 2 h of air heating owing to the continuously increasing on current. No significant changes were observed in the Ni\({}_{\text{it}}\) and SS values, which revealed  
Figure 3: Raman spectra of (**a**) MoTe\({}_{2}\) in air exposure and (**b**) MoTe\({}_{2}\) under air heating. no significant electrical degradation. Nevertheless, after 2 h, the on currents at both the n- and p-sides began to decline. As shown in Supplementary Figure S3, the on/off ratio was on the order of 1 after 24 h of air heating, indicating a severe degradation in the switching performance. The N\({}_{\text{it}}\) value also increased from 2.42 \(\times\) 10\({}^{13}\) to 1.17 \(\times\) 10\({}^{14}\) after 12 h of air heating. The transfer curves of Device #4 with a channel height of 15 nm depicted in Figure 4c reveal how the duration of air heating affects the electrical characteristics of the MoTe\({}_{2}\) FET (results for up to 48 h are shown in Supplementary Figure S4). Based on the identical trend shown in the other devices, the charge neutrality point shifted by nearly 20 V in the positive direction after 2-3 h of air heating. The initial transfer curve shows more electron-dominant conduction behaviour because the MoTe\({}_{2}\) channel is sufficiently thick at 13 nm, which is twice that of the other devices [37]. To drag the charge neutral point to 0 V, it appears that the duration of air heating must be at least 20 h. However, after 3 h, the on currents on both the n- and p-sides started to decrease gradually and the SS value began to increase, indicating a degraded switching performance. This pattern of increased SS and decreased on/off ratio values was once again observed in Device #4. The output characteristic curves in Figure 4d,e indicate that the device experienced a hole-doping effect owing to air annealing, showing a transition from ambipolar to p-type dominant behaviour. In Figure 4f, according to the trend in Figure 2e, the as-fabricated state of Device #4 was in the on state with a current flow of tens of nanoamperes and then the device transitioned to an off state after air annealing.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Laser Transport in Skin with PWS Vessel by TMC  
The effects of 595 nm PDL transport in the skin with the curved PWS vessel by TMC were studied on the two layered skin model with a domain of 1.5 mm \(\times\) 1.5 mm \(\times\) 1.0 mm. The thicknesses of the epidermis and the dermis were set respectively as \(H_{e}\) = 60 \(\upmu\)m and \(H_{d}\) = 940 \(\upmu\)m and a reconstructed blood vessel buried in the skin at a depth of 0.5 mm based on statistical average values [15].  
Figure 16 shows laser energy deposition in skin with blood vessel of model C (shown in Section 3.3) and melanin content of 3% in epidermis (\(f_{m}\) = 3%). Photon deposition distribution in the cross section at \(y\) = 0.75 mm is shown in Figure 16a. Due to high absorbance of the blood vessel and epidermis, energy deposition concentrates in the two domains. The axis of the real blood vessel is circuitous and arbitrarily positioned, therefore its cross-section shows an ellipse not directly below the laser beam. It is apparent that the top right part of the vessel, which faces the photon initial direction, collects more energy than the bottom left part.  
Figure 16b presents the corresponding lateral energy deposition profile. The line graph includes four parts: epidermis, dermis, blood vessel and dermis (Figure 16b). Laser energy was mostly absorbed by the blood vessel, then the epidermis and least the dermis. In each of the four parts, the energy  
Figure 16: Energy deposition in skin with blood vessel model C (\(f_{m}\) = 3%, 595 nm PDL, 12 J/cm\({}^{2}\)). (**a**) Cross-sectional maps of laser energy deposited at \(y\) = 0.75 mm. (**b**) Line graph of energy deposition versus depth at the vessel center (shown as white dashed line in Figure 16a) for simulations of skin with single blood vessel.  
Figure 15: Relationship between the therapeutic effect of PWS and \(S_{\mathit{7 pu}}\) (Data source: Laser Treatment Center, Department of dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University).  
deposition decreases with the depth except for the bottom of the blood vessel. The slight increase at the bottom of the vessel is caused by incident and deposition of the scattered light from the deep layer of the dermis. For people with the light-yellow skin (\(f_{m}=3\%\)), the energy absorbance of the epidermis is over 300 J/cm\({}^{2}\). In this condition, whether spray cooling is necessary depends on the results of heat transfer calculation in the next Section 4.3.
## 2 Related Work
### The Security of RISC  
With the development of processors, increasingly more special instructions are added to the CISC, which greatly increases the cost of hardware design [42; 43]. As a result, the RISC processor has gradually become the mainstream in embedded systems due to its advantages of flexible instructions and fast operation speed [44; 45]. In terms of research on security testing of the RISC instruction set, [PERSON] [46] converted the ARM-v8 instruction set into a machine-readable format for formal verification of ARM processors. Further in depth, iScanU [47] is an undocumented instruction search tool for RISC processors, taking only a few hours to search on faster systems, but it may show false positives for privileged instructions. [PERSON] et al. [48] proposed an undocumented instruction search tool specifically for ARM-v8 processors named Armshaker, which is publicly available as an open-source software, enabling users to audit their systems for undocumented instructions. They conducted a detailed analysis of the undocumented instructions but did not analyze the performance of the tool.  
In terms of research on the security mechanism of RISC processors, representative security mechanisms of RISC-V hardware and architecture include hardware and physical access security, ISA security extensions, memory protection, side-channel attack protection, etc. [49; 50; 51]. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [52] proposed a low-cost method for preventing covert channels in the RISC-V architecture. The method has a time overhead of about 320 cycles and a hardware overhead of 1% or less, all of which are negligible. [PERSON] et al. [53] proposed a new security instruction set based on the RISC-V ISA, through which software attacks that exploit hardware bugs can be circumvented.  
Table 1 shows a summary of current processor defense approaches, which we compare in terms of instruction set type and runtime. To the best of our knowledge, the current literature proposes undocumented instruction search methods only for the instruction set architectures such as x86, ARM, and RISC-V, which do not apply to the characteristics of the DSP instruction set. Therefore, the proposed undocumented instruction search method for DSP is a gap in the current literature.