## 1 Introduction  
The harmful emissions of micro and nanoparticles to the environment inevitably increase with technological development. These contaminants significantly affect human health as well as the environment and organisms [1, 2, 3, 4]. There are various contaminant filtering technologies; among them, electrostatic precipitation has the advantages of low-pressure drop in the main fluid flow and relatively good performance in the collection efficiency [5, 6, 7]. Electrostatic precipitation systems have been widely used to control the emissions with flue gases in power generation systems, combustion and chemical processing units, and several industrial mass transport processes. They have also been employed to clean the contaminated indoor air, in which various gases and particulate matter exist [5, 8]. The wire-plate type of electrostatic precipitators (ESP) is widely used in several applications. The numerical modelling of an ESP requires detailed electric field solutions incorporating flow field and particle transport modelling. The primary operating mechanism behind the electrostatic precipitators is that volatile particles that flow through the channel are charged by a high-voltage supply electrode, then charged particles are attracted toward the collection electrodes by Coulomb forces and trapped on them. The electrostatic precipitation mechanism has three essential steps, namely [5]:* Particle charging,
* Particle collection,
* Removal of the collected dust. Many factors significantly affect the operation of the ESP. The applied voltage is the most critical parameter because it determines the electrostatic field and thus corona discharge [9; 10]. The gas speed identifies the residence time of particles in the ESP and encompasses a direct impact on particle charging [9; 11]. Inlet height, wire spacing. and the precipitator arrangement may influence the gas velocity and particle charging in a wire-plate ESP [12]. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) are commonly used in industrial facilities. The main drawback of ESP technology is its high sensitivity to operating conditions [13]. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance of ESPs under various operating conditions. Experimental investigation of ESPs is costly and extraordinarily complex; therefore, simulation tools are commonly preferred [14]. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of ESPs, a complete numerical model is not available. CFD is an alternative method to study the behavior inside the ESP [15]. There are various studies in the literature to model ESP behavior using CFD tools. A few numerical strategies have been improved to simulate the flow field of primary fluid and particles, the electric field in the ESP, and the space charge density including the finite volume method [16], the boundary element method [17; 18], and the finite differencing technique [19]. The researchers also examined the impact of various operating conditions and ESP geometries on collection efficiency [20; 21; 22; 23]. In another study, [PERSON] et al. (2016) presented a numerical model to explain the particle transport, flow field, and electric field of guidance-plate-covered ESPs [24]. The study revealed that, compared to traditional ESPs, ESPs with particle trapping mechanisms such as guidance plates have higher collection efficiencies as the dust has a lower chance of returning to the environment. [PERSON] et al. (2018) developed a simulation model to simulate turbulent flow, particle trajectory, and particle charging for single-stage ESPs [25]. Collection efficiencies and particle charging were investigated for different flow speeds, voltages, and particle sizes. [PERSON] et al. (2017) investigated the collection efficiency of a hybrid electrostatic filter with perforated plates both experimentally and numerically [26]. Simulation results were found in good agreement with the experimental results. However, these specified calculation methods are usually not accessible or open to the usage of researchers who are working in the same area.