## 1 Introduction  
Over the past thirty years, with the long-term development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) basic services, the basic needs of the UAV field for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) have been met, making it the mainstream option for UAV navigation and positioning [1]. However, the disadvantages of GNSS positioning technology have become increasingly apparent. GNSS signals have low power and are susceptible to interference. They are severely limited in scenarios where signals are blocked or in urban multipath jamming environments, to the extent that they cannot provide effective positioning services for UAVs [2, 3, 4]. These factors have become important constraintsaffecting further development in the UAV field [5; 6]. To address these limitations, using SOP technology has proven effective for positioning [7]. This technology leverages any available non-navigation/non-cooperative signals, extracting relevant observations to achieve terminal localization. Its advantages lie in its ability to use existing infrastructure without the need for additional construction. SOP technology boasts wide signal spectrum coverage, high ground power levels, and robust anti-jamming capabilities. As a result, SOP positioning has become a research hotspot as a promising solution to overcoming the limitations of UAVs using GNSS positioning technology [8]. SOPs are primarily categorized into terrestrial [9; 10; 11; 12] and celestial opportunity signals [13]. Compared to terrestrial signals, celestial signals offer advantages such as extensive coverage and a wide frequency range, enabling seamless global positioning in complex geographical environments. Simultaneously, the rapid development of emerging LEO satellite communication constellations, represented by Starlink and OneWeb, has been notable. The global number of satellites in LEO for communication purposes is anticipated to surpass 22,000 by 2025 [14]. This vast quantity of LEO satellites will provide abundant radiation sources for celestial SOP positioning. In this context, the use of LEO constellations for SOP positioning has become a research hotspot. Numerous studies [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22] have introduced cases where research teams leverage LEO satellites for positioning. Recent research findings indicate that a positioning accuracy of <15 m can be achieved [23]. The accuracy of LEO satellite SOP positioning technology has steadily approached the level of GNSS positioning. This advancement has allowed it to meet the precision requirements for UAV positioning in daily scenarios. The goal is to provide independent, reliable, and high-precision positioning services for UAVs, leveraging the numerous advantages offered by LEO satellite SOP positioning. Simultaneously, with the development of miniaturization technology for SOP positioning terminals, this technology's application to the UAV positioning field has become crucial for the development of UAVs. The goal of this trend is to achieve independent and high-precision positioning services for UAVs with the benefits presented by LEO satellite SOP positioning technology. However, the scenario of drone operation is often accompanied by various adverse electromagnetic environments, such as urban multipath jamming and malicious human jamming, as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, researching anti-jamming algorithms focused on LEO satellite SOP positioning has extremely high application value for drones. At present, there is no research on anti-jamming technologies specifically tailored to LEO satellite SOP positioning, either domestically or internationally. Previous achievements  
Figure 1: Complex electromagnetic environment faced by UAVs. in anti-jamming technology mainly focused on GNSS positioning. According to the types of receiving terminal antennas, they can be divided into single-antenna and antenna array anti-jamming technology. The principle of single-antenna anti-jamming technology is to suppress interference spectral lines.