## 3 Architectures in the 5G and LPWAN-IoT and Smart Cities
### LPWAN Architecture
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**3 GPP** & **Release Date** & **Details** \\
**Release** & **1992** & **Basic GSM** \\
**Phase 2** & 1995 & **GSM features including EFR Codec** \\
**Release 96** & Q1 1997 & **GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data** \\
**Release 97** & Q1 1998 & **GSM additional features, GPRS** \\
**Release 98** & Q1 1999 & **GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE** \\
**Release 99** & Q1 2000 & **3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access** \\
**Release 4** & Q2 2001 & **UMS all-IP Core Network** \\
**Release 5** & Q1 2002 & **IMS and HSDPA** \\
**Release 6** & Q4 2004 & **HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN** \\
**Release 7** & Q4 2007 & **Improvements in QoS \& latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution** \\
**Release 8** & Q4 2008 & **Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA** \\
**Release 9** & Q4 2009 & **WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell** \\
**Release 10** & Q1 2011 & **LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA** \\
**Release 11** & Q3 2012 & **Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services,** \\  & & **Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modeling, elevation beamforming, massive MIMO), MTC—UE Cat 0 introduced D2D communication, eMBMS enhancements.** \\
**Release 13** & Q1 2016 & **LTE-U/LTE-AAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming/Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4 MHz \& Cat 200 kHz introduced** \\
**Release 14** & Mid 2017 & **Elements on road to 5G** \\
**Release 15** & End 2018 & **5G Phase 1 specification** \\
**Release 16** & 2020 & **5G Phase 2 specification** \\
**Release 17** & \textgreater{}$-Sept 2021-June 2022 & **5G-based IoT (eMTC, and NB2-IoT-enhanced) specifications completed. 5G RedCap completed.5G NB-IoT non-terrestrial networks (NTN) specifications.** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: 3 GPP Release numbers and Details. Also, optimization strategies are deployed in EC-GSM-IoT for efficient battery life of about 10 years for a wide range of use cases [10]. The channel bandwidth of the EC-GSM-IoT is 200 kHz. It has a peak data rate of 70 kbps and 240 kbps. EC-GSM-IoT provides multi-fold improvement in the coverage for low-rate applications. It also has a high penetration rate such as the ability to penetrate deep indoor basements [56] where multiple smart meters and parking sensors are installed including remote areas sensors deployed for agriculture or asset monitoring use cases [55]. Table 2 below provides a summary of the various LPWAN technologies. Table 3 exemplified the 3 GPP release date and associated details;  
* IEEE 802.11 ah  
The IEEE 802.11 ah is an emerging wireless networking standard, which is also called Wi-Fi HaLow. It operates at the sub 1 GHz unlicensed spectrum bands and provides a wider coverage range up to 1.5 km compared to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi networks. The data rate of up to 30 Mbps is achievable when using 16 MHz channel bandwidth. The Wi-Fi Halow has a low energy consumption, and it can be used for indoor and outdoor applications [57; 58]. Hence, it is a low power wide area network (LPWAN) IoT device due to its features. In addition, it can support various IoT applications due to its varying physical layer characteristics such as numerous channel bandwidths (1 Mhz, 2 Mhz, 4 Mhz, 8 Mhz, and 16 Mhz) and modulation and coding schemes up to 256 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation).