## 3 Results
### Antifungal Activity  
The antifungal activity of the extracts of seeds and stems obtained from the different vine varieties was tested against _C. albicans_ and _C. Krusei_. The inhibitory capacity of the extracts to inhibit yeast growth (MIC) was evaluated (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Variety** & **Extractor** & **TPC** & **TFC** & **DPPH** & **FRAP** \\
**Solvent** & **(mg GAE/100 g)** & **(mg CE/100 g)** & **(\(\upmu\)mol TE/100 g)** & **(\(\upmu\)mol FSE/100 g)** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Touriga Franca} & W & 4306.4 \(\pm\) 328.1 & 969.8 \(\pm\) 118.0 & 2603.1 \(\pm\) 140.2 & 40,991.6 \(\pm\) 3633.2 \\  & E & 58,115.8 \(\pm\) 563.9 & 2051.9 \(\pm\) 107.9 & 4329.8 \(\pm\) 412.9 & 62,633.7 \(\pm\) 4390.6 \\  & E:W & 14,184.7 \(\pm\) 749.8 & 311.3 \(\pm\) 28.0 & 930.6 \(\pm\) 85.7 & 954.0 \(\pm\) 203.5 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Touriga Nacional} & W & 2885.1 \(\pm\) 209.3 & 1144.8 \(\pm\) 26.4 & 2824.5 \(\pm\) 376.7 & 38,842.3 \(\pm\) 4356.8 \\  & E & 5528.0 \(\pm\) 447.5 & 2753.0 \(\pm\) 214.0 & 4842.5 \(\pm\) 562.7 & 68,822.8 \(\pm\) 5178.2 \\  & E:W & 3943.8 \(\pm\) 328.3 & 850.4 \(\pm\) 33.3 & 1279.9 \(\pm\) 172.6 & 11,470.4 \(\pm\) 1927.6 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Viosinho} & W & 3817.5 \(\pm\) 184.2 & 1361.0 \(\pm\) 105.6 & 3817.5 \(\pm\) 184.2 & 43,637.1 \(\pm\) 484.7 \\  & E & 5865.5 \(\pm\) 598.4 & 2460.0 \(\pm\) 368.7 & 5865.5 \(\pm\) 598.4 & 66,871.0 \(\pm\) 173.2 \\ \cline{1-1}  & E:W & 3954.6 \(\pm\) 392.4 & 361.3 \(\pm\) 59.2 & 3954.6 \(\pm\) 392.4 & 9379.7 \(\pm\) 150.1 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Tinta} & W & 4873.2 \(\pm\) 319.2 & 1519.6 \(\pm\) 92.3 & 4873.2 \(\pm\) 319.2 & 54,544.3 \(\pm\) 4496.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & E & 6892.3 \(\pm\) 458.6 & 2776.7 \(\pm\) 192.8 & 6892.3 \(\pm\) 458.6 & 71,024.5 \(\pm\) 2752.3 \\ \cline{1-1}  & E:W & 15,292.3 \(\pm\) 543.0 & 232.7 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 15,292.3 \(\pm\)543.0 & 8662.0 \(\pm\) 853.7 \\ \cline{1-1}  & (50:50 \(v/v\)) & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**W, water; E, ethanol; E,W, ethanol:water. TPC, total phenolic content; TFC, total flavonoids content; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP, ferric reduction activity potential. Values presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(n=3\)).**  
\end{table}
Table 2: Content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of the stems of the studied varieties.  
Stem extracts from the different varieties tested, independently of the solvent used for the preparation, were not able to inhibit the yeast growth even when tested at concentrations as high as 200.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL.  
Considering the extracts obtained from the seeds, the aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed a high degree of antifungal activity (maximum tested concentration: 200.0 mg/mL). With regard to yeasts, the E:W extract of the different varieties inhibited the growth of _C. krusei_. _C. albicans_ growth was only inhibited by the E:W extract prepared from the seeds of Touriga Nacional and Viosinho.  
At 200.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL, the E:W extract of the seeds of all the varieties showed fungicidal activity against C. krusei. With the exception of the E:W extract from Tinta Roriz, the same fungicidal effect was registered for _C. albicans_ (200.0 \(\upmu\)g/mL).