esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Arsenic (As), a well-known 'traditional' environmental contaminant, and carbamazepine (CBZ), an emerging contaminant of a pharmaceutical category, are both frequently detected in the environment and have been shown to exhibit toxicity at exposure concentrations present in the environment. This study aimed to assess the single and combined exposure effects of these pollutants on the adult common role (_Microtus arvalis_ L.), a model mammalian organism. This study assessed As and CBZ accumulation, their bio-transformation processes, and antioxidant enzyme defence responses after sole and combined exposure. The animals were fed a diet containing either a low (1.25 mg/kg) or high level (166 mg/kg) of As. Moreover, half of the animals were exposed to CBZ via drinking water infused with 10 ng/L of CBZ, and the second half had the use of drinking water devoid of CBZ. The results showed enhanced total As and As species contents in the organs of the As + CBZ exposure group compared to the As exposure group. High As exposure in the As + CBZ group did not cause an enhanced uptake of CBZ in the liver compared to the CBZ exposure group. There was a potential accumulation of CBZ in the liver of the CBZ exposed groups (CBZ and As + CBZ), raising concerns about potential toxic effects in mammals from long-term exposure. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, reflecting the antioxidant enzyme defence responses against single and co-exposure of the two pollutants, showed that the CBZ group exhibited comparable activity to the control group, while the As group had down-regulation and the As + CBZ group had up-regulation. These findings suggest that the CBZ group experienced minimal oxidative stress conditions, similar to the control group. The As group showed a rapid adaptation response to curtail or offset potential oxidative stress tissue damage conditions, compared to the slow adaptation/response in the As + CBZ group. The findings of this experiment indicate that the possible interactions of various environmental pollutants could alter the potential effects of the individual pollutants after a sole exposure. These findings indicate the necessity of investigating these interactions for better understanding of the potential risk of these pollutants in real environmental conditions.  
arsenic; carbamazepine; _Microtus arvalis_; co-exposure; soil +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article
## 8 Discussion  
In this study, we have proposed a characterization framework by performing domain-driven analysis and a feature modeling approach. The approach provides a comprehensive analysis of MSA features. It is stated that there are many critical features in the MSA and for what purposes these features are used and what kind of contributions they make in terms of the integrity of the system. Knowing the sub-features of these features and their relationships is critical to designing a strong and highly maintainable architecture. The teams that design the architecture and develop it later need information on what solutions have been developed, both in the academic field and on the industry side, and what purposes they serve. From this point of view, a feature diagram was proposed for MSA.  
With the help of the proposed framework, we have also identified and described the existing platforms without the focus on qualitative comparisons. This study may work as a well-defined guide for both software architects and developers. However, it is observed that there are not enough solutions in some features, such as testing, or some features, such as data management and consistency, remain more in the form of design level or pattern. Features such as these remain more conceptual, so it is recommended that related components should be designed according to the proposed design or pattern-based features.  
It has been shown that the technologies used within the scope of MSA are either based on the cloud provider or developed as separate technology by a community or a company. As can be seen in Table 2, the services developed by the cloud providers based on features are very diverse and rich. On the other hand, de facto technologies, such as Docker and Kubernetes, in this area are among the technologies developed by the companies or communities. A company that uses MSA can also use the solutions in both in a hybrid way.  
As a result of researching our solutions on a feature basis, it has been evaluated that there are solutions for lots of features and the teams can easily adapt them. However, the lack of sufficient solutions for data management and consistency and testing shows that these features are areas open for further solution proposals. When we develop our software system as multiple microservices, transaction integrity becomes critical. In a process that concerns different microservices, data management should be ensured while maintaining transaction integrity. Similarly, it is necessary to test whether these microservices have a problem in their communication with each other before going to the real environment. Testing the communication of the microservices is seen as a challenging step at this point.  
In future work, we plan to enhance our characterization framework by adding a quantitative comparison module for practitioners to select suitable platforms comfortably and easily. We consider this study to be a good basis for such a study to be evolved.
## 4 Discussion  
This research presents XGBoost for predicting relative density in the LPBF AM of Mg. A key finding is that parameter interaction terms accounted for 73.8% of the model's predictive importance, indicating that non-linear dependencies between process variables dominate density outcomes. This aligns with previous research showing that interactions significantly influence energy input and melt pool behaviour in LPBF processes [38, 39], but it also extends the current understanding by quantifying these effects specifically for pure Mg using SHAP-based feature interaction analysis.  
In general, higher laser power led to improved density due to higher energy input, which is consistent with findings in the literature that higher power improves fusion but risks overheating if the balance is insufficient [39]. Scanning speed showed a negative correlation with density, where higher values reduced the interaction time between laser energy and material, while moderate speeds combined with adequate power gave the best results. Layer thickness had a negligible direct effect, but showed higher density at lower values, which is consistent with studies showing that thinner layers improve fusion and surface quality [40].  
The XGBoost model showed robust results; minor performance weaknesses at the edges could be due to process inconsistencies such as excessive melting or insufficient fusion, which, according to [PERSON] et al., are known problems with LPBF [38]. Importantly, SHAP analysis not only confirmed the dominance of interaction features but also offered interpretable insights, making the model useful for practical process optimisation--a step beyond traditional black-box predictions underpinning previous research that has used ML to investigate the complicated, non-linear dynamics of AM processes [39].
# Topology Optimization Based Material Design for 3D Domains Using MATLAB
## 3 Model Order Reduction in Material Design Optimization
### Proper Orthogonal Decomposition  
Aiming to create the reduced basis matrix \(\Phi\), the POD technique utilizes the singular value decomposition (SVD) factorization method. According to the SVD factorization method, a matrix is decomposed into three parts, as depicted in the following expression of Equation (14):  
\[A=\overline{U}\cdot\Sigma\cdot V^{\prime} \tag{14}\]  
For a detailed explanation of the SVD factorization technique, the reader can refer to [21]. Among the three matrices generated by means of the SVD method, matrix \(\overline{U}\) is used as the reduced basis \(\Phi\) for the case of the POD technique. Matrix \(A\) is created using the resulting displacement field based on information collected through a small number of initial optimization iterations performed using the full system of equilibrium equations. Thus, according to POD, a small number of initial full dimensionality iterations are performed. The resulting displacement fields are used to formulate matrix \(A\) and SVD is applied to create the reduced basis matrix \(\Phi\). If during the optimization the residual force increases significantly, then a new full dimensionality iteration is performed. Matrix \(A\) is then updated using the new displacement field resulting from the new iteration, removing the oldest displacement field, and SVD operates to create the updated reduced basis matrix \(\Phi\).
## 6 Discussion
### Criteria beyond Accuracy  
In addition to the discussed criteria for measuring the accuracy of GPPs, some other criteria might be considered simultaneously to select the most appropriate GPP. For instance, the spatial resolution of GPPs might be a constraint in some applications, and accordingly, GPPs with a higher spatial resolution should be employed [113]. Among the GPPs, CHIRPS provides precipitation estimates with the highest spatial resolution (\(0.05^{\circ}\times 0.05^{\circ}\)), and thus, could be of use for the application needing more data for a particular region. Additionally, some other applications which require simulating the diurnal cycles need GPPs with sub-daily estimates that also limit the choices considering the original GPPs. However, another solution might be to use the most accurate GPP and apply downscaling approaches to have the most accurate GPP with higher spatial and temporal resolutions [114; 115]. Moreover, the necessity of having precipitation data for a more extended period, i.e., before 2000, could also introduce another factor that limits the choices to fewer GPPs, such as CHIRPS, PERSIANN, and ERA5.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we studied a real-time inter-vehicle data fusion scheme for autonomous vehicle safety which combines multiple sensing results transmitted by adjacent vehicles through V2V communication. First, we proposed a novel metric to measure distance between conflicting confidences on the detected event. We considered a new similarity matrix which takes asymmetric weights of the existence of an object which can be flexibly adjusted depending on its importance. Our approach is applicable to autonomous vehicle by reducing fault diagnosis in vehicular environment, especially false negative errors. According to the proposed distance measure, the weighted DS combination was used to fuse multiple confidences. It was shown that the proposed data fusion scheme has polynomial time complexity, which enables real-time combination of confidences. From simulation, we also show that the proposed scheme can work in real-time and achieve a lower false negative rate compared to both the classical and existing weighted DS fusion schemes. By conducting real-world experiments, we show that the accidents can be prevented by our method. Moreover, even when the ego-vehicle measurements are incorrect, the proposed system can overcome sensing failures through the real-time data fusion via inter-vehicle cooperation.  
For future work, we plan to investigate collision avoidance maneuver based on vehicle kinematic model which can be utilized in real-world scenarios such as overtaking and lane changing. As an application of this technique, we will consider a compensation method for trajectory estimation errors by comparing possible maneuvers and estimated movement. Moreover, precise mapping of the surrounding environment is required for reliable maneuver. We also plan to use the data obtained from the vision sensors with the deep learning-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) method for future research.  
Conceptualization, I-S.C. and S.J.B.; formal analysis, I-S.C. and S.J.B.; methodology, I-S.C. and S.J.B.; investigation, I-S.C. and S.J.B.; validation, I-S.C. and S.J.B.; software, I-S.C. and Y.L.; data curation, I-S.C. and Y.L.; project administration, S.J.B.; writing--original draft preparation, I-S.C. and Y.L.; writing--review and editing, S.J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Korean MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), under the National Program for Excellence in SW (2015-0-00936) and under the ICT Creative Consilience program (IITP-2020-0-01819) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation). This research was also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2018R1A2B6007130).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Sparse Multiuser Receiver Design in Large Scale Array System
###### Abstract  
This paper focuses on the problem of utilizing millimeter wave (mmWave) and Terahertz (THz) massive hybrid arrays to serve multiple users simultaneously. The mmWave and THz massive arrays are characterized by wide bandwidth and high gain, leading to extensive application prospects. Moreover, a hybrid structure array can combine multiple antenna signals through the phase shifter network. Compared with the full digital array, it is a cost-effective technique that can be functional with fewer radio frequency (RF) chains. However, owing to the adoption of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) structure, most traditional massive hybrid arrays, which allocate one chain to each user, are restricted to scenarios where the number of RF chains is more than that of users. Otherwise, even users with ideal channel conditions and short distances are inherently difficult to assign an independent chain. Thus, it will limit the scale of users that the base station (BS) can support. Inspired by the above analysis, this paper develops a method to provide service for more users with limited RF chains. Firstly, an analog matrix designing method based on the minimax criterion, which enables arrays access to multiple users, is proposed to guarantee each user a good array gain. Secondly, we establish a receiver designing scheme by the GAMP algorithm to receive signals from multiple users at the same time. Additionally, good bit error rate (BER) performance can be obtained under the condition that the observation matrix is not of full rank. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.  
massive mimo; hybrid array; GAMP; constant modulus optimization +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON], [PERSON], & Sparse Multiuser Receiver Design in Large Scale Array System. _Electronics_**2023**, 12, 996. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040996](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040996)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040996](https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040996))
## 4 Discussion
### Effect of Permeability  
Keeping other parameters constant, the ratio of permeability between the interlayer and the reservoir is set to 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5. The simulation results are shown in Figures 16 and 17.  
Figure 16: Illustration of the relationship between fracture width and height. (**a**) Relationship between width and height of the edge fracture. (**b**) Relationship between width and height of the mid fracture.  
Figure 15: Illustration of the relationship between fracture width and half-length. (**a**) Relationship between width and half-length of the edge fracture. (**b**) Relationship between width and half-length of the mid fracture.  
Figures 16 and 17, respectively, illustrate the relationship between fracture width and height, as well as the relationship between width and half-length, under different permeability ratios. As the permeability ratio increases, the maximum fracture width of the edge and mid fracture also increases. The influence on the edge fracture is relatively small, with a maximum width ranging from 0.011 m to 0.0104 m, showing little difference. When the permeability ratio is relatively small, the influence on the mid fracture is significant. However, as the permeability ratio increases, the influence on the mid fracture weakens. The maximum width of the mid fracture ranges from 0.0113 m to 0.0063 m. When the permeability ratio is large, there is not much difference in the maximum fracture width between the edge fracture and mid fracture. The fracture width is negatively correlated with the half-length. As the permeability ratio increases, the fracture width increases while the half-length decreases. The influence on the edge fracture is relatively small, while the influence on the mid fracture is significant when the permeability ratio is relatively small. In this case, the fracture width initially increases and then decreases with the half-length. As the permeability ratio continues to increase, the influence on the mid fracture becomes smaller. When the permeability ratio is large, the half-length of the edge fracture and mid fracture is approximately 51 m and 49 m, respectively, showing little difference.  
As the permeability ratio increases, the influence on the fracture morphology of the mid fracture is significant, resulting in a decrease in the half-length. The influence on the fracture morphology of the edge fracture is not significant. The increase in permeability ratio leads to less fracturing fluid entering the reservoir, resulting in a decrease in reservoir pore pressure and an increase in the degree of fracture rupture increases.
# Clock Ensemble Algorithm Test in the Establishment of Space-Based Time Reference
###### Abstract  
A new concept of a space-based synchronized reference network is proposed with the development of an optical frequency reference and laser inter-satellite link. To build such time reference, three clock ensemble algorithms, namely the natural Kalman timescale (NKT) algorithm, the reduced Kalman timescale (RKT) algorithm, and the two-stage Kalman timescale (TKT) algorithm are considered. This study analyzes and compares the performance of these algorithms using BDS, GPS, and Galileo satellite clock data from the GFZ GNSS clock corrections, which will be used in constructing future space-based time references. The study shows that the NKT algorithm improves frequency stability by 0.1-0.2 orders of magnitude in the short and medium term. When the satellite clock is mostly a hydrogen clock, the RKT and NKT are close, and the short and medium-term frequency stability slightly increases. In contrast, the TKT algorithm produces a timescale that improves frequency stability by 1-3 orders of magnitude. A quadratic polynomial model predicts the three timescales, with the results indicating that the short-term prediction accuracy of the satellite clock is within 1 ns, and the TKT algorithm's prediction accuracy is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the NKT and RKT algorithms. With the deployment of next-generation Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites equipped with higher-precision clocks, the space-based time reference system will achieve improved accuracy and greater potential for practical applications.  
clock ensemble algorithm; Kalman filter; LEO navigation augmentation; satellite clock bias prediction 2023  
151227
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Fluctuating Lift Force  
Fluctuating lift force refers to the alternating pressure force created by vortex flow acting on the flexible PVEH plate. Figure 15 indicates that with the increase of wind velocity, the fluctuating lift force acting on the PVEH plate is higher. Referring to [PERSON]'s principle, this is due to a higher velocity flow generating a lower pressure region of vortex area. Similar to an airfoil wing, a vortex area with lower pressure region generates more lift force acting on the opposite side of the PVEH plate. Vortex occurrence usually is unstable in nature, thus with the installment of a bluff splitter body, fluctuating lift force generated is amplified and more periodic containing a certain vortex frequency after reaching steady condition. Equation (2) denotes that larger wind speeds have a higher vortex frequency generated as a result of the rapid alternating lift force acting on the PVEH plate. The vortex frequency heavily influenced the vibrational frequency and amplitude of the PVEH plate which will be explained in Section 4.5 later.  
The graph of the lift force induced under 19 m/s (Figure 16) demonstrates that the amplitude of lift force acting on the PVEH is slightly fluctuating. The phenomenon was determined to be caused by two reasons: first is the simulation research is done with a three-dimensional domain instead of a usual 2D or 3D symmetrical domain which is widely used in most of the simulation research. The three-dimensionality of the flow causes fluctuations in lift force applied on the PVEH model, as tip flow vortex generated at front and back edge of the model exerts different directional force and frequency that disrupted the main vortex flow. Tip speed flow cannot be observed via 2D or symmetrical 3D simulations therefore occasionally being ignored by researchers. Although the contribution of the tip speed vortex is small, it still had a substantial effect on the flow amplitude and  
Figure 14: Velocity contour of PVEH plate without bluff splitter body under 7 m/s wind speed.  
steadiness. The second reason is that the wind flow velocity is located at a high turbulence region of Reynolds number (Re) between 2.33 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) and 3.24 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\). A high turbulence flow consists of high fluctuations in value and uncertainties causing much noise produced around the body.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Electrochemical Characterization  
All electrochemical experiments were carried out in 0.1 M NaOH solutions by cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique in a three-electrode cell connected with an Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat PGSTAT 302 (EcoChemie, The Netherlands) controlled with GPES 4.9 software. The working electrode was a glassy carbon (**GC**) provided by Metrohm (Switzerland) with the disk diameter of 5.0 mm. The counter electrode was a platinum plate electrode with the geometrical surface area of 1.0 cm\({}^{2}\). The electrode potentials were recorded against saturated calomel reference (SCE) electrode. **GC** working electrode was modified with **Zn_tpy** and named **Zn_tpy/GC** electrode; its electrochemical behaviour was studied by comparison with simple **GC** electrode in 0.1 M NaOH supporting electrolyte. The **GC** electrode was mechanically cleaned by polishing with alumina, followed by rinsing with distilled water and drying. The modification was done by simple film casting through cleaned **GC** electrode immersion within a non-aqueous suspension containing 5 mg **Zn_tpy** /mL acetonitrile. After immersion, the electrode surface was dried at room temperature. All measurements were performed at room temperature (25 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C).