# Integration of Geoscience Information for Disaster Resilience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
The name Kuala Lumpur literally means'muddy confluence' by the converging of two major rivers, i.e., the Klang River and Gombak River, which evolved into world-leading tin-mining areas. The study area spanning from 101\({}^{\circ}\)45\({}^{\prime}\)45\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E and 101\({}^{\circ}\)35\({}^{\prime}\)15\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E longitude to 2\({}^{\circ}\)58\({}^{\prime}\)30\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N and 3\({}^{\circ}\)14\({}^{\prime}\)15\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N is located within the Selangor state, in central-westPeninsular Malaysia, measuring approximately 243 km\({}^{2}\)[44; 45; 46]. The study area has a regular temperature of 29 to 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C with average relative humidity ranging from 65% to 70% throughout the year except in June, July and September. The tropical climate of the country becomes the primary factor for the triggering of slope failure and pluvial flood influenced by the strong winds from the Malacca Strait during the southwest monsoon season. Generally, the climate of the study area shows high and constant annual average temperature with occasional rain and high moisture; the recorded daily average precipitation during this period could double up to 20-50 mm daily compared to 10-25 mm on normal days. This condition influences the hydrogeological and geomorphological state of the study area. Kuala Lumpur's topography is generally flat to undulating, with some hilly areas. About 90% of the city is between 10 and 100 m above sea level. Most of the flat areas are occupied by the central alluvial plain distributed along the Kelang River and its tributaries, and they are underlain by the Kuala Lumpur Limestone. The hilly areas are represented by granite and schist with an elevation of 50 to 300 m and 50 to 150 m, respectively. The Kenny Hill Formation is seen as rolling to undulating hills on the western and southern margin with low relief (~50 m), which has been subjected to intense development and modification of the landform. In terms of geological setting, Kuala Lumpur is in the central area of the Western Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The oldest geological formation (Cambrian--Ordovician) is represented by the meta-volcanics and quartz-mica schist of Dinding schist in the northeastern Kuala Lumpur (Figure 1). The Hawthornden Schist aged as Ordovician to Lower Sillurian distributed at the western margin of the former unit is characterised by mainly graphitic quartz-mica schist. The Kuala Lumpur Limestone (Middle to Upper Sillurian) represents a metamorphosed calcitic-dolomitic marble that occurs mainly in the northern and east-central area. The formation is fully covered by alluvium, fill material and mine tailings with thickness up to 66 m as a result of alluvial tin mining activities in the past [47]. The Kenny Hill Formation of Permian to Carboniferous age found mainly in the southern and central parts of the city comprises interbedded phyllite and quartzite. The Kuala Lumpur granite is characterised by megacryistic coarse-grained biotite granite distributed in the western and southeastern Kuala Lumpur [48]. The city is mostly covered by superficial deposits developed from natural processes, namely residual soils and alluvium; however, mine tailings, fill and reclamation are developed from anthropogenic activities [45; 49]. Soils developed over the schists, Kenny Hill Formation and granite average 13 m, 9 m and 15 m thick, respectively. Kuala Lumpur is facing a number of challenges in the context of resilience. Rapid urbanization has put a strain on the city's infrastructure and resources, making it more vulnerable to climate-induced disasters. The city's geological and geomorphological conditions make it more susceptible to landslides and floods. These disasters cause significant damage to property, infrastructure and affect the livelihood of impacted communities. Climate change is making extreme weather events more common, and proactive steps are required to address these challenges.