###### Abstract
[26] recently investigated the error behaviors in LDPC-coded and Turbo-coded OFDM data transmission systems in a 5G environment. They also used two-state Markov chains to model the transmission error process. However, the QAM-based SD-PLC transceiver system and the real-world investigation of noise processes using the Fritchman model in the low-voltage indoor CENELEC C-band PLC environment have received relatively little attention in the PLC literature. Due to the characteristics of power line networks and how susceptible they are to different types of noise, it is important to choose modulation and coding schemes for PLC networks carefully so that they can deal with the effects of hostile channel conditions that are not typical of other well-known communication channels. Single- and multi-carrier modulation schemes are attractive candidates for NB-PLC applications and have been examined in the literature [27] and adopted in practical applications and PLC technology standards [28]. Furthermore, the G.Inem project was introduced by the International Telecommunications Union--Telecommunications Sector (ITU-T) in January 2010 [28]. The ITU-T G.Inem standard incorporates quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) as the designated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) component within its specification. To this end, this research selected M-QAM modulation techniques developed in software-defined radio PLC platforms to study the noise process and how it affects data transmission in a CENELEC C-band PLC environment. To mitigate the adverse effects of impulsive noise in PLC applications, it is crucial first to understand its statistical properties and then model its behavior. Accomplishing these goals requires the measurement and modeling of impulse noise errors [29]. To model PLC noise error conditions, assessing the harmful effects of noise and how they influence data transmission is necessary. The transmission error model also allows for the evaluation of system reliability and the contrast and comparison of various modulation and error correction methods that could be used to mitigate channel disturbances. The channel error model also permits the evaluation of the system's dependability and comparison of the various modulation and error correction techniques that could be implemented to reduce channel disturbances. Choosing accurate and suitable models that depict the PLC noise error characteristics is crucial to improve the implementation of a new PLC evaluation and optimization. Moreover, when implementing error control strategies, it is essential to understand the statistical error distribution patterns, because one must know whether the techniques used have adequate error identification and correction capabilities for error mitigation and reliable data transmission. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to examine the harmful effects of impulse noise errors on data transmission, and also the selection of a reliable model that depicts the PLC noise error pattern and enables the design of optimal or sub-optimal receivers, as well as overall system optimization in an indoor low-voltage NB-PLC system that operates in the C-band frequency range of the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). To conduct experimental measurements of error sequences in an in-house PLC environment, we developed an M-QAM-based SD-PLC transceiver system that is subsequently used as a test bed to obtain error sequences. Different countries use distinct PLC standards, and PLC channels have unique challenges. This makes it very difficult to design a universal PLC transceiver [30]. Greater flexibility in the design of PLC transceiver systems is required to overcome these obstacles and achieve the design of a reliable PLC system. Hence, this study employed and developed a software-defined power line communication (SD-PLC) transceiver system with flexibility and programmability to record error sequences and model impulse noise errors in an in-house and narrowband (NB) CENELEC C-band PLC environment.