## 2 Review of Literature
### Logistics Process Reliability Assessment
In the second area, however, the information received was assessed mostly from the recipient's point of view. Furthermore, in the first and third areas, the effects of providing information, costs, benefits, etc., were considered, while only in the third area, in transportation systems, the execution of tasks was taken into account, but only in two conditions, i.e., whether the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Issue** & **Information Flow** & **Information Quality** & **Reliability** \\  & **(Area I)** & **(Area II)** & **(Area III)** \\ \hline System or process treated in its entirety & + & + & + \\ \hline Information flow & + & + & + \\ \hline Identification of the sender and recipient & + & – & + \\ of the message & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ \hline Determination of the data necessary for & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ the task execution & \(+\) & \(-\) & \(+\) \\ \hline Results of making the information & + & \(-\) & \(+\) \\ available, e.g., costs, benefits & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(+\) \\ \hline Impact of the correctness of the message & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ on the task execution & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ \hline The effects of delay in relation to the & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ delay threshold & \(-\) & \(-\) & \(-\) \\ \hline Surveys on the message quality & + & + & \(-\) \\ \hline Reliability of devices in information flow & + & \(-\) & \(+\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the review in the analysed areas of research. task will be executed or not. However, in none of these areas was there any discussion on how the correctness of the message influences the execution of tasks in the examined system or process. No thought was given to whether a message lacking the essential data caused the process to be terminated or delayed. Another issue concerns the timely execution of the process and tasks. This issue was mainly considered in the third area in relation to punctuality in transportation systems, but the authors did not provide specific values of the delays occurring, i.e., meaning, for example, that a delay of 10 min will have such an effect, a 1 h delay will cause certain other changes and a delay of more than a few hours will lead to irreversible effects. In engineering systems, it is of key importance because, e.g., in the event of an insignificant delay, there will be no consequences, but sometimes even the tiniest delay results in the carrier being penalized. In the first and second areas, in the selected papers, the reliability of devices in relation to information was presented, i.e., what is more unreliable, devices or information flow? Currently, engineering systems are assessed in their entirety, in the same manner as the processes that are carried out within the operation of these systems. Hence the justification for developing a method by which the reliability will be assessed for each component of the process, taking into consideration the timeliness of individual operations in each of these components. The method developed allows the identification of bottlenecks within the process. Thanks to the determination of reliability, it will be possible to assess which of the process components is the most unreliable. However, based on the analysis of the quality of messages, the sender and recipient are identified, as well as the necessary data that are needed to implement the activities of the process. Based on the above, by means of the aspects of precision, completeness, reliability, timeliness and intelligibility, it will be possible to judge which message within the process is the most unreliable and contains errors. Thanks to the identification of the data necessary to perform the operation, it will also be known what sort of data are missing and whether these data are necessary to perform the said operation. On the basis of the obtained results, changes can be made to optimize and improve the quality of the process, e.g., improve operations by eliminating (as far as practically possible) the occurrence of disturbances.