esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Smart Metering in Germany
### Requirements for (Active) EMPs  
In order to communicate with DERs located in the HAN, DSMgrs must be certified aEMPs and therefore obtain SM-PKI certificates. The requirements can mainly be summarized as safety requirements for the participation in the SM-PKI. The certification proves that all defined security requirements of the document \"Certificate Policy of the Smart Metering PKI\" published by the BSI are fulfilled [30]. This includes the employment of an information security management system certified according to ISO/IEC 27001. Furthermore, all private and public keys must be created and stored in a security level 2 cryptography module. Requirements with respect to the security level of cryptography modules are specified in the BSI document \"Key Lifecycle Security Requirements\" [33]. The cryptography module must also be used for all cryptographic algorithms involved in the communication. Before a company can participate as an aEMP in the SM-PKI, both requirements need to be fulfilled and proof has to be provided to the sub-CA. Only then the sub-CA is authorized to issue signed certificates [30] which are necessary to communicate with the SMGW, in the WAN.  
For companies that want to control end devices via the SMGW infrastructure, but are not willing to take the risk of implementing the necessary requirements themselves, there is the alternative option of utilizing a CLS management system. There are already several companies offering the service of an end-to-end communication between WAN and HAN without the need for users to implement therequirements of TR-03109. Providers of CLS management systems take care of all of the communication falling under the TR-03109. To bridge the gap between WAN and HAN, they provide interfaces in both communication networks, which then are no longer part of the regulation. In the WAN, they provide a head-end-system with which the backend of the DSMgr can communicate. This head-end-system implements all regulations and forwards the communication via the SMGW to a local control box or EMS, also provided by the CLS management provider. The device in the HAN forwards the communication to the actual endpoint targeted by the DSMgr; e.g., a DER. This final communication link between DER and CLS is again not touched by the regulation of the TR-03109. Hence, the DSMgr does not need to care about communication regulations at all. Such a setup, using a CLS management system, is outlined in Figure 3. The communication nodes provided by the CLS management are highlighted in purple.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of the Distribution of Stresses and Displacements in the Cutting Zone  
Studying the stress distribution on the walls of the honeycomb structure of the NHC provides crucial insights into the cutting conditions in the vicinity of the machining zone. This analysis enables a deeper understanding of how ultrasonic vibrations affect the cutting process. By examining the stress patterns, researchers can gain valuable information about how vibrations impact material behavior and chip formation during machining. This enhanced understanding ultimately contributes to optimizing cutting parameters and improving the efficiency and quality of the machining process. This section presents a series of numerical simulations that aim to study the impact of the vibration amplitude on the distribution of stresses and displacements throughout the cutting process of the NHC structure. The vibration amplitudes of the milling cutter were varied at 0 \(\upmu\)m, 10 \(\upmu\)m, and 25 \(\upmu\)m. The simulations are carried out under the cutting parameters, namely a feed rate of 3000 mm/min and a spindle speed of 3000 rpm. The results of these simulations are presented in Figures 10 and 11.  
Figure 10: Stress distribution at different vibration amplitudes.  
Figure 9: Evolution of the machined surface as a function of the vibration amplitude.  
The study of the stress distribution on the walls of the honeycomb structure of the NHC offers important data on the cutting conditions near the machining zone, which allows a better understanding of the effects of ultrasound vibrations throughout the cutting process. The figures above show the evolution of stresses and displacements of the cell walls for diverse amplitudes. In order to optimize the visual clarity of cell wall stresses and deformations, the representations shown do not include the cutting tool. The rupture occurred under the impact of tall amplitudes, due to the high stresses to reach the established rupture criterion. Elements subjected to stresses below the breaking limit are discernible, while those subjected to higher stresses have suffered fragmentation and are no longer visible. For an amplitude of 0 \(\upmu\)m (conventional cut), the extreme stress on the structure is evaluated at 65.01 MPa, which is lower compared to the values observed for amplitudes of 10 \(\upmu\)m and 25 \(\upmu\)m. Nevertheless, the cell wall displacement is meaningfully higher than that seen throughout the ultrasonic cutting process. Therefore, in the ultrasonic cutting process of the Nomex honeycomb, increasing the ultrasound amplitude results in reaching the ultimate strength of the cut cell wall faster, which allows cutting without significant deformations or major damage. In this context, research carried out on ultrasonic vibration-assisted cutting, both for aluminum honeycomb structures, has reached similar conclusions [14; 25]. This study demonstrated that the use of ultrasonic vibrations in the cutting process shows consistent results, demonstrating the efficiency and advantages of this method in various situations.
# Safety Assessment of Microwave Breast Imaging: Heating Analysis on Digital Breast Phantoms
###### Abstract  
The impact of breast cancer on public health is serious, and due to risk/benefit assessment, screening programs are usually restricted to women older than 49 years. Microwave imaging devices offer advantages such as non-ionizing radiation, low cost, and the ability to distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissues due to their electrical properties. Ensuring the safety of this technology is vital for its potential clinical application. To estimate the temperature increase in breast tissues from a microwave imaging scanner, cases of healthy, benign, and malignant breast tissues were analyzed using three digital models and adding two healthy breast models with varying densities. Virtual experiments were conducted using the Sim4 Life software (version 7.2) with a system consisting of a horn antenna in transmission and a Vivaldi antenna in reception. Temperature increases were estimated based on the Specific Absorption Rate distributions computed for different configurations and frequencies. The highest temperature increase obtained in this analysis is lower than 60 uK in fibroglandular tissue or skin, depending on the frequency and breast density. The presence of a receiving antenna acting as a scatterer modifies the temperature increase, which is almost negligible. Microwave examination can be performed without harmful thermal effects due to electromagnetic field exposure.  
biomedical antennas; breast; dosimetry; microwave imaging; safety; SAR; temperature
## 1 Introduction
If relevant measures are not taken to control the discharge of groundwater during the construction of a tunnel, groundwater levels may decline dramatically, causing drainage of surface water within a certain range and groundwater to a certain depth. The water supplies, such as springs and municipal wells, within the range of the construction will decrease to varying degrees, with serious impacts on the lives and activities of local residents. The Wuyue pumped storage power station in Henan Province, China, is located in the transition zone between a plain area and a mountainous area. The rivers in the study area belong to the Huaihe River system. The overall aim of this study was to reduce the impact of a tunnel construction project on the water resources and lives of residents around the construction area by gaining an accurate understanding of how groundwater resources would change during the construction period. Based on the systematic analysis of the hydrogeological characteristics and key geological structures of the area around the Wuyue pumped storage power station, a conceptual model of the hydrogeology in the area is developed. A three-dimensional unsteady seepage numerical model of groundwater that reflected the three-dimensional hydrogeological structure and unit partition of the area was established. The rate of the model convergence was studied, and then the three-dimensional unsteady seepage in the area around the Wuyue pumped storage power station was numerically simulated based on the finite element method. The seepage field of the project area under natural conditions and five possible seepage control design schemes for the tunnel construction were simulated and analyzed. From this analysis, a seepage control design scheme was identified that was approximately consistent with the anticipated water inflows during the project. This control scheme can be used as the basis for calculating and analyzing changes in the seepage and groundwater in the tailwater tunnel in a later phase of the construction.
## 4 Lunar Antenna Types
### Antennas for Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy  
The lunar surface, particularly the far side, offers an attractive option for low-frequency radio astronomy, as elucidated in [66]. Since low-frequency antennas on the lunar surface typically have minimal gain and directivity, achieving the necessary angular resolution for observing individual astronomical objects requires the use of interferometers composed of multiple small, low-gain antennas, such as dipoles. Notably, these antennas have a significant capacitive component in their impedance, making fixed impedance networks unsuitable for larger bandwidths. Therefore, for low frequencies, it is strongly recommended to use physically large antennas approaching half-wavelength in size, along with wide conductor shapes, to enhance the bandwidth. Two antennas were found in this category: lunar gravitational and polyamide film (thin film) antennas. These antennas have different deployment procedures compared to other antenna types. Both of these antennas were created for the purpose of research.
# Effects of Bulk Flow Pulsations on Film Cooling with Two Sister Holes
## 4 Results & Discussion
### Instantaneous Effectiveness Contours on the Wall  
Figure 14 shows contours of instantaneous film cooling effectiveness on the test plate obtained through LES at 0 and 32 Hz. The variable \(t^{*}\) in Figure 14a,b represents the dimensionless time defined by the mainstream flow velocity and hole diameter, and it indicates \(t^{*}\) = 1 as the time required for the main flow to travel across the hole diameter. Figure 14a shows LES contours of instantaneous \(\eta\) for the single-hole configuration under steady conditions at \(t^{*}\) = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, and each contour does not show a big difference. Figure 14c,d shows the LES-derived instantaneous effectiveness of the film cooling on the test plate for each phase with 32 Hz flow pulsation. The figures show the periodic formation of a coolant covering on the plate when the coolant injection velocity varies periodically. When the frequency of the mainstream and coolant jet was increased, higher jet liftoff was generated, leading to the coolant periodically touching the test plate; the coolant could not cover the test plate efficiently as it did for 0 Hz. However, the contours for the triple-hole system showed a wider coolant spread in the spanwise direction than those for the single hole. Furthermore, the coolant covered the test plate much better through the generation of anti-CRVPs. The horseshoe vortex is shown in all contours for 0 Hz in Figure 14a,b, whereas the vortex is visible in the contours periodically at 32 Hz pulsation in Figure 14c,d. The horseshoe vortex is formed when the vortices generated in the boundary layer of the main flow are blocked by coolant injection and roll-up [31; 32]. Therefore, for 32 Hz pulsation, when the injectant velocity is high magnitude velocity part of the cycle, the vortices in the boundary layer of the main flow are blocked by the injection of the coolant, resulting in a horseshoe vortex being generated as can be seen at \(t/\tau\)=0.2 in  
Figure 13: Ratios of \(\eta_{m,triple}\) to \(\eta_{m,single}\) at 0 Hz (Sr = 0), 2 Hz (Sr = 0.1005), 16 Hz (Sr = 0.8043), and 32 Hz (Sr = 1.6085).  
Figure 14c,d. If the injectant velocity is low, the horseshoe vortex is not generated easily, and it is not clearly visible on the contour.
# A PINN-Based Nonlinear PMSM Electromagnetic Model Using Differential Inductance Theory
## 2 The Nonlinear PMSM Electromagnetic Model Based on Differential Inductance
### PMSM Angular Frequency Domain Analysis  
The torque Equation (27) contains partial derivative terms \(\partial\Psi_{4d0}/\partial\theta_{e}\) and \(\partial W_{m}/\partial\theta_{e}\). When the current excitation \(\mathbf{i}_{4d0}\) is a periodic signal on \(\theta_{e}\), all the flux linkages, inductances, magnetic energies, and magnetic co-energies are likewise periodic signals on \(\theta_{e}\), i.e., in the solution domain \(\theta_{e}\in[0,2\pi]\), \(\widetilde{\mathbf{L}}_{4d0}\)  
where \(\mathbf{A}_{var}^{(n)}\) and \(\mathbf{B}_{var}^{(n)}\) denote the cosine term Fourier coefficients and sinusoidal term Fourier coefficients, respectively, with the subscript \(Var\)(ind, f, e, coe) represents inductance, armature flux linkage, armature magnetic energy, and armature magnetic co-energy corresponding to the Fourier coefficients, and the superscript \(n\) denoting the order of the Fourier coefficients. In the dq0 model. Since \(\mathbf{i}_{dq0}\) and \(\theta_{e}\) are independent variables, based on the uniqueness of the Fourier series and the linear nature of differentiation, combining with (30), the following relationship can be obtained:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}A_{\text{oc}}^{(n)}=\mathbf{i}_{dq0}^{T}\mathbf{A}_{ \text{f}}^{(n)}-A_{\text{e}}^{(n)}\\ \frac{\partial\mathbf{A}^{(n)}}{\partial\mathbf{i}_{dq0}}=\mathbf{A}_{\text{ ind}}^{(n)}\\ \
abla_{\mathbf{i}_{dq0}}A_{\text{oce}}^{(n)}=\mathbf{A}_{\text{f}}^{(n)}\\ \end{array}\right. \tag{31}\]  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}B_{\text{oce}}^{(n)}=\mathbf{i}_{dq0}^{T}\mathbf{B}_ {\text{f}}^{(n)}-B_{\text{e}}^{(n)}\\ \frac{\partial\mathbf{B}_{\text{f}}^{(n)}}{\partial\mathbf{i}_{dq0}}=\mathbf{ B}_{\text{ind}}^{(n)}\\ \
abla_{\mathbf{i}_{dq0}}B_{\text{oce}}^{(n)}=\mathbf{B}_{\text{f}}^{(n)}\\ \end{array}\right. \tag{32}\]  
The above two sets of relational equations show that the differential relationship between the Fourier coefficients of each physical quantity of the PMSM satisfies the same differential relationship with the original physical quantities, which establishes the mathematical model of the PMSM in the angular frequency domain. According to the above two sets of relations, the partial derivative term about \(\theta_{e}\) in the equation can be solved conveniently, which creates the foundation for the angular frequency domain analysis of torque ripple.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Transport and Retention Behavior of ZnO-NPs with SRHA
No difference in the zeta potential was observed between the two types of \(n\)ZnO according to the SRHA concentration and ionic strength in the presence of SRHA (1  
Figure 6: Breakthrough curves of \(n\)ZnO-1 and \(n\)ZnO-2 in the absence (**a**,**b**) and presence (**c**,**d**) of suspended SRHA (5 mg L\({}^{-1}\)) and in the presence (solid symbol) and absence (open symbol) of coated SRHA at difference ionic strengths in NaCl solution (0.1 and 10 mM). and 5 mg L\({}^{-1}\)). As described, the zeta potential was not sufficient to explain the difference in the transport, so the NPs-sand DLVO interaction energy profiles were calculated to compare the NPs. As a result, the energy barrier of _n_ZnO-1 was confirmed to be ~200 kT, and that of _n_ZnO-2, ~400 kT. The NPs-sand DLVO interaction energy profiles were not enough to explain the difference because the energy barrier of both particles was quite high, and _n_ZnO-2 showed a higher energy barrier but lower transportability than _n_ZnO-1. Finally, the main mechanism of NP transport was confirmed in Section 3.3 to be deposition site competition between suspended SRHA and NPs in the presence of SRHA, so the amount of adsorption to each _n_ZnO, according to the SRHA concentration level, was confirmed, and the results are shown in Figure 7c. _n_ZnO-1 showed less adsorption of SRHA than _n_ZnO-2 regardless of the SRHA concentration. This indicates that the amount of remaining SRHA (i.e., suspended SRHA) was larger than that adsorbed in the _n_ZnO-1 suspension. Accordingly, in the case of _n_ZnO-1, which had more suspended SRHA, more deposition sites on the sand surface were occupied by SRHA, and, consequently, the number of NPs deposition sites decreased to improve transport. These phenomena were supported by the absence of a difference in the adsorption amount between _n_ZnO-1 and _n_ZnO-2 regardless of the change in ionic strength, and by the lack of difference in transport. In previous studies, more suspended SRHA amount was confirmed to have resulted in more TiO\({}_{2}\) transport amount [25,64]. Figure 7: Breakthrough curves of _n_ZnO-1 (open symbol) and _n_ZnO-2 (solid symbol) in the presence of SRHA (1 and 5 mg L\({}^{-1}\) for (**a**,**b**), respectively) at difference ionic strengths in NaCl solution (0.1–10 mM). (**c**) shows the amount of SRHA adsorbed on the _n_ZnO-1 (open symbol) and _n_ZnO-2 (solid symbol) surface as a function of solution ionic strength in the presence of an initial SRHA concentration of 1 and 5 mg L\({}^{-1}\) at pH 9.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Analysis Model
#### 3.3.1 Baseline Model  
Initially a baseline model was simulated for comparison purpose; this was particularly necessary to establish a benchmark for comparing the results of our proposed model and reporting improvements across various evaluation metrics. The workflow of the baseline model is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3 shows the baseline model for the loading and division of the dataset into a 70-30 train-test data split. It does not consider the three categorical features from our data, namely: protocol type, service and flag from our feature set. The categorical features were removed as we performed no feature preprocessing for our baseline model, and hence only the remaining 38 quantitative features could be used as inputs.  
Then, we used logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM) and naive Bayes (NB) to train our model and finally tested the performance of our model using the test data as depicted in Figures 3 and 4. The quantitative results of the baseline model obtained by calculating evaluation metrics are discussed in the result and analysis section of the paper.
## 2 Materials and Data Collection
### Multi-Camera Injection Analysis System
#### 2.1.1 Timing Mechanism  
The system's timing button is fashioned using an Arduino development board, as illustrated in Figure 2. To initiate the operation, the operator needs to press the white button, which triggers the start signal to be sent to both the multi-camera system and the VICON system. Upon completing the injection simulation training, the operator can stop the timing by pressing the white button again, which transmits the end signal. This simple process enables accurate timekeeping of the entire operation duration.
## 5 Discussion
### Influence of Parameter Selection  
The selection of parameters within the modular vector method, particularly the initial values, plays a pivotal role in ensuring the accuracy of inversion results. Improper parameter selection can lead to convergence toward local extrema. To address this challenge, we introduced a pattern recognition method based on the fuzzy pattern recognition theory.  
Figure 10: Fitting error of the first 12 measured points for each algorithm.  
This method aids in determining the initial values for the modular vector method. Key to the success of the pattern recognition method is conducting a detailed geological survey of the mining area and acquiring lithological information regarding the overlying strata of the mining coal seam.
# [PERSON]: An HPC Job Scheduler Using Deep Reinforcement Learning and Remaining Time Prediction
## 4 Experimental Results  
In this work, we propose a DRL-based HPC scheduler with job remaining time prediction. Our method RLSchert tries to predict the remaining runtime of each running job and adjust the time slice of the job computing resource. The scheduler dynamically releases or allocates the computing resource of each running job to provide more opportunities for the waiting jobs. In addition, the scheduler kills the misclassified long jobs and reschedules them after re-estimating the runtime. This is the first time that the HPC scheduler has considered the remaining runtime of the running job to estimate the cluster status more accurately. RLSchert makes full use of the remaining time information to achieve the best performance based on the policy gradient. In this section, we verify the effectiveness of RLSchert based on the real job logs of the Supercomputing Center of USTC. There are three questions that need to be answered:  
1. Compared with the heuristic static scheduling strategies, can RLSchert achieve a significant improvement in scheduling performance?
2. Does RLSchert support different optimization goals?
3. What is the feasibility and effectiveness of job killing and re-scheduling?