# AR Presentation of Team Members' Performance and Inner Status to Their Leader: A Comparative Study
###### Abstract  
Real-time and high-intensity teamwork management is complex, as team leaders must ensure good results while also considering the well-being of team members. Given that stress and other factors directly impact team members' output volume and error rate, these team leaders must be aware of and manage team stress levels in combination with allocating new work. This paper examines methods for visualizing each team member's status in mixed reality, which, combined with a simulated stress model for virtual team members, allows the team leader to take into account team members' individual statuses when choosing whom to allocate work. Using simulated Augmented Reality in Virtual Reality, a user study was conducted where participants acted as team leaders, putting simulated team members under stress by allocating several required work tasks while also being able to review the stress and status of each team member. The results showed that providing Augmented Reality feedback on team members' internal status increases the team's overall performance, as team leaders can better allocate new work to reduce team members' stress-related errors while maximizing output. Participants preferred having a graph representation for stress levels despite performing better with a text representation. augmented reality; virtual reality; empathic computing; user status awareness +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
0000-0001-9300-22000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-0000-00000-0000-0000-00000-0000-00  
ways, e.g., textual versus graphical [2; 5], and could even include state information, for example, whether the team member is browsing information or performing focused work on it [6]. Previous work has examined the effects of sharing physiological states in collaborative Virtual Reality (VR) (e.g., heart rate [7; 8]), as well as the development of collaborative awareness using realistic avatars [9; 10], sharing gaze [11; 12; 13], and even emotions [14]. Understanding a team member's direct and passive actions and behaviors provides team leaders with a much broader range of information when making decisions that impact a team member [15]. This work explores the development of AR visual cues to help team leaders understand the state of their working team members when allocating new tasks to them, as explored by [PERSON] et al. where a local worker shares visual cues with a remote helper [16]. This allows the team leader to individually manage the workload and well-being of individual members while maximizing task outputs for the team overall. We developed different AR presentation methods of status information to a team leader, communicating individual team members' status. The goal is not to investigate methods of physiological sensing or human tracking technologies but to determine the effectiveness of different visual attributes of AR presentations. This is why simulated team members can be employed in our experiments, as we focus on the effect of sharing the team members' status and not on how we gather it. The AR information is simulated in a VR environment, and the simulated team members are placed in that VR setting. The simulated team members' well-being is presented to the team leader labeled as stress (Stress is an extremely complex concept and topic. Our use of this term is meant to provide a high-level term covering a person who is experiencing such emotions as being overworked, unable to finish tasks on time, pressured, and falling behind on their work. ), following [PERSON]'s definition as \"a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well-being\" [17]. This investigation focuses on improving information presented to the team leaders who are required to know who is over or underloaded and how they are coping with that work. The presentation of this information aims to allow the team leader to balance having the work done and maintaining a healthy and efficient working environment.