## 5 Conclusions
Increased Costs: Organizations might find themselves incurring extra costs in response to these vulnerabilities. This could involve implementing additional security measures, training employees on security best practices, managing public relations after a breach, or dealing with the aftermath of data theft. Barrier to Digital Transformation: In a world that is increasingly becoming digital, the promise of secure and user-friendly authentication methods is crucial for the seamless transition and acceptance of new technologies. Vulnerabilities like those in SSAs can slow down the pace of digital adoption, especially in sectors that deal with highly sensitive data, like healthcare, finance, and defense. Influence on Design and Innovation: Recognizing the vulnerability of RBGP methods to SSAs can shape the direction of future research and product development. It underscores the need for a balanced approach that prioritizes both user experience and robust security in authentication mechanisms. In conclusion, the challenge posed by SSAs to RBGP methods extends beyond just a technical hiccup. It touches upon the very fabric of our digital society, emphasizing the need for secure yet user-friendly authentication solutions that can safeguard our personal and collective digital realms. This study's findings indicate that although RBMs have significant potential, there is room for improvement. Future research should explore alternative methods to counter SSAs and mitigate additional security risks. Furthermore, it is crucial to discover additional methods that can effectively counter SSAs and minimize the login time. This is essential for striking a balance between preventing security breaches and accelerating the login process. Graphical Password Vulnerabilities: The study revealed that while recognition-based graphical password (RBGP) methods hold promise, they are susceptible to shoulder-surfing attacks (SSAs). This vulnerability can compromise the very security benefits these methods were designed to offer. Authentication Process Variances: Among the selected schemes analyzed, there were variations in authentication processes, such as clicking on registered objects, entering a pass-string, or connecting icons. Each of these methods displayed distinct strengths and weaknesses in resisting SSAs. Balancing Act: A critical observation was the challenge of striking a balance between security and usability. While some methods demonstrated strong resistance to various types of observation attacks, they often did so at the expense of longer login times, potentially affecting the user experience. Implications for Design: The study underscores the need for a holistic approach in designing RBGP methods. Designers and developers must consider not just the innate security of the method but also external vulnerabilities, user experience, and the real-world contexts in which these methods will be used. Areas for Future Research:  
* Decoy and Registered Objects: Exploring the utility and effectiveness of decoy objects alongside registered ones in deterring SSAs. * Reducing Login Time: Innovating methods that resist SSAs while also optimizing the speed of the login process. * Adaptive Authentication: Investigating adaptive RBGP schemes that modify their challenge based on the perceived risk level of the authentication attempt. * User Experience: Delving deeper into user perceptions and experiences with various RBGP methods to ensure that enhanced security does not detract from usability. Implications for Implementation: Organizations and developers looking to implement RBGP methods should not only evaluate their intrinsic security features but also consider their resistance to real-world threats like SSAs. Additionally, user training and awareness regarding the risks of SSAs can be an auxiliary line of defense. In essence, this study sheds light on the intricate landscape of RBGP methods, emphasizing that while they bring a fresh perspective to authentication, they are not without their challenges.