# A Human Health Toxicity Assessment of Biogas Engines Regulated and Unregulated Emissions
## Appendix A
### Unregulated Emissions Values and Damage Calculations  
#### a.2.1 Unregulated Emissions Detected Values  
This section reports unregulated emissions values collected during the experimental campaign. Measurements refer to three biogas unit and to the ICE fed with natural gas. In particular, Table 10 lists the measured PAH emissions while Tables 11 and 12 report the aldehydes and dioxins and furans, respectively.  
In Tables, the column named \"IARC\" reports the category of carcinogenicity according to the classification introduce by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [57].  
Note that, PAH, aldehydes and dioxins and furans can be measured only in the case of ICE equipped with a WHRU because adopted instruments can work with waste gases temperature lower than 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Appendix A.2.2. Unregulated Emissions Comparison with Literature  
In this section, the values of unregulated emissions detected during the experimental campaign are compared with the data available in the literature. In particular, in Tables A4 and A5, detected PAHs and aldehydes are compared with the ones presented by [PERSON] et al. [41].  
Appendix A.2.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Dioxins and Furans Risk Evaluation  
This section present the carcinogenic risk evaluation of PAHs and dioxins and furans.  
Appendix A.2.4. Damage Analysis Computations  
In this section, the damage analysis for the categories: respiratory inorganics (Table A8), respiratory organics (Table A9), carcinogens (Table A10) and non carcinogens (Table A11) are given. Finally, Table A12 summarises the damage for each category in terms of DALY GJ\({}^{-1}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Emission** & **BGP 1** & **BGP 2** & **BGP 3** & **BGP 4** & **BGP 5** & **BGP 6** & **NGP** \\ \hline Formaldehyde & \(2.23\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.27\times 10^{-12}\) & \(3.80\times 10^{-14}\) & \(5.07\times 10^{-14}\) & \(3.80\times 10^{-14}\) & \(2.79\times 10^{-13}\) & \(2.79\times 10^{-13}\) \\ Acetaldehyde & \(3.80\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.71\times 10^{-14}\) & \(2.85\times 10^{-15}\) & \(3.80\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.85\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.33\times 10^{-14}\) & \(5.70\times 10^{-15}\) \\ Benzaldehyde & \(5.81\times 10^{-18}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{-18}\) & \(4.36\times 10^{-18}\) & \(5.81\times 10^{-18}\) & \(4.36\times 10^{-18}\) & \(4.36\times 10^{-18}\) & \(8.72\times 10^{-18}\) \\ Crotonaldehyde & \(3.92\times 10^{-15}\) & \(3.92\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.94\times 10^{-15}\) & \(3.92\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.94\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.94\times 10^{-15}\) & \(5.88\times 10^{-15}\) \\
2,3,7,8 TCDD & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(6.75\times 10^{-13}\) & \(9.16\times 10^{-13}\) & \(7.23\times 10^{-14}\) & \(7.23\times 10^{-14}\) \\
1,2,3,7,8,9 HkCDD & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(1.63\times 10^{-17}\) & \(2.17\times 10^{-17}\) & \(6.78\times 10^{-18}\) & \(3.52\times 10^{-19}\) \\ Acenaphtene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(2.77\times 10^{-16}\) & \(1.31\times 10^{-15}\) & \(3.28\times 10^{-15}\) & \(1.79\times 10^{-15}\) \\ Benzo(a)pyrene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(1.09\times 10^{-13}\) & \(1.58\times 10^{-13}\) & \(5.94\times 10^{-14}\) & \(5.94\times 10^{-14}\) \\ Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(1.35\times 10^{-14}\) & \(1.96\times 10^{-14}\) & \(7.34\times 10^{-15}\) & \(7.34\times 10^{-15}\) \\ Dibenzo(a,h)pyrene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(4.27\times 10^{-19}\) & \(6.21\times 10^{-19}\) & \(2.33\times 10^{-18}\) & \(2.33\times 10^{-18}\) \\ Benzo(k)fluoranthene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(1.39\times 10^{-15}\) & \(2.02\times 10^{-15}\) & \(7.59\times 10^{-16}\) & \(7.59\times 10^{-16}\) \\ Naphtalene & 0 & 0 & 0 & \(1.58\times 10^{-19}\) & \(1.55\times 10^{-16}\) & \(2.15\times 10^{-16}\) & \(6.03\times 10^{-17}\) \\ \hline DA & \(2.24\times 10^{-12}\) & \(1.29\times 10^{-12}\) & \(4.38\times 10^{-14}\) & \(8.58\times 10^{-13}\) & \(1.14\times 10^{-12}\) & \(4.39\times 10^{-13}\) & \(4.32\times 10^{-13}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Damage analysis for the carcinogenesis category. Values are given in DALY Nm\({}^{-3}\).