## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chemical Composition and Internal Structure of Samples
**(Left)** Proportion of 10–90% Tradescantia unbleached pulp and commercial eucalyptus pulp, **(Right)** 30–70%. Figure 10: Electron microscope ampliations of commercial pulp from Eucalyptus and Tradescantia blend handsheet **(left)** and handsheet made only from _Tradescantia fluminensis_ pulp **(right)**. Evolution of Morphological, Physicochemical Properties of Papers Due to Different Proportions of Raw Matter  
Previous studies [16; 26] have highlighted the importance of fiber morphology and internal structure in determining paper properties. In this context, research conducted on Tradescantia luminensis has demonstrated that its classification as an herbaceous species, along with the use of the entire plant for handsheet development, contributes to the unique properties of the resulting paper sheets. Handsheets produced exclusively from Tradescantia vegetal waste (100% composition) exhibited notable characteristics, including high air resistance and a tendency toward low permeability. Previous tests established a strong correlation between drainability (Schopper-Riegler degree) and air resistance. Specifically, paper made from Tradescantia pulp exhibited high drainability (65\({}^{\circ}\) SR), elevated air resistance values (262.3 s), and low permeability (0.52 um/(Pa\(\cdot\)s)). The results of these tests are summarized in Figure 5:0  
Handsheets composed entirely (100%) of commercial pulp were compared with the findings of previous studies [16]. It was concluded that the refining time has a significant impact on both drainability and air resistance, as previously noted. Tests conducted with commercial bleached Eucalyptus pulp revealed that longer refining times result in higher Schopper-Riegler (\({}^{\circ}\)SR) values and increased Gurley air resistance times, as shown in Figure 5:1  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\({}^{\circ}\)**SR**} & **Grammage** & **Thickness** & **S. Density** & **S. Volume** & **Gurley 300** & **Permeability** \\  & & **(g/m\({}^{2}\))** & **(um)** & **(g/cm\({}^{3}\))** & **(cm\({}^{3}\)/g)** & **cm\({}^{3}\) (s)** & **(um/(Pa\(\cdot\)s))** \\ \hline Tr.fl & Cp & & &  
Given the high air resistance properties of Tradescantia and the observation of increased Gurley times with extended refining periods for commercial Eucalyptus pulp, a refining time of 120 s was selected for this study to ensure consistency and comparability. It is possible to perceive that more relevant properties are obtained when maintaining higher proportions of one of the fibers (_Tradescantia fluminensis_ or commercial pulp). More stable and middling results are obtained when maintaining equal proportions of each of the samples. Drainability undergoes significant changes depending on the proportions of raw material used in handsheet formation. Handsheets made entirely from _Tradescantia fluminensis_ pulp (100%) achieved higher drainability values, reaching 65\({}^{\circ}\) SR with a refining time of 30 s. In contrast, handsheets composed entirely of commercial pulp, refined for 120 s in a PFI mill, achieved only 43\({}^{\circ}\) SR. This difference can be attributed to the internal sheet structure. As shown in Figure 13, the fibers in the commercial pulp handsheets are intertwined in an inhomogeneous manner, creating voids that facilitate air passage. On the other hand, as illustrated in Figure 14, handsheets made exclusively from Tradescantia pulp exhibit a more compact structure, which restricts air flow and increases permeability. When commercial pulp is added to the Tradescantia pulp in varying proportions, a noticeable reduction in drainability is observed. A 90% Tradescantia and 10% commercial pulp mixture resulted in a drainability value of 38\({}^{\circ}\) SR, while a 70-30% mix of Tradescantia and commercial pulp achieved 33\({}^{\circ}\) SR. The lowest drainability value (32.5\({}^{\circ}\) SR) was recorded for a 50-50% mixture of the raw materials.