# Spectrum Values in Suburban/Urban Environments above 1.5 GHz
## 3 Numerical Results
### Urban Environment  
The maximum achievable capacity for eight different user types is estimated and presented in Figures 4-11. Additionally, the carrier frequencies that maximize the achievable capacity for 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz are summarized in Table 5. Please note that 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz are considered 5G frequency bands in Korea. Figures 4-7 show the maximum achievable capacity for user types 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. These user types have the NLoS condition in common. Figures 4-7 for the UMa scenario present similar curve tendencies. Whether at the cell center or cell edge, indoor or outdoor, the achievable capacity decreases dramatically as the frequency increases. This is because the path loss for higher frequencies in the NLoS condition is more severe and thus the advantage of wider bandwidth for higher frequency cannot be reflected. As discussed previously, the spectrum value in the urban scenario is investigated in term of the achievable user capacity. Therefore, in the NLoS condition for the urban environment, the lower frequency has a higher spectrum value and thus will be the better choice for deployment. In Figures 4-7 for the UMi-street canyon scenario where the BS antenna height is lower in comparison to Uma, the maximum achievable capacity is high compared to the UMa scenario. This is because the ISD in the UMi-street canyon scenario is 200 m, which is much smaller than 500 m in the UMa scenario. This results in smaller path loss. For user types 2, 3 and 4, the curve tendency is different from the UMa scenario. The achievable capacity for the user first increases as the frequency increases and reaches a peak value around 3.2 GHz in Figure 5b, 2 GHz in Figure 6b and 19 GHz in Figure 7b, respectively. The reason the peak exists is that there is a trade-off between bandwidth and path loss. Before the peak value, the wider bandwidth for higher frequency can increase the capacity, compensating for higher path loss and penetration loss. However, as the frequency increases beyond the peak point, the benefits of the wider bandwidth decrease gradually due to dramatically higher path loss and penetration loss. Therefore, in the UMi-street canyon scenario, the medium frequency has the highest spectrum value in the NLoS condition. The maximum achievable capacities for the remaining user types 5, 6, 7, and 8 are presented in Figures 8-11, respectively. These user types have the LoS condition in common. In Figures 8 and 9, the curve tendencies in the UMa scenario are similar but differ from tendency in the previous figures. Firstly, the maximum achievable capacity increases and then decreases as the frequency increases. It reaches the peak point at a frequency of 15 GHz in Figure 8a and 28 GHz in Figure 9a. For LoS and indoor conditions like an office building or a large supermarket, the medium frequency may have the highest spectrum value and be the better choice. The curve tendencies in Figures 10 and 11 are similar. The user types for these two figures are in LoS and outdoor conditions without penetration loss and with lower path loss. Furthermore, the wider bandwidth at higher frequencies is enough to show high achievable capacity. Therefore, the maximum achievable capacity keeps increasing as the frequency increases. Please note that the abrupt change in the curves is a result of the distance  
Figure 3: Ratio of the spectrum value at frequency 2f to f in suburban environment. between BS and MS reaching the break point in the 3 GPP 3D path loss model. The results indicate that higher frequency is better than lower frequency and would be a better choice for the carrier to deploy services in LoS and outdoor conditions such as in a large stadium. From the previous figures, it is obvious that three user conditions, namely NLoS or LoS, indoor or outdoor, and cell edge or cell center, impact the spectrum value in urban areas. Here, a general analysis will be performed. Firstly, we can compare Figures 4-7 with Figures 8-11. The curve is generally decreasing in Figures 4-7, which have the NLoS condition in common.