## 4 Results  
### Teachers' Digital Skills for Integrating ARinE  
Regarding the double open question \"What digital skills do you think are most important for integrating AR in teaching and what aspects of your digital skills do you think need to be improved in order to use AR in your teaching?\", most participants recognized programming to be the most important digital skill for integrating AR in teaching and they need to improve it (Table 3). Many participants suggested as important that they also needed to improve the advanced AR skills such as 3D modeling, design, and development as well as 3D animation, while others the basic AR skills. In addition, some  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Gender**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} & **Age** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & & **General** & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} \\  & & **(Years Old)** & & & & **Skills Level** & \\ \hline Female & 52 & 21–30 & 12 & USA & 15 & Basic & 8 \\ Male & 44 & 31–40 & 13 & UK & 14 & Intermediate & 40 \\ Prefer to self-describe & 2 & 41–50 & 37 & Greece & 12 & Advanced & 52 \\ Preferred not to say & 2 & 51–60 & 20 & Malta & 7 & \\  & & 61–70 & 18 & India & 5 & \\  & & & & Australia & 5 & \\  & & & & Malaysia & 5 & \\  & & & & Portugal & 3 & \\  & & & & Other & 34 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Participants’ socio-demographic characteristics (\(N=93\)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Teaching**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} & **Teaching** & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} & **Previous** & \multirow{2}{*}{**\%**} \\  & & **Experience** & & & **AR Use** & **\%** \\  & & **(\#In Years)** & & & & in Class \\ \hline Primary & 12 & 1–5 & 12 & \begin{tabular}{c} Science (Math, Physics, \\ Chemistry, Biology) \\ \end{tabular} & 22 & Yes & 36 \\ Secondary & 22 & 6–10 & 23 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Informatics/Engineering/Technology \\ \end{tabular} & 54 & No & 64 \\ Tertiary & 56 & 11–15 & 10 & Economics/Social Sciences & 4 & \\ Other & 10 & 16–20 & 21 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Languages/Literature \\ \end{tabular} & 10 & \\  & 21–25 & 15 & Other & 10 & \\  & & 26–30 & 9 & \\  & & 31–35 & 10 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Participants’ teaching related characteristics (\(N=93\)).  
participants regarded as important other advanced digital skills such as game programming, simulations, user interface design, video and photo processing or even basic digital skills such as digital and information literacy, e-learning skills, and using hardware.  
Emphasis was also given to innovative pedagogical and instructional design skills such as matching technology to educational goals, immersive storytelling pedagogy, and technological pedagogical content knowledge. Finally, teachers also mentioned other important soft skills such as problem solving, creativity, presentation skills, communication skills, the desire to learn new things, adaptability and openness to new ways of teaching and learning, and the willingness to take risks. On the other hand, one teacher expressed doubts about the usefulness of AR in class.  
Previous studies confirm that in general teachers do not have the programming and 3D modeling skills that are required for designing and developing AR experiences [3; 5; 11; 12; 17; 21; 22; 24; 25; 26]. Therefore, they would like to receive training on using AR in their teaching practice [10; 12; 20; 21; 22; 24; 27].