## 1 Introduction  
Cancer poses a grave global challenge, jeopardizing the lives and well-being of individuals across the globe. Recent data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a division of the World Health Organization, reveals alarming statistics: in 2020 alone, there were 19.29 million newly diagnosed cancer cases and a staggering 9.96 million cancer-related deaths worldwide [1]. Cancer has consistently remained one of the most intricate and challenging human diseases, often referred to as a 'terminal illness'. Consequently, the advancement of cutting-edge medical technologies in tumor treatment has emerged as a pivotal area demanding urgent breakthroughs. Addressing this pressing need has become a primary direction for development, holding immense significance for the field of medicine. Traditional methods for cancer treatment encompass surgical intervention, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Among them, surgery is currently the preferred approach for managing tumors, particularly in early stage cancer. However, as cancer progresses to advanced stages, surgical procedures only offer palliative benefits or life extension and do not eradicate the cancer. Furthermore, the trauma induced during tumor surgery may stimulate the growth and metastasis of cancerous tissue [2]. Radiation therapy involves the targeted application of radiation to eliminate tumor cells. However, this approach also affects surrounding healthy cells or tissues, leading to significant side effects. Hence, radiation therapy is typically combined with chemotherapy to enhance its effectiveness [3]. Chemotherapy utilizes chemical drugs to systematically treat tumors, exhibiting the therapeutic efficacy against both primary and metastatic lesions. Despite its significant treatment outcomes, the administration of high doses of drugs can cause harm to the body, with more effective treatments often accompanied by greater toxic side effects [4]. In recent years, ablation therapy has emerged as a rapidly evolving treatment modality, incorporating techniques such as radiofrequency ablation [5], microwave ablation [6], and cryoablation [7]. These methods offer promising alternatives to conventional treatments. The treatment method involves the application of various heat sources to the tumor region using minimally invasive treatment needles, leading to the destruction of adjacent tumor tissues. This approach exhibits minimal side effects and avoids drug resistance. However, when treating tissues near blood vessels, there is a possibility of \"heat deposition\" that may affect the treatment outcome and potentially result in sequelae. Clinical data reveal that, although traditional treatment methods can achieve an efficiency of up to 95% in treating early stage highly malignant tumors, they often encounter challenges such as relapses in the primary and surrounding areas or even distant metastases during later stages of treatment (after 3 months) resulting in treatment failure [8]. Immunotherapy [9] has the potential to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. It involves the use of drugs to activate or stimulate the immune system, enabling it to naturally attack tumor cells and prevent tumor cells from evading immune responses. However, the curative effect of immunotherapy varies, with only a subset of patients exhibiting a response. Consequently, predicting a patient's response to treatment becomes challenging [10]. Additionally, in terms of safety, immunotherapy can trigger autoimmune side effects in some patients, leading to an immune response against healthy tissues [11]. With the advancements in bioelectromagnetics, electroporation therapy has found applications in cancer treatment. By applying pulsed electric fields to the cell membrane, unique effects are generated, which reduce the required drug dosage, enhance the treatment efficacy, and minimize the drug-related side effects on the body. This approach also preserves tissue functionality at the treatment site.