## 4 Conclusions  
The article summarizes the results of our recent research on the interaction of laser radiation with meteorites and highlights the potential of this kind of experiment for studies focused on meteor plasma simulation, hypervelocity atmospheric entries, and future space applications of laser sources, such as deflecting NEOs and de-orbiting space debris. A series of interaction experiments was conducted for various meteorite samples and three laser sources, varying in their parameters--a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser and the high-power Bivoj and PALS lasers. The investigation showed that the PALS laser was capable of creating, in one single shot of about 500 J, a crater with a diameter of approximately 10 mm and an average depth of 100 um in chondritic material. The Fe-Ni parts of the Seymchan pallasite proved to be very resistant to PALS laser ablation, resultingin shallower craters with depths of about 70 \(\upmu\)m at an energy of 650 J, but with a 10-times narrower focus spot (of 1 mm) than that used for experiments with the chondrite meteorite. Very distinct hillock formations, visually similar to the shape of the central uplift in real impact craters, were also observed in the central region of the ablation sites. The average depth and width of the deep incisions created by the femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser in chodnritic material were 60 \(\upmu\)m and 90 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. The depth was, again, smaller for the iron meteoritic material--roughly 20 \(\upmu\)m. The Bivoj laser with a square beam profile (3.1 \(\times\) 3.1 mm) barely ablated the surface of the samples. The depth of the craters was only about 10 \(\upmu\)m in the case of the irradiation in air. Moreover, the Bivoj water spots showed no altitude differences, and only distinct melting damage was observed. The physical characteristics of the laser-induced plasma for the Ti:Sapphire laser and the PALS laser were determined using optical emission spectroscopy. The plasma electron density was comparable for both lasers and ranged from 10\({}^{15}\) to 10\({}^{17}\) cm\({}^{-3}\). The estimated mean values of excitation and thermodynamic temperature were slightly higher in the case of the Ti:Sapphire laser--9700 K and 23,000 K, respectively. For the PALS laser, these calculated temperatures were 5100 K and 20,000 K. On the other hand, the mean ionization temperature turned out to be higher for the PALS laser (12,100 K). The value for the Ti:Sapphire laser was calculated to reach 9500 K.  
For the experiments held on the PALS laser, a high-speed streak camera was employed to measure the plasma plume longitudinal expansion velocities within 5 ns after the laser pulse. The measured values ranged between approximately 400 km/s and 1000 km/s; however, no evident dependence on the laser fluence was recognized. The dependence of the evaporated volume on the laser fluence and the sample material was studied and discussed. Even high-power laser pulses with energies of several hundred joules were able to directly vaporize only a limited volume, in the range of a few cubic millimeters, of chondritic meteorite specimens, identified as the least resistant sample in our study. Laser-induced ablation also led to the significant fragmentation of this material. Future research should, therefore, address the limits of high-power laser space technologies in exploring interplanetary matter, as elucidated on the laboratory level in this study, and we should not forget how to deploy them in space without causing international security tensions [91]. Conceptualization, M.F., N.S., and P.B. ; data curation, A.K. ([PERSON]) and V.L. ; formal analysis, A.K. ([PERSON]), V.L., E.C., B.D. and P.K. ; funding acquisition, M.F., M.K., J.B. and L.L. ; investigation, A.K. ([PERSON]), E.C., L.P., A.K. ([PERSON]), D.P., J.B., J.K. ([PERSON]), M.D., J.K. ([PERSON]), R.D., L.L., M.K. and M.F. ; project administration, [PERSON], M.K. and M.F. ; software, [PERSON] and P.K.