## 1 Introduction  
Today's societies are highly dependent on electricity. It has been estimated that electricity accounted for 20% of global final energy consumption in 2023 [1] and that its share will be 30% in 2030 [1]. This increase is justified by the global decarbonisation targets set out in the Net Zero Emissions Scenario for 2050 [2]. In the European Union (_EU_), strategies for the decarbonisation of the industrial sector promote the electrification of processes [3]. Given the increase in electricity consumption, it is also necessary to decarbonise the electricity sector [4]. Three sectors worldwide are the big consumers of final energy. In 2022, these sectors were [5] industry (30.41%), the transport sector (27.81%), and the household sector (20.30%). Many industrial processes are highly dependent on electricity, such as (i) energy-intensive industries (steel, paper industries, etc.) and (ii) other industries (construction, textile, etc.). In addition, electricity is essential in the household sector, as it is used in cookers and ovens, refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers, space heating, water heating, etc. The trend is for electricity consumption to increase with the introduction of new technologies, such as electric vehicles and hydrogen generation. A report by the International Energy Agency [6] estimates that electricity consumption in 2050 will be as follows: (i) 10,196.56 (TWh) in intensive industries, (ii) 9434.89 (TWh) in other industries, (iii) 9385.75 (TWh) in appliances and cooking, (iv) 7862.41 (TWh) in cooling and heating (space heating, water heating, etc. ), (v) 8476.66 (TWh) in hydrogen production, and (vi) 4078.62 (TWh) in light-duty vehicles. The negative aspect of this high consumption of electricity is that its generation is considered the largest source of carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)) emissions worldwide [1]. The direct relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the use of fossil fuels has been the subject of a multitude of investigations [7]. Therefore, it is necessary for the energy sector to make the transition to net zero emissions. This transition is based on the expansion of the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. Although the value of solar irradiance received in different locations around the world is not the same and, therefore, the profitability of the project is different, \(PV\) technology can be considered an adequate solution for reducing \(CO_{2}\) emissions from the electricity sector. Its characteristics, such as ease of installation, low maintenance, and scalability, place it at the top of the list of solutions to the environmental problems associated with the electricity sector. The use of photovoltaic energy is beneficial for the environment [8], but, due to the inherent characteristics of its procedure of generating electrical energy, this energy is technically different from conventional electrical energy production plants, as its production is not controlled by the plant operator. Therefore, the penetration of this type of plant into the electricity market can pose challenges for the operation of electricity grids [9]. Intermittency and uncertainty in the energy production of a \(PV\) power plant are two negative aspects of this technology [10], as it depends on meteorological phenomena that are exogenous to the energy production process. Intermittency encompasses hourly fluctuations in energy production caused by changes in the weather [11]. On the other hand, uncertainty is caused by deviations in energy production from the forecasts of the plant operator [12], who cannot predict the weather with any degree of accuracy. Therefore, this dependence of \(PV\) power plants on meteorological factors raises problems of stabilityin the electricity grid [13]. To reduce these problems, predictive techniques have been developed to reduce uncertainty [14]. On the other hand, energy storage can eliminate the intermittency of a \(PV\) power plant [15].