# Addressing Business Process Deviations through the Evaluation of Alternative Pattern-Based Models
## 2 Related Work
[PERSON] [28] used the common variability language (CVL) to describe and generate variants of the same model to achieve application reconfigurations, while [PERSON] et al. [29] discussed the workflow reconfiguration. In their investigation, [PERSON] et al. [30] categorized four diverse approaches to variability, where each approach considered a distinct variation point. The first approach, node configuration, considers the node as the variation point, and for each node, various paths exist [31]. The second approach, element annotation assigns domain properties through Boolean expressions, and the selection can be made either manually or with the aid of a model. It involves testing a specific condition at the task level, such as a lower cost [32]. The third approach, activity specialization, emphasizes the customization of a business model based on activity specialization [33]. Finally, the fourth approach, fragment customization, depends on constraints: an activity is added if it satisfies a given constraint or rejected otherwise [34]. In these OSM approaches, whether in deviation or reparation models, rely on the concept that all paths must be predetermined. However, in most real-life situations, it is impossible to anticipate all scenarios [35]. Adaptive case management (ACM) [36] is a software-driven approach that supports knowledge work and unpredictable business processes by offering flexibility and informed decision making based on real-time data. In contrast, traditional BPM focuses on structured workflows and optimizing efficiency for repetitive tasks. By combining ACM and BPM, organizations can effectively manage both structured and unstructured workflows, enhancing efficiency and decision making. While this method has many advantages demonstrated in the literature [37], it is categorized under the OSM category as previously discussed. The proposed approach in this study differs from ACM by avoiding predefined paths and instead utilizing a library of patterns to iteratively select the most compatible pattern as a candidate solution. Dynamic BPM [38] refers to the capability of supporting process modifications by any role with minimal delay. It encompasses a range of practices and technologies that empower individuals and systems to make timely adjustments in response to both obvious and underlying process requirements [39; 40]. This enables the simulation of changes without disrupting the current operational processes, systems, or applications. Once more, as noted, this method can also be categorized under OSMs in contrast with the proposed approach. The second category, the USMs, employs a management by exception approach. In this approach, a primary model is established for standard operations while an exception handling mechanism is developed to address any unforeseen issues that may occur in the model during runtime by utilizing a library of sub-models. [PERSON] et al. [41] classified different types of exceptions that may arise during the execution of a process and suggested techniques to manage them. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [42] maintained a database of exception handling procedures known as exlets to deal with predefined categories of exceptions. The database may be built during the design stage or dynamically during runtime. In a recent study, [PERSON] et al. [43] presented a workflow management system that controls the environment using dynamically generated workflows. Exception detection and handling in the process creation provides solutions for possible occurrences. This approach enables rapid development of new tasks, known or unknown, and assesses the quality of the recommendations created through feedback from the managed environment. Taken a step further by [PERSON] et al. [44], they introduced an additional layer of fragments that can be reused in workflows in case of failure. However, one notable drawback of USM approaches is their limited scope when it comes to repairs.