## 4 Charging Infrastructure and Other Types of EVs: Current State
### EV Charging Infrastructure  
It is estimated that there are almost ten times as many private chargers as public ones. These are usually located in the private car parks of EV users. Private charging points take advantage of cheaper hourly rates and tend to be located in less densely populated cities. Public chargers have a greater impact in cities with high population per unit area and low availability of private car parking [100]. Grid voltage on the consumption side may condition the installation of private charging points. In countries with a voltage of 220 V, overnight charging times of a few hours can be achieved, while in countries with a voltage of 100-120 V it is difficult to charge an EV in less than ten hours [101]. Increased availability of public charging points favors higher uptake of EVs by users [102]. Figures 5 and 6 present the number of publicly installed vehicle charging points per region by slow and fast chargers respectively, for 2015-2023 [103]. China stands out in the installation of public charging points compared to other regions, showing solid growth until 2023, followed by Europe. All other regions show sustained growth over the years. Fast chargers accounted over 35% of public charging stock at the end of 2023. China leads the deployment of EV supply equipment, with around 60% of slow chargers and more than 85% of the world's fast chargers. Its target for 2030 is to achieve a full charging coverage in highways and cities. In relation to the European Union, the text of the alternative fuels infrastructure regulation agreed upon in 2023 requires public fast chargers every 60 km along the European Union's main transport corridors. This measure will allow 0.8 kW of publicly accessible chargers for each registered PHEV and 1.3 kW for each registered BEV [103]. Figure 5: Available public slow chargers per region. An analysis can then be carried out to assess the temporal evolution of the number of vehicles per public charger, both slow and fast; to this end, the data extracted from Figure 3 for PHEVs and BEVs are unified into a single value by region and year, and divided by the number of chargers for the cases represented in Figures 5 and 6. The results can be seen in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7 shows the fluctuations corresponding to the number of EVs per public slow charger. China has a stable curve with a low average value, indicating a good match between new vehicle sales and electric infrastructure deployment. As both factors vary appreciably from year to year, while their stability is continuous, it can be concluded that there is a consolidated strategy in EV production and electric infrastructure deployment. The region 'Other EV', for which the variation in both factors is very small (Figures 3 and 5), indicates that the market is still in its infancy, which is the reason for the apparent stability. In the case of Europe, limited and stable behavior can be observed, with both factors growing in step with each other. Finally, the US still shows non-stable behavior that depends on the increased production of EVs in certain years and increased installation of charging points in others. It is expected that these regional values will be very stable from 2030 onwards due to the supranational plans that are being implemented to replace ICEVs and the deployment of charging points in these regions. Figure 8 shows similar behavior to the previous case for fast charging points. As this is a more advanced technology, the differences between regions is magnified. It can be observed that China has reached a practically constant ratio between EVs and fast chargers after 2016, with the small value indicating high availability of public fast charging service. In the Other EV category, despite the stability of the graph, gradual growth can be observed. This will potentially increase in the coming years with the surge in EV sales. Europe is escalating this ratio in an oscillating albeit controlled way, while continuing to increase the number of EVs and fast charging points.