## 5 Design Description  
The basic purpose of using the input and output capacitance is to eliminate the unwanted voltage components. On the other hand, the role of the inductor is to minimize the ripple contents in the current. The inductor is also used as an energy-storing element and helps to tackle the shoot-through issue as well. The design of these elements depends on the input voltage (\(V_{s}\) ), average value of the inductor current (\(I_{L}\)), output current (\(I_{o}\)) or impedance (\(Z_{L}\)), switching frequency (\(f_{s}\)), inductor ripple current factor (\(k_{i}\)) that is normally 20% of inductor current and output voltage ripple factor (\(k_{v}\)) that may take 10% of the output or input voltage. The role of the developed circuit is to step down and step up the input voltage at the output. The design of the filtering components is obtained with respect to the high value of the voltage and currents of the developed circuit. In voltage buck operation, the average value of the inductor and output currents are the same but in boost mode, the average value of the inductor is greater than the average output current with the relation given in Equation (35). The value of the duty cycle and switching frequency is taken 0.5 and 25 kHz, respectively. The values of the filtering components are computed with a similar approach stated in [19; 25].  
\[I_{L}=\ \frac{I_{o}}{(1-D)} \tag{35}\]  
The value of the inductor is calculated for an input voltage of 65 V, a duty cycle of \(D=0.5\), a switching frequency of 25 kHz, and a maximum value of the inductor current of 2 A.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Suggested Converter** & **Converter In [20]** & **Converter In [11]** \\ \hline Peak inductor ripple current & \(0.25\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) & \(0.25\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) & \(0.334\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) \\ Peak value of current & \(I_{o(\max)}\) & \(I_{o(\max)}\) & \(1.5I_{o(\max)}\) \\ Peak value of voltage & \(V_{s(\max)}\) & \(V_{s(\max)}\) & \(1.5V_{s(\max)}\) \\ Count of transistors & 6 & 8 & 6 \\ Count of diodes & 6 & 8 & 6 \\ Count of gate supporting circuit & 6 & 8 & 6 \\ Count of isolated DC sources & 6 & 8 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of the performance evaluation for inverting voltage step-down output considering a factor of 0.5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Suggested Converter** & **Converter In [20]** & **Converter In [11]** \\ \hline Peak inductor ripple current & \(0.5\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) & \(0.5\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) & \(0.667\Big{(}\frac{V_{s(\max)}}{L}\Big{)}T\) \\ Peak value of current & \(2I_{o(\max)}\) & \(2I_{o(\max)}\) & \(3I_{o(\max)}\) \\ Peak value of voltage & \(2V_  
\[L=\ \frac{V_{s}D(1-D)}{k_{i}I_{L}f_{s}}\ =0.8125\ \ \mathrm{mH} \tag{36}\]  
The ripples in the output voltage are directly related to the value of the output capacitance whose value is computed for an output voltage of 65 V and output current of 1 A as  
\[C_{o}=\ \frac{DI_{o}}{k_{b}V_{o}f_{s}}\ =3.07\ \ \mathrm{\upmu F} \tag{37}\]  
The value of the input capacitance depends on the duration in which it is discontinuous. The input current is continuous in voltage boost mode and is only discontinuous in voltage buck mode. Its value is calculated with an input current of 0.5 A as  
\[\therefore C_{in}=\ \frac{I_{s}(1-D)}{k_{b}V_{s}f_{s}}\ =1.5\ \mathrm{\upmu F} \tag{38}\]  
So, the values of the inductor and output and input capacitance are approximated for computer and practical results as 1 mH, 4.7 \(\mathrm{\upmu F}\) and 1 \(\mathrm{\upmu F}\), respectively.