esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# FMS Scheduling under Availability Constraint with Supervisor Based on Timed Petri Nets
## 2 Background
### Genetic Algorithm  
Genetic Algorithms (GA) are recombination-based metaheuristics and belong to the class of evolutionary algorithms. The search procedures introduced by these algorithms are based on the mechanics of natural genetics. They have been widely applied to a variety of different problems and domains. For a detailed description of the use of genetic algorithms in engineering optimization issues, the reader could refer to [PERSON] et al. [34].  
In this article, we introduce the genetic algorithm method to solve the mathematical model described in the previous section. The choice of the GA is motivated by:  
* Mathematical optimization techniques, such as the branch and bound method and dynamic programming, are limited by the problem dimensionality. These methods are not efficient in the case of large-scale and NP-hard problems, such as our study.
* The heuristic procedure is convenient for a production scheduling problem of a small scale. However, in the case of processing problems for a large scale, heuristics dealing with an NP-hard scheduling problem with a makespan objective have several drawbacks, such as the lack of comprehensiveness [35], and the accuracy of the solution needs to be improved [36].
* The genetic algorithm is convenient for production scheduling problems in view of its solving performance characteristics, such as near optimization and high resolution speed. GA efficiency was proven and discussed in solving scheduling problems having similar characteristics as our present model [37; 38].  
Figure 1: Timed Marked Graph (TMG) example.
## 2 Description of the algorithm
For example, the (0,0) pixel value is selected in all images of the stack and then the standard deviation of these values is calculated. This result is the new pixel value of the final image. All ImageJ commands are defined and operate on images. Fractal mask size determines the width of edges and the scale of the enhanced features. Rotationally symmetric features contribute from all angles, thus their contrast is more enhanced than other less symmetric ones. This is useful for microcalcification detection because most are approximately circular in shape. Therefore, this preferential filtering for symmetric shapes can be used as a preprocessing step for more sophisticated classification techniques. Our approach allows ROI to be automatically or manually selected, as radiologists recommend. The second part of our approach consists of zooming, contrast enhancement, and segmentation, as explained below:  
1. Zoom the region of interest of the image around the microcalcification clusters. Use simple nearest neighbor zooming without interpolation. 2. Use a complete set of fractal filters for pixel diffusion. Convolve each fractal mask with the original ROI. A very good zooming factor is \(\times\) 8 when a set of fractal masks composed of 5 \(\times\) 5 pixels is used, with angular increments of 45 degrees from 0 to 315 degrees. 3. Duplicate the resulting image, and then calculate the logarithm of the first image and the exponential of the second one. 4. Apply the logical operation XOR between both images. After the previous enhance contrast step, the XOR operation produces a grayscale segmented image. This result permits the definition of isolevel regions and a clear delineation of the shape of the selected microcalcification. The logical XOR operation between images is described in the Image user guide [29]. Having completed these operations, the result is a set of grayscale level areas that allows a very accurate determination of the shape and size of each microcalcification, while minimizing the contribution of the surrounding tissues to the image. An example of algorithm performance is presented using the Lena image. As seen in Figure 3, directional edges can be calculated in a short computational time, as noted in Table 1. The zooming step preserves the histogram with minimal changes, as shown in Figure 4. The computational time is also short due to the efficiency of the FFT algorithm on which the convolution of fractal masks is based. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Time (s)** \\ \hline Edges & 0.04 \\ Zoom & 0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Computational performance of our algorithm with an Intel I5 processor.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Results
#### 3.3.1 First Group of Experiments (Images with Forgery only)  
In this group of experiments, the CASIA dataset was used to evaluate the robustness of the proposed approach. Table 1, below, shows the classification performance of the forgery detection approach using precision, recall and F1 score measures, and NC, TAF, BER, PSNR and SSIM image quality measures.  
The first column in Table 1 represents the category of forged images in the following manner: anim (animal category), arch (architecture), pla (plants), txt (text), nat (nature), cha (character), and sec (scene). It is evident from the experimental results shown in this table that the different categories have different forgery detection results, with an average detection accuracy of 97%. This can be attributed to the varying nature and texture of the images within each class. It can also be noticed that the text category obtained the highest classification accuracy (99%) among all of the CASIA classes. Furthermore, the NC, TAF,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Method**} & **Image** & **Meaningful** & **Recovery** & **Sides** & **Copyright** & **Projection** & **Forgery** & **Extraction** & **Robustness** \\  & **or video** & **Shares** & **Recovery** & **Information** & **Projection** & **Localization** & & & & JPEG \\  & & & & & & & & & Compression \\ Liu & & & & & & & & & sharpening \\
2011 & Image & No & Yes & No & Yes & No & Superimposition & & \\  
BER, PSNR and SSIM measures are presented to quantify the quality of the reconstructed watermark in comparison with the original watermark. Hence, the values of these metrics in this table reveal the fact that the different classes have different detection results, but with average accuracy (NC = 96% and TAF = 96%). For BER, it can be noticed that the range of values is between 0.03 and 0.05. These values are within the acceptable range of errors in the bits for the images which contain a forgery of variable size, shape and texture. In addition, we obtained the average values of the PSNR (14.24%) and SSIM (0.7%) quality measures, because there are different amounts of forgeries in the processed digital images. To sum up, the overall results in this table indicate the good performance of the proposed image forgery detection approach, and Figure 6 is presented below to show some of these detection results.
# The Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in the 1D-2D Coupled Model for Urban Flooding
## 2 Method
### Construction of the Coupled Model
#### 2.1.3 Coupling of 1D and 2D Models and Parameter Configuration  
The SWMM has a complete hydrological hydrodynamic module, which can exhaustively simulate the flow of water in the pipe network but cannot complete the simulation of the urban waterlogging diffusion process in the two-dimensional surface, and Telemac does not have an urban pipe network module but can complete the simulation of urban waterlogging diffusion in the surface; therefore, the coupling of the two can complete the completion of urban waterlogging from the production of sinks, pipe network hydrodynamics, and the completion of urban surface hydrodynamic simulation, that is, extract the SWMM pipe network overflow process flow and input into Telemac, the latter to complete the diffusion of urban waterlogging in the surface.  
The SWMM adopts the power wave method to complete the simulation of the pipe network; the Horton model is adopted for the calculation of production and sink flow; Telemac adopts the finite volume method to calculate; in order to ensure the stability of the calculation, a variable step size is selected when generating the two-dimensional surface mesh in order to take into account the accuracy and efficiency; a 30 m mesh is selected; for the main area to adopt a local encryption, a 10 m mesh is selected; the initial depth of surface water is 0; and the research zone boundary is open boundary.
# IEC-61108-7 SBAS Standard for Shipborne Receivers: Preliminary Testing Validation Activities +
## 2 Setup Design and Realization
### Setup for TC-001: Static Accuracy Test  
For this test, the standard allows the use of both simulated and live signals. For the testing campaign, live signals were used. The receiver under test was connected to a geodetic grade antenna located on the rooftop of an office building on the JRC Ispra site. The antenna was in open-sky conditions, and its position was carefully pre-surveyed. The coordinates were computed by post-processing after a long data collection; hence, an accurate position at the mm level was obtained, allowing the error assessment needed for the test. The pass-fail threshold for the test is based on the 95 th percentile of horizontal errors; the test is considered successful if 95% of the error measurements are less than 10 m, as specified by the standard--a position measurement with a horizontal error of less than 10 m is marked as correct. To pass the test, at least 95% of the measurements must be marked as correct.
# System for Evaluation and Compensation of Leg Length Discrepancy for Human Body Balancing
## 4 Human Body Balancing Algorithm  
As stated in the Introduction, the LLD evaluation is done by balancing the human body. For this purpose, the Human Body Balancing Algorithm has been developed, the goal of which is to bring the human body's CoM to the expected position (\(CoM_{x}=0\)) in the frame {S}, as shown in Figure 7. Initial tests of subject behavior on moving force plates showed that changing the force plates' height causes the subject's CoM to move in unexpected manners. If standard controllers were used for human body balancing, the aforementioned shift in the human body's CoM could cause unpredictable behavior when adjusting the height of the 3-RPS parallel manipulators' moving platforms. This is why an iterative process of human body balancing was made, as shown in Figure 8b. Before running the HBBA, it is necessary to turn the system on and set the 3-RPS parallel manipulators to the same initial height (Figure 8a). After reaching the initial height of the 3-RPS parallel manipulators, the system is in its ready state, which is a precondition to run the HBBA (Figure 8b).  
A subject climbs the steps to the force plates and places their feet on marked locations with the help of a diagnostic. When the subject is standing on the force plates, the Human Body Balancing starts and the number of iterations \(k\) of the HBBA is set to 0. The diagnostician asks the subject to be still, relaxed and to maintain a naturally upright posture. If a static and naturally relaxed posture is achieved, the algorithm initiates the balancing trigger. The human body's CoM is calculated based on the relation in Equation (17). If \(|CoM_{x}|\geq\varepsilon\), one of the moving platforms of the 3-RPS parallel manipulators will be lifted. The amount the right (\(j=R\)) or left (\(j=L\)) platform will rise equals to:  
\[\Delta z_{j\;ref}=\gamma\;|CoM_{x}| \tag{18}\]  
The weight variable \(\gamma\) is an adaptive constant (refer to \(\gamma\) in Section 5.4.2). After lifting the left or right moving platform, the subject resumes their static and relaxed posture and naturally upright stance, after which the procedure is repeated (Figure 8b). The algorithm stops the human body balancing if the following is valid:  
\[|CoM_{x}|<\varepsilon \tag{19}\]  
where \(\varepsilon\) is an acceptable deviation from the human body's CoM along the \(x\)-axis in comparison to the expected position \(CoM_{x}=0\). When the condition defined in Equation (19) is fulfilled, the height difference between the left and right force plate is measured:  
\[\Delta z=z_{L}-z_{R} \tag{20}\]  
which finally gives the LLD evaluation as:  
\[\Delta l=l_{R}-l_{L}=\Delta z \tag{21}\]  
Figure 8: Flowchart: (**a**) Turning the system on and moving the 3-RPS parallel manipulators to their initial height; and (**b**) Human Body Balancing Algorithm.
## 3 Typology of the Building Stock, Market Segments and Economics of Refurbishing
### The Economics of Refurbishing
#### 3.1.1 Total Economy of Refurbishing  
At project level the key to profitability is a favorable \"_total economy_\", _i.e.,_ an assessment of investment costs, energy consumption and running costs over the lifetime of the building in due consideration of the lifecycle of the construction components. Calculating net present value in an assessment of \"total economy\" permits comparison of scenarios of investments, where on one side initial investment costs are higher, but maintenance, running costs and energy consumption are lower.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Approximate Energy Needs** & **Detached Housing** & **Multifamily Housing** \\ \hline Heat loss compensation & & \\ \hline Building envelope & 61\% & 44\% \\ Air circulation & 14\% & 25\% \\ \hline Operational needs & & \\ \hline Domestic hot water & 8\% & 10\% \\ Household electricity & 15\% & 18\% \\ Fans/pumps & 2\% & 3\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Energy needs in buildings [16].  
Overall assessments of the economic returns on individual projects also depend on expected value development in the property market, although this is not an independent parameter from the lifetime and running cost components of total economy calculations. On the other hand, property market value may reflect qualitative improvements of the building stock and its environment beyond total economy calculations. Property value is therefore an important and sensitive indicator in monitoring softer policy goals of urban transition.  
Access to financing depends on the collateral value of the property, either as assessed market value or by imputed income calculations relative to the investment horizon. This means that in case of commercial properties a higher net profit from reduction in business running costs will result in higher assessed asset value. In this manner, a positive total economy of a given renovation project could potentially increase access to real credit.  
Prolonging the lifetime of buildings and improving energy standards are generally impacting positively on market value, as confirmed by statistical analysis of EMO-certificates and sales prices [27]. However, the relation is not simple, since other aspects are strong determinants of property market value (location, style, _etc._). Market preferences may cause properties to lose market value irrespective of their higher energy standards.  
Functional improvements can provide good economy in the short run, the so called \"low hanging fruits\". Limited improvements like insulation of the attic, low energy lamps and upgrading of some technical installations (boilers, e.g.,) that have a short period of return on investments, are usually \"low hanging fruits\". Similarly, continuous savings by optimizing facility management, controlling room temperatures, and by prudent user behavior belong in this category.  
Awareness campaigns to improve energy saving behavior complement the economic incentive structure of energy tariffs and subsidies for refurbishing works.
# Operational Temperature Effect on Positioning Accuracy of a Single-Axial Moving Carrier
## 1 Introduction
In this study, a moving carrier operates in an environmental chamber in which the operational temperature can be controlled by an air conditioning system. Different operational temperature modes, including a stable environment, temperature rise, temperature drop, summer daytime hours, and winter nighttime hours, were generated within the environmental chamber by the air conditioning system to investigate the operational temperature's effect on positioning accuracy. In addition, analyses were based on CFD simulations, aiming to investigate the locations of air inlets and air outlets on the flow field in the chamber to ensure the stability of air flow and the laminar field within the processing area, hence, achieving further improvements in terms of the positioning accuracy of a moving carrier.
## 1 Introduction
### VLC Channel Models Applied to Underground Mining Environments  
Three proposals for the characterization of the underground mining VLC channels are presented in [9; 16; 26]. In these proposals, a general VLC channel model for underground mining environments is presented, which involves the application of two communication scenarios, called mining-to-miner (M2M) and infrastructure-to-miner (I2M). Regarding the mathematical model of the VLC channel, the LoS and NLoS components are considered in their respective impulse responses. The analysis carried out in these works is based on the determination of the channel path loss, the large-scale fading, and scattering. The lighting parameter of mining environments is also briefly reviewed. The results determine an empirical path loss model of the VLC channel. For their contributions, these works are considered the starting point for our research. However, they still present opportunities for improvement. Among the details that must be addressed is the inclusion of complete thermal noise and shot noise models in the optical propagation model, the analysis of the interference that these scenarios may suffer, due to the number of LEDs that may exist, the SINR analysis of the environment and solutions for its improvement, among others.  
An interesting analysis of VLC in hostile environments is applied in [8], where an energy coupling model of a VLC system applied to a coal mine is addressed, specifically a theoretical study of the effects of coal dust particles on VLC and the problem of optical signal degradation is performed. As a result, an optimal position of the optical transmitter is found, to maximize the coupled energy. Note that when addressing a specific problem of mining VLC environments, as only addressing the problem from the optical transmitter, it leaves open the possibilities for other solutions in optical reception.  
An application of a light fidelity (LiFi) communication system for underground mines is presented in [27], which allows the sending of emergency messages in the mine. Another application of a VLC-based alarm system for mining environments is presented in [28]. Finally, several works that applied localization in mining environments based on VLC systems are presented in [29; 30; 31; 32]. As we can see, the largest number of works related to VLC in underground mines, are security applications,location, or brief proposals of channel models that can be improved; thus, this presents an opportunity to analyze other problems present in these scenarios, such as the decrease of the ICI or the improvement of system performance.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Carbon particles are produced in an atmospheric pressure laminar premixed ethylene-air flame stabilized on a water-cooled sintered bronze McKenna burner having a diameter of 6 cm. The cold gas velocity was set at 9.8 cm/s and the carbon to oxygen (C/O) atomic ratio was 0.77 (flame equivalence ratio \(\Phi\) = 2.33). In particular, the air and ethylene flow rates sent to the burner are 1.875 and 2.051 Nl/min, respectively.  
Particles were collected from the flame and deposited on the electrode substrate by in situ thermophoretic sampling performed via rapid insertion of the substrate in flame (at a height above the burner of Z = 10 mm) by means of a pneumatic actuator. This method relies on the thermophoretic force to drive particles from the hot flame environment toward the cold substrate where they impact and deposit. The insertion time was set to 100 ms to minimize the heating of the substrate. The heating would reduce thermophoretic forces and thus collection efficiency, and it would also modify particle structure and composition by thermal effects. To collect enough material, multiple insertions (up to 40) were operated. The total deposition time was \(t_{dep}\) = 4 s. The synthesis parameters were chosen on the basis of previous studies, where the dependence of the film conductivity as a function of the flame parameters and the film thickness was investigated [33; 39]. The process was optimized to obtain high resistivity films. That allowed us to neglect self-heating effects due to the low current flowing into the sensor.  
The substrates were thin-film InterDigitaled gold electrodes (IDE, MICRUX ED-IDE1-Au). The electrodes have a channel length (\(L\)) equal to 10 um and a total width (\(W\)) of 490 mm, thus having a width to length ratio (\(W/L\)) of 49,000.  
The synthesis technique allows the depositing of the film on a variety of substrates and with arbitrary shapes. That paves the way to embed temperature sensors in a variety of commercial products where temperature analysis is required.  
The morphological and structural characterization of the samples were obtained by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM).  
Raman spectroscopy measurements of the carbonaceous thin film deposited on the InterDigitaled electrode substrates were performed by a Raman microscope (model Xplora, from Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a 100 \(\times\) 0.9 NA objective lens. The wavelength of the laser beam was 532 nm and the power was reduced to less than 1 mW to avoid damaging the sample. Film morphology was visualized with a scanning probe microscope (model NTEGRA, from NT-MDT, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands) equipped with supersharp silicon probes (model SSS-NCHR, from NANOSENSORSTM, Neuchatel, Switzerland) operated in semi-contact mode in air.  
For the thermal analysis, the sample was placed in a Linkam HFS600E-PB4 heating stage equipped with electrical probes and the T95 controller system. Electrical measurements were performed by a Source Measure Unit (SMU) (model \(\times\)200, from Ossila Ltd., Sheffield, UK).