esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 ITS Threats Analysis and Classification
### Classification of ITS Attacks and Cryptographic Countermeasures
#### 4.4.1 Attacks on Availability and Countermeasures
The control of this type of message is more difficult [18, 51], due to the lack of centralized infrastructure [62];
* Black hole attacks: The black hole attack exists in any kind of _ad hoc_ network, including ITS, and is considered as a conventional attack against availability. In fact, a black hole is formed within the network when malicious nodes fail or refuse to propagate messages. The black hole attack means that the malicious node indicates that it is part of the network and is able to participate, while this is not the practical case [17, 51]. This kind of attack is very dangerous for several ITS applications, especially for latency-sensitive road safety applications;
* Gray hole attacks: The gray hole attack is considered a variant of the black hole attack and consists of dropping the data packets related to specific ITS applications [63] during the routing process;
* Sink hole attacks: The sink hole attack can be used to prepare other attacks, such as gray hole and black hole attacks. In this attack, the packets of neighboring nodes are transmitted through malicious nodes, which can lead to eliminating or modifying the received packets before re-transmitting them eventually;
* Worm hole attacks: The worm hole attack is a DoS attack that requires the participation of at least two nodes, where an attacker 'A' sends a message to an attacker 'B', who is geographically far from him. This message suggests to neighboring nodes of 'B' that 'A' is their neighbor [64]. This attack allows two or more legitimate nodes and non-neighbors to exchange control packets between them [65] and to create non-existent routes;
* Tunneling attacks: The tunneling attack is similar to the worm hole attack [51] with the minor difference that it uses the same network to establish a private connection (or tunnel). It aims at connecting two distant parts of the vehicular network by using an additional communication channel, such as a hidden tunnel [66]. Thus, the victims of two distant parts of the network can communicate as neighbors. Cryptographic solutions are generally not efficient to circumvent the attacks on availability (_i.e._, greedy, black hole, gray hole, sink hole, worm hole, malware, masquerading, spamming and tunneling). However, as shown in Figure 8, some cryptographic methods, such as digital signature algorithms and bit-commitment schemes, can limit their impact.
# EMI Threat Assessment of UAV Data Link Based on Multi-Task CNN
## 3 Data Preprocessing
### Visualized Performance Parameters  
The state parameters of the data link can be obtained from the monitoring software, as shown in Figure 1. When the EMI is not applied, the initial state parameter of a UAV's data link is assumed as \(p_{m}^{0}\in\{p_{AGC}^{0},p_{SNR}^{0},p_{BER}^{0}\}\). After the UAV's data link is interfered, the state parameter is changed to \(p_{m}\in\{p_{AGC},p_{SNR},p_{BER}\}\), and the maximum of the state parameter is \(p_{m}^{\max}\in\{p_{AGC}^{\max},p_{SNR}^{\max},p_{BER}^{\max}\}\). In this case, the state parameters can be normalized as  
\[p_{m}^{norm}=\frac{\min\{\left|p_{m}-p_{m}^{0}\right|,\left|p_{m}^{\max}-p_{m}^ {0}\right|\}}{\max\{\left|p_{m}-p_{m}^{0}\right|,\left|p_{m}^{\max}-p_{m}^{0} \right|\}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(p_{m}^{norm}\) is the processed parameter which is affected by the initial state of the data link. Therefore, the initial input is mapped linearly to \([0,1]\), so as to transform the performance parameter into a dimensionless expression, and the normalized data is visualized in a histogram. Figure 4 shows the combination of the visualized performance parameters (VPPs) when the data link loses lock under different types of EMI.  
It can be seen from Figure 4 that the VPPs corresponding to different data link state parameters and EMI types differ in a certain disturbance state. Among them, compared with SNR, the difference between BER and AGC at three different EMI types is more obvious. Therefore, VPPs can show the influence of different EMI types on the data link receiver.  
Figure 4: Visualized performance parameters under different types of EMI when the data link loses lock (Taking the center frequency of CW, WGN, and BPSK interference signals at \(f_{0}-4\) MHz and the bandwidth of WGN and BPSK interference signals within 8 MHz as an example).
# Fast and Robust Asynchronous Rendezvous Scheme for Cognitive Radio Networks
## 3 Preliminary
### Channel-Detecting Jamming Attack  
To show the vulnerability of JS and EJS against a sophisticated jamming attack, I present a CDJA model in this section. This jammer can dramatically decrease the probability of rendezvous for both JS and EJS schemes. Since the EJS is an enhanced algorithm of the JS, I focus on how to determine the CH sequence of a sender for EJS's symmetric and asymmetric scenarios. Channel-detection jammers have similar functions to a legitimate user, but assumes that it can listen on two channels at the same time by using two transceivers. Although one listening-channel jammer can detect the CH sequences, it is much more difficult and the cost of adding one more listening channel is very low. I also assume a normal situation where a jammer is already waiting on the network before communication between the two SUs begins. When there is no jamming attack, the symmetric EJS scheme guarantees that two SUs can rendezvous in up to \(4P\) time slots as described in the previous subsection. However, when the jammer selects two channels and listens until the sender's activity is detected, the jammer can find two channels during \(P\) time slots and the step length must be able to be calculated. Therefore, the jammer can find out all the remaining CH sequences after an average \(\lfloor\frac{(P+1)}{2}\rfloor\) time slots. In other words, two SUs must rendezvous within an average \(\lfloor\frac{(P+1)}{2}\rfloor\) time slots in the CDJA attack situation. Thus, the rendezvous probability will significantly decrease. For the asymmetric EJS system, the channel-detecting jammer uses the replacement algorithm as well as modular-based properties. Also, I assume that jammers can find the available channels of the sender by using spectrum-sensing techniques. When the jammer is waiting for the sender's signals, it selects two random listening channels among the sender's available channels. The jammer can then find two channels within the first \(P\) time slots and be able to compute the step length in a similar way to the symmetric scenario. However, the calculated step length may be incorrect because the detected channels can be either non-replaced or replaced channels. To verify the step length, the jammer needs to listen on more channels to make sure the step length is correct.  
Figure 3: An example of asymmetric EJS Algorithm.  
Figure 2: An example of symmetric EJS Algorithm.  
Since the initial channel \(i\) increases for consecutive rounds and the step length \(r\) is fixed in EJS, all subsequent CH sequences can be easily calculated by the jammer. The detailed procedures of detecting CH sequences for both symmetric and asymmetric scenarios are presented in [PERSON]'s work [10].
# Parallelization of the Honeybee Search Algorithm for Object Tracking
## 3 Results
### Sequential Exhaustive NCC vs. Parallel Exhaustive NCC  
Our theoretical analysis has supported the assumption that using a GPU produces an acceleration against using the CPU to compute NCC with an exhaustive search. The experiments show that the assumption is correct, the GPU implementation of exhaustive NCC takes fewer seconds per frame on average.  
We considered impractical to fully process all videos of the ALOV dataset using the CPU and exhaustive search, but in order to estimate the average time per frame, we tested the first two frames of each video. We made this decision because the CPU required 1 day and 18 h to process the first 5 videos of the ALOV dataset. To check that the accuracy of the results is not affected, a few random videos from the ALOV dataset were selected and used for testing, According to the results (Table 3), the GPU computes NCC for a full frame around 170 times faster than the CPU. A small difference was observed in the average F-score, equivalent to 12.60% of the overall standard deviation (not relevant).  
As expected, the parallelization of exhaustive NCC successfully accelerated the execution. This result supports our previous time complexity analysis: \(O(mnwh)>O(\frac{mnwh}{c})\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Biomarker Analysis
#### 3.2.4 Determination of Reduced Glutathione  
The results obtained in Figure 7 show an increase in GSH concentration in teh crabs from Djerba. There is a significant difference between the two localities (_p_ < 0.05) (Figure 7). In addition, according to our results, we notice that for both sites, the concentration of GSH is higher in the hepatopancreas than in the gills.  
Indeed, GSH is the main intracellular non-enzymatic antioxidant agent [87]. The enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of GSH to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous electrophilic compounds is GST, which possesses the capacity of detoxification, thus playing a role in cellular protection from oxidative stress [88]. The conjugation of metribuzin metabolites with GSH, followed by the conversion of mercapturic acid derivatives, seems to play a major role in detoxification and excretion [89]. GSH presents the majority state of glutathione in cells; an increase in the oxidized form (GSSG) of GSH indicates the presence of an oxidative stress state [90]. The transformation of oxidized glutathione into reduced glutathione is achieved via glutathione reductase (GR) to activate GPx [91]. GSH plays a multifactorial role in the antioxidant defense mechanism. It is a direct scavenger of free radicals and a necessary co-substrate for GPx and glutathione-s-transferase activity. Therefore, changes in GSH levels can be considered particularly sensitive indicators of oxidative stress [92].  
The decrease in GSH levels at the Ghannouch site, which is the site with the highest trace element levels, is in agreement with several other previous studies [93; 94; 95] which showed that GSH, in addition to other biochemical markers, seems to be a potential antagonist against metals. According to [PERSON] et al. [86], the decrease in the GSH level is attributed to the increased consumption of this peptide for the synthesis of heavy-metal-binding proteins such as metallothioneins. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [96] reported  
Figure 7: Glutathione content (mmol/mg Protein) in digestive glands and gills tissues of _P. segnis_ from the studied sites. Means that do not share the same alphabetic sign are significantly different.  
that the decrease in the GSH level is also due to the increased utilization of GSH by glutathione peroxidase (GPx) to catalyze the reduction of H2O2. [PERSON] et al. [97] also showed that the early induction of GPx activity plays a main role in the anticipated decrease in GSH.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Model Overview  
The eight satellite-based GPP models, including three LUE models and five statistical models, are listed in Table 1. All these models have been applied in grassland ecosystems at either local and/or regional scales [3; 4; 9; 38]. The EC-LUE model [27] was not included because the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux data required by the model were not available in this study. The CASA [21] and GLO-PEM [22] models were also not included in this study since the soil moisture data they require are difficult to obtain over large areas via either remote sensing or modeling methods [27].
## 4 Data and Results
### Improvement of Digitalization Benefit in Time Performance  
Considering the low rate of comparing new-generation technology and traditional technology among the respondents, 25 samples containing more comprehensive data were collected, and the results are listed in Table 10. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Purposes of Tech Utilization**} \\ \hline
**No** & **Purpose of Digital Tech** & **Frequency** & **Frequency over all Data Case** \\ \hline
1 & Construction Schedule Management & 29 & 88\% \\
2 & Construction Safety Management & 28 & 85\% \\
3 & Data Environment & 27 & 82\% \\
4 & Visualization & 24 & 73\% \\
5 & Prefabricated Component & 19 & 58\% \\
6 & Construction Quality Management & 18 & 55\% \\
7 & Special Structure Assembling & 17 & 52\% \\
8 & Collaboration & 17 & 52\% \\
9 & Asset Information Model & 16 & 48\% \\
10 & On-site construction management & 14 & 42\% \\
11 & Cost Estimation & 14 & 42\% \\
12 & Site Layout Planning & 13 & 39\% \\
13 & Special Structure Design & 13 & 39\% \\
14 & Multi-disciplinary Technical Design & 8 & 24\% \\
15 & Geological model & 6 & 18\% \\
16 & Blasting and Earthwork Engineering & 5 & 15\% \\
17 & Historical Building protection & 2 & 6\% \\
18 & Mechanics Analysis & 1 & 3\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Purposes of technology utilization.
## 4 Simulation Results  
The developed IMM-based intersection-target-intent estimation algorithm is implemented and verified via simulation studies. The test scenario is a left turn situation of the target vehicle. To check the generality of the algorithm, the target is set to approach the intersection from the east using the most left lane. The initial speed and the set speed are 50 kph which is too high for a stable and safe turn. The velocity profile in the case of the left turn is illustrated in Figure 2. As briefly shown in the figure, a proposed driver model slows down the car approaching the intersection and performs a stable left turn at low speed even though the set speed is 50 kph.  
Figure 3 demonstrates the mode probability adaptation results along the axis of travel length. We can see that the updated result is very similar to the real mode. From 20-40 m, which describes a period of the approaching target vehicle at the intersection with deceleration, it can be observed that the probability of mode 5 has the highest rank, which means the left turn to exit #5. The observed result is that we cannot tell which exit the target vehicle will head to during that period if we only measure pose and heading. Since two vectors (state and input vector) were established in Section 2, this allows prediction of the motion of the target with accuracy and reliability. From this result, the  
Figure 2: Case example of slowing down driver model before left turn.  
proposed approach delivers good results from the viewpoint of classification performance and the target vehicle's behavior predictions.
# Difference in Stiffness between Biceps Brachii Muscle Bellies Using Shear Wave Elastography
###### Abstract  
The Shear Wave Elastography of muscles can provide real-time information on the stiffness of muscles; however, the difference in stiffness between biceps brachii muscle bellies requires more research. Understanding the variables that affect muscle stiffness will assist in the development of Shear Wave Elastography as a diagnostic tool for muscle stiffness pathologies. This study's aim is to determine the Shear Wave Velocity of the short and long head of biceps brachii and the change in stiffness with elbow flexion to create a reliable protocol for pathological muscle assessment. The muscle belly of the short and long heads of bilateral biceps brachii of 38 healthy participants were scanned supine with the arm at full extension and at 30\({}^{\circ}\) and 60\({}^{\circ}\) elbow flexion. A log transform of the SWV was used as the response variable in the regression analysis, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was determined for reliability. The Shear Wave Velocity of the short head was lower than the long head on average. By fitting Bayesian mixed effect regression models to the data, the estimated posterior predictive mean velocities for the short head at full extension, 30\({}^{\circ}\), and 60\({}^{\circ}\) were 3.14 m/s, 2.65 m/s, and 2.62 m/s, respectively; and 3.91 m/s, 3.02 m/s, and 3.15 m/s, respectively, for the long head of the biceps brachii. The intraclass correlation coefficients (0.64-0.92) were good to excellent. Shear Wave Elastography can detect the consistent difference in the stiffness of the two muscle bellies of the biceps brachii at multiple elbow angles. The assessment of muscle stiffness with Shear Wave Elastography should consider the morphology of the muscles.  
Shear Wave Elastography; muscle stiffness; biceps brachii; ultrasound
# Municipal Sewage Sludge Disposal in the Republic of Poland
## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Heavy Metals** & **Iron** & **Nickel** & **Chrome** & **Zinc** & **Lead** & **Copper** & **Cadmium** & **Mercury** & **References** \\ \hline Mixed fermented sludge [g/kg TS] & 20 & 0.07 & 1.6 & 1.7 & 0.6 & nd & nd & nd & [1] \\ typical value & 153 & 3.5 & 99 & 28 & 26 & 99 & nd & nd & [1] \\ \hline Mixed fermented sludge [g/kg TS] & nd & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.91 & 0.01 & 0.04 & 0.002 & 0.002 & [11] \\ minimum value & & nd & 0.14 & 0.3 & 4.5 & 0.17 & 0.5 & 0.016 & 0.007 & [11] \\ \hline Mixed stabilized sludge [g/kg TS] & 0.0002 & 0.11 & 0.32 & 0.37 & 0.004 & 0.06 & 0.00 & 0.0003 & [10] \\ minimum value & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Mixed stabilized sludge [g/kg TS] & 0.003 & 0.12 & 0.25 & 0.77 & 0.15 & 0.15 & 0.005 & 0.004 & [10] \\ maximum value & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Mixed stabilized sludge [g/kg TS] & 12.7 & 0.03 & 0.02 & 0.89 & 0.12 & 0.1 & 0.03 & nd & [9] \\ minimum value & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Mixed stabilized sludge [g/kg TS] & 14.5 & 0.56 & 0.33 & 1.57 & 0.52 & 0.45 & 0.06 & nd & [9] \\ maximum value & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Mixed fermented sludge [g/kg TS] & 69 & 0.014 & 0.03 & 0.35 & 0.01 & 0.27 & 0.0005 & 0.0014 & [12] \\ typical value & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} nd—no data.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Content of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge. Quantitative and qualitative balance of treated sewage and generated sewage sludge;  
- Fuel properties of sewage sludge;  
- Flexibility of solutions, degree of automation;  
- Soil quality, and the height of groundwater level;  
- Availability of agricultural land and crop structure;  
- The presence of degraded areas;  
- The presence of protected areas;  
- The presence of flood areas;  
- Methods of disposal and utilization of municipal waste in the catchment area (composting plant, incinerator);  
- The presence of plants in the catchment area where the sewage sludge co-incineration process can take place (cement plant, CHP plant);  
- Investment costs;  
- Operating costs. Figure 1: Methods of processing and disposal of municipal sewage sludge. This article presents current solutions of various methods of MSS management in the Republic of Poland, which was the main aim of the development of this review manuscript. For this purpose, a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the methods used and applied on a technical scale was carried out, indicating specific examples of installations and, based on static data, the amounts of MSS managed in a given way. Moreover, in order to provide a comprehensive discussion of sewage sludge management methods, reference was made to the legal requirements in force in Poland, which specify the possibilities of implementing the selected method. This article also presents new alternatives and possibilities of solutions for MSS management through the production of biochar from it. The possibilities of recovering biogenic compounds, mainly phosphorus, from MSS were also analyzed, which, like biochar production, also fits into the implementation of the circular economy.
# EDM of D2 Steel: Performance Comparison of EDM Die Sinking Electrode Designs
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Radial Overcut (ROC)  
It is a common effect of EDM process that the machined internal feature is slightly oversized as compared to the tool dimensions. Therefore, in this research with reference to hole formation it is named as radial overcut (ROC). It is a difference between the hole's entry diameter and the diameter of the tool electrode. The effects of tool designs over ROC are presented in Figure 6. The value of ROC against the conventional cylindrical tool is found to be 464.50 \(\upmu\)m, indicating that the hole size is greater than the tool size by the said amount. Comparing the radial overcuts observed during the use of newly designed electrodes, all the electrodes within the category of D\({}_{\text{R}}\) type design have less ROC as compared to the D\({}_{\text{C}}\) design. No uniform trend has been observed. However, among these five designs of D\({}_{\text{R}}\) type, the design with 5\({}^{\circ}\) relief (D\({}_{\text{R}S}\)) gives the minimum value of ROC. On the other side, the design type D\({}_{\text{RL}}\) offers continuous increase in radial overcut when the relief angles changes from 5\({}^{\circ}\) to 45\({}^{\circ}\), except in the case of 10\({}^{\circ}\) relief. Even the radial overcut by 30\({}^{\circ}\) and 45\({}^{\circ}\) relief angles is higher than the overcut caused by conventional design. However, 322 \(\upmu\)m is the minimum overcut resulted by the electrode nominated as D\({}_{\text{RL}S}\), as highlighted by the oval-shaped callout. Comparing this value with the overcut caused by conventional cylindrical tool (464.50 \(\upmu\)m), a 30.6% reduction in overcut can be realized by the use of newly designed tool (D\({}_{\text{RL}S}\)).  
The resistance in a current carrying conductor is a function of conductor's length, cross sectional area, material, and other factors. Therefore, it is believed that the resistance in the designed electrodes changes because of the varying cross-sectional areas. As a result, the current characteristics may be changed. This could be the reason behind this irregular pattern of radial overcut. The present research is on its initial stages to see the effects of novel tool designs in the field of electric discharge machining. However, further research is necessarily needed to evaluate the variation in the resistance, current density, and flow characteristics of the discharge current when the electrode design is changed.