# Digital Transformation of Beekeeping through the Use of a Decision Making Architecture
## 2 Context and Related Work
### IoT for Digital & Green Agriculture  
In an era of the Information Technology (IT) revolution, IoT is being utilized in various forms such as smart pills, personal devices, smart cities, robotics, smart monitoring devices, and real time monitoring systems. IoT can be explained by the ever growing interconnecting that connects hardware, computing devices, sensors, interfacing software, people of different networks, to exchange data and communication [15]. It facilitates and eases the process of communication and interaction between the elements connected through the network. The technology of IoT was derived from Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) [16]. The data collected from RFID and WSN can be communicated easily to the different nodes of the interconnected sensors. The technology of IoT is being widely used in various devices such as home appliances, phones, gadgets, vehicles and other networking objects. Simply put, it means that all networking devices can be interconnected with each other globally for a real-time data exchange without the interference of human beings. IoT usage is growing rapidly in the IT industry, driven by the use of connected device applications. However, the COVID-19 pandemic will have a major impact on global IoT spending in 2022. IDC forecasts that global IoT spending will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.3% over the 2020-2024 forecast period (Worldwide Spending on the Internet of Things Will Slow in 2020 Then Return to Double-Digit Growth, According to a New IDC Spending Guide. [[https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US49578922](https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US49578922)]([https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US49578922](https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=US49578922)), August 2022. Accessed on 28 September 2022). According to IDC, there will be 41.6 billion connected objects generating 79.4 zetta bytes of data in 2025 ([PERSON]. What Is the IoT? Everything you need to know about the internet of things right now. [[https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-right-now/](https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-right-now/)]([https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-right-now/](https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-the-internet-of-things-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-iot-right-now/)), February 2020. Accessed on 28 September 2022). There are many different types of connected sensors that can be used in IoT applications to make the process simpler and efficient [17]. Appliances such air conditioning, security cameras, etc., can be controlled and audited from anywhere through connected devices. Smart cities are also being developed through the help of IoT  
Figure 1: Reuse of the 10 technologies of Industry 4.0.  
by the transportation data analysis. The technology of IoT is used by supply chain systems also when they use trackers to track deliveries in real time. Similarly, applications such as ApplePay, PayPal, etc., are also forms of connected devices that are used by banking systems to enable transactions using smartphones. Smart devices are used to collect data with the help of sensors and collected data can be transferred to the network layer through cloud systems. It is used for collecting various types of data that is useful to monitor and track various activities. The data collected through the different networks is converted into useful data, which become very important elements in the decision process. What is the landscape of the sensors and IoT in agriculture? Agriculture benefits from interconnected objects, as the use of smart devices in the agriculture sector enables the monitoring of different important values and activities of farmers. The applications of connected devices are being utilized to track and record different kinds of data such as temperature, humidity, pollution, etc.