# Integrating IP Mobility Management Protocols and MANET: A Survey
## 5 Conclusions  
Mobility management in single-hop infrastructure networks is provided using traditional mobility management protocols, however it is more challenging when applied to multi-hop and infrastructureless \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **Features** & **Mobility Scheme** & **MANET Routing** & **Handoff Metrics** & **Gateways** & **Evaluation\(\backslash\)Simulation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [54]} & Agent advertisement broadcasting is limited. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIF-4} & Reactive MANET (not specified) & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{Not evaluated} \\  & Users gateway caching and proxy route reply. & & & & & & \\  & Uses tunneling. & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [55]} & Gateway advertisement is associated with a parameter to limit its scope. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIF-4} & \multirow{4}{*}{DSDV} & \multirow{4}{*}{Hop count} & Not specified & \multirow{4}{*}{Prototyped but not evaluated.} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [48]} & & & & & & \\  & Based on limiting the propagation of gateway advertisement. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIP} & \multirow{4}{*}{ AODV} & \multirow{4}{*}{Hop counts} & \multirow{4}{*}{2} & Simulated in NS2, 50 and 100 nodes, evaluated by varying mobility speed and TTL. \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [56]} & Nodes broadcast a route request with agent multicast group address destination. Uses cell switching algorithm for mobility management. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIP} & \multirow{4}{*}{ AODV} & Hop count (3 hops closer to the new gateway). & \multirow{4}{*}{1,2} & Simulated in NS2, 10-20-50 nodes, 52 out sources, evaluated with different numbers of gateways and nodes. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5} \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] [57]} & Employ distributed buffer management approach in foreign agent and gateways. Proposed force handover, optimized handover with prediction. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIP} & \multirow{4}{*}{Not specified} & Hop count and predicted gateway’s signal strength. & \multirow{4}{*}{2 gateways for each MANET} & Simulated in NS2, 4 FA for 4 MANETs, each MANET has 50 nodes, evaluate the 3 handover mechanisms. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{MG-AODV} & Replaced MIP advertisement by modified hello message. & \multirow{4}{*}{MIP} & \multirow{4}{*}{ AODV} & Hop count and gateway payload & Up to 6 gateways & Simulated in NS2, 30 nodes, compared its performance to [48]. \\  & Uses conditional registration renewal mechanism based on broken route. & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 3: Hybrid gateway discovery-based mobility management solutions. networks such as MANET. This paper surveys the existing efforts in the literature to provide mobility management solutions for MANET integrated with the internet. The survey reviews more than 20 proposals and classifies them into three main categories: Proactive gateway discovery-based mobility management solutions, reactive gateway discovery-based mobility management solutions, and hybrid gateway discovery-based mobility management solutions. The surveyed solutions have been investigated and their limitations have been discussed and pointed out. The survey also compares proposals in each category based on metrics such as system features, mobility scheme, MANET routing, handoff metrics, number of gateways, and how the proposed solutions were evaluated. Despite the fact that many solutions have been proposed, there are still many open research issues that need to be further investigated, such as the quality of service based on the MANET application priority when managing mobility handover, optimizing solicitations and gateway advertisement control overheads, and investigating the feasibility of other MANET underlays such as OLSR and BATMAN to better meet the needs of an integrated network.