esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# AlGaN Ultraviolet Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetectors with Reduced Graphene Oxide Contacts
###### Abstract  
AlGaN semiconductors are promising materials in the field of ultraviolet (UV) detection. We fabricated AlGaN/GaN UV metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodiodes with two back-to-back interdigitated finger electrodes comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The rGO showed high transparency below the wavelength of 380 nm, which is necessary for a visible-blind photodetector, and showed outstanding Schottky behavior on AlGaN. As the photocurrent, dark current, photoresponsivity, detectivity, and cut-off wavelength were investigated with the rGO/AlGaN MSM photodiodes with various Al mole fractions, systematic variations in the device characteristics with the Al mole fraction were confirmed, proving the potential utility of the device architecture combining two-dimensional materials, rGO, and nitride semiconductors.  
ultraviolet photodiode; AlGaN; graphene oxide; MSM photodiode; visible-blind +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters  
_Applied Physics Letters_
# Protection Strategy for Edge-Weighted Graphs in Disease Spread
## 4 Simulation of Disease Spread with Protection and Analysis Results
### Survival Rate  
In this Section, we address the variation in the survival rate (\(\sigma\)) when the protection budget (\(k\)) is modified. As we have seen in the above Section, \(k\) is the 10% of the network nodes. The variation of \(k\) is between 5 and 50 percent of the network nodes. On each test network and each protection budget 2000 simulations were done. Figure 3 shows the results.  
We can see that, at the beginning (that is considering \(k=5\%\)), DIL-W\({}^{\alpha}\) is always among the first 3 places with the highest survival rate in Wild bird, Zachary karate club, and Sandy authors networks. Even in the CAG-mat72 network it ranks fourth, very close to the tops.  
With the 10% protection budget, DIL-W\({}^{0}\), DIL-W\({}^{0.5}\), and DIL-W\({}^{1}\) perform best with the top three spots on Wild birds and CAG-mat72 networks. It similarly happens in Sandy-authors network since DIL-W\({}^{1}\) has a very close rate to that generated by the betweenness ranking (0.9613 and 0.9616 respectively). In Zachary karate club network the strength ranking performs better with this protection budget. The DIL-W\({}^{0}\) ranking occupies the third position behind Laplacian ranking who performs second. However, DIL-W\({}^{0}\) has minor computational complexity than Laplacian.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Zachary** & **Wild Birds** & **Sandy Authors** & **CAG-mat72** \\ \hline DIL-W\({}^{0}\) & 0.8946 & 0.7871 & 0.9671 & 0.8947 \\ DIL-W\({}^{0.5}\) & 0.8912 & 0.7943 & 0.9637 & 0.8887 \\ DIL-W\({}^{1}\) & 0.8941 & 0.7375 & 0.9613 & 0.8792 \\ Strength & 0.9051 & 0.7041 & 0.9536 & 0.8685 \\ Closeness & 0.8211 & 0.7327 & 0.9435 & 0.8451 \\ Betweenness & 0.8890 & 0.6952 & 0.9616 & 0.8078 \\ Laplacian & 0.9016 & 0.7023 & 0.9382 & 0.8707 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Survival rate in each network according to the protection ranking with a protection budget of 10% of the network nodes.  
Figure 2: On the **right,** curve of infected with and without protection on each network. On the **left,** only curves of infected with protection according to the different rankings.  
Finally, with 50% of the network nodes as the protection budget, in the CAG-mat72 network DIL-W\({}^{0}\) and DIL-W\({}^{1}\) rankings are better performed. In the Wild-birds network, the betweenness and strength rankings finish with the best performance respectively. The DIL-W\({}^{1}\) ranking follows. In the Sandy authors network, DIL-W\({}^{0.5}\) performs better while in the Zachary network, betweenness and strength displace DIL-W\({}^{1}\) to third place. Tables A1-A4 show in detail the survival rates according to the protection budget in each test network (see Appendix A).
_applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
A Validation Method for EPID In Vivo Dosimetry Algorithms  
**[PERSON] 1**\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 2,\({}^{\star}\), [PERSON] 3**\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 1**\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON] 2,4**\({}^{\copyright}\)  
**and [PERSON] 2,4**\({}^{\copyright}\)  
\({}^{1}\) Medical Physics Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, 50100 Florence, Italy;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.E.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.R)  
\({}^{2}\) Medical Physics Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50100 Florence, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.P.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.T)  
\({}^{3}\) Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedalera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{4}\) Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \"[PERSON]\", University of Florence, 50100 Florence, Italy  
\({}^{\star}\) Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +39-055-7946971  
**Featured Application: Transit dosimetry, with Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID), is a powerful tool for in vivo dosimetry (IVD). Despite its wide availability and its simplicity of use, the clinical implementation of such a dosimetric technique is still challenging. One reason for the difficulty of IVD implementation is the lack of guidelines around the validation and acceptance of EPID IVD algorithms. In this paper we propose an evaluation method for assessing the accuracy of a novel 3D EPID back-projection algorithm for IVD. To the best of our knowledge, the EPID back-projection algorithms have never been validated in anthropomorphic phantom against direct two-dimensional measurements, and the new algorithm, introduced in version 5.8 of the Dosimetry Check software for dealing with tissue inhomogeneity, has never been evaluated before.**  
**Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop and apply an evaluation method for assessing the accuracy of a novel 3D EPID back-projection algorithm for in vivo dosimetry. The novel algorithm of Dosimetry Check (DC) 5.8 was evaluated. A slab phantom homogeneously filled, or with air and bone inserts, was used for fluence reconstruction of different squared fields. VMAT plans in different anatomical sites were delivered on an anthropomorphic phantom. Dose distributions were measured with radiochromic films. The 2D Gamma Agreement Index (GAI) between the DC and the film dose distributions (3%, 3 mm) was computed for assessing the accuracy of the algorithm. GAIs between films and TPS and between DC and TPS were also computed. The fluence reconstruction accuracy was within 2% for all squared fields in the three slabs' configurations. The GAI between the DC and the film was 92.7% in the prostate, 92.9% in the lung, 96.6% in the head and the neck, and 94.6% in the brain. An evaluation method for assessing the accuracy of a novel EPID algorithm was developed. The DC algorithm was shown to be able to accurately reconstruct doses in all anatomic sites, including the lung. The methodology described in the present study can be applied to any EPID back-projection in vivo algorithm.**  
**Keywords:** **in vivo dosimetry; EPID; end-to-end test; anthropomorphic phantom**
## 3 Results
### ANN-PSO Model  
The surface roughness of the machined Al6061 aluminum blocks has been predicted using the hybrid ANN-PSO model. The 30 data given in Table 1 have been employed to train the model. The feedforward backpropagation and the number of layers of two, obtained in Section 3.1, have been adopted for the model training. In total, 24 data were used for training, and six data were used for testing. The PSO-ANN parameter values considered for the sensitivity analysis in the present study are shown in Table 4. The results generated by different ANN-PSO configurations are reported in Table 5 regarding RMSE and R\({}^{2}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Number**} & **Number of** & **Swarm Population** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Swarm Population**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Best-Performing**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Train R\({}^{2}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Train**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**TSE R\({}^{2}\)**} \\ \cline{4-4} \cline{6-  
It emerged that the ANN-PSO model configuration having a population size of 200, several neurons of 9, and acceleration values c1 = 1.5 and c2 = 2.25 yielded a better RMSE of 0.02098, R2 of 0.9938 for training, and R2 of 0.7992 for testing. Figures 12 and 13 show the model's trained and tested regression lines, where the targets are plotted against the outputs, with both the experimental and predicted mean arithmetical deviation Ra (\(\upmu\)m).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resit Extracts  
Methanol was chosen as the optimal extraction solvent in the preceding experiments. The _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracted in methanol exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including _Paenibacillus psadenensis_ NBRC 161214, _Microoccus yumunensis_ YIM 65004, _Rhodococcus qingshengtii_ djl-6-2, and _Deinococcus radiodurans_ R1, with inhibition zones measuring 14, 10, 10, and 12 mm, respectively (Table 3). Although _Staphylococcus capitis_ JCM 2420 and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ NBRC 100911 are Gram-positive bacteria, the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract did not show any antibacterial effects against them, and _Pseudomonas azotofurans_ NBRC 12693, a Gram-negative bacterium, showed resistance to the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract. This is because the bacteria may possess different cell walls, chemically and structurally, depending on the strain (e.g., peptidoglycan laser, membrane composition, lipopolysaccharide, etc.) [59].  
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resit Extracts  
To evaluate the potential of _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts as commercial products, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extracts were measured using the RAW 264.7 cell line. The cell viability significantly decreased with the addition of _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts exceeding more than 3.75 _v/v_% (Figure 2A). The EC50 value for _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts was measured at 4.5 _v/v_%. Therefore, we focused on the extracts within a non-cytotoxic concentration range for further investigation of their anti-inflammatory effect on RAW 264.7 cells by monitoring NO formation. In comparison to the control, when 0.08% and 2.5% of _C. myrra_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts were added, the produced NO was 83.5% and 17.6%, respectively (Figure 2B). The NO yield decreased with increasing extract content. These results indicate that the _C. myrra_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracted using methanol has anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. [PERSON] et al., reported the anti-inflammatory effects of a _C. myrra_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract prepared by immersing in methanol on RAW 264.7 macrophages. The extract inhibited NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction, leading to reduced production of NO, prostaglandin E\({}_{2}\), interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [60].
# AODV-EOCW: An Energy-Optimized Combined Weighting AODV Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Experiments
### Experimental Results and Analysis
#### 5.2.3 Simulation with Different Node Densities  
The experiments presented in this section were designed to test how the node density influences the performance of the routing protocol. In all experiments presented in this section, the nodes were moving at a speed of 5 m/s, and the simulation time was set to 200 s. The number of nodes increased from 20 to 40 at intervals of 5.  
Figure 9 shows the average end-to-end delay for different numbers of nodes. It can be seen that the trend for the average end-to-end delay of the three routing protocols was a decrease at the beginning and then an increase soon afterwards. The reason for this is that when there are fewer nodes, as the number of nodes increases, the number of candidate links will increase too; thus, the message can be easily delivered.  
Figure 8: Comparison of the average delivery rates.  
Figure 7: Comparison of the average node survival rates.  
As the number of nodes further increases, nodes broadcast more and more control messages, which eventually gives rise to congestion. This also occurs when there are too many nodes. In addition, intermediate nodes will also forward messages from other nodes to the next node, which will further intensify the congestion and delay. It can also be concluded that the AODV protocol is suitable for scenarios in which the topology changes rapidly and there are fewer nodes. The advantages of the new routing protocol are more obvious when the number of nodes is small.  
The message delivery rates are plotted in Figure 10. The curves of the three protocols have similar shapes. The difference is that AODV-EOCW exhibits a far better performance in terms of the delivery rate as the number of nodes increases. The authors believe that this is because AODV-EOCW chooses the route according to not only the hop count but also the congestion degree. When there are more nodes in the radio range, AODV-EOCW will choose the noncongested node as the next hop.  
The survival rates are plotted in Figure 11. It can be seen from the figure that the survival rates of the three protocols declined rapidly as the number of nodes increased. AODV-EOCW was shown to have a similar survival rate with AODV, and this was far better than that of AODV-UU. The experimental results show that AODV-based protocols consume energy faster in scenarios with a higher node density, and AODV-EOCW has  
Figure 10: Comparison of delivery rates.  
Figure 9: Comparison of the average end-to-end delay.  
significantly improved the energy efficiency by dynamically changing the judgment matrix according the residual energy.
# On the Potential of the RST-FLARE Algorithm for Gas Flaring Characterization from Space
## 4 Validation Analyses
### Gas Flared Volumes
In summary, the validation analyses, carried out exploiting different kinds of independent data, both satellite and ancillary, seem to reveal the good potential of RST-FLARE in providing quite accurate information on gas flaring, especially in the long period, when compared with NNPC dataset. In all cases, the RST-FLARE EIA-based model showed the best results.
# On Nash Equilibria in Non-Cooperative All-Optical Networks +
## 1 Introduction
### Our Contribution  
As a first contribution, we determine three notable information levels for the computation of the payment functions that have to be designed by the network provider. In particular, each agent has knowledge of all the other agents and their routing strategies under the complete information level of the wavelengths used along any given edge under the intermediate level, and finally, only of the wavelengths used along any given path connecting its source and destination under the minimal level. Notice that even the minimal level contains the information needed in order to select an available wavelength, without interfering with other requests.  
We first show that, under complete level, the network provider can design a payment function inducing the agents to reach a Nash equilibrium mirroring any desired routing. This allows the use of a centralized algorithm for determining an (almost) efficient routing assignment which can be then efficiently enforced to the agents. We then turn our attention to the remaining two levels of information: unfortunately, it holds that the most reasonable functions either do not admit equilibria or induce games with a very high (actually the worst possible) price of anarchy; that is, the resulting Nash equilibrium could assign a different color to each agent. Given this negative result, we focus on more specific network topologies. In particular, we show that a price of anarchy of 8 and 16 can be obtained for chains and rings, respectively, under the minimal level of information. These bounds can be further reduced to \(3+\epsilon\) and \(6+\epsilon\) under the intermediate level, with \(\epsilon\) converging to 0 as the load increases. Finally, a price of anarchy logarithmic in the number of agents is shown to hold for tree networks under the minimal level of information.
# Laser Phase Noise Compensation Method Based on Dual Reference Channels in Inverse Synthetic Aldar
## 5 Discussion  
The results presented in this paper initially demonstrate the effectiveness of the dual-channel method for compensating laser phase noise. However, we acknowledge certain limitations in our processes and findings. Here, we discuss aspects that may be unclear or potentially misleading.  
1. Experimental Environment: As mentioned in the introduction, we conducted our experiments indoors using optical fibers to simulate most of the beam transmission path. This approach was intended to mitigate the influence of environmental factors, such as turbulence and power fluctuations, thereby validating the method in a relatively controlled setting. However, this raises questions regarding the applicability of the method in an open environment. We plan to conduct outdoor experiments and will publish those results.
2. Laser Under Test: In this experiment, we utilized a 3.41 MHz laser and obtained ISAL imaging results with a round-trip distance exceeding one hundred times the coherence length. This result demonstrates that the DRC method can effectively compensate for laser phase noise in long-distance coherent detection. We anticipate this technology will enable narrow linewidth lasers (kHz) for target detection and ISAL imaging at thousands of kilometers.
3. Simplified Assumptions: In Section 2, we assumed \(\tau_{1}=\beta\tau_{2},\beta\in N^{*}\) for simplicity. In reality, the delays of the two reference channels will not be exact multiples. The phase decomposition method presented in Equation (11) overlooks the errors arising from this assumption. We will continue to investigate this issue and aim to provide a comprehensive analysis. Nonetheless, based on the matched filtering and range-Doppler imaging results discussed in Section 4, the DRC fine compensation enhances the effectiveness of SRC coarse compensation and demonstrates effective'remediation' when the coarse compensation order is inadequately estimated. Thisoutcome indirectly supports the rationale for employing a dual-channel differential phase to decompose DPN.
4. Algorithm Running Time: In the preliminary experimental results discussed in Section 4, we presented the algorithm's speed solely in terms of the PC running time without offering a detailed explanation of the physical layer or specific computational metrics. We plan to address this in our subsequent work.
5. Imaging Perspective: In the imaging results of the turntable target, the locations of strong reflection points appear different in images taken at various delay distances. This discrepancy is not due to changes in the target but to human error in ADC control. We will optimize the system to ensure clock synchronization between the turntable controller and the ADC.
# An Emergency Message Routing Protocol for Improved Congestion Management in Hybrid RF/VLC VANETs
## 2 Related Work
* Scalability for dense intersection scenarios: Prior clustering/position-based methods may struggle in dense merging areas, but we propose a VLC/RF/aerial solution specifically optimized for these critical emergency zones.
## 1 Introduction  
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most toxic elements. In its methylated form, it can bio-magnify along the food chain and reach concentrations up to milligrams per kilogram of tissue, in top marine predators [1]. It is naturally present in the Earth' crust, and the Mediterranean Sea is particularly rich in Hg because it is characterized by a natural content of cinnabr (HgS) deposits [2]. Furthermore, the northern area of the Adriatic Sea is known for mercury input phenomena, due to transport by run-off of the water coming from the dismissed Idrija mine in Slovenia [3, 4]. In this basin, Hg is distributed in the various environmental matrices in different concentrations: from ng L\({}^{-1}\) in seawater [5] and ug kg\({}^{-1}\) in sediments [6], up to mg kg\({}^{-1}\) in biota tissues [7, 8]. Exposure to this element, even at low concentrations, causes toxic effects at the level of the blood-brain barrier, the central nervous system, the cellular level, in protein synthesis, in enzymatic activity, as well as at the neurophysiological level [9].  
Red mullet, _Mullus barbatus_ [PERSON], 1758, is a common demersal fish that is widely distributed along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, northwest Africa, and northern Europe, living on sandy and muddy bottoms of the continental shelf at depths down to 200 m [10]. In the Adriatic Sea (central Mediterranean), it is one of the most important edible fishes, and is one of the principal target species of trammel net and bottom trawl fisheries. This species accounted for an average landing in Italy of 5888.5 tons in 2013-2015 [11]. _M. barbatus_ is considered a sentinel species in the Mediterranean Sea because it accurately reflects contaminant bioavailability and concentration in the marine environment, and has extensively been used as a bioindicator for pollution monitoring [12; 13; 14; 15; 16].  
Many studies have been conducted on the total mercury (THg) content in _M. barbatus_ tissue in areas of the Mediterranean Sea [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. However, none of the studies took into consideration the reproductive stage, biological parameters such as sex and lipid content, and sampling area.  
The present study was carried out to (1) assess the state of contamination in Adriatic red mullet; (2) identify a possible correlation between THg content, biological parameters, and sampling areas; and (3) evaluate human health risks due to the consumption of this product, according to EU standards.