## 2 Literature Review
These nature-inspired techniques share a common characteristic, the whole information about the state of the system is contained not in a single entity, but rather some part of the information is stored in many of the entities. The main idea behind the proposed algorithm is that nodes in the network periodically and asynchronously send out artificial ants towards possible destination nodes of data. These ant agents are small control packets, which have the task to find a path towards their destination and gather information about it. This pheromone takes the form of routing tables maintained locally by all the nodes of the network. They indicate the relative quality of different routes from the current node towards possible destination nodes. In ant-AOMDV multipath routing is done and it sees all possible routes. So, packets can be sent to all the selected paths and thus helps in load balancing. Routing overhead is also minimized which is shown with the help of parameters Network Routing Load (NRL) and Routing Overhead respectively. The other parameters such as Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), number of sent packets, number of received packets and number of route request packets sent (RREQ) also shows a vast improvement in ant-AOMDV. Another researcher [29] published a paper about AOMDV-PAMAC, they started their paper explaining that power consumption of nodes in ad-hoc networks is a critical issue because they operate on batteries, they suggested a new link layer algorithm knows as Power Aware medium Access Control (PAMAC) protocol is proposed which enables the network layer to select a route with minimum total power requirement among the possible routes between a source and a destination. The first few nodes whose battery power is drained to the set threshold value are pushed to the exterior part of the network and the nodes in the exterior are brought to the interior. So they used AOMDV using PAMAC as the mac layer protocol and the average power consumption. AOMDV-PAMAC uses the basic ideas of Power Efficient Battery Capacity Routing (PEBCR) and it incorporates these features into the MAC layer as it is essential to minimize the total transmission power consumption. PAMAC protocol is incorporated in the link layer and simulation works are carried out using GloMoSim by considering thirty nodes randomly distributed in an area of 2000 \(\times\) 2000 m. The AOMDV routing protocol in incorporated in the network layer and its performance is evaluated under CBR traffic with PAMAC as link layer protocol. Multipath routing protocols compute multiple paths during route discovery to avoid high overhead and latency. We observed the performance of AOMDV, which is a multipath routing protocol relative to AODV, and the Link layer protocol PAMAC, which is the modification to the MACA Protocol. When these two protocols are applied simultaneously, good results are produced compared to the other protocol combination. AOMDV modifications overcomes many limitations of AOMDV but it still has some limitations when used for a real time and robust routing scenario like we have. Thus, we modified AOMDV to suit our purpose and make it more robust, reactive, event driven, and energy aware.