## 1 Introduction  
Wireless communication technology has seen a significant shift in the last several decades due to the increasing need for higher data rates in the current trend of wireless communication [1]. Several new application possibilities have been created as a result of the fantastic research breakthroughs in mobile communication systems (3G to 5G), which have enabled increased data connection [2, 3]. As a standard defined by the IEEE, with possible operating bands of 0.3-10 THz frequency range, Terahertz wireless communications (TeraCom, Stockholm, Sweden) may be the future wireless technology to fulfil the requirements of Tbps data rate and enormous channel capacity [4]. Scientists are researching terahertz communication at shorter wavelengths to take advantage of the greater bandwidth that can be unlocked and used for future large-scale civic and commercial applications. However, THz communications have both exciting potential and critical difficulties, such as significant propagation route loss and a limited communication distance, which must be considered. We must not forget the fact that the characteristics of the THz antenna have a direct influence on the performance of THz systems. Antennas for transmitting and sensing THz waves are in high demand because of their compact size and high sensitivity. THz devices have a wide range of applications, including broadcasting, satellite/mobile communications, explosive/weapon identification (including explosive/weapons identification systems), multimedia, environmental sensing (including radars), and medical systems [5]. Due to the wide range of possible applications, there has been a massive amount of study and technological improvement during the previous few decades. Consequently, the need for improved antennas that operate at terahertz (THz) frequencies is becoming more important [4]. It may be accomplished by developing tiny high-performance antennas that can send and receive signals in the terahertz frequency ranges, which will aid in the general development of future sophisticated terahertz communication systems. There is a substantial shortage of detectors and sources in the THz bands, which hinders the performance of devices operating in the terahertz domain. When using higher frequency bands (such as the THz band), you have access to more channel capacity, but you also have to increase the path loss and the sensitivity to blocking events. There is a consequent increase in the need for smaller antennas with high gain, high efficiency, and increased operational bandwidth to address these issues. With the need for ultrahigh-performance characteristic parameters for micro/nano-scaled THz antennas, many new difficulties and opportunities have arisen, all of which will undoubtedly contribute to the growth of antenna technology in the near term. There are many types of antenna design; for example, lens [6], photoconductive [7], horn [8], metamaterial [9], leaky-wave [10], on-chip [11], dielectric [12], and metallic antennas [13] are reported in the literature. Larger size and a complicated design procedure are required for these antennas to function. It is also challenging to incorporate these THz antenna designs with planar electronics. For their part, microstrip antennas are becoming more prevalent as planar technology becomes more ubiquitous. Because of its various advantages, including low cost, design simplicity, light weight, and small size, terahertz short-range wireless applications are especially well suited to these devices. However, despite its numerous advantages, it has limited bandwidth, preventing it from being used at high THz frequencies. To overcome this obstacle, tiny, lightweight antennas with a large operational bandwidth are being developed to enable various applications in the THz frequency region. Researchers have constructed and published various miniature THz antennas in the literature. However, they can only operate with extremely narrow bandwidths because of their small size [14; 15; 16]. In addition, in ref.