## 4 Results from the Literature Review
### Importance of Recent Solutions in Transport in Case of Global Crises  
4.2.1. Technologies in Vehicle Drives  
The literature review identified six vehicle drive technologies that align with sustainable development principles and could play a critical role in safeguarding the economy, including the transport sector, during global crises (Table 8). BEV, FCEV, and PHEV  
Electric drive technologies continue to advance, resulting in several types of vehicles that use electric energy. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are fully electric and powered by a battery that is charged from an external source. BEVs eliminate local emissions, significantly reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and improving air quality in urban areas [101]. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), similar to BEVs, use electric motors; however, the energy is produced by a reaction between hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell, with water being the only byproduct, making FCEVs completely emission-free [102]. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine the advantages of both electric and combustion engines. The electric motor supplements the combustion engine, and the battery can be charged from external sources (charging stations). PHEVs can run on electric power for short distances, reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, while offering the range of traditional vehicles for long-distance travel [103]. Research on electric drive technologies has primarily focused on extending vehicle range [29; 104], increasing battery charging speeds [105], and reducing production costs [106]. Progress in these areas is vital for promoting electric mobility, which can help meet growing transport demands while reducing emissions from the sector [107]. Electric-powered vehicles (BEVs, FCEVs, and PHEVs) not only align with sustainable transport goals but could also be particularly useful in global crises. By relying on electricity as a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Solution** & **Role in Case of Potential Crises** \\ \hline Battery & \\ electric & \(\bullet\) & Savings in fossil fuel consumption (economic crisis and environmental crisis) \\ vehicles (BEV) & \(\bullet\) & Reducing pollutant emissions and improving air quality (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ \hline Fuel cell & \(\bullet\) & Less dependence on fuel imports when using renewable electricity or local hydrogen sources (economic crisis and military crisis) \\ electric vehicles & \(\bullet\) & Useful in military operations where silence and discretion are required (military crisis) \\  & \(\bullet\) & Possibility to carry out transport even when access to traditional fuels is limited due to war operations \\  & (military crisis) \\ electric vehicles & \(\bullet\) & Support for the development of more accessible transport systems for society (economic crisis \\  & and social crisis) \\ \hline Biofuel- & \(\bullet\) & Reduced dependence on oil—less risk of fuel supply interruptions (economic crisis and military crisis) \\ powered & \(\bullet\) & Reducing emissions and improving air quality (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ vehicles & \(\bullet\) & Possibility of using biofuels in military vehicles (military crisis) \\ \hline Solar-powered & \(\bullet\) & Reducing pollutant emissions and improving air quality (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ vehicles & \(\bullet\) & Lower transportation costs and energy availability for poor regions (social crisis) \\ \hline Compressed air & \(\bullet\) & Lower transportation costs (economic crisis and social crisis) \\ vehicles & \(\bullet\) & No lifecycle emissions and improvement of air quality (environmental crisis and health crisis) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: The role of selected solutions in technologies in vehicle drives during potential global crises. power source, they reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, supporting long-term preservation of natural resources [108].