# Electromechanical Behavior of Afyonkarahisar Clay Under Varying Stress and Moisture Conditions
## 4 Implementation
This behavior is characteristic of montmorillonite-rich clays and contrasts with lower-plasticity clays such as kaolinite clays, which show moderate strength variations, or illicit clays, which exhibit intermediate strength losses. Afyonkarahisar clay is notable for its high stiffness in dry conditions; however, it undergoes significant strength loss and increased electrical conductivity as saturation increases. Understanding these distinctions is essential for the proper application of empirical models and for reliably extrapolating findings to other geological contexts. Afyonkarahisar clay falls within the high plasticity (CH) classification, with a liquid limit close to the 50% threshold and a relatively high plasticity index of 25.6%. These characteristics place it near a borderline classification, distinguishing it from other regional clays. Additionally, engineering parameters such as specific gravity, optimum water content, and dry density suggest that this clay may require specialized soil improvement techniques. Consequently, Afyonkarahisar clay represents a unique and important case study for both local engineering projects and comparative soil research. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Clay Type**} & **USCS** & **Liquid Limit** & **Plasticity** & **Consistency at** & **Behavior at High** & **Typical Mineral** \\  & **Symbol** & **(LL)** & **Index (PI)** & **Low Moisture** & **Moisture** & **Composition** \\ \hline Low plasticity clay & CL & \textless{}50\% & 7–17 & Stiff to firm & \begin{tabular}{c} Gradual loss of \\ strength \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Mainly kaolinite, \\ some illite \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline High plasticity clay & CH & \textgreater{}50\% & \textgreater{}17 & \begin{tabular}{c} Very stiff at low \\ moisture \\ \end{tabular} & Rapid strength loss & Dominanty \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline Slit (lean clay/ML) & ML & 25–50\% & \textless{}7 & Soft & \begin{tabular}{c} Slight strength \\ reduction \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Fine quartz, mica, and \\ minor clay minerals \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Montmorillonite \\ clay (e.g., bentonite) \\ \end{tabular} & CH & 60–100\% & \textgreater{}30 & \begin{tabular}{c} Extremely stiff \\ when dry \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Extreme sensitivity \\ and swelling \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Predominantly \\ montmorillonite \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Kaolinite clay & CL & 30–50\% & 10–20 & Stiff & \begin{tabular}{c} Moderate change \\ in strength \\ \end{tabular} & Primarily kaolinite \\ \hline Illitic clay & CL/CH & 30–60\% & 10–25 & Firm to stiff & \begin{tabular}{c} Moderate \\ strength loss \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Primarily illite, minor \\ kaolinite/montmorillonite \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} Organic-rich \\ marine clay \\ \end{tabular} & OH/OL & 40–100\% & 7–17 & Soft to firm & Low strength &
\begin{tabular}{c} Clay minerals with \\ significant organic content \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparative Characteristics of Different Clay Types.