## 1 Introduction
In 2019, [PERSON] et al. performed a topology optimization of a RIC pattern using the MoldLay wax filament [18]. Among several drawbacks associated with 3D printing wax, a low solidification of material and layer curling were identified as the major downsides. As can be seen from Table 1, most of the castable filaments have printing/melting temperatures much higher than the melting temperature of traditional waxes used in IC. For example, the traditional IC waxes have a range of melting temperatures of 60-100 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Nevertheless, it can be argued that the Wax3D having a Tm around 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C makes it a potentially better candidate to be used in RIC. Moreover, when working with the material, it has been noticed that it has a low viscosity in its molten state, which is beneficial for the dewar \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Produced Part** & **Limitations** & **Author, Year of Publication** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PLA} & \multirow{2}{*}{Metallic cellular structures} & Vacuum-assisted IC, gas entrapment & \\  & & in lattice & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [12] \\ \hline ABS & Solid cubic with sides of 30 mm & Large dimensional deviation & [PERSON] et al., 2021 [13] \\ \hline ABS coated & \multirow{2}{*}{Prosthetic biomedical implant} & \textgreater{}7 layers of ceramic coatings are required & \\ with wax & & to avoid shell cracking & [PERSON] et al., 2016 [14] \\ \hline LDPE & Solid cubic-shaped feature & No records on dimensional accuracy or & \\  & & surface roughness & [PERSON] et al., 2019 [15] \\ \hline ABS & Thin strips of 50 \(\times\) 20 \(\times\) 3 mm & Limited to simple geometry & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [16] \\ \hline ABS & Bone plates & Inferior surface roughness & [PERSON] et al., 2020 [17] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Latest publications on the application of FDM technology in IC. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Commercial Name** & **Density, g/cm3** & **Nozzle Temperature, \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **Cost for 1 kg, 5** \\ \hline Print2 Cast & 0.91 & 140–150 & 70 \\ MoldLay & N/A & 170–180 & 65 \\ Think3D & N/A & 170–180 & 33 \\ Blue Wax PLA & 1.2–1.43 & 195–240 & 40 \\ Polycast & 1.1 & 190–230 & 80 \\ Wax3D & 0.98 & 100–110 & 34 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Commercially available castable FDM filaments. properties, the filament has shown high flexibility and softness. Due to low tensile strength and elastic modulus, the manufacturing process is associated with challenges related to finding proper process parameters. Therefore, having considered all the properties of the wax-based FDM filament, the authors found it necessary to identify the optimal process parameters that can result in the successful manufacturing of RIC patterns. To achieve the goal, an Orthogonal Array (OA) L9 Taguchi optimization method was implemented with a focus on achieving higher dimensional accuracy. Higher-dimensional accuracy along with low surface roughness are two main requirements established for IC patterns. Thus, in addition to dimensional accuracy optimization, the appropriate surface treatment was selected. The research concludes with the work dedicated to finding the mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of the wax filament.