# A Review on Standardizing Electric Vehicles Community Charging Service Operator Infrastructure
## 4 Charging Type
### Wireless Charging: Charging Type
#### 4.2.1 Categorization of Wireless Charging Based on the Charging Standards
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Year** & **Objective** & **Pros** & **Cons** & **Wireless Charging Technology** \\ \hline
[95] & 2017 & \begin{tabular}{c} Presented a feasibility analysis of \\ quasi-dynamic wireless power \\ transfer for EV charging \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Extended driving range and \\ operating time \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} No focus on safe and user \\ friendly environment \\ \end{tabular} & Quasi-dynamic \\ \hline
[96] & 2018 & \begin{tabular}{c} Performed an analysis of \\ quasi-dynamic wireless power \\ transfer for EV charging \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Optimized charging, low energy \\ loss, low conduction loss \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Some scenarios of misalignment \\ are not considered \\ \end{tabular} & Quasi-dynamic \\ \hline
[84] & 2019 & \begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a wireless EV charger \\ with a LC-series resonant \\ network \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} High efficiency, improved \\ flexibility \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Charging time and EV scheduling \\ is not considered \\ \end{tabular} & Stationary \\ \hline
[85] & 2020 & \begin{tabular}{c} Designed a 200 kW wireless \\ charger for Light-Duty EV \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Safer environment, reduced field \\ emissions, no misalignment \\ issues \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Security concerns are not \\ discussed \\ \end{tabular} & Stationary \\ \hline
[97] & 2021 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Discussed security issues for \\ dynamic wireless EV charging \\ \end{tabular} & Secure charging environment &
\begin{tabular}{c} No consideration of hardware \\ development \\ \end{tabular} & Quasi-dynamic \\ \hline
[86] & 2022 & \begin{tabular}{c} Discussed wireless EV charging \\ with a LC/S network \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} High efficiency \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} No consideration of safer and \\ user friendly environment \\ \end{tabular} & Stationary \\ \hline
[91] & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Investigated a dynamic wireless \\ charging for private EVs \\ \end{tabular} & Low cost, high efficiency & Security and privacy concern & Dynamic \\ \hline
[92] & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{c} dynamic wireless charging for \\ EVs in Vehicular Energy \\ Networks \\ \end{tabular} & Highly secure, maximized utility & No focus on efficiency & Dynamic \\ \hline
[93] & 2022 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Presented a cost-efficient dynamic \\ wireless charging for EVs \\ \end{tabular} & High efficiency, low cost & Privacy issues are not discussed & Dynamic \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparative analysis of various wireless charging types. In the literature, many authors have mentioned the Qi standard to ensure wireless power transfer for EVs. However, the solutions provided can suffer from security attacks such as eavesdropping and hijacking due to the transmission of power supply through the exposed electromagnetic field, and there is no security provided during the power transmission between devices through the open communication channel [100; 101; 102; 103]. For example, [PERSON] et al. in [104] discussed the estimation of the coupling coefficient for efficient wireless charging with the designed Qi standard. The experimental analysis yielded efficiencies of 70% and 60% based on the different charging distances. Furthermore, the authors in [105] proposed an optimal transmission maximization algorithm to reduce the charging time in Qi standards wireless power transfer systems. Further, they simulated Qi charging systems to improve the performance in terms of transmission range. However, Qi charging wireless charging needs to be secured against exposure to electromagnetic fields during power transmission, which was not discussed in [104; 105]. To alleviate the security issues, [PERSON] et al. in [106] addressed several security attacks such as eavesdropping, hijacking, and data snooping in Qi wireless charging.