## 3 Results
### Results Obtained by Testing Leaf Samples
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Manufacturer** & **Spectral Range** & **CC** & **CrC** & **Ant** & **Fl** & **NC** \\ \hline SPAD-502+ & Konica Minolta Sensing Inc., Osaka, Japan & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & Y \\ \hline atLeaf CHL PLUS & FT Green LLC, Wilmington, NC, USA & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & N & N \\ \hline CCM-200 Plus & Opti-Sciences, Hudson, NY, USA & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & Y \\ \hline ACM-200 Plus & Opti-Sciences, Hudson, NY, USA & VIS/NIR & N & N & Y & N & N & N \\ \hline MPM-100 & Opti-Sciences, Hudson, NY, USA & VIS/NIR & Y & N & Y & Y & Y \\ \hline Force-A Dualex 4 Scientific & DigitalFoodLab, Paris, France & NIR & Y & N & Y & Y & Y \\ \hline CL-01 & Hansatech Instruments Ltd., Norfolk, UK & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & N & N \\ \hline MultispeQ V2.0 & PhotosynQ Inc., East Lansing, MI, USA & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & N \\ \hline MC-100 & Apogee Instruments Inc., Logan, UT, USA & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & N \\ \hline N-tester & Yara International ASA, Oslo, Norway & VIS/NIR & Y & N & N & N & Y \\ \hline Proposed Device & Authors’ development & VIS/NIR & Y & Y & Y & Y & Y \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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**Aspect** & **Description** & **Value/Ranges** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Calibration and Comparison} & The device’s optical sensor is compared and calibrated with a standard color scale. A standard spectrophotometric method is used for chlorophyll content measurement. A comparison is made between the proposed device and other devices. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Regular Calibration and Maintenance & Regular calibration and maintenance practices are implemented for optimal working conditions and accurate measurements. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Reproducibility and Precision & Multiple measurements are performed to assess the reproducibility or variability of the results. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Interferences and Error Analysis & Interferences are identified and addressed through error analysis and uncertainty calculations. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Environmental Factors} & Environmental factors, including changes in light conditions, temperature, humidity, atmospheric conditions, and leaf properties, are considered potential influences on measurements. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Calibration and Sampling Consistency & Consistent calibration procedures and sampling techniques are maintained to minimize measurement variability and ensure accuracy. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Development & A standard operating procedure (SOP) is developed for correct device usage, including startup procedures, sample handling, and data recording. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Transmittance-based portable devices for the determination of pigments in plants. The device's optical sensor is compared and calibrated with a standard color scale. Also, a standard spectrophotometric method is used for chlorophyll content measurement, and a comparison between the proposed and compared devices is made. The coefficient of determination is in a range of 0.72-0.97. Regular calibration and device maintenance will keep the proposed device in optimal working order. This helps maintain accurate measurements over time. Also, this allows us to assess the device's accuracy and identify any discrepancies. By performing multiple measurements to assess the reproducibility and variability of the results, the obtained coefficient of variation between the standard method and the compared and proposed devices (CV = (mean/SD) \(\times\) 100) is from 22% to 35%. These low variability values indicate enough precision in the proposed device. It is important to consider and address potential interferences to ensure accurate and reliable pigment and nitrogen measurements when using the proposed device. This is essentially part of error analysis and uncertainty calculations.