esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Surface Electromyography-Based Action Recognition and Manipulator Control
## 3 Experiment
### Subjects and Training Session  
A group of subjects (mean \(\pm\) SD: \(25\pm 3.9\)) were recruited. We comprehensively considered their ages, weights, genders, and physical health to ensure the validity of the experiment. The subjects were 19 healthy volunteers, including 11 males and 8 females. The left arm was selected for acquiring sEMG signals. Before enlisting, volunteers should have met the requirement of no muscle disease. We told them to follow the operator's reminder to force or relax the muscles when doing the experiment in advance. Before acquisition, the subjects were first instructed to relieve stress to ensure that the muscles were not fatigued. Then, the surface of the skin was cleaned to remove excess cuticle and lower the impedance. Later, conductive adhesive was smeared on the electrode to strengthen the conductivity. Eventually, the electrodes were fixed. The electrode positions are shown in Figure 4. Nine electrodes were requested so that our device applied four-channel differential input and the elbow was opted as the reference, in the meantime. The sEMG signals were acquired from extensor pollicis longus, finger extensor muscle, and palm long extensor muscle. The elbow had less muscle and would not be affected by other muscles.  
Subjects were asked to do 5 representative actions--fist clenching, hand opening, wrist flexion, wrist extension, and calling me, as demonstrated in Figure 5.
## 4 Bending Analysis
### Dielectric Constant (\(\epsilon\)) and the Resonant Frequency Shifts (\(\%\))  
The permittivity \(\epsilon\) of the polymer substrate, its dielectric constant, is a complex value that depends on the frequency, the roughness of the surface of the material, and the temperature. As mentioned in [1], flexible substrates for wearable applications normally have dielectric constants from 2 to 12, where lower values of its dielectric constant, from 2.2 to 3.5, serve to reduce the surface waves and increase the bandwidth and gain of the antenna in frequencies ranging from 2.2 to 7.5 GHz. Consequently, the three substrates used for the flexible antennas in this study--PET, Teflon, and PVC--have the dielectric constants of 2.07, 2.70, and 3.70, respectively.  
For the flexible antennas operating at 2.45 GHz, the PET-based flexible antenna, which possesses a dielectric constant of 2.07, just under the ideal range of 2.2 to 3.5, is the least impacted by bending at 14 mm with a shift of only 0.99%. By comparison, with the flexibleantennas operating at 4.25 and 7.45 GHz, Teflon, with its dielectric constant inside the ideal range of 2.7, proves to have a low impact in terms of the resonant frequency deviation from its flat status for the highest level of bending up to 14 mm. It is observed that the Teflon-based antennas, for the operating frequencies of 4.25 and 7.45 GHz, possess shifts from the resonant frequency of only 1.61% and 0.29%, respectively. By comparison, the PVC-based flexible antennas, with their 3.7 dielectric constants, which are above the ideal range, possess a high shift in frequency while undergoing bending at 14 mm, where they provide the highest level of deviation of 3.42% and 1.97% for the operating frequencies of 2.45 and 7.45 GHz, respectively. Hence, from these experimental verifications, in addition to the comprehensive literature review in [1], a modified range of dielectric constants of 2-3.5 is recommended for polymer substrate antennas operating in a 2.2-7.5 GHz range for flexible wearable applications.
## 4 Topology Control
### Topology Control in Different Deployment Stages  
There are three deployment stages for WSNs: pre-deployment, post-deployment and re-deployment. For each stage, there are corresponding approaches to preserve, improve or recover network connectivity:  
(1) pre-deployment stage, that is the sensor node positions are not fixed yet, and the network is not operational, e.g., it has not started sensing the environment. At this stage, deploying sensor nodes randomly or constructing a particular network topology to satisfy the required connectivity is the expected action to be taken.  
(2) post-deployment stage, that is the sensor node positions are already known. At this stage, adjusting the transmitting range or equally node transmitting power to achieve desired connectivity is what is usually done The goal is to improve the connectivity while consuming as little energy as possible or to improve the link reliability, as shown in Figure 5.  
(3) re-deployment stage, that is new nodes can be added to the original network. At this stage, new nodes are populated in the original network to maintain or repair the network connectivity, as shown in Figure 6. Usually, the goal is to improve the network connectivity with relatively less nodes.  
Normally, the connectivity improvement strategies apply at only one stage. Unfortunately, all of them are challenging tasks, because most of them are either NP-complete or NP-hard. In Section 6, this paper lists many problems regarding network connectivity.
## 3 Parameter Extraction and Measurement Results
### Delay Spread  
The RMS delay spread is widely used to characterize the delay dispersion of the channel. By taking the inverse Fourier transform of the measured transfer function, the power delay profile (PDP) and RMS delay spread of the channel are obtained. The RMS delay spread is defined as the second moment of the PDP [17] and expressed as  
\[\tau_{RMS}(d)=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i}PDP(d,\tau_{i})\tau_{i}^{2}}{\sum_{i}PDP(d, \tau_{i})}-(\frac{\sum_{i}PDP(d,\tau_{i})\tau_{i}}{\sum_{i}PDP(d,\tau_{i})})^ {2}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(\tau_{i}\) and \(PDP(d,\tau_{i})\) represent the delay and corresponding delay power of the \(i_{th}\) mutipath component (MPC) measured at the distance of \(d\), respectively. When computing the RMS delay spread, we set the power of all the MPCs below a threshold to zero to reduce the impact of the noise. The threshold is set to be 6 dB above the noise floor [18]  
Figure 4: Positions of RX (receiver side) at each location.
# A Ku-Band Bi-Directional Transmit and Receive IC in 0.13 \(\upmu\)m CMOS Technology
## 1 Introduction  
A Ku-band transmit and receive IC is one of the key components in active phased array antennas for Ku-band satellite communications [1, 2]. The silicon technology in phased array antennas is receiving attention because it allows for low size, weight, power, and cost (SWAP-C) implementation [3]. Separate phase shifters and gain control circuits for transmit and receive operations are typically used to implement the transmit and receive IC for the phased array antenna [4]. However, it occupies a large chip area and results in high manufacturing costs. The chip size can be decreased significantly using bi-directional topology, sharing the Tx and Rx chains with phase shifters and attenuators [5, 6, 7]. One disadvantage of the bi-directional topology is that it results in an additional loss of two SPDT switches. A Ku-band transmit and receive IC is composed of a switchless bi-directional amplifier to reduce the losses caused by two SPDT switches. The previous paper composed each test circuit for a phased array antenna in the X band to verify the proposed topology [5, 6, 7]. Many research groups have already published phase shifters with various circuit topologies [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The vector sum or the switched filter phase shifter circuit topologies are popularly used. A compact size with decent gain, precise phase control, and wide bandwidth can be achieved in the vector sum phase shifter. However, it has relatively poor linearity and only operates unidirectionally. It also consumes DC current, whereas the switched filter phase shifter can provide high linearity with nearly zero DC power consumption. It operates bidirectionally due to the passive circuit. The digital step attenuator is necessary to control the antenna sidelobe level. The amplitude errors among the elements in the phased array antenna can be compensated.  
In this paper, a transmit and receive IC for a Ku-band phased array antenna is presented with 0.13 \(\upmu\)m CMOS technology.
## 5 Conclusions  
The LAVS for autonomous vehicle self-diagnosis proposed in this paper consists of the MIGM for communication not only between in-vehicle protocols but also between diagnostic results and the server and the In-VDM for part self-diagnosis and total vehicle self-diagnosis. Here, the In-VDM consists of the RPS for part diagnosis and the NNVS for total vehicle diagnosis. The LAVS guarantees the compatibility of in-vehicle protocols by using the MIGM and the self-diagnosis of a vehicle by using the In-VDM.  
The conversion time of the MIGM was improved more than that of the existing in-vehicle gateway by about an average of 28.67%, the error rate of the MIGM was lower than that of the existing in-vehicle gateway by about 0.5%, the computation time of the NNVP was improved by 44.894% and 62.719% more than that of the MPL and the LSTM separately, and the accuracy of the NNVP was higher by about 1% than that of the MLP but similar to that of the LSTM on average. The RPS had a test loss similar to the SVM and about 0.2 less than the fuzzy and the SVM had over-fitting. Therefore, the LAVS was most suitable for not only in-vehicle communication but also part diagnosis and total diagnosis of vehicles.  
In addition, this paper would contribute to the following. First, the safety problem will be a major obstacle to supply autonomous vehicles. If the self-diagnosis of autonomous vehicles solves this problem, it will greatly contribute to the supply of autonomous vehicles by changing the perception of customers. Second, an autonomous vehicle executes its self-diagnosis independently, not dependent  
Figure 14: The (**a**) computation time and (**b**) accuracy according to test data.  
Figure 15: The accuracy according to the test data.  
on the server, so the processing speed will be improved highly. Therefore, it will prevent the accident in advance and in real time.  
This study was conducted with government support, and the current experiment was conducted with existing actual data. Further research will be conducted with actual data in real time vehicles and commercialized through industrial and university cooperation.  
Conceptualization, B.L. and Y.J.; methodology, S.S.; software, S.S.; validation, B.L. and Y.J.; writing--original draft preparation, S.S. and Y.J.; writing--review and editing, B.L.; visualization, B.L.; supervision, B.L.; project administration, B.L.; funding acquisition, B.L.  
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2018R1A2B6007710).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Proposed Routing Algorithm
### Consideration of 802.11 MAC for Sensor Network  
Several MAC protocols (SMAC, 802.15.4, etc) can be candidates for WSNs, because the MAC protocols of WSNs should minimize energy consumption. However, as various sensor applications are developed (i.e., multimedia sensor network), WSNs have to deal with new requirements such as scalability, throughput, QoS (reliability, security, low latency, etc), and interoperability with existing infrastructure. Although a specific sensor MAC gives several advantages of saving more energy on its operation, the restricted energy efficient MAC cannot support all of the various requirements.  
In [25], they showed the advantages of 802.11 sensor networks as follows. Firstly, since 802.11 networks are widely deployed and deployments continue at a rapid rate for multiple applications, the distribution of sensor networks with existing infrastructure can be naturally easy. Secondly, the information of sensed data can be easily prioritized and transmitted with the higher utilization of the 802.11 network such as QoS, multi-rate, and cross-layer design. Thirdly, the scalability to utilize higher data rate sensors is supported up by 802.11 family protocols. 802.11 can scale to a greater number of nodes and faster data rates with various QoS.  
The author of DD also used a modified 802.11 MAC to emulate realistic sensor network radio more closely. They altered the ns-2 radio model to fit a sensor radio specification minimizing energy consumption. The energy efficiency of 802.11 MAC has to be considered, but we believe the effect of the various utilizations of 802.11 MAC to give more advantages to WSNs.
# A Comparative Study on Violent Sloshing with Complex Baffles Using the ISPH Method
## 3 Model Validation and Convergence Analysis
### Model Convergence and CPU Analyses  
To study the convergence of the two numerical models and compare their CPU efficiency, three different particle spacings and grid sizes have been used by ISPH and STAR-CCM+, respectively, to examine their performance on the computation of wave impact pressures at P1 and P2 on the tank wall with a simulation time of 10 s. The numerical errors with the experimental data of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) are quantified for each simulation test by using the following formula and the results are summarized in Table 1.  
\[Er=\frac{1}{M}\sum_{i=1}^{M}\left|\frac{\widetilde{P(t)}-P(t)}{P(t)}\right| \tag{12}\]  
where \(Er\) is the defined mean error; \(\widetilde{P(t)}\) is the numerical value of pressure; \(P(t)\) is the experimental value of pressure; and M is the number of sampling points.  
By using the convergence evaluation of [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2016), the ISPH numerical scheme was found to be second-order accurate while the STAR-CCM+ only achieved a first-order accuracy. Besides, the comparisons of CPU time in Table 1 further evidence that ISPH is more computationally efficient than STAR-CCM+ by saving around one order of CPU expenses due to its mesh-free solution scheme, which was achieved because it does not need to use an additional free-surface tracking technique. Also, the single-phase solution of ISPH as compared with the two-phase one of STAR-CCM+ further saved computational cost. However, it should be noted that the CPU increase in STAR-CCM+ is linearly proportional to the increase of grid resolution, while this is quadratic in ISPH. This is a result of the neighboring particle search in ISPH being a very time-consuming process, which roughly requires the computational load of \(N^{2}\), where \(N\) is the total particle number.
###### Abstract  
This study aims to synthesize TiO\({}_{2}\)/ZnO powders and to study the effect of heat treatment on their photocatalytic ability against the Tartrazine anionic dye. The as-obtained powders with the following compositions--90 TiO\({}_{2}\)/10 ZnO and 10 TiO\({}_{2}\)/90 ZnO (mol%)--were obtained by the sol-gel technique. The prepared gels were annealed at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C and subsequently characterized by XRD, UV-Vis, and SEM methods. The single crystalline phase of TiO\({}_{2}\), which has been detected at up to 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C is anatase, while for ZnO, it is the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Further increases in the temperature (700 \({}^{\circ}\)C) led to the appearance of rutile in the samples. The SEM analysis demonstrated that the binary oxide materials had irregular shaped particles with a tendency to agglomerate. The UV-Vis spectra of the gels exhibited a red shift in the cut-off of the 90 TiO\({}_{2}\)/10 ZnO sample compared with pure Ti(IV) butoxide. Photocatalytic tests showed that the investigated samples possessed photocatalytic activity toward Tartrazine. Compared with TiO\({}_{2}\), the prepared TiO\({}_{2}\)/ZnO photocatalysts showed superior properties in the photodetegradation of a Tartrazine water solution. The target photocatalysts' enhanced photocatalytic activities can be explained by their reduced band gap energy, improved surface physicochemical characteristics, separation of photo-induced electron-hole pairs, and lowered recombination rate. Higher photocatalytic activity was observed for powders annealed at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with the 10 TiO\({}_{2}\)/90 ZnO (mol%) sample exhibiting the highest photocatalytic degradation of the used organic dye.  
sol-gel; photocatalytic properties; dye degradation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Results
### Identification of Terpenoid-Biosynthesis-Related Genes  
Through the integrated annotation approach outlined above, 77 unigenes were annotated as being associated with terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, suggesting that similarity-based BLASTX searches conducted with the Swiss-Prot database were more powerful than other tested analytical approaches. In order to assess the presence of these transcripts in other species, we conducted BLASTX analyses against a collection of plant cDNAs from protein-coding genes. We were able to identify 68 (88.3%) transcripts with at least one significant match, 17 of which exhibited high similarity to _Artemisia annua_. All unigenes with >500 bp in length, meeting functional annotation criteria, were ultimately evaluated,  
Figure 4: Gene intersection matrix profiles for _A. argyi_ samples collected at four time points.  
leading to the identification of 77 terpenoid biosynthesis-related unigenes, 44 of which were full-length cDNA sequences (Table S11).  
To clarify the potential biological functions of these genes, hierarchical clustering analyses were next performed based upon their log-2-transformed FPKM values in the analyzed _A. argyi_ leaf samples. Ultimately, these genes were assigned to four distinct clusters. Group I contained 11 genes, including 1 gene in the MVA pathway (HMGR), 5 genes in the MEP pathway (1 HDS, 2 DXR, and 2 HDR), and 5 phenyltransferases (4 FPS, and 1 FPPS). These group I genes were expressed at the highest levels in _A. argyi_ samples collected in May. In total, 29 genes were assigned to group II, including 9 genes in the MVA pathway (2 AACT, 3 MVK, 2 MDD, 1 PMK, and 1 HMDS), 15 genes in the MEP pathway (1 CMK, 9 DHR, 1 MVK, 2 PMK, 1 HDS, and 1 MCT), and 5 phenyltransferases (5 FPPS). These group II genes were expressed at the highest levels in samples collected in June or July. Group III contained 1 HMGS gene in the MVA pathway and 10 MEP pathway genes (2 HDS, 3 CMT, 1 CMK, 3 MDS, and 1 HDR) that were expressed at higher levels in the April or July samples. Lastly, 26 genes were assigned to group IV, including 1 HMGR gene in the MVA pathway, 15 MEP pathway genes (6 HDS, 2 MCT, 1 DXR, 5 MDS, and 1 HDR), and 10 phenyltransferases (2 IPPI, 2 FPPS, and 6 GPPS) that were expressed at the highest levels in the April samples (Figure 6 and Table S11).  
Figure 5: Clusters of DEGs obtained via soft clustering for _A. argyi_ samples collected at four time points.
# Secure Voting Website Using Ethereum and Smart Contracts
## 5 Analysis and Discussion
### Test Results  
* System Performance: The system handled the sample data efficiently and promptly. The total time taken for the system to process all the votes was one hour, which is within acceptable limits. The plan also handled the total number of votes cast (800) and the number of eligible voters (1000) without any issues.
* Accuracy: The accuracy of the results was assessed by comparing the number of votes cast to the number of eligible voters and the number of candidates. The results were accurate, with 80% eligible voters casting their votes and five candidates being present in the election.
* Security: The system's security was also tested and found to be secure due to smart contracts and encryption. The hashing and encryption algorithms used in the system were effective in protecting the integrity of the votes cast and ensuring that they could not be tampered with.
* User Experience: The system's user experience was satisfactory, with an intuitive user interface and clear instructions for voters and administrators.
* Overall Efficiency: The efficiency of the system was evaluated using the formula: Efficiency = (Total number of votes cast / Total number of eligible voters) \(\times\) 100% Plugging in the provided data: Efficiency = (800 / 1000) \(\times\) 100% = 80% This indicates that the system achieved an efficiency of 80% in processing the votes cast, which is a good result. Based on the results of this validation test, it can be concluded that the proposed system is an effective and secure solution for conducting elections. The plan handled the sample data efficiently and accurately while providing a satisfactory user experience. The system's efficiency in processing votes was also high, indicating that it is a viable alternative to traditional voting systems.  
Table 5 includes columns for the validation criteria, test case, result, expected outcome, actual outcome, and pass/fail status. Each row represents a different validation test, such as voter registration or vote counting. The table can be used to track the results of each test, including any errors or unexpected outcomes that occurred during the testing process. The pass/fail status column indicates whether each test passed or failed based on the expected result. This type of validation table can be used to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the blockchain voting system.
# Design and Evaluation of Dynamic Topology for Mega Constellation Networks
## 3 Problem Analysis
### Dynamic Link Selection Algorithm  
An arbitrary initial satellite \(S(i,j)\) is selected in the first step, and the link relationships connected within the first two time slices are analyzed. Secondly, a time slice division strategy is used based on the number of satellites per orbit. Only temporary dynamic links exist in non-adjacent orbits. According to the variation of inter-satellite distance in different time slices, the first 33 time slices are selected to study how the remaining 65 satellites in the same orbit achieve data transmission through dynamic links. Thirdly, through a comprehensive dynamic link selection strategy, all corresponding dynamic links of all satellites in orbit are introduced. Finally, twenty-one orbits not adjacent to the orbit are selected, and the dynamic links of the remaining satellites are calculated according to the condition constraints of maximum connectivity of four and dynamic links one-to-one correspondence, respectively [23]. In order to obtain dynamic links for all satellites across 66 time slices, the process mentioned above is repeated in a continuous cycle. To optimize the topological configuration of the mega constellation based on the concept of dynamic link design, a specific selection algorithm's pseudo-code is presented in Algorithm 1. In the pseudocode, \(T\) represents the selection of a time slice in the cycle. At a given moment, \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\) represent the distances from satellites \(S_{1}\) and \(S_{2}\) to the center of the  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of two types of combination methods for fixed links. (**a**) One AOPL and two intra-OP links; (**b**) two AOPLs and one intra-OP link. Earth, respectively. The angle \(\theta\) formed between the satellites and the center of the Earth is determined using the satellite orbit parameters. At the same time, the instantaneous ISL distances of \(S_{1}\) and \(S_{2}\) are calculated based on the geocentric angle \(\theta\)[24].