## 2 Materials and Methods
### Measurements
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variable**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Men**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Women**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Normal** & **Hypetension** & **Normal** & **Hypetension** \\ \hline Subjects, no. (\%) & 4489 (72.0\%) & 1745 (28.0\%) & 5404 (69.8\%) & 2340 (30.2\%) \\ Age, mean (SD) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 57.01 (10.97) & 58.95 (10.10) & 55.32 (9.97) & 62.36 (9.66) \\ Height (HT) (cm) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 168.48 (6.12) & 168.08 (6.09) & 155.59 (5.75) & 154.54 (5.67) \\ Weight (WT) (kg) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 67.91 (9.24) & 72.54 (10.49) & 56.54 (7.38) & 62.63 (9.24) \\ Waist circumference (WC), (cm) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 84.57 (5.88) & 89.86 (7.83) & 77.95 (5.53) & 87.61 (8.44) \\ Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 0.50 (0.05) & 0.53 (0.04) & 0.50 (0.05) & 0.57 (0.06) \\ Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) \({}^{\ddagger}\) & 23.88 (2.64) & 25.61 (2.89) & 23.25 (2.69) & 26.19 (3.33) \\ Systolic BP (mmHg) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 121.00 (15.08) & 128.11 (5.23) & 117.35 (16.57) & 129.49 (16.36) \\ Diastolic BP (mmHg) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 77.80 (9.83) & 81.2 (11.33) & 74.25 (9.22) & 77.46 (10.32) \\ Glucose (mgdl) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 100.62 (12.135) & 120.6 (32.51) & 94.02 (14.06) & 114.63 (30.41) \\ Hemoglobin Aic (HBALC) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 5.80 (0.77) & 64.2 (11.6) & 5.68 (0.54) & 6.40 (10.07) \\ Total cholesterol (TC) (mgdl) \({}^{\ddagger}\) & 190.93 (34.24) & 187 (39.07) & 198.13 (34.45) & 197.13 (39.73) \\ High-density lipid cholesterol (HDL) (mgdl) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 48.65 (11.1) & 40.82 (9.55) & 54.90 (12.05) & 45.26 (9.73) \\ Low-density lipid cholesterol (LDL) (mgdl) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 118.83 (32.66) & 107.48 (33.28) & 122.33 (32.13) & 118.32 (34.97) \\ Triglycerides (TG) (mgdl) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 136.99 (55.8) & 242.71 (176.66) & 104.62 (57.33) & 182.03 (105.83) \\ Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), (IU/L) \({}^{\ddagger}\) & 24.58 (12.95) & 26.89 (13.47) & 21.26 (11.89) & 24.12 (11.10) \\ Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), (IU/L) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 24.05 (19.12) & 28.94 (17.03) & 17.80 (12.43) & 23.83 (16.51) \\ Hemoglobin (Hg) (gdl) \({}^{\ddagger}\) \({}^{\ddagger}\) & 15.09 (12.3) & 15.24 (1.30) & 13.12 (1.11) & 13.38 (1.08) \\ Hematocrit (HCI) (C) \({}^{\circ}\) & 44.51 (3.33) & 44.73 (3.53) & 39.54 (9.91) & 40.07 (2.93) \\ Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (mgdl) \({}^{\star}\) & 15.69 (4.2) & 16.12 (5.12) & 14.46 (4.01) & 15.42 (4.74) \\ Creatinine (CCI) (mgdl) \({}^{\star}\) & 0.97 (10.18) & 1.01 (0.31) & 0.72 (0.15) & 0.76 (0.29) \\ White blood cell (WBC) (Thous/uL) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 6.34 (17.27) & 6.84 (1.80) & 5.55 (1.52) & 6.23 (1.69) \\ Red blood cell (RBC) (Mil/uL) \({}^{\ddagger}\) & 4.79 (0.41) & 4.84 (0.43) & 4.31 (0.32) & 4.39 (0.35) \\ Uric acid pH (UH) \({}^{\dagger}\) & 8.51 (1.87) & 8.26 (1.86) & 6.13 (1.17) & 5.71 (0.85) \\ Uric specific gravity (USG) & 5.74 (0.82) & 5.59 (0.76) & 5.83 (0.88) & 1.02 (0.01) \\ Urine creatinine (UCRT) (mgdl) & 1.02 (0.01) & 1.02 (0.01) & 1.02 (0.01) & 110.86 (61.25) \\ Forced vital capacity (FVC) (L) & 161.08 (76.55) & 158.58 (79.37) & 118.83 (65.57) & 2.75 (0.46) \\ Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) & 4.19 (0.70) & 4.01 (0.68) & 3.00 (0.49) & 2.16 (0.42) \\ Ratio of forced expiratory volume in s (FEV1) & 3.14 (0.66) & 2.98 (0.64) & 2.39 (0.44) & 0.79 (0.06) \\ vital capacity (FEV1)FC & & & & \\ Fovered expiratory volume in s (FEV0) (L) & 0.75 (0.08) & 0.74 (0.08) & 0.79 (0.06) & 2.67 (0.46) \\ Forced expiratory flow 25-755 (FEF25-75) (L)\({}^{\star}\) & 4.02 (0.71) & 3.82 (0.68) & 2.94 (0.50) & 2.35 (0.99) \\ Peak expiratory flow (PE) (L)\({}^{\star}\) & 2.81 (1.29) & 2.8 (1.54) & 2.49 (0.84) & 5.78 (1.22) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\)\(p<0.05\) and \({}^{\ddagger}\)\(p<0.0001\) indicate significant differences between men and women using the two-stage sample t-test. All data are presented as means \(\pm\) standard deviations (\(\pm\)SD). However, the subjects are presented as the number of participants (\(\%\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Primary characteristics of all factors analyzed for metabolic syndrome.