esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Nucleotides as Bacterial Second Messengers
## 2 The c-di-GMP Nucleotide
### Alginate Polsaccharides, Pel, and Psl as Targets of c-di-GMP  
Cyclic-AMP is involved in the production of exopolysaccharideaccharides alginate, Pel, and Psl. Although several bacteria are known to produce these exopolysaccharideaccharides, they are studied most extensively in _P. aeruginosa_; the non-mucoid biofilms of this bacterium have an extracellular matrix of Pel and Psl polysaccharides. While the genetic capacity to produce Pel polysaccharides appears ubiquitous among all _P. aeruginosa_ strains, not all _P. aeruginosa_ strains can produce Pel polysaccharides. Strains which fail to produce Pel lack a functional the _psl_ operon. C-di-GMP positively induces the transcription of the exopolysaccharideaccharides Pel and Psl by the REC-GGDEF-DGC response regulator WspR [34].  
The transcription of proteins which synthesize Pel and Psl is controlled by FleQ, a c-di-GMP-dependent transcriptional regulator and receptor. In the absence of c-di-GMP, FleQ forms a complex with the ATP-binding accessory protein FleN and binds to sites both upstream and downstream of the pel Pel promoter to inhibit transcription. In the presence of c-di-GMP, FleQ binds to c-di-GMP and separates from the ATP-binding accessory protein FleN, triggering the transcriptional activity of Pel [35]. In addition, feedback exists between c-di-GMP and Psl, as Psl can elevate c-di-GMP levels via the SiaD and SadC DGCs [36].  
Finally, _P. aeruginosa_ mucoid strains also have exopolysaccharide alginate. The polymerization or transport of alginate is by Alg44 (PA3542) protein; this protein has a PilZ domain and is regulated by c-di-GMP [37].  
C-di-GMP controls biofilm formation at the transcriptional level. For example, seven DGCs and four PDEs regulate the rough colony formation in _V. cholerae_. Expression of Vibrio polysaccharide (VPS) confers a rough colony. The positive transcriptional regulators VpsR and VpsT activate the expression of Vps genes. These transcriptional factors, VpsT and VpsR, are c-di-GMP receptors, and when the c-di-nucleotide binds to them, they are activated for transcription of Vps polysaccharides [38].  
Furthermore, low levels of c-di-GMP correlate with low amounts of biofilm. For example, extracellular DNA (eDNA) produced by cell lysis is induced by low levels of c-di-GMP, and eDNA is necessary for mature biofilm structures [39]. Another action of low levels of c-di-GMP occurs in motile cells on the biofilm surface, which become sessile cells at low levels of c-di-GMP.
# Stability Analysis of the Exploitation System with Room and Pillar by Analytical Methods
## 5 Conclusions  
(1) Analyzing the obtained results correlated with the in situ measurements, it can be stated that the pillars considered in this paper present a distribution of the vertical component of the secondary stress state characterized by the fact that the value of the secondary stress state is maximum on the axis of the pillar in its middle and decreases towards its exterior, and the shear stresses are maximum on the contour of the pillar and decrease towards its interior. The variation in shear stresses results in part from the inward increase in the lateral components of the stress state and a natural decrease in compressive stress as we move away from the free surfaces of the pillars. For the same cross-section,  
Figure 10: The axial component of the secondary stress state in the pillar at a depth of 100 m.  
square pillars can support higher loads than rectangular pillars. Since the rectangular pillars have one side smaller than the other, they limit the development of lateral stresses. This phenomenon explains why a square pillar can support a higher load than a rectangular pillar of equal cross-section.  
(2) The results obtained for the depth of 100 m were compared with the values of the stress state obtained by the finite element method, the laboratory, and in situ measurements. According to the proposed algorithm, the values of the axial component of the secondary stress state acting on the pillar located at a depth of 100 m are between 1.498 and 1.657 MPa, compared to the value obtained by the finite element method and in situ measurements, which was 1.64 MPa. This result confirms the validity of the proposed algorithm for evaluating the secondary stress state in pillars.  
(3) The breaking load of the pillars remains a problem that requires corrections and improvements so that the final estimates illustrate as accurately as possible the behavior of the pillar and floor.  
(4) Research can be continued so that a methodology can be created--a generalized mathematical model--that involves the whole range of factors that influence the stability of the exploitation system to be able to establish this model as a basis for efficient and safe design, ensuring an optimal extraction coefficient. This algorithm and the analytical results obtained are to be verified experimentally through a program of in situ measurements, along with the increase in depth.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
Data are contained within the article.  
I would like to thank the University of Petrosani, which provided the equipment to perform all laboratory tests.  
The author declares no conflicts of interest.
# Using a Pair of Different-Sized Spheres to Calibrate Radar Data in the Microwave Anechoic Chamber
## 5 Conclusions  
Using a standard sphere is a common method for calibrating radar data, but another method is still required to validate the standard sphere. There are at least three questions that must be answered before selecting the calibration sphere. Question 1: How big is the sphere? Question 2: What is the material of the sphere? Question 3: What is the proper distance between the sphere and the antenna? We propose using two different-sized spheres to validate the standard method and provide answers to the above questions. The basic rule is that the calibration should occur in the same scattering region for both the calibrated target and the standard object. The differences in the signal amplitudes of the large sphere and the small sphere can be used to determine the scattering region. Only in the optic region is the difference in the signal amplitudes equal to the theoretical value, and then the size and materials of a standard sphere can vary. Thereby, only when both radar data of the two spheres are in the optic region can their difference in RCS value (i.e., 9.5424 dB) be approximately equal to the theoretical one (i.e., 9.6803 dB). In addition, if the scattering effect is caused by the Mie region, the size and materials of the standard sphere should be comparable to those of the calibrated target; otherwise, the different resonance effects of the target and the sphere could introduce measurement errors. For example, when the calibration is within the S-band, neither the radar data of a large sphere nor of a small sphere can be used for calibrating the radar data of the seagull and the drone within the S-band. In addition, the location of the radar signals of the spheres also provides the location of the target. In brief, the two spheres can both act as calibration objects for each other and other targets and then be used to provide radar calibration.  
Conceptualization, J.G. and J.Y.; methodology, J.G.; software, D.K.; validation, J.Y., D.K. and D.L.; formal analysis, J.G. and D.K.; investigation, J.G. and D.K.; resources, D.L.; data curation, D.K.; writing--original draft preparation, J.G.; writing--review and editing, H.H.; visualization, H.H.; supervision, J.Y. and D.K.; project administration, D.L.; funding acquisition, D.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank the assistants at the Marine Equipment Inspection & Testing Co., in Qingdao, China, including [PERSON] and [PERSON].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Radio Signal Modulation Recognition Method Based on Deep Learning Model Pruning
## 5 Experimental Analysis
### The Effect of Batch Size  
It can be seen from Figure 8 and Table 2 that with the increase in batch size, the training time decreases gradually, but the recognition accuracy reaches the maximum when the batch size = 256.  
As can be seen from the results, with the 256 batch size, each epoch of training time and loss can achieve a better result, so the model chose to use 256 as the value of Batch size.
## 5 Evaluation Methods  
AWS cloud metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the blockchain-based certificate model and the fine-grained data access control model based on the ABE for the IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture proposed in our previous papers [6, 7]. We defined the subscribe and publish request number as two for each IoT device because each IoT device generated two types of data: (A) temperature degree and (B) humidity degree. Therefore, when the number of IoT devices increases, the numbers of subscribe and publish requests will also increase. This produces accurate and real results about the performance of the blockchain-based certificate model and the fine-grained data access control model based on the ABE for the IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture. In this section, we provide the methods used to evaluate the performance of the blockchain-based certificate model and the fine-grained data access control model based on the ABE for the IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture.  
IoT-Fog-Cloud Architecture with Blockchain-Based Certificate Model versus without Blockchain-Based Certificate Model  
The performance of the IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture with the blockchain-based certificate model was analyzed and compared with the architecture without the blockchain-based certificate model, which was presented in the previous work [6], using AWS metrics. The experiment was conducted using different numbers of IoT devices (one, two, or three) two times, once with the blockchain-based certificate model and once without. The results were compared and analyzed to show the impacts of our blockchain-based certificate model on the proposed IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture [6,7]. Because the AWS cloud provider requires a certificate to authenticate any device, and because the fog device is the next layer, the certificate was placed in the Raspberry Pi that served as the fog device. The communication between the IoT device and the fog device was left without an authentication model [6]; this gap was filled by the proposed security model. The fog device distributed the certificates to the IoT devices after a connection request was made by the IoT devices. The fog device certificate was placed in each IoT device to allow them to be authenticated to the fog device. The objective of this method was to illustrate the impact of the blockchain-based certificate model on the IoT-Fog-Cloud architecture and that the performance of the model remains identical when using different numbers of IoT devices.
## 1 Introduction  
The thin structure of the time series of displacements of the Earth's surface, measured by means of GPS, is the subject of research by a large number of specialists. The maximum likelihood approach for estimating parameters of GPS time series models was used in [1, 2, 3, 4]. The structure of the noise and estimates of errors were considered in [5, 6, 7]. Parametric models of GPS time series for the analysis of phase correlations were used in [8]. Seasonal effects in GPS time series connected with hydrological loading and tectonic movements of the crust were studied in [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] by different methods including the multidimensional statistic approach. The influence of ionospheric and tropospheric delays on the sensitivity of the GPS solutions were considered in [17]. Hypotheses about origin of \"abnormal\" harmonics in GPS time series were regarded in [18].  
The coherence of the Earth's surface tremor was analyzed in [19, 20]. This article presents a further development of the methods for analyzing the Earth's surface tremor, proposed in [21], and analyzes the high-frequency noise structure in the time series of the GPS station network in the western United States during the time interval 2009-2022. The US West is one of the most seismically active regions. A dense network of GPS stations makes it possible to study in detail the features of the Earth's surface oscillations and try to compare them with global seismic activity.  
The term \"tremor\" in geophysics has many different meanings. In seismology, tremor is understood as slow movements of the Earth's crust as a result of so-called silent earthquakes. In volcanology, tremor is the shaking of the Earth's surface in the vicinity of volcanoes, usually associated with eruptions. In this article, the tremor is the residual in the values of the GPS time series after the removal of trends in polynomials of the fourth order in time windows 365 days long. It should be emphasized that time series with a step of 1 day are considered below (that is, after the removal of trends) the range of periods under consideration changes from 2 days up to about 100 days.
# Insight on Extraction and Preservation of Biological Activity of Cereal \(\beta\)-D-Glucans
## 5 Causes of Degradation of \(\beta\)-Glucans
Extrusion variables such as screw speed, screw configuration, cylinder temperature, and food humidity can affect the rheological and functional properties of ingredients, including viscosity, solubility, and thermal and colloidal properties [60]. However, a not too intensive extrusion process can improve the functional and technological properties of this extruded fiber that manifests more aggregates, a higher gelatinization temperature, greater solubility, better swelling capacity and solvent retention, and an increase in apparent viscosity and consistency, as well as a decrease in the flow index and greater foam stability [61]. One of the most important unit operations in the development of cereal products with a long shelf life, improved sensory parameters, and preservation of nutritional value is roasting. This heat treatment has no effect on the total content of cereal \(\beta\)-D-glucans--what varies is their solubility. This decrease in solubility can be attributed to the polymerization of \(\beta\)-D-glucans during heat treatment [62]. Since the viscosity conferred by \(\beta\)-D-glucans,which is functional to its health and technological aspects, is the product between MW and soluble \(\beta\)-D-glucan concentration (MW \(\times\) c), excessive solubility loss is a problem [21, 63]. Preservation by freezing also leads to a reduction in the solubility of \(\beta\)-D-glucans, as well as a reduction in MW [53, 64]. Water crystallization reduces the hydration of polysaccharide macromolecules and leads to the cryoconcentration of solubilized \(\beta\)-D-glucans during previous processing and cooking. These concentrated low-MW \(\beta\)-D-glucans will tend to aggregate via intermolecular hydrogen bonds that will reduce their solubility. The subsequent thawing process will allow greater mobility of the accumulated \(\beta\)-D-glucans, thus accelerating the formation of new intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the polymers, ultimately leading to a more stable aggregation. The reduction in the spatial occupation of \(\beta\)-D-glucans accompanied by the decrease in their solubility also reduces the viscosity of the dough [65, 66]. Furthermore, subjecting the dough to repeated freeze-thawing cycles progressively reduces the solubility of \(\beta\)-D-glucans [67]. Table 3 summarizes the main causes of degradation in terms of depolymerization and/or a reduction in the solubility and viscosity of cereal \(\beta\)-D-glucans, in relation to different processing practices, and provides indications on how to avoid/reduce such degradation.
# Evaluation of Urban Traffic Accidents Based on Pedestrian Landing Injury Risks
###### Abstract  
In comparison with vehicle-to-pedestrian collision, pedestrian-to-ground contact usually results in more unpredictable injuries (e.g., intracranial, neck, and abdominal injuries). Although there are many studies for different applications of such methods, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of urban traffic pedestrian accidents. The effects of pedestrian rotation angle (PRA) and pedestrian facing orientation (PFO) on head and neck injury risk in a ground contact are investigated by the finite element numerical models and different probabilistic analyses. It goes without saying that this study provides a theoretical basis for the prediction and protection study of pedestrian ground contact injury risk. In our experiments, 24 pedestrian-to-ground simulations are carried out by the THUMS v4.0.2 model considering eight PRAs (\(0^{\circ}\), \(45^{\circ}\), \(90^{\circ}\), \(135^{\circ}\), \(180^{\circ}\), \(225^{\circ}\), \(270^{\circ}\), \(315^{\circ}\), \(360^{\circ}\)) and three PFOs (x+, x-, y+). Each test was simulated with loading the average linear and rotational velocities that obtained from real-world pedestrian accidents at the pedestrian's center of gravity. The results show that both PRAs and PFOs have significant impacts on head and neck injuries. Head HIC value caused by PRA 0-\(135^{\circ}\) is much higher than that caused by PRA 180-\(315^{\circ}\). Neck injury risk caused by PRA \(180^{\circ}\) is the greatest one in comparison with other PRAs. The PRAs \(90^{\circ}\) and \(270^{\circ}\) usually induce a relatively lower neck injury risk. For PFO, the risk of head and neck injury was lower than PFOy+ and PFOx+ or PFOx-, which means PFOy+ was a safer landing orientation for both head and neck. The potential risk of head and neck injuries caused by the ground contact was strongly associated with the symmetry/asymmetric features of human anatomy.  
urban traffic accidents; smart cities; ground contact; injury risk; data analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 1 Introduction
Such conditions, including a large number of samples for training diagnosis model, independent and identical distribution, white Gaussian noise, or prior information of data, are difficult to meet in practical situation [18; 19], especially in time-varying and non-stationary nature of NC machine complex cutting process. Moreover, there is few prior knowledge can be available to detect and diagnose tool faults in NC machine currently [20]. The study of time-varying and non-stationary processes with less prior information is therefore well motivated. In the present paper, a novel fault diagnosis method based on stationary subspace analysis (SSA) and least squares (LS)-SVM is proposed to improve the accuracy of tool fault diagnosis. SSA is a blind source separation algorithm without the need for independency and without prior information of the source signals. It only assumes that the observed signals are a linear superposition of two groups of latent sources (stationary and non-stationary) and the non-stationaries alter the first two moments (mean and covariance matrix) [21]. SSA has been applied successfully to Video Classification [22], electroencephalographic (EEG) [23], Change-point detection [24]. The main goal of this paper is to utilize SSA into tool fault diagnosis of NC Machine, which has been not reported in published researches so far. However, SSA is a multi-dimensional feature exaction method that cannot diagnose tool' faults directly. LS-SVM and phase space reconstruction technique are introduced in this paper to solve certain requirements of tool fault diagnosis with a single sensor for monitoring cost and processing environment. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 details the SSA and LS-SVM algorithms. Section 3 provides the architecture of the proposed method. Section 4 describes the experimental design. Section 5 presents the results of the experiment and tests the advantage of the proposed method through a comparative study.
## 3 Methodology
### Protocol Description
Updated information should be available at every moment, thus decreasing the possibility of wrong routing decisions. On the other hand, the proposed solution should not send a complete routing table, but just changed parameters. In order to accelerate computational time and routing process, the proposed solution uses previously calculated routes until a new route is established. For the proposed routing protocol realization of the two segments the following are suggested:1. Optimization of data exchange (all relevant information about network changes),
2. Finding of the optimal multicriteria route in order to use network resource in a best way. Optimal use of network resources is very important from the point of current route selection as same as all future routing in order to minimize blocking probability. In this way, we have realized the network control management as a part of route selection problem.
## 3 Security Implications and Fundamental Approaches of Blockchain-Based Data Storage Methods
### Access Control Mechanisms in Relation to Blockchain Storage Types
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Access Control** & **On-Chain** & **Off-Chain** & **Hybrid** & **Operational Characteristics of the Mechanisms** \\ \hline CBAC (Context-Based Access Control) & & & & Context-based access management can be implemented on-chain using immutable data. Off-chain storage provides real-time processing of contextual data, making it advantageous. Hybrid models log contextual changes on-chain while utilizing off-chain solutions to enhance processing speed. & \\ \hline LBAC (Lattice-Based Access Control) & & & & & Lattice-based hierarchical access levels require immutable definitions, making on-chain storage suitable. Off-chain management is less effective. Hybrid models ensure on-chain security while managing updates off-chain, improving flexibility. & \\ \hline IBAC (Identity-Based Access Control) & & & & For user authentication, on-chain storage ensures immutable identity verification records. However, off-chain solutions are more practical for large-scale identity management. Hybrid models keep verification records on-chain while handling dynamic identity management off-chain. & \\ \hline CapBAC (Capability-Based Access Control) & & & & Capability-Based Access Control (CapBAC), which governs token-based access rights, ensures on-chain security. Off-chain solutions are preferable for managing large datasets. Hybrid models enhance the scalability and security of capability-based access control mechanisms. & \\ \hline OBAC (Organization-Based Access Control) & & & & Organization-Based Access Control (OBAC) policies are secured by storing them on-chain, but off-chain solutions are advantageous for frequently updated policies. Hybrid models integrate secure on-chain records with flexible off-chain processing mechanisms for dynamic policy management. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._trol [111; 162]. Lattice-Based Access Control (LBAC) is well-suited for on-chain storage, supporting immutable hierarchical access level definitions. Hybrid models integrate hierarchical structures with large-scale external systems for enhanced scalability [164; 154]. On-chain systems provide tamper-proof identity verification, while off-chain solutions facilitate large-scale identity management. Hybrid models strike a balance between performance and security. On-chain mechanisms ensure the secure recording of capability tokens [44; 45; 154]. Off-chain systems optimize token-based access control for large datasets. Hybrid models offer decentralized and scalable token management, improving access control flexibility [44; 157; 162]. On-chain storage secures organization-based access policies through immutable records. Off-chain solutions handle complex, large-scale organizational policies. Hybrid models combine security and flexibility for efficient organizational access control [22; 44; 161].