## 3 Results
### Metabolite Identification Based on UPLC-Orbitrap-MS
This compound was identified as kaempfer-3-O-(2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-O-xylosyl-6\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-O-hammosyl)-glucoside [36]. Compound **15** showed similar characteristics to compound **13**, where characteristic ion peaks were observed at \(m/z\) 595 and 433. This indicated the subsequent loss of deoxyhexose [M+H-146]\({}^{+}\), followed by the loss of hexose [M+H-146-162]\({}^{+}\). A base peak at \(m/z\) 287 from the loss of deoxyhexose (-146 Da) was observed, corresponding to kaempfer aglycone, which further confirmed compound **15** as kaempfer-3-O-(2\({}^{\prime\prime}\)-O-hammosyl)-glucose-7-O-rhammoside  
Compound **2** has a pseudomolecular ion peak at \(m/z\) 285.0406 [M-H]\({}^{-}\), and its fragmentation pattern was consistent with luteolin [37]. MS2 spectrum has revealed the fragment ion at \(m/z\) 181 due to the loss of fragment ions at \(m/z\) 151 and 133 corresponding to \({}^{13}\)A\({}^{-}\) and 1,3B\({}^{-}\), respectively. In the case of compound **3**, the pseudomolecular ion peak at \(m/z\) 341.0269 [M+H]\({}^{+}\) and the chemical molecular formula C\({}_{16}\)H\({}_{10}\)O\({}_{8}\) suggested the resemblance to myricetin. The pseudomolecular ion peak of compound **4** was \(m/z\) 331.0461 [M-H]\({}^{-}\), and the fragment ions of \(m/z\) 271, 178, and 151 showed a close resemblance to the methyl substituted myricetin that was previously reported [38]. Thus, compound **4** was tentatively identified as laricitrin. Compound **7** has a pseudomolecular ion of \(m/z\) 447.0934 [M-H]\({}^{-}\) and molecular formula of C\({}_{21}\)H\({}_{20}\)O\({}_{11}\). With the given information, the compound showed a close resemblance to a flavonoid glycoside. MS2 spectrum revealed the fragment ion at \(m/z\) 301 [M-H-146]\({}^{-}\) due to the loss of deoxyhexose. Other fragment ions showed fragment ions of \({}^{1,3}\)A\({}^{-}\) at \(m/z\) 151 and the subsequent loss of CO\({}_{2}\) of that ion \(m/z\) 107, which deduces as a quercetin aglycone [39,40]. Thus, compound **7** was identified as quercetin-3-O-rhammoside. Compounds **16** and **17** have a pseudomolecular ion \(m/z\) 755.2051 and 771.1999 [M-H]\({}^{-}\), respectively. The molecular formula of their expected mass spectra suggested the structure to be the same as tri-glycos of flavonol derivatives. The fragment ion of \(m/z\) 609 [M-H-162]\({}^{-}\) was observed for compound **17**, which suggested the loss of hexose moiety (-162 Da). Subsequently, the loss of deoxyhexose moiety at \(m/z\) 463 [M-H-162-146]\({}_{-}\), followed by another hexose moiety at \(m/z\) 301 [M-H-162-146-162]\({}^{-}\), was detected from the fragment ions. Thus, compound **17** was tentatively identified as quercetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhammoside [36]. Compound **16** fragment ion showed \(m/z\) 593 [M-H-162]\({}^{-}\) which depicts the loss of hexose moiety. Consequently, the fragment ions of \(m/z\) 447 [M-H-162-146]\({}^{-}\), followed by the fragment ion \(m/z\) 301 [M-H-162-146-146]\({}^{-}\), represented the loss of the deoxyhexose unit (-146 Da) consistently. Thus, compound **16** was tentatively identified as quercetin-3-O-\(\alpha\)-L-rhammosyl(1,2)-\(\beta\)-D-glucose-7-O-\(\alpha\)-L-rhammoside. Additional phytochemicals were tentatively identified based on their pseudomolecular ions, derived from mass spectral data and MS2 fragmentation patterns. These identifications were performed with a 5 ppm accuracy tolerance by referencing the Natural Product Atlas database [[https://www.npatlas.org/](https://www.npatlas.org/)]([https://www.npatlas.org/](https://www.npatlas.org/)) (accessed on 11 April 2024) and corroborated with findings from the previously reported literature [41, 42, 43, 44, 45] (Supplementary Information, Figures S7-S28).