## 1 Introduction  
Many studies on carbon and water exchange have been carried out in different biomes in South America, such as the Caatinga [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7], grazed pasture [8; 9], Pantanal [10; 11], Cerrado [12; 13], and the Amazon, which probably concentrates most of the studies [14; 15; 16; 17; 18], in addition to integrated analyses of the biomes [19; 20; 21]. Understanding the seasonality of exchanges and the resistance and adaptability of species to increasingly frequent water stresses [22] is of the utmost importance in studies on biosphere-atmosphere interaction with a focus on South America, especially the Amazon biome, in addition to environmental studies [23; 24; 25] to characterize the impacts of environmental changes on soil properties. The Amazon Basin is at the center of increasingly intense discussions on deforestation, land use and global change, such as studies on carbon (C) cycling and storage and its implications for the global climate [26], as well as factors that affect the quality of life of the population [15]. Forests like this harbor around 10 to 15% of the Earth's biodiversity, and have abundant rainfall of around 2200 mm/year, which makes the region an important source of heat and humidity for the atmosphere and generates an estimated 210,000 m\({}^{3}\)/s to 220,000 m\({}^{3}\)/s of river flow, which is \(\sim\)15% of the freshwater inflow into the oceans. In addition, it stores around 150 to 200 billion tons of carbon and presents a mosaic of ethnological and linguistic diversity [27]. An increasing number of studies [28; 29; 30] are aimed at characterizing forest environments in terms of their soil, atmosphere and water characteristics and properties and their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change mitigation, particularly in Brazil's Amazon region. Given its significance, studies on Amazonia related to water, carbon and nutrient cycles, as well as solar energy balances, as a result of changes in the region's vegetation cover, are frequently carried out by researchers from the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Program in the Amazon (LBA). [PERSON] et al. [31] showed that high CO\({}_{2}\) concentrations in the early morning occur due to ecosystem respiration in a stable nocturnal atmospheric layer, and some previous studies point to the Amazon rainforest as a potential sink for atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\)[32; 33; 34] with micrometeorological measurements via flux towers. Previous studies have indicated seasonal patterns in gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (RECO), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), energy exchange, phenology and tree growth [35; 36; 37; 38], and they usually found that the seasonal course of canopy photosynthesis was largely controlled by phenology and light. GPP refers to the total amount of carbon fixed by plants in an ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis, and it is an important component of the carbon balance that has been analyzed in studies since the 2000s, whereas carbon cycle studies seek to support tower measurements with data from biometric or satellite measurements [35; 36; 37; 38]. [PERSON] et al. [36] compared micrometeorological estimates and biometric measurements in Santarem-PA, and they reported a CO\({}_{2}\) source to the atmosphere of 1.3 Mg C h\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) associated with the prevalence of emissions from the decomposition of necromass in previous episodes of high tree mortality in the region. [PERSON] et al. [37] reported slightly positive ecosystem fluxes (considering NEE \(>\) 0 = source, NEE \(<\) 0 = sink) of 0.4 Mg C h\({}^{-1}\) year\({}^{-1}\) corroborated by biometric measurements. [PERSON] et al. [38] combined satellite estimates and field data to suggest that uptake by living trees exceeds emission by dead trees, reinforcing evidence of terra firme forest acting as a carbon sink in aerial biomass.