## 1 Introduction  
Vision is the predominant sense, essential for interpreting environmental information and enabling effective responses to stimuli [1]. In sports, optimal performance hinges on the ability to process visual information accurately and execute precise motor responses, a process mediated by three interconnected mechanisms: perceptual, decision-making, and effector mechanisms [2]. The perceptual mechanism organizes and interprets sensory inputs [2], the decision-making mechanism identifies the most suitable stimulus-response pairing within the sports context [3], and the effector mechanism orchestrates neural commands to produce the required motor actions [2]. Advancements in sports science increasingly focus on integrating cutting-edge technologies and tailored training regimens to refine visual capabilities and enhance athletic outcomes. Sports vision, a multidisciplinary domain, involves the coordinated functions of the visual, central, somatic nervous systems, and the musculoskeletal system [4]. Comprehensive sports vision programs emphasize a vision care designed for performance enhancement through correction, protection, education, development, and assessment [5]. Research by [PERSON] et al. [4] highlights that up to 85-90% of sensory input in sports originates from visual information. However, the importance of visual skills varies not only across different sports but also by an athlete's specific role and the visual demands associated with it [6]. Dynamic visual acuity, defined as the ability to resolve fine details in moving objects, is particularly crucial for referees and athletes engaged in high-movement scenarios [7]. Accommodation and vergence ensure rapid and stable visual focus across varying distances, while contrast sensitivity is indispensable in challenging conditions, such as during rain or fog [8]. Stereopsis facilitates three-dimensional environmental perception, allowing athletes to accurately estimate the distance and size of objects, which is vital for timing and spatial judgments [9,10]. Sports vision focuses on enhancing and maintaining visual function to optimize athletic performance [4]. Key performance indicators include eye-hand, eye-foot, and eye-body coordination, all of which play a critical role in various sports. Eye-tracking technology is used to analyze eye movements during training, while motor response time quantifies the duration needed to execute predetermined actions [11]. Essential skills such as speed of identification, peripheral vision, and visual memory are typically more developed in elite athletes compared to the general population and sub-elite athletes, as supported by evidence [12,13]. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [14] compared depth perception in baseball and softball players, concluding that ball players exhibit superior abilities compared to non-ball players. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [15] reported that basketball players aged 11 to 13 demonstrated visual skills comparable to or exceeding those of adults. However, discrepancies remain in some abilities across different studies. Dynamic visual acuity, which relates to the precise control of eye movements, is strongly associated with better performance in manual interceptive tasks, particularly among interceptive athletes [16,17]. Scientific evidence also supports the predictive value of visual acuity in assessing on-field performance in baseball players [8]. However, peripheral visual acuity remains a subject of debate, with only two studies demonstrating differences in functional visual fields [16; 18]. Research has also identified differences in contrast sensitivity between athletes and non-athletes. For instance, badminton players demonstrated an enhanced contrast sensitivity for blue-yellow contrasts compared to a control group [19], and table tennis players exhibited a superior contrast sensitivity overall [18]. Contrast sensitivity has proven useful in distinguishing interceptive sports athletes from non-athletes with an accuracy rate of 61% [16].