## 4 Petrography and Geochemistry
### Geochemical Characteristics
To review the additional geochemical characteristics of the rocks under study, the behavior of the elements was analyzed by standardizing the characteristics in accordance with certain criteria by element types. Specifically, the mean composition of granite was used for the major elements, the chondrite meteorite ratio was used for the REEs, and primitive-mantle composition was used for compatible and incompatible elements (Figure 7) [19, 20, 21]. As lanthanoid REEs have fairly similar characteristics, they reflect the differentiation process of the materials of origin of rocks, as they behave predictably in several different environments on Earth. Compatible and incompatible elements underlie the geochemical characteristics of the original rocks formed from magma [22, 23]. Examining the homogeneity between stones by comparing the compositional contents of REE, as well as compatible and incompatible elements with previously studied standard values, is a well-known method that has already been applied to various stone cultural heritage including tom \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rock Type** & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Quartzite**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Amphibolite**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Diabase**} \\ \hline
**Sample** & **SQU** & **GQU** & **PQU-1** & **PQU-2** & **SAM** & **GAM** & **PAM-1** & **PAM-2** & **GDI** & **PDI** \\ \hline SiO2 & 98.39 & 97.45 & 99.36 & 96.08 & 47.63 & 43.55 & 44.18 & 48.70 & 37.42 & 32.76 \\ Al2O3 & 0.99 & 0.75 & 0.96 & 1.52 & 14.56 & 19.90 & 14.83 & 15.14 & 6.12 & 4.52 \\ Fe2O3 & 0.07 & 0.06 & 0.06 & 1.46 & 15.12 & 13.20 & 16.25 & 11.21 & 24.35 & 30.68 \\ MnO & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.25 & 0.17 & 0.19 & 0.16 & 0.23 & 0.20 \\ MgO & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.02 & 5.99 & 4.33 & 5.91 & 7.66 & 13.42 & 11.80 \\ CaO & 0.02 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.03 & 11.76 & 13.77 & 10.49 & 10.74 & 12.46 & 10.18 \\ Na2O & 0.04 & 0.05 & 0.04 & 0.07 & 1.72 & 0.80 & 2.38 & 2.30 & 0.46 & 0.47 \\ K2O & 0.17 & 0.09 & 0.13 & 0.42 & 0.31 & 0.14 & 0.35 & 0.93 & 0.06 & 0.10 \\ TiO2 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.04 & 0.02 & 1.32 & 4.17 & 4.81 & 0.79 & 5.90 & 8.78 \\ P2O5 & 0.01 & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.01 & 0.15 & 0.03 & 0.05 & 0.07 & 0.01 & 0.02 \\ LOI & 0.52 & 0.29 & 0.24 & 0.45 & 1.88 & 0.32 & 0.71 & 1.45 & 0.40 & 0.95 \\ \hline Total & 100.20 & 98.73 & 100.90 & 100.10 & 100.70 & 100.40 & 100.20 & 99.15 & 100.80 & 100.40 \\ \hline Ba & 17 & 9 & 23 & 225 & 143 & 55 & 178 & 246 & 59 & 32 \\ Cr & 1 & 3 & 2 & 4 & 116 & 1 & 1 & 783 & 465 & 443 \\ Hf & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 1.8 & 1.5 & 1.5 & 2.7 & 0.5 & 1.2 \\ Rb & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 & 20 \\ Sc & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.2 & 0.1 & 44.2 & 18.4 & 24.7 & 29.5 & 59.2 & 49.5 \\ Sr & 3 & 2 & 6 & 7 & 221 & 3187 & 1331 & 183 & 214 & 145 \\ Zr & 6 & 3 & 8 & 8 & 83 & 41 & 55 & 83 & 47 & 46 \\ Th & 0.5 & 0.6 & 1.7 & 1.5 & 1.2 & 0.5 & 0.9 & 3.0 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ Ta & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\ Y & 1 & 2 & 3 & 2 & 32 & 4 & 6 & 17 & 8 & 3 \\ \hline La & 1.2 & 0.9 & 4.0 & 3.0 & 11.3 & 7.6 & 12.2 & 11.2 & 12.0 & 1.2 \\ Ce & 3 & 5 & 12 & 6 & 28 & 20 & 29 & 26 & 23 & 3 \\ Nd & 5 & 5 & 5 & 5 & 16 & 5 & 16 & 11 & 5 & 5 \\ Sm & 0.2 & 0.1 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 4.1 & 2.0 & 2.9 & 2.6 & 3.3 & 1.6 \\ Eu & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 1.3 & 1.5 & 1.2 & 0.1 & 0.7 & 0.1 \\ Tb & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ Yb & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 3.3 & 0.6 & 0.8 & 2.2 & 1.4 & 0.4 \\ Lu & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.5 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 \\ \hline \((\text{La}/\text{Yb})_{\text{N}}\) & 8.1 & 6.1 & 27.0 & 20.3 & 2.3 & 8.6 & 10.3 & 3.4 & 5.8 & 2.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Geochemical compositions of major oxides(wt.%) and selected minor and rare-earth elements(ppm) for quartzite, amphibolite, and diabase. Sample names are as used in Table 1. LOI; loss on ignition. As a result of reviewing elemental behaviors, most of the gneiss, excavated from Bangi-dong (BGN) and gneiss collected near Bangi-dong tomb area (PGN-2) and from Daemo Mountain (PGN-3), showed the most similar behavior for all elements.