## 3 Results and Discussion
However, in this case, the power output of the solar cells increased after the lamination process. The rate of increase in output \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Before Lamination**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**After Lamination**} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Spacing** \\ **[cm]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **String** \\ **No.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isc** \\ **[A]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Voc** \\ **[V]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **FF** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Eff** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **String** \\ **No.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isc** \\ **[A]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Voc** \\ **[V]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **FF** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{4.0 cm} & 17 & 1.876 & 11.13 & 75.4 & 19.68 & 17 & 1.976 & 11.037 & 74.7 & 20.347 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 18 & 1.881 & 11.154 & 75.4 & 19.766 & 18 & 1.97 & 11.078 & 74.5 & 20.319 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 19 & 1.869 & 11.149 & 76.0 & 19.773 & 19 & 1.968 & 11.056 & 74.6 & 20.296 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 20 & 1.874 & 11.129 & 75.6 & 19.691 & 20 & 1.964 & 11.047 & 74.8 & 20.27 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Output characteristics of fabricated module based on the spacing between shingled strings (spacing 1.0 cm). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Before Lamination**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**After Lamination**} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Spacing** \\ **[cm]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **String** \\ **No.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isc** \\ **[A]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Voc** \\ **[V]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **FF** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Eff** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **String** \\ **No.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isc** \\ **[A]** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Voc** \\ **[V]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **FF** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Eff** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{1.0} & 9 & 1.874 & 11.119 & 75.7 & 19.713 & 9 & 1.877 & 11.019 & 75.4 & 19.488 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 10 & 1.869 & 11.119 & 75.7 & 19.667 & 10 & 1.879 & 11.019 & 75.0 & 19.41 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 11 & 1.878 & 11.13 & 75.2 & 19.652 & 11 & 1.881 & 11.03 & 74.6 & 19.343 \\ \cline{2-11}  & 12 & 1.868 & 11.143 & 75.7 & 19.696 & 12 & 1.877 & 11.025 & 74.9 & 19.363 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Output characteristics of fabricated module based on the spacing between shingled strings (spacing 2.0 cm). after the lamination process, based on the 0.2 cm spacing, was 33.33% at 0.5 cm, 46.98% at 1 cm, 67.01% at 2 cm, and 193.49% at 4 cm. Figure 7 shows the short-circuit current values according to string spacing. When the laminated string spacing became longer than 0.5 cm, short-circuit current values were increased compared with non-laminated strings. In the case of efficiency, as shown in Figure 8, overall efficiency was increased when laminated string spacing became longer than 1 cm. One of the representative methods to increase the efficiency of a photovoltaic module is to optimize the spacing between strings so that the reflected light can be reabsorbed by the solar cells. The wider the spacing, the more light is reflected from the rear and reabsorbed, generating more electron-hole pairs and resulting in a higher current. As shown in Figure 7, the amount of Isc increases as the spacing between strings increases. This increase in Isc leads to improved string efficiency, which in turn results in higher module efficiency. However, increasing the spacing between strings in the same area also decreases the number of solar cells that can be installed, leading to a decrease in the module's active area and consequently its efficiency.