## 4 Results and Discussion
### Life Cycle Assessment  
The LCA analysis conducted in this study aims to investigate the short- and medium-term environmental impacts associated with the current state of livestock (SDF) and an energy retrofit scenario (RIQ), which includes the installation of 80 photovoltaic panels on the roof, with a total peak power of 32.80 kW. This study was conducted using the OneClick LCA software in accordance with the EN 15978:2011 standard [61]. An evaluation period of 30 years is considered, encompassing the stages of production (A1-A3), transportation (A4), construction (A5), end-of-life (C1-C4), material-related use phases (B4-B5), and operational energy phases (B6). These assessments are presented in terms of global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), formation of lower atmosphere ozone (FO), and primary energy consumption (PE). In order to obtain an average assessment of environmental impacts related to scenarios, generic materials from the OneClick LCA database were employed for the production stage (A1-A3) and the Italian energy mix for the operational phase (B6). The analysis was conducted using the gross floor area (in square meters) as the functional unit, considering a total surface of 1695 m\({}^{2}\). Both the building envelope materials (external walls, floors, and roof) and the structural components (steel frame and foundation), as well as the photovoltaic panels, were included in the analysis. In particular, only the photovoltaic modules were included in the analysis, while the metal substructure, inverters, storage batteries, and other components were not considered. In addition, doors, windows, furnishings, finishes, materials external to the building (vegetation, fences, pavements, temporary cabins, etc. ), and mechanical systems (heating, cooling, mechanical ventilation, lighting, and machinery) were excluded. The quantities of construction materials are detailed in the bill of materials (Table 4). The production phases (A1-A3) include the extraction and transportation of raw materials to the manufacturing site, their processing, and the treatment of generated waste. Material quantities are expressed per square meter of envelope surface, following the stratigraphies detailed in Table 5. The transportation (A4) and construction (A5) phases are modeled using standard scenarios from the OneClick LCA database. The use phase (B3-B4) and end-of-life phase (C2-C4) are estimated based on standard processes from the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Description** & **Unit** & **Quantity** & **Description** & **Unit** & **Quantity** \\ \hline Steel frame & t & 57.79 & Wooden formwork & m\({}^{2}\) & 108.52 \\ Rebar & t & 29.09 & PVC roofing elements & kg & 3096.98 \\ Concrete C 16/20 & m\({}^{3}\) & 135.60 & EPS insulation & kg & 4464.36 \\ Concrete C 25/30 & m\({}^{3}\) & 506.40 & Steel sheeting & t & 54.40 \\ Gravel & m\({}^{3}\) & 339.00 & Raised floor system & kg & 8284.10 \\ Bentonite membrane & t & 11.75 & Photovoltaic panels & m\({}^{2}\) & 120.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Bill of main material quantities included in the assessment—© authors. OneClick LCA database, accounting for both repair and replacement activities, as well as the machinery required for processing material waste by weight. The operational phase (B6) is assessed using energy consumption data outlined in the previous section, along with environmental profiles specific to the Italian context from the OneClick LCA database, derived from the Italian electricity mix based on IEA 2022 data. The results presented in the following section exhibit a series of methodological limitations arising from various factors, as they are based on the specific assumptions adopted in this study. However, it is important to highlight that variations in some of these initial assumptions could significantly affect the final outcomes.