# Development of an Ergonomic Writing Assistive Device for Finger Pain Reduction in the Elderly
## 3 Results
### Satisfaction Evaluation  
Table 7 summarizes the values of each item for Cronbach's alpha prior to the satisfaction evaluation of each WAD. As a general matter, no problem with reliability exists if the value is greater than 0.7. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value was 0.858, confirming that reliability was high, and that the responses to the satisfaction evaluation had high internal consistency. In addition, the fact that the Cronbach's alpha value of each item is similar to the average means that the correlation is high, and the results of all items can be used for analysis without deletion.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Finger** & **SW** & **WB** & **NDWAD** & **F** & **Post-Hoc** & **(Tukey or Mann** & **Whitney U)** \\ \hline Thumb & 2.48 & 1.35 & 0.59 & 29.06 & 0.000 * & c \textless{}a, b, c \textless{}b \textless{}c \\ Index finger & 2.07 & 1.35 & 1.09 & 12.42 & 0.002 * & b, c \textless{}a \\ Middle finger & 0.59 & 1.25 & 0.46 & 13.30 & 0.000 * & b \textless{}a, c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p<0.05\), a: SW, b: WB, c: NDWAD.  
\end{table}
Table 6: Finger pressure associated with the use of each WAD.  
Figure 6: Mean pressure of finger.  
Table 8 and Figure 7 show the evaluation results of nine questions relating to satisfaction levels. In the SW section, 'Weight' and 'Safety' had the highest score, and 'Recommendation' had the lowest score. In WB, 'Safety' had the highest score, while 'Easy to use' and 'Recommendation' had the lowest. For the NDWAD, 'Dimension', 'Safety', and 'Durability' received the highest scores, while 'Recommendation' received the lowest. The mean satisfaction score for all items was NDWAD (4.47), SW (3.99), and WB (3.29). There was a significant difference (_p_ < 0.05) in 'Easy to use', 'Comfort', 'Effectiveness', 'Use again', and 'Recommendation' among the nine items.  
When participants were asked to select the three most important questions among the WAD satisfaction evaluation questions, 'Comfort' took first place (appearing 16 times (26.67%)), 'Effectiveness' took second place (appearing 13 times (21.67%)) and 'Easy to use' took third place (appearing 10 times (16.67%)) (Table 9).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Items** & \begin{tabular}{c} **SW** \\ **Mean \(\pm\) SD (Range)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **WB** \\ **Mean \(\pm\) SD (Range)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **NDWAD** \\ **Mean \(\pm\) SD (Range)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Chi-Square** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(p\) \\ **p** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Dimension & 4.65 \(\pm\) 0.88 (2–5) & 4.15 \(\pm\) 1.42 (1–5) & 4.90 \(\pm\) 0.45 (3–5) & 4.83 & 0.089 \\ Weight & 4.80 \(\pm\) 0.52 (3–5) & 4.55 \(\pm\) 1.05 (1–5) & 4.85 \(\pm\) 0.49 (3–5) & 0.92 & 0.631 \\ Safety & 4.80 \(\pm\) 0.52 (3–5) & 4.60 \(\pm\) 1.05 (1–5) & 4.90 \(\pm\) 0.45 (3–5) & 1.25 & 0.534 \\ Durability & 4.70 \(\pm\) 0.80 (2–5) & 4.65 \(\pm\) 0.88 (2–5) & 4.90 \(\pm\) 0.45 (3–5) & 1.30 & 0.522 \\ Easy to use & 3.45 \(\pm\) 1.36 (1–5) & 2.10 \(\pm\) 0.91 (1–4) & 4.40 \(\pm\) 0.82 (3–5) & 26.89 & 0.000 * \\ Comfort & 4.00 \(\pm\) 1.21 (2–5) & 3.05 \(\pm\) 1.64 (1–5) & 4.30 \(\pm\) 0.92 (3–5) & 7.23 & 0.027 * \\ Effectiveness & 3.50 \(\pm\) 1.32 (1–5) & 2.15 \(\pm\) 1.23 (1–5) & 4.10 \(\pm\) 1.17 (1–5) & 18.88 & 0.000 * \\ Use again & 3.25 \(\pm\) 1.33 (1–5) & 2.25 \(\pm\) 1.25 (1–5) & 4.10 \(\pm\) 1.25 (1–5) & 15.78 & 0.000 * \\ Recommendation & 2.80 \(\pm\) 1.15 (1–5) & 2.10 \(\pm\) 1.07 (1–5) & 3.75 \(\pm\) 1.29 (1–5) & 15.072 & 0.001 * \\ \hline Mean satisfaction & 3.99 \(\pm\) 0.51 (1.78–5.00) & 3.29 \(\pm\) 0.58 (1.11–4.89) & 4.47 \(\pm\) 0.40 (2.33–5.00) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} SD: standard deviation; Range: min–max; *_p_ < 0.05.  
\end{table}
Table 8: WAD satisfaction.  
Figure 7: Satisfaction of each WAD (*_p_ < 0.05).  
The qualitative evaluation of interview answers related to satisfaction, as shown in Table 10, the complaint proportion of WB is high in the order of WB, SW, and NDWAD.