# Visualisation of Information Using Patient Journey Maps for a Mobile Health Application
## 2 Review of Literature and Applications  
### PJMs  
A PJM depicts the interactions between healthcare professionals and patients around touchpoints during a patient's treatment journey. To date, PJMs have been primarily used by healthcare providers to communicate and share information in the treatment patients. In recent years, healthcare has become more patient-centred, and PJMs have also been adapted accordingly and are now used to provide high-quality care to patients while also engaging patients and their caregivers in care tasks and significantly influencing their care. In the present study, we initially identified the characteristics and components of PJMs proposed in previous studies to define a patient-centred PJM. [PERSON] et al. [19] proposed and evaluated a novel patient journey modelling technique, PaJMA, to improve patient care by addressing the challenges of integrating clinical processes and information systems with traditional clinical practice. Specifically, they proposed a patient journey model that provides a visual representation of processes, technologies, and stakeholder interactions, which are used to integrate clinical processes, information systems, and health information technology (HIT) systematically to support a patient. Their aim was to integrate clinical processes with information systems and HIT to benefit patients and staff and thus aid in healthcare delivery. [PERSON] et al. [20] introduced a design tool called integrated patient journey mapping (IPJM) to help multidisciplinary teams design effective HIT solutions by considering three key elements of healthcare quality: clinical effectiveness, patient safety, and patient experience. To support requirement analysis and foster empathy and understanding among multidisciplinary teams, IPJM uses 'patient personas, medical timelines, and medical pathways' to construct a picture of a patient's movement and task performance along a medical pathway. [PERSON] et al. [21] integrated various technological tools into PJMs to improve healthcare quality. Their ultimate goal was to improve the quality of healthcare by providing support for continuous medical care, reducing wait times, and enhancing patient safety. They utilised PJMs as tools to indicate the touchpoints where new technologies and tools should be introduced to improve the healthcare journey of a patient and create a digital health strategy. [PERSON] et al. [22] used PJMs to address three breakdowns (communication, patient learning, and system breakdowns) that can affect care transitions (i.e., movement of patients between multiple healthcare systems). These authors suggested the application of PJMs to coordinate and align multidisciplinary care teams for patients undergoing care transitions. Their objective was to improve the quality of care by identifying problems in care transitions from the patient's perspective rather than from the traditional healthcare provider's perspective, which is solely governed by quantitative efficiency. Although PJMs are extensively used in healthcare, they are not well documented. [PERSON] et al. [23] reportedly constructed PJMs that include the patient perspective to innovate healthcare delivery. They proposed a PJM design method based on the advantages of service design; this PJM design method can identify problems in current services through user-centric experience management. [PERSON] [24] performed an applied case study using PJMs and proposed a service design framework that embraces new technologies to improve patient experience. The author interviewed patients to establish disease journeys and generated a PJM based on various disease cases. The author reported that the generated PJM can serve as a communication tool for designers when identifying challenges in a healthcare system and the opportunities for integrating technology to improve user experience.