## 1 Introduction  
The utilization of pipelines is recognized as a significant means of transporting petroleum products, such as gases, fossil fuels, chemicals, and other prominent hydrocarbon fluids that contribute to the nation's economy [1]. The most affordable and secure way of transporting crude oil was realized with oil and gas pipeline networks, and they deliver the growing demand for quality and reliability [2, 3]. As compared to pipelines, the reported deaths, the accidents caused during transportation of petroleum products are 2.7%, 4%, and 87% through rail, ship, and truck, respectively [4]. To overcome and avoid accidents through transportation, the pipeline is widely implemented globally for oil transportation. However, the wide implementation pipeline has increased the chances of pipeline failures [5]. According to PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration), the hazardous line liquid incidents from the year 2010 to 2019 are 3978. The causes of these incidents are shown in Figure 1, while the year-wise pipeline failure incidents are addressed in Table 1.  
Figure 1 illustrates the causes of oil pipeline failures and PHMSA identified three major causes of oil pipeline leakage namely: corrosion, pipe material, and hardware problems [6]. Corrosion is the major cause of oil pipeline failures. Moreover, external corrosion is galvanic corrosion and accounts for approximately 60% of these, whereas inside corrosion is mostly caused by microbial consumption [7]. The accidents and statistics related to the oil pipeline failure encouraged researchers to implement a monitoring and supervising system. Assessment of pipeline with integrity management systems, such as on-the-ground and aerial monitoring by security personnel are holding the major disadvantages in inspecting and monitoring pipeline due to high cost and complexity of design as well as the absence of suitable access routes. Historically, pipeline operators have struggled with real-time pipeline monitoring that is not limited to control rooms in a single place. In previous studies, intelligence pipeline inspection gauges (PIGs) are implemented for monitoring pipelines. However, implementing this PIG requires a high amount of investment due to the length of the pipeline is about 2.5 km [8]. According to estimates, the cost of pipeline monitoring and inspection by pigs can reach USD 56,000 per kilometer. Companies spend close to USD 105 billion on pigging the world's hydrocarbon pipelines although 25% of the world's pipelines are \"un-pigable\". The existing methods, which are proposed by distinct researchers, are classified into three categories, exterior methods, visual methods, and computational based methods [9; 10; 11]. However, the integration of all these methods with remote monitoring will assist the authorities to monitor the condition of pipelines from any remote location. Remote monitoring is possible with emerging digital technology, i.e., IoT [12]. The IoT is an emerging environment that connects physical things to the digital environment with the assistance of the internet [13]. Moreover, advanced sensor and wireless communication technology are progressing day by day, encouraging the utilization of the IoT in various fields for remote and real-time monitoring [14]. Generally, the pipelines pass through the outer environment of the cities, so here IoT-based remote monitoring systems require a robust and reliable communication protocol that can communicate the data of the pipeline to a long range without any interruption. Here, the long-range (LoRa) communication is feasible for communicating the data to the long-range with minimum consumption. With this advantage, we have proposed a hybrid architecture for oil pipeline monitoring-based on 2.4 GHz-based Zigbee and LoRa communication. The proposed architecture enables to monitor the oil pipeline through the cloud server. Here we have developed and