esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
### Impact of Killing Method on Microbial Load
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**In Vitro Digestibility**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Killing Methods**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mechanical**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Asphyxiation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Heat**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**SEM**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Blending** & **Freezing** & & & & & & \\ \hline Supernat & & & & & & & \\ IVCD & 19.5 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 13.2 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 8.42 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 11.2 \({}^{\mathrm{bc}}\) & 2.54 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 1.87 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 1.521 & 0.001 \\ IVPD & 122 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 112 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 124 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 129 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 133 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 166 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 5.374 & 0.04 \\ Sediment (\%) & & & & & & & & \\ Dry matter & 53.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 59.4 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 57.1 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 61.0 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 56.1 \({}^{\mathrm{ab}}\) & 59.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 0.868 & 0.04 \\ Crude protein & 31.3 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 48.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 53.1 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 54.8 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 52.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 51.9 \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\) & 2.094 & 0.001 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{9}{c}{SEM: standard error of mean; IVCD: in vitro carbohydrate digestibility (mM of D-malulose equivalence per g feed); IVPD: in vitro protein digestibility (mM of D-alanine equivalence per g feed). \({}^{\mathrm{a,b,c,d}}\) Different superscripts in the same row indicate statistically significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) by using [PERSON]’s multiple range test as post hoc analysis.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: In vitro digestibility of BSF larvae meal as raw materials. microbes from a freeze-thawed sample, which would have decreased the growth rate of microbes. The acidic conditions of end products promote a prolonged shelf life and reduce the microbial growth rate [26], which relates to the activity of acid-producing bacteria such as _Lactobacillus_ sp. [8]. As described above, heat treatment reduced the microbial load, whereas asphyxiation promoted bacterial growth. High pH was observed in heat-treatment groups, and low pH was presented in asphyxiation groups, which was comparable to other research studies [8]. The total viable count after killing by heat treatment was still higher than the limit based on the regulation on animal feed of Thailand, which must be lower than \(8\times 106\) CFU/g fresh matter [25], therefore a further hot drying process with appropriate storage conditions should be performed to reduce microbial loads. From our suggestion, the pathogenic bacteria were observed in the black soldier fly prepupae after killing; therefore, further heat treatments and/or drying processes must be performed to prevent infection in animals and also cross contamination of humans, which is a public health concern.
## 3 Problem Definition and Methods  
### Problem Definition  
The goal of this paper is to predict short-term trajectory sequences for multiple pedestrians in a crowded environment. We observe the trajectory coordinates of \(N\) pedestrians for \(t_{\text{obs}}\) time steps in a video stream, which is denoted as \(X_{i}=\left\{(x_{i}^{t},y_{i}^{t})\in R^{2}|t=1,\cdots,t_{\text{obs}}\right\}\) for \(i\in\left\{1,\cdots,N\right\}\). Then, the future trajectory of pedestrian \(i\) is predicted as \(\hat{Y}_{i}=\left\{\left(x_{i}^{t},y_{i}^{t}\right)\in R^{2}\right\}\) for the next \(t_{\text{pred}}\) time steps, while their ground-true trajectory is denoted as \(Y_{i}\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and Multivariate Correlation Analysis (MCA)  
An MFA was performed to reveal the similarities and differences between the measured variables. In Figure 2, the results of the MFA are depicted, in which the factor scores of each measurement are variable on the first two dimensions, which explain 86.40% and 7.41% of the total variance, respectively. In this figure, the examined variables (\(X_{1}\)-\(X_{4}\)) are also incorporated, which are distinguished according to their levels. The plot reveals blocks of items that are similar (or familiar) to one another, determined by their proximity within the factor space. It appears that factors \(X_{1}\) and \(X_{3}\) (liquid-to-solid ratio and pulsation) positively affect the extraction of bioactive compounds from OM pulp, along with factor \(X_{4}\) (i.e., extraction duration). The latter factor was found to have a significant impact on OM peels rather than pulp (_vide infra_). On the other hand, factor \(X_{2}\) (i.e., solvent composition) seems to have a negative correlation to the extraction of all bioactive compounds. This factor was observed to have a negative impact on both OM peels and pulp. It is safe to conclude that an aqueous solvent favors the extraction yield for both OM pulp and peels, as further analyzed below. A more comprehensive overview of the results is provided by the MCA in Figure 3. Considering OM pulp, a strong positive association appears among all variables, except for BC and DPPH, which seemingly have less impact on one another. Regarding the OM peels, a strong correlation is present across all variables. The DPPH value exhibits some variance, indicating an average association with all other examined variables.
# Future Directions for Electric Propulsion Research
## 2 Types of Electric Propulsion  
Figure 1 shows a trade space of thrust-to-power and specific impulse for the three major classes of electric propulsion. We have differentiated these by the mechanisms employed to generate thrust: thermal expansion, electrostatic, and electromagnetic. For concepts that rely on thermal expansion, a fluid is heated at high pressure and then expanded to low pressure, converting thermal energy todirected kinetic energy, thus generating thrust. In a conventional chemical propulsion system, the heat comes from combustion, and the expansion is guided by a physical nozzle. In an electrical propulsion system, the heat may be added, for example, via electrical heaters in a resistojet (RJ) or a plasma arc in an arcjet (AJ) paired with a physical nozzle, or inductively with radio frequency (RF) power paired with a magnetic nozzle (RF,MN). Electrostatic acceleration relies on the use of a time-invariant electric field to accelerate ions to produce thrust. Three common technologies that fall in this category are the gridded ion thruster (GIT), the electrospray (ES), and the Hall effect thruster (HET). In the first two, a potential is applied across electrodes to establish the accelerating electric field directly. In Hall thrusters, an electric field is self-consistently formed near the exit of the device without developing space charge. Concepts that employ electromagnetic acceleration include magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD), pulsed inductive (PIT), and pulsed ablative (or pulsed plasma, PPT) thrusters. In these devices, steady or time-varying electric and magnetic fields are used to accelerate a plasma via the Lorentz force.
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Author and Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Heuristic Method**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Meta-Heuristic**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Objectives Function**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pareto-Based Approach**} \\ \cline{3-4}  & & & **PSO** & **GA** & **DE** & **ACO** & **ABC** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Hybrid Method** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular} & **Single** & **Multi** & **Approach** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2017 [22] & Heuristic algorithm & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2018 [23] & - & - & ✓ & - & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2019 [24] & Dynamic programming algorithm & - & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON], 2021 [25] & A nonlinear finite element method & - & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2021 [26] & Family unity concept & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2022 [27] & - & ✓ & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2022 [28] & - & - & - & - & ✓ & - & ✓ & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2023 [29] & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - & - & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2023 [30] & Adaptive large neighborhood search tackling & - & - & - & - & - & ✓ & ✓ & - & - \\ \hline This paper & ABC with Pareto-based approach & - & - & - & - & ✓ & ✓ & - & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The review of heuristic methods and meta-heuristics for solving container-loading problems. based method and a heuristic addition process called the bottom-left filling algorithm. The research contributions of this article are as follows:  
* A novel mathematical model for solving the multi-objectives SCLP is developed. * This article proposes a new hybrid approach that combines the artificial bee colony algorithm with the Pareto-based approach to solve single-container-loading problems. * The performance of the ABC algorithm with the Pareto-based approach is compared with that of the best-performing meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of solution quality and computation time. The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the problem formulation and describe our novel mathematical model. Section 3 provides a brief overview of the ABC algorithm with the Pareto-based approach for solving the SCLP. In Section 4, we present the results of computational experiments, including comparative analyses and illustrative examples. The empirical study and discussion of the results are shown in Section 5, while Section 6 summarizes the work and its future directions.
## 7 Analysis of Results
### FED Results of the FDS Simulations and RSET  
The maximum \(\rm{FED_{toxic}}\) gases were taken from Evac simulations, whereas the maximum \(\rm{FED_{heat}}\) was taken by using the mentioned Equation (3). To be considered an acceptable result, all FED values due to both toxic gases and heat must be below 1. Table 5 summarized the outcomes obtained with reference to the burning vehicle in the middle of the tunnel length.  
One may note that both \(\rm{FED_{toxic}}\) gases and \(\rm{FED_{heat}}\) are \(<1\). FED results less than 1 were found also for the remaining four longitudinal positions of the fire in the tunnel investigated.  
However, the results of the evacuation process, when they are presented in a graphic form by using the cumulative distributions of RSET, may also provide additional information. Figure 8a-d, for example, apart from showing that with the fire located in the middle of the tunnel length the maximum evacuation times are those reported in Table 5, indicates that the 50 th percentile of the evacuation time (i.e., that 50% of users are below that value) in the event of 8, 50, and 100 MW fire can range from 3.1 min (burning vehicle located at 145 m from portal A) to 6.4 min (burning vehicle in the middle of the tunnel length). Moreover, the 50 th percentile of the evacuation time in the event of 30 MW (i.e., bus fire) can range from 4.1 to 7.4 min.  
Figure 8: Cumulative frequency distributions of RSET in the event of: (**a**) 8 MW fire; (**b**) 30 MW fire; (**c**) 50 MW fire; (**d**) 100 MW fire, and for the five different positions of fire within the tunnel investigated.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**HRR** & **Maximum Evacuation Time in the Event of Fire** & **Max FED\({}_{\text{toxic}}\) gases** & **Max FED\({}_{\text{heat}}\)** \\
**[MW]** & **[min]** & & \\ \hline
8 & 11 & 0.003 & 0.007 \\
30 & 12 & 0.333 & 0.020 \\
50 & 11 & 0.010 & 0.019 \\
100 & 11 & 0.022 & 0.029 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: FED results at a height of 2 m along the escape path when the fire is in the middle of tunnel length.  
Since the results have proved that escaping users are subjected to temperatures, radiant heat fluxes, and toxic gas concentrations lower than the tenability limits, as well as the fact that the \(\text{FED}_{\text{toxic gases}}\) and \(\text{FED}_{\text{heat}}\) are less than 1, the RSETs are consequently found to be lower than the ASETs for each user. In other terms, for all fire scenarios simulated, users can reach a safe place (entrance portal or emergency exit) without safety issues during the evacuation process.
# The Impact of Blockchain Technology Adoption on Tourism Industry: A Systematic Literature Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Advantage of BC Technology Adoption in the Tourism Industry
#### 3.2.2 Data Treatment
Thus, BC technology has the potential to boost the reliability of the online review system, providing immutable information declared by real accounts [7]. Subsequently, BC technology supports: (a) the collection of true data regarding customers; (b) the protection of sensitive data from tampering or stealing; (c) the trustworthiness of the reviews published by tourists; and (d) customers own personal data, meaning, they have the ability to manage their private information. Moreover, tourist identification is needed regularly during travel, starting from the flight ticket purchase to the accommodation stay. BC technology supports the simplification and acceleration of a number of procedures that are needed for travel by digitalizing theseprocesses and using a secure biometric identity system [22]. Similar systems can easily detect people traveling with false documents and minimize the risks related to terrorism or criminal attacks. The Sita company is an explicit example of the successful implementation of this kind of system. It is a leading company that is adopting modern technologies in the tourism sector. Precisely, it applies BC, ICTs, AI, and other innovative technologies in the air-transport sector. Sita is a very recent project that supports the verification of travelers without passports or similar identifying documents thanks to wearable or mobile tools and through a BC-based secure biometric identity system [4]. Similarly, the service provided by Explore includes two stages of the authentication process. This minimizes the risk of data exposure or its abuse. This result is achieved through the development of smart contracts. Precisely, it permits only legitimate actors (for instance, passport offices) to interact with passengers' documents and add visa approval [11]. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [28] proposed an anti-counterfeiting method in their blockchain-driven model named Makerchain. The authors developed and linked to BC the chemical signature that protects the unique features of the products/services. BC technology, through the efficient elaboration of data, minimizes human errors. Therefore, it is widely used by airline companies, such as Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines, Swiss Air, Air New Zealand, Brussels Airlines, and Eurowings, in order to avoid overbooking and double booking, to reduce the costs of reimbursement, and for other purposes. Furthermore, [PERSON] [29] discusses the potential of BC application in space tourism to provide the safety of satellite constellations. The author argues that, due to the high complexity of the collisions' prediction, moving towards decentralized systems is unavoidable. Precisely, BC technology holds the potential to spread the real-time information and quicken the analysis of the most current circumstances.
# Responses of Water Temperature and Level to Large Earthquakes in Tibet
## 3 Results
### Co-Seismic Response of Underground Fluid Observation Wells at Lhasa Station
#### 3.2.2 Case Analyses of Earthquakes with Different Magnitudes
At the same time, the water temperature  
Figure 6: Co-seismic response curves of the digital water level (unit: m) and water temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C) series at the Lhasa geomagnetic station: (**a1**) water level response to the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake; (**a2**) water level response to the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake; (**a3**) water level response to the 2014 Yutian M7.3 earthquake; (**a4**) water level response to the 2008 Dangxiong M6.6 earthquake; (**b1**) water temperature response to the 2011 M9 Tohoku earthquake; (**b2**) water temperature response to the 2008 M8 Wenchuan earthquake; (**b3**) water temperature response to the 2014 Yutian M7.3 earthquake; (**b4**) water temperature response to the 2017 Milin M6.9 earthquake. recorded at our well exhibited a co-seismic (postearthquake) response, first slowly rising and then slowly falling, with a maximum amplitude of 0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 6(b3)). (4) M6.6 earthquake in Dangxiong, Tibet. On 6 October 2008, an M6.6 earthquake occurred in Dangxiong, Tibet. This earthquake occurred 72.9 km away from the Lhasa well. Although the water level instrumentation was damaged and failed to record any co-seismic data, the water temperature at our station exhibited an obvious co-seismic effect. After 9 min comprising a rapid rise of 0.0043 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the water temperature rapidly dropped back to 0.0044 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then increased by 0.0057 \({}^{\circ}\)C over 46 min before returning to 0.0072 \({}^{\circ}\)C, slowly increasing to 0.0176 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and then slowly recovering to the pre-earthquake level after 7 days. (5) M6.9 earthquake in Milin, Tibet [46, 47]. On 18 November 2017, an M6.9 earthquake occurred in Milin County, Linzhi, Tibet. This earthquake was approximately 385 km away from the Lhasa well. The water level series of the Lhasa well did not record any co-seismic event (nor was any event recorded following the Moto M6.3 earthquake in 2019), and the water temperature of the well failed to return to the pre-earthquake level after rising 0.0013 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which was 0.0008 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than the pre-earthquake water temperature.
###### Abstract  
The continuous data from the YL array and four AU stations during the lifetime of the cyclone TOMAS in March 2010 were downloaded from IRIS. By performing frequency-wave number (F-K) analysis on the array data, it was found that the orientation of the maximum energy of the secondary microseisms (0.1-0.5 Hz) was consistent with the movement of TOMAS when the central wind speed reached the typhon level. The high wind speed of the cyclone could generate secondary microseisms as well as the high swell. However, the large global earthquake can affect the microseismic observations using F-K. The AU stations have a better microseism observation than the YL array, which might be due to the vibrating and tilting of the hydrophone caused by the turbulence. The F-K analysis on microseisms can produce better slowness and back azimuth observations than polarization.  
pacific; F-K analysis; secondary microseism; polarization analysis 2023 3][PERSON]. [PERSON], [PERSON][PERSON], [PERSON][PERSON], [PERSON]-[PERSON], Y.  
data types and processing techniques. His results showed that an array was better at estimating P-wave azimuth than a single station with three components in the presence of noise. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] discovered that the results generated by an array were more accurate than the slowness measurement from a single station, which is position-dependent and has a higher standard deviation. [PERSON] [15] calculated the azimuth and slowness of 74 teleseismic events and 71 regional seismic events using F-K and found that the noise had no obvious impact on the F-K analysis.  
Previous studies have concentrated on the body wave or surface wave energy in seismic events. Secondary microseisms are considered to propagate within the solid Earth mainly in the form of surface waves. Although this part of the microseismic signal is persistent in nature, its energy is much weaker than the surface wave energy in seismic events. In this paper, we use F-K and polarization analysis methods to process the microseisms excited by the cyclone TOMAS and discuss the differences between the two methods, in order to better investigate the characteristics, excitation mechanisms, and propagation of the microseisms excited by cyclones in the Pacific region, so as to predict the path, size, location, and number of cyclones and thus reduce the human casualties and economic losses caused by cyclones.
## 1 Introduction
### Critical Drilling Operations
#### 1.2.2 Crisis Prediction  
Early detection of an upcoming crisis may enable a system to avoid the occurrence of a critical event, or at least to limit its physical and financial impacts. It is evident that the prediction of a possible critical situation is uncertain. The longer the prediction periods are (i.e., the timespans between the predictions made and the actual times the critical events would occur) the more uncertain crisis prediction may be.
# Feasibility of a 3D Surgical Guide Technique for
## Materials and Methods
### Evaluating Feasibility of Surgical Guide for Impacted ST Extraction  
To evaluate the feasibility of surgical guides for impacted ST extraction, each of the 3D printed tooth models and surgical guides was subjected to a simulated surgical procedure using a low-speed drill with a straight round burr. Initially a wax carver was used for the replacement of a tooth elevator, considering the mechanical strength of the models. The experiment was performed using 2 different sequences: (1) Surgical extraction without surgical guide (conventional technique), and (2) surgical extraction with the surgical guide (surgical guide technique). Each sequence was performed once by each participant. Considering that localization information acquired during the first extraction sequence with the conventional technique could affect the results of the second sequence, the second  
Figure 2: 3D localization of a supernumerary tooth in the 3D digitalized tooth model. **(A)** A supernumerary tooth was 3-dimensionally localized to imitate the natural positional relationship with adjacent permanent tooth germs, **(B)** frontal view of the 3D tooth model for the supernumerary tooth, **(C)** axial view of the 3D tooth model for the supernumerary tooth, and **(D)** sagittal view of the 3D tooth model for the supernumerary tooth. The asterisks refer to the supernumerary tooth.  
extraction with the surgical guide technique was performed after two weeks. 3D images of the model were provided to the participants, as substitutes of the CBCT images. For evaluation, each participant extracted an impacted ST using the conventional technique. Subsequently, the participants extracted impacted STs using the surgical guide technique. The following parameters were evaluated: (1) The time required for ST extraction, (2) the area of the window opening, and (3) the 3D volume of the material removed.  
The time required for ST extraction was defined as the time from placing a straight round bur onto the tooth model until the ST was completely removed from the model. After ST extraction, the outer surfaces of the models were scanned using a laboratory scanner. The inner surfaces of the models were reproduced as polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) impressions (Imprint 3; 3M ESPE, Maplewood, MN, USA). Next, the impressions were carefully removed and the PVS surfaces were scanned and saved as STL files. All scans were imported into the 3D analysis software (Geomagic Control-X, 3D systems, Morrisville, NY, USA). Finally, we calculated the area of the window opening, and the 3D volume of the material removed, using the software (Figure 3).