In addition to sinkhole collapse, differential settlement, and slope failures, flash floods constitute an escalating geomorphic and geotechnical hazard in the basin. The pronounced lowering of the base level has induced longitudinal profile entrenchment in fluvial systems, enhancing hydraulic gradients and incision rates. This process generates over-steepened channel walls and promotes slope undercutting, which, in turn, compromises slope stability. The resulting retrogressive erosion and slope failures undermine structural foundations, particularly those of bridges and retaining structures, leading to severe geotechnical instability. Furthermore, short-duration, high-intensity pluvial events characteristic of the hyper-arid climate exacerbate peak discharge magnitudes, transforming ephemeral channels into destructive torrents. These events accelerate bedrock incision, sediment transport, and infrastructure degradation, further amplifying the geomorphic response to base-level changes. Figure 1: _Cont._  
The dramatic hydrological and geomorphological transformations in the Dead Sea basin, driven by anthropogenic and climatic factors, underscore the urgency of addressing the region's complex interplay of environmental, geotechnical, and socio-economic challenges. This evolving landscape offers an unparalleled natural laboratory for the investigation of coupled geological, hydrological, geomorphological, and climatic processes. The convergence of active tectonics, rapid base-level regression, and hypersaline conditions necessitate innovative geophysical and geotechnical approaches. Recent advancements in remote sensing, including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and multispectral imaging, provide unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution for analyzing subsurface dynamics, geographic evolution, and hazard interactions. This review synthesizes current research employing advanced methodologies to elucidate the complex interdependencies among sinkhole formation, subsidence, slope instability, and fluvial hazards, including flash floods [1; 2]. The research history of the Dead Sea region dates to early geological explorations in the XIX century, but systematic analyses only began in the 1960s. Landsat images acquired from 1972 onwards enabled the identification of the first correlations between shoreline retreat and sinkhole development (Figure 1). Since the 2000s, advances in remote sensing, particularly Very High-Resolution (VHR) imaging and InSAR, have revolutionized the understanding of geodynamic and hydrological processes. These studies highlighted  
Figure 1: (**a**) Evolution of the Dead Sea Landscape (from 15 September 1972 to 10 January 2025). Over 53 years, the Dead Sea’s base level dropped -45 m (15-story building), exposing coastal zones, particularly around the Lisan Peninsula. The orange areas, including Ghor Al Haditha (GAH) and Ein Gedi, are impacted by thousands of sinkholes, widespread subsidence, and landslides. The basin, controlled by N24E left-lateral strike-slip faults, experiences rapid geomorphic changes. The southern lake now hosts salt evaporation ponds operated by the Dead Sea Works (DSW) and the Arab Potash Company (APC). Projection UTM 36/WGS84. Source: USGS, Landsat Imagery. (**b**) Dead Sea Water Level Decline (1976–2024), with Average Decadal Decrease. The steady acceleration of the water level decline is evident, with an expected average decrease for 2020–2030 projected at 12.45 m/decade. The temporary slowing observed in the 1990s resulted from increased flooding triggered by the climatic impacts of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption. It injected massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, forming aerosols that temporarily cooled the Earth’s surface. This cooling disrupted global weather patterns, including an increase in precipitation in the Near East over several years. These anomalous rainfall events contributed to significant flooding temporarily mitigating the rate of decline in the Dead Sea’s water level. Source: data.gov.il.