esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Pipeline filling and emptying are critical hydraulic procedures involving transient two-phase air-water interactions, which can cause pressure surges and structural risks. Traditional Digital Twin models rely on one-dimensional (1D) approaches, which cannot capture air-water interactions. This study integrates Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models into a Digital Twin framework for improved predictive analysis. A CFD-based Digital Twin is developed and validated using real-time pressure measurements, incorporating 2D and 3D CFD models, mesh sensitivity analysis, and calibration procedures. Key contributions include a CFD-driven Digital Twin for real-time monitoring and machine learning (ML) techniques to optimise pressure surges. ML models trained with experimental and CFD data reduce reliance on computationally expensive CFD simulations. Among the 31 algorithms tested, decision trees, efficient linear models, and ensemble classifiers achieved 100% accuracy for filling processes, while k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) provided 97.2% accuracy for emptying processes. These models effectively predict hazardous pressure peaks and vacuum conditions, confirming their reliability in optimising pipeline operations while significantly reducing computational time.  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Digital Twin (DT); two-dimensional (2D) models; three-dimensional (3D) models; two-phase flows; Machine Learning (ML); hydraulic transients +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 4 Discussion
### Transition to In Vivo Application
The cortical backscatter (CortBS) method has been applied for the first time in vivo by [PERSON] et al. [15] on postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. The study reported a better discrimination performance for vertebral and non-vertebral fragility features using cortical backscatter parameters (0.69 \(\leq\) AUC \(\leq\) 0.73) compared with DXA based _aBMD_ (0.54 \(\leq\) AUC \(\leq\) 0.55). As the CortBS and multi-focus measurement modalities can be implemented in the same device, future in-vivo studies should be performed to evaluate if such a multiparametric assessment of macro- and microstructural (i.e., _Ct.Th_ and intracortical pore size, respectively) and viscoelastic (i.e., _Ct.v\({}_{11}\)_ and attenuation coefficient \(\alpha(f)\)) cortical bone properties can improve the discrimination and risk prediction performance for distinct types of fragility fractures. The combined estimation of _Ct.Th_, _Ct.v\({}_{11}\)_ and pore size distribution using nonionizing and noninvasive technique may have a high clinical potential to prevent osteoporotic fractures.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption of Single Molecule, Double Molecules on Pt-Graphene
#### 3.2.1 Analysis of Adsorption Structures and Electronic Properties
The adsorption results for double gas molecules are shown in Table 1 and Table S4 and Figure 4a-c. Similar to the adsorption of a single SO\({}_{2}\) molecule, the SO bond length in two SO\({}_{2}\) gas molecules is extended from 1.480 A to 1.498 A (O\({}_{1}\)-S), 1.561 A (O\({}_{2}\)-S), 1.565 A (O\({}_{3}\)-S), 1.561. A (O\({}_{4}\)-S). Referring to Figure 4, the interaction between the Pt-doped graphene and the double-SO\({}_{2}\) gas molecules may respectively form a new Pt-O bond, which leads to the stretching of the S-O bond of SO\({}_{2}\). During the adsorption of double SOF\({}_{2}\) molecules, the bond length of one SOF\({}_{2}\) gas molecule is unchanged, while the S-F bond length of another SOF\({}_{2}\) molecule is extended to 3.027 (S-F\({}_{1}\)), 1.801 (S-F\({}_{2}\)). This indicates that an S-F bond has broken during the adsorption process. It is also shown that only one SOF\({}_{2}\) gas molecule in the double SOF\({}_{2}\) gas molecule interacts with the surface of Pt-doped graphene, and the adsorption distances are 2.008 A and 3.806 A, respectively. Similarly, according to SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) adsorption, one SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) molecule is deformed into one SO\({}_{2}\) and two fluorine atoms are adsorbed on the Pt atom, and the S-F bond length is extended to 2.343 (S-F\({}_{1}\)), 3.384 (S-F\({}_{2}\)). The bond length of another SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) gas molecule is unchanged, and the adsorption distance from the Pt atom is 3.422 A. That is to say, Pt doped graphene adsorbs one of the double SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) molecules on the surface, and the two S-F bonds were broken during the adsorption process. It can be seen from Table 1 that the adsorption energies of two-gas molecules 2 SO\({}_{2}\), 2 SOF\({}_{2}\), 2 SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) and Pt-doped graphene are \(-\)2.223 eV, \(-\)0.934 eV and \(-\)2.159 eV, respectively. Compared with adsorbing a single gas molecule, the adsorption properties of two gas molecules have not changed, and both belong to chemical adsorption. Since a Pt atomic site can interact with two SO\({}_{2}\) gas molecules, the adsorption energy is increased and nearly doubled. Charge transfer \(Q_{T}\) of 2 SO\({}_{2}\), 2 SOF\({}_{2}\), 2 SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) with Pt doped graphene surfaces are \(-\)0.665 \(e\), \(-\)0.662 \(e\) and \(-\)1.088 \(e\), respectively. Similar to the charge transfer amount of single molecule adsorption, the charge transfer amount \(Q_{T}\) of all three cases is negative. It indicates that during the adsorption process, electrons are transferred from the Pt-doped graphene surface to the gas molecules, and the gas molecules SO\({}_{2}\), SOF\({}_{2}\) and SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) shows the characteristics of the electron acceptor.
## 1 Introduction  
High-speed optical communication develops rapidly with the rapid increase of the amount of data. Low-cost and high-performance laser sources, such as distributed feedback (DFB) laser sources, are urgently needed. Various high-speed DFB lasers were demonstrated [1; 2], but most of them require at least one epitaxial regrowth step after grating definition and thus have complicated process and high fabrication costs.  
Laterally coupled (LC) DFB lasers use surface gratings beside the ridge waveguide to select longitudinal mode; thus, they circumvent the complex regrowth step and have the potential for low-cost fiber communication applications. LC-DFB lasers with good static performance, e.g., side mode suppression ratio (SMSR), were reported [3; 4; 5; 6]. However, there are only a few reports about the high frequency performance, e.g., modulation bandwidth [7; 8; 9]. It is actually a trade-off between the single mode performance and the modulated bandwidth, and it is especially challenging to achieve a high modulation bandwidth for LC-DFB lasers, which often suffer from a low coupling coefficient and thus have a long cavity to select longitudinal mode.  
In this paper, a high-speed LC-DFB laser array with deep and planar lateral gratings is demonstrated. We have developed a SiO\({}_{2}\) planarization process to simplify the fabrication. The array exhibits low threshold currents of about 12 mA, high slope efficiencies over 0.26 W/A and high SMSRs over 45 dB. The 3-dBe small-signal modulation bandwidths exceed 14 GHz for all four channels under injection currents of 100 mA. Such an LCDFB laser array is very promising for applications of high-speed and low-cost optical communication.
###### Abstract  
With the emerging technology in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN), many researchers are undergoing this field since it cannot maintain the batteries and recharge them manually. Network duration should be taken into account because they can easily be recharged by a non-conventional resource like solar energy. When coming to the data collection process, clustering is an effective method to construct vitality effective UWSNs. The clustering properties of UWSNs differ from those of terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs) due to the sparse deployment of nodes as well as the dynamic nature of the channel. This paper proposes improved efficient data aggregation in a Hexagonal grid with energy optimization (IEDA-HGEO) protocol for effective data transmission with an optimal clustering process. It is further compared with ERP\({}^{2}\)R n energy-efficient routing protocol and EGRC (Energy-efficiency Grid Routing based on 3D Cubes). The three techniques mentioned above are specifically examined for their applicability to underwater communication, and their performance is compared in terms of energy consumption, efficiency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and delay. The proposed method achieved the following metrics: delay 41%, energy consumption 48%, efficiency 95%, throughput 95%, and PDR 92%.  
UWSN; clustering; multi-hop; energy consumption Article
## 3 Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
### Adult Stem Cells
#### 3.4.3. Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs)
##### 3.4.3.1. Umbilical Cord Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJMSCs)
The use of WJ-MSCs together with 3D scaffolds has been applied for accelerating bone repair and regeneration. As illustrated, [PERSON] et al. evaluated in vivo osteogenesis of human WJ-MSCs-seeded nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLA composite (nHAC/PLA) scaffolds [231]. In order to reveal the osteogenic potential, the authors implanted the constructs in the subcutaneous region of Balb/c nude mice for four to 12 weeks. The obtained results revealed that the cell-seeded scaffolds could improve ectopic bone formation with human origin in vivo. In another study, [PERSON] et al. implanted human WJ-MSCs-seeded macroporous calcium phosphate cement (hUCMSC-CPC) in critical-sized cranial defects in athymic rats for revealing their osteogenic potential in comparison with hBM-MSCs-seeded CPC (hUCMSC-CPC) [232]. The in vitro results showed that both cell types possess high osteogenic expressions of ALP, BGLAP, collagen I, and RUNX2. In addition, the in vivo data indicated higher bone mineral density (9% and 19% for hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC, respectively), larger new bone area fraction (57% and 88% hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC, respectively), and higher new blood vessel density (15% and 20% hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC, respectively) compared to the controls (CPC alone) at 24 weeks' post-implantation. Although hBMSC were better in terms of all the examined parameters, the authors concluded that WJ-MSCs are an ideal cell source for BTE applications, which can be used instead of hBMSCs.
# Design and Analysis of the Composite Stability Control of the Reflective Optoelectronic Platform
## 4 Experiments and Analysis  
### The Design of Subsystem and Composite System  
Figure 10 shows the construction of the validation experimental system for both traditional and fast reflector equipment, using a real product as a reference. The construction principles and key parameters of the experimental system are based on the overall simulation model presented in Figure 11.  
Figure 10: The validation experimental system. (**1**) A real product of two-axis four-framework embedded with reflective optoelectronic. (**2**) Two-axis pendulum table with sinusoidal disturbance. (**3**) Disturbance signal analogy generator. (**4**) Stable precision data acquisition platform.  
Figure 12 displays the experiment results for the closed-loop bandwidths of the coarse and fine stabilizations of the pitch axis, which were the focus of this study.  
The overall simulation model of the system, shown in Figure 11, was constructed based on the scheme depicted in Figure 7. The specific details of Figure 11 are as follows:  
* On the far left are the inputs of linear and rotational disturbances, used to simulate the interference of carrier motion.
* The top row is the kinematics analysis of linear disturbances, including the coarse-stable azimuth and pitch frameworks, and the linear kinematics model of fine-stable azimuth and pitch frameworks.
* Below the kinematics analysis of linear disturbances is the kinematics analysis of rotation disturbances, including the coarse-stable azimuth framework, coarse-stable pitch driving framework and coarse-stable pitch driven framework, as well as the  
Figure 11: Simulation model of the reflective composite stabilization control system.  
Figure 12: The experiment results of the closed-loop bandwidth of the two subsystems. (**a**) Bandwidth of reflector stability control subsystem. (**b**) Bandwidth of fast reflector position control subsystem.  
rotation motion model of fine-stable azimuth and pitch frameworks, corresponding to Equations (1) and (2).
* Other boxes represent the dynamic model analysis module, mainly the private server motor model used in the system, which is consistent with the dynamic analysis shown in Figure 8.
* The middle part of Figure 11 shows the mechanism implementation module with a transmission ratio of 2-to-1, and the rotational error is set to 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) based on experience.  
A sinusoidal command with a frequency of 1 Hz is applied to both channels, resulting in self-stabilization of the LOS motion. Figure 13 displays the experiment results, indicating that the LOS moved in a controlled manner, and both axes performed consistently well.
# Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Potential of Green, Roasted, and Spent Coffee Extracts  
[PERSON]  
1 Facultad de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39087, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.C.D.-H.); [PERSON]ESS] (Y.I.M.-A.); [PERSON]ADDRESS] (J.-H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.P.-R.); [PERSON]SS] (E.F.-A.)  
[PERSON]  
2 CONACYT, Universidad Autonoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo 39087, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 2  
[PERSON]  
3C  
and the extraction process [6]. Due to the functional properties of SCG, its utilization can be viewed, for the food and pharmaceutical industries, as an economically advantageous alternative to the development of foods, drugs, and therapies for the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this context, the bioactive compounds in green coffee (GB), roasted coffee (RC), and spent coffee grounds (SCG) have all been shown to possess antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antibacterial effects. [PERSON] et al. [7] demonstrated that roasted coffee possesses antibacterial activity. [PERSON] et al. [8] reported that RC and SCG show antimicrobial activities, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria (_Staphylococcus aureus_, _Listeria monocytogenes_) and yeast (_Candida albicans_). [PERSON] et al. [9] reported that a GB extract reduced the viability and proliferation of cancer cells. In this context, [PERSON] et al. [10], [PERSON] et al. [11], and [PERSON] et al. [12] reported the antiproliferative effect of bioactive compounds from SCG extracts on human colon cancer cells (HT-29) and lung carcinoma cells (A549).  
Based on the great amount of attention that has been devoted to the development of alternatives exploiting the potential of coffee extracts as suitable ingredients in functional food and drug formulations aimed at alleviating health risks associated with bacteria or cancer, we hypothesized that GB, RC, and SCG have a differential biological activity, as related to the relative content of total phenolic compounds. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the total phenolic compounds, DPPH and ABTS\({}^{\bullet\star}\) radical scavenging activity, antibacterial activity against ATCC and clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant strains, and the antiproliferative activity against A549 (lung carcinoma) and C33A (ervical carcinoma) cancer cell lines of GB, RC, and SCG aqueous and ethanolic extracts from a coffee (_Coffea arabica_) powder blend (Typica/Caturra, 50:50).
## 3 Methodology
### Method Description  
The proposed method works according to the flowchart in Figure 4. The acquired sound signal is subjected to the FFT. Next, the frequencies of harmonics 2 and 3 of the sound signal are detected, and the shaft speed is estimated through Equation (5). Then, the torque is calculated with Equation (6), using the motor nameplate data uploaded to the embedded system firmware. The output power in Equation (7) is estimated from the estimated torque. With the data from the load versus efficiency curve present in the firmware, it is possible to obtain the efficiency by numeric interpolation.  
For the performed experiments, the peaks related to the harmonics of rotation of the motor for the sound signal were in evidence in relation to the others in the range (see Figure 1). Using Equation (5), it was possible to estimate the speed with accuracy for 100% of the cases. The peaks that will be detected are the ones close to the multiples of the nominal speed of the rotor within the slip range. Interferences with the harmonics of the same amplitude in the frequency range of the motor can occur, as in the other methods based on the FFT, but these phenomena were not observed in the tests.  
Figure 4: Flowchart of the estimation algorithm.  
Figure 3: Embedded system used for sound acquisition.  
The proposed system would need adaptation in the case of IM powered by speed drives; however widely used machines, including centrifugal pumps, compressors, and fans, are powered directly from the mains, because they do not require a wide adjustment range, high starting torque, or high speed [2], allowing the proposed system to reach a wide range of industrial applications.
## 3 Frequency Bands and Normalisation of the Response Spectra  
The acceleration response spectra in this study can be given as follows:  
\[S_{a}(\omega_{\hat{n}}\,\xi)=\,\max_{t}\,\left|\hat{u}^{t}(t)\right|=\,\max_{t} \,\left|\bar{u}^{t}(t)+\bar{u}_{g}(t)\right|=\,\max_{t}\,\left|-2\xi\omega_{n} \,\dot{u}(t)-\,\omega_{n}^{2}u(t)\,\right| \tag{1}\]  
where \(S_{a}(\omega_{\hat{n}}\,\xi)\) is the acceleration response spectrum, \(\bar{u}^{t}(t)\) is the relative acceleration, \(\dot{u}(t)\) is the relative velocity, \(\xi\) is the damping value, and \(\omega_{n}\) is the angular velocity.  
We calculated the responses for frequencies ranging from 0.1-50 Hz, at intervals of 0.1. It was observed that the ground motions of the high-frequency bands (>30 Hz) attenuated rapidly as it traveled through the surface and subsurface, and exceeded the resonance  
Figure 3: Three-component time history waveforms (EW, NS, UD) of the main earthquake (M, 5.4) and aftershock (M, 3.5) among the Pohang earthquake series at JJU2 station are shown in (**a**,**b**), respectively.  
Figure 2: Three-component time history waveforms (EW, NS, UD) of the main earthquake (M, 7.3) and aftershock (M, 5.7) among the Kumamoto earthquake series at JJB station are shown in (**a**,**b**), respectively.  
periods of most building structures, but not the attached components, thereby posing a minimal threat.  
Although the Reg. Guide 1.60 (which sets the standards for nuclear power plant construction) states that the range of the responses is only up to 33 Hz, we calculated and compared the responses up to 50 Hz while considering a safety margin. While the resonance period was unique for each structure, most buildings exhibited resonance frequencies with wide ranges, based on the height and structure of the buildings. Therefore, it is essential to consider the characteristics of building structures in this band.  
Considering the maximum accelerations of ground motions depend mainly on the epicentral distance, the magnitude of the earthquake, and the site profile, the response spectra of each motion should be normalized to the peak ground acceleration (PGA) or another norm. Although three normalization methods have been developed (involving PGA, effective peak acceleration, and spectral intensity), PGA is the most commonly used. This study used the PGA normalization method generally adopted by NUREG-0800(1975), Regulatory Guide 1.165 (USNRC, 1997), and 1.208 (USNRC, 2007) [10; 19; 20]. Therefore, all response spectra mentioned in the following sections indicate the normalized response spectra using PGA.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Stress Analysis  
According to Equations (1)-(5), the data that were collected by DH3816 are processed to obtain the variation of stress value of test specimen during the test.  
\[\left.\begin{aligned} \varepsilon_{1}\\ \varepsilon_{2}\end{aligned}\right\}=\frac{\varepsilon_{0^{ \prime}}+\varepsilon_{90^{\prime}}}{2}\pm\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\left(\varepsilon_{0^ {\prime}}+\varepsilon_{45^{\prime}}\right)^{2}+\left(\varepsilon_{45^{\prime }}+\varepsilon_{90^{\prime}}\right)^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
\[\sigma_{1}=\frac{E}{1-\mu^{2}}(\varepsilon_{1}+\mu\varepsilon_{2}) \tag{2}\]  
\[\sigma_{2}=\frac{E}{1-\mu^{2}}(\varepsilon_{2}+\mu\varepsilon_{1}) \tag{3}\]  
\[\gamma_{xy} =2\varepsilon_{45^{\prime}}-\varepsilon_{0^{\prime}}-\varepsilon_{90 ^{\prime}} \tag{4}\] \[\tau_{xy}=\frac{\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{2}}{2} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\varepsilon_{0^{\prime}}\), \(\varepsilon_{45^{\prime}}\), and \(\varepsilon_{90^{\prime}}\) are, respectively, the strain in the horizontal, oblique, and vertical directions of the strain rosette, and \(\mu\) is the Poisson ratio of material. The serial number of the flange and web strain gauge of the RSL-1 specimen is shown in Figure 10. In this paper, the stress of each measuring point when the shear stress of the web enters the yield and the stress of each measuring point in the limit state are selected for analysis.  
The flange and web strain gauge numbers of RSL-1 are shown in Figure 10. Through detailed analysis of the stress data of RSL-1 (Tables 4 and 5), the shear stress of the diagonal line 1 and 6 points of the link web board reach 162.43 Mpa and 169.79 Mpa, respectively. However, the stress at other points is in the elastic stage, which indicated that part of the web begins to shear yield. With the increase of displacement, the shear yield area of the link web gradually developed from the No. 1 point to the No. 2 and 3 points, and from the No. 6 point to the No. 5 and No. 4 point, until the whole web shear yield. The shear stress at points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 on the web reaches the shear yield stress, while the flange is still in the elastic stage. It can be seen that the link web was first shear yield. With the increase of shear stress, the value of normal stress gradually increases. It can be seen from Table 4 that both normal stress and shear stress on the web reach the ultimate strength of the material.  
Figure 10: Measurement point number of RSL-1.  
The similar rule can be obtained through detailed analysis of the test data of the other specimens: when the large area of the energy-dissipated web has entered the limit state, and while the flange is still in the elastic stage, it can be observed that the force form of the link is the first shear yield of the web.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### TDS-1 Data Analysis Using Hydrological Models  
Considering these results, the sensitivity of the TDS-1 reflectivity and the modelled root zone soil moisture has been analyzed in the Brazilian semiarid region, hoping to encounter a relation such as the one in Lybia desert (Figure 11, [2]). Figure 17 shows a sample scatter plot of the 50 cm LISFLOOD soil moisture and the TDS-1 GNSS-R reflectivity (including surface roughness and vegetation corrections). As it can be appreciated, there is a lot of scatter, but the robust fit derived sensitivity shows a significant sensitivity to the 50 cm depth soil moisture, as large as 12.21 dB/100%, which suggests that in very dry conditions, GNSS-R observables exhibit some sensitivity to the soil moisture at deeper levels.  
At first glance, it can be observed that the 1 m depth MUSA soil moisture is not directly correlated with TDS-1 reflectivity. Figure 17 shows the scatter plot between these two variables, showing less significant sensitivity to the soil moisture derived from LISFLOOD. Probably this result is the consequence of the different spatial resolution between models. MUSA model has 25 km, which leaves the soil moisture data more constant when compared to the LISFLOOD model (10 km), and to the fact that MUSA SM is a 100 cm depth, instead of 50 cm.