# Study on Surface Damage Induced by High Heavy Layer Movement and Mining-Induced Earthquakes
## 1 Introduction  
In mining engineering, a rock layer with a thickness exceeding 50 m is referred to as \"heavy layer\", which is characterized by its large thickness and high strength. As the working face--specifically, the advancing face in coal mining--progresses, the mining influence space expands, leading to an increased hanging roof scope. When a heavy layer breaks, it generates significant mining-induced earthquakes. Mining-induced earthquakes associated with heavy layer movement often cause surface damage, thereby triggering environmental and social issues [1, 2]. In 2022, 153 surface settlement incidents occurred in China, resulting in significant economic losses. Currently, the research on surface damage caused by underground mining is relatively comprehensive, and corresponding controland prevention measures are well-established. However, mining-induced earthquakes in heavy layers, as a more hazardous dynamic phenomenon, remains insufficiently studied, particularly regarding the combined effects of heavy layer movement and mining-induced earthquakes on surface damage [3; 4]. For a long time, the focus has been on the damage to surface structures caused by mining-induced ground deformation. Only in recent years has the adverse impact of mining-induced earthquakes on surface structures gained attention. [PERSON] et al. [5] classified earthquakes into natural and induced types, with mining-induced earthquakes falling into the latter category. They noted that mining-induced earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction, similar to natural earthquakes. [PERSON] et al. [6] investigated a deep coal mining face with a hard heavy layer in the Ordos region. Using key stratum theory, they analyzed the land subsidence patterns and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of strong mining-induced earthquakes under multi-face mining conditions. [PERSON] et al. [7] studied surface deformation caused by steeply inclined coal seam mining in the Urumqi coalfield. They evaluated the applicability of deformation models using SBAS-InSAR technology, reconstructed 2D deformation fields from Sentinel-1 imagery, and assessed their accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [8] employed Sentinel-1 SAR imagery and multi-image sparse point processing to analyze spatiotemporal ground subsidence in the eastern Jharia coalfield (2021-2023). By classifying risk zones based on subsidence rate, gradient, and curvature parameters, they identified high-risk areas concentrated in active mining zones and urbanized regions, with critical settlements being particularly vulnerable. [PERSON] et al. [9] analyzed multiple high-energy mining-induced earthquakes in the Laohutai coal mine using empirical formulas to estimate the epicentral distances corresponding to different magnitudes and intensities, providing references for the extent of building damage and the impact range of mining-induced earthquakes. In coal mining and rock mechanics research, scholars have primarily focused on overburden fracturing and structural instability to investigate the mechanisms of mining-induced earthquakes in heavy layers [10]. Based on theories such as the voussoir beam theory, key stratum theory, and masonry beam theory, combined with microseismic monitoring technology, extensive research has been conducted on mining-induced earthquakes under various geological and mining conditions. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [11; 12; 13] investigated the fracturing behavior of sandstone key strata, which are critical rock layers with exceptional thickness and strength that govern overlying strata movement and surface subsidence. They observed that during the \"O-X\" fracturing stage, the probability of high-energy mining-induced earthquakes increases. Based on fracture patterns, they categorized overburden spatial structures into three types: the OX type, defined by rectangular-shaped fracture pattern with orthogonal cracks; the F type, marked by F-shaped distribution; and the T type, distinguished by T-shaped arrangement. These structural classifications were validated through seismic analysis.