# A Multibody Model Calibration Method for Vehicle Misuse Testing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Items**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**[PERSON]-**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**[PERSON]**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**[PERSON]**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**[PERSON]**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**[PERSON]**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**[PERSON]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Presented**} \\  & & **Pozuelo [9]** & [8] & [7] & [6] & [5] & [10] & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Obstacles**} & **Years** & 2014 & 2020 & 2022 & 2022 & 2023 & 2024 & 2025 \\  & **Bump** & 10 \(\times\) 90 & - & 6 \(\times\) 50 & 13 \(\times\) 500 & - & 5.8 \(\times\) 37 & 10 \(\times\) 46 \\ \(h\)(\(\times\)1 if given) & **Groove** & - & - & - & 6 \(\times\) 74 & - & - & - \\  & **Curb** & - & - & - & 14 & 10 & - & - \\  & **Pothole** & - & 4.5 \(\times\) 50 & - & - & - & 5.8 \(\times\) 37 & - \\  & **Sleeper** & - & 10 \(\times\) 7.5 & - & 7 \(\times\) 15 & - & - & - \\  & **Bump** & 70 & - & 20 & 55 & - & 40 & 40–60 \\  & **Groove** & - & - & - & 50 & - & - & - \\  & **Curb** & - & - & - & 15 & 50 & - & - \\
**Speed (km/h)** & **Pothole** & - & 80 & - & - & - & 40 & - \\  & **Sleeper** & - & 30 & - & 36 & - & - & - \\  & **Vehicle Type** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Motorcycle (2)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car (4)} \\  & **Spring** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Helical} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Helical} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Helical} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Helical} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Helical} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Air} \\ \multirow{4}{*}{**Suspension**} & **Type** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Semi-active} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} \\  & **Type** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Passive} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{L-V coupling} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Full} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{} \\  & **Analytical** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Planar full} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{full-car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{motorcycle} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Vehicle Model} & **Model** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Abaqus} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Adams} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Adams} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Adams} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Adams} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Adams} \\  & **Software** & - & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Explicit} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{-} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Car} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{/Car} \\
**Tire Contact Model** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Point contact} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{FE tire} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Finite radial} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{F1 ire} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Point contact} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{F1 ire} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Point contact} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{F1 ire} \\  & **Longitudinal** & - & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) \\
**Response** & **Vertical** & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\
**Direction** & **Pitch** & - & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & - & \(\surd\) \\  & **Lateral** & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\  & **Calibration Method** & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The state of the art in vehicle misuse tests involving vehicle dynamics models. a dynamic driving simulator. [PERSON] [27] evaluated the strength performance of the steering system in hybrid off-road vehicles. This paper proposes a multibody model calibration method for vehicle misuse tests conducted at high driving speeds and using severe obstacles.