## 4 Discussion  
In this article, we analyzed academic publications and media publications authored by science and technology correspondents writing about 3D printers in maxillofacial surgery, and employed the NASSS framework to identify the seven different domains that the technology requires for implementation. The integration of 3D printing technology in maxillofacial surgery marks a critical advancement in personalized medicine, offering unique solutions tailored to the specific anatomical needs of patients [31]. This technology significantly improves surgical precision and outcomes by producing anatomically accurate models and implants, directly addressing the complexities of each patient's facial structure. It holds the promise of reducing operation times and speeding up recovery, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of surgical procedures. However, the adoption of 3D printing in clinical settings is met with several challenges. The high costs associated with advanced materials and equipment, the need for specialized training for healthcare professionals to effectively utilize this technology, and concerns regarding the protection of patient data during the creation of personalized surgical aids are significant hurdles. Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for the successful application of 3D printing in surgery [32].  
In the coming years, 3D printing technology is poised to revolutionize the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), making stride towards highly personalized medical treatments [16]. As this technology continues to evolve, along with the development of innovative materials, the creation of customized devices and scaffolds is expected to reach new levels of sophistication [47]. This advancement will significantly influence how surgeons address and repair damaged skeletal tissues, tailoring treatments to the individual needs of patients. The collaboration between researchers and surgeons will play a crucial role in meeting the outstanding challenges in OMPS, driving technical advancements, and integrating 3D printing into routine clinical practice [48]. Moreover, the implementation of the 3D Printing Point-of-Care (3 DP PoC) concept is set to transform the production of personalized medical devices and scaffolds across various settings, including hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, and outpatient treatment facilities. This shift promises to enhance efficiency and precision and to achieve superior clinical outcomes, ultimately benefiting patients through tailored and effective treatment options [30].  
To realize the full benefits of 3D printing in maxillofacial surgery, there must be a concerted effort to evaluate and adapt healthcare infrastructures, develop comprehensive regulatory frameworks, and ensure organizational readiness. These steps are essential to integrate 3D printing safely and effectively into clinical practice, highlighting the need for a collaborative approach among healthcare providers, policymakers, and technology developers.  
The journey from the potential to the practical application of 3D printing in surgery involves navigating various domains, from the initial demand for personalized solutions (domain one: the condition) to the technological capabilities (domain two: the technology) and assessing the value proposition (domain three). It also requires engaging intended adopters and organizations (domains four and five) and considering the broader healthcare system (domain six) to facilitate the technology's adoption and scalability. Domain seven is where all of these efforts converge, ensuring that 3D printing technology not only fulfills current healthcare demands but also remains adaptable and innovative to meet future challenges. This final domain solidifies the technology's critical role in advancing surgical practices, highlighting the importance of continuous evolution and integration within the medical field.