## 4 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Presentation and Discussion of Results
In order to indicate the impact of different programs on responsive loads along with the presence of EVs, the same types of tariffs including RTP, TOU and CPP are implemented. Figure 9 illustrates the EVs daily charging and discharging power in different TBR- DR programs. As can be seen from the operating profiles, EVs are charged during low tariff hours (valley periods) and discharged during high tariff hours (peak periods). The energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 are shown in Figure 10a,b. Compared to Figure 6, it is observed that, the output power of generating units is flattened in the presence of EVs. It should be noted that, in case 3 the charging/discharging powers of EVs are added to the MG load which in turn affect the energy scheduling process; however, there is no effect on the reserve market as EVs are not considered on this occasion. So, it can be seen from Figure 10b that DR  
Figure 8: Hourly energy and reserves scheduling in case 2 under CPP programs (**a**) energy and (**b**) reserve. Figure 10: Hourly energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 in RTP programs (**a**) hourly energy and (**b**) Reserve. Figure 9: Charging and discharging power of EVs in TBR-based DR programs. provides a part of the required reserve scheduling similar to case 2. The expected operating cost of MG and DGs energy and reserve costs in case 3 in RTP are obtained as 866.1135, 403.4825 and 23.4825, respectively, which are considerably lower than the corresponding values obtained in the previous cases. Thus, an efficient scheduling of EVs and responsive loads can improve the operation of the MG. Figure 11a,b shows the energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 considering a TOU-based DR program. As can be seen from the results, during peak periods, EVs are discharged, and the operations of the costly units are delayed accordingly. So, in comparison with the two previous cases, the energy cost of DG units decreases. The expected operating cost of MG and DGs energy and reserve costs in case 3 considering a TOU scheme are obtained as 878.2525, 413.4825 and 21.0845, respectively. The energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 regarding the CPP program are also shown in Figure 12a,b. Also, in this program, the participation of EVs in DR schemes decreases operating costs. The expected operating cost of MG and DGs energy and reserve cost values in this case study are obtained as 853.0495, 400.6205, and 20.8015, respectively. The total load profile associated with the three cases in TBR programs are illustrated in Figure 13. As can be observed, with the application of DR programs, the total load decreases in peak periods when prices are high and increases in off-peak or valley periods when prices are relatively lower. This leads to smoother load profiles especially in cases 2 and 3. This load-shaping process can be better observed with active participation of EVs and their charging behavior during the valley period (when the price has its lowest value). It can be also observed from Figure 13a,b, that the load profile in RTP and TOU schemes are relatively similar, but greatly different from the one in CPP scheme (Figure 13c) due to the price spikes at some time intervals and their effect on demand side participation. Figure 11: Hourly energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 in TOU programs **(a)** hourly energy and **(b)** Reserve. Figure 12: Hourly energy and reserves scheduling in case 3 in CPP programs **(a)** hourly energy and **(b)** Reserve. Table 3 compares the operational costs of the MG in different working conditions. The expected operating cost of MG, DGs and DR scheduled energy and reserve costs, start-up costs and start-down costs have been reported for the three cases. Comparison of results in cases 1 and 2 shows that the deployment of DR programs allows lower total operating cost to be obtained. The reason is that the expensive units are not dispatched to meet the demand of peak periods since peak loads are decreased due to the participation of responsive loads in different DR programs.