# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 5 Discussion
Simulation models [83], referring to data-driven modelling, discrete event simulation blending and flow models [9], and structure modelling simulation and future multi-domain radiative transfer models (e.g., SCOPE) with dynamic crop growth models for agroecosystems DTs [86] are described merely as proposals giving way to future practical implementations. On the other hand, in [28], simulation software utilizing a simple plant simulation model is employed to create a virtual environment for an irrigation system's digital twin. In [73], the Siemens industrial plant simulation software for the data model is used, a model of the Earth system is mentioned in [78], a 3D representation of a farm in [81], while in [82] it continuous adaption and learning procedure of the DT modelling is mentioned as a need that relies heavily on available data. A more concise proposal to the origin of the holistic DT modelling and simulation concept appears in [76], where a prototype of an intelligent plant DT system in Java claimed to be developed, including an ontology editor, a digital twin editor, and a multi-agent planning module. In [88], simulation, analysis, and prediction are addressed by making progress in implementing modelling and simulation of the fertility of seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and pollution challenges, making efforts to develop plant modelling with soil agents (hydrological models, soil data), crop agents and predictive control models, where the adjustment of control processes such as heating and ventilation is automated based on short-term temperature predictions, ensuring efficient regulation, as an IoT derivative scheme. A flowsheet model is proposed taking advantage of the widespread spreadsheet applications of Microsoft Excel in [64] to tamper with simulation software such as Aspen Plus and Aspen HYSYS from Aspen Technology, Inc. (Burlington, MA, USA), ChemCAD from Chemstations, Inc. (Houston, TX, USA), UniSim Design from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA), ProSimPlus from ProSim SA (Labege, France) and PRO/II from AVEVA Group plc, merely to implement a digital modelling approach to food processing. Spreadsheet applications of Microsoft Excel to retrieve height values of plants in high-tech data-driven greenhouses are used in [79], a fact that proves that process calculations and analyses may be conducted using popular spreadsheet software like Microsoft Exceldue to its wide accessibility and familiarity among scientists, engineers, and professionals from various fields. Enhanced 3D modelling software derived from the game industry, i.e., Unity game engine dictates BIM models in Film box (.FBX) format to aid realistic VR/AR representations of greenhouses, providing a promising realistic overview of a Smart Agriculture implementation. Virtual representation is accomplished via Unreal Engine 5, Reality Capture, Photoshop, Autodesk, and Maya software platforms to construct Mesh models of Plant Datasets for Virtual UCF Arboretum Applications, plant inventories, and AR Perpetual Garden App. as in [74]. These plant datasets are derived from multiple captured images in 3D space and incorporate VR headsets aided by GIS and AR Holodeck software. Additionally, Unreal Engine 5 Nanite technology and Reality are used for 3D plant models offering a linear plant growth model [35] to descriptively suffice the wheat multi-agent planning module. Using multiple captured images taken in 3D space to support the AR Perpetual Garden App, they produce botanically correct plant models for use in museums and for educational purposes. A promising perspective, if by any chance associated with the essential elements of the holistic DT scheme, could be capturing real-time data on various environmental and operational factors via communication technologies leading to a dynamic 3D model of a farm entity.