# Impact of Intersection Left Turn Guide Lines Configuration on Novice Drivers' Behavior
## 5 Conclusions  
This study conducted an on-site survey at 21 intersections within the Lingang area of Shanghai, with a specific emphasis on analyzing five representative intersections. These intersections included small, medium (featuring two left-turn lanes), and large intersections (with two and three left-turn lanes). Six simulation scenarios were designed using a driving simulator. A series of driving simulator experiments were then conducted to collect and analyze vehicle trajectories, steering angles, driving speeds, and eye-tracking information. The primary objective of the study was to explore and evaluate the impact of left-turn guide line settings on the driving behavior of novice drivers. Combining the analyses of vehicle trajectories, steering wheel angles, turning speed variations, and eye-tracking data, this study draws the following conclusions: in small intersections with a single left-turn lane, the impact of guide line settings on the driving behavior of novice drivers is relatively minimal. However, as the intersection size and the number of left-turn lanes increase, the guiding effect of guide lines become significantly more pronounced. In medium-sized intersections, guide lines positively influence stability and steering control, which is especially evident in scenarios with two left-turn lanes, showcasing a notable effect on the distribution of steering wheel angle changes. In large intersections, guide line settings significantly affect novice drivers' behavior in single left-turn lane scenarios, and the impact becomes even more prominent with two or three left-turn lanes, particularly when employing full guide lines. Overall, the application of guide lines can effectively improve the stability of drivers. Furthermore, this study analyzes intersections of different sizes and driver's visual attention in more detail, leading to the further conclusion that the presence and effectiveness of guide lines are positively correlated with the size of the intersection and the number of left-turn lanes in enhancing the stability of novice drivers' behavior. The results of this study provide a theoretical support and guide for the design and application of intersection guide lines. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in this study. For example, the experimental results need further validation with real-world vehicle turning trajectory data, which could be collected on-site using drones or GPS data. Larger-scale experiments involving a more diverse sample of drivers will be conducted to enhance the accuracy of the results. Additionally, the experimental scenarios were relatively simplified, and future research will involve more detailed designs of different types of intersections. In addition, more extensive comparative analysis of the indicators should be conducted in future research based on the existing literature to more accurately assess and reflect the reliability of the findings from this study. Furthermore, the study did not examine the interactions between the test vehicle and surrounding vehicles, which have to be considered in future studies. Conceptualization, W.L. and Q.Y. ; methodology, W.L. and Q.Y. ; software, J.Y. and Y.D. ; validation, Y.D. and J.Y. ; formal analysis, Q.Y., W.L., and J.Y. ; investigation, J.Y. and Y.D. ; resources, Y.D. and W.L. ; data curation, Y.D. and J.Y. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.Y. ; writing--review and editing, Q.Y. and W.L. ; visualization, Q.Y. and J.Y. ; supervision, Q.Y. and W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors, [PERSON] and [PERSON], upon reasonable request. Conflicts of Interest: Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Tongji Architectural Design (Group) Co., Ltd.