###### Abstract
that caused thermal hazards of the lithium-ion battery, and the corresponding countermeasures were proposed [9]. To simulate the thermal management system, a study calculated the thermal behavior of multiple pipes and heat sources. A three-dimensional battery model as well as the thermal management system model were constructed to identify the wear margin of a pipeline [10]. The mini-channel cold-plate was designed while the number of channels, inlet mass flow rate, flow direction, and width of channels were determined [11]. Moreover, a thermoelectric-heat-pump was employed for the dynamic cooling ability distribution of a liquid cooling system. In another study, a combined-cold-plate thermoelectric heat pump was used for managing battery temperatures [12]. In [13], the control strategies, PID, fuzzy-PID, and BP-PID controllers, were compared. The lithium-titanate battery (LTO) thermal model as well as the cooling system were constructed on COMSOL Multiphysics software. By using the forced convection with the sandwiched heat pipes cooling system, the battery temperature was decreased by 33.4% compared to the case of natural convection (56.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 37.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C). For the experimental studies, a study established the model of off-grid smart homes first by using mixed-integer linear programming, where the optimal electrification was designed. Simulation results showed that the total cost was reduced by 41.5% [14]. For the battery performance affected by the thermal management system, a study proposed the battery aging under various temperatures, cooling approaches, phase change materials, types of coolant pipes, etc. [15]. The thermal performance of a compact battery module under forced convection cooling was studied as well. The system consists of NCR18650 batteries and was used for forced convection test. It proves that the charge/discharge efficiency was increased at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C [16]. In another study, the experimental analysis on the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries based on phase change materials was conducted. It showed that using the phase change materials effectively reduced the temperature by 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C compared to the natural convection [17]. For the nanofluids for cooling, a heat dissipation system with nanofluids was studied. The weight fractions of nanoparticle were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 wt %; the flow rates were 1.8, 2.1, and 2.4 L/min, while the coolant temperatures were 30, 40, 50, and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. It showed that 40% heat dissipation was improved at 1.5 wt %/30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [18]. Similarly, the multiwalled carbon nanotube nanofluids were used for heat dissipation system in a hybrid heat source system, and 5% efficiency was improved [19]. The mechatronics design and experimental verification of an electric-vehicle-based hybrid thermal management system was developed [20]. A proportional valve distributed the coolant for governing the operation temperatures of dual energy sources to approach the efficient working areas. The temperature characteristics of an air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack were studied. By investigating the temperature distribution, it was found that the surface temperature was within 53-62 \({}^{\circ}\)C at output currents of 25-30 A [21]. The thermal performance of a radiator using nanofluids for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) applications was studied. The Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Aluminum Nitride (AlN) nanofluids were used for experiments where 10+% heat transfer coefficient value compared with that of water was increased [22]. A thermal equivalent circuit model of heat pipe-based thermal management system for a battery module was developed based on the experiments. It showed that the dynamics between the model and real system were similar [23]. The cold-start performance of fuel cell electric vehicles with heat pump-assisted thermal management systems was analyzed. It showed that 27.3-30.7% of cold-start time was saved [24]. A hybrid carbon nanofluids was used in an air-cooled heat exchanger.