## 5 Conclusions  
The energy efficiency of dwellings affects the quality of life of their occupants and influences the probability of falling into fuel poverty. This study has diagnosed the energy efficiency and vulnerability to energy poverty of 45,908 dwellings in Seville. This study considers different dwelling typologies (SFDs and DMBs) and covers constructions built between 1850 and 2023, with different built areas and construction standards. Most of the building stock (60%) in Seville was built before 1979, i.e., before the entry into force of the first energy efficiency regulations in Spain. Building regulations play a crucial role in the expected energy consumption and efficiency. The results obtained evidence that dwellings built before the NBE-CT-79 [45] consume on average 31.3% more in the DMBs and 38.7% more in the SFDs than those built under the current building regulations (CTE-2006). The results obtained show that the dwellings in Seville have a low performance in energy efficiency, with 83.2% of the evaluated dwellings having a label below \"E\" in EP\({}_{\text{nr}}\) consumption and 92.2% in CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. The average EP\({}_{\text{nr}}\) consumption of the dwellings was 127.06 kWh/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year for SFDs and 113.07 kWh/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year for DMBs. The overall emissions averages were 32.31 and 30.01 kgCO\({}_{2}\)/m\({}^{2}\cdot\)year for SFDs and DMBs, respectively, of which 50% are due to heating, 31% to DHW, and 19% to cooling demands. Regarding the evaluation at the district level, the district with the lowest energy efficiency is Cerro-Amate, while the district with the best energy efficiency is Los Remedios. In parallel, these districts coincide in those with the highest and lowest energy vulnerability, respectively. In summary, it should be noted that the evaluation of an entire residential stock under the same criteria allows an analysis based on the physical characteristics of the dwellings themselves, rather than the occupancy patterns, which are temporary and variable. In addition, the use of GIS provides significant advantages for this type of analysis. GIS allows for the integration of diverse datasets into a centralized database, facilitating detailed spatial analysis at different geographic levels, such as urban districts and census tracts. The constant updating of the EPC database, combined with GIS-based analysis, will allow for more accurate and representative assessments of Seville's building stock over time. The integration of mapping techniques in the assessment of energy poverty at the urban level proves to be a valuable approach for identifying vulnerable areas and informing strategic actions. By visualizing the spatial distribution of buildings that pose a higher risk of energy poverty, decision-makers gain a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between built environment characteristics and socio-economic challenges. This spatial perspective not only enhances the diagnostic accuracy but also facilitates more precise interventions aimed at reducing energy vulnerability. Furthermore, mapping as an analytical tool significantly contributes to the formulation of evidence-based public policies. By highlighting critical areas requiring intervention, policymakers can better allocate resources and prioritize actions to enhance building performance and mitigate energy poverty. Therefore, incorporating spatial analysis into energy poverty studies enables the development of more targeted and sustainable urban strategies, ultimately fostering social resilience and promoting energy equity in urban environments. Future research should explore additional data sources that allow for more detailed and up-to-date analyses of energy efficiency and energy poverty conditions at local scale. Incorporating complementary datasets--such as real household energy consumption or smart metering data--could complement the estimations provided by EPCs.