# The Evolution and Optimization Strategies of a PBFT Consensus Algorithm for Consortium Blockchains
## 3 An Introduction to Mainstream Consensus Algorithms
### The Mainstream Consensus Algorithms Used in Consortium Blockchains
#### 3.3.1 DPoS  
Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) [62] is a derivative of Proof of Stake (PoS), which was first applied to the PeerCoin system in 2013 to address the resource consumption issue of the PoW mechanism. Under PoW, nodes need to compete for block rights through a large number of computations, while PoS reduces the computation consumption by pledging tokens to determine the block production rights. Although PoS still relies on hash computation, it eliminates the need for continuous brute-force Nonce solving, and the hash value only needs to be computed once in each round of consensus. The higher the number of tokens held by the node, the higher the probability of obtaining the right to produce blocks. DPoS introduces a proxy mechanism on this basis, where token holders can pledge tokens in exchange for voting rights and elect representative nodes responsible for block production. This model is similar to the operation of a company's board of directors, in which the token holders delegate the block production duties to more specialized nodes, while still sharing the block production rewards. The node with the highest number of votes becomes the block producer, from which a node is elected in each consensus round to generate a new block and broadcast it to other producers for verification. If a node fails to produce a block in time or generates an invalid block, it will be disqualified and a replacement node will be re-elected to ensure a stable operation of the system. DPoS has evolved into a versatile framework that balances efficiency, security, and scalability in decentralized systems. Recent academic research has focused on improving its core mechanisms while expanding its applicability across various technological and social domains. The fundamental improvements of DPoS address both theoretical and practical challenges. [PERSON] et al. [63] pioneered an optimized DPoS variant that enhances blockchain network security through dynamic validator selection, reducing vulnerabilities to Sybil attacks. Building on this, [PERSON] et al. [64] integrated anomaly detection and reward-punishment mechanisms into DPoS, creating a self-regulating system that mitigates malicious behavior within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [65] introduced adjacency voting and fuzzy value analysis to improve decentralization metrics, ensuring fair participation in the consensus process without compromising computational efficiency. DPoS has demonstrated its adaptability to specific industry needs. In the transportation sector, [PERSON] et al. [66] utilized consortium blockchain and DPoS to protect carpool data flows, enabling privacy-preserving transaction validation for urban transportation systems. In public governance, [PERSON] et al. [65] redesigned DPoS to facilitate collaborative network opinion management, embedding fairness constraints to maintain the credibility of decentralized decision-making. The algorithm's flexibility extends to autonomous systems: [PERSON] et al. [67] implemented a DPoS-based multi-robot coordination protocol, proving its practicality in delay-sensitive industrial automation scenarios. Industrial IoT (IIoT) applications have driven significant innovations in DPoS. [PERSON] et al. [68] developed a privacy-preserving data-sharing framework for smart factories, combining DPoS with zero-knowledge proofs to protect IIoT sensor networks. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [69] proposed a lightweight DPoS derivative for scalable IoT data management, optimizing consensus overhead in resource-constrained edge environments. These advancements collectively address the dual requirements of security and efficiency in industrial digitization. [PERSON] et al. [70] combined DPoS with digital twin architectures to achieve real-time consensus in blockchain-enhanced smart city traffic networks. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al.