# Challenges of Using Blockchain in the Education Sector: A Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Challenges of Blockchain in Education
#### 3.2.1 Technological Barriers
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Refs.** & **Blockchain Technologies Used** & **Limitations** \\ \hline
[19] & Ethereum and BigChainDB, used to securely store and retrieve student transcript records & Cost of transacting \\ \hline
[23] & SH-256 re-encryption & Hash-encryption SH-256 ECDSA signature algorithm, public key infrastructure, public architecture, permissionless. \\ \hline
[24] & Adding OpenLearn badges to a private blockchain. the Open Blockchain platform is implemented on the open-source Ethereum infrastructure4 which supports the creation of Distributed Applications comprising sets of Smart Contracts. All transactions are timestamped and are cryptographically signed. Peer-to-peer transactions: no-host educational institution is needed & There is a need to integrate badges from other educational institutions with FutureLearn5 and, additionally, to set badges on the public Ethereum blockchain. \\ \hline
[25] & Permissionless public network & Public-based educational verification design that simplifies credential security issues and the implementation issues in the EduCTX project. \\ \hline
[51] & The Stellar blockchain (Stellar uses less energy than Ethereum because it relies on its federated Byzantine fault tolerance (FBFT) consensus algorithm, rather than expensive proof-of-work computations) & Stellar does not allow for public verification of smart contract execution, nor does it allow for the execution of sophisticated non-financial transactions. This has an impact on audibility because contract computations are not publicly verified. \\ \hline
[27] & Secure storage is accomplished by merging blockchain and a storage server. For records sharing, to accomplish cross-institutional sharing of learning records, smart contracts are established, and the sharing process is handled by smart contracts on the blockchain. Finally, an anti-tampering inspection method is utilized to protect records in the storage server. \\ \hline
[33] & Ethereum platform & Restricted to the public network, permissionless, Conceptual model, and the overall cost of transacting on the Ethereum blockchain. \\ \hline
[40] & Ethereum platform & Because Blockchain encryption is a time-consuming procedure, it is crucial to investigate the alternatives. In addition, the overall cost of transacting on the Ethereum blockchain is a consideration. \\ \hline
[41] & The open-source Ethereum & For real-time applications, the time required to write academic records to the blockchain is insufficient. \\ \hline
[42] & No customized digital contracts policy & Restricted to a desktop application, with the absence of an endorser and order administration. \\ \hline
[43] & Conceptual modular architecture & Ethereum architecture that used multichain, hash encryption SH-256, and restricted access to a permissionless network. \\ \hline
[44] & Permissionless network (Consortium nature) & Restricted to the specific region, this is a conceptual model. \\ \hline
[46] & Verification system using a QR code & A conceptual model and a security SH-256 encryption are used. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._* _Poor usability_  
Usability is defined as the degree of ease of use of software, and the quality of its fit for end-users [51]; the usability issue is considered one of the main obstacles to the widespread adoption of any new technology [51]. In the education field, the usability of blockchain technology is a major key barrier; this review showed that five articles [6; 9; 23; 31; 33] considered usability when designing and implementing a blockchain-based solution for educational institutions. However, usability was not the main focus of the researchers, and other issues, such as security and privacy, received more attention. [PERSON] et al. [6] investigated users' key prospects, preferences, and matters concerning the adoption of blockchain-based personal data-sharing platforms in the education and health fields.