# Human-Smart Environment Interactions in Smart Cities: Exploring Dimensionalities of Smartness
## 2 Dimensionalities and Multi-Dimensionalities in Smart Cities
### Review of the Research Literature
#### 2.1.1 Dimensions and Multi-Dimensionalities of Smart Cities  
[PERSON] et al. [9] provided an early, \"classical\" approach to smart cities as urban regions encompassing smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living. Building upon, enriching, and extending the work of [PERSON] et al. [9], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7] identified three components of a smart city as the dimensions of technology (\"integration of systems, infrastructures and services mediated through enabling technologies\" as \"facilitator for creating a new type of innovative environment\"); human (encompassing creativity, social infrastructure, and education in support of learning); and, institutional (encompassing governance, planning, and policy). Introducing critical, sustainability, and contextual dimensions, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [10] identify and evaluate \"the main models to measure city smartness\" and address noted deficiencies, whereby a multidimensional methodological model is advanced \"that assists in evaluating the smartness level of a city while being sensitive to its context\" where \"sustainable and smart attributes of a city\" are combined. Contributing to a research and practice perspective, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [11] address the definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives in smart cities focusing on metrics, indicators, and experiences. Drawing on practice, theory, and context, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] use a case study of six cities (e.g., Boston, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Stockholm, Singapore, and Rio de Janeiro), focusing on \"smart efforts\" in relation to four theories of cities (e.g.,'smart machines' and informated organizations, partnerships and collaboration, learning and adaptation, and investing for the future), found to be \"complementary and not mutually exclusive\" and to have been adopted in \"various combinations of elements\" by cities \"according to their specific contexts\", while \"different approaches and partnership frameworks\" emerged \"depending on the nature of the initiatives\". It is worth noting that all four theories involve innovation in some way. As such, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] indicate that their \"findings suggest multi-dimensionality in being a'smart' city\" and conclude that \"being'smart' involves continual learning and feedback monitoring, for cities to remain aware and nimble\", and that \"city leaders and planners need to be'smart' about being'smart\". When considering the challenges facing smart cities, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [8] provide a conceptualization of smartness in government from an integrative and multi-dimensional perspective consisting of 14 dimensions, such as: citizen-engagement, creativity, innovation, integration, openness, and sustainability. In relation to \"government smartness and creativity\", [PERSON] et al. [8] observe from the research literature that, \"people, education, learning, and knowledge have been identified as of central importance to cities' ability to innovate\" while highlighting the notions of learning city, learning government, and \"transparent learning environments\" in support of citizen engagement. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [8] note that \"information sharing\" is one of several keywords associated with the integration dimension of smartness. Indeed, information sharing is probed as a dimension of smartness by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [13] in terms of the \"benefits and challenges\" in the context of the complex problems in megacities. Further highlighting this particular challenge, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [14] explore the socio-technical nature of information sharing in the context of cross-boundary information sharing (CBIS) \"among public and private sector actors\". Articulating the complexities involved, [PERSON] et al.