esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 The Query Management Scheme
### The Query Processing Phase (QPP)
#### 5.3.3 Robustness against Transmission Failures  
Due to their hazardous communication environment, underwater sensor networks are highly exposed to communication failures. Especially when response messages are missing at the start of a new query set as in the following examples, a single time-stamp may cause critical mishaps to the NM when distinguishing query set start time.  
In Figure 9(a,b), the original query set start time for \(\Sigma_{2}\) is t = 2, but a response message is missing around the query set start time. In Figure 9(a), a response message is missing at t = 2. With only node time stamps as a time guide, the NM will mistake t = 3 as the set start time for \(\Sigma_{2}\) because this is the first time \(\Sigma_{2}\) appears in the NM. Similarly, in Figure 9(b) the message is missing at t = 1. The node time stamp is also be misleading since the NM would identify t = 1 as the start time for \(\Sigma_{2}\) because \(\Sigma_{2}\) first appears after the set time stamp changes from 0. Therefore, single time stamps are significantly vulnerable to communication failures and can influence the whole query management process.  
With both the node and query set time stamps as time indicators, the NM can identify the query set start time by tracing the changes in the set ID and the node time stamp. The NM can also overcome intermittent message blackouts and keep track of exact time sequences.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Screening of Different AOPs
#### 3.1.2 Photolysis Processes  
UV-C radiation was employed for the direct photolysis of SDX. As the spectrum of SDX shows (Supplementary Materials, Figure S1), the molecule exhibits strong absorbance at the lamp's wavelength (253.7 nm). This is consistent with the literature, as the radiation in this wavelength range shows high efficiency in degrading organic contaminants with aromatic moieties [35; 36; 37]. Therefore, it was interesting to investigate the prospect of a photolytic UV-C degradation process. An SDX solution was exposed to a UV-C dose of 2.93 W/L per unit volume, under stirring and as depicted in Figure 1; SDX was completely degraded within 30 min of treatment, while the corresponding mineralization was about 41%.  
Next, the additional generation of hydroxyl radicals through the UV-C photolysis of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)[38] was assessed in SDX solutions. As expected, the addition of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) accelerated the degradation of the contaminant and resulted in complete removal after only 2 min (Figure 1). Interestingly, despite the remarkable variance in efficiency observed in the degradation rate of SDX, the mineralization showed no significant improvement, and reached a plateau at a level of 42%. This can be explained by the rapid photolysis of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) using UV-C radiation. Since the hydroxyl radicals have a half-life of 1 ns, and their main source is fully consumed at the early stages of the process, it is understandable that the mineralization rates cannot exceed the level of approx. 40%, as UV-C radiation can not further degrade the generated TPs, and the generation of oxidative radicals stops after the complete consumption of H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\).  
Figure 1: SDX degradation kinetics with Fenton, UV-C, UV-C/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), and UV-A/TiO\({}_{2}\).
## 3 Approach
### Phase Shifts Between Frames  
Figure 6 shows how the signal for the modulation looks like, and how the camera samples it. For applying a phase shift to the signal, the proposed modulation signal uses two consecutive ON or two consecutive OFF states, respectively. This signal is inverted by omitting one of its edges. However, with a modulation frequency of 120 Hz, experiments showed that flickering of the modulated light source can be perceived by a human observer. As this is one of the preconditions for the proposed system, the modulation method needs to be adjusted. Without information encoded into the signal, no flickering could be observed. A closer look showed that the perceived flickering is not caused by the modulation frequency itself, but by the applied phase shifts. The short increases of pulse width at the transition of the phase results in a change of the average brightness of the light source, which is perceived as flickering. To counteract this phenomenon, the phase of the base signal is shifted by 90\({}^{\circ}\) or \(\pi/2\), respectively. Instead of switching between 0\({}^{\circ}\) and 180\({}^{\circ}\) to invert the signal, the system now switches between 90\({}^{\circ}\) and 270\({}^{\circ}\). With this simple change of the modulation method, the pulse width at the transition of the phase is now halved instead of doubled. The average brightness is not changed when a phase shift is applied and hence, no flickering can be perceived by a human observer. An example for such a phase shift is shown in Figure 7.
###### Abstract  
To improve the spare parts support capacity of civil aircrafts and given the actual lack of evaluation methods at present, the evaluation problem of spare parts support capacity was solved in this study by proposing a multi-attribute decision method based on Type-2 hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets and an improved Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). First, the basic definitions of Type-2 hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets were given, which were further promoted to Type-n hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets, and the basic order relation criterion of Type-2 hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets was introduced. Second, a complete evaluation system for spare parts supply support capacity was established with the spare parts of civil aircrafts as the study objects, and each evaluation indicator was introduced in detail. Then, the spare parts support solutions were preferentially sorted using the correlation coefficient formula of Type-2 hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets and improved TOPSIS. Finally, the reliability and reasonability of the proposed method were verified through an example calculation and comparative analysis. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can acquire the evaluation results of spare parts support capacity more scientifically and can be referenced by relevant studies.  
Keywords:spare parts support; capacity evaluation; multi-attribute decision; Type-2 hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets; improved TOPSIS +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## Research Frontier  
In the late 2010s, researchers conducted more surveys on VANET based on a host of data [15; 19] to solve technical problems in the application of vehicular networks. Studies in this cluster focus on two main aspects: new vehicular network technology and vehicular networking security.  
In the beginning, the idea of the combination of cellular networks and DSRC, the heterogeneous vehicular network (HetVNET), came into view, and [PERSON] et al. reviewed applications of it. Then, they present a HetVNET framework that uses different wireless networking techniques and illustrates typical scenarios, discussing the challenges and future research directions [17]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] further discuss the advantages of HetVNET, including high data rates, low latency, a wide communication range, benefits for autonomous cars, and limits such as vehicle connection [16]. Other radio access technologies such as vehicle-to-everything (V2X), visible light communication, mmWave, Cellular-V2X, and 5G have become new research directions [18; 64]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a tutorial survey of these vehicular communication technologies and discussed future research directions [64].  
Another popular topic is security and privacy. Challenges and research on cyber threats are reviewed [65; 66; 24; 67], an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol that enhances vehicular safety is introduced [66], and the intrusion detection system (IDS) and its limits, along with its potential application in VANET Cloud, are discussed [68].  
Cluster 1: trust management; using blockchain; security privacy.
# Anthraquinone Rhein Exhibits Antibacterialativity against _Staphylococcus aureus_
## 3 Results
### Effect of Rhein on the Growth of S. aureus  
Rhein's antibacterial activity was assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, plate microdilution, LIVE/DEAD and time-killing tests. All methods showed an alteration in the growth of _S. aureus_ in response to treatment with Rhein. The diameters of inhibition induced by 20 \(\upmu\)g/mL were 20 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 23 \(\pm\) 0.36, 19 \(\pm\) 0.34, 21 \(\pm\) 0.38, 20 \(\pm\) 0.26 and 21 \(\pm\) 0.26 mm for _S. aureus_ ATCC 6538, multisensitive, methicillin, quinolone, macrolides resistant strains and beta-lactamase producer, respectively. A lower inhibition area was induced by 30 \(\upmu\)g/ Teicoplanin (12-16 \(\pm\) 0.39 mm). Contrarily, no halo of inhibition was shown by treating the bacteria with the compound solvent (Figure 3). Through the plate microdilution method, _S. aureus_ strains were sensitive to the compound at concentrations equal to and greater than 12.5 \(\upmu\)g/mL. No significant changes in bacterial growth were found at concentrations below 1.56 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The values of MIC\({}_{50}\) and MIC\({}_{90}\) were 4.83 and 9.20 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 4.35 and 9.31 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 4.45 and 8.45 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 4.64 and 9.27 \(\upmu\)g/mL, 4.32 and 9.16 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 3.22 and 8.13 \(\upmu\)g/mL for _S. aureus_ ATCC 6538, multisensitive, methicillin, quinolone, macrolides resistant strains and beta-lactamase producer, respectively. The calculated SI values were greater than 10 for all strains, suggesting Rhein as a favorable compound for in vivo investigations (Figure 4). Rhein's antibacterial property was further investigated through the LIVE/DEAD assay. To assess Rhein-induced cell damage,  
Figure 2: Rhein cytotoxicity on BEAS-2B cell line, ***: \(p\)-value \(<\) 0.0001, **: \(p\)-value 0.0012, ns: not significant (**A**); and human erythrocytes. The dashed line indicates the DS trend (**B**).  
the standard _S. aureus_ strain was stimulated with the compound at concentrations of 25 (2 \(\times\) MIC), 12.5 (1 \(\times\) MIC), 6.25 (1/2 \(\times\) MIC) ug/mL for 20 h and analyzed by fluorescence microscope after exposure with PI and SYTO 9. The bacterial populations treated with Rhein at concentrations of 25 and 12.5 ug/mL exhibited a deep red color compared with the untreated bacteria, confirming the dose-dependent cell damage obtained in the previous assay. A decrease in cell damage and an increase in live cells were found in response to treatment with Rhein at a concentration of 6.25 ug/mL. No viable cells were found after treatment with Vancomycin, used as CTR+ (Figure 5). Rhein action kinetics were evaluated through time-killing tests. Bacterial exposure to Rhein 1/2 \(\times\) MIC did not cause significant changes in the growth curve compared with untreated bacteria after 20 h. Bacterial growth block occurred by treating the bacteria with 1 \(\times\) MIC and 2 \(\times\) MIC of Rhein, indicating bacteriostatic action (Figure 6).
# 6G Technology for Indoor Localization by Deep Learning with Attention Mechanism
## 3 CNN with Attention Mechanism
### Channel Attention Mechanism  
A channel attention (CA) map is introduced to exploit the inter-channel relationships of features. Each channel of a feature map is considered a feature detector. Channel attention focuses on what is meaningful given an input image. It leverages the capability to capture abstract information, such as making the network selectively attend to important objects or significant texture features. In other words, channel attention is designed to focus on which channel is more important. The original input feature map consists of two channels representing the real and imaginary parts of the CSI. These channels carry distinct information, yet conventional convolution processes do not explicitly differentiate between them. Instead, the convolution process implicitly captures local relationships between channels. To enhance the learning of convolutional features, we aim to indubitably model the interdependencies between channels, thereby improving the network's ability to detect informative features that can be leveraged by subsequent layers.  
The CA block is detailed in Figure 4. Its operations are described as follows. Firstly, global average pooling is applied to compress the spatial dimensions of the feature map into a channel descriptor. Secondly, two fully connected (FC) layers are used to capture channel dependencies. The first FC layer, with \(\frac{C}{P}\) channels and ReLU activation extracts initial channel dependencies, while the second FC layer, with \(C\) channels and sigmoid activation, refines these dependencies. \(\beta\) is the reduction ratio. Finally, the resulting attention vector from these FC layers is multiplied by the original feature map to enhance its features based on the learned channel dependencies.
## 1 Introduction
Similarly, VvPNLNG1-4 also generates 3\(S\)-linalool, (\(E\))-nerolidoland (\(E\),\(E\))-geranyllinal when used GPP, FPP and GGPP, respectively, as substrates. However, the _in vivo_ role of these enzymes remains unclear. It has generally been accepted that GPP and monoterenes and triterpenene such as 3\(S\)-linalool and (\(E\),\(E\))-geranyllinal are synthesized in plastids, whereas FPP and sesquiterpenes like (\(E\))-nerolidol are produced in the cytosol [7, 9, 21]. In grape berries, stable isotope feeding and tracing experiment also has supported that monoterenes are synthesized through MEP pathway in plastids [16, 22]. Since biosynthetic pathways of monoterenes and sesquiterpenes are strictly compartmentalized in plant cells [15, 21], subcellular localization analysis should be a powerful approach to clearly illustrate real roles of these bi-functional enzymes _in vivo_. However so far there is no report involving subcellular localization of grape bi-functional enzymes related to monoterenes synthesis. In the present study, a gene encoding a bifunctional linalool/nerolidol synthase was isolated from \"Riesling\" berries. The biochemical properties of the corresponding enzyme were assessed _in vitro_ and its plastic localization was clearly determined to be relevant to linalool synthesis. Additionally, the correspondence analysis was conducted between this gene expression and linalool accumulation in the berries of three cultivars with significantly different monoterene levels. The result revealed that this enzyme greatly contributed to linalool production at the early stage of berry development. This finding would undoubtedly promote further understanding of the complex monoterenes biosynthesis in grape berry.
# Theranostic Nanoplatforms of Thiolated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets and Gold Nanoparticles
###### Abstract  
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced-thiolated GO (rGOSH) were used as 2D substrate to fabricate nanocomposites with nanoparticles of gold nanospheres (AuNS) or nanorods (AuNR), via in situ reduction of the metal salt precursor and seed-mediated growth processes. The plasmonic sensing capability of the gold-decorated nanosheets were scrutinized by UV-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed in order to prove the actual reduction that occurred concomitantly with the thiolation of GO, the increase in the hydrophobic character as well as the size, and preferential gathering of the gold nanoparticles onto the nanosheet substrates, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical electronic and infrared absorption (UV-VIS and IR) spectra were calculated within a time-dependent approach of density functional theory (DFT). Eventually, in vitro cellular experiments on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY2) were carried out in order to evaluate the nanotoxicity of the nanocomposites by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolzolium bromide tetrazolium reduction (MTT) colorimetric assay. Results pointed out the promising potential of these hybrids as plasmonic literanostic platforms with different hydrophilic or hydrophobic features as well as cytotoxic effects against cancer cells.  
plasmonics; nanorods; nanospheres; graphene toxicity; atomic force microscopy; thermogravimetry; ATR-FTIR; hydrophobicity; neuroblastoma
# Using Machine Learning and Candlestick Patterns to Predict the Outcomes of American Football Games
## Methodology
### Feature Engineering and Selection
Figure 4 shows the membership function of these linguistic variables. The previous candlestick is plotted at the bottom of the figure for comparison. The locations of the five linguistic variables are plotted according to the previous candlestick as shown in the figure. The position of open/close for the current candlestick is located by its numerical value on the x-axis, and the relation style is determined according to the y-axis, which gives the possible value of the membership function. To capture the features of continuous time variation in the candlestick chart, we treated specific features as time series and considered their data points in antecedent and posterior time simultaneously as input variables for the predictive model. The candlestick chart of the stock market's daily trading data shows the two- and three-day trading patterns presented by two and three successive candlesticks, respectively. For example, the well-known engulfing pattern is presented by two successive candlesticks, which suggest a potential trend reversal. The first candlestick has a small body that is completely engulfed by the second candlestick. It is referred to as a bullish engulfing pattern when it appears at the end of a downtrend and a bearish engulfing pattern when it appears after an uptrend. Another example is the well-known evening star, which is a bearish reversal pattern presented by three successive candlesticks. The first candlestick continues the uptrend. The second candlestick gaps up and has a narrow body. The third candlestick closes below the midpoint of the first candlestick. As a result, three consecutive candlesticks, V (t - 2), V (t - 1) and V (t), can be used as variables to predict the outcome of the next game at t + 1. Figure 4: Membership function of the linguistic variables for open and close styles. Figure 3: Membership function of the linguistic variables for length style. In conjunction with the above features of the candlestick, the field of the match in the situation variable is adopted as a feature because it potentially affects the outcome of a match, such as home advantage [47; 48; 49]. Moreover, the pre-game odds are considered as an important variable. Given that the pre-game odds have already implied the predictions in bookmakers' betting on the outcome of the match, forecasting the outcome based on the odds and their volatility trend is an innovation. Finally, all of the features selected as variables for the prediction model in this study are summarised in Table 1. A total of 46 features corresponding to two different output variables can be selected to build the classification-based and regression-based models.
## 4 Real-Word Examination and Evaluation
### Test on Driver's Perception Ability  
The RPAM system begins recording the driver's head rotation angle as their observation within the vehicle when they execute scenarios such as crossing intersections, changing lanes, or overtaking. In order to demonstrate its effect, this paper selected a four-lane intersection as the test scenario. With the point cloud data and high-precision map available, we calculated the road area observed by the driver in the moments leading up to traversing the intersection, using the method mentioned earlier, and we also simplified the information of the actual road by smoothing the intersection and setting sharp angles at the corners, disregarding curved transition areas.  
We present the observation results of two different drivers passing through the same four-lane intersection, as shown in Figure 8. In the figure, the blue rectangle represents the driver's vehicle, the green area denotes the intersection of the driver's current frame of observation with the road structure, the red area indicates all the areas observed by the driver up to the current frame, and the white area represents the total area of the road scene that needs to be observed.  
It can be observed that Test Driver 1 performed comprehensive observations covering the entire road condition before entering the intersection, perceiving the overall road status. In contrast, Test Driver 2 made only a slight head rotation for observation, resulting in a lower coverage of the road scene and poor observation habits during the intersection-crossing scenario.  
Figure 6: The modified test vehicle.  
Figure 7: The user interface for the RPAM system.  
Specifically, Test Driver 1 observed a total area of 1780.02 square meters before entering the intersection, while Test Driver 2 observed a total area of 1405.01 square meters. Test Driver 1 had an observation area ratio of 0.95906 at this intersection, resulting in an evaluation score of 91.81. In comparison, Test Driver 2 had an observation area ratio of 0.75701 at the same intersection, with an evaluation score of 51.40.  
Simultaneously, during the process of passing through the intersection, Test Driver 1 encountered three traffic participants and observed two of them, while Test Driver 2 encountered only one traffic participant, which he successfully observed. According to RPAM, the final perceptual ability scores were calculated for both test drivers. Test Driver 1 scored 85.71 and Test Driver 2 scored 80.56. In this single scenario assessment, both drivers passed in terms of perceptual ability.