# Investigation of Data Quality Assurance across IoT Protocol Stack for V2I Interactions
## 4 Survey of Network Protocols
Furthermore, [PERSON] [90] conducted a comparative study of CoAP, MQTT, WebSocket, XMPP and AMQP to ascertain the most reliable protocol using better power usage and latency. CoAP and MQTT performed better when transmitting smaller messages, while AMQP and MQTT are in the pole position for QoS reliability, and XMPP and AMQP lead in security. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [91] conducted a simulation study to compare the most power-efficient protocol for wireless sensor networks using CoAP and MQTT-SN. The results showed that CoAP consumed less power. Timeliness and reliability have also received much research attention at the application layer. While V2I will certainly benefit from this research, more effort is required to investigate other factors like security. In the transport layer, TCP and UDP are the most prevalent protocols; their limitation in the IoT paradigm has brought about the introduction of QUIC, SCTP, and DCCP as promising alternatives. These protocols offer improvements in ACK, connection management, and cryptographic integration. QUIC shows potential with flexible deployment and promising performance [92]. [PERSON] et al. [93] conducted a study comparing the performance of TCP and UDP under varying conditions using simulations to analyse two scenarios: varying bandwidth with a fixed packet size and varying packet size with a fixed bandwidth. The key metrics used for performance evaluation included end-to-end delay,throughput, packet delivery ratio, and packet loss ratio. Their findings indicated that TCP consistently outperforms UDP across all metrics in both scenarios, thereby demonstrating its greater reliability. Similarly, [PERSON] [94] conducted an in-depth comparative study of the performance of transport protocols, including UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC (TCP-Friendly rate control), within a wired network environment. Their findings indicated that SCTP generally outperformed its counterparts in terms of throughput. However, for video streaming, TFRC demonstrated superior performance. This edge is attributed to its association with the UDP transport, which provides a TCP-style congestion control solution suitable for multimedia and interactive applications that demand low-latency and consistent data delivery. Furthermore, DCCP was found to have the least end-to-end delay in data traffic transmissions, whereas UDP exhibited better performance in video streaming scenarios. The evidence from this study suggested that for high throughput and reliable transport requirements, SCTP and TFRC could be the optimal choices. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [95] conducted a simulation to compare the performance of TCP and UDP for video streaming in VANET, examining metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). Their results showed that UDP offers superior throughput and lower end-to-end delay in comparison to TCP due to the absence of congestion control, making it potentially beneficial for real-time video streaming despite its relative unreliability. However, TCP's retransmission technique results in a slightly better packet delivery ratio. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [96] compared the performance of SCTP and TCP using throughput, traffic competition, and multi-homing. Their results showed that TCP outperforms SCTP with small data sizes, but SCTP surpasses TCP with larger sizes. Both protocols compete fairly in traffic handling, and SCTP's multi-homing offers faster data transmission and better throughput compared to its single-homing. Performance comparison of modified QUIC (ModQUIC), QUIC, and TCP was carried out by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [97], and ModQUIC produced superior performance both in throughput, delay, and loss rate, demonstrating better network performance overall, particularly with maximised bandwidth utilisation. In addition, ModQUIC and QUIC outperformed TCP in packet loss rate, even in lossy links. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [98] highlighted the performance factors of IPv4 and IPv6.