# Challenges in the Guidance, Navigation and Control of Autonomous and Transport Vehicles
## 3 Conclusions  
This book presents a collection of articles spanning the diversity of GNC with applications to different types of autonomous or transport vehicles. Many of the foreseen challenges lie in the development of robust and fault-tolerant navigation systems allowing the vehicles to operate in challenging environments, including GNSS-denied or degraded environments, urbanised environments, and environments that are difficult to access due to severe weather or other conditions. To address these challenges, sensor fusion methods and systems will be needed to advance emerging capabilities, such as the ability to sense and avoid obstacles. Other challenges are linked to system complexity and connectivity issues when multiple vehicles are required to operate in the same environment and collaborate to perform missions. Control challenges are emerging from the new power systems and control technologies that are being developed, given the increased reliance of autonomous and transport vehicles on electric power to meet emissions and energy efficiency requirements. Trajectory optimisation is also becoming increasingly challenging, with an increased reliance on artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches, even though there is still a need to further develop the robustness and performance of mainstream optimisation techniques for new vehicle types and their applications. The authors of this book would like to thank all contributors to the Special Issue [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/special_issues/Autonomous_Transport_Vehicles](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/special_issues/Autonomous_Transport_Vehicles)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/special_issues/Autonomous_Transport_Vehicles](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci/special_issues/Autonomous_Transport_Vehicles)), (URL accessed on 15 July 2024) without whom this book would not have been possible. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. List of Contributions  
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