# Usefulness of OSM and BDOT10k Data for Developing Tactile Maps of Historic Parks
## 1 Introduction  
Visualisation of the world, by transforming large heterogeneous data volumes into information (interpreted data) and, subsequently, into knowledge (understanding derived from integrating information), has been of interest to cartography for centuries [1]. Data are the starting point for map development. Their graphical representation is one of the components of the visualisation process [2]. Over the last century, there has been great interest in the development of cartographic visualisation, in the scientific works of many cartographers, such as [PERSON] and [PERSON] [1], [PERSON] [3], [PERSON] et al. [4], and [PERSON] et al. [5]. The cartographic visualisation process is considered by [PERSON] [6] to be the translation or conversion of spatial data from a database into graphics, providing a better understanding of spatial processes and relationships. Cartographic visualisation makes it possible to acquire knowledge about the surrounding world in a more effective way, by reading data and presenting them in the form of a map [7, 8, 4, 9]. However, the result of the visualisation process is affected by many factors, including the scale of the map. This introduces the problem of cartographic generalisation,i.e., the meaningful reduction in map content during scale reduction [10]. The second factor to be considered is the type of the map [11]. It is important when topographic or thematic data are dealt with. These two categories have traditionally resulted in different map-design approaches. The third important aspect is the character of the data to be presented on the map [12]. The availability of datasets of different quality and from different data sources, collected at different scales and stored in different map projections, has a significant impact on the outcome of the visualisation process and on the final map. Another important consideration in the design of thematic maps is also the map's audience, which helps determine which elements besides the theme should be included in the map as reference points [8]. The literature often deals with the issue of spatial data quality, which, for many years, has been the subject of interest not only amongst data distributors but also amongst users and scientists [13; 14; 15]. The importance of data quality in science, including cartography, has been well recognised and widely described for centuries [16; 17; 18; 19]. The problem of data quality is always analysed in the context of compliance with technical specifications. It is highlighted by international standards organisations, which have developed several standards on reporting and on data quality assessment, including such standards as: ISO 19101:2002--geographic information--reference model [20]; ISO 19157:2013--data quality [21]; ISO/TS 19158:2012--quality as assurance of data supply [22]. According to ISO 9000:2015 [23], data quality is defined as the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics of an object fulfils requirements with respect to the immanent attributes related to the geospatial nature of the data (like positional accuracy or spatial resolution) [24]. Features and characteristics in relation to spatial datasets are determined by means of several quantitative and qualitative indicators. The most commonly used and most applicable ones, also for INSPIRE datasets, are: completeness (lack and excess of objects), logical consistency (conceptual, topological, domain, format), position accuracy, temporal accuracy, thematic accuracy (e.g., correctness of classification or correctness of qualitative attributes), and lineage [25; 26; 27]. However, there is a certain gap in the literature on the subject of the usefulness of data for the development of thematic maps, specifically developed for certain groups of users. Maps for people with special needs, e.g., for people with visual impairments, which are becoming more and more popular nowadays, require a specialised approach to data visualisation [28; 29; 30].