# Utilization of ICT as a Digital Infrastructure Concerning Disaster Countermeasures in Japan
## 2 Related Work  
The preceding studies on ICT as a digital infrastructure concerning disaster countermeasures are divided into three study fields, namely: (1) studies on the development of a new digital infrastructure; (2) studies on the utilization of an existing digital infrastructure; (3) studies on the proposal of a new digital infrastructure in the future. The following will introduce the major preceding studies in the above three academic areas, and demonstrate the novelty of the present study in comparison with the others. In (1) studies on the development of a new digital infrastructure, [PERSON] et al. (2011) [10] developed a pioneer system (Andean Information System for Disaster Prevention and Relief: SIAPAD) for sharing spatial information for the Andean Community (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru). [PERSON] et al. (2014) [11] developed a public cloud-based flood cyber-infrastructure (CyberFlood) that collects, organizes, visualizes and manages several global flood databases for authorities and the public in real-time. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [12] developed a Twitter-based safety confirmation system which is available when other digital infrastructure is disrupted. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [13] developed a post-disaster map builder which is a crowdsenced digital pedestrian map construction system over smartphone based Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN), using battery powered mobile handheld devices in the disaster affected areas. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [14] developed a rapid assessment system for seismic intensity area using the data related to mobile base stations in China. In (2) studies on the utilization of an existing digital infrastructure, targeting the affected areas of the great East Japan earthquake, [PERSON] et al. (2012) [15] verified the usefulness of disaster prevention administration radio system, [PERSON] et al. (2012) [16] reported the effective use of a cognitive wireless router in a chaotic state of digital infrastructure, and [PERSON] et al. (2014) [17] proposed and demonstrated the utilization potential of a wireless telecommunication system. Targeting the use of Twitter at the time of the great East japan earthquake, [PERSON] et al. (2012) [18] investigated the logs of 34 governmental accounts and summarized the operating guideline for governments, and [PERSON] et al. (2013) [19] proposed a method to extract false rumors from tweets. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. (2019) [20] grasped the characteristics of tweets submitted at the times of past large-scale natural disasters in Japan. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [21] proposed the role of digital infrastructure based on the survey on the heavy-rain disaster in Western Japan in 2018. In (3) studies on the proposal of a new digital infrastructure, [PERSON] et al. (2014) [22] proposed emergency response systems for disasters of various scales with a focus on transportation systems for future cities in Philippine. [PERSON] (2017) [23] showed the need to develop alternative infrastructure to assist Disaster Risk Reduction and Recovery construction (DRRR) as an energy and communication infrastructure for disaster resilience in rural and regional Australia. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [24] presented a paradigm of a disaster city digital twin, which will be developed integrating artificial and human intelligence for disaster management. The present study is located in (2) studies on the utilization of an existing digital infrastructure, and there is a rich accumulation of preceding studies in this academic area. Comparing the preceding studies mentioned above, the present study demonstrates the novelty, verifying the utilization potential of ICT as an existing digital infrastructure concerning disaster countermeasures in Japan. Additionally, in this academic area, [PERSON] et al. (2012) [18], [PERSON] et al. (2013) [19] and [PERSON] et al. (2019) [20] just targeted twitter among social media.