# Dynamic Responses of Liquid Storage Tanks Caused by Wind and Earthquake in Special Environment
## 1 Introduction  
With the development of economy and society, more and more liquid storage tanks are built in seismically active areas, in extreme cases, these areas may also belong to strong wind areas, which leads to the threat of wind and earthquake to large-scale liquid storage tanks in the whole life cycle. Moreover, earthquake and wind-induced damage cases of liquid storage tanks are very common [1; 2; 3], two cases corresponding to earthquake and wind are shown in Figure 1. The destruction of the liquid storage tank not only involves the structure itself, but it will also cause huge economic losses, environmental pollution, fire, and so on, and even threaten people's safety. Dynamic responses of liquid storage tanks during earthquakes involves shell-liquid interaction, [PERSON] et al. [3] used a coupled acoustic-structural (CAS) approach in the FEM for the analysis of the tanks with rigid and flexible walls with varying parameters. [PERSON] et al. [4] simulated the interaction between structure and liquid on the contact surface based on the bidirectional fluid-solid coupling technique and studied the dynamic responses of liquid storage tanks by finite element method. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a numerical method to simulate the shell-liquid interaction of elastic thin plate with arbitrary deformation in incompressible fluid. In addition, a large number of studies and post-earthquake investigations show that the failure modes of liquid storage tanks under earthquake basically include liquid overflow, bottom lifting, circumferential tension, and instability. [PERSON] et al. [6] proposed a practical analytical model for shallow excited tank, which exhibited complex behavior because of nonlinearity and dispersion of the liquid. [PERSON] et al. [7] conducted nonlinear sloshing analysis of liquid storage tanks and found that the sloshing nonlinearity had a significant effect on the seismic performance of liquid containing structures. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] performed numerical analysis of oil tank by using ABAQUS software, and carried out parametric study to evaluate the effect of amount of stored liquid on seismic behavior and performance of the studied tank. [PERSON] et al. [9] performed shake table experiments to investigate the effects of a flexible base on the seismic response of a liquid storage tank, results showed that the axial compressive stresses decreased after a flexible base was considered. [PERSON] et al. [10] performed shake table experiments to study the fluid structure interaction effects between the sloshing liquid and the internal structure, and found that when the partially filled storage tank was subjected to seismic excitation, spiky jet-like features were observed over the free surface. [PERSON] et al. [11] investigated three-dimensional (3-D) ground-supported liquid storage tanks subjected to seismic base excitation by using finite element method based on coupled acoustic-structural and coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approaches. Generally speaking, dynamic responses of liquid storage tank involves complex fluid-structure interaction, and numerical simulation is an effective means to solve this problem. Researchers have made certain explorations on the behavior of liquid storage tanks under wind load. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12] used numerical methods to study the buckling problem of liquid storage tanks under typhoon, and obtained that bifurcation buckling analysis could better evaluate the critical state of liquid storage tanks. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] used computational model to evaluate the buckling behavior of steel tanks under wind loads. [PERSON] et al. [14] studied the dynamic responses of flexible liquid storage structure under wind load by multi-material ALE finite element method. [PERSON] et al. [15] used wind tunnel testing and finite element method to study the buckling behavior of thin-walled circular liquid storage tanks, and discussed the effect of wind load distribution on the buckling of liquid storage tanks by comparing it with a static wind load.