## 2 Literature Review
[23] focus on the role of international trade of RE technologies, and distinguish between importer and exporter EU members in order to estimate country-specific employment factors of RE deployment. Accounting for international trade of RET is not a straightforward task, given the lack of official trade statistics for a \"RE\" sector. If the scope of the study is the analysis of the regional/local impact of RET deployment, even intra-national trade data are needed. Gross impact assessments of wind energy deployment have been conducted in the U.S at the state level for Nebraska [24] and Texas [25], and even at local level [26]. These studies use the JEDI (Jobs and Economic Development) model, a spreadsheet tool that applies standard I-O multipliers and consumption patterns [26], whereas no sub-national level I-O table is utilized. Such analyses highlight the importance of the assumptions about domestic/local shares of intermediate inputs and labor. [PERSON] et al. [27] assess the impact of all the RE sector for North Dakota and combine a state-level Input-Output Table and a survey of businesses, in which in-state expenditures are investigated. [PERSON] et al. [28] develop a methodological approach of the \"employment factors\" type for the autonomous community of Aragon in Spain. [PERSON] et al. [9] developed a model to allocate direct and indirect employment of the RE sector to the to the 16 German states, whereas [PERSON] et al. [29] have built a model for estimating the contribution to municipal value added resulting from local RE generation facilities. However, these studies on Germany neglect to account for negative effects. A sub-national net impact assessment was carried out for the deployment of marine energy in Scotland by applying a CGE model calibrated for the Scottish economy [30]. Energy policy could generate contrasting incentives among different administrative levels and possibly conflicts with local communities. Sharing revenue with host communities is crucial for local acceptance [31], and, likewise, the community's involvement in the decision-making process should not be neglected [32]. The energy transition is a complex process with profound implications on spatial organization of energy systems and economic activities both between and within nations [33]. In the 19 th century, uneven industrialization and urbanization processes were shaped by access to coal resources, whereas economies of scale and electricity network technologies favored a centralized system of energy generation [33; 34]. The transition to a carbon-free energy system must be built upon these existing spatial differences and could be affected from a path dependency that make it difficult to integrate new technologies into the incumbent system [35]. Concentration of RE supply and electricity demand, network constraints, clustering of RE technologies manufacturing and jobs, and rural-urban differences might lead to diverging paths in economic development [34]. Policies to support RET deployment and integration tend to increase household electricity prices. Energy affordability, in addition to the above mentioned regressive effects, may also entail consequences for health outcomes and life satisfaction, especially among low-income households [36]. Furthermore, the governance of energy transitions, and energy systems, in general, is fragmented across many actors and government levels, whereas the allocation of cost and benefits to each actor is very intricate. Where countries such as the UK and USA have devolved a consistent part of RE policies to sub-national government levels [37; 38], the German _EEG_ has been one of the most impressive experiments of RE promotion on a national scale.