esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Limitations on the Use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement in Structural Concrete
## 2 Applications and Use of RAP Worldwide
[23], who performed a finite element analysis to determine the maximum flexural stress in typical concrete pavements in Florida under critical temperature and load conditions, the resulting maximum stress to flexural strength ratio for RAP concrete decreases as the RAP content increases (maximum reduction of about 27%), when compared to that of a reference concrete with no RAP. A lower stress-strength ratio means a higher number of stress cycles to failure as well as a better performing concrete. In addition, thanks to the presence of a thin film of asphalt layer on the RAP aggregate, the energy absorption capacity and flexural toughness of the concrete can improve significantly [11]. In the construction of roads, worldwide regulations remain strict on the use of RAP as a substitute aggregate, limiting it to a range between 5% and 50% [26]. Similarly, a possible reason behind the lack of usage of RAP in structural concrete could be due to the specific code restrictions, to a decrease in mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and to a poor prediction of the behaviour of concrete containing RAP in terms of durability or when it is exposed to aggressive environments. These aspects will be better studied in the following sections.
# Molecular Imaging with \({}^{68}\)Ga Radio-Nanomaterials: Shedding Light on Nanoparticles
## 3 Radiolabeling Nanomaterials
### Nanoparticle Core-Doping  
To overcome some of the limitations of surface labeling methods, intrinsic radiolabeling methods have been developed. Here, nanoparticle formation and radioisotope incorporation take place simultaneously [71]. Non-radioactive precursors and the radioisotope are combined to yield intrinsically radiolabeled nanoparticles. Optimal nanoparticle synthetic conditions and careful isotope selection ensure radioisotope incorporation within the core of the nanoparticle [32]. This prevents radioisotope desorption and transmetallation in vivo and confers increased radiochemical stability to the nanoradiotracer. A fast nanoparticle synthetic route is most suitable, as usually short half-lived isotopes are used. Therefore, reported examples of this methodology use microwave-assisted protocols to synthesize the core-doped iron oxide nanoradiotracers. In 2016, our group reported the synthesis of the first example of \({}^{68}\)Ga core-doped coated iron oxide nanoparticles for PET/MR imaging using microwave technology [72]. In a posterior study in 2017, the same approach was followed using citric acid as coating instead of dextran [73]. In 2016, [PERSON] et al. successfully incorporated \({}^{68}\)Ga to the crystalline structure of Prussian blue to form core-doped dual PET/MRI nanoparticles in a single step without the use of microwave technology, however did not try their potential as contrast agent in vivo [74].
# Design of Parabolic Off-Axis Reflector Optical System for Large Aperture Single Star Simulators
## 4 Parabolic Off-Axis Reflective Optical System Design
### Optical System Stray Light Suppression
Star point plate in the star point opening position for the initial origin, the use of Formula (1) to calculate the stray light suppression diaphragm center hole to the origin of the distance and the diameter of the opening as shown in Table 6.  
The specific parameters of the optical properties of the optical and structural elements set in the optical system are shown in Table 7. The surfaces of the primary and secondary mirrors are set to actual reflection characteristics, while the optical properties of the surfaces of the primary and secondary mirror mechanical structures, the surfaces of the stray light suppression diaphragm 1-3 mechanical structures, the inner surface of the box, and the optical vibration isolation platform are set to blackening characteristics. After processing the optical system according to the above method, it can play a good role in suppressing non-imaging beams with clear directionality and irregular stray light. The remaining stray light after suppression has a negligible effect on the system index, and the system meets the use requirements.
# Design and Stability Analysis of Six-Degree-of-Freedom Hydro-Pneumatic Spring Wheel-Leg
## 4 Analysis of Horizontal Rotational Stability
### Analysis of Spring Correction Force  
As shown in Figure 11, the fixed ends of the four tension springs are mounted below the vehicle body, perpendicular to the upper ball joints of the four hydro-pneumatic springs. The movable ends are attached to the fixed lower ball joints of the hydro-pneumatic springs. Therefore, the horizontal projection force analysis diagram of the springs is consistent with Figure 7. However, the initial length and vertical distance between the upper and lower ends of the springs differ from those of the hydro-pneumatic springs. The initial length of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Value** \\ \hline Initial length of hydro-pneumatic spring \(s_{0}/\text{mm}\) & 800 \\ Vertical distance between upper and lower ball joints of hydro-pneumatic spring \(l_{c}/\text{mm}\) & 560 \\ Distance from lower ball joint to rotation center \(r_{c}/\text{mm}\) & 290 \\ Horizontal projection distance from upper ball joint to rotation center \(l_{c}/\text{mm}\) & 470 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Initial suspension parameters.  
the springs is denoted as \(s_{t}\), and the vertical distance between the upper and lower ends is denoted as \(l_{t}\).  
Figure 10: Hydraulic rod force, displacement, and torque curves.  
The stiffness of the springs is calculated using the following formula:  
\[k=\frac{Gd_{1}^{4}}{8D_{2}^{3}n_{1}}, \tag{31}\]  
where \(G\) represents the shear modulus of the spring material, \(d_{1}\) represents the wire diameter, \(D_{2}\) represents the mean diameter of the spring, and \(n_{1}\) represents the number of active coils.
# SSKM_DP: Differential Privacy Data Publishing Method via SFLA-Kohonen Network
###### Abstract
A clustering method based on the SFLA-Kohonen network is proposed, which improves the fitting accuracy of connection. 2. Weights to training data and the accuracy of clustering results. The validity of the SSKM_DP algorithm is proven theoretically. 3. Considering that the k-means algorithm is very sensitive to the selection of the initial point, the number of clusters needs to be carefully set empirically, and the DBSCAN algorithm does not work well on high-dimensional data; a clustering method based on the Kohonen neural network was introduced to solve the above problems. In order to initialize the Kohonen network, the single-population frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) was introduced to speed up network convergence. 4. Considering that there may be complex correlations between attributes in the data, the correlation between non-sensitive attributes and sensitive attributes is bound to lead to the inference of sensitive information from non-sensitive attributes. To solve this problem, we introduced the maximum information coefficient to measure the correlation. An appropriate amount of noise is added to the cluster of non-sensitive attributes to protect non-sensitive attributes and further prevent the private leakage of sensitive data. * In view of the effectiveness of the SSKM_DP algorithm, compared to the algorithms MDAV, IDP_KMENAS, and MDAV_DP on the real datasets NLTCS and UCI Adult, SSKM_DP was carried out in a lot of experiments. Experimental results show that, compared to these similar methods, SSKM_DP not only ensures the privacy of the published data, but it also greatly improves the usability of the published data.
# PEiD: Precise and Real-Time LOS/NLOS Path Identification Based on Peak Energy Index Distribution
## 1 Introduction
Furthermore, we construct a machine-learning-based classifier that utilizes statistical characteristics, achieving two significant improvements over previous work. Firstly, PEiD can significantly reduce the sample size required for path identification. Even if the sample size decreases to one-fifth of the original volume, PEiD can still maintain a relatively high identification accuracy of 94% and 92.7% for LOS and NLOS cases, while the best performances are 97.5% and 94.3%. Secondly, PEiD incorporates sliding windows to handle transceiver mobility, with an identification delay of approximately 235 ms when the channel state changes. We believe this delay is adequate for home use and is acceptable for most practical applications. The main contributions of this paper are listed below:  
1. We adopt a novel feature called peak energy index distribution for fast and accurate LOS/NLOS identification. It exploits CIR from the time domain instead of the frequency domain. A threshold-based classifier is built to validate its effectiveness under different environments, achieving an average accuracy of 67%. 2. We build a machine-learning-based LOS/NLOS classifier, considering both the time and power features of CIR. Random Forest is chosen as the best-performing algorithm [38], achieving a best identification accuracy of 97.5% and 94.3% in LOS and NLOS cases, respectively. 3. We use a sliding window to handle transceiver mobility. Although it still requires time for data sampling, experimental results show that the delay to obtain a recognition accuracy of 95% is around 235 ms, which is acceptable for most applications. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews related work on LOS/NLOS identification. Section 3 provides background information on CSI and CIR, as well as introduces the concept of peak energy index distribution. Section 4 details our proposed PEiD approach, which comprises both a threshold-based variant and a machine-learning-based version. An extended version of PEiD is also introduced to handle transceiver mobility using a sliding window. Section 5 presents the experimental results of the proposed method in a real-world application and compares its performance with previous work. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper with some remarks and future research directions.
# Synthesis and Electrical Properties of a New Bipolar Material Using Spacer Moiety
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Synthesis of 9-(4-Boronic acid-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-9H-carbazole (2)  
In a 500 mL three-neck flask, 12 g (34 mmol) of compound (1) was added, followed by the addition of 180 mL of tetrahydrofuran (THF). While maintaining a temperature of \(-\)78 \({}^{\circ}\)C using dry ice, 26 mL (51 mmol) of n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) was added, and after approximately 5 min, 6.0 mL (51 mmol) of triethyl borate (B(OEt)\({}_{3}\)) was added. Upon completion of the reaction, diluted hydrochloric acid (HCI) was added. The solvent was then removed, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (EA) and distilled water.  
After treatment with MgSO4 and filtration, the product was re-precipitated using THF and hexane. The yield was 41%.  
\({}^{1}\)H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): 8 (ppm) 1.83 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 6.95-6.98 (d, J = 8.1, 2H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.23-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 8.20-8.25 (m, 4H).
## 4 Landscape of Immunotherapy for HCC
### Anti-PD1/PD-L1 in Association with TKIs  
Since ICIs and TKIs are both effective in treating HCC, it is conceivable that the combination of these drugs may be more effective than each monotherapy. Even though the simple summatory effect of two successful treatments cannot be excluded, a synergistic effect has been hypothesized considering that TKIs block the signaling from several growth factors and affect immune effectors [48]. Despite these premises, two phase III RCTs failed to demonstrate the superiority of the ICIs + TKIs combinations compared to the TKIs monotherapy [49; 50]. In the COSMIC-312 trial, patients were randomized to receive sorafenibib monotherapy, cabozatinib monotherapy, or the combination of cabozatinib plus atezolizumab (cabo+atezo) (1:1:2 ratio). While the median PFS was significantly superior in the combination arm compared to the sorafenibib arm (6.8 vs. 4.2 months; HR 0.63, 99% CI, 0.44-0.91), the median OS was not statistically different between the two groups(15.4 vs. 15.5 months; HR 0.90, 96% CI, 0.69-1.18) [49]. Even though this trial was designed with OS and PFS as the dual primary endpoints, the lack of survival advantage in the same setting in which the combinations atezo+beva and durvalumab + tremelimumab have demonstrated a clear advantage over the same competitor (sorafenib) makes any further commercial progression of the combination cabo+atezo unlikely.  
The LEAP-002 study is a phase III RTC that evaluated the efficacy of the combination lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (lenva+pembro) compared to lenvatinib monotherapy. Lenva+pembro did not demonstrate to be significantly superior to lenvatinib monotherapy, since the primary endpoint (OS: HR 0.840, 95% CI, 0.708-0.997, \(p\) = 0.0227; PFS: HR 0.867, 95% CI, 0.734-1.024, \(p\) = 0.0466) did not meet pre-specified statistical significance [50]. In this study, the median OS in the lenvatinib monotherapy arm was the longest ever observed with this TKI in advanced HCC, and this may contribute to the failure of the combined therapy.  
Conversely, the benefit of the combination of an anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 antibody with a TKI has been proved for the first time in a phase III trial enrolling mostly Asian patients with unresectable HCC. In this study, the combined treatment with camrelizumab (an anti-PD-1) plus rivoceranib (a TKI targeting VEGFR-2) demonstrated a statistically significant benefit compared to sorafenib in terms of both OS and PFS (HR 0.62, 95% CI, 0.49-0.80, and HR 0.52, 95% CI, 0.41-0.65, respectively) [51]. Moreover, ORR is significantly improved with the combination compared to sorafenib (25.4% vs. 5.9%; \(p\) < 0.0001). Despite the relatively high treatment-related adverse events rate observed with camrelizumab + rivoceranib (80.9% vs. 52.4% with sorafenib), this combination can represent a new first-line therapy option for patients with advanced HCC.
# Extension of DBSCAN in Online Clustering: An Approach Based on Three-Layer Granular Models
## 3 Framework and Necessary Preparation  
According to the literature review on issues of DBSCAN algorithm variants, an extension algorithm combining DBSCAN with model-based idea is proposed for online clustering in this study, which is implemented with three layers of granule models. The framework of the proposed method is shown in Figure 1.  
It is seen from Figure 1 that the proposed method is mainly implemented in three spaces: input space, medium space, and output space. First, data are divided into clusters by the traditional DBSCAN clustering algorithm. Labels of these clusters will be regarded to granulate the output space of clustering. Then, the input space is constructed by granule models. Based on the DBSCAN clustering results, the data in the input space are distinguished by arbitrary shapes. Considering that input's dimension is always high, high-dimensional granule models are constructed to describe these structural clusters. Second, a medium space to connect input and output space is established. The medium space could be established by the value domain of an indicator or a function. Since the established medium space is usually one dimension, it is divided into granules expressed by intervals. Each granule in medium space forms rules of determining the mapping from input to output. Finally, according to the model-based idea, cluster labels of new data in testing or online clustering are determined via rule-based modeling in three-layer granule models, including identifying granules in input space, which corresponds to intervals in medium space, and determining cluster labels based on rules in output space.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Regression model
Two-stage NN models, which were trained and tested with experimental data, were validated with commercial data (Table 1) and compared favorably with corresponding regression models, when identical commercial data sets were used for validation (Table 2). For example, the 2-stage NN model for living lettuce was validated with R\({}^{2}\) of 0.66 (Table 1) as compared to regression model R\({}^{2}\) of 0.43 (Table 2). Similarly 2-stage NN of butter lettuce had R\({}^{2}\) of 0.96 (Table 1) as compared to a regression model with R\({}^{2}\) of 0.79 (Table 2). When known factors exist, such as living- and butter- lettuce behaving differently, it is necessary to establish specific models for such known conditions. It is possible to use a generic NN model with broad data base (e.g. both living and butter lettuce) and then update with specific data under specific conditions (e.g. butter lettuce alone) to establish specific models for specific purposes. NN modeling is being increasingly used in biology, but there are other modeling techniques. For example, partial least squares regression could provide a good alternative to our 2-stage NN. One could even change the design of the NN by using a more complex 5-layer NN structure or by constructing the inputs in different ways. In this study, we have provided a useful, practical approach of using 2-stage NN modeling for shelf life prediction.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
Effect of ZnO Addition and of Alpha Particle Irradiation on Various Properties of Er\({}^{3+}\), Yb\({}^{3+}\) Doped Phosphate Glasses  
**[PERSON] 1**, **[PERSON] 1**, **[PERSON] 1**, **[PERSON] 2**, **[PERSON] 2**, **[PERSON] 3**, **[PERSON] 3**, **[PERSON] 1**, **[PERSON] 4**, **[PERSON] 1** and **[PERSON] 1.\({}^{*}\)**  
1 Laboratory of Photonics, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 3, 33720 Tampere, Finland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.D.); [PERSON] (R.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.N.)
2 National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Center for Advanced Laser Technologies, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.M.); [PERSON]RESS] (D.S.)
3 \"[PERSON]\" National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele RO-077125, Romania; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (O.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.R.)
4 Istituto Superiore Mario Boella, Via [PERSON] C. Boggio 61, 10138 Torino, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +358-50-447-8481  
Received: 6 October 2017; Accepted: 20 October 2017; Published: 24 October 2017  
**Featured Application: The newly developed Er\({}^{3+}\), Yb\({}^{3+}\) doped phosphate glasses presented in this paper could find many different applications in space, telecommunications, LIDAR, spectroscopy and bioimaging, just to cite a few.**  
**Abstract:** New Er\({}^{3+}\), Yb\({}^{3+}\) codoped phosphate glasses with the (98-x) (0.50P\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{5}\)-0.40 SrO-0.10 Na\({}_{2}\)O) -0.5 Er\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-1.5 Yb\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)-xZnO (in mol %) composition were prepared by melting process with up to 10 mol % ZnO. The impact of the changes in the glass composition on the thermal, optical, structural properties was investigated. Using IR and Raman spectroscopies, we confirmed that the addition of ZnO up to 10 mol % leads to a depolymerization of the network without having a significant impact on the Er\({}^{3+}\) and Yb\({}^{3+}\) sites. We also discuss the effect of alpha particles irradiation. The glass with 2.5 mol % of ZnO was irradiated with 3 MeV alpha particles and a total fluence of 10\({}^{12}\)\(\alpha\)/cm\({}^{2}\). After irradiation, this glass exhibits surface expansion (measured at \(\sim\)200 nm, 1.5 months after the irradiation) and an increase in the surface roughness. The alpha particles irradiation is suspected to lead to changes in the spectroscopic properties of the glass. Finally, the photo-response of the glass was found to be reversible.  
**Keywords:** phosphate glasses; Yb\({}^{3+}\) and Er\({}^{3+}\) codoping; spectroscopic properties; IR and Raman spectroscopies; alpha particle irradiation
# Design of a Hand-Launched Solar-Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System for Plateau
## 2 Conceptual Design Method  
To achieve perpetual flight, the solar-powered UAV was designed based on weight balance and energy balance. The former determined whether the plane would fly as expected. In the latter, the balance between the energy collected by the solar cells and the energy consumed in the flight determined the endurance of the UAV. In order to simplify the model, UAV's cruise state was steady level flight at the same altitude. During the cruise, there was no energy conversion through climbing and descending.  
In design, the first consideration was the balance of forces. Similar to conventional long-endurance aircraft, solar-powered UAV have a single flight state, which is a'single design point' flight platform. The balance between lift and weight and the balance between thrust and drag are necessary during steady flight.  
Power balance is also important in the design of solar-powered aircraft. In order to achieve the goal of perpetual flight, the total energy collected by the solar cells during the day flight must be more than the energy consumed during the flight. Besides, the remaining energy from the batteries should be sufficient for the night flight at the end of the day.  
In this paper, the analytical and continuous approximation method was used, that is, the model describing the characteristics of each part was used to establish the relationship between each part model by analytic equation. The advantage of this method is that the analytical solution can be obtained directly and the unique optimal design can be obtained directly. However, the method needs accurate mathematical models.  
In this paper, first of all, the power expression of the plane in cruise was established, and then the total energy collected by the solar cells during the day flight was obtained based on the solar irradiance model. Then, the weight prediction model of each part of the aircraft was given, and a closed loop was formed according to the relationship between the energy, so as to obtain the analytical solution that makes the scheme feasible.
# A Survey of the Real-Time Metaverse: Challenges and Opportunities +
## 8 Challenges and Opportunities
### Scalability
For example, a user on a low-end mobile device may experience lower-quality graphics and longer load times compared to a user on a high-end VR system, leading to disparities in the immersive experience. This inconsistency in performance can limit the scalability of the metaverse, as developers must balance the need for a high-quality experience with the technical limitations of diverse hardware. Furthermore, ensuring real-time synchronization across these varied devices without compromising the immersive experience for any user group requires sophisticated optimization techniques that are still in development. Another significant factor is cloud infrastructure. While cloud computing can alleviate some of the processing burdens by offloading tasks to remote servers, the latency introduced by cloud-based rendering or computation can still be problematic for real-time applications [282]. Even with edge computing--where processing is done closer to the user--scalability issues remain. Edge servers must be distributed widely enough to handle the demand from local users, but deploying and maintaining this infrastructure at scale is costly and complex. Moreover, data synchronization between multiple edge servers and the central cloud can lead to consistency issues, where some users experience delays in receiving updates to the virtual world. This could be particularly problematic in environments that require precise timing, such as competitive gaming or virtual commerce platforms where milliseconds matter.
# Design of a SIW Variable Phase Shifter for Beam Steering Antenna Systems
## 3 SIW Beam Steering Antenna System  
By using electrically variable phase shifters, we are able to change the phase of the signal in any individual antenna element in an array, which consequently steers the far-field radiation pattern of the array in space without the need for any mechanical rotation.