## 1 Introduction
Unlike casual WSNs, which rely on broadcasting messages, our proposed algorithm uses point-to-point or clustered communication [8; 9]. In WSN, researchers are still working to solve energy limits in homogeneous SNs despite this new phase of WSN research and low energy supply has prompted a systematic approach to creating energy-efficient, lifetime-enhancing algorithms [3; 4; 5]. WSN must improve coverage and network lifespan to meet the demands of new emerging scenarios and applications. The sensor nodes in our network have the same energy, hardware, and transmission capabilities since we will work on homogenous sensor networks [4; 5; 6]. It is essential to remember that each sensor node has a different battery power drainage rate. A cluster head and several active member nodes work within a single cluster. To send the data to the BS, the cluster head has to aggregate and broadcast it through the cluster member nodes. The nodes in the cluster gather the data and relay it to the cluster's central node (CH) [4]. Cluster members generally use less energy than cluster heads [1; 2]. Clustering methods in WSNs can improve the three primary issues: scalability, network lifetime, and energy efficiency. Clustering divides a network into SNs, called Cluster Members, linked together through the CH. The CMs watch over their particular environments and regularly relay the data they gather to the CHs. Clustering methods prevent the CMs from immediately sending information to the BS, which will drain the node's energy very quickly [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. The associated CHs collect data from their corresponding CMs and send it to the BS in a consolidated manner. Energy consumption can be reduced due to decreasing the number of messages sent to BS [6], which is utilized in our proposed technique. Performance criteria such as energy efficiency, network life expectancy, number of CHs per round, and consistency in the number of CH are considered while evaluating clustering algorithms [14; 15; 16]. In this paper, an energy-efficient weight-based protocol (EEWBP) is proposed. There are two processes involved in EEWBP: (1) the cluster creation process and (2) the data transmission process, which divides the monitoring field into groups of sensor nodes or clusters [17]. The SN must be operational in each monitoring area for a more extended time to maintain comprehensive coverage. For cluster construction, EEWBP employs the weighted-sum approach. Periodically, the EEWBP makes suitable CMs, and CHs ensure that the network's lifetime is maintained during every operation round. The choice of CMs and CHs are the basic things that provide long-term coverage and efficient efficiency. Residual energy, sensor node degree, trust value, and flying speed are all weighted value parameters in the EEWBP algorithm. The weighted-sum approach assigns weights to the various controlling factors to save energy, extending the monitoring field's lifespan. Governing parameters are selected depending on energy and coverage considerations. Node density, distance from SN to a sink [18; 19; 20], and other factors affect network lifespan. So, our current research mostly ends up involving some crucial parameters like residual energy, node density, trust value, and SN degree at the same time and chooses a group of active nodes and CHs that work efficiently as well as in the optimal way. Our most significant contributions are as follows:  
* Reasonable packet data transmission rate and energy-efficient for the WSN nodes using a novel clustering routing algorithm have been developed in this paper;
* We develop a new function that considers energy efficiency through a cluster formation process to make the CH exception process better;
* Surpassing existing systems in terms of their energy consumption, the number of live nodes, packet delivery rate, and among other metrics too;
* To better comprehend the protocols and related approaches used by WSNs, we provide a thorough analysis and evaluation of the relevant literature based on clustering parameters.