esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quantification of Phenolic Components  
Phenolic compounds are generally secondary metabolites with high antioxidative and antiaging properties, and they are beneficial to human health [30]. [PERSON] and others have found several phenolic compounds in soybean sprouts including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringe acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, cinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and sinapic acid [4]. The impacts of chitoligosaccharide on nine of these phenolic compounds in soybean sprouts were studied (Table 1). Concentrations of phenolic components from different treatments differed significantly (\(p<0.05\)). The contents of gallic acid ranged from 18.698 to 32.274 mg/g dry weight, protocatechuic acid from 0.539 to 1.444 mg/g dry weight, syringic acid from 0.073 to 0.116 mg/g dry  
Figure 3: Total flavonoid content of soybean sprouts under different chitoligosaccharide treatments. The treatments were conducted with chitoligosaccharides of three molecular weights (1, 2, and 3 kDa) at four different concentrations (0.001 to 1%). The control treatment (0%) included the same solutions without chitoligosaccharides. Vertical bars represent the standard error of three replicates. Different letters indicate statistically significant difference (\(p<0.05\)).  
weight, p-coumaric acid from 0.771 to 1.460 mg/g dry weight, vanillic acid from 1.021 to 1.844 mg/g dry weight, ferulic acid from 4.845 to 7.398 mg/g dry weight, ellagic acid from 0.459 to 0.775 mg/g dry weight, cinnamic acid from 0.053 to 0.254 mg/g dry weight, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid from 0.251 to 2.646 mg/g dry weight. All the phenolics were significantly increased in the presence of chitol oligosaccharidesacharide, and the most effective treatment was 1 kDa chitol oligosaccharidesacharide with the concentration of 0.01%. These results were in accordance with the total phenolics content measurement. Among them, p-hydroxybenzoic acid showed the highest proportion of increase, which was about 10.54-fold over the control. The contents of cinnamic acid and protocatechuric acid increased to 4.79-fold and 2.68-fold in comparison with that of the control, respectively. In addition, the contents of gallic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid in sprouts treated with the same chitol oligosaccharidesacharide increased by 73%, 59%, 89%, 81%, 53%, and 69%, respectively. This clearly indicated that chitol oligosaccharidesacharide was extremely effective in increasing phenolic secondary metabolites in soybean sprouts, and the increase in these phenolic compounds was the result of resisting oxidative stress [25]. However, in contrast with research by [PERSON] [4], the contents of these phenolic compounds were much higher in our study. These discrepancies might be due to differences in soybean cultivars and germination methods.
# Improvements of the xAAL Home Automation System
## 5 The xAAL Communication Protocol
### Alternative Home Automation Protocols over IP
#### 5.7.3 MQTT-like Protocols  
There are still recent proposals in the open-source community for simple ad hoc home automation protocols using the home IP network, such as MQTT-UDP [42].  
The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport [43] is a publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol designed for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication: sending commands to a set of devices, collecting data from sensors (e.g., measuring particulates and dust of town), etc. MQTT is a one-to-many communication system, based on a _star_ architecture: a central node (called broker) is in charge of forwarding published messages towards subscribers. Messages are organized by topics, and topics are somehow the addressing system. Because of this star architecture, MQTT is subject to the single point of failure issues.  
The idea of MQTT-UDP is to reuse MQTT principles in a lightweight manner by replacing the broker by UDP IPv4 broadcast. The result is an ad hoc pragmatic transport protocol for smart home applications. The functional definition of implied components and specifications of their API is out of the scope of MQTT-UDP and is not defined.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cu Loading to CHA Structure
The disappearance of those peaks means that their assigned Cu species were removed, and the analysis reached close to the surface of the as-synthesized zeolite catalyst. This finding points to preferential dealumination close to the surface of the 0.05 M Cu-NH4-CHA and 0.1 M Cu-NH4-CHA-RT, presumably caused by diffusion limitations experienced by the Cu ions in those mentioned catalysts. By implication, since framework Al is related initially to acid sites, dealumination in those catalysts caused a decrease in their acid sites. Hence, this suggests that Cu species within the zeolite catalyst 0.1 M Cu-NH4-CHA were well distributed and stabilized and may not be significantly affected by the working conditions, such as operating temperature, and by the other reactive species present inside the catalyst's microporous structure. This reveals that ion-etching created contrast between the as-synthesized catalysts through differences in the topographical nature of Cu species distribution on the surface and within the microstructures of the catalysts. In addition, the etching process exposed the supposedly catalytic active sites on the surface of the modified and Cu ion-exchanged CHA zeolite catalysts. Because the impact of the etching technique unveiled the stability of seemingly active sites, it could help understand the relationship between the surface structure of the catalysts and their catalytic performance in NOx conversion.
## 3 Failure Mode Analysis
### Sensor Circuit Box Design  
The eddy current sensor circuit box is used to meet the power supply, signal acquisition, and transmission functions of eight sensors. The design scheme of the sensor circuit box is shown in Figure 4.  
The PCB board of the circuit box includes two parts: the power supply and the functional circuit.  
Figure 4: Eddy current sensor circuit box design scheme.  
1. The power supply includes several parts, including surge suppression and overcurrent protection, EMI filtering, and a secondary power supply. It provides various voltage levels of driving power supply for the functional circuit section and also provides input power supply for eight sensors.
2. The functional circuit includes a processor, ADC sampling circuit, sensing signal conditioning circuit, and 422 communication. Its main function is high-precision sampling of eddy current sensor signals, and it is also responsible for data exchange with the attitude and orbit control system.
# The Pheromone-Based Harmony Search Algorithm for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem
## 7 Results
### Tasks from TSPLIB
Additionally, no grounds were found to negate the hypothesis which claims that the usage of a pheromone makes it possible to achieve better results than the ones defined by the HS without global memory. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test Name**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Average Execution Time [s]**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **HS** & **PBHS (\(\rho=0.25\))** & **PBHS (\(\rho=0.5\))** & **PBHS (\(\rho=0.75\))** \\ \hline br17 & \(22.16\pm 0.45\) & \(38.32\pm 1.26\) & \(24.96\pm 0.64\) & \(29.66\pm 1.28\) \\ ftv33 & \(46.11\pm 1.25\) & \(112.78\pm 5.17\) & \(55.51\pm 1.2\) & \(68.61\pm 1.54\) \\ ftv35 & \(48.96\pm 0.73\) & \(125.04\pm 3.05\) & \(60.07\pm 0.81\) & \(74.12\pm 1.07\) \\ ftv38 & \(53.83\pm 0.67\) & \(146.37\pm 2.7\) & \(63.5\pm 3.62\) & \(84.72\pm 7.75\) \\ p43 & \(60.14\pm 1.76\) & \(161.71\pm 8.49\) & \(69.61\pm 3.03\) & \(90.46\pm 2.12\) \\ ftv44 & \(63.58\pm 1.21\) & \(196.78\pm 12.35\) & \(79.07\pm 2.82\) & \(100.16\pm 3.74\) \\ ftv47 & \(68.39\pm 0.67\) & \(209.05\pm 4.53\) & \(84.37\pm 1.31\) & \(103.01\pm 4.28\) \\ ry48p & \(68.15\pm 0.97\) & \(174.53\pm 22.27\) & \(84.15\pm 1.24\) & \(103.96\pm 1.88\) \\ ft53 & \(76.53\pm 0.81\) & \(216.73\pm 14.73\) & \(99.08\pm 2.79\) & \(119.61\pm 2.34\) \\ ftv55 & \(87.16\pm 2.51\) & \(269.93\pm 8\) & \(106.7\pm 4.95\) & \(122.15\pm 8.71\) \\ ftv64 & \(106\pm 3.3\) & \(372.46\pm 4.6\) & \(136.9\pm 3.25\) & \(163.65\pm 6.82\) \\ ft70 & \(109.36\pm 4.03\) & \(426.12\pm 11.31\) & \(149.33\pm 11.68\) & \(169.16\pm 7.6\) \\ ftv70 & \(116.43\pm 3.85\) & \(421.5\pm 8.22\) & \(175.58\pm 3.88\) & \(178.33\pm 8.05\) \\ kro124p & \(205.5\pm 5.3\) & \(803.88\pm 41.47\) & \(296.29\pm 26.43\) & \(308.59\pm 20.09\) \\ ftv170 & \(418.36\pm 23.65\) & \(2077.29\pm 165.99\) & \(610.74\pm 39.72\) & \(646.33\pm 22.48\) \\ rbg323 & \(1033.5\pm 56.87\) & \(6140.01\pm 405.66\) & \(1513.5\pm 261.93\) & \(1640.2\pm 130.42\) \\ rbg358 & \(1170.66\pm 135.41\) & \(7191.41\pm 403.9\) & \(2069.71\pm 50.73\) & \(1919.57\pm 129.31\) \\ rbg403 & \(1515.98\pm 35.33\) & \(9266.52\pm 237.28\) & \(2355.65\pm 211.82\) & \(1964.43\pm 122.16\) \\ rbg443 & \(1665\pm 130.83\) & \(11136.23\pm 275\) & \(2371.31\pm 156.91\) & \(2273.62\pm 159.5\) \\ Average & \(365.04\pm 21.56\) & \(2078.25\pm 86.1\) & \(547.69\pm 41.51\) & \(534.76\pm 33.75\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of the execution time. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**O1/O2** & **HS** & \(\rho=0.25\) & \(\rho=0.5\) & \(\rho=0.75\) \\ \hline HS & N/A & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1\) \\ \(\rho=0.25\) & \(1.29941\times 10^{-46}\) & N/A & \(1.06687\times 10^{-25}\) & \(6.89734\times 10^{-42}\) \\ \(\rho=0.5\) & \(1.61089\times 10^{-36}\) & \(1\) & N/A & \(4.60633\times 10^{-31}\) \\ \(\rho=0.75\) & \(1.78842\times 10^{-30}\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & N/A \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test results for the value of the objective function. Figure 3: PBHEs convergence.
## 3 Solution Approach
### Stage of Initial Solution Generation and Pre-Optimization
#### 3.1.3 Pre-Optimization of the Initial Solution Based on the Local Optimization Process  
Notably, the allocation of all client nodes is determined by the angle \(t\) of the polar coordinates, and the distance \(r\) is not considered. Therefore, the solution generation process has some limitations, and the initial solution can still be further optimized. In this regard, Section 3.2.3 is used to pre-optimize the generated initial solution. That is, the program module of Section 3.2.3 is applied to pre-optimize the initial solution. Because this program module is the key design part of the VNS-TA algorithm in the re-optimization stage, the principle and process of the module are presented in detail in Section 3.2.3. This part will not be introduced here.  
.1.4 Initial Solution Acceptance of the Stopping Criterion Based on the Maximum Number of Iterations  
After the initial solution generation and pre-optimization, the stopping criterion with the maximum number of iterations is used to retain and output the better initial scheme. The maximum number of iterations affects the diversity and quality of the initial scheme. When the maximum number of iterations is small, the diversity of the initial scheme is better, but the quality is worse. When the maximum number of iterations is large, the quality of the initial scheme is better, but the diversity is worse. Therefore, the appropriate maximum number of iterations is designed to output a better pre-optimized initial scheme with a certain degree of diversity.
## 3 Results and Discussion
In order to confirm the resistivity changes by the plasma treatment, the sheet resistance was measured to estimate the Cu resistivity, and the results are shown in Figure 7. The resistivity of sputter Cu was higher than electroplated Cu due to a larger grain size. The very small increase in resistivity was observed in the sputtered Cu after the two-step plasma treatment, whereas the higher increase in resistivity was observed in the electroplated Cu. It has been reported that Cu4N tends to offer metallic behavior and Cu3N for semiconducting behavior, unlike copper oxides [21]. This means that the electroplated Cu has more oxide or less nitride formation than the sputtered Cu. Following the two-step plasma treatment, the two plasma-treated Cu wafers were bonded at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and then the bonding quality at the bonded Cu interface was evaluated using SAT (scanning acoustic tomography) and FIB (focused ion beam) analysis. In general, the darker the spot color in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **Cu\_N/Cu** & **CuO/Cu** \\ \hline Sputtered Cu sample & 0.842 & 0.070 \\ Electroplated Cu sample & 0.741 & 0.095 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Qualitative analysis of nitride formation using Cu2p XPS data. Figure 6: Roughness of plasma treated Cu thin films measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 7: Estimated resistivity of plasma treated Cu thin films by measuring sheet resistance. the SAT images, the better the bonding quality at the Cu bonding interface. In a previous report [17], the black spot in the sputtered Cu showed a complete bonded Cu interface with full Cu diffusion. In Figure 8, the as-deposited sample showed extremely poor bonding quality, but after the two-step plasma treatment, the bonding quality significantly improved in the sputtered Cu, and somewhat improved in the electroplated Cu with incomplete spot-bonded images. Considering that neither warpage control nor surface planarization by CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) was performed, the sputtered Cu exhibited a better bonded Cu interface than the electroplated Cu. In the XPS and AFM analysis, the sputtered Cu was observed to form more copper nitride and less copper oxide on the Cu surface and had lower surface roughness than the electroplated Cu. This may explain better bonding quality in the sputtered Cu. Despite the inherent problem of blanket Cu wafer bonding process in this experiment, the two-step plasma treatment has shown the possibility of preventing continuous copper oxidation and allowing low-temperature Cu bonding.
## 4 Part Functionality as Effected by Surface Residual Stress
### Fatigue Resistance as Effected by Surface Residual Stress
Considerable research has been performed to get the effect of tool wear on part functionality. The effects of tool wear on surface integrity and fatigue life during milling was studied by [PERSON] et al. They found that surface roughness is generally higher in the step-over direction than the feed direction and that tool wear does not necessarily affect the fatigue life within a certain range (0.2 mm) [106]. Also, fundamental relationship between tool wear and fatigue was related by them. They found that compared with the sharp tool, the worn tool up to flank wear (0.12 mm) only slightly reduces the average life from 1.23 \(\times\) 106 to 1.16 \(\times\) 106 cycles. Rougher surfaces are expected to encourage fatigue crack initiation. While [PERSON] found that the surface roughness also has a slightly influence on four-point bending fatigue life for end milling of AISI H13 [42], and the effect of tool wear on workpiece fatigue life is shown in Figure 10.  
The residual stress on milled surface will directly influence the generation and extension of crack on surface, and that will have a direct impact on fatigue life of workpiece. Generally, compressive residual stress contributes to the improvement of fatigue life. Tool wear has a direct impact on the residual stress of the milled surface, so tool wear is another important factor that influences the fatigue life of component in milling process.
# In-flight Wind Field Identification and Prediction of Parafoil Systems
## 4 Wind Field Prediction
### Identification-predictive Method  
After the parafoil system being fully deployed in a predetermined airspace, and the GPS module locks the satellite, the wind field identification-prediction procedure starts to identify the wind field at the current altitude and predict the lower altitude. The process is shown in Figure 3. The specific steps are as follows:  
1. According to the flight states of parafoil systems, the average wind field \((V_{w,x},V_{w,y})\) at current altitude is identified by the wind field identification method.
2. Let \((\overline{u},\overline{v})=(V_{w,x},V_{w,y})\), according to Equation (22), \(u_{g}\) can be obtained.
3. Substituting the predicted altitude that to be and \(u_{g}\) into Equation (24), the average wind field \((\overline{u},\overline{v})\) at the corresponding altitude can be predicted.
###### Abstract  
Digital watermarking is important for the copyright protection of electronic data, but embedding watermarks into vector maps could easily lead to changes in map precision. Zero-watermarking, a method that does not embed watermarks into maps, could avoid altering vector maps but often lack of robustness. This study proposes a dual zero-watermarking scheme that improves watermark robustness for two-dimensional (2D) vector maps. The proposed scheme first extracts the feature vertices and non-feature vertices of the vector map with the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and subsequently constructs the Delaunay Triangulation Mesh (DTM) to form a topological feature sequence of feature vertices as well as the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) matrix to form intrinsic feature sequence of non-feature vertices. Next, zero-watermarks are obtained by executing exclusive disjunction (XOR) with the encrypted watermark image under the Arnold scramble algorithm. The experimental results show that the scheme that synthesizes both the feature and non-feature information improves the watermark capacity. Making use of complementary information between feature and non-feature vertices considerably improves the overall robustness of the watermarking scheme. The proposed dual zero-watermarking scheme combines the advantages of individual watermarking schemes and is robust against such attacks as geometric attacks, vertex attacks and object attacks.  
digital data protection; watermark; vector map; delaunay triangulation mesh; singular value decomposition +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1
# Advances in Remote Sensing and Propulsion Systems for Earth Observation Nanosatellites
## 3 Earth Observation
### Specialized Applications
[47], developed inflatable antennas to enable high-gain communication for interplanetary CubeSats. These antennas addressed the limitations of small form factors and allowed for deep-space communication while maintaining low mass and compact storage requirements [48]. Successful experimental tests demonstrated the feasibility of deploying inflatable antennas in space, setting the stage for CubeSat missions capable of operating in interplanetary environments. Such innovations pave the way for future nanosatellite missions beyond Earth-centric remote sensing applications. The use of nanosatellites and CubeSats in specialized applications represents a significant advancement in addressing modern challenges across various fields. These efforts highlight the transformative impact of nanosatellites and CubeSats in advancing scientific inquiry and addressing critical global challenges. Table 7 summarizes the methods used and evaluation metrics for each study regarding specialized applications of nanosatellites and CubeSats. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Evaluation Metric** & **Reference** \\ \hline Evaluation of nSight-1 CubeSat & & \\ imagery, advocating for enhanced & High-quality imagery, Broad & \\ spectral bands and & potential applications identified. & [40] \\ radiometric calibration. & & \\ \hline Introduction of BioSentinel mission, & & \\ assessing radiation-induced DNA & Advancement in space biology, & \\ damage in eukaryotic cells for & Contribution to understanding & [41] \\ astrobiology research. & radiation impacts. & \\ \hline Design of lunar remote sensing & & \\ micro–nanosatellite with & & \\ high-resolution multispectral & Unparalleled imaging capabilities, & \\ camera, promising for & Potential for advancing space tech. & [42] \\ lunar exploration. & & \\ \hline Proposal of nanosatellite IoT & & \\ platform for remote Equatorial & Innovative IoT platform, Potential & \\ regions, offering real-time & for cost-effective data collection. & [43] \\ data collection. & & \\ \hline Proposal of SWEET CubeSat & & \\ mission for monitoring & Mission for monitoring harmful & \\ cyanobacterial blooms in African & blooms, Proposal for & [44] \\ lakes, aiming for efficient water & efficient monitoring. & \\ quality monitoring. & & \\ \hline Generation of DEM from PS & & \\ imagery for disaster monitoring, & & \\ showing promising accuracy in & & \\ elevation data generation. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Methods used for specialized applications.
# Bistatic Landmine and IED Detection Combining Vehicle and Drone Mounted GPR Sensors
## 3 Results
### SAR Image Comparison
#### 3.3.1 Multimonostatic Simulations  
The SAR image of the multimonostatic scenario with a buried metallic target is shown in Figure 8. Both the interface and the object are clearly detected. The reflectivity at the interface is larger in the FDFD simulation, as expected from the previous discussion.  
When the buried target is dielectric (TNT), it is hardly detected in the SAR image (as shown in Figure 9). Thus, in accordance with the initial hypothesis, the antenna configuration must be improved to be able to detect non-metallic targets.  
Figure 8: SAR image from RT (**a**) and FDFD (**b**) simulations: multimonostatic scenario with a metallic target.  
Figure 7: B-Scan comparison from RT (**a**) and FDFD (**b**) simulations: multimonostatic scenario with a metallic target.