## 3 Results and Discussion
### Preparation and Chemical Characterization of SEWS
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Component** & **Content, \%** \\ \hline Total carbohydrates & 62.14 \(\pm\) 2.87 \\ Glucose & 3.18 \(\pm\) 0.09 \\ Total lipids & 7.73 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\ Protein & 1.99 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ Ash & 6.33 \(\pm\) 0.16 \\ Total phenols & 16.38 \(\pm\) 0.55 \\ Total flavonoids & 4.41 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Chemical composition of sunflower meal ethanol-wash solute. (Table 2). The four of them are typical constituents of sunflower oil [48]. While the latter three are saturated fatty acids, the linoleic one, which has the highest TIC value in the group of nonpolar compounds (Table 2), is unsaturated and considered beneficial for human health and disease prevention [49]. In addition, unsaturated fatty acids, particularly the linoleic one, were demonstrated to be valuable for technical purposes, such as corrosion inhibition and treatment of cellulosic fabrics [50; 51]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Compound**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**RT**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**RI**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**TIC, \%**} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**A:** Polar compounds} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Amino acids} \\
1 & Alanine & 4.69 & 1097 & 0.64 \\
2 & Valine & 4.90 & 1208 & 0.78 \\
3 & Leucine & 6.03 & 1266 & 1.16 \\
4 & Isoleucine & 6.23 & 1285 & 1.40 \\
5 & Proline & 6.30 & 1293 & 0.97 \\
6 & Glycine & 6.35 & 1299 & 0.84 \\
7 & Serine & 6.65 & 1351 & 0.39 \\
8 & Threonine & 6.78 & 1376 & 0.70 \\
9 & Aspartic acid & 8.19 & 1509 & 1.52 \\
10 & Methionine & 8.27 & 1512 & 0.45 \\
11 & Glutamic acid & 10.60 & 1608 & 1.43 \\
12 & Phenylalanine & 10.68 & 1635 & 0.89 \\
13 & Asparagine & 10.74 & 1659 & 0.26 \\
14 & Glutamine & 1160 & 1765 & 1.30 \\
15 & Lysine & 13.38 & 1911 & 0.75 \\
16 & Tyrosine & 13.52 & 1930 & 0.21 \\
17 & Histidine & 19.55 & 2145 & 0.39 \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{Organic acids} \\
18 & Succin acid & 6.40 & 1305 & 1.12 \\
19 & Fumaric acid & 6.61 & 1344 & 0.49 \\
20 & Malic acid & 8.00 & 1477 & 0.86 \\
21 & Pyroglutamic acid & 8.88 & 1518 & 4.31 \\ \multicolumn{5}{c}{Sugar acids and alcohols} \\
22 & Glycerol & 5.95 & 1264 & 4.77 \\
23 & Glyceric acid & 6.52 & 1341 & 3.01 \\
24 & Threitol & 8.61 & 1488 & 1.35 \\
25 & Erythreed & 9.03 & 1493 & 0.37 \\
26 & Threonic acid & 10.55 & 1569 & 1.48 \\
27 & Xylitol & 10.80 & 1690 & 3.24 \\
28 & Arabitol & 10.89 & 1699 & 4.11 \\
29 & Ribonic acid & 11.67 & 1822 & 2.17 \\
30 & Clucitol & 14.92 & 1942 & 5.34 \\
31 & Dulcitol & 15.15 & 1961 & 2.31 \\
32 & Gluconic acid & 16.04 & 1996 & 0.86 \\
33 & Myo-inositol & 16.64 & 2090 & 2.18 \\
34 & Galactinol & 28.72 & 2951 & 1.80 \\
35 & Xylose & 10.60 & 1661 & 1.05 \\
36 & Arabinose & 10.68 & 1673 & 1.82 \\
37 & Fructose & 12.03 & 1856 & 5.86 \\
38 & Galactose & 14.57 & 1876 & 6.66 \\
39 & Glucose & 14.62 & 1881 & 5.41 \\
40 & Sucrose & 23.69 & 2620 & 14.01 \\
41 & Melibiose & 25.36 & 2846 & 9.93 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Polar (**A**), nonpolar (**B**) and phenolic (**C**) compounds in sunflower meal ethanol-wash solute identified by GC–MS analysis. The SEWS contained protein but in a relatively low amount (1.99%, Table 1). Most probably, they belonged to the group of prolamins that are ethanol-soluble. Compared to albumins and globulins, the prolamins are in minor quantity in sunflower kernels [52]. The GC-MS analyses demonstrated the presence of both essential and non-essential amino acids (Table 2). Of all essential amino acids, leucine and isoleucine had the highest TICs--1.16%, and 1.40%, respectively. Together with valine, they belong to the so-called branched amino acids, which were found to have a beneficial effect against numerous physiological disorders, such as liver cirrhosis, sepsis, trauma, or burn injury [53]. The same author indicated their potential usefulness in wound healing, attenuation of fatigue, and insulin production.