# Dual-Band Wearable Antenna Integrated with Glasses for 5G and Wi-Fi Systems
## 1 Introduction
This widespread adoption is a direct result of international efforts, particularly by the ITU and regional bodies such as CEPT, to identify and allocate this spectrum as a priority for 5G, fostering a largely unified ecosystem for equipment and device manufacturers. While 5G systems operating in the 3.5 GHz band offer substantial bandwidths, their indoor penetration is often hampered by signal attenuation caused by building structures. In such cases, the campus Wi-Fi network becomes a crucial alternative. The campus Wi-Fi primarily utilizes the 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The 2.4 GHz band, despite its widespread availability, presents several challenges for stable data transmission. It offers lower data throughput compared to higher frequency bands and is highly susceptible to interference [11]. This susceptibility, coupled with increased contention in the shared spectrum and the inherent limitations of lower-frequency bands, exacerbates congestion and retransmissions, significantly impacting latency stability. Conversely, the 5.8 GHz Wi-Fi band offers a viable and often superior alternative. It provides higher data rates and demonstrates greater resilience to interference. This makes the 5.8 GHz band a compelling choice for scenarios requiring both high bandwidth and widespread accessibility, effectively complementing the limitations of 5G indoor coverage and the drawbacks of the 2.4 GHz band. For these reasons, the design of an antenna operating in both the 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands was adopted as a primary objective. Considering the requirement for systems assisting the visually impaired to transmit images representing the monitored person'ssurroundings, it was posited that the camera, transmitter, and antenna would be integrated with eyeglasses. Antennas integrated into eyeglasses have been widely reported in the literature. In [12], a transparent and flexible monopole antenna for a single 2.4 GHz band is presented, fabricated with physical vapor deposition technology on the glass surface. In [13], researchers studied a slot loop antenna made from a transparent metal-mesh film and a metallic glass frame, also for the 2.4 GHz band. In both cases, the design implementation poses significant technological challenges due to the materials employed. The antenna described in [14] comprises two planar inverted F antennas operating in a single band (2.4 GHz), resulting in a relatively large configuration requiring space on both sides of the glasses. The antenna presented in [15] is designed for 4G and 5G frequencies. It is a multi-port antenna system that consists of two antennas for 4G communication arranged on two glasses frames, and four antennas for 5G communication arranged on two glasses legs. This set of antennas has a very complex design, including matching circuits at each port, and requires an electrical connection to arbitrarily shaped multiloops surrounding the lenses, necessitating a redesign of the entire eyewear structure. This design covers 0.824-0.96 GHz and 1.71-2.69 GHz for one port and two 5G bands of 3.3-3.6 GHz and 4.8-5.0 GHz at another input. The recent antenna design presented in [16] covers two bands of the Wi-Fi standard: 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. The radiator is based on an inverted T geometry and was fabricated with a dielectric substrate with two layers of metallization. Another design, presented in [17], introduces a compact 6 \(\times\) 6 MIMO antenna system integrated into glasses, designed for Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7, featuring six F-shaped monopole antennas. It allows dual-band operation at 2.45 GHz and 5.5 GHz, achieving high efficiency and gain at both frequencies. This is an extension of the previously developed four-antenna system that has frequency bandwidths at 4.58-5.72 GHz and 6.38-7.0 GHz [18]. The antenna presented in [19] is a compact 2 \(\times\) 2 on-chip microstrip antenna array that operates in the W-band (76.11-83.87 GHz) with a gain of over 10 dBi, making it ideal for integration into smart glasses.