esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
As compared with the traditional self-excited mechanism, it does not need to use an easily saturable transformer--thus, the number of components can be reduced. Two metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) serve as the power switches. The MOSFET is a voltage-driven component. Unlike the BJT-based circuit topology, the core saturation and carrier storage time problems can be avoided, thus making the circuit design easier. Moreover, since MOSFETs are used in the single-stage PFC circuit, the incidence of unequal currents in power switches is far less, meaning the uneven conduction times between the switches can be ignored. Therefore, the developed self-excited method is quite suitable for single-stage PFC application. In addition, the switching frequency of the MOSFETs can be identical to the resonant frequency of the resonant converter. The resonant converter operates at the resistive mode, thus accomplishing both the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS) performance of power switches [18; 19; 20; 21]. Consequently, the developed self-excited single-stage converter will possess the advantages of having both a high power factor and low switching losses, and is also suitable for LED drive application.
# The Generalized Skin Depth for Polarized Porous Media Based on the Cole-Cole Model
## 5 Skin Depth Imaging of Polarized Porous Media
### Skin Depth Imaging of Layered Model for Polarized Medium  
To explain the application of generalized polarized media skin depth in field exploration, a layered model with frozen rock was set up, as shown in Figure 15. The conductivity of uniform half space was \(\sigma_{\text{ground}}=0.001\) S/m, and frozen rock was buried h = 200 m underground. The polarization parameters of frozen rock were given by Reference [18], and to reflect the difference, we chose a larger polarizability: \(\sigma_{\infty}=0.01\) S/m, \(c=0.46\), \(\eta=0.8\), and \(\tau=0.00005\) s. The thickness of the frozen rock was 200 m. In the electromagnetic theory of Geophysics, the finite difference method is widely used to solve the electromagnetic field [25; 26]. The finite difference in the frequency domain ([PERSON], 1995) is used to calculate the layered model [27]. The results are shown in Figure 16.  
Taking the electromagnetic response of layered model as an example, the polarization parameters in the response were extracted via particle swarm optimization. The polarization parameters are shown in Table 2. The extracted parameters were consistent with the actual model parameters. The  
Figure 14: Flow chart of polarization parameter extraction based on particle swarm optimization.  
As shown in Figure 17a,b, the black dotted line indicates the location of the frozen rock set by the theoretical model (Figure 15). Because there were no IP effects for the uniform half space, the upper edge of the frozen rock was the same depth, i.e., approximately 200 m underground, which was consistent with the depth of the theoretical model. When the electromagnetic wave propagated in the polarized medium, the generalized polarized media skin depth formula (\(\delta_{\text{cole-cole}}\)) was used to image the lower edge of the frozen rock, and the lower edge of the frozen rock was approximately 402 m underground. Compared with the theoretical model, the relative error was 0.5%. The traditional skin depth formula (\(\delta\)) was used to image the lower edge of the frozen rock. The lower edge of the frozen rock was approximately 325 m underground, with a relative error of 18.75%, compared with the theoretical model. Therefore, using the generalized polarized media skin depth formula to explain the depth of polarized medium had better accuracy.
# A Deep Learning Approach for Short-Term Electricity Demand Forecasting: Analysis of Thailand Data
## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
The electricity consumption within a society serves as a significant indicator of its sustainable development, encompassing both economic and environmental aspects. Consequently, ongoing research aimed at addressing electricity consumption issues is crucial for supporting various domains [1]. Accurate forecasting is a critical need in electricity markets. Additionally, it plays a significant role in ensuring the security of the power system [2]. There are typically three types of electricity load forecasting based on the period of forecasting; these are short-term load forecasting (covering minutes to one day ahead), medium-term load forecasting (spanning weeks to months), and long-term load forecasting (projecting years ahead) [3]. Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is useful for utilities in predicting energy demand during peak hours and preparing for potential supply shortages. Additionally, it assists electricity market participants in managing energy trading activitiesand mitigating risks arising from sudden fluctuations in demand or supply [4]. It was observed that 80% of the electrical energy demand forecasting concerned STLF, while MTLF and LTLF accounted for 15% and 5%, respectively. STLF has the highest priority because of its critical role in the daily operational scheduling of power systems, guaranteeing grid stability and maintaining supply and demand in real time. While MTLF and LTLF are critical for strategic planning and infrastructure development, they may not be as urgent in addressing immediate operational challenges, which justifies the more limited research focus [5]. Thailand's electrical supply comprises three main entities: the Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA), the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), and the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA), where EGAT manages power generation. Our paper focuses specifically on the metropolitan regions within Thailand [2].
# SINDVis: User-Centered Dynamic Interactive Visualization System for Space Information Networks
## 4 Results
### TopolView Implementation
#### 4.2.2 TopolView Function Implementation
After the constraint with the clustering coefficient, the network composed of four circular faces was included in the network nodes of the respective level, a clearer level display was realized without affecting the network's overall topology structure. * **Description 2**: In combination with Figure 10 in Section 3.4.3 above, we used a timeline-based approach to accomplish animation control of the SINDVis system, as shown in Figures 16 and 17 on the bottom, right corner of the page. We set the animation time zone to [0, 12], and carried out an animation demo in two ways. One way was through the mouse drag slider, according to the needs of users in real-time animation conversion. The other was by clicking the \"Play/Pause\" button to achieve an automatic display of animation. Meanwhile, in order to achieve a friendlier function design and meet the needs of more users, we added acceleration/deceleration control buttons to the timeline module. * **Description 3**: In order to highlight the differences in the importance levels of different nodes in the whole network, we used area coding to display the different degree values of the network nodes in TopolView. A big degree value corresponds a large area, or vice versa. Of course, given the limited scope of the view page, the node degree values mentioned above are relative values. Meanwhile, given the directionality of data transmission in the network, we used color-coding to show the differences between inputs and outputs, as shown in the gradient red and gradient green in the Figure. To sum up, by combining the architecture of SIN and the function of the TopolView in the topology domain, we constructed the TopolView. TopolView and GeoView complement each other, and mainly demonstrate the dynamic topological evolution laws of SIN from the topology perspective. Meanwhile, the web-oriented model developed in this paper is more popular and more convenient with Internet-based users. The TopolView shows the dynamic networking process of the SIN from scratch, and we integrated the users' needs into the view page and achieved real-time interactions with users. Figure 17 can also be used to understand the increases and deletions of the nodes and edges mentioned above, but this paper does not show the specific details. The main purpose of this section was to demonstrate the basic functionality of TopolView, and more versatility will be developed based on this view.
# LMI Pole Regions for a Robust Discrete-Time Pole Placement Controller Design
## 2 Preliminaries and Discrete-Time Pole Region Problem Formulation
### \(D_{R}\) Regions for a Robust Pole Placement
(**a**) Continuous-time system: Open left half plain of the convex plane; (**b**) discrete-time systems: Interior of the unit circle. Figure 3: Pole regions for the prescribed relative damping (corresponding to a ratio of the imaginary and real part of the pole). (**a**) Continuous-time system: Interior of the convex cone with vertex angle corresponding to the damping); (**b**) discrete-time systems: The space between two symmetric logarithmic spirals. Figure 2: Pole regions for the prescribed stability degree (corresponding to the system exponential decay rate). (**a**) Continuous-time system: Shifted left half plain of the convex plane; (**b**) discrete-time systems: Interior of the “shrinked” unit circle – circle centered in \([0,0]\) with radius \(1/\text{sqrt}(\alpha)\), where \(\alpha>1\). Recall [9] that the general \(D_{R}\) region description for the interior of the _circle_ centered in \([x_{s},0]\), with radius \(r\), is given by the following matrices:  
\[R_{11}=x_{s}^{2}-r^{2},R_{22}=1,R_{12}=-x_{s}. \tag{6}\]  
The interior of the ellipse centered in \([x_{s},0]\) with semi-axes \(1/c\) and \(1/d\), [14] is as follows:  
\[R_{11}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}-1&-cx_{s}\\ -cx_{s}&-1\end{array} \right],R_{22}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}0&0\\ 0&0\end{array} \right]R_{12}=\left[ \begin{array}{cc}0&(c-d)/2\\ (c+d)/2&0\end{array} \right]. \tag{7}\]  
The main advantage of the above approximations is their simplicity and explicit formulas to get all parameters [9; 15]. The major drawback is their conservatism. The whole part of cardioid region close to the extreme point [1; 0] is not included in the circle/elliptic approximation. However, in controller design for real world systems, increasing the stability degree may require too demanding control action. Therefore, it is often desirable to keep the CLS poles near the right-hand side border of the prescribed region, as will be illustrated in Section 4. (The general pole placement recommendations can be consulted in [17; 18]). For this reason, recently we proposed constructing the inner approximation as an intersection of the shifted cone and ellipse [16]. In Section 3 we further extend the results from Reference [16] and provide all the details needed for the computation of \(D_{R}\) region matrices.
# Silicon Ribbon-Based Dual-Beam Optical Phased Array with Low Crosstalk and Large FoV
## 1 Introduction
Although the source barrier and resistive layers could effectively suppress the crosstalk phenomenon and reduce the waveguide spacing, they cannot be applied to the current standard photonics fabrication process of a silicon CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor). There are two typical grating waveguides: shallow-etch grating (SEG) and fishbone grating (FBG). Because the light field energy in the waveguide and grating waveguide are exponentially decaying, it is easy to cause premature radiation loss. Thus, the effective antenna length is much smaller than the actual design phenomenon, resulting in a more significant beam spot size. The grating waveguide antenna can efficiently be utilized for linear optical power dissipation to achieve the spot concentration phenomenon to combine different effective refractive indexes of the grating waveguide. Compared with the SEG design, FBG is suitable for fabrication and could widely demonstrate diversification in applications. Moreover, it is also easier for FBG to stabilize the mode during transmission and radiate the optical power emitted to the far-field. FBG is therefore chosen for the study in this paper. A two-dimensional dual-beam scanning grating array with varying waveguide line widths is shown in Figure 1, of which the inset is for the 3-D schematic. Since the distance between the waveguide gratings is too small and prone to crosstalk, a passive grating microstructure is inserted through a smaller waveguide-width-based silicon ribbon (SR) grating array between the waveguide phase-shift. The finite element method (FEM) finds the best geometric parameters for the lowest crosstalk in the SR grating array. Then, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is executed to simulate the far-field pattern (FFP) and beam quality through the commercial software RSoft FullWAVE on a 32-channel SR grating array.
## 4 Evaluation
### Results and Discussion
#### 4.2.3 Data Packet Delay  
To meet the low-delay requirements of latency-sensitive applications, a suitable mobility management scheme must ensure that data can be delivered quickly and with minimal delays. The Data packet delay refers to the time it takes for a consumer to successfully receive a requested Data packet after expressing an Input, including the time of Input retransmissions. The average Data packet delay is calculated by dividing the sum of delays for each Interest-Data pair by the total number of received Data packets. Figure 10 demonstrates the average Data packet delay (represented on the vertical \(y\)-axis) as a function of the producer's movement speed (depicted on the horizontal \(x\)-axis). We can see that the DMMS and multi-RV KITE achieved a slightly lower Data packet retrieval delay. In contrast, MAP-ME achieved the highest delay among the three schemes due to the significant effect of path stretching associated with each handoff event.
## 6 Conclusions  
In this study, a novel detector has been proposed to facilitate the RFI characterization and detection. After the detector, a chain of notch filters with their bandwidths are adjusted based on the optimum reception, eliminating the detected interferences. Based on the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Part Name** & **LUTs** & **FFs** & **BRAM (18 K bit)** \\ \hline Radix-2 FFT 2048 point & 1092 & 1265 & 5 \\ \hline Simplified Welch & 392 & 261 & 8 \\ \hline Thresholder activator (for 8 detector) & 108 & 34 & 0 \\ \hline Detector & 460 & 280 & 0 \\ \hline Notch filter an Mux & 289 & 325 & 0 \\ \hline Adaptive bandwidth adjustment & 84 & 183 & 16 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) resource for each part of the anti-interference system.  
obtained results, the detector can switch to weak interference detection mode and hopping frequency interference detector by proper adjustment of the \(\alpha\) parameter. The simplified Welch algorithm makes frequency components so clear for the detector and it gives the unique capability to detect the very weak interference down to \(-25\) dB. The proposed curve for notch filter bandwidth adjustment could preserve the spectrum quality and enhance the SNR close to the normal situation. Adaptive bandwidth notch filtering can improve the BER performance by 3 dB and preserve the signal spectrum from disruption. The proposed anti-interference system can detect multiple interference and characterize their main parameters. BER performance and SNR improves dramatically after removing the MCWI attack from the signal bandwidth.  
In practical tests, the DVB-S2 receiver could continue its duty under MCWI attack with variable center and power. After mitigation, received symbols have the shape of the original signal constellation and the SNR improves hugely.  
Conceptualization, M.H.S.; methodology, M.H.S.; writing--original draft preparation, M.H.S.; writing--review and editing, [PERSON] ([PERSON]), [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]); supervision, R.J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is part of the project entitled AVIO-601 in LASSENA Lab (Ecole de Technologie Superieure) named Interference Mitigation in Satellite Communication. It is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Thales, Telesat, VIGILANT GLOBAL, CRIAQ, and Atem Canada. Special thanks to CMC for providing the required equipment to succeed with this project.  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Quantitative Evaluation of Subsurface Damage by Improved Total Internal Reflection Microscopy
## 5 Conclusions  
The improved total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) has been proposed to non-destructively and quantitatively inspect the subsurface damage (SSD). The characteristic of small depth of field (\(\leq\)1 \(\upmu\)m) at high magnification (such as 50\(\times\)) and micro-focusing control techniques are utilized in this method. A definition evaluation function based on the single-level wavelet transformation is built. The definition curve of SSD is calculated using the definition evaluation function. The definition curve of the point defect is a unimodal configuration.  
The definition curve of the V-shaped crack has two turning points that corresponding to the top and bottom of the crack, respectively. The depth of the SSD is easily achieved from the positions of the two turning points. The SSD of two fused silica glasses with different polishing time are tested. The experimental definition curves are similar to those of the simulation. They have the same characteristics. The depth resolution of the improved TIRM is determined by the depth of field (DOF) of the objective, and the positioning accuracy of the one-dimensional precision translation stage applied to control the microscope's movement. By these two means, the depth resolution can be promoted. However, the environmental vibrations will seriously affect the quality of SSD imaging and the calculation of the normalized E, especially in the condition of higher magnification (such as 100\(\times\)). With the help of our improved TIRM, the thickness of the sample needing to be removed in subsequent processes is determined. The manufacture efficiency will be increased. The SSD depth measured by our improved TIRM setup also can be utilized to compare the effects of different processing steps, different processing parameters on the generation of subsurface damage. The processing steps and parameters could be optimized.  
Conceptualization, K.N. and S.L.; Methodology, J.S. and Z.W.; Software, B.H. and K.N.; Validation, K.N. and X.C.; Formal analysis, M.H. and X.C.; Investigation, J.C.; Data curation, B.H.; Writing-original draft preparation, K.N.; Writing--review & editing, K.N.; Supervision, S.L. and J.S.; Project administration, S.L.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 11602280, 61705246, and U1831211.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Waste Reduction Methods Used in Construction Companies with Regards to Selected Building Products
## 2 Literature Review
### Construction Waste Reduction Methods  
Based on the literature review, it can be assumed that the following methods of reducing construction waste are used in construction companies: (1) adequate storage to protect products against mechanical damage and weather conditions; (2) ordering products as per size and in the right quantity, thus reducing the need to trim them; (3) training employees in waste management; (4) the use of monitoring systems; (5) proper transportation and unloading to prevent damage to products; (6) appropriate involvement of subcontractors; (7) site security to protect a construction site against theft or vandalism; (8) the use of prefabricated elements, which minimizes the amount of waste that is generated when producing elements on a construction site; (9) the waste segregation on site; (10) the designation of a waste segregation place for its preparation for recycling or reuse; (11) reuse of products within the construction, e.g., wood used several times in formwork, waste concrete used as rubble for temporary roads and sidewalks, or waste steel bars used as markers for landmarks on the construction site; (12) timely delivery of products that reduces the storage time and the risk of damaging them; and (13) a waste management plan that includes the processes and actions needed to manage construction waste [21; 22; 23; 24].  
Considering the conducted literature review and the local construction solutions for residential and mixed-used buildings, five types of the most common construction waste, for which the research was carried out, were specified. These include: steel, concrete, masonry products, finishing products: ceramic and stone tiles, and wood. The research examines frequency of use of the above-mentioned waste reduction methods in relation to these products and the dependence of their use on five groups of construction companies.
###### Abstract  
The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a key input for the numerical simulation of geotechnical engineering. It contains the basic information needed to describe the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil. In order to study the variation of the SWCC characteristics and its mechanism after the freeze-thaw (F-T) process of low-liquid-limit silty clay in seasonally frozen regions, the SWCC of the soil samples subjected to zero, one, three, five, and seven F-T cycles at three dry densities were measured; then the microstructure was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the relationship between the characteristic parameters of the SWCC and the microstructure after F-T cycles. Finally, according to the mathematical law of characteristic parameters, the prediction equation for the parameters of the SWCC considering the F-T cycles was established, which has a suitable fitting effect with the experimental data. The result shows that with the increase in F-T cycles, the air-entry value (AEV) and residual saturation (RS) decrease gradually, while the saturated water content and the moisture-losing rate of the transition section slightly increased. According to the microstructure analysis, it is due to the F-T process that the compacted soil sample has cracks, the entire plate structure is destroyed, and thus the arrangement between the soil particles becomes looser, and the porosity and average pore size increase. This study can provide data support and references for the design of low-liquid-limit silty clay foundation engineering in seasonally freezing regions.  
Soi-water characteristic curve; low-liquid-limit silty clay; F-T cycles; microstructure analysis; parameters prediction
# Challenges, Threats, Security Issues and New Trends of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Threats and Challenges in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs)
### DoS Attacks
#### 3.3.1 Physical Layer
In [22], the author resorted to jamming-resilient techniques such as multipath transmissions. The results showed that the inherent redundancy of multi-path routing offers an effective shield against excessive packet losses in the presence of strong jamming. In [23], a detection scheme based on a partial-packet for reactive jamming is proposed. The work estimated the probability of high deviation in received signal strength (RSS) using a weak estimation learning scheme. The performance was evaluated through simulation, which showed that the proposed scheme is capable of accurately detecting reactive jamming in UWSNs. In [24], the authors studied the characteristics of jamming in UWSN, and proposed an underwater jamming detection protocol (UWJDP) to detect and mitigate jamming in underwater environments. The results showed that if the packet delivery ratio is less than or equal to 0.8, the mechanism will reach the maximum probability of detecting jamming. Figure 4: Jamming attack.