# Toward Secure Smart Grid Systems: Risks, Threats, Challenges, and Future Directions
## 5 Smart Grid Attacks
### Forensics Solutions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Year** & **Ref.** & **Type** & **Description** & **Characteristics** & **Advantages** & **Desurbacks** & **Limitations** & **Challenges** & **Improvements** \\ \hline
2020 & [274] & Foremals & Foremals & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Small Global \\ Framework partitioning \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Individual-based, forensic \\ framework partitioning \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Different for smart grid \\ phase modeling \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Synthetic-based, may not \\ cyber incidents \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Complexity in full \\ framework development \\ framework development \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Additional and modular \\ dynamic attack surfaces \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Additional and modular \\ integration \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2020 & [277] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Overview of CFs \\ and its properties \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High-level storage and \\ conceptual features \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation for \\ CFs-specific investigations \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation for \\ graphs \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Primently theoretical \\ practical deployment \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Modeling theory and \\ methods \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Predictive development and \\ methods \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2021 & [279] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Small model for \\ detection \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Total modeling, \\ probabilistic detection accuracy; \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High- detection accuracy; \\ model discovery \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High- detection accuracy; \\ generalizable \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High- detection accuracy; \\ generalizable \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} High- detection accuracy; \\ generalizable \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Experimental \\ model discovery \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Beyond the full grid \\ modernizing \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Broadle smart grid \\ adoption \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2020 & [279] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Small-based \\ modeling with NDA, DH, \\ and DTI information \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Network-based \\ hyper intelligence \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Multi-modal security with \\ different organizations \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Conceptual, lacks \\ deployment results \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Standard-based, \\ deployment results \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Conceptual, lacks \\ deployment results \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Standard-based, \\ validation \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Theory to practice app \\ validation \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Real-world testbed and \\ validation \\ \end{tabular} & End-to-end implementation \\ \hline
2019 & [251] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} ISO/TC/2020-based \\ predictive framework \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Standard-based, \\ application-agnostic \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Eliminates fragmented \\ and how approaches \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Major require communication \\ for different domains \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Initial setup complexity \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Wide-scale smart grid \\ adaptation \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Domain-specific connections \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2019 & [252] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation \\ essentially large \\ topology (BC/AC) and \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation \\ distributed logging \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Supportless count-attinable \\ er/dance \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Log-control, Imined on \\ real-time detection \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Dependent on compliance \\ results \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Ensuring reachability and \\ integrity \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Real-time tag analysis \\ integration \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2020 & [253] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Small framework \\ techniques \\ and architecture \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Comprehensive simulation \\ methods \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Tabored for smart grid, \\ enables secure sharing \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} System-wide coordination \\ repaired \\ \end{tabular} & Early development stage & Full block/validation &
\begin{tabular}{c} Operational deployment \\ feedback loops \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2021 & [254] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation-based \\ control design system \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Recksksian high-overded \\ access \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Non-regulation and log \\ successfully \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Blockchain maintenance \\ overhead \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Scalability in \\ high-frequency log \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Balancing privacy and \\ additionally \\ \end{tabular} & Adaptive block validation \\ \hline
2021 & [255] & Foremals & \begin{tabular}{c} Procedure for domestic \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Large simulation, integrity \\ preventation \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Count-attinable process \\ workflow \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Attack-specific scope \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Reactive by design \\ models \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Converting across threat \\ models \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Integrate realtime \\ detection triggers \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}