# Synthesis of Star Nanoparticles and Their Applications for Bioactive Compound Encapsulation
## 3 Encapsulation Methods
### Indirect Encapsulation  
In this case, the encapsulation is carried out just after the synthesis of the SNPs. Table 3 summarizes all the parameters discussed in this section for the indirect encapsulation of the SNPs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Preparation Method** & **Type of Starch** & **Particle Size** & **Encapsulated Compound** & **Evaluation Method** & **Applications** & **Tested On** & **EE (\%)** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dialysis} & Potato + BS + OSA & \multirow{2}{*}{5–200} & Benzo[a]pyrene & Fenton reaction reaction & Environmentally treatments & / & 95 & [39] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Sacrificial template} & Pea, mung & \multirow{2}{*}{30–300} & Doxorubicin hydrochloride & UV-vis & Cancer therapy & AML12 and HepG2 cells in vitro & \multirow{2}{*}{97.6} & [48] \\  & bean, corn and potato & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ball milling} & \multirow{2}{*}{Water chestnut} & Pedicococcus acidolactici & Enumeration on MS agar & Food applications & SIG, SIF & 73 & [53] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Microemulsion cross-linking} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{287} & \multirow{2}{*}{5-Fluorouracil} & \multirow{2}{*}{HPLC} & \multirow{2}{*}{Medical} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Dialysis in a simulated digestive environment in vitro} & \multirow{2}{*}{49} & \multirow{2}{*}{[36]} \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ultrasound w/ or w/o acid hydrolysis} & Potato and corn & \multirow{2}{*}{40/80} & L-ascorbic acid and oxalic acid & HPLC & \multirow{2}{*}{HPLC delivery, barrier coatings} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{[64]} \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Emulsion cross-linking} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ciprofloxacinacin} & UV & / & \multirow{2}{*}{Dialysis} & \multirow{2}{*}{52-94} & \multirow{2}{*}{[5]} \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Microemulsion cross-linking} & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{94} & Methylene blue & UV-vis & Medical & / & 51–79 & [34] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Acid hydrolysis /nanoprecipitation tation} & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato} & \multirow{2}{*}{82–180} & \multirow{2}{*}{Paclitaxel} & UV-vis & Oral drug delivery & Mouse bone marrow cells & \multirow{2}{*}{57–96} & [20] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} Microemulsion cross-linking & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{40–400} & \multirow{2}{*}{5-Aninosalicylic acid} & \multirow{2}{*}{UV-vis} & Drug controlled release & Human HeLa cancer cells in vitro & \multirow{2}{*}{/} & \multirow{2}{*}{[84]} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Nanoprecipitation} & \multirow{2}{*}{Corn} & \multirow{2}{*}{140} & \multirow{2}{*}{Curcumin} & UV-vis & Gastrointestinal tissue disorders & / & / & [85] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-1} Nanoprecipitation & \multirow{2}{*}{Corn} & \multirow{2}{*}{40–50} & Polyphenols & UV-vis & Food applications & SIG, SIF & 60–70 & [21] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{4-1} Nanoprecipitation & \multirow{2}{*}{Corn} & \multirow{2}{*}{178} & \multirow{2}{*}{Urea} & UV-vis & Dialyaste regeneration system & / & 95 & [25] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Examples of recent studies of SNPs synthesis methods and encapsulation of different compounds through indirect encapsulation.  
The most common methods used for the synthesis of SNPs before the encapsulation in the indirect encapsulation method, similar to the direct encapsulation method, are based on nanoprecipitation and also microemulsion crosslinking. At the same time, in addition to the SNPs synthesis method, the phase where the model drug is dissolved before the encapsulation may vary.