# Review of Monitoring and Control Systems Based on Internet of Things
###### Abstract  
The Internet of Things is currently one of the fastest-growing branches of computer science. The development of 5G wireless networks and modern data transmission protocols offers excellent opportunities for rapid development in this field. The article presents an overview of monitoring and control systems based on the Internet of Things. The authors discuss various aspects of these systems, including their architecture, applications, and challenges. We focus on analyzing the latest achievements in this field, considering technological innovations and practical applications in various sectors. Also, we emphasize the importance of integrating data from multiple sources and developing data analysis algorithms to ensure the effectiveness and precision of IoT-based monitoring and control systems. The article provides a valuable overview of the current state of knowledge in this dynamic area, inspiring further research and technological development. It also includes case studies showing various IoT device applications and energy consumption management. Internet of Things; monitoring systems; control systems +
Footnote †: journal: _Sci._  
important. Moreover, 5G, the fifth generation of mobile technologies, offers extremely fast data transmission speeds and low latencies, which makes it an ideal solution for the IoT applications that require high bandwidth and immediate response. Thanks to 5G, new IoT applications, such as advanced real-time monitoring systems and autonomous vehicles, become possible. Another important protocol gaining popularity on the IoT is LoRa [17; 18]. LoRa is a wireless communication protocol that enables data transmission over long distances while consuming minimal energy. Thanks to this, LoRa is used in cases where it is necessary to monitor and control devices in large areas, such as when fields and farms are monitored. Figure 2 summarizes the data transmission protocol used by the IoT. This summary covers the layers of the OSI model in which these protocols operate. However, with the IoT expansion, new challenges arise, especially in security [19]. Many manufacturers focus on bringing low-cost IoT solutions to market quickly, often at the expense of appropriate security standards. This results in serious vulnerabilities that can be exploited for unauthorized access and data leakage, compromising user privacy and security. Despite these threats, there is enormous potential in developing the IoT. In the era of the dynamic development of the concept of smart cities [20], smart energy [21], and smart agriculture [22], IoT systems are becoming a key tool that enables the optimization of resources, reducing costs, and improving the quality of life. This article provides an in-depth review of the literature on IoT-based monitoring and control systems. Various solutions were compared to identify their advantages and disadvantages and indicate potential future development directions. The aim is to understand the current state of technology and determine a development path that will enable the maximum use of the IoT's potential for the benefit of society and the environment. Figure 1: The IoT solutions. will help optimize existing systems and identify innovation paths that can lead to more advanced, sustainable, and user-friendly solutions. This paper focused on IoT-based monitoring and control systems for smart agriculture, predictive Maintenance Systems, healthcare, environmental protection, and smart cities. The article analyzes a variety of IoT-based monitoring and control systems applications, showing their significant impact on improving operational efficiency, thus reducing costs and increasing the quality of services. The purpose of writing this article is not only to document the current state of IoT technology but also to inspire further research and development of new technologies that will fully exploit the potential of the IoT.