## 4 Discussion
Therefore, HomeCourt is practical for users with diverse backgrounds, highlighting its greater usability in sports performance measurement. The major drawback of HomeCourt would be the requirement for high-speed AI algorithms, and the iOS platform provided this application only recently. Regardless of the cons of HomeCourt, it could still be a user-friendly mobile application in the field in the present and the future. Because of the cost of a mobile device, the TMJM is more affordable for measuring jump height. The findings evaluated it as the most reliable measurement (ICC: 0.92-0.97) and showed the best validity against a criterion measure (\(r=0.93\), \(d=0.15\)) with the reference standard of My Jump 2, although its validity was questioned by [PERSON] et al. [8]. Moreover, it is lightweight and cost-friendly, so it can easily be implemented for on-field and remote assessment in sports and physical education; for example, athletes and students can self-monitor physical conditioning, following coaches' and teachers' advice. Such portable and mechanical devices are applicable for providing valid information for decision-making and training/teaching strategy modifications. Therefore, the usefulness of the TMJM was endorsed in this study. Considering the reality of remote assessment in the sports field and schools, athletes and students may record their jump performance on different days within a week. Good to excellent reliability among devices was shown, referring to the high between-day ICC measures and low measurement error. It provided users the flexibility to assess at any possible time independently. Comparing previous studies, this study emphasized the measurement setup to assess the concurrent validity of the three devices. The iPads were placed on standardized foldable tablet stands with a marked angle and placement, allowing future replication. Standardized setup and equipment placement in validation studies for mobile applications are vital in order to limit the potential influence of the different positions of the smart devices [12; 15]. Regarding the need for a basic understanding of the measurement devices, familiarization trials for users are suggested before fully implementing them in remote assessments. To fully implement remote assessment, inter-rater reliability should be assessed between self- and assessor-administered assessments. Given that the mentioned recommendations are followed, remote assessments are encouraged. There are a few limitations to this study. First, iPads with a sampling frequency of 120 Hz were used in this study. These are common in schools but may not be able to identify the accurate take-off and landing frames due to the relatively low sampling frequency. More advanced devices adopting a higher sampling frequency of 240 Hz may provide even higher reliability. Second, the present study was limited to individuals with high levels of physical activity participation. Future reliability studies should include participants with different backgrounds, such as school-aged students. Third, the gold standard of jump measurement, i.e., the force platform, was not used in this study, whereas a validated vertical jump measuring device, My Jump 2, was selected as a reference standard for comparison. Future studies should incorporate this for comparison. The study highlighted significant differences among the three measurement systems in assessing CMJ height. All three measurements were highly reliable. The remote assessment tools, HomeCourt and the TVJM, showed great agreement with the well-established assessment tool, My Jump 2. Noteworthily, the same apparatus should be used for repeated measures because of the computational differences. The consideration of average jump heights was suggested, and the high between-day reliability of all systems allows users to assess flexibly. This study also provided MDC to indicate meaningful changes.