## 4 Applications of WSN in Urban Areas
### Disaster, Emergency, and Security Applications
Despite these limitations, WSNs offer significant advantages, including real-time monitoring, scalability, autonomous operation, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Integrating technological innovations with historical insights into disaster risk reduction emphasizes the need for collaborative and multi-dimensional efforts to build resilient and sustainable urban environments amidst increasing disaster risks. [PERSON] et al. (2023) [28] utilized a technical approach that integrates geospatial data analysis and positioning algorithms to enhance emergency response infrastructure in urban areas. This approach involves the strategic use of geospatial data to identify optimal locations for critical facilities like hospitals and police stations, ensuring their efficient distribution to maximize coverage and accessibility. Positioning algorithms were employed to analyze spatial patterns and urban layouts, optimizing the placement of these facilities based on factors such as population density and proximity to high-risk areas. Additionally, the researchers developed infrastructure with designated mitigation zones, incorporating communication systems to enhance urban resilience. These mitigation zones were delineated using a set of recognition units, likely combining technological tools and protocols for precise identification and demarcation. The approach emphasizes proactive planning and the integration of advanced technology to improve the coordination and efficiency of emergency response efforts, ultimately enhancing urban resilience and minimizing the impact of emergencies on communities. [PERSON] et al. (2022) [29] introduced a mathematical model to assess the crisis response abilities of cities in meteorological tragedies. The study addressed the increasing frequency and severity of meteorological crises and their impact on urban areas. Through model verification parameters and deviation evaluation, the researchers sought to ensure the accuracy and reliability of their approach. They employed the Analytic Hierarchy Procedure (AHP) to establish a weighting scheme and quantitative evaluation policy. The study identified key challenges in crisis response capabilities and proposed solutions to enhance urban resilience to meteorological disasters. The results highlighted the importance of proactive planning and investment in infrastructure and emergency response systems to mitigate the impact of meteorological crises on cities and communities. [PERSON] et al. (2023) [30] introduced intelligent processing technology to address security issues urban populations face due to rapid urbanization and the proliferation of high-rise buildings, halls, and underground structures. The study focused on the overcrowding of buildings and assemblies, which posed significant safety risks to urban residents. Through quantitative analysis and data-driven approaches, the researchers identified multifaceted danger factors contributing to fire accidents and other security concerns in urban environments. The study proposed measures to address overcrowding and improve safety standards in urban areas, emphasizing the importance of effective urban planning and management strategies to ensure the well-being of urban populations. [PERSON] et al. (2016) [31] introduced a hybrid cloud architecture for coordinated emergency organization in smart cities, focusing on responder localization during crisis events. Through the use of positioning schemes and signal strength obtained from landmarks, the management system is developed to optimize responder localization and resource allocation during crises. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of smart tech nologies and data-driven approaches to enhance emergency response capabilities in urban areas. The results emphasized the importance of leveraging technological advancements to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of emergency management systems in smart cities, ultimately enhancing the resilience of urban communities to crisis events. [PERSON] et al.