## 1 Introduction  
The skin as a barrier has a critical function in protecting the body from extrinsic factors and water loss, which can cause skin aging. Aged skin is especially intriguing because it represents the most visible aspect of the aging process and is an indicator of human health. It appears useful in predicting clinical manifestations and diagnosis [1]. UV light and environmental pollution, including ozone and particulate matter, can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2, 3]. Various pathogenetic conditions, including aging and cancer, have been linked to mitochondrial ROS production-induced oxidative damage [4]. ROS induces keratinocytes to secrete an \(\alpha\)-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\(\alpha\)-MSH) to bind with melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), leading to the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase protein regulation and resulting in melanin synthesis (melanogenesis) [5, 6]. Moreover, accumulated ROS can indirectly activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production which can induce inflammation, as well as degrade collagen and elastin which collectively impair the retention of skin structure resulting in skin wrinkling [7; 8; 9]. Wrinkles, dry skin, shrinking, sagging skin, laxity, and hyperpigmentation are all signs of skin aging that can affect health and appearance. People's social behavior and reproductive status may be influenced positively by their health and beautiful appearance. Since natural products cause fewer adverse reactions, using functional food, natural beauty supplements, and cosmetic ingredients from plants has gained attention and become a target for research [10; 11; 12]. Ginseng (_Panax ginseng_ [PERSON]) is well-known for its pharmacological properties and is a notable functional food, medicine, and cosmetic ingredient [13; 14]. The primary commercially valuable part of ginseng is the main root [15] and ginsenges--key bioactive compounds for their therapeutical effects [16; 17; 18]. Furthermore, the ginseng plant contains a number of important secondary metabolites, including phenolic acid (gallic acid, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, maltol, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and syringic acid), flavonoid, ginseng oils, phytosterol, carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides, vitamins, minerals, and certain enzymes [19; 20]. Various processing methods have been developed to improve the health benefits of ginseng and associated products while minimizing adverse effects or toxicity. Since processing conditions (physical, chemical, and biological) cause varieties in ginsenges and other constituents, the particular processing method used may be critical in applying and utilizing ginseng [21]. There are several processing methods for ginseng, such as white ginseng (WG), red ginseng (RG), black ginseng (BG), and fermented ginseng. WG is formed by drying fresh ginseng with sunlight and RG is produced by steaming fresh ginseng for a sufficient period at 95-100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while BG can be generated by steaming WG nine times at 95-100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 h [22]. The studies concluded that BG has a higher pharmacological activity than WG or RG due to changes in ginseng constituents and quantity [23; 24]. In addition, ginseng fermentation with microorganisms has been shown to enhance the health benefits of ginseng attributable to the transformation of glycosides to aglycones and/or the production of their metabolites, such as Compound K (CK). CK is a special bioactive ginseng that results from the biotransformation of Rb1 and Rb2 by gut microbes [25; 26]. CK is reported to have a hepatoprotective effect and anti-cancer, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities [27]. _Abergillus niger_ was originally isolated from fermented soybean and is included in the GRAS (generally recognized as safe) fungi by the FDA, now being widely used as a host for food enzyme production [28].