## 3 Results and Discussions
### XRF Soil Analysis
#### 3.2.6 Potential Health Risk Assessment  
The resulting values of Equations (4)-(12) from Table 1, presented in Tables 11 and 12 for indices that express the risk of non-carcinogenic effects of the heavy metals that were found in the soil from parks on the health of 6-year-old children, for this study are very low. In conclusion, all the investigated places are safe from the threat of non-carcinogenic effects [77; 78; 79]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Element**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**1**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**3**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**4**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**5**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**6**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**7**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**8**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**9**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**10**} \\ \cline{2-19}  & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** & **PS** & **ES** \\ \hline Cu & 1.91 & 3.24 & 2.89 & 2.08 & 1.62 & 1.45 & 1.79 & 2.08 & 1.97 & 1.91 & 3.18 & 2.02 & 2.43 & 1.73 & 2.60 & 1.62 & 2.25 & 2.83 & 2.02 & 2.31 \\ Pb & 0.67 & 3.31 & 1.13 & 0.89 & 0.74 & 1.23 & 0.49 & 0.71 & 0.89 & 0.98 & 2.21 & 2.82 & 0.49 & 0.64 & 0.83 & 0.89 & 0.77 & 0.89 & 1.07 & 0.71 \\ As & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.43 & 0.52 & 0.54 & 0.55 & 0.34 & 0.39 & 0.59 & 0.54 & 0.69 & 0.72 & 0.43 & 0.46 & 0.45 & 0.52 & 0.39 & 0.41 & 0.37 & 0.39 \\ Co & 0.23 & 0.24 & 0.34 & 0.36 & 0.22 & 0.32 & 0.33 & 0.29 & 0.25 & 0.23 & 0.37 & 0.38 & 0.24 & 0.27 & 0.26 & 0.27 & 0.24 & 0.26 & 0.21 & 0.30 \\ Cr & 0.76 & 0.69 & 0.63 & 0.61 & 0.70 & 0.71 & 0.80 & 0.79 & 0.68 & 0.65 & 0.58 & 0.53 & 0.82 & 0.77 & 0.72 & 0.68 & 0.62 & 0.62 & 0.52 & 0.75 \\ Ni & 1.37 & 0.67 & 1.29 & 0.59 & 1.29 & 0.83 & 1.10 & 1.13 & 1.05 & 1.29 & 0.80 & 1.53 & 1.15 & 1.13 & 0.62 & 0.91 & 1.10 & 0.75 & 1.05 & 0.67 \\ Mn & 0.89 & 0.81 & 0.87 & 0.79 & 0.97 & 0.92 & 0.99 & 0.90 & 0.90 & 0.91 & 0.88 & 0.93 & 1.03 & 0.96 & 0.85 & 0.94 & 0.92 & 0.85 & 1.00 & 0.95 \\ Zn & 1.66 & 5.63 & 2.42 & 1.90 & 2.09 & 2.38 & 1.81 & 1.83 & 2.01 & 1.87 & 3.12 & 3.25 & 1.76 & 1.90 & 1.72 & 1.54 & 0.20 & 1.74 & 2.28 & 2.05 \\ Hg & 14.75 & 14.75 & 16.39 & 14.75 & 18.03 & 14.75 & 16.3916.39 & 19.67 & 18.03 & 18.03 & 14.75 & 16.39 & 18.03 & 14.75 & 16.39 & 18.03 & 14.75 & 16.39 & 13.1116.39 & 18.03 & 16.39 \\ V & 1.25 & 1.35 & 1.20 & 1.22 & 0.90 & 1.20 & 1.56 & 1.53 & 1.37 & 1.16 & 1.03 & 1.19 & 1.37 & 1.32 & 1.16 & 1.17 & 1.20 & 1.07 & 1.16 & 1.31 \\ Sb & 0.49 & 0.49 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.46 & 0.47 & 0.47 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.49 & 0.50 & 0.51 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.50 & 0.49 & 0.50 & 0.49 & 0.51 & 0.52 \\ Ba & 0.83 & 1.30 & 1.09 & 0.97 & 0.79 & 0.94 & 1.28 & 1.12 & 1.29 & 0.87 & 0.93 & 1.08 & 1.21 & 1.19 & 1.02 & 0.95 & 1.00 & 0.86 & 1.00 & 1.01 \\ Cd & 0.54 & 0.50 & 0.25 & 0.36 & 0.43 & 0.32 & 0.46 & 0.54 & 0.57 & 0.61 & 0.82 & 0.36 & 0.50 & 0.57 & 0.29 & 0.50 & 0.46 & 0.89 & 0.36 \\ Ag & 11.51 & 11.84 & 10.86 & 9.21 & 11.18 & 12.17 & 11.1811.84 & 10.86 & 10.53 & 11.51 & 11.18 & 10.86 & 10.86 & 11.51 & 11.18 & 10.53111.18 & 11.18 & 11.18 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: The enrichment coefficient (EC) values for soil samples collected from the playground (PS) and from the edge of the park (ES). In this study, lead (Pb) was excluded from the analysis, following the withdrawal of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 [43]. However, based on values reported by other authors [12; 80; 81; 82; 83], we applied the reference doses (RfDs) for Pb of 3.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) day\({}^{-1}\) for ingestion, 3.52 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) day\({}^{-1}\) for dermal contact and 5.25 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) mg kg\({}^{-1}\) day\({}^{-1}\) for inhalation.