## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.1 Standardization Organizations
As a worldwide trade association, IPC is devoted to enhancing the competitive excellence and financial prosperity of its electronics industry members. To achieve these goals, IPC will allocate resources to management improvement, technology enhancement programs, formulation of pertinent standards, and environmental conservation. IPC aspires to be a globally respected organization, recognized for leadership and its significant role in providing standards and quality programs for the electronics industry [31]. Other entities play a pivotal role in establishing and refining standards that govern diverse aspects of products, materials, services, and processes, such as ITU (International Telecommunication Union), BSI (British Standards Institution), ISA (International Society of Automation) MSS (Manufacturers Standardization Society), NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council), ANSI (American National Standards Institute), NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), and JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association). Their operations are not confined to a specific sector, reflecting a comprehensive approach to standardization that resonates with the global pursuit of quality, innovation, and harmonization. In numerous developed countries, these organizations serve as crucial pillars in fostering collaboration, ensuring adherence to best practices, and contributing to the advancement of standards across the scientific landscape. The \"Technology Certification for Critical Infrastructure Protection\" report from the European Commission Joint Research Centre [32] emphasizes the significance of various IT security standards, with a focus on ISO/IEC 27001 [33], ISO 27002 [34] and ISO 15408 [35] standards. Additionally, it underscores the importance of standards such as the IEC 62351 [36] series and IEC 62443 [37] series, according to the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). * ISO/IEC 27001 ISO/IEC 27001 ISO/IEC 27001 stands as the globally recognized standard for information security management systems (ISMS), outlining essential requirements for ISMS compliance. Applicable to organizations of any size and across sectors, the standard offers comprehensive guidance for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and enhancing an effective information security management system. Compliance signifies that an organization hasimplemented a robust system to manage risks associated with data security, aligning with the best practices and principles outlined in this international standard. ISO/IEC 27001 promotes a comprehensive approach to information security, covering individuals, policies, and technology. An ISMS aligned with this standard serves as a tool for managing risks, enhancing cyber-resilience, and achieving operational excellence [33]. * ISO 27002 ISO/IEC 27002 is a global standard that guides organizations in establishing, implementing, and enhancing an ISMS with a focus on cybersecurity. Unlike ISO/IEC 27001, which outlines ISMS requirements, ISO/IEC 27002 provides best practices and control objectives for crucial cybersecurity areas such as access control, cryptography, human resource security, and incident response. This standard acts as a practical guide for organizations seeking to fortify their information assets against cyberthreats. Adhering to ISO/IEC 27002 recommendations enables companies to adopt a proactive approach to cybersecurity risk management, safeguarding critical information from unauthorized access and potential loss [34]. * ISO 15408 The ISO/IEC 15408 series facilitates the comparability of independent security assessments by establishing a common set of requirements for the security functionality and assurance measures applied to IT products during evaluations. These products may be implemented in hardware, firmware, or software.