## 8 Application of GPC and Geopolymer Concrete Mortar (GCM)  
GPC is gaining acceptance in actual field applications like precast members, bridge deck, boat ramp, retaining walls, road construction, and other structural members. In the year 2013, GPC was practically used for the first time in the multi-storey construction of a building as the precast GPC beams at the University of Queensland's global change institute [192]. Furthermore, a comparison of OC and GPC is provided in Table 10. It can be found easily that GPC can be used as replacement of OPC concrete. Figure 34 shows the application of GPC in prefabricated bridges. In addition, geopolymer material is gaining application in the form of a protective layer of concrete structures and road surfaces for long-lasting applications [193]. GPC is most commonly known for durable and acid-resistant applications; therefore, it is most suitable for marine structures. GPC durability is due to its resistance to freeze-thaw cycles, sulphate and chloride attack, fire, heat, and efflorescence [194]. For anti-corrosion and durable property of GPC in marine structures, the microstructure and chemical composition play an important role, which in turn, are mainly influenced by curing conditions, alkali solutions, and addition of superplasticizers [195; 196]. Further, the GPC provides efficient and sustainable construction of marine structures due to the stability of amorphous aluminosilicate gel in GPC [197]. This stable structure leads to a dense and compact microstructure of GPC that prevent penetration and other chemical attacks of sea water on structures [198]. Likewise, [PERSON] et al. [199] reported that GPM containing metakaolin as an aluminosilicate efficiently performs when exposed to different aggressive environments. Furthermore, the performance of GPC in the case of water-based structures is more effective against sulphate attack than any other acid attack [200]. GPC and GPM have also been used for repair and retrofitting applications because it prevents deterioration of reinforcement in structural members by sea water and de-icing compounds [201]. The geopolymer mix has been used as a bonding fiber material for structural members like bridges and newly constructed buildings in Japan [202]. Further, it is used in seismic prone and hurricane areas to strengthen the structures and prevent them from damage. [203]. It has been found that the repair resistance of GPC is more when compared to cement and other commercial repair materials [204]. Several researchers [205; 206] have reported that the abrasion resistance of GPC can be significantly improved by the addition of steel slag. GPC is the best alternative option for OPC concrete because it promotes sustainable development and provides a cleaner environment by utilizing industrial and agricultural waste and through immobilization of heavy metallic materials [207; 208]. For example, GPC has been proposed as an excellent immobilization material for poisonous heavy metals [209]. This property of GPC is due to the complex and dense microstructure and low permeability property [7]. In the complex microstructure of GPC, the heavy metals can be utilized chemically by accumulated anions present in the matrix in order to balance the charge. Further, these heavy metals can be mobilized physically by their contact with voids and pores of the matrix of GPC [210]. However, it was reported that the metakaolin- and kaolin-based GPCs do not possess the immobilization property of heavy metals due to the presence of excessive leaching [211]. GPC can also be used in cooling systems. For example, the aluminosilicates generated from industrial and agricultural wastes in GPC employ in the applications of the evaporative cooling systems. The compressive strength of these geopolymers was not high as compared to other GPC, but was within the acceptable range for evaporative cooling applications [212]. Finally, GPC has been found to be efficient fire-resistant material when compared to conventional concrete.