# Dual-Band Multiple-Element MIMO Antenna System for Next-Generation Smartphones
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents the design of an eight-element MIMO antenna system resonating in two distinct allotted bands of the 5G spectrum. The proposed antenna consists of a P-shaped resonator embedded in a semi-rectangular frame. The proposed antenna element provides resonance for the 3.5 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands. From the MIMO configuration, the isolation between antenna elements is noted to be \(>\)18 dB for the 3.5 GHz frequency band and \(>\)12 dB for the 5.4 GHz frequency band. In addition, the arrangement of antenna elements in the MIMO system provides pattern and spatial diversity characteristics. Furthermore, the radiation efficiency is noted to be in the range  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline
**Ref.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Frequency** \\ **Band (GHz)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Board Dimensions** \\ **(mm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Antenna Dimensions** \\ **(mm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Isolation** \\ **(mm\({}^{3}\))** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Efficiency** \\ **(\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CC** \\ **(pps/Hz)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **ECC** \\ **(pps/Hz)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[5] & 3.4-3.6 & \(136\times 68\) & \(3\times 9\) & \(>\)11 & 59–69 & 30.5 & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline
[7] & 3.4-3.6 & \(136\times 68\) & \(4.6\times 7.94\) & \(>\)14 & 50–60 & 35 & \(<\)0.2 \\ \hline
[8] & 2.6–3.6 & \(150\times 75\) & \(3\times 8\) & \(>\)14 & 52–70 & 38 & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline
[9] & 2.6–27.3/3.3-6 & \(125\times 75\) & \(6.8\times 6.6\) & \(>\)15 & 65-80/70–80 & – & \(<\)0.15 \\ \hline
[10] & 3.4–3.6/5.4–5.6 & \(140\times 70\) & \(9.6\times 10\) & \(>\)11 & 49–60/62–79 & 36.9 & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline
[11] & 3.4–3.6/5.1–5.9 & \(150\times 75\) & \(14.9\times 4\) & \(>\)12 & 60–65/58–70 & 39 & \(<\)0.2 \\ \hline
[12] & 3.4–3.6/5.4–5.6 & \(150\times 75\) & \(2.5\times 11.5\) & \(>\)14 & 63–69/52–58 & 38.75 & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline
[13] & 3.4–3.6/4.8–5.0 & \(145\times 70\) & \(9\times 4.2\) & \(>\)12 & 65–70/70–75 & – & \(<\)0.01 \\ \hline
[15] & 3.3–3.8-4.8–5.7 & \(150\times 75\) & \(6.5\times 7\) & \(>\)11 & 70–85/65–88 & – & \(<\)0.1 \\ \hline
[19] & 3.4–3.6/4.6-5.0 & \(150\times 75\) & – & \(>\)13 & 55–70/53–72 & 39.8 & \(<\)0.2 \\ \hline
[20] & 3.4–3.6 & \(150\times 80\) & – & \(>\)16 & 40–62 & 40 & \(<\)0.05 \\ \hline Proposed & 3.4–3.6/5.1–5.7 & \(150\times 75\) & \(4\times 8\) & \(>\)14 & 58–62/68–74 & 40 & \(<\)0.02 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of proposed MIMO antenna with state-of-the art literature.  
Figure 12: CC of the proposed MIMO antenna at an SNR of 20 dB.  
of 58% to 74% for both resonant frequencies. Various MIMO parameters are also studied and found to be in an acceptable range. The fabricated prototype was tested and analyzed, and the measured and simulated results were found to be in good agreement, with slight variations. From the results, it can be said that the proposed MIMO system could be used as a potential candidate for future smartphone devices.  
Conceptualization, S.H.K. and U.R.; methodology, M.M. and H.M.; software, S.H.K and U.R.; validation, H.S.S. and H.M.; formal analysis, M.A.K.; investigation, M.A.K.; resources, S.H.K., M.M., and H.S.S.; data curation, H.S.S.; writing--original draft preparation, S.H.K.; writing--review and editing, U.R.; visualization, H.M.; supervision, M.M. and M.A.K.; project administration, M.M.; funding acquisition, M.M. and H.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Prince Sultan University for paying the Article Processing Charges (APC) of this publication.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.