## 4 Discussion and Final Remarks  
This systematic literature review investigated the analysed studies published in the past 11 years on BIM-FM in the public environment. Publications on the topic have significantly increased over the period, from 1 in 2010 to 19 in 2020, evidencing an expansion of investigations on the topic that can be partially ascribed to external factors linked to the consequences and effects of the pandemic. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light aspects, such as the check of occupancy levels, control of transportation flows, entry supervisions, etc., that are strongly connected to facility management tasks and are becoming more important in the COVID-19 management context (Table 5). The countries in which research contributions are abundant include the UK and Italy. Concerning the UK, outcomes confirm the primary position of the UK industry development and progress towards BIM implementation, since it has been playing an active role from the public perspective, providing standards and regulations at the governmental level. Thus, one of the significant drivers of BIM adoption in the UK is government intervention and support. For example, in 2011, the BIM Government Task Group released its BIM policy. In addition, the British Standard Institute (BSI) introduced standards concerning BIM in 2019. Furthermore, since April 2016, the government strategy aiming to achieve 20% savings in procurement costs, and construction projects in the UK were required to reach BIM Level 2. Therefore, the BIM mandate has contributed to accelerating BIM adoption in the country. In addition, the data underline that research studies are going beyond BIM for design and construction towards BIM-FM implementation. However, although the BIM mandate was a government-led approach taken by the UK, the number of PA articles reporting the use of BIM is still deficient. Concerning Italy, the data highlighted a trend that should be interpreted from a different point of view. Unlike the UK, which is still considered to be a skilled market, in Italy, there is no solid BIM action at the governmental level that is able to involve and drive the whole AEC; the government has postponed BIM application to 2025. Nevertheless, Italy is moving slowly towards BIM implementation with its recent increased interest in this approach. This situation is proved by the last Public Procurement Code (2016), which claims that tendering stations can require the use of BIM for interventions with an amount higher than certain thresholds. The implementation start was fixed in 2019 for public projects higher than EUR 100 million (D.M n. 560/2017-D.M n. 312/2021); BIM will be mandatory from 2025 for all public projects higher than EUR one million (D.M n. 560/2017-D.M n. 312/2021). Moreover, Italy's higher research works production on BIM-FM implementation in the public sector can also be explained by an increasing interest in managing the built environment and preserving the historic building stock. Government actions strengthen existing subsidies, seismic safety and energy efficiency improvement, supporting the restart of public and private investments for the following years. Then, with the \"D.L. Rilancio\" measures, the government supports renovations, the energy requalification of buildings and maintenance activities on the building stock. Moreover, the so-called _\"Fondo investimenti e sviluppo infrastrutturale\"_, which consists of EUR 47 billion (plus EUR 36 billion added with Legge di Bilancio 2018) for the period 2017-2032, will finance transport infrastructure, soil protection, hydrogeological instability, public buildings and seismic risks prevention, and will contribute to the national plan \"Casa Italia\" for safeguarding Italian territory and real estate assets. Regarding research methods, most publications have adopted a case study approach evidencing an orientation for developing practical applications for BIM-FM solutions linked to maintenance management.