esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Mechanisms Specific to QoS and Multicast in Ad Hoc Networks
### Mechanisms for Resource Estimation
#### 2.5.3 Mechanisms for Estimation of Resources other than Bandwidth  
In these mechanisms, there are no constraints on the kind of MAC layer, since the focus is on parameters at the path level like delay, route stability, power level, buffer level, streaming resolution, streaming continuity, _etc_.  
In order to measure delay, the creation time of a route request message is usually included in the route request. When an intermediate node receives this message, delay is computed as the difference between the creation time and the current time. Such one-way measured delay consists of the queuing delay, the transmission time, the collision avoidance time, and the control overhead time. This measured delay is included on each routing table entry corresponding to each destination. QoS-AODV [19] is an example of this technique. The method assumes a synchronized network.  
Node stability, called entropy in [25], is calculated based on speed and direction of the node and its neighbors. The end-to-end route stability of a path between two nodes is computed based on the entropy of the nodes along the path and the number of intermediate mobile nodes over the route. The value of end-to-end route stability is used to build the multicast tree. EQMGA [25] uses this technique for QoS multicast routing.  
The stability level is defined as the connectivity variance of a node with respect to its neighboring nodes over time. It is obtained by the information of the frequency of the changes in the neighbors of the node. Based on the value of these metrics, protocol establishes the multicast tree. QoS-MAODV-2 Lqos [43] considers three metrics (power level, buffer level, stability level) for multicast routing.
## 4 Conclusions
### State of the Literature  
Sybil attack resistance is a hard-to-achieve property that comes with significant trade-offs in terms of complexity, performance, and cost. Many mechanisms that aspire to provide strong Sybil attack resistance fall short of this goal. The choice of consensus mechanisms is overwhelming and system designers have often opted for designing new mechanisms without a strong need for it. In many ways, this is symptomatic for the wider subject area of distributed ledger technology where, despite some signs of the field maturing, _solutions looking for problems_ are still prevalent.  
In his 2017 manuscript, Cachin [636] delivered a 'Snake Oil Warning', alerting of the risks arising from consensus mechanism being developed without 'agreement on trust assumptions, security models, formal reasoning methods, and protocol goals' [636] (p. 2). In the context of this paper, we want to reiterate and enforce this warning: many protocols that suggest Sybil attack resistance do not deliver on this implication. Overall, significant quality issues in many of the protocols proposed are apparent. Many of the papers analysed lack formalisation, leaving essential aspects as an exercise to the reader, thereby exposing implementors and users to security risks. Some papers, while peer-reviewed and, in some cases, highly cited, misunderstand fundamental aspects of decentralised computing. This is particularly evident in reputation-based consensus methods that often address Sybil attack resistance through mitigation schemes that, under scrutiny, do not hold.  
However, it is not all doom and gloom: recent years have seen some high-quality contributions that have further enhanced the performance of consensus mechanisms, significantly improved their Sybil attack resistance, or produced innovative approaches to saving energy. It is also to be welcomed that authors analyse the use of consensus mechanisms in industry-specific settings to drive appropriate solutions forward. It can therefore be speculated that the works that will stand the test of time will be those that apply rigorous modelling, formal security analysis, and comprehensive threat modelling.
## Evaluation and Results
### Random Network Formation
#### 5.5.3 Results--MAC Layer Frame Delivery  
Figures 18-21 illustrate the number of MAC layer frames received by the sink during each simulation scenario. Again this is an important comparison between when MADCAL is in use and when not, this time to see if MADCAL improves or adversely affects frame reception now a random topology is in use.  
Figure 17: Average energy consumption (mWs), random topology, significant nodes. Interference range 55.94 m.  
Figure 18: Sink frame reception, random topology. Interference range 77.52 m.  
Of interest in Figure 18 is that it can be observed that MADCAL brings the frame reception into line across all different speeds in this scenario. While 10 mps was previously significantly lower than the other speeds in this regard, it was not so when MADCAL was in use. This also occurred when the topology was more controlled, but only once interference ranges became much smaller.  
As with Figure 18, Figure 19 again shows that MADCAL brings the level of frame delivery to similar levels for all speeds. This time though, benefits are even more noticeable.  
Now with interference range decreasing, in Figure 20 it can be seen that frame reception decreases. MADCAL, however, shows benefit in all but one scenario, where speed is at 40 mps. However, the loss is not so significant as to cause concern when the benefit in energy consumption is taken into consideration.  
Figure 19: Sink frame reception, random topology. Interference range 69.13 m.  
Figure 20: Sink frame reception, random topology. Interference range 62.02 m.  
In Figure 21 it can again be seen that with MADCAL in use, frame delivery becomes consistent across all speeds. By now though, with the much smaller interference range, frame reception overall is lower than when the grid topology was in use. This is due to large gaps between nodes that are unable to be bridged when the interference distance is so low. A reminder of the importance of topology as a factor in the building of any network.
## 5 Challenges, Open Research Problems, and Future of WBANs
### Challenges and Open Research Problems of WBANs
#### 5.1.1 Physical Challenges  
_a. Unobtrusiveness_  
The design and development of wearable sensor devices without violating their unobtrusiveness remains a challenge. When patients have to carry sensors attached on their bodies as in the fall detection system described in [74] and FireLine [75], unobtrusiveness becomes a serious problem among many others challenges. The need for integrating various sensors into a single solution makes both the sensor units of LiveNet [76] and paths. These body-worn sensor devices are heavy and very intrusive devices, while the bandage type electrocardiograms sensors described in [77] and watch-shaped activity recorder in [78] are much easier to bear devices.  
_b. Sensitivity of Sensors_  
The sensitivity of the sensor devices is especially important when users wear these sensors in harsh environments such as in fire situations. Sweat can affect the transducers of the sensor devices negatively, causing the reduction in the sensitivity of the body-worn sensors or requiring recalibration of the sensors. [PERSON] _et al._[79] proposed an automatic self-calibration algorithm for triaxial accelerometers. Yet, the self-calibration and sensitivity enhancement algorithms are still needed for sensor devices different than accelerometers. Low-maintenance and highly sensitive vital signs monitoring sensors will attain importance as pervasive healthcare systems evolve.  
_c. Energy of Batteries_  
Energy in WBANs is considered as one of the crucial problems and challenges and deeply needs investigations and solutions. For indoor areas, like in hospitals, the batteries can be a remedy in some cases, while recharging the batteries can be burdensome, especially for older people. Given the likelihood of forgetting to recharge the batteries of multiple sensors, is an important issue to be resolved. Although there is a lot of an effort design low-power sensors to solve this problem [77], westill need robust energy techniques which is related to the new term \"green technology\". The solar cells that can provide up to 15 m under direct sun cannot be used with body-worn wireless sensors because sensors are preferably to be placed under the clothing. Thus, the motion [80] and body heat [81, 82] based energy techniques should be explored for healthcare systems.
## 3 Material and Properties, Specim Casting, and Testing
### Mix Design
#### 3.2.1 Mixing of Concrete, Preparation, and Casting of Specimens  
(1) Formwork Preparation for Slab Casting  
Concrete slabs \(1200\times 1200\) mm in plan and 300 mm thick were prepared for exposure to fire in a furnace. From these slabs, cylindrical samples were cored (before and after exposure to fire) for compressive strength and split slender test. Before the casting of concrete thermocouples were installed, as shown in Figure 2, for monitoring the temperature change at different location and depth of the slab. There were five external thermocouples installed at the surface of the slab, which was not exposed to fire; the location of the thermocouples is shown in Figure 3, external thermocouples are indicated as TE1 to TE5.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix Type**} & **Cement** & **Fine Aggregate** & **Coarse Aggregate** & **Water** & **Superplasticizer** & **Fiber** & \multirow{2}{*}{**W/C**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **Kg/m3** & **Kg/m3** & **Kg/m3** & **Kg/m3** & **\%** & **\%** & \\ \hline M1-0F & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 0 & 0.34 \\ M2-1 BF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 1 & 0.34 \\ M3-1.5 BF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 1.5 & 0.34 \\ M4-2 BF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 2 & 0.34 \\ M5-1 PF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 1 & 0.34 \\ M6-1.5 PF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 1.5 & 0.34 \\ M7-2 PF & 600 & 900 & 750 & 200 & 2 & 2 & 0.34 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: BF is Basalt fibers, PF is PVA fibers, W/C is water to cement ratio.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Concrete Mix Design Details.  
Figure 2: Formwork for \(1200\times 1200\times 300\) mm slab casting and thermocouples.  
Similarly, there were 11 internal thermocouples installed at an interval of 25 mm with the thickness of the slab (300 mm thick), these are indicated as TI1 to TI11 in Figure 3. TI1 was installed 25 mm below the surface of the slab that was not exposed to the fire. The thermocouple, TI11, was installed 25 mm below the surface of the slab, which was exposed to fire. Therefore, all 11 internal thermocouples were installed in a sequence from TI1 to TI11.
## 4 Influence of Advance Rate on Front Abtment Pressure
### Field Monitoring of Microseismic Event Distribution in the 12308 Working Face
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Warning Level** & **12308 Coal Mining Face** & **Response Measures** \\ \hline A & E\({}_{\max}\)\(\leq\) 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J & Normal production. \\ No rockburst risk & Frequency \(\leq\) 70/d & \\ B & 1.0 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J \(<\) E\({}_{\max}\)\(\leq\) 1.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J & Normal excavation and mining operations, \\ Weak rockburst risk & 70/d \(<\) Frequency \(\leq\) 80/d & \\ C & 1.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J \(<\) E\({}_{\max}\)\(\leq\) 1.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J & Reduce the advancing speed, carry out \\ Moderate rockburst risk & 80/d \(<\) Frequency \(\leq\) 90/d & hazard-relieving measures, and resume the \\ Moderate rockburst risk & 80/d \(<\) Frequency \(\leq\) 90/d & advancing speed after verifying that the hazard \\  & & is eliminated. \\  & & Stop operations, evacuate personnel from the \\ D & E\({}_{\max}\)\(>\) 1.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) J & dangerous area, take hazard-relieving measures \\ Severe rockburst risk & Frequency \(>\) 90/d & after the hazard level drops to the moderate \\  & & rockburst level, and resume production after \\  & & verifying that the hazard is eliminated. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Rockburst microseismic early-warning classification. Figure 20: Relationship between face advancing rate and daily microseismic event frequency at Panel 12308. As evidenced by the comparative analysis presented in Table 8, a statistically significant correlation exists between mining advance rates and microseismic activity. Specifically, accelerated mining advance rates are associated with increased frequency of microseismic events (142.9% higher in high-speed mining phases compared to low-speed phases) and elevated cumulative energy release (134% increase). However, the maximum single-event energy release remains largely unaffected by variations in advance rates, with no occurrence of large-energy events.
# Advancing Model Explainability: Visual Concept Knowledge Distillation for Concept Bottleneck Models
## 4 Experiments
### Experimental Results
#### 4.2.1 Experimental Results on CUB-200-2011
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Task (y)** & **Concept (c)** \\ \hline
**Teacher CBM** & & \\ Independent & 0.767 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 0.968 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ Sequential & 0.759 \(\pm\) 0.005 & 0.968 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ Joint & 0.803 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 0.966 \(\pm\) 0.004 \\
**Concept model** & & \\ PCBM & 0.635 \(\pm\) 0.002 & - \\ ProbCBM (224 \(\times\) 224) & 0.680 \(\pm\) 0.004 & 0.949 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ ProbCBM (299 \(\times\) 299) & 0.708 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 0.956 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ CEM & 0.759 \(\pm\) 0.002 & 0.954 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\ CME & 0.783 \(\pm\) 0.210 & 0.508 \(\pm\) 0.001 \\
**Student CBM** & & \\ Vanilla-KD (Joint) & 0.689 \(\pm\) 0.024 & 0.948 \(\pm\) 0.002 \\
**VICO-KD (Joint)** & **0.787 \(\pm\) 0.002** & **0.962 \(\pm\) 0.001** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Experimental results on CUB-200-2011. The saliency maps of the student CBM trained using our proposed VICO-KD method demonstrate a notable similarity to those of the teacher CBM. The regions of interest highlighted by VICO-KD consistently align with the salient visual concepts attended to by the teacher model. This finding provides compelling evidence that VICO-KD effectively  
Figure 4: Visualization comparison results for saliency maps. The top row shows saliency maps for the Philadelphia vireo, the middle row for the tropical kingbird, and the bottom row for the rusty blackbird. The proposed VICO-KD method exhibits explainability similar to that of the teacher CBM. However, Vanilla-KD focuses on parts unrelated to the object, such as the background or legs. Figure 3: Experimental results on the impact of weight on visual concept transfer. transfers visual concepts from the teacher to the student model, enabling the student to acquire a more robust and interpretable representation of the visual task. In Figure 4, third row, it is evident that both the teacher and VICO-KD student focus on the crucial part of the bird, from the head to the neck, which serves as trustworthy evidence for recognition. This further underscores the effectiveness of VICO-KD in transferring the teacher's visual concept knowledge to the student model, resulting in enhanced performance and interpretability.
## 2 Antenna Design and Optimization  
A simple, low-cost, and compact CP microstrip patch antenna was designed following a stepwise development procedure. The three antennas presented in Figure 1 were used to analyze the evolution process of the final design, which is presented in Figure 2. The proposed antenna has a radiating modifying shape on the top side and a slotted ground plane on the bottom side. Figure 2 illustrates the structure of the proposed antenna with geometrical parameters. The radiating side of the antenna on the top layer consists of opposite truncated corners in a squared patch shape, two rectangular stubs with chamfered corners, and a microstrip feed line. The slots on the center merge two cuts: a circle and a horizontal rectangle. These two cuts are responsible for the output's presence at the desired operating bands. The antenna has a 50 \(\Omega\) feeder line, and an SMA connector is connected at the end of the line. Figure 1 illustrates that the proposed antenna underwent many design stages. The designed dimensions through the evolution process to the proposed antenna were obtained using the commercially available simulation software ANSYS HFSS 2023 R1 [32]. The optimized parameters of the final design of the proposed antenna are given in Table 1.  
The initial design began with a truncated squared patch. Then, the structure was modified to add two stubs on the other opposite corners. In the last step of this procedure, two arcs were added onto the lower edge of the centered circular cuts and the two added stubs were chamfered.  
Table 1 displays the values of the geometrical parameters for the proposed antenna according to the definitions shown in Figure 2. The antenna has overall dimensions of 40 \(\times\) 40 \(\times\) 1.6 mm\({}^{3}\) and was fabricated on an FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of \(\varepsilon_{r}\) = 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. A 50 \(\Omega\) transmission line with a signal strip width of Wf and a length of Lf was used to feed the antenna. Figure 3 shows the return loss response of the three antennas.  
Figure 1: Evolution of the proposed antenna: (**a**) Antenna 1; (**b**) Antenna 2; (**c**): Proposed Antenna.  
Figure 2: (**a**) Top view and (**b**) bottom view of the proposed antenna.
## 5 Analytical Model Updating  
The tuning of analytical or numerical models to the experimental modal parameters requires a proper selection of a set of parameters to optimize. The detected modes resemble the first mode of a clamped-free Euler Bernoulli beam [21]. Hence, the authors attempted to estimate the equivalent length \(L\) and the elastic modulus \(E\) of a cantilevered beam, by assuming the equivalent cross-section in Figure 13a. The following function is the chosen measure of the distance between the estimated modal parameters and the numerical ones [22]  
\[C=sum_{i=1}^{n}g_{i}\left(\frac{f_{i}^{m}-f_{i}^{c}}{f_{i}^{m}}\right)^{2}+b \,sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(1-diag(MAC(M_{i}^{m},M_{i}^{c}))\right), \tag{1}\]  
the apex \((*)^{m}\) indicates a measured variable, where the apex \((*)^{c}\) a calculated variable, \(M_{i}\) is the mode shape vector, n is the number of modes, MAC is the modal assurance criterion [23], while \(g_{i}\) and \(b\) are weighting factors. The weighting factors are set equal to one. The parameters \(\{\hat{E},L\}\), which minimize the objective function in Equation (1), are assumed as optimum, see Figure 13b.  
Figure 14 shows the contour plot of the objective function, obtained by choosing a proper discretization of the two parameters' domains \(dE=0.1\) MPa and \(dL=0.1\) m. The white mark in Figure 14 indicates the pair of optimum: \(\hat{E}=991.3\) MPa and \(\hat{L}=12.3\) m. The two values return modal parameters of the cantilevered beam, which coarsely agree with the experimental ones, Table 3.  
Finite element models or more accurate analytical modelling [24; 25; 26; 27] may give a closer matching: Still, a simple mechanical system represents the dynamic of the masonry tower satisfactorily in the first linear range of response. The elastic modulus lies in the range of values typical of masonry [28]. The equivalent length is almost \(12.3/26=47\%\) of the maximum height of the tower. The constraint  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Cross-Section** & **Ix [m\({}^{4}\)]** & **Iy [m\({}^{4}\)]** \\ \hline Isolated & 107.78 & 107.86 \\ Equivalent & 120.22 & 115.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Inertia of the isolated and equivalent cross-section.  
Figure 14: Contour plot of the optimization function: the cross indicates the minimum point.  
given by the neighbouring structures and the tapering of the walls likely reduces the equivalent slenderness of the tower significantly.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
To verify that the proposed FSS is effective in practical applications, the proposed structure was fabricated and measured. Figure 11 shows the fabricated prototype of the proposed quad-stopband miniaturized FSS. The prototype had a size of 315.2 mm \(\times\) 315.2 mm and contained 80 \(\times\) 80 units. The metal layer was sandwiched between two dielectric substrates. The medium bonding the two dielectric layers was FR4, and its thickness was 0.075 mm.  
The FSS experimental test system is shown in Figure 12. The test system mainly included a vector network analyzer and two wideband horn antennas for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. The test was carried out in two steps. Firstly, we used a metal plate to calibrate the reflection coefficient. Theoretically, the electromagnetic waves emitted by the emitting horn can be reflected without any loss when there is no shielded surface, but in actual measurement, loss will inevitably be caused by factors such as devices. So, calibration is necessary for the measurement when there is no FSS. Through the measurement, the value of its loss can be obtained, which can be used to reduce the  
Figure 11: Fabricated prototype of the proposed FSS: (**a**) front view; (**b**) back view.  
Figure 10: Simulated reflection coefficients for various oblique angles of incidence: (**a**) TE polarization; (**b**) TM polarization.  
error of subsequent results. Secondly, we replaced the metal plate with the fabricated prototype of the proposed FSS and repeated the above measurement. All received signals were processed by a vector network analyzer, and the required reflection coefficient value could be obtained. Using the result of the second measurement and removing the error caused by the instrument itself, the frequency domain response curve of the measured sample could be obtained.  
Figure 12: Measurement setup.  
Figure 13: _Cont._  
Table 4 compares the proposed FSS with other work given in [11; 17; 21; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35], considering the aspects of unit cell size, operation band, number of metal layers, number of substrate layers, operating frequency band, and range of incident angles. As seen in Table 4, the  
Figure 14: Comparison of simulated and measured results of TM wave incidence at: (**a**) 0 degrees, (**b**) 30 degrees, (**c**) 45 degrees, (**d**) 60 degrees.  
Figure 13: Comparison of simulated and measured results of TE wave incident at: (**a**) 0 degrees, (**b**) 30 degrees, (**c**) 45 degrees, and (**d**) 60 degrees.  
proposed FSS has a more compact size than structures designed in [11; 21; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. Moreover, compared with [17; 29; 32; 35], the proposed FSS structure has more operating frequency bands. Also, this structure has a larger range of incident angles than [17; 21; 28; 32; 35].