# Copper- and Iron-Based Nanoflowers in Cancer Theranostics
## 4 Synthesis Methods and Applications of Flower-like Copper- and Iron-Based Nanostructures
### Iron-Based NFs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Nanoflower** & **Synthesis Parameters** & **Main Findings** & **Ref.** \\
**Type** & Temperature: 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C; & In imaging: \\ Reaction time: 13 h; & Ultrasensitivity to SERS, anatomical \\ Precursors: FeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O (2.6:1 \(w\)/\(w\)); & localization using PA imaging, spatial \\ \(\gamma\)Fe2O3@Au & Precipitating agent: NaOH soln (1.5 M); & resolution from MRI for tumor localization \\ Oxidizing agent: HNO3; & and boundary identification. \\ Solvents: HCl soln (0.4 M); & As a PTT agent: \\ Washing solvent: DI H2O. & Efficient ablation of tumor under the NIR \\ Irradiation without regrowth. & In imaging: \\ \(\gamma\)Fe2O3@CuS & Reducing agents/surfactants/solvents: & In imaging: \\  & & Could be used in cellular imaging. \\  & & As a MHT agent: \\  & & Both NFs’ sizes showed a \\  & & concentration-dependent magnetothermal \\ Precursors: FeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O, (2:1 mol/mol); & response. \\  & Reducing agents/surfactants/solvents: & In vitro: \\ \(\gamma\)Fe2O3 & N-methyldiethanolamine, diethylene glycol; & There was no hemolysis or notable changes \\  & Reduction assistant agent: NaOH; & in the morphology of RBCs. All formulations \\ Oxidizing agent: Fe(NO3)3 9H2O; & tested in LLC and CULA lung cancer cell \\ Washing solvents: EtOH, ethyl acetate, HNO3 soln (10\%), diethyl ether. & lines exhibited minimal effects without \\  & & magnetic hyperthermia (MHT). However, \\  & & following exposure to an alternating \\  & & magnetic field (AMF), cell viability \\  & & significantly decreased. \\  & & \\ Temperature: 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C; & Reaction atmosphere: N2; & Great potential for both Fe3O4 NFs and \\ Reaction time: 1.5 h; & Fe3O4@PS-b-PAA NFs as contrast agents for \\ Precursor: FeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O, (2:1 mol/mol); & MRI, with the second one performing \\  & Reducing agents/surfactants/solvents: & exceptionally well as an imaging tracer in \\ Fe3O4@PS-b-PAA & N-methyldiethanolamine, diethylene glycol; & MPI. \\ PAA & Reduction assistant agent: NaOH; & As a PTT agent: \\ Solvents: Type 1 H2O, THF; & Light-to-heat conversion was not affected by \\ Solubility enhancing agents: citric acid, oleic acid; & the polymer surrounding the NFs. \\  & Stabilizer: PS-b-PAA; & In vivo: \\  & Washing solvents: HNO3 soln (10\%), EtOH, acetone, & Fe3O4@PS-b-PAA are biocompatible with the \\  & methanol, ethyl ether: Temperature: 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C; & tested glioblastoma cell line. \\  & Reaction time: 5.5 h; & As a PTT agent: \\ Precursors: FeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O, (4:1 mol/mol); & Precursors: FeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O, (2:1 mol/mol); & \\ Fe3O4@Au & N-methyldiethanolamine, diethylene glycol; & The efficiency of Au-Fe3O4 NFs varies based \\ Fe3O4@Au & Reduction assistant agent: NaOH; & on the injected dose, the irradiation time and \\ Oxidizing agent: Fe(NO3)3 9H2O; & the number of laser expositions. \\ Solvent: Type 1 H2O; & Cancer-associated fibroblasts targeted PTT \\ Washing solvents: EtOH, ethyl acetate, HNO3 soln (10\%), acetone, diethyl ether. & modulates the physical properties of the \\  & & solid tumors, followed by tumor regression. \\  & Temperature: 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C; & Achievement of a reduced NP-administered dose, reduced laser power exposure and the \\ PrecursorsFeCl3 6H2O, FeCl2 4H2O, (2:1 mol/mol); & & possibility of serial heating cycles and \\  & Reducing agents/surfactants/solvents: & therapy monitoring by photoacoustic (PA) \\  & N-methyldiethanolamine, diethylene glycol; & and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). \\  & Reduction assistant agent: NaOH; & Achievement of integration of the dual \\  & Washing solvents: EtOH, ethyl acetate, HNO3 soln (10\%), acetone, diethyl ether. & heating capability (MHT + PTT) with the \\  & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._[PERSON] et al., produced ferromagnetic Fe\({}_{0.6}\)Mn\({}_{0.4}\)O NFs and tested their properties.