## 2 Bioferments
### Application of Bioferments in the Cosmetics Industry  
Recently, there has been increase in researching bioferments and their use by the cosmetics industry. This is evidenced by the large number of cosmetics used substances produced in the fermentation process, as well as the numerous patents filed regarding these substances. The information about kind of bioferment available in cosme are included in the coordinated by European Union's special cosmetic ingredients database--CosIng [48]. By entering the word \"ferment\" into this database, about 2.240 examples are obtained. This proves the extensive use of these substances in this industry. Table 3 shows examples of cosmetic products available on the global market containing bioferments.  
Among the patents related to bioferments, there are distinguishing methods for obtaining ferments of milk obtained from soybeans and their use in skin care products and also oat fermentation liquor [49; 50]. In 2020, a bioferment obtained by fermentation of _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ from the above-ground parts of _Citrus aurantium_ was patented and can be used for anti-aging products [51]. Moreover, methods for obtaining bioferment and extract from _Rhodiolae_ radix using yeast have been patented. This product has anti-aging and skin-brightening properties [52]. [PERSON] et al. in 2021 patented a cosmetic composition containing fermented rice by-product extract or a fraction thereof as an active ingredient with antioxidant, skin-whitening, and wrinkle-reducing properties [53].  
This section presents examples of randomly selected patents. Their number is enormous and constantly growing, which means that the cosmetics industry is very interested in these products.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Activity** & **Bacterial Strain** & & **Mechanism of Action** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Anti-acne activity & & - & inhibits growth of _C. acnes_ & \\ \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Lactiplantibacillus_ \\ _plantarum VHProbi®_ E15 \\ \end{tabular} & - & reduces acne lesions & [15] \\  & & - & reduces TEWL & \\ \hline Anti-redness activity &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Galactomyces_ \\ ferment filtrate \\ \end{tabular} & - & reduces skin redness, pore size, and skin roughness & [21] \\ \hline \end{tabular} Ref., References; IFN-\(\gamma\), interferon-\(\gamma\).  
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Producer** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Country of** \\ **Origin** \\ \end{tabular} & **Trade Name** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Cosmetic** \\ **Form** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **The Kind of _Ferment_ in** \\ **the Composition of the** \\ **Cosmetic (INCI)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Properties of the Cosmetic** \\ **According to the Producer** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline Venn & \begin{tabular}{c} Republic of \\ Korea \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Probiotics \\ Cica Complex \\ Biome \\ Booster \\ \end{tabular} & face serum & \begin{tabular}{c} _Saccharomyces_ ferment, \\ _Lactobacillus_ Ferment \\ Lysate, _Galactomyces_ \\ \end{tabular} & - & \begin{tabular}{c} - \\ moisturizes and deeply \\ hydrates the skin \\ improves skin’s \\ elasticity \\ \end{tabular} & [54] \\ \hline Abib & \begin{tabular}{c} Republic of \\ Korea \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Rice \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} \\ Probiotics \\ Overnight \\ Mask \\ \end{tabular} & mask & \begin{tabular}{c} _Lactobacillus_/Rice \\ Ferment \\ \end{tabular} & - & protects irritated skin & [55] \\ \hline Scinic & \begin{tabular}{c} Republic of \\ Korea \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Bio Collagen \\ Firming \\ Lotion \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Lactobacillus_/Soybean \\ Extract Ferment Filtrate \\ \end{tabular} & - & improves skin’s \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & skin’s texture \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Examples of some cosmetics with bioferments.