## 2 Materials and Methods
### Neuro-Athletic Training Program
#### 2.3.2 Volleyball-Specific Visual and Motor Coordination Stations  
_Letter Saccade Station:_ Each set consists of 10 repetitions, with a total of 3 sets performed. In this drill, the athlete holds a card with lowercase letters in one hand, while a card with uppercase letters is positioned at arm's length in front of them. The player reads the letters aloud, moving from left to right, continuously alternating between the lowercase and uppercase letters. After a set period or upon a given command, a volleyball is passed from either the left or right side, prompting the athlete to quickly react, adjust their position, and prepare to receive or pass the ball accurately (Figure 3) [2; 3]. Figure 1: Eye massage applied to six different regions: (**a**) central inferior orbit, (**b**) medial inferior orbit, (**c**) lateral inferior orbit, (**d**) central superior orbit, (**e**) medial superior orbit, and (**f**) lateral superior orbit. _Anti-Saccade Station_: Each set comprises 10 repetitions, with a total of 3 sets performed. In this drill, the player begins by executing rapid footwork in place to initiate movement. Upon being shown a colored cue, the athlete moves in the opposite direction to the color indication. Subsequently, the coach passes a volleyball to the athlete, requiring them to respond with controlled reception or a directed pass to a predetermined target. This exercise emphasizes visual processing speed and directional response, training athletes to override their instinctual movement patterns in favor of task-directed actions (Figure 4) [2,3]. _Smart Optometry Station:_ Each set includes 5 repetitions, with a total of 3 sets completed. In this station, players begin by performing rapid footwork while tracking a red line displayed on a screen with their eyes. The coach calls out colors in a random sequence, and players must swiftly locate and touch the corresponding colored markers before returning to the center and attempting to intercept or pass a centrally positioned volleyball. This station aims to enhance athletes' visual tracking abilities, reaction speed, and spatial awareness, which are critical for high-level performance in volleyball (Figure 5) [2,3]. Figure 4: Anti-saccade station. Figure 3: Letter saccade station. _Brock String Station:_ Each set consists of 5 repetitions, each lasting 10 s, with a total of 3 sets performed. In this drill, players are instructed to sequentially focus on designated colored beads along a Brock string. Upon successfully following the coach's commands without deviation, the players proceed to receive and pass a volleyball toward a specified target. This station reinforces depth perception, focus adjustment, and hand-eye coordination, all of which are essential for precise ball handling and positioning in volleyball (Figure 6) [2,3]. _Star Chart Station:_ Each set comprises 8 repetitions, with a total of 3 sets conducted. In this exercise, a star-shaped chart is positioned at eye level for the players. While keeping their heads stationary, the athletes visually track each of the 8 points on the star in a designated sequence, completing three sets of eight repetitions. Following the visual tracking drill, the players immediately move to intercept or pass a volleyball to a target. This drill is designed to improve visual scanning, peripheral awareness, and spatial coordination, thereby enhancing players' ability to track the ball and anticipate movements on the court (Figure 7) [2,3]. Figure 5: Smart optometry station. Small Area Game with Pinhole Glasses StationThis drill consists of five 1 min sets. Players engage in a \"small area game\" setup while wearing pinhole glasses that restrict their peripheral vision. The central player attempts to intercept the ball before their neighboring players complete a pass. If the central player successfully intercepts the ball, they switch positions with the player from whom the ball was taken. If unsuccessful, the central player quickly swaps places with the last passer.