esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Setup  
### The Datasets  
Five popular signature datasets, \(\mathcal{D}_{1-5}\) of Western and Indo-Aryan origin, were used in order to experiment with the proposed system architecture. A short description is provided here. The \(\mathcal{D}_{1}\) is the CEDAR dataset [68]. For each one of the \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathcal{D}_{1}}=55\) enrolled writers, a total of 48 signature specimens (\(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{G}}=24\) genuine and \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{SF}}=24\) simulated) confined in a \(50\times 50\) mm square box were provided and digitized at 300 dpi. The \(\mathcal{D}_{2}\) is the MCYT-75 signature database [69; 70] with \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{G}}=\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{SF}}=15\); the capture area is \(127\times 97\) mm. The \(\mathcal{D}_{3}\) is the GPDS300 [27; 69], with \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{G}}=24\) and \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{SF}}=30\). A special feature of this dataset is that contrary to \(\mathcal{D}_{1,2}\) the acquisition of signature specimens was carried out with the aid of two different bounding boxes of the sizes \(5\times 1.8\) cm and \(4.5\times 2.5\) cm, respectively. As a result, the files of this dataset include images with two different aspect ratios; this phenomenon conveys a structural distortion mapped onto the feature extraction procedure. The last two signature datasets are the \(\mathcal{D}_{4}\) Bengali (Bangla) and the \(\mathcal{D}_{5}\) Hindi subsets of the BHsig260 dataset [71], comprising \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{G}}=24\) and \(\mathbb{N}_{\mathbb{SF}}=30\) for the 100 Bengali (BHsig260-B) and the 160 Hindi (BHsig260-H) writers. Details can be found in Table 2. The  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Type of Measure** & **Gradient** \\ \hline AIRM: \(\delta_{S}\) & \(2X^{1/2}\text{logm}(\mathbf{X}^{-1/2}\mathbf{X}^{-1/2})\mathbf{X}^{1/2}\) \\ \hline [PERSON]: \(\delta_{\mathbb{SF}}^{2}\) & \(\mathbf{X}(\mathbf{X}+\mathbf{Y})^{-1}\mathbf{X}-\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{X}\) \\ \hline [PERSON]: \(\delta_{I}^{2}\) & \(\frac{1}{2}\mathbf{X}(\mathbf{Y}^{-1}-\mathbf{X}^{-1}\mathbf{Y}\mathbf{X}^{-1})\mathbf{X}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Gradients of AIRM, Stein, and Jeffrey measures on the SPD manifold.  
interested reader may search for visual representations of the handwritten signatures at the aforementioned papers.
# Numerical Study on Tree Belt Impact on Wind Shear on Agricultural Land
## 2 Methods
### Numerical Method  
#### 2.2.1 Computational Domain and Grid  
To perform the numerical experiment, a proper geometric model of the studied terrain was required. The terrain topology has been prepared using both an online-based tool [82] and topographic maps (scale 1:5000 and 1:25,000). The data collected by [82] for the site in the vicinity of the mast were processed, and the surface area was prepared using the Kriging interpolation method [83] via Golden Software (TM)--Surfer, v15 ([[https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer/](https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer/)]([https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer/](https://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer/)), accessed on 27 June 2025).  
The 3D model was compared to the one generated from the topographic map, showing a very good correlation. The resulting data were exported and imported into the Gambit mesh generator. The reference points were used to generate a surface, which was then extruded vertically to define the computational domain. This domain extended 176 m upstream and 2090 m downstream from the tree belt, with a vertical height of 220 m, sufficient to encompass typical wind turbine heights. The domain width was limited to 400 m and meshed with a coarse grid, as no significant velocity or turbulence gradients were expected in the spanwise direction.  
The numerical grid in the streamwise direction can be seen in Figure 2a. Particular attention was given to accurately represent the geometry of the tree belt, as it constitutes a major momentum sink in the flow field. As seen in Figure 2b, its surface was made to mimic the natural form of forestry. Special attention was also paid to mesh refinement near the ground to satisfy the dimensionless y\({}^{+}\) distance. Three grid meshes were constructed to  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Sensor** & **Type** & **Range** & **Precision** \\ \hline Anemometer & A100R & 0.2 up to 75 m/s & 1\% of reading between 10 and 50 m/s, 2\% \\ Wind vane & 200P & 0 up to 360\({}^{\circ}\) & above 50 m/s \\ Temperature & Vaisala HMP50 & \(-\)40 up to 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C & \(\pm\)1.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C at \(-\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C; up to \(\pm\)0.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C; \\ Humidity & Vaisala HMP50 & 0 to 100\% & \(\pm\)0.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C outdoor temperature \\  & & & \(\pm\)3\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Technical specifications of the measuring equipment.  
study the grid sensitivity, and the mesh that satisfied the y\({}^{+}\) values consisted of little more than 1.3 million cells. This was achieved with a streamlined boundary layer mesh that started with a cell height of 0.01 m over the ground and increased at a ratio of 1.2 for 20 cells upward. The numerical grid consisted entirely of hexahedral cells in a fully structured grid near the ground and pave-structured grid above the belt to allow for gradual coarsening. Considering the scale of the problem, this allowed for very economical mesh satisfying the numerical requirements of high-Re turbulence models.
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Simulation Results
#### 4.3.3 Energy Consumption  
Figure 4 illustrates the trend of average energy consumption in sampling time. For all simulated routing protocols, it is clear that sensor nodes consumed more energy as the simulation progressed. FSACO indicated improved performance compared with EEABR, IACO and SensorAnt, by 36.8%, 13% and 33.2% improvement at the end of simulation, respectively. It is worth noting that FSACO consumed more energy than other routing algorithms in its initial stage. This was due to the artificial fish flooding in the AFSA-based initial route discovery algorithm, described in Section 3.3, which led to extra energy consumption.  
Figure 3: Analysis of the impact of Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) optimisation on the FSACO routing algorithm’s performance in different network scales.  
Figure 2: Impact of network scale on routing algorithm convergence.
# A Survey on Energy-Efficient Design for Federated Learning over Wireless Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper provided a comprehensive review of FL concepts across various wireless network architectures, with a particular emphasis on energy efficiency challenges. We outlined the fundamental principles of FL architectures, including CFL and DFL, along with their detailed implementation steps. The energy efficiency optimization problem in FL deployment over wireless systems was examined, covering both local computation and communication energy models. We presented an overview of wireless network architectures designed to support energy-efficient FL, focusing on networks tailored for both CFL and DFL. We also explored emerging technologies such as SWIPT, IRS, and NOMA, assessing their potential to enhance FL-enabled wireless networks. Moreover, integrating hybrid technologies, such as combining SWIPT with IRS or NOMA, could significantly boost. Enhanced cooperation between UAVs and ground infrastructure, facilitated by robust channel estimation and power control mechanisms, also has the potential to improve FL scalability and reliability. These advancements could pave the way for a new era of FL-enabled wireless networks. Finally, we discussed key challenges in implementing FL over wireless networks, including channel estimation, PLS, and UAV energy consumption, while identifying promising directions for future research to address these challenges and optimize FL performance in wireless environments. Addressing the research challenges and limitations of the current energy-efficient FL-enabled wireless frameworks, as discussed in this study, holds the potential to substantially enhance both the performance and practicality of deploying FL over wireless networks.  
Conceptualization, X.-T.D. and O.-S.S.; methodology, X.-T.D. and O.-S.S.; validation, X.-T.D. and O.-S.S.; investigation, X.-T.D., B.-M.V., Q.-S.N., T.-T.-M.T., J.-S.E., and O.-S.S.; writing--original draft preparation, X.-T.D., B.-M.V., Q.-S.N., T.-T.-M.T., J.-S.E., and O.-S.S.; writing--review and editing, X.-T.D. and O.-S.S.; visualization, O.-S.S.; supervision, O.-S.S.; project administration, O.-S.S.; funding acquisition, O.-S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) under Grant RS-2023-00208995.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
###### Abstract  
Accidents in port areas are generally relatively minor given the lower prevailing speeds, but dangerous cargo terminals located in the vicinity of populated areas present some risk of accidents with catastrophic consequences. The maritime risk assessment frameworks have been developed in many ports, but few include studies incorporating collisions between sailing and moored ships. This paper presents the risk assessment framework for such accidents. Moreover, it presents the important role of harbour regulations in the navigation risk management process within the port area. Today's port regulations are created mostly based on the good practice of pilots and other experts, whereas quantitative methods are used less frequently. The intention of the presented case study was to demonstrate how quantitative risk assessment may be used in port policy development, which is why the method created is general and may be used in any terminal with dangerous cargo. The multi-stage method consists of several steps that make up a complex methodology, consisting of expert study, real-time simulation--a simulation of a collision in port is presented--and analytical-empirical calculations for consequence assessment. The case studies of the developed method are presented based on two real accidents, one in the Police port along the Swinoujscie-Szczecin waterway, and the second in the Port of Koper in Slovenia. The results of this study present the parameters of the ship's safe approach to the terminal area, such as velocity and approaching angle. These parameters are used to calculate the impact forces in the case of a collision between a moored and passing ship and its consequences on ship integrity as well as on mooring arrangement. Based on probability and consequences, the risk is evaluated and discussed in the sense of port safety. The presented method could be used as the framework for risk assessment of collisions in a port area, particularly when dealing with dangerous cargo or sensitive vessels such as cruise ships.  
port accidents; risk assessment; terminal safety; harbour regulations; mooring; collision energy 2020
## Abbreviations  
MIMO multi-input multi-output  
LEO low earth orbit  
UPA uniform planar array  
EE energy efficiency  
SDP semidefinite programming  
CCCP concave convex process  
MM majorization-minimization  
AltOpt alternative optimization  
SE spectrum efficiency  
CSI channel state information  
GEO geosynchronous earth orbit  
QoS quality of service  
BFP Boolean fractional programming  
QCQP quadratic constraint quadratic programming  
DC difference of convex  
FEC forward error correction  
SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio  
SNR signal-to-noise ratio  
CRLB Cramer-Rao lower bound  
EVD eigenvalue decomposition
# Online Learning-Based Adaptive Device-Free Localization in Time-Varying Indoor Environment
## 5 Performance Verification
### Performance Evaluation of ML-OSELM-Based DFL Model  
Since the collected CSI contains information such as system noise and environmental noise, we must eliminate the noise to enhance CSI quality. Firstly, outliers are abnormal in the signal, so we use the Hampel filter [35] to filter out the outliers. Secondly, noise is generally of high frequency, and hence, it is removed using a moving average filter. The CSI signal may be lost during WiFi signal transmission due to the multipath effect, the NLOS effect, and complex environments. Therefore, we use a one-dimensional linear interpolation algorithm to complement the missing values.  
We first verify the effectiveness of weight-based fingerprints. We collect data for a total of five days to design the experiment and compare the weight-based fingerprints with the raw signals and ratio-based fingerprints. The localization performance is shown in Figure 8, where the Y-axis indicates the localization accuracy. We can find that the proposed  
Figure 7: Layout of the experimental scenario. The blue points are reference points and the red points are testing points.  
weight-based fingerprints can significantly improve the localization performance at all time points.  
The localization accuracy is evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) defined as  
\[RMSE=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}{(\hat{l}_{i}-l_{i})}^{2}}, \tag{14}\]  
where \(l_{i}\) denotes the true location of the \(i\)th fingerprint and \(\hat{l}_{i}\) denotes the estimated location of the \(i\)th fingerprint. We update the DFL model once at an interval of 4 h, respectively. The effects of DFL by different methods are shown in Figure 9a, where the X-axis indicates the moment of updating the DFL model and the Y-axis indicates the localization accuracy. It can be found that the proposed method outperforms the other methods. The optimal parameters of different methods are shown in Table 1, and we utilize these parameters for localization every 4 h in a day. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the localization error in an indoor environment at different moments is given in Figure 9b-f, respectively. From Figure 9b-f, it can be found that the localization performance of the proposed method in this paper is generally better than  
Figure 9: Performance of DFL at different moments: ((**a**) Comparison of the accuracy of each method at different times of day; (**b–f**) CDF curves for different methods at each moment of a 4 h interval from 8 to 24 o’clock).
## 2 Result and Discussions
### P-Lethality Suppression
#### 2.3.1 Model for Plasmid Loss  
How can P evoke plasmid loss? The expression and accumulation of lambda P protein, even in seemingly trace levels, interferes with ColE1-type plasmid maintenance replication (Figure 4).  
Although CoIE1 is considered a theta-type replicating plasmid [50], at an early stage, leading-strand synthesis proceeds in the absence of lagging-strand synthesis, yielding unidirectional replication [51, 52], and requires DNA polymerase I (Pol I) to initiate continuous leading-strand replication [53-55] (shown by open arrow, Figure 4). Replication initiation requires primer RNA II for leading strand synthesis [52, 56], stable hybridization of RNA II to DNA [57, 58], and processing by RNase H to generate the primer for leading strand synthesis [57, 59-61]. Pol I extension of the primer unwinds the DNA exposing a primasome assembly signal (n' pas) or single-strand initiation A sequence (_ssiA_) that allows assembly of the primosome through recruitment and activation of the PriA protein [62]. _This represents a distinct form of DNA replication initiation associated with DNA repair_, in contrast to DnaA-dependent replication initiation at _oriC_[63, 64]. Following PriA-primosome assembly, DnaB helicase and DnaG primase are loaded and work coordinately to initiate the discontinuous priming of lagging-strand [58, 65], which opens a sequence for termination of lagging-strand synthesis, _terH_, effectively establishing unidirectional replication [53, 66]. There is a _dnaA_ box that is close to n' pas, and potentially serves as a DnaA-dependent DnaB-DnaC assembly site [67, 68]. The simplest model for CoIE1 plasmid replication inhibition and P-dependent plasmid curing is that formation of a cellular P:DnaB complex limits the availability, or perturbs the activity of DnaB to participate in CoIE1 replication initiation, perhaps in a step very similar to replication restart of a stalled replication fork, which can involve DnaA. Replication restart proteins form multiple pathways to restart repaired replication forks (Figure 1 in [69]) and they function equivalently to DnaA in forming protein-DNA complexes so that DnaB helicase is loaded onto the DNA [70, 71]. Of note, using _in vitro_\(\Phi\)X174 DNA synthesis assays to monitor DnaB participation, [PERSON] [2] observed that P inhibited DnaB protein activity in \(\Phi\)X replication, making a similar proposal to ours for P inhibition of CoIE1 replication.  
Figure 4: The expression and accumulation of lambda P protein, even in trace levels, interferes with CoIE1-type plasmid maintenance replication.
###### Abstract  
Rib-to-deck (RD) joints in orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are highly prone to fatigue cracking under heavy traffic. An innovative longitudinal rib, named the thickened edge U-rib (TEU), has been proposed to enhance the fatigue strength of RD joints and validated through model tests. However, more studies are still required on the effect of TEUs in real engineering applications. To this end, a typical OSD bridge in China has been investigated, based on the experimental results. In the analysis, a stochastic traffic model is employed to simulate the vehicle-induced fatigue actions comprehensively. The framework of the stochastic model is proposed by considering the randomness in both the vehicles and their lateral distribution. Then the traffic model is instantiated using standard truck models in conjunction with the codes of practice as well as the observed data. A multi-scale finite element model is later established to determine the stochastic stress responses, whereas the influence surface method is used to improve computational efficiency. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to derive the stress spectra for the RD joints at different critical locations. Based on the test data and the derived spectra, an engineering assessment has been performed to obtain the fatigue life of RD joints in OSDs with and without TEUs, respectively. The new findings show that the position of joints has a remarkable influence on the stress spectra of RD joints, which results in the notable difference in fatigue life of the joints. Further, the fatigue life of RD joints can be significantly prolonged by using TEUs, and the prolongation rates are varied from 141% to 161% depending on the calculation methods and traffic models used.  
**Keywords:** orthotropic steel deck; rib-to-deck joint; thickened edge U-rib; fatigue life; stochastic traffic model; influence surface method; Monte Carlo simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft. 2019, 9, 2582; doi:10.3390/app9132582
# Telecommunication Technologies for Smart Grid Projects with Focus on Smart Metering Applications
## 4 Smart Metering Applications--Smart Grid Projects
### LV and MV Monitoring and Management  
#### 4.7.1 Smartcity Malaga  
A project that addresses issues like smart grid network management, smart metering and integration of RES is the \"Smarctity Malaga\" project that has been realised in Spain by the utility Endesa. The scope was to obtain a smart grid at all levels, both at the LV and the MV. Controlled meters have been installed in the LV and MV network for monitoring. In fact, an MV network of 40 km and 72 low/medium voltage centers have been monitored. The communication technology used for this MV network has been broadband PLC, while WiMax and 3G have been used as the complementary technology. All control centers and central offices have been interconnected with the MPLS protocol. With respect to the LV side of the network, smart metering solutions are used with the implementation of the Endesa smart meters, meaning that the NB-PLC has been used for the communication of the smart meters and in particular, the \"Meters and More\" technology. In addition, the MV distribution substations communicate with one or several HV substations through the access grid. Issues like energy storage and micro-generation have also been studied with the implementation of photovoltaic panels, wind turbines and electric vehicles. It is worth noting that the total renewable energy generation capacity reached the amount of 11 MW [118].
## 1 Introduction
The other reason is the difficulty of solving sensitivity in a gradient-based optimization process. Therefore, achieving an optimal basket shape in a geotechnical centrifuge is a significant engineering challenge. In this work, motivated by the easier remeshing and sensitivity analysis of the Finite Cell Method (FCM) [20; 21] compared to traditional FEM, the shape optimization of the basket is investigated and achieved by weighted B-Spline FCM [22; 23; 24], where the critical component, i.e., the lifting lug, is put into the computational domain divided with the fixed grid, the geometric model is represented by the level set function [25] and R-functions [26], the boundary cells are refined by the Quadtree or Octree method, and a homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition is applied by the weighted function. Based on the weighted B-Spline FCM, an effective optimization model is built. The structure mass is selected as the optimization objective, and key shape parameters and stress are regarded as design variables and s constraint, respectively. Additionally, the highly-efficient optimization design flow for the lifting lug based on the gradient is developed, and a gradient-based optimization algorithm named the \"globally convergent method of moving asymptotes\" (GCMMA) [27] is implemented. With four cases containing different topological configurations, the superior design solution of the lifting lug is chosen. The main contributions are as follows. 1. [label=(0)]
2. Extend the B-Spline FCM for structure shape optimization design into engineering applications;
3. Develop a complete shape optimization process of the basket of a geotechnical centrifuge based on the competitive weighted B-Spline FCM and the GCMMA, which settles the light-weighting design of the basket with multi topological configurations whilst also meeting the requirement of the geotechnical centrifuge strength. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, based on the overall structure of the geotechnical centrifuge, the key component of the basket, i.e., the lifting lug, is investigated. Firstly, the parameterized geometric representation of the lifting lug is established by the level set and Rfunctions. Then, the geometric structure is divided by the fixed grid, the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary is applied exactly by the weighted function, and the force of the lifting lug is analyzed. Finally, for the four topological configurations, the stress analysis is carried out by weighted B-Spline FCM. The stress distribution and mass of each configuration are obtained. Section 3 carries out the shape optimization of the four configurations by the GCMMA. The optimization results are analyzed in Section 4. Some conclusions are given in Section 5.