## 1 Introduction
Coseismic deformation is replicated by rapidly increasing the slip rate to simulate fault rupture, including the role of dynamic weakening, temperature changes, and the potential formation of a fluid film or molten material at the fault interface [29,30]. The processes of the postseismic period examine afterslip and time-dependent healing processes, such as fault restrengthening and viscoelastic effects [2], aftershock distributions [31], and the interaction between small repeated earthquakes [32,33]. Research in the interseismic period focuses on the rate-and-state friction (RSF) laws, which describe how friction evolves with time and the slip rate [26,34,35]. There are differences in shear strength between different shape types in rock and gouges [4]. Experiments have demonstrated the effects of temperature, sliding rate, pore fluid pressure, normal stress, and shear displacement, as well as microstructure, on friction properties and associated seismic behaviors [9,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Friction experiments have been conducted using different types of instruments, including the rotary shear apparatus [42,43]; saw-cut apparatus [44]; direct-shear apparatus [45]; and double-direct shear [28] (Figure 1). Within the RSF framework, two experimental approaches are particularly important in investigating frictional properties: (a) velocity stepping, which is ideal for investigating how friction varies with sliding velocity and understanding velocity dependence [46; 47], and (b) slide-hold-slide, which focuses on the healing or strengthening of the fault interface during periods of inactivity [48; 49]. The frictional behavior of granitoid material under dry and hydrothermal conditions has been extensively studied through laboratory experiments, limited in situ studies, and numerical modeling. However, there appears to be a lack of review articles focusing on frictional strength and slip stability in relation to continental earthquake nucleation and the latest friction models. [PERSON] [27] reviewed the standard RSF model, highlighting frictional healing at room temperature and discussing earthquake afterslip in relation to laboratory data within this model framework. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] investigated the impact of temperature and pore fluid pressure on the nominal friction coefficient of rocks but did not consider the rate-and-state effects and frictional stability. Also, [PERSON] et al. [51] emphasized the influence of temperature on hydrothermal conditions but did not consider the effects of pore fluids, slip rate, and healing mechanisms on the seismic cycle. In contrast to these reviews, the present study specifically addresses the temperature, rate, and pore fluid pressure dependence of frictional stability, focusing on the velocity dependence of rock friction and physically based friction models. We first review the standard RSF laws, followed by an extensive review of the results from hydrothermal friction experiments on granitic gauges, emphasizing the steady-state friction (including healing) and frictional stability parameters. Next, we analyze the deformation mechanisms that influence frictional strength and slip stability and summarize physically based constitutive friction laws. Finally, we propose several open questions for future research and highlight the key conclusions. Figure 1: The laboratory fault systems. The sketches of (**a**) the direct shear setup [48], (**b**) double-shear setup [28], (**c**) saw-cut setup [37], and (**d**) rotary shear setup used for the laboratory friction experiments. The frictional interface is assumed to be filled with granular gauges or simply a bare rock surface. (**e**) The simulated fault systems can be simplified into a spring–slider system. The slider is driven by a load point velocity of \(V_{\rm L}\) and slides along a frictional interface at a slip velocity of \(V\) via a spring with stiffness \(K\). The frictional resistance is \(\tau\).