## 3 Case Study: Entire Frame  
### Southern Toloku, Japan  
We processed an entire LiCSAR frame covering Southern Tohoku and Northern Kanto, Japan in a descending orbit (LiCSAR frame ID 046D_05292_131313; acquisition time of day 20:42 UTC and 05:42 JST; Figure 5a). The observation period is from 25 November 2014 to 14 July 2019 (\(\sim\)4.6 years), and the associated network consists of 104 images and 306 interferograms. The acquisition interval is primarily 24 days prior to 18 February 2017 and 12 days after this date due to the increased observational capacity from the availability of Sentinel-1B, although all the data were acquired by Sentinel-1A (Figure 5b). Inland areas within this frame are mostly mountainous and covered with dense vegetation. Furthermore, it snows during winter months. Therefore, it is quite difficult to obtain the full time series using C-band SAR data due to severe decorrelation. There are several plains and urban areas that are suitable for C-band data: the Kanto Plain in the south and the Echigo Plain in the northwest (Figure 5a). Figure 4: Example of the interactive time series viewer used to interpret the cumulative displacements, both spatially and through time, for the LiCSAR frame ID 046D_05292_131313 (Section 3). (**a**) Image window for the velocities, cumulative displacements, and noise indices (displayed in a nongeographic spatial reference given in pixels). A black dashed rectangle denotes the reference area, which can be changed by mouse operations. A black dot denotes the selected point of which the displacement time series is displayed in the time series window. Cumulative displacements at each acquisition epoch can be displayed by sliding the lower time panel. (**b**) Time series window for a selected point in the map denoted by a black dot. The red cumulative displacement points and model lines (with a linear or linear plus annual term shown here and a quadratic or quadratic plus annual term also available) indicate the unfiltered data, whilst those shown in blue have a spatial filter of 2 km and a temporal filter of 49 days applied, in this case. The model lines are calculated by post-fitting to the displacement time series and irrelevant to the temporal constraint function used in Step 1-3. A vertical black line denotes the gap in the interferogram network. A portion of the megathrust fault that slipped during the 2011 \(M_{w}\) 9.0 Tohoku earthquake is located offshore, just beyond the frame (Figure 5a) [58], although the frame encompasses a region that experienced a few meters of the eastwardoseismic motion based on continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations [58]. The region has also experienced significant, ongoing postseismic deformation [59]. The rate of postseismic deformation has roughly converged to a constant velocity since around 2014 [60]. GNSS-derived velocities across the northern portion of the frame reveal significant eastward displacements at a rate of ~50 mm/yr from 2014-2019, compared to the south (Figure 5a). Vertical displacements are generally smaller than horizontal, but an east-to-west  
Figure 5: (**a**) Topography of the target area: Southern Tohoku and Northern Kanto, Japan. A black polygon denotes the area of the frame ID 046D_05292_131313. Black dots, black arrows, and red and blue bars denote Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations and associated horizontal and vertical velocities from 25 November 2014 to 14 July 2019. A small black square denotes the 950217 GNSS station, which is used as the reference point for the both GNSS- and synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR)-derived surface displacements. (Inset) Location of the area of interest on Honshu in Japan. A black polygon and red star indicate the frame ID 046D_05292_131313 and the epicenter of the 2011 \(M_{w}\) 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake, respectively. (**b**) Perpendicular baseline configuration and network of the 306 SB interferograms formed from 104 Sentinel-1A images used in this study.