# _Applied sciences_
## 4 Conclusions  
The study concludes by looking at how \(\gamma\)-irradiation affects the prevention and decrease of aflat in almonds. According to the findings, aflat B1 and G1 were more easily inactivated than aflat B2 and G2, and higher radiation dosages led to larger reductions in aflatoxin levels. However, the study also found that \(\gamma\)-irradiation can barely eliminate aflat in almonds because of the low water content, which limits the generation of free radicals needed for the degradation process. The study found that \(\gamma\)-irradiation can be effective in preventing the formation of aflat in almonds by eliminating the fungi population at the early stages of the fungi life cycle. Overall, the study highlights the potential of \(\gamma\)-irradiation as a preventive measure against aflatoxin contamination in almonds. Non-contact food decontamination methods for fungi and their mycotoxins have the advantages of effectiveness, energy efficiency, and freedom from residues compared with conventional methods. Generally, ultraviolet irradiation and pulsed electric fields are more effective for decontaminating liquid products. In contrast, pulsed-light irradiation, plasma, and ozone are more effective for fruits, vegetables, and processed products. Gamma and electron beam irradiation are more effective against fungi and mycotoxins in grains and cereals. However, food irradiation is not as widespread as other conventional technologies due to the high costs of irradiation units and the negative consumer perceptions about their safety. Future studies on the effects of \(\gamma\)-irradiation on almonds should aim to optimize irradiation parameters to achieve a balance between aflatoxin reduction and nutrient retention. Additionally, research should investigate the combined effects with other preservation techniques and evaluate the suitability of the method for different types of almonds and other nuts and seeds. Furthermore, research should assess long-term storage effects, measure consumer receptivity, and examine environmental consequences while working with regulatory agencies to establish safety benchmarks. Such a holistic strategy will enhance the efficacy and approval of \(\gamma\)-irradiation in preventing aflatoxin contamination in almonds, and possibly other foods. Conceptualization, S.I.L. ; methodology, M.G., V.A., and I.S. ; software, V.A. ; validation, E.B., M.G., and V.A. ; formal analysis, E.B., M.G., V.A., and I.S. ; investigation, M.G. and E.B. ; resources, S.I.L., A.G., and K.S. ; data curation, V.A., I.S., and E.B. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.I.L., and V.A. ; writing--review and editing, V.A., I.S., M.G., E.B., K.S., A.G., and S.I.L. ; visualization, V.A., M.G., and E.B. ; supervision, K.S. and S.I.L. ; project administration, S.I.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References  
* [PERSON] et al. (2021) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Aspergillus derived mycotoxins in food and the environment: Prevalence, detection, and toxicity. _Toxicol. Rep._**2021**, \(8\), 1008-1030. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* [PERSON] et al. (2022) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Aflatoxins. In _Affactoxins_--_Occurrence, Detoxification, Determination and Health Risks_; [PERSON]; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2022. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON] _Affatoxin Toxicity_; StatPearls: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2020. * [PERSON] (2020) [PERSON] Chronic and acute toxicities of aflat: Mechanisms of action. _Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health_**2020**, _17_, 423. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
* [PERSON] et al.