# Operationalisation of Building Inspections and Repair: Systematisation-Based Approach
## 3 Results
### Most Common Types of Repair Techniques
#### 3.2.3 Repair Techniques in Floorings
of the classification of defects [33], by far, defect A-A4 (93%) is the most common in the inspected surfaces. Defects **A-C1 and A-C2** (36%), together, also have a significant incidence in this type of flooring, as well as A-A3 (32%). According to the data of [PERSON] et al. [58], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defect A-C6 (85%) is by far the most relevant one in **wood floorings**. As for **epoxy resin industrial floor coatings**, according to the data of [PERSON] [59], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defects \"A-A4 Colour changes\" (31%) and \"A-C6 Scratches/grooves and deep wear\" (31%) are within those most common. According to the data of [PERSON] et al. [60], adapted to the harmonisation of the classification of defects [33], defect A-C6 (in 75% of inspected surfaces) is the most common in vinyl and linoleum floorings. Defects A-D6 and A-D7 together (54%) and A-A4 (43%) are also relevant in this type of flooring. As for the severity of the set of defects included in the most relevant correlations in floorings, data from service life prediction methodologies can also be considered. In the case of wood floorings, the severity implicitly associated with the degradation levels for defects by [PERSON] et al. [61] may be used. These authors take into account the complete set of nine defects considered by [PERSON] et al. [68]. The one considered more severe is the loss of wood elements (detachment), whose degradation starts at level 3 (slight degradation), even if the area affected is low (0-30%). As for weighting factors associated with each defect to calculate the flooring's \(\mathrm{S_{w}}\), all functional defects are aggravated with a factor of 1.2, including \"A-A6 Cohesion loss/disaggregation and chalking\", \"A-C2 Oriented cracking on the current surface\", \"A-C4 Cracking and/or splintering adjacent to joints/edges\", and \"A-D7 Absence/loss of filling material in connecting elements or current joints\". So, most of the defects considered in Table 19 are considered severe in wood floorings. The same analysis cannot be carried out for the other types of floorings, but the general literature about their typical pathology can be analysed. [PERSON] et al. [69] identify cracking, detachment, crushing and chipping, wear and/or scratching, swelling, colour loss, blistering, staining, fungi, and xylophagous organisms as the most recurrent in floorings. Of this group, only swelling, blistering, and fungi and xylophagous organisms are not in Table 19. Furthermore, [PERSON] [62] lists \"A-A5 Spalling/peeling/exfoliation and pop-outs\" (surface defects), \"A-C1 Mapped cracking\", \"A-C2 Oriented cracking on the current surface\" (crazing and cracks), and \"A-C4 Cracking and/or splintering adjacent to joints/edges\" (breaking) as some of the main problems in ceramic tiles. Although the specific literature on natural stone floorings is scarce, the general knowledge refers to the effects of pollutants in staining and the risks of design, specification, and construction errors, which may lead to cracking, general decay, and more rapid decay. For instance, in public areas paved with natural stone elements, the design issues are critical to avoid cracking and premature end-of-life [65]. Cracking is also a major concern in epoxy resin floorings, mainly associated with the substrate conditions (screeds or concrete slabs) depending on the layers of the epoxy coating system [70]. In vinyl and linoleum floorings, joint defects (A-D7, mainly) may assume larger proportions if not corrected, as they are prone to water leakages, which, in place, may lead to the detachment of the flooring system. To sum up, A-A3, A-A4, A-A5, A-A6, A-C1, A-C2, A-C4, A-C6, A-C9, A-D6, and A-D7 affect several types of floorings in various manners, but those more severe are associated with mechanical causes. Nevertheless, depending on the level of requirements, visual defects (e.g., stains) may also obtain graver proportions if not tackled in the earlier stages.