# Developing an I4.0 Cyber-Physical System to Enhance Efficiency and Competitiveness in Manufacturing
## 2 Literature Review
### Cyber-Physical Systems
Moreover, the author highlighted the growing awareness and importance of sustainability in industrial processes, and hence, suggested the important steps of leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT), employing CPS, implementing hierarchical structures for the efficient handling of high-volume data, and integrating computing and networking technologies to enable seamless interconnectivity. In [18], [PERSON] et al. presented a short survey on the concept of CPS and its evolution in the advent of the fourth industrial revolution. According to their definition, CPS represented a combination of physical components that are collectively responsible for data collection, processing, and distribution, while maintaining seamless interconnectivity to facilitate the free flow of relevant information. [PERSON] et al. highlighted the integration of CPS with high-performing software and customised user interfaces into the digital network, which has introduced another dimension to this piece of technology. This advancement has significantly enhanced the performance of the previous generations of CPSs, which were limited to identification technologies or a simple combination of sensors and actuators with limited functionality. The latest generation of CPS exhibits the capabilities of storing, analysing, and processing data at exceptionally high levels and can be equipped with as many sensors and actuators as required. [PERSON] et al. further added that all the previous industrial revolutions were solely triggered by technical innovations, but the fourth industrial revolution was a result of a series of technical innovations and the demand of the global population for cost-effective, efficient, and flexible solutions. The existing body of literature presents a wide range of insights, approaches, and perspectives on the integration of I4.0 technologies in industrial processes, particularly in the context of manufacturing and unwinding processes. Notably, a plausible solution to the problem was the development of a CPS framework with three main properties, namely (1) the use of smart sensors, (2) real-time data processing, and (3) data visualisation, which align perfectly with the four I4.0 base technologies: (1) IoT, (2) cloud computing, (3) big data, and (4) analytics, as mentioned in [19]. * The use of smart sensors/devices: The role of sensors and IoT devices is frequently highlighted in the literature as the backbone of I4.0 [5; 8; 20; 21]. They help bridge the gap between the physical and digital worlds by capturing real-world data and converting them into digital information for further processing and decision-making. Here, the emphasis is on devices and technologies that can capture and/or generate data for I4.0 applications, including the technologies covered in [22]. * Real-time data processing: Manufacturers could leverage the massive amount of data generated by IoT devices and smart sensors to drive real-time decisions by identifying any inefficiency in the process and allowing for immediate corrective actions [6; 23; 24]. For example, real-time processing paired with remote monitoring systems could offer operators the ability to monitor equipment status from anywhere, aiding efficiency and potentially reducing downtime [8]. * Data visualisation: The potential of using interactive dashboards for visualising and interpreting data is presented by [PERSON] et al. in [25]. Although their research was conducted in a healthcare context, the concept can be translated to manufacturing settings to improve decision-making and process efficiency. The data that were collected and processed in real time should be presented in a clear and articulated manner, using any interface necessary. In summary, the above review of the literature revealed several knowledge challenges in effectively leveraging I4.0 technologies within their systems and processes. These challenges include:  
* Lack of specific frameworks: there is a need for more specific frameworks tailored to the unique requirements and challenges faced by businesses.