# Diet and Asthma: A Narrative Review
## 4 Diet and Asthma
### Dietary Patterns
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\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dietary Patterns** & & & \\ \hline
**Author, Year,** & **Study Design** & **Sample, Age** & **Dietary** & **Results** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2013, & Children, & & Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet \\ Systematic review and & papers included in the meta-analysis & Mediterranean diet. & (+) wheeze prevalence; \\ meta-analysis [105] & cross-sectional studies (\(n=8\)). & & (+) asthma prevalence; \\  & Children & & (+) asthma prevalence; \\ [PERSON] et al., 2017, & Papers included in the systematic & & \\  & review (\(n=15\)): & & \\  & cross-sectional studies (\(n=11\)); & Mediterranean diet. & \\  & intervention trial (\(n=1\)); & & \\  & case-control studies (\(n=1\)); & & \\  & cohort studies (\(n=2\)). & & \\  & A total of 76\% children and & & \\  & adolescents were included (573 with & \\  & asthma and 194 controls), & & \\  & mean age: 13.8 \(\pm\) 2.6 y & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & In total, there were & & \\  & 2986 young individuals. & & \\  & Cohort study [109] & 1 st evaluation: 18 years. & \\  & 2 nd evaluation: 22 years. & & \\  & & 2 nd evaluation: 22 years. & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & & \\  & In total, 975 school-aged children & & \\  & were included, & & \\  & & \\  & & age of evaluation: 8 y. & \\  & & & \\  & Children, & & \\  & papers included in the systematic & & \\  & & & \\  & & \\  & & &  
An overall view of the different dietary component's effects and its interaction in relationship with inflammation are presented in Figure 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dietary Patterns** & & & \\ \hline
**Author, Year** & & & \\
**Study Design** & & & \\ \hline  & A total of 73,228 adults. & & \\  & Mean age according to fifths & & \\ [PERSON] et al. (2015), Cohort & of AHEI-2010: & Scores of AHEI-2010, assessed & High AHEI-2010 scores: \\ study [114] & 1 st: 48.6 \(\pm\) 7.2; 2 nd: 49.5 \(\pm\) 7.2; 3 rd: & by FFQ. & (=) adult-onset \\  & 50.3 \(\pm\) 7.1; 4 th: 51.0 \(\pm\) 7.0; 5 th: & asthma prevalence. \\  & 52.1 \(\pm\) 6.8. & & \\  & A total of 12,687 adults, with & The energy-adjusted Dietary & Higher E-DII score: \\ [PERSON] et al. (2020), & 962 asthmatics included. & The energy-adjusted Dietary & (+) asthma prevalence; \\  & Mean age: & Inflammatory Index [E-DII] and & (+) asthma symptoms. \\ Cross-sectional study [116] & no current asthma: 41.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 y. & AHEI-2010 were calculated based & AHEI-2010 score: \\  & current asthma: 43.6 \(\pm\) 0.8 y. & on two 24 h dietary recalls. & (=) asthma prevalence; \\ \hline  & Notes: Age is described as mean age \(\pm\) standard deviation (SD) in years, unless stated otherwise. N/R, Not reported; AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010; MEDI-LITE, literature-based adherence score to Mediterranean diet; mPNNS-GS, modified Programme National Nutrition Santie Guideline Score; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; IQD-R, revised version of the Healthy Eating Index; KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescents; MDS, Mediterranean Diet Score; and E-DII, energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index. (+) stands for significant and positive effects on asthma outcomes; (=) stands for no significant effects on asthma outcomes; and (\(-\)) stands for negative effects on asthma-related outcomes. & (=) asthma symptoms. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._  
Figure 3: Diet and inflammation. The western dietary pattern promotes a pro-inflammatory environment due to a lack of consumption of antioxidants rich foods such as fruits and vegetables,  
leading to an increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. Fruits, whole grains, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil all have antioxidants properties that may lower inflammation.