## 1 Introduction
Although the impacts of these factors on electromagnetic propagation have been studied for many years [25], it has been determined that aerosols primarily affect the optical atmospheric links in cases where the trajectory of the particles is noticeable [26]. In addition, the repercussions of aerosols and airborne particles are highly complex because of their great diversity, size, geometry, mass, chemical interactions, etc., and require complex and costly mathematical algorithms for their modelling [27; 28]. In particular, fine dust often affects low-frequency propagation due to the change in the refractive index of the atmosphere, causing power loss and multi-paths. However, these effects are representative only in extreme cases such as dust storms or sandstorms [29]. Moreover, gas concentrations in the atmosphere can adversely affect propagation. Since nitrogen and oxygen make up a high percentage of the total gases in the troposphere, the information sources of radio-based communication systems are designed away from the absorption bands of mono-atomic nitrogen and oxygen, so the gases in concentration in the atmosphere that can affect wireless links are dry air (molecular oxygen) and water vapour [30]. These components cause wave fluctuations that tend to increase with frequency. The peak absorption for water vapour (cloudiness) is found at 22.235 GHz and for molecular oxygen or dry air at 61.100 GHz [31; 32]. However, both frequencies were declared extremely important for radio astronomy at the 21 st General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), stating the need to protect these bands from anthropogenic emissions, mainly from space transceivers. In this way, radio communication systems are automatically shielded from these effects [31]. On the other hand, precipitation has one of the most notable effects on terrestrial wireless communications networks. Precipitation, in its broadest sense, is any concentration of water or hydrometeor produced in the atmosphere and falling to the planet's surface [33]. Depending on the water concentration and temperature, such hydrometeors may take the form of rain, snow, hail, or fog. In the case of free space electromagnetic propagation, precipitation in the form of rain has the most significant impact [34], as it causes an attenuation directly proportional to the frequency; so in a wave with a frequency above 10 GHz, it can have a very representative effect [35; 36]. In addition to the rainfall intensity rate, the impact depends on the droplets' shape, size, and distribution. In this manner, high-frequency electromagnetic waves sustain attenuation and dispersion problems of considerable magnitude in the presence of hydrometeor phenomena [35; 36] due to diffraction in the medium and shorter penetration lengths in the materials, increasing both the importance of direct transmission to the user (LoS propagation), as well as the development of a more extensive infrastructure to add redundancy and integrity to the network, concerning the case of 4G [7]. Thus, the analysis and study of the atmospheric effects on the medium for the propagation of electromagnetic waves for 5G technology have become fundamental for its successful local and global implementation [37]. The response of an electromagnetic field to a time-dependent atmospheric environment, as that represented by the presence of hydrometeors, is fundamental for understanding the magnitude of the reflection, refraction, scattering, and attenuation processes present in propagation at these operating frequencies. Studies suggest that the most significant effect is attenuation due to hydrometeors being the most disruptive to high-frequency telecommunication systems [38].