# Enhanced Scalability and Security in Blockchain-Based Transportation Systems for Mass Gatherings
## 4 Results and Findings
### Security Analysis  
Immutability and cryptographic hashing ensure data integrity and security in transportation applications utilizing blockchain technology. It is immutable; therefore, once stored, it cannot be altered or deleted. Instead, it uses a decentralized ledger where all transactions are recorded and verified by multiple nodes. Tampering with any single block is virtually impossible; every block contains the cryptographic hash of the preceding block. Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS) are consensus mechanisms that prevent tampering incidents from occurring at a rate of less than zero per month. Furthermore, input data is converted into fixed-size hashes using SHA-256 and SHA-3, while cryptographic hashing enhances data integrity [45]. The hash is changed in a completely different way for a slight input change--it is detectable. This result has enabled a higher data verification rate, increasing from 89% to 99.99%, which improves the tracking of shipments, accident records, and compliance data, among other aspects, for the transportation sector. Moreover, transaction details are additionally secured with cryptographic techniques, such as Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), which only allow for confirmation of their validity. Account details and vehicle tracking data are secured using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Before the blockchain, only 90 percent of the data was encrypted, leaving 10 percent unencrypted and vulnerable to hacking and fraud; after implementation, encryption efficiency reached over 98 percent. Through the integration of blockchain and cryptographic techniques, transportation systems have achieved unparalleled security and integrity. Tampering incidents have been eliminated, the security of data has been revolutionized, and blockchain has evolved into a platform for verified and secure transactions. Security Metric Comparative Analysis  
The authors conducted a comparative analysis based on the metrics reported in references [33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 46; 47], and the results are presented in Table 5. In addition, the comparison appears to rely on data directly taken from the studies used. The authors compare the results of their model with those reported to highlight the benefits in terms of tamper resistance, data integrity, and encryption success. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt} p{42.7 pt}} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Refs.**} & **Pre- blockchain & **Post- blockchain & **Pre- blockchain & **Post- blockchain & **Pre- blockchain & **Post- blockchain & **Blockchain** & **Post- blockchain \\  & **Tamper** & **Incidents (per Month)** & **Tamper** & **Data Integrity (\%)** & **Data Integrity (\%)** & **Data Integrity (\%)** & **Encryption Success (\%)** & **Encryption Success (\%)** & **Encryption Success (\%)** \\ \hline Our Model & 25 & 0 & 89 & 99.99 & 90 & 98 & Blockchain enhances tamper resistance, data integrity, and encryption. \\ \hline
[33] & 30 & 1 & 85 & 99.5 & 88 & 96 & Blockchain reduces tampering and weakens data integrity. \\ \hline
[34] & 40 & 5 & 80 & 99 & 85 & 94 & Post-blockchain: good integrity, poor encryption. \\ \hline
[35] & 50 & 10 & 75 & 98 & 80 & 91 & Pre-blockchain: high tampering, low integrity. \\ \hline
[36] & 20 & 2 & 90 & 99.7 & 92 & 97 & Post-blockchain: better, worse tampering, encryption. \\ \hline
[37] & 35 & 3 & 85 & 99.2 & 88 & 95 & Post-blockchain: reduced tampering, poor integrity, and encryption. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparative analysis of security metrics. Figure 9 below presents a detailed and graphically enhanced comparison of the performance of blockchain implementation in terms of tamper incidents, data integrity, and data encryption success before and after implementation. The characterization is presented in a multi-panel layout, allowing the metrics to be divided and made more readable.