Medical- and Non-Medical-Grade Polycaprolactone Mesh Printing for Prolapse Repair: Establishment of Melt Electrowiriting Prototype Parameters  
[PERSON]  
1 LAETA, INEGI, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. [PERSON] 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.V. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.E. ); aaffee@te.uppt (A.A.E. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.P.L.P.) [PERSON]. [PERSON]  
1 LAETA, INEGI, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. [PERSON] 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.V. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.A. ); aaffee@te.uppt (A.A.E. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.P.L.P.) [PERSON]  
1 LAETA, INEGI, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. [PERSON] 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.V. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.A. ); aaffee@te.uppt (A.A.E. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.P.L.P.) [PERSON]  
1 LAETA, INEGI, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. [PERSON] 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.V. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.P.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.A. ); aaffee@te.uppt (A.A.E. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.P.L.P.) [PERSON]  
1 LAETA, INEGI, Campus da FEUP, R. Dr. [PERSON] 400, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.R.V. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.A. ); aaffee@te.uppt (A.A.E. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.L.F. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.  
with the weakening of soft tissue support and is more common after vaginal childbirth or with advanced age. It often becomes noticeable during activities like defecation or physical exertion, especially when intra-abdominal pressure increases. The prevalence of POP worldwide varies significantly, ranging from 1 to 65%, depending on the method of evaluation. When assessed by symptoms alone, its prevalence ranges from 1 to 31%; through pelvic examination, it is 10-50%; and when both methods are combined, prevalence can reach 20-65% [2]. Treating POP is complex due to the intricate nature of the disorder. In general, treatment may begin with lifestyle changes and non-invasive options, such as weight loss or pelvic floor physiotherapy. However, these approaches may not be sufficient for women with severe POP, where surgery often remains the primary and most effective treatment option. Surgical interventions aim to restore the support structures and alleviate symptoms, especially in cases where conservative methods fail to provide adequate relief [3]. There are several surgical options for POP repair, categorized by the approach--vaginal or abdominal--and by the type of repair, whether using native tissue or synthetic meshes. Native tissue repairs, however, have a high risk of anatomical and functional recurrence (16-29%), prompting surgeons to increasingly rely on synthetic meshes for better outcomes [4]. By 2050, the number of women requiring POP surgery is projected to rise by 48.2% [5], with a re-operation rate of approximately 30% [6]. In 2005, Germany, France, and England reported 102,492 hospital admissions for POP surgeries (1.05 per 1000 women), with associated costs reaching EUR 308,335,289 [7]. A more recent study revealed that the total cost per patient increases to EUR 3053.26 when a synthetic vaginal mesh is used [8]. The safety and effectiveness of these surgeries have been called into question due to high rates of mesh-related complications, including erosion, chronic pain, and voiding symptoms, as highlighted by the Continence Society and Urogyecology Association [9]. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ordered manufacturers to discontinue their transvaginal mesh products for POP repair, although the use of sacrocopposy meshes remains permitted [10]. This ban has highlighted the urgent need for alternative surgical options.