esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Material and Methods
#### Center of pipe, \(r=0\)  
\[\frac{\partial u}{\partial r}=0\,\ \frac{\partial\theta}{\partial r}=0\,\ \frac{ \partial\xi_{l}}{\partial r}=0 \tag{10}\]  
Dimensionless bulk temperature of the PCM suspension \(\theta_{b}\) and mean liquid-phase fraction of PCM suspension \(\xi_{b}\) at a specified cross-section of the loop are determined as follows:  
\[\theta_{b}(s)=\int_{0}^{1}u(r)\theta(r,s)\ rdr/\int_{0}^{1}u(r)\ rdr \tag{11}\]  
\[\xi_{b}(s)=\int_{0}^{1}u(r)\xi_{\ell}(r,s)\ rdr/\int_{0}^{1}u(r)\ rdr. \tag{12}\]  
The dimensionless local heat flux of the inner wall (\(q_{i}^{{}^{\prime\prime*}}\)) is  
\[q_{i}^{{}^{\prime\prime*}}=\frac{q_{i}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}}{q_{h}^{{}^{\prime \prime}}}=\frac{k_{b}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial T}{\partial r^{+}}\bigg{)}_{r+r _{i}^{+}}}{q_{h}^{{}^{\prime\prime}}}=\bigg{(}\frac{\partial\theta}{\partial r }\bigg{)}_{r=1}. \tag{13}\]  
Neglecting axial fluid conduction, an integral energy balance was incorporated to derive the heat-transfer rate over the heating section between \(s=l_{a}\) and \(s=l_{H}-l_{a}\):  
\[q_{h}^{*}=\frac{1}{l_{h}}\int_{l_{a}}^{(l_{H}-l_{a})}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial \theta}{\partial r}\bigg{)}_{r=1}\ \mathrm{ds}\]  
\[\approx\frac{u_{b}}{2}(Ra^{*1/4}R_{L})(\frac{l_{L}}{l_{h}})[\theta_{b}(s=(l_{ H}-l_{a}))-\theta_{b}(s=l_{a})]\]  
\[+\frac{u_{b}}{2}(Ra^{*1/4}R_{L})(\frac{l_{L}}{l_{h}})(\frac{\rho_{bf}^{*}}{ \rho_{bf}^{*}})(\frac{c_{v}}{Ste^{*}})[(\xi_{b}(s=(l_{H}-l_{a}))-\xi_{b}(s=l_ {a})]. \tag{14}\]  
Equation (14) relates \(\theta_{b}\) to \(\xi_{b}\) for convection heat-transfer rate \(q_{h}^{*}\). That is, the convective heat transfer by the PCM suspension flow in the loop arose from the transport of sensible and latent heat, which are given as follows:  
\[(q_{h}^{*})_{sen}=\frac{u_{b}}{2}(Ra^{*1/4}R_{L})(\frac{l_{L}}{l_{h}})[(\theta _{b}(s=(l_{H}-l_{a}))-\theta_{b}(s=l_{a})] \tag{15}\]  
\[(q_{h}^{*})_{lat}=\frac{u_{b}}{2}(Ra^{*1/4}R_{L})(\frac{l_{L}}{l_{h}})(\frac{ \rho_{bf}^{*}}{\rho_{bf}^{*}})(\frac{c_{v}}{Ste^{*}})[(\xi_{b}(s=(l_{H}-l_{a }))-\xi_{b}(s=l_{a})]. \tag{16}\]  
Latent-heat contribution to the overall heat transfer of the heating section \((\Phi_{h}^{*})_{lat}\) is  
\[(\Phi_{h}^{*})_{lat}=(q_{h}^{*})_{lat}/q_{h}^{*}. \tag{17}\]  
To estimate the efficacy of the PCM suspension for heat-transfer enhancement, the effectiveness of maximal temperature control \(\varepsilon_{T_{\max}}\) for the heating section is defined as follows:  
\[\varepsilon_{T_{\max}}=(\theta_{w,l,\max,f}/\theta_{w,l,\max,b})(k_{bf}^{*})=( T_{w,h,\max,f}-T_{M})/(T_{w,l,\max,b}-T_{M}). \tag{18}\]
# The Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) State, a Poorly Explored Aspect of Beneficial Bacteria
## 3 The VBNC State in Beneficial Bacteria
### Alphaproteobacteria and the VBNC State
In the future, this could stimulate these organisms to consume methane, aiding in the degradation of pollutants and the production of high-value biomass. Other species of Alphaproteobacteria are _Sinorhizobium meliloti_ and _Rhizobium leguninosarum_, found mainly in the soil, which have acquired, by horizontal gene transfer, the ability to associate in symbiosis with leguminous plant roots. The association of rhizobia and legumes occurs through a complex signaling process that generates nodules, organs specialized in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen [64]. Biological nitrogen fixation is a vital process in agriculture, allowing the production of nitrogen through legume-rhizobium symbiosis, which contributes to increased nitrogen levels in the soil, resulting in increased plant growth [65]. In addition to the ability to fix nitrogen, _R. leguninosarum_ isolated from fava bean root nodules was shown to generate an induced systemic response against infection by bean yellow mosaic virus [66]. The VBNC state in this bacterium is related to the presence of cupric sulfate (Table 1). For _S. meliloti_, the factors that induce the VBNC state are temperatures of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, incubation under anoxic conditions, and incubation in nitrocellulose filters at low relative humidity (Table 1). It is interesting that, under these conditions, the bacteria can persist. This could explain their survival capacity under this type of stress in the environment. The importance of rhizobia for agriculture highlights the need to learn more about their beneficial functions in the VBNC state, because it is unknown whether, under a non-culturable state, bacteria can continue performing nitrogen fixation, generate an induced systemic response, or even develop nodules.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, the thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared calcium alginate capsules for self-healing asphalt applications have been studied and optimized by changing the A/R ratio.  
Figure 8: Bending strength of asphalt mortar beams.  
Figure 9: Testing of aged asphalt mortar beams in bending and healing program: (**a**) Bending strength and (**b**) healing efficiency.  
The bending tests on asphalt mortar samples further demonstrate the healing mechanism of the calcium alginate capsules healing system. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
* The A/R ratios used in the capsule production process greatly influence the morphology, structure and performance of calcium alginate capsules. In principle, a higher rejuvenator content (lower A/R ratio) results in a larger diameter, larger inside pores, higher thermal resistance and less compressive strength;
* The optimum A/R ratio is 30/70, as the prepared capsules not only have sufficient thermal and mechanical resistance to survive the asphalt mixing and compaction process, but also contain as much rejuvenator as possible;
* The asphalt mortar beams with capsules, with blank capsules and without capsules demonstrated similar bending strengths for all testing cycles, which indicates that the intrinsic healing capacity of the asphalt mortar is relatively high and plays the main role in the healing process of asphalt mortar samples;
* The asphalt mortar beams with blank capsules do not showed significant difference initial bending strength than the other two mixes, which means calcium alginate, the encapsulation material of these capsules, hardly has any contribution to the bending strength of asphalt mortar beams;
* In the aged asphalt mortar beams, the samples with capsules showed a healing index of 40%, which is much higher than those without capsules (4%). This indicates that the encapsulated asphalt rejuvenator can be released upon cracking and rejuvenate the aged material to heal the crack.  
The ultimate goal of self-healing asphalt is to produce a road that possesses autonomic healing ability, greatly prolonging its service life. Optimization of the calcium alginate capsules healing system helps the development of this self-healing technology and moves one step closer to this goal.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON] performed the experiments and analyzed the data; [PERSON] wrote the paper; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed the paper.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (No. 201506950066). The authors also wish to thank [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON], Latexfal BV, for their support to the project. In addition, the technicians from Microlab and the Section of Pavement Engineering of TU Delft are greatly appreciated for their technical support.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A More Efficient Conditional Private Preservation Scheme in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 7 Performance Analysis
### Communication Overheads Analysis  
In this section, we discuss the communication cost of the proposed scheme with ECPP. To facilitate comparisons, we assume that the bit length of random number and time stamp are 4 bytes, the bit length of ID and PID are 20 bytes, the bit length of the elements in \(G_{1}\) and \(G_{2}\) are 20 bytes. Furthermore, assume that the bit length of the signature messages are all the same. In Table 5, we summarize the communication overhead of sending the signature message between the proposed scheme and ECPP.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **Certificate and Signature** & **Execution Time** \\ \hline \(ECPP\) & \(3T_{pair}+11T_{pmul}+T_{hash}\) & 14.1 ms \\ \(BLS\) & \(4T_{pair}+2T_{hash}\) & 11.8 ms \\ \(GSB\) & \(3T_{pair}+9T_{exp}+T_{hash}\) & 12.9 ms \\ \(CAS\) & \(5T_{pair}+2T_{hash}\) & 13.4 ms \\ \(KPSD\) & \(4T_{pair}+10T_{exp}+T_{hash}\) & 15.1 ms \\ \(MECPP(Proposed)\) & \(2T_{pair}+T_{exp}+T_{hash}\) & 6.5 ms \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Computational cost between the proposed scheme and other related schemes.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline  & **Descriptions** & **Execution Time** \\ \hline \(T_{pmul}\) & The time for one point multiplication & 0.6 ms \\ \(T_{pair}\) & The time for one pairing operation & 1.6 ms \\ \(T_{hash}\) & The time for one hash function & 2.7 ms \\ \(T_{exp}\) & The time for one exponentiation operation & 0.6 ms \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The notation and processing time for computational cost analysis.  
In the proposed scheme, the total size of the signature message \((R,s_{r},Cert_{t_{i}})\) is 20 + 4 + 20 + 4 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 108 bytes where \(Cert_{i}=(L_{j},T_{i},Y,PID_{i}^{\prime},Sig_{RSU})\), while the size of the signature message \(\sigma_{M},Y,T_{i},Cert_{t_{i}}\) in ECPP is 24 + 20 + 4 + 20 + 20 + 20 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 120 bytes where \(Cert_{t_{i}}=(T_{U},T_{V},c,s_{a},s_{r},s_{\delta})\).  
Besides, the interaction steps during temporary anonymous key generation phase is three times while ECPP is six times.  
From the analysis of communication cost above, it can be seen that the communication overhead has been reduced by about 10% and the proposed scheme is more efficient than ECPP.
## 3 Results
### Remote Sensing Technologies Used for Pasture Monitoring
#### 3.3.2 Definition of Pasture Feature Terminologies as Used in the Review  
Pasture management traits are the desired indicators for conserving, restoring, and maintaining grassland conditions [12] (Table 1). Pasture production refers to the quantitative parameters that express pasture's dry matter content (kg DM/ha), height, and growth stages (see Table 1). Pasture degradation refers to decreased sward productivity (carrying capacity) due to anthropogenic and environmental activities on pasture ecosystems. Botanical/species composition refers to ground cover types expressed as canopy architecture.
## 1 Introduction
Thanks to the ease of operation and cost effectiveness of sounding balloons, it was possible to perform a total of 5 flights up to the altitude of 32 km to collect radio frequency (RF) power measurements in the ISM bands. At such altitude, the signal was collected from sources scattered over a quite large portion of terrain, thus mimicking what would be experienced by a LEO satellite. Collected RF power levels were measured in the following two bands:  
* S band (2.4 GHz ISM band): 2400-2483 MHz (83 MHz bandwidth). * Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band (868 MHz and 900 MHz ISM bands): 862-922 MHz (60 MHz bandwidth). In the following, the flight campaign comprising the five flights will be referred to as the ISM-HAB project. All flights used identical carrier hardware and the same payload, with the first flights dedicated to debugging and fine-tuning the system and later flights performing measurements with an ample degree of redundancy. Along with the RF noise measurements, the project offered an excellent opportunity to perform an accurate characterization of the balloon dynamic behavior, particularly regarding the attitude oscillations of the payload gondola. While studies exist on the motion of payload gondolas of large, zero-pressure balloons capable of lifting several tons (e.g., References [12; 13; 14]), the oscillatory motion of sounding balloon HABs gondolas has received much less attention. Knowledge of such motion is especially important in view of the possible future use of such systems as low-cost, near-space carriers for spacecraft hardware testing and, in general, for scientific instrumentation. With this in mind, it was decided to integrate the ISM-HAB payload with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to record the attitude motion of the payload platform during the various phases of the mission and the different flight regimes encountered by the system. To this end, a dedicated secondary payload was designed, built and integrated, including a 3-axis miniaturized inertial sensor and the associated data handling and storage system. This paper provides an overview of the architecture of the ISM-HAB experimental system (Section 2) and of the balloon flight operations (Section 3). Section 4 reports on the findings of the missions: a brief account of the RF measurements is given in Section 4.2, with the remainder of Section 4 dedicated to the gondola dynamics.
## 4 Results
### Comparison Group (Global Optimal Solution/Dynamic Programming)  
First, we analyzed the results of deriving the reference SOC trajectory of the NLP-based ECMS. Because an NLP-based ECMS derives the reference SOC trajectory by using NLP, the results of NLP and DP could be compared. The DP setting as a comparison target is shown in Table 2. The input grid involves the power-split ratio, which ranges from \(-1\) to \(1\). The state grid is for the SOC, which ranges from 0.3 to 0.9. As the number of input grids and state grids increased, the calculation time increased. As the step time decreased, the calculation time increased significantly.  
As shown in Figures 9 and 10, the DP result changed significantly according to the setting for the input grid, the state grid, and the step time. Figure 9 displays the results of DP calculations for the SOC trajectory, which differs greatly depending on the case. Figure 10 depicts the result of DP calculations for ICE torque. If the grid and step time were set incorrectly, the calculated engine torque would include ripple.  
Case 0 is the DP result with the largest grid and the smallest step time set. Case 0 had the longest calculation time because of the setting, but the solution was the closest to the global optimal. Case 0 was therefore used as the reference result, which is an ideal result that minimizes fuel consumption during the speed profile. Case 0 cannot be applied to the ECMS because it took too much time to calculate. Accordingly, Case 2, Case 5, and Case 6, which required relatively short computation times, were further compared. The results of Case 2, Case 5, and Case 6 were applied to the ECMS to implement a DP-based ECMS and compared it with the NLP-based ECMS proposed in this paper. Case 2, Case 5, and Case 6, which have relatively short calculation times, were also included in the comparison group. The results of Case 2, Case 5, and Case 6 were applied to the ECMS to design a DP-based ECMS and compared them with the NLP-based ECMS proposed in this paper.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Input Grid** & **State Grid** & **Step Time** & **Calculation Time** \\ \hline
0 (reference) & 201 & 601 & 0.1 [s] & 2481.9 [s] \\
1 & 201 & 61 & 0.1 [s] & 210.7 [s] \\
2 & 21 & 601 & 0.1 [s] & 210.1 [s] \\
3 & 21 & 61 & 0.1 [s] & 89.2 [s] \\
4 & 201 & 61 & 1.0 [s] & 20.4 [s] \\
5 & 21 & 601 & 1.0 [s] & 20.8 [s] \\
6 & 21 & 61 & 1.0 [s] & 8.8 [s] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Settings for comparison groups (DP).  
Figure 8: Autonomie simulation environment.
## 4 Sub-Optimal STMD with Clipped Viscous Damping-Stiffness Control Force
### Examples of Force Characteristics  
Figures 3 and 4 show example characteristics of the control force \(f_{a}\) and its clipped form \(f_{a-clipped}\) (33) as functions of time, relative displacement, and relative velocity.  
The force characteristics in Figure 3 are presented for the case of positive stiffness \(k_{a}\), under conditions of moderate clipping. Figure 4 presents these characteristics for the case of negative stiffness \(k_{a}\), for a relatively small degree of clipping. Capital letters are used to label characteristic points in the figures to facilitate tracing the effect of force clipping simultaneously in terms of time, displacement, and velocity.  
In Figures 3a and 4a, the time intervals are marked where the force \(f_{a}\) satisfies the condition \(f_{a}\dot{x}_{d}>0\), indicating that it has a dissipative character and can therefore be realized by a semi-active damper. The width of these intervals is not constant and depends on the frequency of vibrations \(\omega\) as well as the parameters \(k_{a}\) and \(c_{a}\).  
For \(k_{a}>0\), the clipping necessitates an abrupt reduction of the semi-active damper force to zero whenever the sign of the relative velocity changes (points C and F in Figure 3). The clipping is then maintained until the control force \(f_{a}\), whose absolute value is decreasing, crosses zero (points D and G).  
In the case of \(k_{a}<0\), the clipping occurs from the moment the control force \(f_{a}\) crosses zero (points J and M, Figure 4) and initially does not require abrupt change of the force.  
Figure 3: Example of viscous damping—positive stiffness force characteristics before and after clipping: (**a**) Force, displacement and velocity versus time; (**b**) force versus displacement; (**c**) force versus velocity. Clipping coefficient: \(\alpha=0.5\).  
However, resuming operation of the semi-active damper requires a sudden change in force from zero to the instantaneous value of \(f_{a}\) (points K and N). More about the clipped viscous damping with negative stiffness can be found in [46; 47].  
The clipping operation represents a significant constraint and, if the active control force \(f_{a}\) in (33) is optimal, then the clipped force (33) is no longer optimal. However, it is not obvious how exactly the clipping affects the resulting stiffness and damping, depending on the degree of clipping. This issue will be addressed below.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study uses the empirical soil erosion model RUSLE in conjunction with RS and GIS to calculate soil loss rates in the Shatt Al-Arab basin. This soil erosion model was selected because it is straightforward, physically easy to decipher, needs fewer datasets, and can be created using accessible inputs. The RS, GIS, and RUSLE empirical model generated a quantitative assessment of soil losses, which was used to categorize the basin area into six soil erosion risk categories. Extremely high to high soil loss of >50 to 2.2 tons per hectare per year accounts for about 33 percent of the basin's area, while intermediate and low soil loss of less than 2.2 tons per hectare per year comprises the rest of the basin. The erosion  
Figure 8: Soil erosion rate distribution in the Shatt Al-Arab basin.  
elements affecting soil loss, such as high rainfall levels, loamy soil dominance, elevated terrains/plateau borders with a steep side slope, and high agriculture activities, would promote the high soil loss amount. It was determined that the most severely degraded areas are generally situated in the upstream parts of the investigated basin. In contrast, the slightly deteriorated areas are situated in the watershed's downstream parts. Although the downstream parts of the basin have a limited potential for soil erosion, materials eroded from the upstream parts may collect in the river's lower reaches. This is particularly true for Shatt Al-Arab, where high sedimentation levels in Basra Governorate, situated in the lower reaches of Shatt Al-Arab, recurrently obstruct drainage regimes [14] and, hence, exacerbate floods. Thus, identifying the most influential factors that govern soil erosion is essential to deal with the problem. Positive measures to combat soil erosion can include changing slopes into terraces, improving slope protection, and increasing plant covering. These measures would assist in improving the fragmentation of erosion patches, reducing the erosive force of surface runoff, and reducing the scale impact of erosion. Finally, the results would aid in implementing appropriate erosion preventive actions in badly impacted locations. The study's findings may aid in developing management scenarios and supplying policymakers with solutions for the most efficient policies of soil erosion threats and the prioritizing of basin areas for remediation.  
Conceptualization; methodology; software; formal analysis; investigation; resources; data curation; writing--original draft preparation; visualization; supervision; and project administration, H.A. and C.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of Heating Techniques on Color Parameters  
Changes in the color of meat during heat treatment depend on the denaturation of the protein part of myoglobin [41], and the browning index (BI) corresponds to the intensity of Maillard formation during heat treatment. The highest values of this indicator were found in samples of poultry baked by the assumptions of heating group A (Ba-A, 18.44) and cooked in a pot (C-A, 16.30) (Figure 1). The lowest browning index (BI) was achieved in samples of sous-vide-cooked poultry (C-C, 12.80) and samples braised in a convection-steam oven (Br-B, 11.42). The water-cooked samples showed a higher BI rate of about 3.5 points compared to sous-vide samples, which confirms the protective effect of cooking in closed films with limited oxygen access. The cooked and baked samples in the convection-steam furnace (technique B) were characterized by a lower BI value compared to the corresponding methods implemented in catering heating devices. Cooking in the convection-steam oven is carried out under constant, defined, and controlled conditions. However, processes performed with technique A are carried out in non-standardized conditions, without the possibility of constant control. This affects the formation of physical properties and characteristics, such as color changes. The analysis of the browning coefficient of the samples fried with both techniques did not reveal any significant differences. The statistical analysis confirmed the important relationship between the BI coefficient values and the heating group used (Table 7). The obtained BI index values indicate that the heat treatment parameters used during baking, frrying, and braising, as well as the selection of heating devices from group A, generated a higher browning index (BI) of poultry samples than those prepared in the convection-steam furnace from heating group B or sous-vide samples [C]. This is due to chemical changes occurring under the influence of high temperature, which initiates a direct reaction between the carbonyl group of reducing sugars and the amino group of amino acids or peptides causing non-enzymatic browning reactions [42]. The results obtained may suggest that the even distribution of hot air in the furnace heating chamber (fan with level 3--heating group B) results in a lower BI (15.15) (Ba-B) ratio compared to poultry samples using a minimum fan (level 1), (Ba-A, 18.41), group A. The analysis of the effect of storage on color changes and thus on the BI-factor value confirmed the effect of storage on the studied variables. However, this impact was ambiguous (Table 7). In most of the analyzed samples, the greatest changes in the browning factor were observed after 24 h of storage. This could be due to initiated biochemical changes during thermal treatment. The cooked samples braised by the heating technique also showed