## 2 Critical Literature Review
### Maritime Data Ownership and Trading  
Numerous studies have provided valuable insights into the development of legal issues relevant to MASS data trading, namely, data technology, cybersecurity, definitions, standardization, data ownership, and intellectual property rights. Most have been undertaken to prepare for future data-trading markets in the non-maritime sector. However, these studies' findings are not universally applicable to MASS data. For example, [PERSON] et al. explored the cybersecurity risks involved in the link between industrial manufacturing and Industry 4.0, enumerating the countermeasures that are currently deployed or under development [1]. While their study focused on security breaches related to 3D printing, many issues are applicable to maritime data. Other research relates more directly to the present study. [PERSON] et al. performed a comprehensive literature review of the positive impacts of blockchain-based information exchange in the maritime transport sector, in addition to the challenges for successful blockchain-based information exchange, considering all three aspects of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social) [2]. [PERSON] et al. closely examined the landscape of cyber threats and incidents in the maritime sector, and identified trends and challenges related to safe operations in maritime shipping. They identified an important subset of cyber threats that could impact many maritime systems: the vulnerabilities of satellite navigation systems [3]. [PERSON] et al. recognized that introducing MASSs to the maritime industry will usher in a new era, bringing about a paradigm shift in cost efficiency, accident prevention, and human resource allocation [5]. They highlighted the need for a robust, multisystem communication network to minimize potential third-party risks and protect operational systems, networks, and data. [PERSON] et al. stated that autonomous ships will likely shape the future of the global shipping industry [13][PERSON] However, they argued that the application barriers presented by the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) would need to be revisited. [PERSON] et al. proposed a way to develop the regulatory framework for the competence of remote operators (ROs), based on the standards of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), by exploring the concept of situational awareness [14]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] described the dangers stemming from the specificity of systems used to solve navigational problems and analyzed their first experiences of the transit of an uncrewed surface vessel (USV) across the world's busiest shipping route, the English Channel [15][PERSON] They discussed the problems it encountered in the context of system reliability and resilience to interference or other intentional actions, such as criminal activity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] reviewed 5G-related standardization in the maritime domain, discussing the main uses and roles of autonomous ships and the people on board, to illustrate the need for a connectivity manager--an intelligent entity managing a complex set of technologies--that could integrate satellite and terrestrial technologies and ensure robust internal and ship-to-shore connections [16]. [PERSON] confirmed the widespread acceptance of the Clarksson's Research assertion that long-term supply and demand decide the freight rate in the shipping industry, and once deviation occurs because of a short-term cause, the deviation will gradually fade away [17]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed a concept called \"maritime data space (MDS),\" similar to the \"industrial data space (IDS)\" based on open standards and a common governance model to enforce the ownership of data in a distributed environment [8]. Their adaptation of IDS to the specific nature of shipping comprised a modified digital trust framework, lower connectivity for ships at sea, and highly heterogeneous control of the physical system architecture on ships.