esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Related Work
Once the clusters are formed, RRCH keeps the clusters fixed and uses the round-robin scheme to select the CH within each cluster. All nodes have equal chance to be CH during each frame. Upon detection of an abnormal node, the CH modifies the scheduling information and broadcasts it to the entire cluster during the frame modification. Afterwards, its cluster members delete this abnormal node based on the received updated schedule information. Similar to LEACH, RRCH suffers from the incapability of guaranteeing a good quality of the formed clusters. Without the periodic re-clustering (i.e., regeneration of clusters), RRCH cannot manage clusters with varying sizes (e.g., overlay of clusters, very small or very large clusters). Fixed LEACH (LEACH-F) [25] is centralized technique of cluster formation in which the clusters are formed permanently by the base station, only the CHs are changed within a cluster in rotation. In default LEACH, re-clustering is performed in each round, whereas, LEACH-F removes re-clustering process in next rounds for the whole network lifetime. The steady state is similar to LEACH. LEACH-F is not flexible due to preemptive policy of clusters formation. Before the completion, in each round, energy and information are wasted due to fixed round time in the steady state. Because the CHs or CMs in each cluster cannot change their behavior, this results in an uncertainty in the whole network and degrades the overall performance. This problem can be minimized by introducing a relationship between residual energy of nodes and round time within a cluster. When the size of WSNs exceeds certain level, the distance between the CH and base station increases significantly, creating problems for single hop communications in LEACH [26]. Multi-hop LEACH (M-LEACH) solved the above issue by using multi-hop communication between the CHs and the base station. In Table 3, we compare LEACH and its various extensions based on the communication pattern considered, the assumption made about the mobility of sensor nodes, the achieved level of scalability, the used clustering approach, in addition to the achieved energy-efficiency level and the generated overhead. Many LEACH related approaches continue to be proposed in the literature. A recent study presented a detailed taxonomy of such existing works [27]. Among the aspects addressed in this study are the determination of the number of clusters [28] and the consideration of the devices' mobility [29]. While these aspects are essential, they are not covered in this paper which focuses more on the routing aspects through the design of an efficient selection of cluster heads.
# GERP: A Personality-Based Emotional Response Generation Model
## 3 Experiments and Results
### Experimental Results
#### 3.2.2 Evaluation Results  
The experimental results for the eight evaluation metrics are shown in Table 4. Several models are irrelevant to the F1-scores and human evaluation because they (Seq2 seq with and without attention, SeqGAN, and \(-\)Vec) do not introduce emotion factors. They cannot express a certain emotion in the response, so the F1-score and EC, which are related to emotions, do not apply to them. Comparative models except Ran do not involve the personality, so BM in human evaluation does not apply to them. Ran and GERP are only different in how we choose \(em_{3}\), so FC, EE, and EC in the manual evaluation are of no value. We only focused on BM, which reflects their differences.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \  
Baseline Study  
It can be seen that GERP achieved the best performance on nearly all the evaluated metrics, except the BLEU score, which revealed the effectiveness of GERP in the task of emotional response generation based on the personality.  
First of all, considering the Ratio scores of the six models, the responses generated by GERP contained the most emotion words, which indicates that the these responses can prominently express emotions. Secondly, the scores of F1-M and F1-W indicated that, compared with the other five models, the emotional responses generated by GERP can faithfully express the specified emotion \(em_{3}\) in more cases. Thirdly, when evaluated manually by the volunteers, GERP achieved the best performance on the FC, EE, EC, and BM scores and was far better than the other five models. This indicated that the responses generated by GERP were the most-fluent and appropriate considering the dialog contexts and the speakers' personalities. The scores in the last column (BM) reflect the accuracy of character inference of the volunteers from the given emotional responses. Compared with the random model, the higher score of GERP indicated that the emotional expression in the generated responses provided clear clues to the volunteers when identifying the personalities of the chatbot. Because the other four models generated responses only based on the given emotions instead of the personality, BM scores are not available for these models.  
Although GERP did not achieve the best performance on the BLEU metric, its BLEU score was relatively high (0.082) compared with the other five models. The third-best performance of GERP on the BLEU metric was due to the existence of the beam evaluator. Because GERP has to balance the correctness of emotional expression and the generation accuracy, the generated responses contained more different emotion words compared with the benchmark responses, which consequently lowered GERP's BLEU score.
## 2 System Model and Problem Formulation
### Problem Formulation  
#### 2.2.1 Delay Optimization  
Firstly, we want to quantify the delay performance of services without restricting our model to any particular metric (for the delay-optimal algorithm). Thus, the minimum delay cost can be computed as:  
\[P1:\;\;\underset{P}{arg\ min}\ T_{Aver} \tag{18}\] \[\text{s.t.}\ C_{b}\leq C_{bmax}\] \[\sum\
olimits_{f=1}^{C_{s}}\text{L}(f)\leq C_{Z}\]  
The optimization problem is a linear programming problem with a computational complexity of \(O(F*K*C_{s})\) and can be solved by using a conventional solver, i.e., MATLAB.
## Materials and Methods
### Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
The TFC in samples was quantified from a calibration curve prepared with Catechin standard and expressed as mg of catechin equivalents (CE) per 100 mL of sample (mg CE 100 mL\({}^{-1}\)). The calibration curve was drawn, and the equation of linear regression was obtained: y = 2.857x + 0.080, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.999. 2.6.6. Determination of Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Beer by DPPH  
Regarding the analyses and evaluation of the described methods, the results of the ruggedness test for determination of the conditions of the method, coefficients of variation and recommendations of some authors was elaborated a simple modification of the protocol for determination of antioxidant capacity using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), a stable free radical in beer and beverages [33]. Preparation of Diluted sample. Dilute 13.3 mL of degassed beer with water to 100 mL at temperate to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, atm temperate to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C in volumetric ask and the solution was vortexed thoroughly, 2.5 mL of diluted beer was added to 20 mL of ethanol and kept the mixture to stand 20 min at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then fill up the volume to 25 mL with attemperated ethanol, the solution was homogenized rigorously, finally the mixture was transferred to a fluted filter, filtered, and stored at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C before using. Diluted blank. Dilute 2.5 mL of water with ethanol in volumetric ask 25 mL. Attemperate 20 min to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The mixture could be filtered If is necessary through fluted filter. Preparation of DPPH stock solution. 0.06 mM of DPPH methanolic solution (0.0024 g DPPH/100 mL ethanol) Attemperate 20 min to 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The stock solution should be freshly used. Determination  
Sample. In a test tube, 1.5 mL of diluted sample was added to 1.5 mL of DPPH solution, the mixture was homogenized and incubated for 30 min in darkness at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm, against diluted blank. Control. 1.5 mL of diluted blank was added to 1.5 mL of DPPH solution, vortexed thoroughly. In addition, kept in the dark for 30 min, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm against diluted blank. Calculation of the Results  
DPPH scavenging activity was expressed as a percentage of free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) with DPPH or as % inhibition of the free radical with DPPH according to the following formula:  
\[\%\text{I}\ =\frac{\text{A control}-\text{A sample}}{\text{A control}}\times 100\]
## 3 Modeling Framework
### Energy Modeling Based on the Fundamental Principle of Dynamics  
The energy consumption of a UAV during a delivery mission is computed using a physics-based model derived from the Fundamental Principle of Dynamics (FPD). The model considers the forces acting on the drone during its vertical and horizontal flight phases, and estimates the power and energy required to execute a complete delivery task, including takeoff, cruise, delivery, and return.
## 4 Experiments
### Experimental Settings and Results  
#### 4.4.1 Experiment A  
DQL, Tabular Q-Learning and Random algorithms are used for training in the CyberBattlechan-10 scenario and CyberBattlechan-10 with Social Engineering scenario. The goal of the penetration test is to obtain the flag of the target node, and the average cumulative reward changed with the number of steps in each round of training is counted. The experimental parameters and training results are shown in Table 3 and Figure 12a, respectively. The specific statistical data of the experiment are shown in Tables 4 and 5.  
The agent is trained using three RL algorithms in CyberBattle-10 with social engineering (blue, yellow and green curves). SE-AIPT outperforms the methods without using social engineering to reach the maximum cumulative reward. In addition, excellent performance of DQL can be observed. The results show that in the environment with social engineering, the agent could obtain the connection credentials of the nodes at the end of the chain structure by using social engineering (as shown in the Figure 12a), and finally successfully control the target hosts and obtain the flag with fewer actions. SE-AIPT effectively reduces the length of the action sequence required by the agent to explore and exploit the target network.  
According to the above experimental parameters, the performance of DQL in the intelligent penetration test is validated. In the CyberBattleChain with Social Engineering scenario and CyberBattleChain scenario, the DQL algorithm is applied to train the penetration tester agent under the conditions of a scene scale of 10 and 20, respectively. The target of the penetration test was set to reach a fixed accumulative reward value of 6000, where the average accumulative reward changes with the number of steps, as shown in Figure 12b. The results show that the number of steps required for DQL to reach the same average cumulative reward changes due to the change in scene size. With the expansion of test scenarios, the complexity of the environment increases, and the penetration tester agent needs to conduct more exploration and exploitation to learn a good strategy.  
Figure 12: The result of experiment A. (**a**) The average cumulative rewards of the three agents in different training scenarios. (**b**) The average cumulative reward for applying DQL in network scenarios of different scales.  
The results of Figure 13 show that DQL performs stably in two network scenarios of different scales, and both reach the maximum cumulative reward within 1000 steps. However, Tabular Q-Learning and Random algorithms increase the number of steps required to achieve the maximum accumulative reward from 600-800 to 3000-4000 when the network size is only doubled. The experimental results show that DQL has better robustness in the case of changing training scenarios.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The purpose of the measurements is compare the brake pads and brake discs, i.e., brake components of a passenger vehicle, from the perspective of heating up and ability to generate braking force. Table 1 shows the technical parameters of a passenger vehicle of which the components are compared. Prior to measurement, new brake cylinders were mounted and all the brake fluid was replaced to avoid affecting the results.  
The measurements were performed with three different brake discs selected according to their price. The brake discs' purchase price is as follows:  
* Low-priced, EUR 20 per item, Figure 1 on the left.
* Mid-priced, EUR 50 per item, Figure 1 in the middle.
* High-priced, EUR 70 per item, Figure 1 on the right.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Kia Ceed 1.6 CVVT, 92 kW** \\ \hline Date of production & 2008 \\ \hline Kerb mass of a vehicle & 1257 kg \\ \hline Maximum permissible mass of a vehicle & 1770 kg \\ \hline Driving axle & Front \\ \hline Tyres & 225/45 R 17, summer \\ \hline Braking control & Hydraulic \\ \hline Type of front brakes & disc, ventilated \\ \hline External diameter of front brake discs & 279.8 mm \\ \hline Maximum thickness in the section of friction & 26 mm \\ \hline Minimum thickness in the section of friction & 24.4 mm \\ \hline Price of the brake discs available on the market & from EUR 20 to EUR 70 \\ \hline Price of the brake pads available on the market & from EUR 11 to EUR 49 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Technical parameters of Kia Ceed [90].  
The brake discs in Figure 1 are displayed as they are seen by a vehicle operator, mechanic or purchaser. The manufacturer of the brake discs or brake pads does not provide their material composition.  
The low-priced and mid-priced brake discs (Figure 1 on the left and in the middle) have a full profile, while the high-priced brake disc (Figure 1 on the right) has holes drilled for better cooling.  
The brake pads intended for measuring are as follows:  
* Low-priced, EUR 11 per set.
* Mid-priced, EUR 34 per set.
* High-priced, EUR 49 per set.  
The low-priced brake discs were used with low-priced brake pads, the mid-priced brake discs were used with mid-priced brake pads, and the high-priced brake discs were used with high-priced brake pads.  
The measurements performed are given in Table 2.
## 2 Current Status of GNSS Integrity Service
### Current Status of BDS-3 Integrity Services
#### 2.1.1 Fundamental Integrity Services of BDS-3  
The BDS-3 provides the fundamental integrity service in the broadcast messages by employing ground monitoring networks and SAIM. The integrity parameters include SISA, SISMA, SIF, AIF, and DIF [34], as shown in Table 2. For the BDS-3, the network of ground monitoring stations are mainly distributed in China. They track BeiDou satellites and send raw observations to the fundamental navigation data processing center, where the fundamental integrity parameters will be generated. The fundamental integrity parameters are included in the broadcast messages, which will be uploaded to the satellites with the ground uplink station.  
In addition to the ground monitoring stations, the BDS-3 also implements the SAIM technique to ensure navigation integrity. The SAIM system uses redundant receivers installed in the satellite to monitor satellite clock anomalies and signal anomalies. Because of the high reliability of the onboard receivers, which are unaffected by ionospheric, tropospheric, and multipath interference, the SAIM technique can provide highly reliable and timely integrity alerts, thereby reducing the fault probability of BDS-3 satellites.  
Currently, the BDS-3 has officially been recognized as being of the required standard by the ICAO, making it a globally accepted satellite navigation system for civil aviation. The BDS-3 is committed to a satellite fault probability of less than \(1\times 10^{-5}\) (B1I/B1C/B2a) and a constellation fault probability of less than \(6\times 10^{-5}\) (B1I/B1C/B2a). In addition, previous  
Figure 1: The integrity architecture of the BDS-3, comprising fundamental integrity services and SBAS integrity services.  
studies have evaluated the performance of BDS-3 fundamental integrity services with globally distributed ground stations, and the results suggest that the BDS-3 can provide the navigation services for NPAs with an availability of 100%.
# Optimization Scheme for Modulation of Data Transmission Module in Endoscopic Capsule
###### Abstract  
The endoscopic capsule is a miniaturized device used for medical diagnosis, which is less invasive compared to traditional gastrointestinal endoscopy and can reduce patient discomfort. However, it faces challenges in communication transmission, such as high power consumption, serious signal interference, and low data transmission rate. To address these issues, this paper proposes an optimized modulation scheme that is low-cost, low-power, and robust in harsh environments, aiming to improve its transmission rate. The scheme is analyzed in terms of the in-body channel. The analysis and discussion for the scheme in wireless body area networks (WBANs) are divided into three aspects: bit error rate (BER) performance, energy efficiency (EE), and spectrum efficiency (SE), and complexity. These correspond to the following issues: transmission rate, communication quality, and low power consumption. The results demonstrate that the optimized scheme is more suitable for improving the communication performance of endoscopic capsules.  
endoscopic capsule; modulation scheme; WBANs; in-body Academic Editors: [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] Received: 2 July 2025  
Revised: 29 July 2025  
Accepted: 30 July 2025  
Submitted: 31 July 2025  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Optimization Scheme for Modulation of Data Transmission Module in Endoscopic Capsule. _Sensors_**2025**, 25, 4738. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154738](https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154738)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154738](https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154738))  
**Copyright:** 62 2025 by the authors.  
Lionsne MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.  
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license  
([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
###### Abstract  
The paper presents the research of adsorptive properties of activated carbons to chromium (VI) removal from the water solution. Different types of carbon were investigated: WD-ekstra (WDA), WD-ekstra modified by salt acid WD(HCI) and nitrogen acid WD(HNO\({}_{3}\)). The adsorption kinetics, influence reaction, temperature and kind of carbon were determined using static methods. The adsorption of chromium (VI) onto all activated carbons was most efficient at pH 2. The time of adsorption balance for carbon WD(HCI) was 2.5 h and for carbon WDA 4.5 h. The influence of carbon modification and temperature on the effectiveness of adsorption of hexavalent chromium was determined on the basis of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The research showed that the adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) increased with the increasing temperature of the solution. The most efficient adsorbent in static conditions was found on WD-ekstra modified by HCl. The adsorbent applied in dynamic conditions as the filtration bed (v = 2 m/h, time of retention T\({}_{\text{R}}\) = 420 s, initial concentration \(C_{0}\) = 1 mg/dm\({}^{3}\)), it removed chromium (VI) from water very effectively. Adsorption capacities after exhaustion of the bed were obtained at P\({}_{\text{eWD (HCI)}}\) = 4.35 mg/g. On the basis of executed research, chromium ions were successfully eliminated onto modified carbon WD(HCI) that makes its employment capabilities in the systems purification of water.  
adsorption; modified activated carbon; removal of chromium(VI); Freundlich isotherms; filtration
## 4 Results
### Description of the Omnichannel Variable  
The descriptive analysis reveals a consistent perception of limited omnichannel development at the service station scenario. As shown in Table 3, a significant majority--60.19% of respondents (n = 65)--rated the overall level of omnichannel integration as low. Meanwhile, 29.63% (n = 32) assessed it as regular, and only a small minority, 10.19% (n = 11), perceived it as good. These results suggest a clear gap between customer expectations and the current digital service offerings. A similar pattern emerges regarding customer data management. As detailed in Table 4, 68.52% (n = 74) of customers evaluated data handling at the station as poor, whereas 20.37% (n = 22) described it as regular. Only 11.11% (n = 12) recognized a good level of management regarding customer and product information. This data deficit likely undermines both personalization efforts and the station's ability to offer a coherent omnichannel experience. Regarding omnichannel payment systems, Table 5 indicates a moderately better perception, albeit still fragmented. While 61.11% (n = 66) of customers categorized the payment options as regular, 19.44% (n = 21) assessed them as low, and an equal number (19.44%; n = 21) considered them good. Thisdistribution suggests that, although some digital payment mechanisms are in place, their accessibility or reliability might not yet fully meet user expectations. Finally, perceptions regarding logistics flexibility, presented in Table 6, reflect a similar trend. A majority, 57.41% (n = 62), described the logistics performance as regular, while 24.07% (n = 26) viewed it positively, and 18.52% (n = 20) rated it poorly. Although logistics appears to be the dimension with relatively higher positive evaluations compared with data management and payment systems, the proportion of dissatisfied customers remains notable and underscores the need for service improvements.  
Overall, these findings point to a partial implementation of omnichannel strategies at the service station, with customer perceptions skewed toward moderate or low satisfaction across key dimensions. Addressing these gaps is critical to enhancing the station's ability to deliver a seamless, integrated, and user-centered service experience.