## 3 Case Studies  
The methodology in this study includes a quantitative review used to critically evaluate and analyze different Norwegian case studies to provide a quantitative answer to research gaps identified under Chapter 2. Four Norwegian case studies, all refurbishment projects where LCA studies were conducted, were selected for the analysis. The calculation was performed using a functional unit of 1 m\({}^{2}\) and a building lifetime of 60 years. LCA practitioners have used either kilmagassregnskap.no (KGR.no, the previous Norwegian GHG emission calculation tool, using the Ecoinvent database and EPDs as background data), SimaPro (commercial LCA software using the ecoinvent database), OneClick LCA (commercial LCA tool which replaced KGR.no in 2018), or the ZEB tool (Excel-based GHG emission calculation tool developed by the Norwegian ZEB Centre, using the Ecoinvent database and EPDs as background data) for GHG emission calculations. The calculations follow the LCA methodology outlined by LCA standards, NS 3720, EN 15978, and/or ISO 14040/44. The Norwegian case studies consist of one residential building: Villa Dammen, and three office buildings: Powerhouse Kjorbo, Bergen city hall, and Statens bygg Vadse, bygg B. Villa Dammen, Bergen city hall, and Statens bygg Vadse, bygg B (herein referred to as Statens bygg Vadse) are buildings with heritage significance. The heritage values were not considered directly in the LCA model when assessing the life cycle analysis as this type of value is not possible to consider in the existing models. However, heritage values were considered when choosing measures to reduce emission values. Powerhouse Kjorbo, an office building from the 1980s, was selected as a case study as it was the first refurbishment project in the world which produces more energy than it consumes. The summary of the general information about the case studies and the results from the life cycle assessment is shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \multicolumn{5}{c}{**General Information**} \\ \hline Name of the building & Villa Dammen & Statens hus Yudas & Bergen city hall & Powerhouse Kjepho \\ References & [52,53] & [54] & [55] & [56] \\ Typology & Residential & Office & Office & Office \\ Location & Moss & Vades & Bergen & Sandvika \\ Heated floor area, & 3460 (for new building scenario) 1 & 10,756 & 5180 \\ BRA (m\({}^{2}\)) & 117 & 4297 (for retruthishment scenario) 1 & 10,756 & 5180 \\ Service life (year) & 60 & 60 & 60 & 60 \\ No. of floors (no.) & 2 & 4 & 14 & 4-5 \\ Construction period & 1936 & 1963 & 1974 & 1980 \\ (year) & 2014-2015 & 2021-2024 & 2019 & March 2013-February 2014 \\ Envision factor & & & & \\ electricity and for other energy sources & 0.132 (ZEB factor), 0.321 (for paraffin), & 0.13 (EU factor) & 0.132 (ZEB factor) \\ Building phase & As-built phase & Design phase & Design phase & As-built phase \\ Refurbishment & Refurbishment & Refurbishment & Refurbishment & Refurbishment \\ Parts of the building & Scaling around windows and doors, & Interior walls, floor, ceiling, insulation of roof (300 mm) and outer wall (150 mm), and scenarios for technical installation & Interior walls, floor, ceiling, facade, and concrete elements & Interior walls, floor, ceiling, facade, exterior walls were replaced, \\  & & & & \\ Life cycle modules & A1–A3, B4, Cl–C4 (material use), and B6 & A1–A5, B4, Cl–C4 (material use), A5 (presidential energy use) & A1–A5, B4, Cl–A4 (material use), B6 (presidential energy use) & A1–A5, B4, Cl–A4 (material