## 4 Materials and Methods
### The Building's End of Life  
The concept of both demolition and deconstruction means that buildings are expected to be used for a predicted period of time; after that, there is the need to find a solution for them. According to the literature, there are different possibilities about buildings' after-life options: maintenance, refurbishment, demolition, and deconstruction [30; 41; 42; 43]. The maintenance is the set of improvement, preventive, and corrective actions, the purpose of which is not dictated by an urgent need to restore the optimal level of operation but rather by an economic management of the maintained system. Over time, the performance requirements increase and new technologies appear on the market, so there is the need to evaluate the replacement of a system (dismantling with demolition or deconstruction) or its maintenance in order to update it and reduce its degree of obsolescence, as well as increase its longevity [43]. The refurbishment is the set of interventions aimed at transforming the building through a systematic set of works that can lead to a building totally or partially different from the previous one. These interventions include the restoration or replacement of some components of the building, as well as the elimination, modification, and insertion of new components and systems. Among the advantages of this process, there is the use and preservation of the historical building heritage, and it offers a sustainable approach to refreshing buildings without disruption and demolition waste but, at the same time, it is a much more expensive process than the demolition and reconstruction of the building with the same volume [42]. Demolition can be intended as the arbitrary disassembling or destroying of a structure in order to quickly clear the construction site. It is a relatively fast and very economical process, but at the same time, it is not necessarily respectful of the environment given the large amount of material destined for landfill. For smaller buildings, the demolition process is quite simple and is done with machinery such as cranes, excavators, bulldozers, and wrecking balls [30]. Finally, deconstruction can be intended as the selective dismantling piece by piece of building components for the purpose of material recovery and components reuse [41]. Table 1 summarizes the possible building's end-of-life concept. Being the key topic of the present research, the discussion focuses mainly on deconstruction as an alternative to demolition. The deconstruction activity automatically leads to considerations about the subsequent use of the dismantled building components and the different possibilities for their destinies, such as reuse and relocation of the entire building, components reuse in other buildings, material reprocessing, and material recycling [13; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51]. The reuse of the entire building for a relocation is the process by which a building is moved from the place where it is located to another one. The techniques used are essentially two: the disassembly of the structure and then the assembly of the same in the place of destination or the movement of the entire structure by the use of temporary rails or platform on wheels in case of long distances [41]. The building is typically lifted in small increments from the foundations by a temporary steel structure with a network of hydraulic jacks placed under the structure and controlled by a unified lifting system. Once the structure is at the required height, hydraulic carts are placed under the steel structure to support the movements to the new destination. After moving, the structure is lowered by reversing the steps just applied [44]. It is a clean process that involves the total reuse of the