esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Effect of Key Parameters  
Figure 10 indicates the peak measured shear stress as a function of the clamping stress for all four interface conditions. In each interface type, the peak measured shear stress is grouped by concrete type. Moreover, for the monolithic uncracked interface, the peak measured shear stress is further grouped by the compressive strength of concrete. Trends were detected from Figure 10: The peak measured shear stress \(v_{test}\) generally increased with growth in clamping stress \(\rho f_{y}\) for all four interface types. This trend indicated a positive friction factor in the context of shear friction. The specimens with lightweight concrete tended to fail at lower shear stresses than specimens using normal-weight concrete, except for the interface that was not roughened. The interface shear stress was not zero when \(\rho f_{y}=0\) for monolithic uncracked specimens, suggesting that there was an existence of some cohesive component of shear resistance. Although no monolithic precracked specimens with \(\rho f_{y}=0\) were available, it is expected that, for monolithic precracked specimens, no cohesion could exist. This is consistent with the idea that the cohesion component would not appear across an open crack. Also, no cold joint specimens with \(\rho f_{y}=0\) were available and reported in this study.  
Figure 11 illustrates the peak measured shear stress as a function of the compressive strength of concrete \(f_{c}{}^{\prime}\) for all four interface types. In each interface type, the peak measured  
Figure 10: Effect of clamping stress \(\rho f_{y}\) on ultimate interface shear stress \(v_{test}\).  
shear stress is grouped by concrete type. Moreover, for the monolithic uncracked interface, the peak measured shear stress is further grouped by the clamping stress. Although the clamping stress is the core factor influencing the interface shear resistance, the compressive strength of concrete played a crucial role as well. This section presents the effect of this parameter on the shear resistance for different interface conditions. The interface shear resistance generally increased with the growth in compressive strength of concrete \(f_{c}^{\prime}\) for monolithic uncracked specimens. For monolithic precracked specimens, the compressive strength of concrete \(f_{c}^{\prime}\) did not appear to influence the interface shear resistance. The interface shear resistance tended to rise with growing compressive strength of concrete \(f_{c}^{\prime}\) for cold joints that were intentionally roughened. The higher shear resistance was recorded for specimens that utilized high-strength concrete. For the interface shear resistance of cold joints that were not roughened, no appropriate trends were seen with respect to the effect of the compressive strength of concrete \(f_{c}^{\prime}\).
# Advances in Toughening Modification Methods for Epoxy Resins: A Comprehensive Review
## 6 Nanoparticle Toughening Method
### Nano-SiO\({}_{2}\)  
[PERSON] et al. [100] utilized silane coupling agents to modify the surface of colloidal silica (12 nm) in a two-step process, resulting in a low-viscosity silica/epoxy hybrid resin. Their study demonstrated that, with 20% SiO\({}_{2}\) addition, the tensile strength of the composite material reached 97.9 MPa, which is a 44% increase compared to pure epoxy resin. The elongation at break improved from 3.5% without SiO\({}_{2}\) nanoparticles to 5.5-6.6%, and the impact strength of samples containing 3% SiO\({}_{2}\) reached 15.8 kJ/m\({}^{2}\), representing a 54.9% enhancement over pure epoxy resin. The interpenetrating network polymer (IPN) toughening method, which constructs crosslinked networks, increases the mutual support among molecular chains, enabling epoxy resin to more effectively dissipate and absorb energy under stress.  
[PERSON] et al. [101] prepared nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) particles with a particle size distribution of 40-80 nm using rice husk as raw material and applied them to toughen epoxy resin (EP). The study demonstrated that, when the content of nano-SiO\({}_{2}\) reached 0.07 parts in the epoxy resin, the tensile strength, modulus, and KIC of the epoxy resin increased by 7.23%, 4.37%, and 16.3%.
# PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Evolution and Deployment
## 7 Conclusions  
In this work, we have introduced the standardization of C-V2X in 3 GPP. The critical difference between LTE-V2X mode 3 and mode 4, NR-V2X mode 1 and mode 2 are discussed. Operators and governments around the world are excited to see 5G technology applied in C-V2X. Countries with early adoption of LTE-V2X are certainly at the forefront. As our contribution, we have proposed some workable solutions for ITS, AI, and ADS integration. In our lives today, digitization is everywhere, and people need what 5G provides now more than ever. Our purpose in this article is to verify C-V2X technology feasibility and accessibility as proof of concept, then revise technology flaws to accumulate academic improvement. The field tests have been done to conclude that the technology is promising. The success of the field tests illustrated in this paper will motivate manufacturers to invest and the government to define favorable legislation towards the development of C-V2X. Taiwan is a world-leading electronic manufacturer and is in an advantageous position to develop intelligent transportation systems and utilize autonomous driving with C-V2X technology. However, there are still some research challenges and limitations that must be addressed. For instance, C-V2X deployment requires the cooperation of different industries. A nationwide C-V2X network requires millions of RSUs and OBUs. Full 5G coverage in the country isn't available yet. Our future research direction includes network coverage, latency, reliability, and security policies. Because many of the V2I, V2V, and V2P applications are mission-critical, any gaps or glitches would mean life or death.  
Conceptualization, L.M.; validation, L.M.; formal analysis, L.M.; investigation, L.M.; resources, L.M.; data curation, L.M.; writing--original draft preparation, L.M.; writing--review and editing, L.M., J.J.V. and K.-L.H.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the Center for Cyber-Physical System Innovation and the Center of Intelligent Robots from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the Framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan under Grant MOST109-2218-E-011-010, MOST109-2221-E-011-125-MY3, and MOST109-2221-E-001-016.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Section 5.1 Table 2: [[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1) Nu2 umEjbBYQpswGZm_XPaTunsZfGs-YP/view?usp=sharing]([https://drive.google.com/file/d/1](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1) Nu2 umEjbBYQpswGZm_XPaTunsZfGs-YP/view?usp=sharing).  
**Acknowledgments:** Section 5.1. V2V and V2N Field Testing Result Data is from Nokia Partner.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 The Deployment of WDM-PON Protection Schemes
### Considered Presumptive Scenarios for P2 MP WDM-PON Protection Schemes  
The P2 MP protection scheme of the WDM-PON network is realized by duplicating network components, optical fibers, the OLT terminal, the RN node, and ONU units according to the ITU-T standard [25] for the TDM-PON network. The WDM-PON network is considered as one of broadband solutions for securing the system availability at a certain level that is a principal problem for provisioning high-speed continuous data service. For decreasing a large number of optical fibers, the P2 MP protection scheme should offer one or more aggregation layers between the OLT and user locations [7].  
Based on the performance analysis in [20], the following presumptive scenarios of the P2 MP protection scheme are considered for practical utilization by network operators:  
* Type B protection is characterized by the Feeder Fiber (FF) protection. The FF fiber shares a connection with all subscribers and, therefore, its failure means an interruption of the service provisioning for a large number of users. This protection scheme is interesting for most of the operators with smaller up to middle sized traffic load due to its simplicity and low costs [26];
* Dual-parented Type B protection duplicates the OLT equipment along with the FF fiber. In the WDM-PON network, more subscribers are connected to one OLT terminal by using the FF fiber than in the TDM-PON network. As a consequence, failures of the OLT and FF fiber have a large impact on the network reliability and interrupt the service provisioning for larger number of users. Therefore, it is important to protect them [26];
* Type C protection represents a dedicated path protection using a duplication of all network components except the OLT terminal. Components for enlarging the network range are optional. They are used if this protection scheme is utilized for rural areas. A duplication provides a high level of the network availability; however, it requires high capital investments [26].
# Bridge Health Monitoring via Displacement Reconstruction-Based NB-IoT Technology
###### Abstract  
An aged bridge's performance is affected by degradation and becomes one of the major concerns in maintenance. A preliminary, simple and workable procedure of bridge damage detection is required to minimize maintenance costs. In the past, frequency is one of the most common indicators to detect damage occurrence. Recent research found that using frequency as a health indicator still has room to improve. Alternatively, dynamic displacement is used as an indicator in the current study. These dynamic displacements are reconstructed based on measured acceleration records from micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) sensors. The Newmark-beta method with Windows is proposed to acquire the reconstructed displacements of considered bridges. To demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed approach, three different experiments are carried out; (i) A small scale bridge with the implementation of MEMS acceleration sensors; (ii) a numerical complex finite element method (FEM) bridge model; (iii) an actual bridge with the implementation of MEMS acceleration sensors and narrow bandwidth Internet of things (NB-IoT) technology. The first experiment shows that the proposed method can successfully identify the difference between damaged/undamaged bridges and determine damage location. The second experiment indicates that the proposed method is able to identify the difference between stiffened/unstiffened bridges. The last experiment shows the applicability of the proposed method on an actual bridge health monitoring project.  
b 2020 10, 8878; doi:10.3390/app10248878
# Three-Dimensional Path-Following with Articulated 6 DoF Robot and ToF Sensors
###### Abstract  
This paper presents an algorithm for 3D path-following using an articulated 6-Degree-of-Freedom (DoF) robot as well as experimental verification of the proposed approach. This research extends the classic line-following concept, typically applied in 2D spaces, into a 3D space. This is achieved by equipping a standard industrial robot with a path detection tool featuring six low-cost Time-of-Flight (ToF) sensors. The primary objective is to enable the robot to follow a physically existing path defined in 3D space. The developed algorithm allows for step-by-step detection of the path's orientation and calculation of consecutive positions and orientations of the detection tool that are necessary for the robot arm to follow the path. Experimental tests conducted using a Nachi MZ04D robot demonstrated the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed solution.  
3D path-following; articulated robot; robot control +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
1][PERSON] 1][PERSON] 1][PERSON]. [PERSON] 1][PERSON] 1]Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.F.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.D.O.)
# Ensemble-Based Knowledge Distillation for Video Anomaly Detection
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Results Obtained with Response-Based Knowledge Distillation  
For obtaining a baseline experiment for the performance comparison with our ensemble-based knowledge distillation methods, additional experiments are carried out on UCF-Crime and RWF-2000 datasets with standard response-based knowledge distillation method [16].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **UCF-Crime** & **RWF-2000** & **UCF-Crime + RWF-2000** \\ \hline Teacher & 82.1 & 59.1 & 70.7 \\ \hline Student & 60.8 & 77.3 & 68.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: V-AUC values of AR-Net-based student and teacher models without knowledge distillation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline  & **UCF-Crime** & **RWF-2000** & **UCF-Crime + RWF-2000** \\ \hline Teacher & 81.3 & 57.6 & 69.3 \\ \hline Student & 59.2 & 75.2 & 67.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: V-AUC values of GCN-based student and teacher models without knowledge distillation.  
Firstly, we train the AR-Net-based teacher and student models by using response-based knowledge distillation on training sets of UCF-Crime and RWF-2000 datasets, respectively. The results of these models on the test sets are demonstrated in Table 3 with respect to the alpha parameter. As the alpha parameter increases, the student model's V-AUC values generally increase on the test set of the source dataset and decrease on the test set of the target dataset. Thus, we can conclude that the teacher model has a gradual influence on the student model with increasing alpha parameter values. The same experiment is replicated with GCN-based teacher and student models and also concluded the similar pattern as shown in Table 4.  
If the results of Table 1 are compared with Table 3 and the results of Table 2 with Table 4, we can observe that both AR-Net and GCN-based student models trained with the knowledge distillation approach have better V-AUC performance on all test sets compared to the student model without the distillation approach. Thus, it can be concluded that the knowledge distillation process leverages the student model to remember and not to forget completely the patterns of the source dataset, and hence catastrophic forgetting is alleviated to a certain extent.  
Within the experiments of Tables 3 and 4, the student model is initialized with the teacher model's weights before the training process. Also, as an alternative approach, the training process of the student model is started with random weights instead of starting with teacher model weights. With respect to this alternative approach, we observed that initializing with the teacher model's weights provides better performance of the student model compared to initializing with random weights. In the following sections, we also obtained the same observation for the proposed methods. Consequently, we decided to not present the results with random weights in this section and the following sections.
# A Review Study on Total Ankle Replacement
## 2 TAR System Study  
### Indications  
Patient selection is critical for successful TAR outcomes. Most literature suggests that the ideal TAR candidate is older, has low mobility demand, non-obese and without significant deformities or malalignment in order to minimize demands on the implant and prolong longevity [5; 14; 19; 20].  
While there are no randomized controlled studies showing a correlation between patient age and revision rates, the concern with TAR in younger patients is the increased demand on the implant requiring inherently greater survivorship. A comparison of functional outcomes in patients > 70 years old, compared to those 50-60 years old has shown equivalent improved outcomes in both cohorts at mean 2 year follow up [15]. Outcomes comparing patients < 55 years old, 55-70 years old and >70 years old also have shown positive, comparable results at mean 3.5 years follow up [16]. Therefore as prostheses have evolved, these indications are continuing to change as well. Additionally, lower demand younger patients such as those suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis present a unique patient population in which TAR may be considered in order to prevent increased stress on adjacent joints over time that would occur with ankle arthrodesis [21].  
Preoperative ankle range of motion is another important consideration. TAR will not significantly improve range of motion, but rather, preserves the motion that a patient already has [22]. However, this alone does not predict functional outcomes, as TAR in patients with stiff ankles can still produce positive clinical results [23; 24].  
Patient BMI must be considered, as increased BMI can negatively affect the prosthesis longevity. Increased BMI has previously been established in total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty literature as a modifiable risk factor for perioperative complications and long term outcomes [25; 26].  
However, there is no consensus on optimal BMI cutoffs. A comparison of TAR in obese and non-obese patients has shown similar functional improvement in both cohorts without significant increased complication rate in obese patients [27; 28].  
Therefore a careful preoperative discussion should be had with these patients rather than eliminating TAR as a viable option in these patients.  
Coronal and sagittal plane deformity and alignment must be assessed in order to evaluate viability of TAR. Prior coronal plane deformity correction was limited to >20 degrees or valgus or >15 degrees of varus [29].  
However these limitations also continue to be evaluated as prosthesis designs improve [30; 31; 32]. Therefore all of these factors must be taken into consideration together in order to assess for the role of TAR as a surgical treatment for a patient's end stage ankle arthritis.
## 5 Case Study
### Algorithm Verification  
The proposed method was verified by comparing calculated efficiency values with previously published values. In [24], the transmission efficiency of a transmission system with five planetary gears and an input rotational speed of 12,300 rpm was calculated as 93.39%, versus 93.1% using the method proposed in this paper. Thus, our approach can correctly estimate the transmission efficiency of a herringbone planetary gear transmission system, which was slightly lower in this paper because we comprehensively considered power losses, whereas previously, only power losses associated with gear meshing were considered.  
The power loss of the planetary transmission system in the literature [3,35] was calculated based on the method proposed in this paper, and the following results were obtained. As shown in the Figure 19, when the input torque is 1000 N-m, the method of calculation of tooth surface friction power loss in this paper is compared with the experimental results in the literature [35], and the total power loss of the gear transmission system is compared with the experimental results in the literature [3]. It can be concluded that the magnitude of power loss is the same, and as the speed increases, the trend of power loss is also consistent.
# Power Quality Enhancement in a Grid-Integrated Photovoltaic System Using Hybrid Techniques
## 4 Objectives  
* In this research, a combination of the BPSO and GWO methods with a boost converter is proposed to control the MPPT of the PV array.
* The output of the BPSO-GWO generates the value of the duty cycle (D). In order to achieve a better THD, the value of the duty cycle should be adjusted accordingly.
* To design a 31-level multilevel inverter for the PV system. Similarly, PWM pulses are produced from the control algorithm, which are given to the multilevel inverter.
* To analyze the capability of MPPT tracking and the efficiency of the inverter at different irradiation conditions, a hybrid combination of BPSO and GWO is proposed.  
The objective of the present study is to provide technical analysis of a grid-connected PV system in power quality of distribution network with emphasis on THD. This research will also propose two solutions for overcoming the high THD for the period PV system operation. Connecting inverters to the utility grid results in frequency fluctuations, harmonic distortion and power factor degradation. The proposed BPSO-GWO is used to enlighten both the power generation and THD in the present system which is described clearly in the upcoming sections.
## 5 Publicly Available Datasets and Benchmarks
### Datasets for Panoptic Segmentation
nuScenes  
The nuScenes dataset is a large-scale dataset inspired by KITTI dataset for autonomous driving developed by Motional which was formerly known as nuTonomy [53]. It provides 1000 driving scenes from cities with dense traffic particularly from Singapore and Boston. To show an interesting set of traffic situations, driving maneuvers, and unexpected incidents, they extract scenes of 20 s length. For object detection and tracking, Motional provides 23 annotations for \"thing\" class and nine for the \"stuff\" classes and provides accurate 3D bounding boxes at 2 Hz. In 2019, this dataset was first released with 1000 scenes extracted from the sensor suite of an autonomous vehicle with one LiDAR, six cameras, five Radar, GPS. Comparatively, nuScenes has seven times more object annotations than the KITTI dataset. In the year 2020, Motional released nuScenes-lidarseeg, where each lidar point from a keyframe present in nuScenes is annotated with one of 32 possible semantic labels. This way nuScenes-lidarseeg provides 1.4 billion annotated points across 40,000-point clouds and 1000 scenes, i.e., 850 scenes for training and validation, and 150 scenes for testing.
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison Analysis with the Existing Methods  
The SM-ADSL method was compared with equidistance and Douglas-Peucker methods. The parameters for the equidistance and Douglas-Peucker methods were calculated according to the simplification rates of the four envelopes simplified by the SM-ADSL (shown in Table 2). The parameters of the equidistance method were 4.10 km, 4.22 km, 4.16 km, and 4.19 km for distribution envelopes from 17 May, 6 June, 9 July, and 5 August, respectively. The parameters for the Douglas-Peucker method were 0.48 km, 0.46 km, 0.515 km, and 0.48 km, respectively.  
We compared and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the results produced by the method proposed in this paper with those of the equidistance and Douglas-Peucker methods in terms of qualitative and error analysis, using the results of 5 August (shown in Figure 11) as an example.  
Figure 11 shows that the equidistance method produced a simplified envelope (blue) that had a large deformation from the original envelope (black), especially in the high curvature part of the envelope, such as the top part of the magnified portion. In contrast, the results of the Douglas-Peucker [28; 29; 31] method and SM-ADSL were in better agreement with the original envelope.  
Figure 12A shows that the SM-ADSL had a more minor algebraic error than the other two methods. The algebraic error of the Douglas-Peucker method was positive, which indicates that the area of the simplified envelope increased, and the algebraic error of the equidistance method was negative, which indicates that the area reduced after simplification. Figure 12B shows that the Douglas-Peucker method achieved the lowest overall error [29; 31], while the SM-ADSL had little difference in overall error from the Douglas-Peucker method, and the equidistance method had the largest overall error. Based  
Figure 11: Comparison of the results of three simplification methods, SM-ADSL, equidistance, and Douglas-Peucker methods, for the 5 August distribution envelope.  
on the above analysis of these two errors, the result shows that the method proposed in this paper is superior to the other two methods.