# Potential of Laurel (_Laurus mobilis_ L.) Leaf Polyphenols for Modulation of Body Composition
## 4 Influence of Laurel Leaf Polypphenols on Body Composition
### Influence of Laurel Leaf Polyphenols on Adipose Tissue
#### 4.3.2 Hydroxycinnamic Acids  
Hydroxycinamic acids have shown several beneficial effects on adipose tissue. As was the case with skeletal muscle, ferulic acid was the most investigated among the hydroxycinnamic acids, showing suppressing effects on obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders and diseases. For example, administration of ferulic acid to obese mice resulted in reduced visceral fat accumulation, adipocyte size and body weight. In addition, there was improvement in different metabolic parameters including levels of serum lipid profiles, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Compound(s)** & **Effects** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Kaempfer} & Antiobesity on murine adipocytes and in vivo in obese mice & [87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antidiabetic on murine adipocytes and in vivo in obese C57 BL/6 mice & [87; 89; 93] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Anti-inflammatory on macrophage-like cell line J774.1 and in vivo in & \\  & obese mice & [92; 93] \\ \hline Hydroxycinnamic acids & Antiobesity on human and murine adipocytes and in vivo in obese mice & [94; 95; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 94; 102; 103] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Kaempfer} & Antidiabetic on murine adipocytes and in vivo in obese and diabetic mice & [72; 95; 100; 101] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Anti-inflammatory on murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipopolysaccharidesaccharides & [72; 95; 97] \\ \cline{2-3}  & (LPS)-induced macrophages; in vivo in obese mice & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Apigenin} & Management of NAFLD 1  & in vivo in obese mice & [95] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Apigenin} & Antiobesity on murine 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes and in vivo in & [104; 105; 106; 107; 108; 109; 110; 111] \\ \cline{2-3}  & obese mice & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anti-inflammatory on human adipocytes and in vivo in obese mice} & [106; 107; 112] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antidiabetic in vivo in obese mice & [109; 112] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of main laurel leaf polyphenols’ effects on adipose tissue. blood glucose, insulin and inflammatory mediators like TNF-\(\alpha\) and MCH-1, showing the multifunctional role of this acid in management of obesity [103]. In addition, ferulic acid was shown to contribute to the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from mouse abdominal adipose tissue, showing potential for therapeutic effects [102]. The reducing effects of ferulic acid on blood glucose and serum lipid profiles in obese mice were also observed in another study [101], in which the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and gluconeogenic enzymes was reduced and the hepatic CPT1a gene and PPAR\(\alpha\) proteins were activated, showing the improvement of both lipid and glucose homeostasis. Another suggested mechanism for the ferulic acid's modulation of glucose homeostasis in mice was the phosphorylation and inactivation of the transcription factor FoxOI, which is responsible for the expression of gluconeogenic and oreigenic genes [100]. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [98], the ferulic acid treatment on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and lipid homeostasis showed downregulation of the adipocyte differentiation factors PPAR-\(\gamma\), CCAT enhancer binding-proteins-\(\alpha\) (C/EBP-\(\alpha\)), its downstream targets and adipokines, along with upregulation of lipolysis-related factors. Another study suggested a specific anti-inflammatory effect of ferulic acid, in which administration to obese mice resulted in a reduced expression of the Fet-A gene, which is otherwise involved in adipose tissue inflammation. This ferulic acid treatment resulted in a decreased circulatory level of Fet-A followed by an attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines [72].