## 1 Introduction  
The accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (hereinafter, \"FDNPP\") resulted in the release of artificial radionuclides such as cesium-134, cesium-137, and iodine-131, which spread throughout the atmosphere and were deposited on land in the surrounding areas [1]. The decontamination of areas involves stripping the toposil and removing tree leaves, branches, and fallen leaves that have been in contact with these radionuclides, and it is essential to reduce additional exposure doses [2]. During the decontamination efforts around the FDNPP, large quantities of contaminated soil and waste were generated, with an estimated volume of 16-22 million m\({}^{3}\). It is difficult to clarify the final disposal methods for such large quantities of radioactive materials, and interim storage facilities (hereinafter, \"ISFs\") are needed for safe temporary storage until their final disposal. An ISF stores and manages contaminated soil, waste, and specified waste (measured at >100,000 Bq/kg) generated during decontamination [3]. As of 31 December 2023, the land contracted for the construction of these ISFs had steadily increased over time to approximately 1537 ha (approximately 96% of the envisaged area needed), with the cooperation of 1883 landowners (approx. 89.7% of the total population) [4]. Under Japan's law, individuals can freely purchase land. Hence, before the accident, the areas that have been converted to an ISF belonged to residents and supported a variety of public and private economic activities. Land is a precious personal asset, and maintaining heritage land from forefathers means protecting the traditional family history. To accelerate the reconstruction in the affected areas and return the land to residents who wish to have it restored in the future, the government of Japan enacted legislation to \"take the necessary measures to complete final disposal outside Fukushima Prefecture within 30 years (by 2045) of the start of interim storage\" as part of the Interim Storage and Environmental Safety Corporation Act. The Act clearly stated the government's responsibility for matters. Furthermore, to achieve final disposal outside Fukushima Prefecture, the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) has promoted soil recycling based on the basic concept of the safe use of removed soil Processed into recycled materials since June 2016, with the aim of reducing the volume of soil destined for final disposal. The MOE imposed a limitation in that the processed removed soil could only be used in public works where management entities and responsibility-related systems were clarified. Furthermore, it sets an upper limit for radioactivity concentrations in recycled materials to limit the additional exposure doses [5]. Based on these basic concepts, the removed soil can be accurately recycled as a resource and safely managed until its final disposal outside of Fukushima. The ISF is located around the FDNPP in the towns of Okuma and Futaba in Fukushima Prefecture. Evacuation orders were imposed immediately after the accident but then lifted in 2019 for Okuma and in 2022 for Futaba, but the return rates of the town's former residents have been incredibly low: approximately 3% for Okuma and 2% for Futaba by 2024 [6,7]. It has been clarified in previous studies that the residents had continuous concerns about radiation's health effects on themselves and their children [8]. The selection of high-level radioactive waste geological disposal sites has been viewed as an inequitable burden allocation issue [9]. Such sitting issues are sometimes labelled \"Locally Unwanted Land Usage\" (LULU) [10,11] and \"Not in My Back Yard\" (NIMBY) [12]. However, the government of Japan set up an interim storage facility in the towns of Okuma and Futaba and defined a policy that it will move to other sites in Fukushima by 2045. Although there are complex circumstances regarding ISFs, the investigation has not been conducted with a focus on residents of the ISF area at the time of the FDNPP accident.