## 3 Results and Synthesis
### Microclimate Correlation with Spatial Design  
Incorporating the climatic aspect in the design of outdoor spaces is imperative since it plays a significant role in moderating and mitigating the outdoor microclimate and achieving human thermal comfort, especially in hot arid climates, as in these studied cases [25; 26]. Many factors affect the microclimate of the space [46], most notably the buildings with their different arrangement [47], orientation, and height [48]. It is highly correlated with airflow and urban ventilation of the spaces [49], solar irradiance change [50], temperature ranges [25], and humidity [48].  
This work focuses on the effects of solar radiation as it is the main contributor to elevating the radiant temperature, affecting the human comfort level in outdoor environments [50]. For this, the temperature ranges, solar radiation, and shade were the decisive aspects that were analyzed since they affect human thermal comfort in addition to the other microclimatic variables that support the results and main findings.  
Figure 16a shows that temperature ranges along the day. Arkan Plaza recorded the highest differently than Waterway 1 and Waterway White. At midday, the temperature was recorded at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 35 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C at Arkan, 5A, and Waterway 1 and White, respectively. The temperature change was due to the location; however, 5A recorded the highest temperature record compared to Waterway 1 or Waterway White. The temperature difference was in the morning with the same magnitude of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In this sense, different factors con  
Figure 14: The preferred times for each G.N. according to the respondents.  
Figure 15: Users’ attraction in each G.N. according to the respondents.  
tributed to temperature increase, such as the albedo of the surrounding materials [51]; the intraurban fabric [52]; wind flow [26]; and radiant temperature [53]. In the evening timings, temperature ranges at 5A and Arkan were nearly the same, while the Waterway recorded the lowest at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
The wind flow in the four Nodes is light to calm according to the Beaufort scale [54]. The prevailing wind is nearly the same in all the G.N.s (see Figure 16c). The airflow intensifies midday, reaching its peak and decreasing in the evening. A strong correlation was witnessed between the building's orientation, prevailing wind flow, and temperature ranges [55]. In \"Waterway 1,\" although the building strip is oriented towards the north-south, the wind flow blows, resulting in decreased heat wave patterns. Similar to \"Waterway White,\" the building fronts are clustered and oriented towards the east-west direction, where the outdoor terraces are exposed to breeze wind. This setting initiates a comfortable setup; however, radiation is high. In contrast, \"Arkan's\" building orientation and height permit the airflow to reach the inner space (see the case choice section).  
Figure 16: Temporal metrological data for the 4 G.N.s: (**a**) all-day temperature ranges; (**b**) relative humidity ranges; (**c**) wind flow and prevailing wind.  
For the landscape design, it is worth mentioning that the architect suggested different types and sizes of plants as he aimed to enhance and improve the microclimate between buildings in the project. Nevertheless, during the project's execution, due to conflicts and logistics, the original plan is not implemented. Nevertheless, we focused on spatial design and building arrangement.