## 5 Medicinal Plants and Obesity
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Plant** & **Plant Family** & **Key Point** & **References** \\ \hline _Nigella sativa_ L. (Fennel flower) & Ranunculaceae & It shows a moderate impact on reduction in body mass index and body weight. & [172] \\ \hline _Oroxylum indicium_ [PERSON] [PERSON] (Kyaung shar) & Bignoniaaceae & Oroxylin A, chrysin and baicalein were suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 & [173] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Oroxylum indicium_ [PERSON] [PERSON] (Kyaung shar)} & Oroxylin A and chrysin also suppressed PPARy and C/EBP\(\alpha\), main adipogenic transcription factors, in 3T3L-1 & [173] \\  & & preadipocytes during adipogenesis process at 50 \(\mu\)M dose. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Passiflora edulis_ Sims (Passition fruit)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Passifloraceae} & _Passiflora edulis_ peel flour could be considered as an adjuvant to control of early parameters in obesity dysfunction. & [174] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Its stem extract enhanced serum lipid profile of the animals, lessened & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & atherogenic indices, liver steatosis, & [175] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & epididymal fat, and & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & pro-inflammatory cytokines. & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Pipper nigrum_ L. (Black pepper)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Piperaceae} & Piperine was separated from methanolic extract of _Pipper nigrum_ seeds, which may have suppressed role in body weight, increase insulin and leptin sensitivity, ultimately leading to balance obesity. & [176] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & It has been known as a culturally adapted therapeutic approach for the treatment and care of diabetes and obesity. & [177] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Pgidium guajava_ L. (Common guava)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Mytaceae} & Guava leaves promoted the vascular dysfunction in obese mice, and its application may have a positive effect on metabolic functions in obese mice. & [178] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & It is generally regarded that Saptrangi & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & _Salacia chinensis_-loaded gold & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & nanoparticles ameliorate body weight, adipose index, resistin, inflammatory markers and AMPK\(\alpha\)l, liver marker enzymes, leptin, and lipid profile. & [179] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Salvia hispanica_ L. (Chia)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Lamiaceae} & Chia oil increased glucose metabolism and it has revealed potential to protect against the development of obesity-related diseases. & [180] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & Common age provides novel natural treatments for the relief or cure of obesity. & [181] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & _Smilax china_ L. polyphenols may be applied as a potential candidate to prevent obesity. & [182] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & _Smilax glabra_ rhizome may change the anti-obesity constraints in high-fat diet and obese diabetes in animal models. & [183] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{_Solenostemma argel_ [PERSON]} & \multirow{4}{*}{Apocynaceae} & Argel is a promising Egyptian natural substitute, as it is rich in pregnane glycosides. & [184] \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \cline{3-3}  & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. Two famous traditional Chinese medicines, namely _Rheum palmatum_ L. (Chinese rhubarb) (Polygonaceae), and _Prunella vulgaris_ L. (the common self-heal) (Labiatae) are rich sources of anti-lipase compounds which can be considered as natural sources for crude anti-obesity drugs [191]. Consumption of bitter almond gum may decrease body mass index and body weight, alleviate hyperinsulinemia in hyper lipidemic subjects, reduce serum triglycerides, and can be applied for the management of body weight in fruit juices [192]. Saponins are the best candidate as appetite suppressants and pancreatic lipase, and may manage fatthier liver formation and body weight [193].