# Advances, Progress, and Future Directions of Renewable Wind Energy in Brazil (2000-2025-2050)
### Road to an Energy Matrix of Carbon Neutrality  
Brazil's energy matrix is one of the cleanest and most renewable in the world, thanks to its heavy reliance on sources such as hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and, more recently, solar [18]. However, in the global context of the climate emergency and the need to achieve carbon neutrality, Brazil faces unique challenges and opportunities to consolidate its leadership in the sustainable energy transition. Currently, approximately 80% of Brazil's primary energy comes from renewable sources, a figure well above the global average of around 14% [5]. Hydroelectric power is the backbone of the Brazilian electricity system, representing more than 51% of installed capacity [19] (Figure 2). However, reliance on hydroelectric power also poses risks due to the effects of climate change, especially during periods of drought, which has led to an increase in the use of natural gas and coal-fired thermoelectric plants, sources that emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) [20]. On the other hand, Brazil has made significant progress in incorporating wind and solar energy, which together represent more than 20% of the electricity mix [19] (Figure 2). These sources have grown rapidly in the last decade, thanks to their economic competitiveness and the country's natural potential, especially in regions like Northeast Brazil, where wind and solar radiation are abundant. Furthermore, biomass, primarily derived from sugarcane, plays a crucial role in energy generation and emissions reduction, as it is a renewable and sustainable source [21]. Figure 1: Top ten world ranking onshore wind energy installed capacity. To achieve carbon neutrality, Brazil must address several challenges. First, reducing dependence on fossil fuels is essential, especially in the transportation sector, which still relies heavily on diesel and gasoline. Electrifying the vehicle fleet and promoting advanced biofuels, such as second-generation ethanol, are key measures. Furthermore, it is necessary to strengthen energy efficiency policies and promote the adoption of clean technologies in industry and the residential sector [7,8,18]. Another critical aspect is the conservation of Brazil's biomes, especially the Amazon, which is vital in carbon capture and regulating the global climate. Deforestation and land-use changes are the main sources of GHG emissions in Brazil, so controlling them is essential for the country to achieve its climate goals [22,23]. In short, Brazil has a unique energy matrix, with a high renewable component that positions it favorably in the race toward carbon neutrality. However, to consolidate this leadership, the country must overcome challenges such as reducing dependence on fossil fuels, expanding wind and solar energy, and protecting its natural ecosystems. With appropriate public policies, investments in innovation, and a firm commitment to sustainability, Brazil can become a global model for a fair and efficient energy transition. Thus, the future of onshore and offshore wind energy is promising, given the country's enormous wind potential and the political will to realize numerous investment projects. Brazil has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing wind energy markets, leveraging exceptional natural resources and strategic investments. Unlike many countries, Brazil benefits from the following:  
* High Capacity Factors: Brazil's onshore wind farms average a capacity factor of 45-50%, surpassing the global average (-35%) and rivaling offshore wind hubs like the UK (40-50%). Regions like the Northeast boost peaks of 60%, among the highest onshore rates worldwide. * Complementary Hydropower Integration: Unlike wind-dependent nations (e.g., Germany, USA), Brazil integrates wind with hydropower, using reservoirs as \"natural batteries\" to balance intermittency--a model few countries can replicate. * Competitive Costs: Brazil's wind energy auctions routinely secure prices below $30/MWh, cheaper than the US ($40-$50/MWh) and European markets ($50-$80/MWh).