## 3 Results and Discussion
### Multivariate Data Analysis
#### 3.2.1 Comparisons Between Groups A and B
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Feature** \\ **Selection Mode** \\ \end{tabular} & **Feature Subsets** & **AUC** & **Accuracy** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **Specificity** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{**Dataset**} & Full dataset & All 9 laboratory biomarkers & 0.396 & 0.350 & 0.350 & 0.350 & 0.350 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, lymphocytes, neutrophils, creatinine, platelets, D-dimers & 0.401 & 0.450 & 0.449 & 0.450 & 0.450 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, lymphocytes, neutrophils, creatinine, platelets & 0.414 & 0.400 & 0.399 & 0.400 & 0.400 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, lymphocytes, neutrophils, creatinine & 0.511 & 0.475 & 0.475 & 0.475 & 0.475 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, lymphocytes, neutrophils & 0.561 & 0.475 & 0.475 & 0.475 & 0.475 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, lymphocytes & 0.628 & 0.500 & 0.500 & 0.500 & 0.500 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP & **0.647** & 0.525 & 0.525 & 0.525 & 0.525 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs & 0.565 & **0.575** & **0.580** & **0.575** & **0.575** \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH & 0.419 & 0.525 & 0.528 & 0.525 & 0.525 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LRP & 0.624 & 0.675 & 0.699 & 0.675 & 0.675 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & RBC & 0.708 & 0.650 & 0.665 & 0.650 & 0.650 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & CRP, RBCs & 0.744 & 0.575 & 0.577 & 0.575 & 0.575 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{**Dataset**} & Full dataset & All 34 features & 0.535 & 0.550 & 0.551 & 0.550 & 0.550 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10, CCl3, CXCL,11, IL-7, HGF, IL-15 & 0.879 & 0.800 & 0.800 & 0.800 & 0.800 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10, CCl3, CXCL,11, IL-7 & **0.891** & **0.850** & **0.850** & **0.850** & **0.850** \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10, CCl3, CXCL,11, IL-7 & 0.851 & 0.750 & 0.750 & 0.750 & 0.750 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10, CCl3 & 0.827 & 0.700 & 0.700 & 0.700 & 0.700 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10, CCl3 & 0.800 & 0.725 & 0.726 & 0.725 & 0.725 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN, CXCL,10 & 0.764 & 0.650 & 0.652 & 0.650 & 0.650 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP, IL-1 RN & 0.652 & 0.550 & 0.551 & 0.550 & 0.550 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs, CRP & 0.647 & 0.525 & 0.525 & 0.525 & 0.525 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH, RBCs & 0.565 & 0.575 & 0.580 & 0.575 & 0.575 \\ \cline{2-8}  & & LDH & 0.419 & 0.525 & 0.528 & 0.525 & 0.525 \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{**Dataset**} & Univariate & \multirow{9}{*}{IL-1 RN, RBCs, CRP} & \multirow{9}{*}{0.730} & \multirow{9}{*}{0.700} & \multirow{9}{*}{0.700} & \multirow{9}{*}{0.700} & \multirow{9}{*}{0.700} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-4}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Friedman Test** & **Overall \(p\)-Values** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(p\)**-Values Adjusted by the Bonferroni Correction for Multiple Tests**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & **from the** & **Cytokines vs.** & **Cytokines vs.** & **Routine Blood Analyses** \\
**Features** & **Friedman Test** & **Analyses** & **Hybrid Data** & **vs. Hybrid Data** \\ \hline Full datasets & 0.368 & 0.472 & 0.999 & 0.999 \\ \hline Subsets achieved by the information & **0.001** & **0.007** & 0.999 & **0.003** \\ gain algorithm & \multicolumn{3}{c}{ Statistically significant results at a 5\% significance level are highlighted in bold.} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparisons between prediction models for disease severity (Group A vs. Group B). gender, age, obesity, time from symptom onset to hospital admission, blood oxygen saturation, CRP, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and LDH results at hospital admission [55]. Other researchers developed a risk score known as Ventilation in COVID Estimator (VICE), which integrates key variables--diabetes, CRP, LDH and the ratio between the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and the fraction of inspiratory oxygen concentration.