# Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review
## 3 Results
### Educational Buildings
#### 3.4.4 Comparison between Different Types of Indoor Environments  
A high number of studies did not focus on a single type of indoor environment, but investigated the exposure in a high number of different public and private places. These studies usually involves large number of measurements, both spot and personal, involving adults and children and considering different aspects of the exposure, such the temporal variability of the differences among different countries. Only in some cases the RF-EMF exposure values for specific environment were reported in details. In the study by [PERSON] et al. [70] the authors assessed and compared spatial and temporal RF exposure in different indoor microenvironments (schools, nurseries, offices and homes) in Belgium and Greece. At every location, broadband and narrowband measurements were performed in two rooms. The broadband and narrowband measurements were performed during daytime on weekdays, while the temporal measurements lasted for a whole week. While mobile telecommunications were most present in all indoor microenvironments together with radio broadcasting (FM), the highest average exposures were found in office environments (1.1 V/m in Belgium and 0.7 V/m in Greece, equal to 4% and 2.6% of the ICNIRP reference level) and lowest in homes (0.3 V/m in Belgium and 0.4 V/m in Greece equal to 1.1% and 1.4% of the ICNIRP reference level), mainly due to mobile telecommunications. The highest electric-field values were obtained in urban environments and lowest in rural environments. Concerning the temporal measurements, the time-evolution of the total signal over 24 h was mainly due to variations of mobile telecommunication signals in all indoor microenvironments. In offices, the time evolution of the total signal was influenced also by TV signals. [PERSON] et al. [71] used personal exposimeters for 24 h to assess the levels of exposure in elementary schools, kindergartens, day nurseries, and, as control cases, in offices. As a first finding, most of the recorded data were below the detection limit of the measurement tool, equal to 0.05 V/m. The authors reported that children exposures were comparable to the worktime exposure of adults. Electric-field values due to WiFi 2G were found to be higher in kindergartens than in schools. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [72] assessed the exposure levels in different microenvironments (offices, bedrooms, living rooms, schools) in Greece by personal dosimeters. The measurements took three days in 40 different locations selected, both in the urban and suburban area of Thessaloniki. Mean exposure levels in the mobile downlink frequency bands were found to be equal to 0.256 V/m, 0.259 V/m and 0.131 V/m, for GSM, DCS and UMTS, respectively, while maximum values were found equal to 0.38 V/m, 0.3 V/m and 0.28 V/m, for GSM, DCS and UMTS, respectively. Results showed that signals from mobile base stations were dominant in workplaces and schools, whereas wireless phones and computer networks were most influential in home environments. In [73] the exposure to RF-EMF was assessed in schools, homes, public places located in urban environments and offices by performing spatial broadband and narrowband measurements, providing 6-min averaged electric-field strengths. 94% of the broadband measurements were below 1 V/m (3.5% of the lowest ICNIRP reference level for the considered frequency band), while the highest value was measured in offices and was 3.5 V/m (12.5% of the lowest ICNIRP reference level for the considered frequency band). Lowest fields were measured in homes and the highest percentage of measurements below 0.20 V/m (sensitivity of probe) occurred in homes, namely 67%. For the schools, 92% of the measurements were below 1 V/m and 56% were lower than the sensitivity level of the broadband probe (0.2 V/m).