## 4 Discussion
The extracts inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria _Enterococcus faecalis_, _Bacillus subtilis_, _S. aureus_ ATCC 25923, and methicillin-resistant clinical staphylococcal isolates. The studies of [PERSON] et al. [48] showed that rose hip extracts demonstrate selective antimicrobial activity. The mean zone of inhibition of growth (including the diameter of the disc (6 mm)) of _S. aureus_ ATCC 25923 bacteria was in the range of 9-15 mm in the case of whole extracts and in the range of 11-18 mm in the case of pericarp extracts (with the addition of 20 \(\mu\)L of extract per filter paper disc). [PERSON] et al. [21] studied the antibacterial properties of extracts made from the _Rosa rugosa_ pseudo-fruit. For this purpose, they prepared various types of extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, supercritical, and enzymatic). The aqueous extracts showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as _Bacillus cereus_ or _S. epidermidis_ and against gram-negative species (_Escherichia coli_). Interestingly, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested aqueous extracts for _S. aureus_ was over 128 mg/mL. Ethanol extracts strongly inhibited the growth of _Bacillus subtilis_ bacteria, but only at a concentration of 32 mg/mL did they limit the growth of _S. epidermidis_ (the MIC for the aqueous extracts was 16 mg/mL). [PERSON] et al. [21] did not determine the concentration of the _Rosa rugosa_ ethanol extracts, which would have a bacteriostatic effect on staphylococci (the MBC exceeded the range of tested concentrations at 128 mg/mL). In contrast, the MIC of the enzymatic and supercritical extracts for _S. aureus_ ATCC 25923 was 64 mg/mL. In the research conducted by the authors of the present work, two different solvents were used to extract polyphenols from rose pomace: ethanol and acetone. The highest concentration of polyphenols used was 2.5 mg/mL. Thus, it was the concentration in the case of ethanol extracts that turned out to be insufficient for limiting the growth of only one of the tested strains (_S. epidermidis_ R1A). It should be noted, however, that the concentration of polyphenols of 2.5 mg/mL corresponded to the concentration of the ethanol extractsat the level of 8-30 mg/mL (depending on the degree of purification). Thus, the result obtained by the authors of the study is comparable to the anti-st staphylococcal properties of rose extracts determined by [PERSON] et al. [21]. In the analyses by [PERSON] et al. [50], the effect of plant extracts on the growth of microorganisms was also investigated. One of the extracts was made from damask rose. The influence of the extract on the growth of the gram-positive bacteria _S. aureus_ was analyzed. The ethanol extract of damask rose showed stronger bactericidal activity against staphylococci than the other extracts tested: lemon balm, mint, and marshallow (MIC: 0.395-0.780 mg/mL). It should also be noted that rose extracts sometimes show stronger bactericidal properties compared with extracts prepared from other plants. The results obtained by [PERSON] et al. [51] showed that extracts (prepared with methanol and ethyl acetate) obtained from various parts of _Rosa indica_ (leaves, stem, and flowers) also showed bactericidal activity against microorganisms considered pathogenic. All methanol extracts showed anti-staphylococcal properties against _S. aureus_. The greatest zone of inhibition of growth was recorded after the application of methanolic extract from flowers and stems (16-17 mm). The leaf extracts showed a lower antagonistic property: a growth inhibition diameter of 13 mm. Thus, the MIC of each of the _Rosa indica_ extracts was 4.5 mg/mL. It is worth mentioning that the method of extracting polyphenols has a decisive influence on the antagonistic properties of _Rosa_ spp. fruit extracts. Two solvents were used in this research: ethanol and acetone.