## 4 Power Converter Topologies
### AC Grid Stage (AC-DC Converters)

Table 2: _Cont._One-phase one-stage isolated bidirectional inverter with output low pass filter (LPF) (Figure 7c);  
Full-bridge (FB) bidirectional inverter with leakage current reduction (Figure 7d);  
Three-phase full-bridge (FB) bidirectional inverter (Figure 7e);  
Three-level three-phase diode neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter (Figure 7f);  
Three-phase bridgeless boost inverter (Figure 7g);  
Three-phase Vienna rectifier (Figure 7h). Table 3 presents a comparison of the main characteristics of the aforementioned bidirectional AC-DC converters topologies used in the rectifier/inverter stage on a PV/grid-tied EV charging system. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Inverter** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Advantages**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Disadvantages**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Applications**} \\ \cline{5-6}  & **Topologies** & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{11}{*}{[13, 18, 28, 38, 44, 45, 46, 61, 65]} & One-Phase FB & \multirow{4}{*}{Two switches are employed to obtain double boost conversion at the DC bus} & \multirow{4}{*}{The voltage at the DC bus is almost matched by the peak-to-peak voltage of the AC source} & \multirow{4}{*}{The DC bus possess harmonic currents at double the grid frequency during which the switches endure high voltage creates a voltage-to-peak voltage of the AC source. & \multirow{4}{*}{Low power microgrid battery interface} & \multirow{4}{*}{Low power density} \\  & Bidirectional boost & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & Inverter & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{11}{*}{[13, 17, 18, 38, 44, 45, 46, 61]} & One-Phase VSI FB & \multirow{4}{*}{Less voltage stress on the switches then in the 1-phase HB inverter} & \multirow{4}{*}{DC-side leakage current} & \multirow{4}{*}{Medium power microgrid battery interface} \\  & Bidirectional boost & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & Inverter & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{11}{*}{[13, 63]} & One-Stage Isolated & \multirow{4}{*}{It produces an output voltage of Bidirectional boost inverter} & \multirow{4}{*}{It is more expensive and robust} & \multirow{4}{*}{It is more expensive and robust} & \multirow{4}{*}{Low output power supply High electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)} \\  & Bidirectional boost & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & Inverter with & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & Output LPF & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \cline{5-6}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of bidirectional AC-DC inverter topologies. Figure 7: Schematic diagram of bidirectional AC-DC inverter topologies. (**a**) one-phase half-bridge (HB) bidirectional boost inverter; (**b**) one-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) full-bridge (FB) bidirectional boost inverter; (**c**) one-phase one-stage isolated bidirectional inverter with output low pass filter (LPF); (**d**) FB bidirectional inverter with leakage current reduction; (**e**) three-phase FB bidirectional inverter; (**f**) three-level three-phase diode neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter; (**g**) three-phase bridgeless boost inverter; (**h**) three-phase Vienna rectifier [13, 34, 46, 47, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64].