## 1 Introduction  
In October 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) commenced its operations and started progress toward the landing of a human on the moon in the 1960s through a project called Apollo, which involved astronauts orbiting the moon and landing on its surface between 1968 and 1972 [1]. When [PERSON] and [PERSON], the Apollo 11 astronauts, took their lunar walk on 20 July 1969, it became one of the most significant events in the history of the world [2, 3, 4]. In the year 2004, President [PERSON] entrusted NASA with the responsibility of overseeing space exploration efforts and being in control of the following: 1. The return of humans to the moon. 2. The development of advanced knowledge, technologies, and infrastructures. 3. Enabling human presence across the solar system. 4. Encouraging the participation of international and commercial organizations in this project. 5. Initiating missions involving humans and robotics to the moon [5; 6]. NASA conducted comprehensive architecture studies to shape lunar mission strategies. The Lunar Architecture Team had two phases of research in 2006-2007 to outline lunar surface systems and infrastructure plans. Simultaneously, NASA's Science Mission Directorate initiated a lunar science robotic mission strategy. The inaugural undertaking involved a compact orbiter focused on atmospheric and dust science, scheduled for a 2011 launch. Subsequent missions aimed to deploy mini-landers for geophysical studies, with the initial pair planned for a 2014 launch [7]. Afterward, America started on a groundbreaking journey in space exploration, science, and technology, poised to delve deeper into the moon's mysteries than ever. This ambitious endeavor is known as the Artemis program, named after Greek god [PERSON]'s twin sister, the moon goddess. Launched in 2017, Artemis entails a series of continuous lunar missions under NASA's guidance, aiming to comprehensively uncover the moon's secrets through a combination of scientific inquiry and human exploration objectives [8; 9; 10]. China launched the Chang'e-5 (CE-5) lunar exploration mission in 2020. The Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar (LRPR) is a high-resolution imaging radar installed on the CE-5 lander to probe the lunar regolith's thickness and fine structure in the landing region. The radar's purpose Is to investigate the electromagnetic properties, mineral content, structure, creation, and development of the lunar regolith. Characterizing the lunar regolith with the LRPR can aid drilling and sampling operations [11; 12]. Very recently India achieved a monumental feat by executing a historic landing at the lunar south pole as part of the Chandrayaan-3 mission [13]. The Vikram lander touched down on the moon with the primary objective of locating water-based ice, crucial for future human habitation and interplanetary missions. Equipped with five scientific instruments, it aims to analyze the lunar surface, atmosphere, and subsurface tectonic activity. There is also a burgeoning interest in lunar communication systems to facilitate data transfer among lunar assets and establish reliable communication with Earth stations [14]. Among these, the most recent endeavor is the Eminates Lunar Mission (ELM), an initiative spearheaded by the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) [15]. This ambitious project aims to conceive and actualize the UAE's inaugural robotic lunar mission, with the Rashid rover playing a pivotal role in this groundbreaking venture. The Rashid rover was launched in December 2022 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, marking a historic moment in the UAE's space exploration journey. Regrettably, during its landing, the lander could not achieve a soft landing, consequently preventing it from carrying out its intended operations. Nevertheless, the Rashid rover is part of a series of rovers that MBRSC plans to send for exploration on the moon and other celestial bodies in the future.