# The Development of Key Technologies in Applications of Vessels Connected to the Internet
## 2 Internet of Vessels Architecture
### The Classification of the IoV  
At present, there is no clear classification for the IoV. [PERSON] [1] classified the IoV on the basis of the geography and shipping purpose which is shown in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: The structure of the IoV.  
The RIS system is a combination of various information systems such as the ship declaration information system IBIS/GINA (Belgium), the regional and transnational shipping information system BICS (The Netherland), the inland waterway shipping information network system VNF2000 (France) and the cargo declaration information system MIB/MOVES (Germany). After years of development in the European region, the RIS system has obtained a series of completed system architectures [7,8]. The architecture of the RIS system is shown in Figure 3[9,10]. The RIS system aims at building a cross-regional, cross-system, cross-governmental system with integrated resources. The RIS unifies the technical and legal standards, and realizes the collaboration and normalization of the inland ship service. Covering all the key logistics elements of inland transportation, the RIS which serves the modern shipping logistics industry and supports multimodal transportation is a milestone in the development of building the inland waterway information system in Europe [11]. The success of the RIS system provides valuable experience for the Internet of Vessels construction.  
Similarly, [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] [13] proposed the overall architecture of the IoV on the technology level to meet the three major characteristics of the IoT, which were instrumented, interconnected and intelligent. [PERSON] [12] presented a novel and comprehensive architecture of the IoV system for future reference. The overall architecture of the IoV proposed by [PERSON] [12] is shown in Figure 4, which contains a standard specification guarantee system and an information security assurance system with four layers of perception, network, application and exhibition.  
For the perception layer in Figure 4, based on the state intelligence of the shipping infrastructure and ship operating environment as well as the ship visual detection and identification technology, the  
Figure 3: The architectures of the RIS system.  
Figure 2: The classification of the IoV based on the geography and ship’s purpose.  
perception layer technology system takes advantage of the shore-based sensors and shipborne sensors including radar, RFID, AIS, GPS and CCTV to construct the technical architecture model of the target in different scenarios. The networks layer is the basic platform to realize the information exchange of the IoV system. According to the multi-network fusion technology [14; 15; 16], it aims at high data transmission reliability and high-security to guarantee the perceptive data connection is smooth and successful. Based on the networks layer, the data resource layer is in charge of data collection, saving and management from the perception layer. At the same time, it is the foundation of the information service for the application layer. The application layer is the core of the IoV system. In this layer, various application systems are developed to call resources from the data resource layer to analyze, calculate and process. As a result, the applications are used to meet the demands of various customers. The exhibition layer is the service window with which the IoV system communicates with customers directly. In the exhibition layer, the IoV system provides a virtual service platform for customers according to mobiles, radios, websites, VHF, AIS, intelligent terminals and so on. It satisfies both the requirement of the releasing information service and the access function from the outside information providers, which is quite useful for improving the service level of maritime transportation.  
More details will be described in the components of each layer in Figure 4.  
Figure 4: The overall architecture of IoV.