# Effect of MXene Nanosheet Sticking on Supercapacitor Device Performance
## 3 Factors Influencing Sticking in MXene Electrodes
### Electrode Processing Techniques
#### 3.3.4 Deposition Techniques  
Another widely employed technique involves the use of additive manufacturing or 3D printing for electrode fabrication. The versatility of additive manufacturing offers precise control over the electrode architecture and porosity, providing avenues for tailoring MXene-based electrode designs to meet specific performance requirements. By modulating the printing parameters and material compositions, researchers can optimize the porosity and interconnectivity of the electrode network, thereby influencing the ion transport kinetics and electrolyte accessibility within the electrode structure.  
Electrodes made from 3D printing with nanocarbon that has undergone surface modification using Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\) have been demonstrated. This modification occurred through electrochemically activating the 3D-printed nanocarbon electrodes (3 DnCE) material and then functionalizing it with Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\). Testing showed that Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)@3 DnCEs outperformed bare 3 DnCEs in terms of electrochemical capacitance (Figure 12). The MXene material's capability to undergo diffusion-controlled redox processes alongside surface capacitive processes, as well as improved graphene interconnection facilitated by the MXene material, were proven [66].  
Vacuum filtration stands as a notable electrode processing method for MXene-based electrodes. This technique involves the filtration of a well-dispersed MXene suspension through a porous membrane, resulting in the formation of a compact and densely packedMXene film on the membrane surface. The filtration process governs the film thickness, porosity, and inter-particle interactions, crucial parameters that influence the electrochemical performance of the resulting electrode. Controlling the filtration parameters can enable the customization of the film morphology and microstructure, thereby tailoring the electrode's transport properties and electrochemical performance. The filtration process has been utilized in [67], as is shown in Figure 13. A filter membrane is utilized to obtain a filter \"cake\" from the MXene dispersion. This filter \"cake\" was subsequently rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and then freeze-dried to produce a 3D macroporous MXene film with plentiful interlayers (as depicted in Figure 13a). The rapid freezing process triggers significant expansion of the interlayers within the MXene films due to the rapid growth of ice crystals (Figure 13b). This 3D macroporous MXene film demonstrates outstanding specific capacitance and rate capability. Furthermore, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled from this material retains 87% capacitance after 4000 cycles (Figure 13c).  
Electrodeposition has emerged as an effective technique for the fabrication of MXene-based electrodes. By employing electrodeposition, researchers can directly grow MXene coatings onto conductive substrates, imparting precise control over the film thickness and porosity. The ability to modulate deposition parameters such as voltage, current density, and deposition time allows for the fine-tuning of the electrode morphology and electrochemical properties. This technique offers the advantage of producing dense and adherent MXene coatings with enhanced interfacial contact, contributing to improved charge storage and transport characteristics within the electrode [68].  
Figure 11: (**a**) Schematic illustration of the process for preparation of PVA/MXene film by solution casting, (**b**) SEM image of the fracture surfaces of MXene/PVA, (**c**) preparation route of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)/TPU composites, (**d**) fabrication route of Ti\({}_{3}\)C\({}_{2}\)Tx@PS nanocomposites, (**e**) cross-section SEM image of the fractured surfaces for PU/MXene composites, (**f**) illustration of the preparation process of f-Ti\({}_{2}\)CT\({}_{x}\)/PVA composite foam and film [65]. Reprinted from [PERSON] et al., Adv. Funct. Mat., copyright (2017), John Wiley and Sons.