esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The use of nuclear magnetic resonance, optical coherence tomography and other cutting-edge techniques to monitor biofilms creates the need to have reproducible biofilm protocols with BSL-1 bacteria. These facilities are often placed in laboratories where the biocontainment precautions are limited to BLS-1, for its safe, inexpensive and easy-to-keep maintenance. Additionally, _S. epidermidis_, which was used to validate the experimental method, is categorised as BSL-1. Moreover, the choice for this strain was based on the importance of the _Staphylococcus_ genus for several fields. _Staphylococcus_ spp. biofilms are extensively investigated in order to better understand the process of biofilm adhesion to surfaces by means of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) in the context of infections at hospitals, public places and homes, and wastewater treatment plants [24; 25; 26]. The decision to develop highly reproducible biofilms on flat surfaces (without walls) was made with a variety of applications in mind. Studies that deal with the development of anti-biofilm coatings, sandwich structure coatings, photocatalytic surfaces or plasma grafting of surface for antibacterial applications need protocols to develop biofilms on surfaces with a large area, to test the functionality of the high-tech surfaces [40; 41]. Moreover, in vitro applications such as the investigation of anti-biofilm strategies by employing novel technologies, e.g., plasma technology, light and ultrasound treatments are recommended to be performed on such flat surfaces to check the uniformity of the treatment [42]. The use of a wide area on which the biofilms are grown will aid to study the inactivation mechanisms after the treatment, facilitating the visualization and observation of the impact of the technology. One of the main problems that microbiologists face in biofilm research is the lack of reproducibility in terms of the biomass and population density within biofilms. Distinct procedures for growing biofilms result in considerable differences, but even when using the same procedure, significant variation can exist between the biofilms that are formed. In this work, a new method to grow biofilms on a flat surface and defined area was developed. The standard method does not require sophisticated systems for biofilm growth, making it easy to be reproduced in every laboratory. Moreover, it mimics the contamination of surfaces within industries and healthcare settings. An optimal area, nutrient concentration and level of inoculum density for growing a strongly attached biofilm on a defined area (within 24 h) were found. Additionally, the investigation of the morphological features of 24-h-grown biofilms, following the selected conditions, was performed by CLSM.
## 3 Artificial Intelligence as Enabler for Adoption of Nuclear Maritime Ships
### Digital Twins for Nuclear-Powered Maritime Vessel Operations
Of particular interest is the integration of digital twins with artificial intelligence, which will pave the way for developing advanced algorithms and methodologies for the operation of nuclear-powered ships. Digital twins can serve as a testbed for refining predictive maintenance algorithms, enhancing their effectiveness and reliability, as discussed in Section 3.1. One of the key advancements AI can bring to digital twins is the development of autonomous training systems for nuclear reactor operators. Nuclear-powered ships must recruit and retain onboard nuclear reactor operators and engineers who require continuous,high-frequency training to maintain situational awareness and sharpen their skills. However, training poses a significant challenge due to the physical constraints of nuclear ships, which operate in aquatic environments and may remain at sea for months without docking. Digital twins, enhanced with advanced AI algorithms, offer a solution by enabling onboard intelligent training simulators. This training can be further improved through the adoption of explainable AI (XAI) methods, which not only provide an interactive training interface but also generate detailed assessment reports on trainee performance. Moreover, XAI systems can offer comprehensive explanations of the nuclear system's behavior in response to trainee actions, helping operators understand the consequences of their inputs. These explanations, derived from digital twins equipped with precise system models, historical and simulated data, and machine learning methods, enhance learning and operational readiness, as illustrated in Figure 3.  
Notably, training systems like the one shown in Figure 3 offer several advantages, including modularity, as they are implemented through software modules, making upgrades seamless. Additionally, when new systems are installed on board, the corresponding software modules can be integrated into the digital twin core, ensuring continuous adaptability [74]. Another advantage of digital twin training is that it can be provided remotely before the human operator joins the ship in relevant facilities and conducts operations beforehand through a combination of digital twin and virtual reality technologies. Furthermore, the use of explainable AI (XAI) eliminates the need for a human instructor, as trainees receive real-time feedback and detailed explanations when incorrect actions are taken [75]. Lastly, XAI systems can continuously learn from their interactions with trainees, enabling them to refine and personalize training sessions without requiring human input [76].
# The Strain Heterogeneity and Microstructural Shear Bands in AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
###### Abstract
Currently, the literature is scarce in regard to elucidating the intricate correlation between macroscopic shear bands and microscopic deformation mechanisms in magnesium alloys subjected to external forces. [PERSON] et al. studied the formation mechanisms of shear bands during a double-pass high-strain-rate rolling with gradient cooling from 370 to 340 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which was related to the high-density intersected twin lamellae, boundaries of the initial coarse grains, and the extensive dynamic recrystallization, respectively [21]. The precise relationship between these macroscopic and microscopic deformation features in magnesium alloys remains elusive. Nevertheless, unraveling the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of magnesium alloys under such conditions holds paramount scientific significance. Therefore, the relationship between macroscopic properties and microscopic deformation in magnesium alloys is revealed through experiments in this paper. Firstly, the mechanical properties of magnesium alloys were analyzed via a uniaxial tensile test combined with the DIC technique. The results showed that the strain in magnesium alloys was not uniform, and dense and dispersed shear bands were produced. Then, an in situ tensile test combined with the EBSD technique was used to analyze the microscopic deformation in the shear zone. Finally, by establishing a correlation between the observed microscopic deformations and the localized strain structures, we comprehensively analyzed the mechanical behavior of the AZ31B magnesium alloy, thereby shedding light on the underlying mechanisms governing its deformation heterogeneity.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation of Structure and rReflectance of SiNWs on Si Wafers
Hence, the SiNW length depended on the diffusion of the etching solution. Since the MAE reaction is complicated, a slight difference in wire length may occur depending on the experimental environment. These results reveal that the SiNW array length can be reasonably controlled by varying the etching time. However, to obtain a SiNW of arbitrary length, each laboratory should conduct its own preliminary experiments. To confirm the light-confinement effect of SiNWs, the reflectance of SiNW arrays of different lengths was measured, as shown in Figure 5B. Compared with the reflectance of a bare Si wafer, the optical reflectance of all of the SiNW arrays, for wavelengths \(<\)1000 nm, was reduced because of a decrease in the effective refractive index of the SiNW layer and light scattering of the SiNWs. With shorter SiNWs (0.12-7.5 \(\upmu\)m), the reflectance decreased to 5-25% compared with 35% for the bare Si wafer in the wavelength range from 600 nm to 1000 nm. Additionally, when the lengths of SiNWs were less than the wavelength of light, the refractive index of the SiNW array could be considered as a middle refractive index layer between the Si and air. Therefore, the reflectance was reduced because the effective refractive index of the SiNW layer decreased. However, the optical reflectance from SiNWs longer than 1.4 \(\upmu\)m decreased drastically. In particular, for 7.5 \(\upmu\)m-long SiNWs, the optical reflectance below 1000 nm decreased to less than 1%. These results indicate that the SiNW array structures exhibit antireflection rather than light-confinement effects.
## 3 Concept of an Automaton for Data Validation  
This section describes our concept to build automatons to handle stream data validation tasks in (I)IoT environments. The formal representation of our automaton is a tuple \(A=(Q,\Sigma,\delta,Q_{0},F)\) where:  
* \(Q\) is a finite set, called the states of our automaton. In our case, an element of \(Q\) is a tuple \(Q=(q,E)\) where \(q\) is the actual name of the state and \(E\) is a list of all current elements that are in the state. Each element of \(E\) is in turn a triple \(e=(id,r(id),t)\), where \(id\) represents a unique identifier, \(r(id)\) is the position of arrival, and \(t\) is a process-specific timer.
* \(\Sigma\) is the alphabet. A word of the alphabet consists of messages (\(m\)), timer expirations (\(ex\)), overtaking (\(o\)), and category 3 and 4 checks (\(cat_{3}\) and \(cat_{4}\)).
* \(\delta\) is a function \(Q\times\Sigma\to Q\) (transition function).
* \(Q_{0}\) represents a finite set (\(Q_{0}\subseteq Q\)), called the initial states.
* \(F\) is a finite set with \(F\subseteq Q\), which holds the accepting states.  
We call our concept _AutomatonCC_. In the following, we give deeper insights into each element of the automaton and explain our concept step by step, building up an example automation. Therefore, we use the process described in Figure 2. Our process consists of the three steps S, M, and T, which are aligned linearly.
## 2 Applications in Chemistry
### Metal-Catalyzed Miscellaneous Reactions
Halogen (I, Br) or pseudohalide (N\({}_{3}\), OTs) derivatives **1** and certain electron-deficient olefins **57** such as methyl vinyl ketone, butyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile were used as substrates and the reactions were conducted in an undivided cell fitted with a nickel grid as the cathode and an iron rod as the anode. The first step of the reaction was a short pre-electrolysis process at room temperature; after 15 min, the starting materials and NiBr2 3H2O were added to the system for the electrolysis at 76 \({}^{\circ}\)C under a constant 0.2 A current, until full consumption of the GC. The regioselective conjugate addition was effective and provided the new carbonates in good yields. This sacrificial anode-based electroreductive process is compatible with the presence of the carbonate function. A comparison of product yields using DMF or propylene carbonate (PC) as a green solvent gave good results in both cases. Figure 32: Conjugate addition reactions of activated glycerol 1,2-carbonate derivatives **1** onto electron-deficient olefins **57**. In 2020, [PERSON] and co-workers [97] described the synthesis of \(\alpha\),\(\beta\)-disubstituted \(\gamma\)-butylrolactones **58** through cooperative iridium catalysis and \(N\)-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis (Scheme 33). Considering the importance and prevalence of \(\gamma\)-butylrolactones in biologically active natural products, in this study the authors prepared several compounds **58** with moderate to excellent yields, with control of the relative and absolute configuration of the two formed stereocenters, using an enantio- and diastereodivergent [3 + 2] annotation reaction. These lactones were prepared from VEC **1e** and _trans_-cinnamaldehydehydes **59** using a solution of [Ir(COD)Cl]\({}_{2}\) (2 mol%), Et\({}_{3}\)N, **L4** (8 mol%), and **4C** (10 mol%) in toluene (0.1 M) under Ar for 48-96 h. This combination of catalysts was responsible for the effectiveness and selectivity, with the Ir-\(\pi\)-allyl intermediates seeming well suited for nucleophilic addition of the NHC-enolate, giving the desired compounds. An extended study involving two chiral catalysts allowed selective access to all four possible stereoisomers of the \(\gamma\)-butylrolactone products. The usefulness of this strategy was illustrated in the synthesis of the naturally occurring lignan (\(-\))-hinokinin.
# Crop Classification for Agricultural Applications in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Crop-Wise Analysis
#### 4.5.3 Fallow Crops  
The first crop used for the comparison is \"Fallow\", class number 3 from the Salinas data. For this crop, the proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art methods SS3 FC and WEDCT-MI with higher accuracy of 94.53%. The methods 3 DGSVM and CNN-MFL were slightly more accurate than the proposed method. The second crop used for the comparison \"Fallow-rough-plough\", class number 4 from the Salinas data. For this crop, the proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art methods 3 DGSVM, CNN-MFL, SS3 FC, and WEDCT-MI with higher accuracy of 100%. The third crop used for the comparison was \"Fallow-smooth\", class number 5 from the Salinas data. For this crop, the proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art methods 3 DGSVM, CNN-MFL, and SS3 FC with higher accuracy of 99.25%. The method WEDCT-MI had 99.03% accuracy, which is on par with the proposed method.
## 4 Deconvolution
### Maximum Correlated Kurtosis Deconvolution  
Maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD) takes advantage of the statistical property of kurtosis to enhance the detectability of periodic transients in signals. By maximizing the correlated kurtosis, MCKD is particularly effective in fault diagnosis in rotating machinery and other applications where identifying repetitive impulsive events is key. Here, we will define MCKD precisely, examine its practical applications across different industries, and analyze its performance pros and cons.
# Comparison of the Sensitivity of Various Fibers in Distributed Acoustic Sensing
## 2 Approach  
### Theory  
A DAS detects acoustic waves by measuring phase shifts in the light propagating through an optical fiber. For a fiber with length \(L\), the effective refractive index \(n_{\mathit{eff}}\) and the light wavelength \(\lambda\) of the phase is given by:  
\[\phi=\frac{2\pi n_{\mathit{eff}}}{\lambda}L. \tag{1}\]  
Acoustic events induce a periodic change in pressure \(\Delta P\) on the fiber, leading to a corresponding periodic change in the optical path length and a shift in the positions of Rayleigh scatterers. The optical phase pressure sensitivity \(S_{\phi}\) is then defined as:  
\[S_{\phi}=\frac{\Delta\phi}{\phi\Delta P}\qquad\quad(Pa^{-1}) \tag{2}\]  
Thus, for a given acoustic event with a constant \(\Delta P\), a larger phase shift \(\Delta\phi\) means a higher sensitivity \(S_{\phi}\). When the acoustic wavefront is isotropic and aligned parallel to the fiber's axial direction, the phase shift is given by:  
\[\Delta\phi=\varepsilon L\Bigg{(}\beta-\frac{n_{\mathit{eff}}^{2}}{2}\beta((1- \mu)P_{12}+\mu P_{11})\Bigg{)} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\beta\) is the propagation constant, \(\mu\) is [PERSON]'s ratio, \(P_{12}\) and \(P_{11}\) are the strain-optic coefficients of the fiber core material and \(\varepsilon\) represents the core strain. As shown in Equations (2) and (3), for a constant \(\Delta P\), greater strain \(\varepsilon\) yields higher sensitivity. Under these conditions, the fiber deformation inversely depends on its stiffness coefficient \(k\).  
\[k=\frac{\pi D^{2}E}{4L}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(D\) denotes the fiber diameter and \(E\) is its Young's modulus. Therefore, theoretically, reducing \(E\), \(D\) or both increases the strain \(\varepsilon\) and sensitivity for the same acoustic event [39].
## 5 Discussion
### Successes and Challenges from the Copernicus Events in Ecuador and Bolivia
Other strategies may include providing recorded video tutorials, follow-up webinars, or discussion clinics for experienced participants, which can be accessed before or after the panels. Similarly, dividing sessions into parallel tracks based on participants' expertise levels could ensure that advanced users receive in-depth content while beginners focus on foundational topics. These measures could help free up live session time for deeper discussions on specific topics. Furthermore, to enhance engagement, new approaches such as live polling via mobile phones [62] could be implemented. This method allows for immediate feedback collection, unlike traditional surveys, which often have longer completion times and lower response rates. Nevertheless, taking active notes or, with given consent, recording talks is also recommended. These records can then be easily processed using today's large language model tools [63]. In terms of content selection, prior discussions about the key topics of the training events should remain flexible and indicative, allowing themes to be dynamically adjusted based on participants' feedback during the sessions. However, it is essential for the training team to consider that when participants come primarily from public institutions, content selection should focus on improving the quality of government data and addressing its gaps rather than replacing it with other sources. This is also important during discussions, where figures are mentioned, and government sources should be prioritized over those from academia or other stakeholders. A recommendation in this regard is to have stakeholder coordinators establish guidelines for data sources and their procurement beforehand, ensuring that all information shared is accurate and credible for participants.
## 3 Results
### Bifurcation Diagrams  
The bifurcation diagram is useful in dynamical systems because it shows the possible long-term values of a system (fixed points or periodic orbits) as a function of a bifurcation parameter. Besides, bifurcation diagrams allow the identification of operation zones and the stability limits of the system. To draw the bifurcation diagrams, the system must reach the equilibrium point, and the last values of the signal in steady-state operation are plotted. Figure 8a-c show the output signals of the circuit \(v_{c}\) for the three tests. These figures have been plotted with MATLAB-Simulink, considering a \(k\) between 0 and 5 to identify the behavior of the circuit and comparing the outputs for the three loads: CIL (40 \(\Omega\)), CPL (10 W), and CIL-CPL.  
In these figures, similar behaviors in the output voltages are observed when the parameter \(k\) is increased. For \(k\) values greater than 0.5, voltages are close to the reference signal \(v_{\textit{cref}}\). For values lower than \(k=0.3\), the voltages are a little different in magnitude, but the values tend to the reference voltage \(v_{\textit{cref}}\).  
Figure 8: Bifurcation diagram of \(v_{c}\) vs. \(k\).  
Figure 7: Behavior of the system for the three loads.  
Figure 9a-c show the errors obtained for the CIL, CPL, and CIL-CPL, respectively. The figures show that the system regulates with a greater steady-state error for all values of \(k\). It is observed that the error is less than 2% for values of \(k\) greater than 0.5. However, the error is larger in the case where the load is CPL than for the other cases. From the figures, it is shown that a good choice of the parameter \(k\) to improve stability and regulation is a value close to 0.8.
# Experiment Research on Micro-/Nano Processing Technology of Graphite as Basic MEMS Material
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Optical lithography [24; 25; 26; 27] is a parallel micro-/nanographic-imaging method that is commonly used in MEMS processing. In addition, etching process [28; 29; 30; 31] is an important micro-/nanostructure process in MEMS and that is usually performed after lithography. Therefore, this paper investigated the direct lithography on the graphite surface via lithography to examine the stability of direct photoresist pattern imaging on the graphite surface. Furthermore, utilized the commonly used etching technique, reactive ion etching (RIE), to micro-process the graphite with photoresist patterns. First of all, we prepared photoresist patterns of different shapes and sizes on the graphite surface, for investigating the stability of direct photoresist pattern imaging on the graphite with the process show in Figure 1a-d. Therefore, a lithographic mask template that contains mask patterns of different shapes and sizes was designed and fabricated. Figure 2a and Figure S1a show the mask under an optical microscope. The mask template contained large quantities, neatly arranged shapes, and different sizes (4-20 \(\upmu\)m) of circular and square mask patterns.  
Base on the above lithographic mask template, we performed optical lithography and direct etching on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) (B-grade graphite, Bruker Company, Germany; size: 12 mm \(\times\) 12 mm \(\times\) 2 mm) surface by using optical lithography and RIE, as shown in Figure 1a, HOPG with a freshly cleaved surface was obtained. (b) A photoresist (AZ 9912) film layer was coated on the HOPG by using a spinner. (c) The graphite with the photoresist film was masked with a lithographic mask template. Furthermore, it was exposed with an exposure tool (mask aligner H94-25, Sichuan Nanguang vacuum technology co. Ltd., China) and exposure parameter (i-line; 1\(\times\)reduction; the exposure dose is 40 mw for 6 s). (d) The graphite with photoresist was developed and baked. (e) The graphite with photoresist was etch with an O\({}_{2}\)-based RIE (Etchlab 200 reactive ion etching machine; SENTECH Instruments GmbH; Germany). At same time, photoresist is also etched, but it not be entirely etched while processing nanometers height of graphite structures, so the graphite micro-/nano structures with photoresist were fabricated. (f) The graphite microstructure with photoresist was placed in acetone to remove the photoresist. (g) Finally, the designed micro-/nano structure pattern was fabricated on the graphite.  
Figure 1: Process diagram of micro-/nanotechnology on graphite surface with directly direct lithography and etch.
# Urbanization and Grain Production Pattern of China: Dynamic Effect and Mediating Mechanism
## 2 Theoretical Analysis and Hypothesis
Urbanization facilitates the transfer of technology from urban to rural areas and from non-agricultural industries to agriculture, mainly in the form of large-scale agricultural production and the popularization of mechanized operations. The outflow of the prime-age labor force and feminization and aging trends have changed the size and structure of the labor force [32]. The application of fertilizers, pesticides, and agricultural films and other farming operations have undergone a transformation from manual labor to mechanization services. Thus, rural labor is effectively substituted, and farmers can achieve larger-scale grain production with less labor. In addition, the application and popularization of various new technologies such as breeding technology and water-saving irrigation technology in grain production are mostly implemented through mechanized means, but the technological progress of seeds themselves is difficult to quantify. Overall, ATECH can be characterized by the popularization of mechanization services. However, the heterogeneity in endowment conditions such as topography has resulted in prominent regional imbalances in the ATECH induced by urbanization [33]. As a result, the effects on grain production differ in different regions, which in turn triggers changes in the GPP. Therefore, the following hypothesis can be formulated. **Hypothesis 4 (H4). **_Urbanization affects GPP through ATECH--i.e., agricultural technology progress plays a mediating role._