esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Electromagnetic waves obey classical wave equations, whereas thermal processes are governed by a diffusion equation. In spite of the different physics, one can find similarities between electromagnetic waves in an electrically conducting medium and time-periodic thermal diffusion waves. In the case of one-dimensional propagation (and only in this case), there are strong formal analogies between both types of 'waves', as has been pointed out by [PERSON] [1].  
Induction thermography (or eddy current pulsed thermography) relies on both the electromagnetic propagation in a metal and the thermal wave (or pulse) generation by electromagnetic heat sources. Thermal wave excitation has been reported as eddy current lock-in thermography by using an amplitude-modulated induction signal, where the modulation frequency is much lower than the induction frequency [2]. Pulsed excitation is the standard technique in industrial application, where a single induction burst of finite length is applied to the sample [3]. Induction thermography is a promising technique for nondestructive testing for detection of surface defects in metals with an increasing number of applications in industry. Examples are testing of defects in long steel bars [4; 5], testing of cracks in turbine blades [6] and defects in forged and welded components [7; 8]. There are previous descriptions of the principles of the technique [3; 9; 10]. There are still some basic aspects not studied, until now. One example is the transition between the surface heating and volume heating regimes. Volume heating in composites has been discussed by [PERSON] et al. [11]. [PERSON] at al. have analysed the multilayer structure in carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures using a semianalytical model [12]. The thermal effect of a transient magnetic field in circular geometry has been analysed in [13]. [PERSON] et al. studied the time-dependent processes at the beginning of electromagnetic excitation, including the thermal diffusion that follows [14].  
Whereas the lowest induction frequency reported in literature was 50 Hz [15], in this work, induction frequencies far below 50 Hz are used for the first time. In Section 2.1, the basic theory for electromagnetic and thermal wave propagation is discussed. In Section 2.3, the transition from volume to surface heating is described analytically based on one-dimensional electromagnetic wave propagation in a metal. The power release is calculated from the basic equations. It has an average contribution superimposed by a periodic oscillation. The first contribution is the excitation energy source usually considered in most applications of induction thermography. The latter contribution is usually neglected in previous literature. In Section 3, there is experimental verification for both contributions. For the first time, the signal at the double of the induction frequency is detected by thermography.
# Metal Bioaccumulation by Carp and Catfish Cultured in Lake Chapala, and Weekly Intake Assessment
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analysis of Metals  
The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) were analyzed in the liver and muscles, as well as in the fish food. The samples of fish tissues and fish food were treated by microwave digestion with nitric acid, according to the 5 BI-8 sample preparation note. Briefly, 1.00 \(\pm\) 0.05 g of each homogenized sample was weighed in microwave vessels and HNO\({}_{3}\) was added. The vessels were placed in a CEM Marx microwave and heated at 1200 W, 200 psi, and 210 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 min, then allowed to cool at room temperature until the digestion time was completed. The samples were then gauged to 50 mL with deionized water.  
All samples were analyzed in duplicate. Cu and Zn concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in a Perkin Elmer Optima 8300 DV (Sheldon, CT) using internal method INS-SM/US-71, based on EPA method 6010B. For Cd, Pb, Hg, and As, internal method INS-SM/US-220 was followed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a Perkin Elmer ELAN 9000 (Sheldon, CT, USA).  
Standard Perkin Elmer solutions (N9300174) were used to prepare the calibration curves, which presented R2 \(>\) 0.998. The recovery percentages performed by spiked samples of the fish ranged from 90% to 110%. Precision was measured by evaluating a Perkin Elmer N9300211 solution. The coefficients of variation did not exceed 9%. DORM-4 (fish protein) reference material from Canada's National Research Council (CNRC, Ottawa, Canada) and FAPAS 107213 QC (crab meat) reference material from The Food and Environmental Research Agency (FAPAS, Sand Hutton, UK) were digested and analyzed in triplicate for quality control. Table 2 shows the recoveries of heavy metals and the corresponding certified values for the reference materials, according to the method used.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metal** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Winfish-Ziegler 3506** \\ **(3.5 mm)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Winfish-Ziegler 2505** \\ **(5.5 mm)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum Content** \\ **[13]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Cu (mg/kg) & 21.77 \(\pm\) 2.45 & 52.83 \(\pm\) 1.58 & - \\ Zn (mg/kg) & 216.50 \(\pm\) 10.89 & 94.86 \(\pm\) 2.53 & - \\ Cd (\(\mu\)g/kg) & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1000 \\ As (\(\mu\)g/kg) & 0.90 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 6000 \\ Pb (\(\mu\)g/kg) & 1.24 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 5000 \\ Hg (\(\mu\)g/kg) & 17.89 \(\pm\) 3.16 & 13.17 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 500 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Metal concentration of fish feedstuffs and the maximum content allowed.
## 3 Analysis and Results
### Numerical Analysis of the Anchoring Performance of DBS Slips
#### 3.1.3 Anchoring Performance Tests of Dissolvable Ball Seat Slips
Additionally, the damage morphology of the block-type structure appeared more uniformly distributed compared to that of the nail-type structure. Better mechanical performance was exhibited by the block-type structure in terms of stress distribution. Therefore, the comparative test results confirmed that the block-type structure was proven to be superior to the nail-type structure in anchoring applications.
# Active Noise Control over Space: A Subspace Method for Performance Analysis
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we analyzed the performance of ANC systems in 3-D reverberant environments, especially when the secondary sources have constraints on numbers and locations. We investigated the maximum achievable ANC performance based on the primary noise field and the secondary-path information in the wave domain.  
We discussed a WDLS method to analyze the maximum ANC performance by matching the secondary sound field to the primary noise field in the wave domain. We proposed a subspace method to analyze the maximum ANC performance by investigating the subspace of secondary-path coefficients. We compared the proposed subspace method with the WDLS method under different  
Figure 9: Energy of the driving signals generated by one primary source moving around the sphere using different methods: (**a**) case 3; (**b**) case 4.  
loudspeaker configurations and different noise source positions, when the number of secondary sources could not control all the modes in the control region. We validated the noise reduction performance inside the control region, energy of the loudspeakers, and energy of the residual signals outside the control region.  
Using the subspace method, we obtained a feasible solution with slightly lower noise reduction level inside the control region, significantly less energy on the loudspeakers, and significantly less energy on the residual noise field outside the control region. The validation with broadband noise signals and the validation with measurements in real spatial ANC applications will be conducted in the future work.  
Conceptualization, J.Z., T.D.A., W.Z. and P.N.S.; Funding acquisition, T.D.A., W.Z. and P.N.S.; Investigation, J.Z.; Methodology, J.Z., T.D.A., W.Z. and P.N.S.; Project administration, T.D.A.; Supervision, T.D.A., W.Z. and P.N.S.; Validation, J.Z.; Writing--original draft, J.Z.; Writing--review and editing, T.D.A., W.Z. and P.N.S.  
This research was funded by ARC Discovery Project Grant number DP180102375.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
Three-dimensional ANC Active noise control ATF Acoustic transfer function PCA Principal component analysis WFS Wave field synthesis WD Wave domain WDLS Wave-domain least squares method SNR Signal to noise ratio
# Cloud Computing in Free Route Airspace Research
## 2 FRA Mathematical Models--Graphs and Networks
### The FRA Significant Points  
Each FRA is defined by FRA _significant points_. The significant point is defined by GPS coordinates, names, and other attributes; see ([4], Data and Data Structure section, and [14]). The FRA significant points are divided as follows:  
1. FRA Horizontal Entry Point (E)--It is a published significant point located on the horizontal boundary of FRA from which the FRA operations are allowed. It should be located exactly on the boundary of the relevant FRA area.
2. FRA Horizontal Exit Point (X)--It is a published significant point located on the horizontal boundary of FRA to which the FRA operations are allowed. It should be located exactly on the boundary of the relevant FRA area.
3. Combined FRA Horizontal Entry and Exit Point (EX)--It is a published significant point located on the horizontal boundary of FRA from which and to which the FRA operations are allowed. In some exceptional cases, the above-described points can be located inside or outside the relevant FRA (instead of being located at the horizontal border). This has to be within certain limits and after coordination with the EUROCONTROL Network Manager (NM). Note: For more details, see EUROCONTROL FRA Design Guidelines ([4], Documentation section).
4. FRA Arrival Connecting Point (A)--It is a published significant point to which FRA operations are allowed for arriving traffic to specific aerodromes. In a vertical dimension, this point could be also considered as an exit point (X) as any arriving traffic exits the FRA area through this point but it is not marked as (X).  
Figure 2: Graph Free Route Airspace, 2021.  
5. FRA Departure Connecting Point (D)--It is a published significant point from which FRA operations are allowed for departing traffic from specific aerodromes. In a vertical dimension, this point could be also considered as an entry point (E) as any departing traffic enter the FRA area through this point but it is not marked as (E).
6. Combined FRA Arrival Connecting and FRA Departure Connecting Points (AD)--It is a published significant point to/from which the FRA operations are allowed for arriving/departing traffic to/from specific aerodromes. In a vertical dimension, this point could be considered as a combined FRA entry and exit (EX) point as any arriving/departing flight exits/enters vertically the FRA area but this point is not marked as such (EX). The points in bullet 3-6 are referenced to the FRA area/State to which they are located but they can be also defined with reference to an aerodrome located in an adjacent FRA or non-FRA area.
7. FRA Intermediate Points (I)--It is a published or unpublished point defined by geographical coordinates or by bearing and distance via which FRA operations are allowed. This point is located inside the FRA area.
# CoAR: Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks for IoT Applications
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Simulation Environment and Settings  
The proposed protocol is designed for IoT applications considering emergency scenarios that comprise any critical situation such as chemical and gas leakage, electrical short circuit, fire outbreak and so on. For instance, a typical application of an emergency scenario is a monitoring and warning system in the industry, home or in a building. A number of sensor nodes are deployed in the monitoring region and build a network for the industrial monitoring system. The nodes continuously response about the situations to a root node either directly or hop-by-hop. For this, 16 Tmote sky devices were deployed randomly that are composed of a CC2420 radio transceiver with a data transfer rate of 250 kbit/s using IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and physical layer specification. The simulated monitoring network comprised of one server node acting as a DODAG root node. The root node was located at the top of the network field and the other nodes were spaced 50 m from each other as shown in Figure 4. The proposed protocol was implemented in the Contiki 2.7 [32]. Contiki is an open source operating system for the IoT. Simulations were conducted with Cooja [36]. Cooja is a flexible Java-based cross-layer simulator that is part of the Contiki OS. In the simulation, \(T_{\text{CC}}\) was set to 256 clock ticks. A constant bit rate (CBR) traffic model with a packet size of 56 bytes was used. Each simulation run lasts for 8 min. During the simulation, the source nodes start generating data packets after 60 s. The source nodes are selected independently and randomly for each simulation run and kept them steady during the period. For our experiments, we have set (\(\alpha\), \(\beta\)) = 0.4. Each simulation run has been performed 10 times and average results have been extracted and presented. The rest parameters used in the simulations are given in Table 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value** \\ \hline Topology area & \(200\times 200\) m\({}^{2}\) \\ Transmission mode & Storing \\ Transmission range & 60 m \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Simulation parameters setting.  
Figure 3: DODAG information object (DIO) message structure in CoAR.
# Effect of Wing Corrugation on the Aerodynamic Efficiency of Two-Dimensional Flapping Wings
## 2 Modeling of Flapping Wing
### Two-Dimensional Wing Profiles  
Figure 5 shows the two-dimensional wings numerically tested in this work. CFD was used for the numerical study. The same chord length (\(c\) = 0.0265 m) and thickness (0.01\(c\)) were applied for all wing profiles. The smooth wing (non-corrugated wing) was named S. For aerodynamic performance comparison between corrugated wing and non-corrugated wing, the zigzag (Z) wing, which was used in [PERSON] et al. (2013), was tested. This wing has the corrugation structure of triangular waves over the entire chord length, with a uniform corrugation height of 0.03\(c\) and wavelength of 0.2\(c\). Three other corrugated wings were also tested, in which the triangular corrugations were placed only in the leading edge and named LE1, LE2, and LE3, respectively. They differ in the shape of the leading edge. The LE1 wing has one corrugation with a length of 0.2\(c\) and height of 0.06\(c\). The LE2 wing also has one corrugation with a length of 0.2\(c\) but a higher height of corrugation of 0.09\(c\). The LE3 wing has two corrugations with a total length of 0.4\(c\) and height of 0.09\(c\). These wings were designed to create stronger LEVs during the translational stage. The wing shapes in Figure 5 can be curved during flapping motion, due to passive wing twist and rotation.  
Figure 4: Average geometric angles of attack during translational stages ([PERSON] et al. (2011)) and distribution of Reynolds numbers along the wingspan.  
Figure 5: Wing profiles used for the CFD study.
## 1 Introduction
### Pattern Matching with \(K\) Mismatches  
For the \(k\) mismatches problem, without wild cards, two algorithms that run in \(O(nk)\) time are presented in [19; 20]. A faster algorithm, that runs in \(O(n\sqrt{k\log k})\) time, is given in [11]. This algorithm combines the two main techniques known in the literature for pattern matching with mismatches: filtering and convolutions. We give a significantly simpler algorithm in Section 2.2.3, having the same worst case run time. The new algorithm will never perform more operations than the one in [11] during marking and convolution.  
An intermediate problem is to check if the Hamming distance is less or equal to \(k\) for a subset of the aligned positions. This problem can be solved with the Kangaroo method proposed in [11] at a cost of \(O(k)\) time per alignment, using \(O(n+m)\) additional memory. We show how to achieve the same run time per alignment using only \(O(m)\) additional memory, in Section 2.2.2.  
Further, we look at the version of \(k\) mismatches where wild cards are allowed in the text and the pattern. For this problem, two randomized algorithms are presented in [17]. The first one runs in \(O(nk\log n\log m)\) time, and the second one in \(O\left(n\log m(k+\log n\log\log n)\right)\) time. Both are Monte Carlo algorithms, _i.e._, they output the correct answer with high probability. The same paper also gives a deterministic algorithm with a run time of \(O(nk^{2}\log^{3}m)\). Furthermore, a deterministic \(O(nk\log^{2}m(\log^{2}k+\log\log m))\) time algorithm is given in [21]. We present a Las Vegas algorithm (that always outputs the correct answer), in Section 2.4.3, which runs in time \(O(nk\log^{2}m+n\log^{2}m\log n+n\log m\log n\log n\log n)\) with high probability.  
An algorithm for \(k\) mismatches with wild cards in either the text or the pattern (but not both) is given in [22]. This algorithm runs in \(O(nm^{1/3}k^{1/3}log^{2/3}m)\) time.
# Targeting KRAS in PDAC: A New Way to Cure It?
## 2 Clinical Status of PDAC
### Clinical Treatment of PDAC  
#### 2.2.1 For Patients with Resectable Tumors  
At present, surgical resection is still one of the best treatments for PDAC in the clinic, as long as the patient's tumor is still in the resectable stage [24]. The surgery to remove the tumor varies depending on the exact location of the tumor in the pancreas. Approximately 80% of PDAC occurs at the head of the pancreas. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is commonly used for tumor resection at this location, which is safer and has a better prognosis than traditional open surgery assisted by laparoscopy or robotics [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. For tumors located elsewhere in the pancreas, terminal pancreetectomy is usually performed [30].  
In addition to surgery, adjuvant therapy with chemotherapy drugs has also been shown to benefit patients. For patients with resectable or borderline resectable PDAC, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for six months with fluorouracil and leucovorin improves median survival (19.7 months in 238 patients vs. 14.0 months in 235 patients, \(p<0.001\)) [31]. The European Study Group for Pancreatic Cancer (ESPAC) conducted a series of trials that determined the benefits of gemcitabine alone and in combination with capecitabine for postoperative adjuvant therapy [32; 33; 34]. In contrast, the recurrence rate of PDAC after the above-mentioned adjuvant therapy is still very high. According to statistics, 70% of patients will relapse within two years [32; 33; 35]. FOLFIRINOX, a combination chemotherapy using fluorouracil, irinotecan, folate and oxaliplatin, has been shown to extend disease-free survival significantly compared with gemcitabine chemotherapy (12.8 months vs. 21.6 months), making it a reliable adjunct treatment for patients with PDAC after tumor resection [36]. However, due to the lack of further evidence on the extent of the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy and on the overall survival of patients with PDAC [37], the use of adjuvant chemotherapy still requires further exploration. A number of novel adjuvant therapies are currently in clinical trials, such as the ESPAC5F trial, the NEOLAP-AIO-PAK0113 trial, and the SWOG 1505 trial [38].
## 5 Experimental Results
### Modulation Scheme  
To test the communication capability of the proposed TIBuck DC/DC converter as a VLC driver, a 64-QAM modulation scheme was used. The communication signal modulates the amplitude and phase and, due to its high complexity and wide use in VLC [3; 4; 5], it allows proof of concept of the communication capability of the prototype. The carrier frequency must lie within the HB-LED bandwidth, hence a carrier frequency, \(\rm f_{sig}\), of 1 MHz was used. By using a symbol period, \(\rm T_{sym}\), of 4 carrier periods, the maximum bit rate achieved was 1.5 Mbps.
## 4 Discussion
Such analyses would strengthen the robustness of the calibrated MBES backscatter data, as well as providing additional insights into potential errors associated with environmental parameter estimation. When calculating absorption coefficients using SVP data, the calibrated backscatter data better reflected the local environmental conditions, reducing uncertainties associated with legacy datasets [1; 25]. Despite the advantages of integrating SVP data, challenges remain under field conditions where neither SVP nor CTD measurements are readily available. In such cases, Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs) present a viable alternative for obtaining essential water column data. XBTs are cost-effective, portable, and capable of providing temperature profiles that can be combined with approximate salinity values from historical datasets to calculate sound absorption coefficients. While XBTs cannot directly measure salinity, this hybrid approach can mitigate the limitations of using historical data alone, providing a more robust framework for MBES calibration. The observed deviations in absorption coefficients at Sites B and C underscore the limitations of relying solely on historical data, particularly when real-time SVP measurements are unavailable. However, legacy MBES datasets collected for non-research purposes can still be effectively re-processed if spatiotemporal conditions align with historical CTD or other reference datasets. This study highlights the need for operational guidelines during MBES surveys, ensuring in situ water column measurements and their incorporation into the calibration process. Such protocols and guidelines can improve the consistency of MBES datasets and enhance their applicability in scientific research and industrial applications [5; 6; 7]. Future research should expand upon this study by investigating how other factors--including turbidity, suspended particles, and strong currents--influence sound absorption and MBES backscatter intensity. Regions such as the South and West Seas, which are characterized by higher turbidity, dynamic currents, and increased suspended particle concentrations, present unique challenges. Understanding the contributions of these additional parameters can provide a more comprehensive approach for MBES calibration. In summary, this study highlights the benefits of accounting for spatiotemporal variations in sound absorption coefficients when calibrating MBES backscatter data. By incorporating site-specific parameters into the calibration process, the consistency of legacy MBES datasets can be improved, thus contributing to more reliable seafloor mapping, effective marine resource management, and enhanced environmental monitoring in dynamic ocean environments such as the East Sea of Korea.