## 3 Results  
A total of 101 students (\(n_{\text{total}}=101\); \(n_{\text{complete}}=77\)) and 27 instructors (\(n_{\text{total}}=27\); \(n_{\text{complete}}=22\)) participated. General equivalent questions were asked to both students and instructors, covering age, gender, specialty or desired specialty, number of semesters completed, and the start and completion of studies, to allow a comparison of the two sample populations.  
Of the student participants, 57 were female, and 44 were male, with a median age of 23 years. Most students (34.7%) were from Block 1 (general internal medicine), followed  
Figure 1: Sequential study steps for the structured needs assessment of medical students and lecturers regarding an AR-based cardiovascular education curriculum at Heidelberg University Medical School. Created in BioRender. [PERSON] (2025), [[https://BioRender.com/y78](https://BioRender.com/y78) edye]([https://BioRender.com/y78](https://BioRender.com/y78) edye) (accessed on 14 June 2025).  
by preclinical students (first to fourth semester) with 14.9%, and those in the final year internship with 11.9%. Additional participating semesters included Propaedeutic (fifth semester) with 9.9%, Block 4 (gynecology and pediatrics) with 6.9%, Block 2 (surgery) with 5.9%, Block 3 (neurology and ENT) with 5.9%, course-free students with 5.9%, and others with 4% (see Table 1).  
Of the surveyed lecturers, 7 were female, and 20 were male, with a median age of 42 years. Most of the lecturers surveyed came from the field of cardiology (33.3%) but also from anesthesiology (14.8%) and general internal medicine (7.4%), as well as cardiac surgery (7.4%). Other medical disciplines that the participants came from were pediatric cardiology (3.7%), anatomy (3.7%), and physiology (3.7%) (see Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Category** & **Frequency** & **Percentage** \\ \hline Sex & Female & 57 & 56.4 \\  & Male & 44 & 43.6 \\ \hline Age & \textless{}20 & 6 & 5.9 \\ [in years] & 20–30 & 91 & 90.1 \\  & \textgreater{}30 & 4 & 4.0 \\ \hline Semester & Block 1 & 35 & 34.7 \\  & Preclinical years & 15 & 14.9 \\  & Practical year (PY) & 12 & 11.9 \\  & Propaedeutic block & 10 & 9.9 \\  & Block 4 & 7 & 6.9 \\  & Block 2 & 6 & 5.9 \\  & Block 3 & 6 & 5.9 \\  & Course-free & 6 & 5.9 \\  & semester & 4 & 4.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Demographics table for students. For description of HeiCuMed Structure for block details, see Figure S1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristics** & **Category** & **Frequency** & **Percentage** \\ \hline Sex & Female & 7 & 25.9 \\  & Male & 20 & 74.1 \\ \hline Age & 35 & 7 & 25.9 \\ [in years] & 35–45 & 13 & 48.2 \\  & \textgreater{}45 & 7 & 25.9 \\ \hline Field & Cardiology & 9 & 33.3 \\  & Anesthesiology & 4 & 14.8 \\  & General internal & 2 & 7.4 \\  & medicine & 2 & 7.4 \\  & Cardiac surgery & 2 & 7.4 \\  & Pediatric & 1 & 3.7 \\  & cardiology & 1 & 3.7 \\  & Anatomy & 1 & 3.7 \\  & Physiology & 1 & 3.7 \\  & Others & 7 & 25.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Demographics table for lecturers. For description of HeiCuMed Structure for block details, see Figure S1.