esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Investigations of the Thermal Degradation  
#### 3.4.1 Measurements of the Gross Combustion Heat  
Thermal insulation materials should be fire retardant and should have a low gross combustion heat value (GHC < 7.5 MJ/kg). [PERSON] [15] demonstrated that thermal degradation and combustion data can be accurately determined by bomb calorimetry. An unwanted fire in a structure can be fatal. Unfortunately, in many cases, fires cause significant damages and tragedies, mainly due to improper storage from a fire protection point of view, improper use, improper construction, or decades of construction. Contemporary fire protection is playing an increasingly important role, covering a growing segment of regulation. Thus, investigations of the calorific values of insulation materials are vital. The gross combustion heat of the materials was measured after burning them under high pressure (30 bars) and in pure oxygen. The results showed that the highest combustion heat value was attributed to the orange sample, which could also have resulted from its declared acrylic content. Moreover, it could be concluded that all the other samples had a lower calorific value, approximately 2-4 MJ/kg. Figure 8 presents the combustion heats of the samples as a function of the as-received densities.  
Figure 7: Sorption isotherms.  
We noticed an interesting phenomenon in the structural changes of the samples after the bomb calorimetry measurements; all the samples took on a spherical shape after their combustion. To clarify this occurrence, the burned samples were analyzed by both scanning electron (at 3 Kv and M = 250\(\times\)) and optical microscopy (M = 20\(\times\)).  
Figure 9 shows the microscope images and the EDS spectra of the burned samples. On the left-hand side, the optical images of the samples showed a spherical residuum after burning. This was also indicated by the SEM images. Due to the high charge accumulation, the electron microscope had to be operated under a low vacuum. After evacuation to high vacuum (~10\({}^{-7}\) mbar), the chamber was filled with high-purity nitrogen up to 0.30 mbar. The observed strong charge accumulation effect suggested that after the calorimetry measurements, the spherical residuum was mostly formed of an oxide alloy. This was also confirmed by the fact that the elemental composition measurements clearly showed increasing oxygen content compared to the measured on the as-prepared samples. It can also be stated from the composition measurements that most of the components remained in the samples, but they diffused out to the surface of the samples.  
Figure 8: The gross combustion heat of the samples.  
Figure 9: The optical microscopy (**left**), scanning microscopy (**right**), and EDS measurement results (**down**) of the burned sample.
## 9 Lessons Learned
### The Technological Perspective
#### 9.3.3. Clarity on Software Infrastructure  
In the BRDF expansion project, each project participant employed their own discipline-specific software, resulting in the use of multiple software types, which caused interoperability issues. These issues were particularly exacerbated because the VDC service provider used software primarily designed for the aerospace industry, which had limited or no recognition in the construction field. Consequently, extra steps were required to integrate disciplinary models into the platform hosting the central model. Additionally, due to the contractual requirement that all interaction with the federated models pass through the VDC service provider, there was a lack of proper software infrastructure to facilitate model accessibility for the project team. Therefore, establishing clarity on the required software infrastructure for BIM implementation in a project is necessary. This necessity has also been emphasized in different academic literature, such as in [78; 79; 80].
# SDNPS: A Load-Balanced Topic-Based Publish/Subscribe System in Software-Defined Networking
###### Abstract  
Publish/subscribe systems on the traditional Internet suffer from poor scalability and high delay in the face of the Internet of Things (IoT) environment. Being customizable, the paradigm of software-defined networking (SDN) provides a chance to establish an IoT-specific network. In this paper, we propose an SDN-based publish/subscribe system named SDNPS, which can construct and fine-tune topic-connected overlays for the sake of disseminating events efficiently and non-redundantly based on a global topology overview. It organizes topics as a Huffman-like topic tree and codes them into binary strings so that filtering and forwarding events can be operated directly on SDN-configurable switches, which helps to reduce end-to-end latency. This hierarchical organization form of topic tree makes it possible to incrementally construct and store overlays, which contribute to reducing the time and space complexity of routing computation. More specifically, it achieves a better tradeoff between load-balancing of the overall optimization objective and the minimal forwarding cost of per-topic overlay.  
publish/subscribe system; load balancing; overlay network; software-defined networking +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Analysis of Geometry of Wood Particles in WPC Sample  
A volume within the labeled WPC sample data set, measuring 4.92 mm (diameter) \(\times\) 0.64 mm (thickness), was selected using Avizo. All wood particles in this area were labeled, except those on the edges of the volume that were cut during sample preparation. Labeling of wood particles involved thresholding them, smoothing thresholded volumes, and filling pores for easier segmentation. Secondly, thresholded volumes were divided into small 3D segments based on the topological skeleton of wood particles [28]. Finally, all wood particles were labeled according to the following rules: (1) particles that contained more than one segment (Figure 1, blue), were only labeled on one segment, which was usually the central or the largest particle of wood (Figure 1, labeled in blue); (2) particles that were wholly separated from other particles and only contained one segment were fully tagged (Figure 1, green); (3) particles that were attached to other particles were manually labeled in their centers (Figure 1, magenta). The tags were numbered, and 50 of them were randomly selected. The selected wood particles were manually traced to obtain their complete dimensions (Figure 1d).  
The volume, surface area, aspect ratio, and Wadell circularity [29] of wood particles were measured using Avizo. We used the definition of aspect ratio from Merkus [30], which is the maximum Feret diameter divided by the minimum Feret diameter. Particle length (L) is the largest Feret diameter of a wood particle, breadth (B) is the largest Feret diameter perpendicular to L, and thickness (T) is the largest Feret diameter perpendicular to both L and B. The L:B:T ratios were calculated to obtain a shape parameter.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Composition/Phases** & **Before Labeling** & **After Labeling** & **Adjusted \({}^{*}\)** \\ \hline Voids within WPC & 5.1 (8.5\%) & - & 5.1 (8.5\%) \\ Wood particles & - & 46.2 (65.6\%) & 32.2 (54.1\%) \\ Plastic matrix & - & - & 20.9 (35.1\%) \\ Zinc borate & 1.4 (2.29\%) & 0.39 (0.56\%) & 1.4 (2.3\%) \\ biocide/fire retardant & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) Composition based on initial volumes of void and ZB contents and adjusted wood content.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Volumes (mm\({}^{3}\)) of phases in the WPC sample (percentage in parenthesis).
# PSO-Based Voltage Control Strategy for Loadability Enhancement in Smart Power Grids
## 3 Basic Concepts of Voltage Stability  
### Voltage Stability Margin (VSM)  
Voltage instability problems usually occur when the system is heavily loaded, especially under cases with insufficient transmission or generation enhancements. In view of this, the concept of _VSM_, as shown in Figure 2, has been proposed.  
Indeed, voltage stability is related to saddle-node bifurcation that coincides with the maximum loading point [2]. When the generation-transmission system is unable to supply the continuous increase of load demand, voltage instability and even voltage collapse situations are more likely to take place. Accordingly, the load power margin is extended to the _VSM_. In fact, a number of methods proposed (e.g., [4; 5]) utilize this kind of measure as a monitoring index of voltage stability.
# Pyrophyllite: An Economic Mineral for Different Industrial Applications
## 4 Enrichment of Low-Grade Pyrophyllite Ore  
Since high-grade pyrophyllite ores are rare globally, to be suitable for industry, low-grade pyrophyllite ores must be enriched to remove impurities such as Fe and Ti and increase the alumina content [37; 38; 39; 52]. Techniques for upgrading low-grade pyrophyllite ore vary depending on the characterization of the outcomes; these methods include physical separation techniques, chemical separation techniques, and separation techniques that combine the two [8; 19]. Physical separation techniques include dry/wet magnetic separation, attrition-scrubbing, and flotation. Chemical separation techniques include calcination/roasting and leaching using oxal acid and an ammonia solution. Separation techniques that combine chemical and physical separation techniques include sequential calcination or roasting followed by magnetic separation [90; 91; 92; 93; 94]. These techniques are discussed based on researchers' contributions to the processing of low-grade pyrophyllite ore.
# Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review of Technology and Applications
## 2 Principles of Light Polarization and PS-OCT
### Technical Approaches to PS-OCT
#### 2.4.2 PS-OCT Based on Multiple Input States
From \(\widetilde{J}_{sample}\), the polarization properties can be computed. As such, Jones matrix PS-OCT can not only measure phase retardation but also diattenuation [15], local birefringence [16], and local optic axis orientation [76]. Compared to cumulative retardation measurements, local measurements of birefringent properties provide a more intuitive approach to tissue architecture and composition. For instance, in collagenous tissue such as skin, local birefringence can be used for the depth-resolved assessment of the collagen content [77; 78]. Different applications of birefringence imaging of collagen in healthy and diseased tissues will be discussed in Section 3.
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, a high linearity microwave photonic frequency up-conversion scheme is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. By optimizing the distribution ratio of optical power and IF signal power between the upper and lower paths, the cancellation of IMD3 components can be achieved through a differential combination of the balanced detection. In the proof-of-concept experiment, the IF signal of 2 GHz is up-converted to 18 GHz with the SFDR of 112.3 dB-Hz\({}^{4/5}\). Compared with the frequency up-conversion scheme based on traditional CS-DSB modulation, the SFDR of the proposed system is increased by 14.8 dB. The frequency up-conversion for a broadband signal by the established system is also tested with good performance. The proposed high linearity microwave photonic up-conversion system can be applied in many scenarios, such as satellite payload for transmitting, millimeter-wave emitter for wireless access network by radio-over-fiber, radar transmitter and so on.  
Methodology, W.W. and X.H.; validation, W.W. and Y.B.; investigation and discussion, W.W., S.F., X.S., Y.G. and H.C.; writing--original draft preparation, W.W. and Y.B.; writing--review and editing, W.W., X.H., H.C. and M.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the National Key R&D Program (2019 YFB2203200), NSFC (62075026, 61875028), Program for Leading Talents in Scientific and Technological Innovation of \"Xingliao Plan\" (XLYC2002111), Program for Innovative Talents in Universities of Liaoning Province (LR2019017) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT18 ZD106).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Discussion
Having access to these simple estimates can be of great interest for clinical practices to easily assess the effectd of therapy or surgical procedures on a given subject, where the unknown tissue and/or geometric parameters remain the same. There are several parameters that are user-specified when employing CPA: the threshold value for the edge detection of the VFs; identification of the attachment point locations, which dictates the \"rest\" positions of the folds in model space; and the order of the polynomial used to fit the vocal fold geometry. A performance of the analysis is relatively insensitive to the threshold value in the edge detection, in part due to the averaging employed in those steps, as well as the polynomial fit performed on the extracted points. On the other hand, proper identification of the VF attachment points is critical for a good kinematic representation of the VFs, with inaccurate identification of these points resulting in poor representations of VF trajectories, which, in turn, affects pressure estimations. Higher order polynomials (e.g., \(p=3\) or \(4\)) yielded poor and unstable results in the CPA estimation. Good and smooth fits in the registration stage were correctly obtained, but the VF trajectories during the collision phase missed the cinematic coherence. We attribute this issue to the KF model for higher order coefficients in \(\Theta_{k}\). In these cases, the variability of each \(\theta_{i,k}\) is not well-represented with the simple harmonic motion. As such, while the presented framework is derived to enable higher-order polynomial representations, from a practical perspective, we recommend lower-order (i.e., quadratic) fits for optimal performance. Future efforts will consider additional silicone model validation under more controlled lighting conditions and additional model configurations (multiple elastic moduli and subglottal pressures) as well as in vivo validation where contrast with VF contact pressure is possible. Other avenues of research include exploring this technique in a large pool of subjects, including patients with voice disorders (e.g., nodules and polyps) and adopting the approach for stroboscopic acquisition methods.
## 1 Introduction
### Main Contributions  
The main contributions of this paper are as follows:  
1. We propose a novel precoding technique to implement physical layer network coding using CF. Our precoder design is based on integer forcing and allows bypassing the self-noise limitation of existing formulations, thus providing higher achievable rates than existent relaying schemes.
2. We developed a decoder for relays of CF and characterized it using the generalization of [PERSON]'s theorem. We also made an analytical derivation of the end-to-end probability of error for cubic lattices.
3. We analyze the two phases of transmission in the CF scheme, thereby characterizing the end-to-end behavior of the CF based on different performance metrics and not only one-phase behavior, as in available studies. Compared to conventional designs, we obtain a gain of approximately 5 dB in terms of probability of error as compared to conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) transmission.
# The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review
## 3 Antenna Overview
### Travelling Antenna  
The primary radiating mechanism of the travelling antenna is based on a travelling wave in the form of a guiding structure. A travelling antenna is different from others because the radio waves are generated by the radio frequency current in a single direction [50; 51]. They are non-resonant and, as such, their bandwidth is wider than their resonant antennas counterpart [52]. Some of the examples of a travelling antenna are explained below.
# Implant Model Generation Method for Mandibular Defect Based on Improved 3D Unet
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Process of Constructing the Mandible 3D Model Dataset
#### 2.2.1 Construct a Complete 3D Voxel Model of the Mandible  
As shown in Figure 2, the construction of the complete mandible 3D model (\(S_{g}\)) was divided into three steps: first, a small number of images of the healthy mandible were obtained by CT scans, and these data were saved in DICOM format. Then, a 3D model of the complete mandible was constructed based on the medical image processing software Mimics. Finally, voxelization was performed to process the model as a binary voxel grid.  
CT scans were performed using a cone-beam X-ray computed tomography system, model i-CAT 17-19, manufactured by Imaging Sciences International. The CT scanning equipment conformed to the DICOM 3.0 protocol standard data. The tube voltage was set to 90 kV, the tube current was set to 10 mA, the scan time was set to 20 s, and the scan slice thickness was 0.25 mm.
## 4 Conclusions  
This study demonstrated that microbial fermentation is a promising method to significantly enhance the biochemical and antimicrobial potential of hepp seeds and their protein components. For hepp seed fermentation, the use of starter cultures such as _L. acidophilus_ DSM 20079, _L. plantarum_ MR24, and _L. brevis_ R26 are recommended due to their adaptability to plant-based substrates and their capacity to effectively produce lactic acid and bioactive compounds. Among these, _L. brevis_ R26 showed the most promise, exhibiting the highest levels of amylase, cellulase, phytase, and protease activities, as well as producing the highest TPC and antioxidant activity in the fermentation medium. Hemp seed flour fermented with _L. brevis_ R26 could serve as a non-traditional sourdough starter for functional bread production. Additionally, proteins isolated from fermented hepp seed substrates could be used in developing new functional foods--such as protein-enriched bakery, confectionery, or dairy products--due to their enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. It should also be noted that other LAB strains may be viable for fermentation, each potentially offering unique advantages in terms of flavour, the nutritional profile, and functional attributes. Exploring additional LAB strains could be a valuable direction for future research. Furthermore, additional studies on the technological properties and digestibility of hepp proteins modified by lactic acid fermentation are recommended to facilitate their inclusion in new food formulations. Finally, the fermentation process described in the present study may also be applicable to other high-protein seeds, such as soy, sunflower, and pumpkin. Each seed type, however, has unique structural and compositional characteristics that could affect the selection of LAB strains and fermentation conditions. Hence, further research is warranted to optimise these variables for each seed type to expand the application of this method.  
Conceptualization, D.C.; methodology, D.C., I.G. and D.Z.; software, I.G.; validation, I.G. and D.Z.; formal analysis, L.B. and I.G.; investigation, I.G.; resources, D.C.; data curation, D.Z. and L.B.; writing--original draft preparation, I.G., D.Z. and D.C.; writing--review and editing, D.Z., L.B. and D.C.; visualization, I.G.; supervision, D.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in the article.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A New Method of Ski Tracks Extraction Based on Laser Intensity Information
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
Compared with the current mainstream classification algorithms, this paper used a composite detection method based on the laser intensity information reflected by the target. The method in this paper could complete the downsampling of point cloud datasets under the condition of ensuring the integrity of target edge information and separating the ground points and non-ground points according to the intensity distribution histogram and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name of** & **Extraction Algorithm** & **Correct Rate (\%)** & **Over-Extraction Rate (\%)** & **Under-Extraction Rate (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{First Data in Region A} & Euclidean Distance & 68.3 & 20.4 & 11.3 \\  & Clustering Segmentation & 76.9 & 6.2 & 16.9 \\  & RANSAC Method & 82.6 & 7.3 & 10.1 \\  & Proposed Method & 92.2 & 4.7 & 3.1 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Second Data in Region A} & Euclidean Distance & 75.6 & 10.4 & 14.0 \\  & Clustering Segmentation & 74.3 & 12.6 & 13.1 \\  & RANSAC Method & 85.4 & 8.9 & 5.7 \\  & Proposed Method & 94.5 & 2.8 & 2.7 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{First Data in Region B} & Euclidean Distance & 59.8 & 26.3 & 13.9 \\  & Clustering Segmentation & 72.5 & 14.3 & 13.2 \\ \cline{1-1}  & RANSAC Method & 80.1 & 10.7 & 9.2 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Proposed Method & 89.4 & 6.8 & 3.8 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Second Data in Region B} & Euclidean Distance & 72.2 & 15.4 & 12.4 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Clustering Segmentation & 70.8 & 18.5 & 10.7 \\ \cline{1-1}  & RANSAC Method & 85.6 & 7.8 & 6.6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Proposed Method & 92.9 & 5.1 & 2.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of ski-track extraction effects with different extraction algorithms.  
cloth method. Finally, the clustering and extraction of ski tracks were effectively completed based on the smoothing threshold and curvature between adjacent point clouds. The future work will focus on the study of laser point cloud intensity distribution and simplify the extraction process. In addition, the depth and slope of the ski tracks will be calculated according to the snow-free and snow-covered scenes, respectively.  
Conceptualization, W.W. and H.Z.; methodology, W.W. and C.Z.; software, W.W.; validation, W.W., C.Z. and H.Z.; formal analysis, W.W.; investigation, W.W.; resources, C.Z.; data curation, W.W.; writing--original draft preparation, W.W.; writing--review and editing, C.Z.; visualization, W.W.; supervision, C.Z. and H.Z.; project administration, C.Z.; funding acquisition, C.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China, Special project of \"Science and Technology Winter Olympics\" (2018 YFF0300802).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.