## 2 Bioactive Compounds Present in _Cystoseira_ Extracts for Neurodegenerative Disease Management
### F#
** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Carbon nanotubes} & \multirow{6}{*}{0.5–3 nm diameter and 20–1000 nm length (SWNTs) and multiwalled nanotubes nanotubes (MWNTs).} & \multirow{6}{*}{Cancer photothermal therapy: tissue engineering} & \multirow{6}{*}{[103]} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Sliver nanoparticles} & \multirow{6}{*}{10–500 nm} & \multirow{6}{*}{Unique optical, electrical and thermal properties.} & \multirow{6}{*}{Antimicrobial properties: infections of the central nervous system treatment} & \multirow{6}{*}{[39; 107; 108]} \\  &  
Nevertheless, with the growing use of NPs and their application in the biomedical field, which implies exposure and incorporation into the human body, the need for studies to assess their toxicity effects emerges. Nanotoxicology is the science that studies the toxicity of nanotechnology products, and their interactions in the body, assessing the risks and benefits [129]. This toxicity depends on nanoparticle physicochemical properties, such as composition, size, surface area and charge, among others [130]. These properties also control what will happen to the nanoparticles in vivo and their degradability after excretion from the organism and once in the environment. So, nanomaterial characterization is essential and usually achieved by chromatography techniques, microscopy techniques, and spectroscopic techniques. Some of the techniques are energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS): scanning electron microscopy (SEM): dynamic light scattering (DLS): differential scanning microscopy (DSC):  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Nanosystem** & **Size (nm)** & **Characteristics** & **Applications** & **Refs. ** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Polymeric nanoparticles} & \multirow{8}{*}{10–1000 nm} & \multirow{8}{*}{Solid and spherical particles formed from natural or synthetic polymers. Can be organized into nanospheres and nanocapsules.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Uveitis treatment: treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; neuroinflammation inflammation in Parkinson’s diseases: therapeutic agents for peripheral arterial disease; treatment of periodontal disease} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Liposomes} & \multirow{8}{*}{100–200 nm} & Spherical vesicles consisting of phospholipids and other components. Composed of successive bilayers that close on themselves, originating vesicles.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Cancer immunotherapy: antimicrobial therapy: respiratory disorders treatment: arthritis therapy: treatment of Parkinson’s diseases: ocular delivery drugs} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Dendrimers} & \multirow{8}{*}{Up to 10 nm} & \multirow{8}{*}{Triplet fundamental components: the central nucleus, the lower layer where branches linked to the nucleus appear polymerization and the outside region.} & \multirow{8}{*}{Treatment of osteoarthritis: cancer therapy: corneal tissue engineering: antiamyloidogenic agent} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Micelles} & \multirow{8}{*}{10–100 nm} & Lipid aggregates in a globular form. & \multirow{8}{*}{Breast cancer therapy: cervical cancer chemotherapy} \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Solid lipid nanoparticles} & \multirow{8}{*}{50–1000 nm} & \multirow{8}{*}{Compposed by solid lipids and surfactants. The surfactants are composed surfactants are composed by hydrophilic head and a lipophilic tail.}