# Green Analytical Chemistry--Recent Innovations
## 5 Application of Green Materials
### Eco-Friendly Materials in Sensor Fabrication  
The integration of sustainable materials in sensor fabrication is essential for reducing the environmental footprint of analytical devices while maintaining high performance. Recent advancements have focused on the development of biodegradable, recyclable, and natural materials for electrochemical and optical sensors, replacing conventional synthetic components that contribute to electronic waste.  
[PERSON] et al. [90] reviewed advancements in sustainable sensor manufacturing, emphasizing the role of biodegradable substrates, recyclable electronics, and low-impact conductive materials in next-generation IoT-based analytical devices. The study highlights the use of bioplastics, cellulose-based materials, and conductive bio-polymers, which not only minimize toxic waste but also enhance sensor flexibility and adaptability. Additionally, the integration of self-powered sensors and energy-harvesting technologies reduces reliance on external power sources, further supporting green analytical chemistry principles. Advancements in carbon-based nanomaterials derived from biomass, along with biopolymer-based sensor platforms, are making sensor fabrication more sustainable. These materials offer high conductivity, mechanical stability, and environmental compatibility, making them ideal for applications in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and industrial sensing. Another comprehensive review highlighted the use of biopolymeric materials, such as cellulose acetate (CA), methyl cellulose (MC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan (QT), and polylactic acid (PLA), as promising alternatives to traditional synthetic substrates [91]. These materials offer mechanical flexibility, environmental degradability, and low toxicity, making them ideal for wearable biosensors, single-use diagnostic tools, and disposable environmental sensors. The transition from petrochemical-based components to renewable, bio-derived materials has been a key focus in the field, reinforcing the need for green innovation in analytical technology. In addition to biodegradable substrates, carbon-based nanomaterials derived from biomass, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been incorporated into sensor platforms to enhance conductivity while maintaining sustainability. Conductive bio-polymers, including polyaniline, polypyrrole, and poly(3_A_-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), are also being explored as alternatives to metal-based electrodes, offering tunable electrical properties, flexibility, and recyclability. These materials enable the fabrication of low-energy, high-performance sensors while reducing reliance on hazardous substances. Further advancements in self-powered sensors and energy-harvesting technologies have expanded the possibilities for fully sustainable sensor platforms, allowing devices to function without external power sources, thereby minimizing resource consumption. The combination of eco-friendly materials, biodegradable electronics, and self-sustaining energy systems is paving the way for next-generation sustainable sensors, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles and promoting environmentally responsible analytical methodologies.