esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Behavior Under Quantum Loss and Decoherence
## 2 Background, Notation
### Two-Party Bell Experiments as Channels
To calculate the conditional probabilities \(P(ab|xy)=T^{(XY\to AB)}_{xy,ab}\), it is convenient to introduce the density operator of the entangled resource,  
\[\varrho^{(\ket{\Phi^{(+)}})}=\ket{\Phi^{(+)}}\bra{\Phi^{(+)}}, \tag{13}\]  
and then, we have  
\[T^{(XY\to AB)}_{xy,ab}=\bra{a}_{x}\bra{b}_{y}\varrho^{(\ket{\Phi^{(+)}})} \ket{a}_{x}\ket{b}_{y}. \tag{14}\]  
Carrying out the calculations, this leads to the following matrix:  
\[T^{(XY\to AB)}= \begin{pmatrix}\alpha&\beta&\beta&\alpha\\ \alpha&\beta&\beta&\alpha\\ \alpha&\beta&\beta&\alpha\\ \beta&\alpha&\alpha&\beta\end{pmatrix} , \tag{15}\]  
where \(\alpha=\frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{8}\) and \(\beta=\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{8}\). Concerning nonlocality, the famous Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality will read  
\[T^{(XY\to AB)}_{00,00}+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{00,11}-T^{(XY\to AB)}_{00,01}-T^{(XY \to AB)}_{00,10}\] \[+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{01,00}+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{01,11}-T^{(XY \to AB)}_{01,01}-T^{(XY\to AB)}_{01,10}\] \[+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{10,00}+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{10,11}-T^{(XY \to AB)}_{10,01}-T^{(XY\to AB)}_{10,10}\] \[-T^{(XY\to AB)}_{11,00}-T^{(XY\to AB)}_{11,11}+T^{(XY \to AB)}_{11,01}+T^{(XY\to AB)}_{11,10}\leq 2. \tag{16}\]  
For our choice of the basis, the left-hand side will be approx. \(4\cos^{2}(\pi/8)=2+\sqrt{2}\approx 3.41\), which violates the inequality. This is the highest violation which is possible with a quantum setup.
## 3 Challenge-Based CIDNs
### Major Components  
As shown in Figure 1, an IDS node contains an _IDS module_ and consists of three major components, the _trust management component_, _collaboration component_ and _P2P communication_.  
* _Trust management component_. To measure the reputation of IDS nodes, this component is responsible for comparing the expected answer with the received feedback. As mentioned above, each IDS node can request for the alarm severity through sending either normal requests or challenges. In order to protect challenges, [PERSON] et al. [5] assumed that challenges should be delivered randomly, associated with timing, making them hard to be identified from a normal request.
* _Collaboration component_. The goal of this component is to handle CIDN messages, that is, to help a node measure the reputation of others by sending normal requests or challenges. For example, this component can return the answers when an IDS node receives a CIDN message. In Figure 1, node \(B\) would return its feedback according to its own experience, if node \(A\) delivers a request or a challenge.
* _P2P communication_. This component aims to help maintain connections with other nodes, that is, by configuring the network initialization, address management and node-to-node communication. The trust of the P2P communication is assumed to be trusted.
# Low-Power Rectennas in Microwave Wireless Power Transmission
## 3 Low-Power-Density Rectenna
### Multi-Polarization Rectenna Implementations  
Polarization mismatch can significantly affect transmission efficiency even if the main lobe directions are aligned. In extreme cases, a vertically polarized antenna cannot receive any power transmitted by a horizontally polarized antenna. Therefore, multi-polarization should be applied to avoid polarization mismatch while ensuring high antenna gain. Circularly polarized antennas can receive radiation without loss from circularly polarized waves with the same rotational direction, in addition to all linearly polarized waves with a 3 dB loss. Thus, circularly polarized antennas are widely used in wireless power transfer (WPT) applications [86]. A novel dual-band circularly polarized antenna for millimeter-wave power transmission (MMPT) was first reported in [87]. As shown in Figure 16, arc-shaped parasitic patches are introduced near the circular patch to form a chiral structure, converting linearly polarized waves into left-handed circularly polarized waves at 24 GHz and right-handed circularly polarized waves at 28 GHz. High gains of 17.1 dBic and 17.0 dBic are achieved at these frequencies, respectively. All-polarization techniques can harvest circular and linearly polarized waves, overcoming polarization mismatch losses [88; 89; 90]. In [91], a compact and efficient all-polarization rectenna is introduced. At 2.45 GHz, the rectenna achieves rectification efficiencies exceeding 63% for all polarization angles with a peak efficiency of up to 82.2%.  
Figure 16: Photographs of the dual-band dual-sense circularly polarized rectenna: (**a**) Front view, (**b**) Bottom View [87].  
Figure 15: Installation of the fabricated 16 \(\times\) 16 antenna array [85].  
In order to better compare the performance of various rectennas, Table 3 provides a brief comparison of the main characteristics of several representative rectennas discussed in Sections 3.1-3.3, including parameters such as frequency band, gain, efficiency, and polarization.
## 4 Results
### Ablation Analysis  
An ablation study is conducted to demonstrate the impact of the main components in the proposed framework on the ETD performance. Specifically, three variants of our proposed method are implemented:  
1. RA-DOCC: This method uses a combination of a Periodicformer encoder with only row autocorrelation and LOF.  
Figure 8: ROC curves of the proposed method and other methods and the value of the area under each curve AUC.  
Figure 7: Comparison of training time with and without GPU acceleration.  
CA-DOCC: This method uses a combination of a Periodicformer encoder with only column autocorrelation and LOF.
* Vanilla-DOCC: This method uses a combination of a vanilla Transformer encoder [40] and LOF.  
Figure 9 shows the results of the ablation experiments, from which the following findings can be drawn:  
* RA-DOCC and CA-DOCC produce comparable experimental results, but show notable improvements over Vanilla-DOCC. Specifically, F1, AUC, recall, and FPR improve by approximately 5%, 1%, 4%, and 34%, respectively. This suggests that row autocorrelation and column autocorrelation are all effective in capturing periodic features, which help the model distinguish anomalous samples.
* Our proposed criss-cross periodic attention effectively integrates multiple periodic features. Compared to the vanilla Transformer encoder, F1, AUC, recall, and
# Encapsulation of \(\alpha\)-Lipoic Acid in Halloysite Nanotubes
## 4 Conclusions  
The studies indicate that halloysite nanotubes can be used as effective biocompatible nanocontainers for the preservation and delivery of \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid.  
Tests on UV light irradiation showed that \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid in native form degrades by 54.2% within a day. More than half of this amount is degraded in the first 12 h of UV exposure. After being loaded into halloysite nanotubes, \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid is more resistant to UV exposure. During the first 12 h of testing, the acid concentration did not change much. After a day of ultraviolet irradiation, the amount of undegraded acid was 84.4%.  
Tests of \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid in halloysite have shown that this pharmaceutical ingredient has an extended photostability period. After a day of testing, 98.5% of the substance was preserved, in contrast to the native substance, which during this time remained unaffected by only 82%.  
Testing for heat resistance shows that \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid practically does not degrade in the composite after encapsulation into the halloysite cavity, and only 65.7% of the acid remains in a non-degraded form in its native form after a day of testing. The obtained results suggest that the use of \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid in cosmetic formulations can be improved by adding halloysite nanotubes to the formulations.  
Conceptualization, G.L. and O.C.; investigation, A.M.; resources, O.C. and G.L.; data curation, A.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.M.; supervision, O.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The R & D laboratory of pharmaceutical company \"Darnytsia\" (Kiev, Uckraine) is acknowledged for its help in LC measurements.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Survey on Energy-Efficient Design for Federated Learning over Wireless Networks
## 2 Basic Principles of FL over Wireless Networks
### Signal Transmission Models  
During the local model uploading process, the transmit uplink signal from the \(k\)-th client is given by \(x_{k}=\sqrt{p_{k}}s_{k}\), where \(s_{k}\), with \(\mathbb{E}\big{\{}|s_{k}|^{2}\big{\}}=1\), denotes the desired data symbol, and \(p_{k}\) denotes the uplink power of the \(k\)-th client. In a CFL setup, this signal is transmitted to the central server, while in DFL, it is transmitted to other clients. Two common schemes for uplink transmission are time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency division multiple access (FDMA).
# A Game-Theoretic Analysis for Distributed Honeypots
## 5 Simulation Evaluations
### Payoff Results in MATLAB  
In this subsection, payoff curves in the strategy set \(((\pi_{11},\pi_{11}),\pi_{21})\) for two players are taken into consideration. Payoff curves for the server are shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 10a presents payoffs of a server in the strategy set (_Real-on_, _Access_) (i.e., real services are turned on and attacked). When \(N=1\), the payoff is \(-200\), a huge loss for the server. Along the \(N\) axis, the payoffs improve a lot and their curve is escalating faster, indicating a great improvement for the server. The payoffs in the strategy set (_Fake-on_, _Access_) are presented in Figure 10b. Because of the deployment cost of honeypots, they decrease with \(N\) increasing.  
Figure 10c,d illustrate payoffs of an attacker. They show the payoffs in the strategy sets (_Real-on_, _Access_) and (_Fake-on_, _Access_). The attacker's initial payoff value is 120 in Figure 10c. That means it makes profits when \(N=1\). After the distributed honeypots are deployed, the payoff is decreasing rapidly. Therefore, the honeypots bring the attacker great losses. Since real services are deployed, the probability of attacking a real service exists. The curve ascends in Figure 10d. Nevertheless, services are always changing and unpredictable. Attack traffic will be recognized by honeypots. Therefore, the attacker cannot inflict losses on the system. The final numerical value is approximately to \(-80\). Such a negative number means that the attacker still suffers a loss.  
Figure 10: (**a**) Payoffs of a server in the strategy set (_Real service-on_, _Access_); (**b**) Payoffs of a server in the strategy set (_Fake service-on_, _Access_); (**c**) Payoffs of an attacker in the strategy set (_Real service-on_, _Access_) ; (**d**) Payoffs of an attacker in the strategy set (_Fake service-on_, _Access_).  
All the payoff curves are aggregated in Figure 11. \(N=1\) is the closest point to \(payoff\) axis (i.e., distributed honeypots have not been deployed). At that point, an attacker possesses an apparent advantage over a server. However, with the increase of \(N\), there is a dramatic decline in the red curve of the attacker. One of payoff curves of the server shows an upward trend along \(N\) axis. Due to the deployment cost of honeypots, the other is slightly declining. Finally, the attacker's payoffs tend to be negative numbers and the server's payoffs are always higher than them. To better illustrate tendency of overall payoffs, we combine the strategy sets of two players respectively in Figure 12. The server's curve comes up and its adversary runs towards the opposite direction. The overall trends illustrate that our scheme is effective in defending against an attacker.
## 1 Introduction
### Background on Infrared (Near and Mid)  
Near infrared and mid infrared are two adjacent spectral regions, with NIR being immediately after the visible, moving to the longer wavelength region [2] (Figure 1). When a sample matrix is presented to the infrared light, molecular vibrations are measured through the absorbances at each wavelength and from this absorbances associated to specific chemical bonds are made. Strongly absorbing bonds are C-H, N-H, O-H, C-C and C=C where these make up most of the structures in most organic substances, especially, plant material (barley and hops) and liquids (wort and beer). Predictive models are built on samples that have had a reference analysis carried out as well as having the samples scanned on the infrared spectrophotometer with spectral data captured. The spectral data is modelled against the reference data using algorithms such as multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS) or more advanced machine learning such as artificial neutral networks (ANN). These algorithm programs can provide real-time data predictions if built into the instruments or attached computer. Alternatively, the spectra can be captured and results predicted off-line.  
In-line probes and hand-held infrared devices now provide opportunities for additional data to be captured real-time which will provide brewers with more data to control the brewing process and final quality.
# Enhancing Cache Robustness in Information-Centric Networks: Per-Face Popularity Approaches
## 4 Methodology  
The PFP-DA and PFP-\(\beta\) schemes were implemented using ndnSIM v. 2.5 [21,22], which is an NDN simulator based on ns-3 [23]. The ns-3 simulator is well known for its use with both traditional and experimental networks. Its code is entirely open source, which makes it appealing, as the simulator itself, not just scenarios, can be modified.  
For our hardware setup, we used a System76 Gazelle with a quad-core 6 MB cache, 16 GB of DDR4 RAM, and a 3.5 GHz i7-6700 HQ CPU. The operating system on this machine is Ubuntu 16.04 LTS. The point-to-point data rate was set to 50 Mbps, and the point-to-point channel delay was set to 10 ms. Note that bandwidth usage was not considered a metric of interest for this study.  
Regular consumers make requests following Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution, as implemented in ndnSIM. Attackers make uniform requests for what are considered (legitimately) less popular items (according to the Zipf-Mandelbrot distribution).  
For our tests, we will provide scenarios to test three primary variables in order to see how they affect the general cache hit percentage, the top 100 hit percentage, and the top 50 hit percentage. The three primary variables are the cache size, attacker request frequency, and number of attackers.  
First, the cache size variations always have an attacker with a request frequency of 720 requests/second (req/s), while regular consumers are 120 req/s. The number of content objects requested by the attacker is equal to the size of the cache in each scenario, so it is hypothetically possible for the attacker to fill the cache with unpopular items.  
Second, the attacker's request frequency is varied. A single attacker will make requests varying from 360 req/s up to 1200 req/s, with regular consumers requesting 120/req/s. The attacker starts at a faster rate than a normal consumer in order to give him a better chance of overwhelming the caching algorithm and providing more useful data.  
Third, the number of attackers ranges from zero attackers (for a baseline, attacker-free scenario) to one attacker, three attackers, five attackers, and seven attackers, all out of a total of ten consumers. This is to test how the algorithms respond, with respect to hit percentages and pollution, to an increasing number of attackers in the environment. The attackers request at 720 req/s, with normal consumers requesting at 120 req/s, again, to provide simulation of aggressive attackers attempting to overwhelm the caching algorithms.
## 2 Control Equations for Euler-Bernoulli Rotor
### Derivation of the Squeeze Film Damper (SFD) Oil Film Force  
The oil film Reynolds equation, grounded in the theory of fluid dynamic pressure lubrication, delineates the relationship between instantaneous oil film pressure and velocity. Solving the Reynolds equation yields the pressure distribution of the oil film. However, the Reynolds equation is an intricate nonlinear partial differential equation, typically intractable for analytical solutions, thus necessitating numerical methods for its resolution. To approximate the oil film pressure distribution, certain assumptions regarding the boundary conditions of the oil film are commonly made. The derivations in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 are adapted from [PERSON]'s book Rotor Dynamics [21] (Chapter 4, section on oil film forces)  
Depending on the bearing structure and oil supply characteristics, there are various scenarios for the boundary conditions when solving the Reynolds equation. For dampers with a length-to-diameter ratio that is relatively small (0.1 to 0.25) and without sealing devices at both ends, the pressure in the central region of the damper is high while the pressure at both ends is equal to the ambient pressure. Hence, the short bearing approximation of the Reynolds equation is obtained as  
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial Z}(h^{3}\frac{\partial p}{\partial Z})=6\mu(\omega_{ j}-2\Omega)\frac{\partial h}{\partial\theta} \tag{40}\]  
wherein \(h=C(1-\epsilon\cos\theta)\); therefore, it follows that  
\[\frac{\partial h}{\partial\theta}=-C\epsilon\sin\theta\]  
Thus, Equation (40) can be transformed to  
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial Z}(h^{3}\frac{\partial p}{\partial Z})=12\Omega\mu C \epsilon\sin\theta-6\mu C\epsilon\omega_{j}\sin\theta \tag{41}\]Integrating Equation (41) twice with respect to \(Z\), and assuming the pressure at the end surfaces to be atmospheric, the approximate oil film pressure distribution for the short bearing can be derived as  
\[p(\theta,Z)=\frac{3\mu C\varepsilon(2\Omega-\omega_{j})\sin\theta}{h^{3}}\bigg{(} \frac{L^{2}}{4}-Z^{2}\bigg{)} \tag{42}\]  
Having obtained the oil film pressure distribution, we can proceed to determine the oil film reaction force. For the squeeze film damper, as previously stated, the positive pressure zone lies within the range of \(\theta=\pi\sim 2\pi\). For analytical convenience, the oil film force \(F\) is decomposed into radial reaction force \(F_{r}\) and circumferential reaction force \(F_{t}\).
# Patient Mobility Support for Indoor Non-Directed Optical Body Area Networks
## 5 Experiments and Results  
### Experiments  
Experiments were conducted indoors to verify the proposed OBAN mobility model. A white LED was used as the transmitter and a PD with an optical filter was employed as the receiver. Table 3 shows the experiment parameters. The patient was assumed to move at an average speed of 0.5 m/s regularly throughout the experiment. As discussed previously, the experiments were carried out in three scenarios. In the first scenario, the optical coordinator was fixed at the shoulder of the patient body as shown in Figure 10a. The patient with the transmitter moves at an uniform distribution from 0 to 5 m along the x-axis, from 0 to 5 m along the y-axis and the transmitter height was fixed at 1.5 m above the floor. We also performed experiments by varying the transmitter height.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **IR-OCDMA [11]** & **VLC-OCDMA** & **Proposed Scheme** \\ \hline Number of nodes & 5 & 2 & 2 \\ Code length & 7200 & 7200 & – \\ Room dimensions & 7 m \(\times\) 5 m \(\times\) 2.5 m & 5 m \(\times\) 5 m \(\times\) 3 m & 5 m \(\times\) 5 m \(\times\) 3 m \\ Achievable BER (\(P_{t}\) = 60 mW) & 1.61 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\) & 3.75 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) & 2.74 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparative analysis of IR-OCDMA, VLC-OCDMA, and the proposed scheme.  
Figure 9: Performance comparison relative to transmit power.  
The second scenario involves the optical coordinator fixed at the wrist part of the body as shown in Figure 10b. The transmitter height was fixed at 0.5 m above the floor. In this scenario, mobility was supported for all three axes and the height of the transmitter varied uniformly from 0.5 to 1.5 m above the floor. The various human body movements led to the variations of the distance between the transmitter and receiver.  
In the two scenarios, there were chances for the light to be blocked by the patient due to different postures of the body. This obstruction could be alleviated by the transmit diversity (scenario 3). We employed the two transmitters with identical characteristics and a single receiver. We analyzed the effect of transmit diversity by fixing the transmitter at the wrist (0.5 m above the floor) and shoulder (1.5 m above the floor) of the patient body. The coordinators at the shoulder and wrist were in synchronism for the transmission and were employed to provide spatial diversity. It should be noted that the present mobility model could be designed more practically in accordance with actual hospital room environments.
###### Abstract
This implies that (a) the information from global databases is representative of a general behavior, and (b) a such behavior could be used for hazard assessment studies at a particular volcano. Here, we apply the EC model to construct scenario-based probability maps of PDCs area invasion and runout distances at Changbaishan volcano (2774 m; China/North Korea), also known as Paektu, Baekdu, Baitou, and Tianchi (Figure 1). The historical and recent eruptive history of Changbaishan is surprisingly poorly known although the volcano was responsible for a VEI \(\sim\)7 Plinian eruption (Millennium eruption; 946 AD; [PERSON] et al. [33]), which produced about 100 km\({}^{3}\) of tephra [34; 35; 36; 37]. Changbaishan has been also affected by an unrest episode characterized by uplift, increased seismicity and changes in gas geochemistry between 2002 and 2006 [38]. In this study, we use data from the Flowdat PDC global database [24; 25] and EC simulations [23] to identify the PDC inundation zones at Changbaishan volcano according to four selected reference scenarios representative of small-intermediate to Plinian eruptions [39] from different vents. We produce scenario-based probability maps superimposed to the Digital Terrain Model for the volcano and to the urban and infrastructural network (road, cities, railways, dams, airports). On the basis of the results from the EC runs and the probability maps we discuss the effects of different vent location and the morphology on the PDC invasion areas and extract some empirical relations between input and output parameters (e.g., collapse heightvs.PDC inundation area). The hazard implications are discussed. The analytical scheme we adopt may be applied to other volcanoes characterized by a relevant potential hazard and a poorly constrained eruptive history. Figure 1: Top: geodynamic framework and location of the Changbaishan volcano. The digital elevation model is from [[https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/wcs-client/](https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/wcs-client/)]([https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/wcs-client/](https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/wcs-client/)). The dashed lines show the depth contours of the subducting Pacific slab estimated from seismicity. Bottom: simplified geological map of the Changbaishan area superimposed to the ASTER GDEM V2 elevation model ([[https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp](https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp)]([https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp](https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.asp))). The main units are: 1, pre-shield basalts; 2, shield basalts; 3, post-shield basalts; 4, intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks (trachyte with minor brachyandesite); 5, intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks (trachyte with minor brachyandesite); 6, hyolite 1; 7, hyolite 2; 8, pyroclastic deposits related to caldera-forming eruptions. Blank area represents country rocks or sediments.