esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Discussion
### Implications for Field-Scale Implementation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Column 1: Stimulation** & **Column 2: Stimulation** & **Column 3:** \\  & **(High Ureolytic Rate)** & **(Low Ureolytic Rate)** & **Augmentation** \\ \hline
**Scenario 1 (\(\Delta\)V\({}_{\text{s}}\) = 150 m/s)** & & & \\ Primary Energy (MJ) & 4.52 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & 3.74 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & 4.76 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) \\ Global Warming Potential (kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq.) & 2.61 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 2.14 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 2.84 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) \\
**Scenario 2 (\(\Delta\)V\({}_{\text{s}}\) = 400 m/s)** & & & \\ Primary Energy (MJ) & 7.82 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & 6.63 \(\times\) 10\({}^{7}\) & – \\ Global Warming Potential (kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq.) & 4.55 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & 3.79 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) & – \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: LCSA results for Scenarios 1 and 2.  
improvements, however, injection-to-outlet well distances would need to be modified depending on the treatment technique with the high- and low-rate stimulation approaches requiring injection-to-outlet well spacings of 1.3 m and 3.5 m (Supplementary Figure S1), respectively, which were comparable to the injection distances present at Vs locations 2 and 4 in the experiments. The results, presented in Table 2, illustrate that even when large increases in Vs are desired, the low-ureolytic-rate stimulation approach is more sustainable than the high-ureolytic-rate stimulation approach (by about 19% on average). This is due to the smaller injection well spacing required by the latter approach. In Scenario 2, the use of low-ureolytic-rate stimulation over high-ureolytic-rate stimulation would be anticipated to decrease GHG emissions by about 760,000 kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq.
# Analyzing TCP Performance in High Bit Error Rate Using Simulation and Modeling
## 2 Modelling the Network
### Simulation Parameters and Statistics  
The simulation runtime was set to 45 min (2700 s) and 2700 sets of values (various statistics) were collected during the simulation. We have recorded the following seven statistics.  
* Global Statistics--FTP Download Response Time (s)
* Server Node Statistics--TCP Connection--Retransmission Count (Packets)
* Server Node Statistics--Traffic Load (packets)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Attribute** & **Value** & **Attribute** & **Value** \\ \hline Version/Flavor & Unspecified & Active Connection Threshold & Unlimited \\ \hline Maximum Segment Size (bytes) & Auto-assigned & Nagle Algorithm & Disabled \\ \hline Receiver Buffer (bytes) & 8760 & Kam’s Algorithm & Enabled \\ \hline Receive Buffer Adjustment & None & Timestamp & Disabled \\ \hline Receive Buffer Threshold & 0.0 & Initial Sequence Number & Auto Compute \\ \hline Delayed ACK Mechanism & Segment/Clock-based & Retransmission Thresholds & Attempts-based \\ \hline Maximum ACK Delay (s) & 0.200 & Initial RTO (s) & 3.0 \\ \hline Maximum ACK Segments & 2 & Minimum RTO (s) & 1.0 \\ \hline Slow-Start Initial Count (MSS) & 2 & Maximum RTO (s) & 64 \\ \hline Fast Retransmit & Enabled & Round Trip Time (RTT) Gain & 0.125 \\ \hline Duplicate ACK Threshold & 3 & Deviation Gain & 0.25 \\ \hline Fast Recovery & Reno & RTT Deviation Coefficient & 4.0 \\ \hline Window Scaling & Disabled & Timer Granularity (s) & 0.5 \\ \hline Selective ACK (SACK) & Disabled & Persistence Timeout (s) & 1.0 \\ \hline ECN Capability & Disabled & Connection Information & Do Not Print \\ \hline Segment Send Threshold & MSS Boundary & Acceleration & Disabled \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Riverbed Default TCP Parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & \(\mathbf{p_{drop}}\) & \(\mathbf{BER}\) & **Channel Condition** \\ \hline PDP: 0\% & 0\% & 0 & Perfect channel \\ \hline PDP: 0.01\% & 0.01\% & \(\approx\)10\({}^{-8}\) & Low noise channel \\ \hline PDP: 0.1\% & 0.10\% & \(\approx\)10\({}^{-7}\) & Medium noise channel \\ \hline PDP: 1\% & 1\% & \(\approx\)10\({}^{-6}\) & High noise channel \\ \hline PDP: 10\% & 10\% & \(\approx\)10\({}^{-5}\) & Very high noise channel \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Packet drops probability and the corresponding BER and channel conditions defined.  
* Server Node Statistics--TCP Connection--Congestion Window Size (bytes)
* Client Node Statistics--TCP Connection--Sent Segment ACK Number
* Client Node Statistics--TCP Connection--Throughput (bytes/s)
* Client Node Statistics--TCP Connection--Receiver Window Size (bytes)
## 5 Case Study
### Deployment Scenario  
Figure 2 shows the floormap of NUH Emergency Department waiting area. The standard operational process of NUH emergency is as follows: (1) the patient first registers at the registration counter; (2) the patient then waits for triage at the triage waiting area; (3) after the triage, the patient waits at the consultation waiting area to get preliminary consultations at the consultation counter and later treated in one of the consultation rooms by doctors. When BSNs are deployed in the Emergency Department of a hospital, BSNs will be operational during processes (2) and (3).  
From the statistics of the NUH Emergency Department, the total waiting time a patient spends at the waiting area of Emergency Department of NUH is one to two hours on average for different visiting periods, _i.e._, peak or off-peak time. Because a patient's status may deteriorate during the waiting time, it is necessary to monitor critical physiological data of an unattended patient through a BSN in the waiting areas. Once any emergency situation is detected, the patient should be given priority to be treated [44; 45; 46].
# Edge-Preserving Image Denoising Based on Lipschitz Estimation
## 5 Results and Analysis
We generated noisy data from clean image by adding pseudo random numbers (Gaussian White noise) with different peak signal to noise ration (PSNR), the qualitative analysis of the method on both images is summarized in Table 1. We observed improvement of \(\approx\)5 at the lowest sigma and relatively better results at high variance of noise with the \(\approx\)10 improvement in PSNR in House and \(\approx\)8 in the case of Lena image. Figure 14 shows the corresponding correlation curves with different noise levels (sigma) on House image where cross and circle represent the true values computed by the method. Figure 11: (**a**) House Image, (**b**) House Image with Gaussian white noise (Input PSNR = 24.59 dB), (**c**) Denoised Image with proposed Method (29.14 dB). Figure 10: (**a**) Rotated Lena image (10\({}^{\circ}\) of rotation), (**b**) Modulus maxima lines after thresholding, (**c**) Histogram of Lipschitz Values. We observed distant correlation with input at high sigma which gradually reduces with decrease in sigma. We generated noisy data from House image by adding pseudo random numbers (Gaussian White noise) resulting in peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of approximately 19 dB. Figure 15b,c presents the image with the addition of Gaussian white noise and the denoising result with the proposed method. The obtained PSNR is 26 dB with Lipschitz based method and also the visual evaluation emphasizes the proposed method has not introduced any spurious edges as highlighted in Figure 1.  
Figure 14: Correlation results with different noise levels. Figure 12: Row 200 of Image, with Gaussian white noise (Input PSNR = 22.11 dB) and denoised with proposed Method (27.93 dB). Figure 13: Row 200 of Lena Image, row with Gaussian white noise (Input PSNR = 22.11 dB) and denoised row with SSplit Method (27.77 dB). Similarly, Figure 16b,c also presents the image with the addition of Gaussian white noise and the denoising result with the proposed method on Lena image. The improved PSNR is 29.82 dB as compared to the input 22 dB. In Figure 17, the method improved the PSNR on the Circuit image to 26.12 dB. The results obtained on the Hand and Pepper images are also shown in Figures 18 and 19. The proposed Lipschitz estimation-based method significantly improved not only the statistical results but also the visual evaluation to emphasize that the proposed method has not introduced any spurious edges. We compared the results on the Lena test images with other methods, including the SURE LET, Sure Shrink, VisuShrink, and Bivariate shrinkage functions (Table 2), as explained [29]. We noted that the results obtained at higher noise level were comparable and better than those obtained with the other methods from the literature. The obtained results were approximately similar to the SURE LET and Bivariate shrinkage functions and outperformed the SureShrink and VisuShrink methods.
# eSCorpius-m: A Massive Multilingual Crawling Corpus with a Focus on Spanish
## 4 Data Download and Cleaning Process
### Deduplication  
As described in ref. [48], it is crucial to generate datasets for training language models that are free of duplicity. This makes it possible to train models that do not memorize sentences due to their high degree of duplicity, which artificially results in fewer training steps and higher accuracy. Using deduplication, the overlap between training, validation and test sets is reduced, improving the training procedure as well as the confidence on the model proficiency.  
We do not perform any content filtering process based on URLs as we want to avoid any kind of censorship. We expect users to perform this filtering if they are interested in it (we encourage users to understand the license terms before doing set). Additionally, depending on the purpose of the model, the corpus can be filtered out to show only the results from specific URLs.  
Our novel deduplicacion process, which we have named dLHF, is comprised of two main steps. First of all, we deduplicate complete contents of the corpus via exact matching at the document level. Subsequently, we perform the same deduplication at the paragraph level. In order to deal with paragraphs, the text is normalized and noisy information is removed. Even though the process may appear naive, the greatest part of the deduplication happens in this step.  
After that, we perform a more complex deduplication based on Local Sensitive Hashing. We adapted state-of-the-art code to work in parallel, use fewer computational resources and, more importantly, to avoid unstructuring the document. This last feature is highly relevant as we have found that some of the deduplication software available performs operations that break the document integrity. Actually, the fact that the OSCAR corpus suffers this issue, leads us to think that it was not subject to deduplication whatsoever (see the last point of the section \"Changes\" at the following URL for more details: [[https://oscar-corpus.com/post/oscar-v22-01/](https://oscar-corpus.com/post/oscar-v22-01/)]([https://oscar-corpus.com/post/oscar-v22-01/](https://oscar-corpus.com/post/oscar-v22-01/)), accessed on 15 September 2023).  
In related work performed in ROOTS [38], deduplication is implemented at the document level, with the use of hashing (SimHash) for soft deduplication. Due to the bag-of-words characteristics of SimHash, an extra step was needed to handle longer documents as they tend to appear similar. In contrast, ParaCrawl implements deduplication at the sentence level. Rather than considering entire documents, they look at individual sentences within those documents to identify duplicates, making it a non-comparable approach [45].
# Superconducting Electronic-Photonic Platform for HEB-Based Terahertz Spectrometers
## 4 Conclusions  
We propose the design of a SOI-based HEB mixer that utilizes photonic crystal waveguide integrated with two dielectric rod antenna arrays through multimode interference power combiners. This is to couple the mixer with a local oscillator and signal at 2.7 THz. The design is evaluated by both EM simulations and prototyping of the mixer key elements in a 50:1 scale. The developed on-chip power distribution networks ensure input losses of 2.4 dB and far-field radiation patterns with gain of 12.1 dB and a side lobe level below \(-11\) dB. A full-sized prototype of the mixer designed for operation at 2.7 THz is successfully fabricated. The mixer is scalable to even higher operating frequencies in the range of 7-14 THz within the developed fabrication technology. Design tuning and detailed performance tests are in our future plans.  
Conceptualization, A.S.; methodology, A.S. and I.B.; software, A.S. and A.P.; validation, A.S. and I.B.; formal analysis, A.S., I.B. and A.P.; investigation, A.S., I.B., A.P. and M.E.; resources, I.B. and A.P.; data curation, A.S.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S.; writing--review and editing, A.S., I.B. and A.P.; visualization, A.S. and G.G.; supervision, G.G.; project administration, A.S.; funding acquisition, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 22-79-10279, [[https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10279/](https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10279/)]([https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10279/](https://rscf.ru/project/22-79-10279/)) (accessed on 3 May 2023).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data are available upon reasonable request.  
The authors would like to express their gratitude to [PERSON] for their kind support in fabrication of superconducting structures.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} THz & Terahertz \\ PIC & Photonic integrated circuit \\ PPDN & Photonic power distribution network \\ HEB & Hot electron bolometer \\ DRA & Dielectric rod antenna \\ LO & Local oscillator \\ SIS & Superconductor-insulator-superconductor \\ ISM & Interstellar medium \\ EM & Electromagnetic \\ MMIPC & Multimode interference power combiner \\ PCWG & Photonic crystal waveguide \\ TSL & Tapered slot line \\
3d & Three-dimensional \\ AC & Alternating current \\ IR & Infrared \\ DBR & Distributed Bragg reflector \\ CW & Continuous waveform \\ AM & Amplitude modulation \\ SOI & Silicon-on-insulator \\ \end{tabular}
_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
**Synthesis, Physical Properties and Electrochemical Applications of Two Ionic Liquids Containing the Asymmetric Fluoromethylsulfonyl)(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide Anion**  
**[PERSON] 1,*\({}^{\copyright}\)**, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,4,5, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 5, [PERSON] 5 and [PERSON] 11  
1 Consiglio Nazionale delleRiecorhe, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.T.); [PERSON](A.P.)  
2 Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologic, i'Energia le Osviluppo Economico Sostenibte (ENEA), Materials and Physicochemical Processes Technical Unit (SSPT-PROMAS-MATPRO), Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy; [PERSON]G.B.A.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.M.)  
3 Synchrotron SOLETI, L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, CEDEX BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; jean-blaise.brubach@lychroh.solefi.f (J.-B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.P.)  
4 Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Universita di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy  
5 Solvionic SA, 11 Chemin des Silos, 31100 Toulouse, France; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.B.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.F.)  
5 Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
**Abstract:** Novel ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes based on the asymmetric (fluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (FTFS)\({}^{-}\) anion, combined with the \(N\)-trimethyl-\(N\)-butyl-ammonium (N1114)\({}^{+}\) and \(N\),\(N\)-diethyl-\(N\)-methyl-\(N\)(2-methoxy))-ammonium (N122(201)\({}^{+}\) cations, were successfully synthesized and investigated in terms of thermal, vibrational and electrochemical properties. Thermogravimetric measurements revealed that the ionic liquids are stable up to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C (2% mass loss). Differential scanning calorimetry measurements evidenced no phase transition down to \(-90\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, suggesting a transition towards a glass state at lower temperatures. Infrared spectroscopy measurements, for the first time performed on ILs containing FTFSI, could not detect any crystallization down to \(-140\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. The frequency of the main absorption bands of the ILs are in good agreement with DFT calculations. The FTFSI ionic liquid electrolytes, containing 20% mol of LiTFSI, show no solid-liquid phase transition due to the asymmetry of the FTFSI\({}^{-}\) anion, increasing the \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C conductivity up to \(10^{-4}\) S cm\({}^{-1}\). These interesting ion transport properties remarkably extend the operative temperature range down to low temperatures. The FTFSI electrolytes exhibit remarkable electrochemical stability up to 4.8 V, this making them appealing for realizing safer and highly reliable lithium battery systems operating at high voltages.  
**Keywords:** FTFSI; ionic liquids; asymmetric anions; thermal properties; ionic conductivity
# Digital Systems in Smart City and Infrastructure: Digital as a Service
## 5 Digital Systems
### Emergency Systems  
Emergency Systems are required in case of fire evacuation, mostly used to guide users in emergency scenarios by emergency services. These systems follow very strict requirements and Standards such as the use of Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and Fire grade cabling and equipment.  
The Public Address/Voice Alarm (PA/VA) [59] system serves a dual functionality. The PA provides general information audio announcements related to the purpose of the Smart Infrastructure. The VA provides emergency announcements that will guide users in case of emergency or fire. Both PA/VA systems can be zoned to enable segregated acoustic information and announcements.  
Emergency Communications [60] are installed in refuge areas or Fire lift lobbies to enable the communication between users and the Fire Brigade in fire protected environments. The handsets are fixed, wall mounted and normally hard wired to the server without the use of a Digital IP communications layer.  
Fire System [61; 62] detects fire using heat or smoke detectors. It provides an audio visual alarm via beacons and sounders to alert users of a fire and start an evacuation. If the Smart Infrastructure has also Voice Alarm, then both systems will be directly interconnected, therefore when fire is detected, it will automatically trigger intelligible alert.
## 2 Related Works
### Modeling Spatiotemporal Dependency Relationships  
Various deep learning models have been employed to model spatiotemporal dependencies in bike-sharing systems. Foundational models for time-series prediction, such as Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) models [21], Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models [22; 23; 24], and Gated Recurrent Unit [22], were initially applied to bike-sharing prediction problems. However, these models cannot capture spatial features. In response to this issue, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), commonly used in the image domain, have been applied to bike-sharing systems [25; 26]. Nevertheless, CNN models still cannot model non-Euclidean topological features of bike-sharing stations or clusters. Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) have a natural advantage in modeling non-Euclidean structures and have been widely applied in various fields. Many scholars have introduced GCNs into bike-sharing systems. [PERSON] et al. constructed a Spatiotemporal Graph Neural Network (ST-GNN) model based on GCN and GRU for bike-sharing demand prediction [27]. To further model complex spatial features, some scholars designed different graphs, constructing Multi-Graph Convolutional (MGCN) models that fuse multiple graphs [19; 28]. Others have fused different spatial features on various scales through model structure design, such as creating local and global model structures [29; 30]. In addition to spatiotemporal correlations, there exists spatiotemporal dynamics that prevent prediction results from achieving the desired practical effects. Therefore, some Dynamic Graph Convolutional Networks (DGCNs) have been proposed and applied to the field of traffic flow prediction. [PERSON] et al. introduced a Dynamic Graph Convolutional Recurrent Network (DGCRN) model for traffic prediction, featuring a hypernetwork designed to auto-generate dynamic graphs, and defined the computation method for dynamic graph convolution [31]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a deep learning model called STSeq2 Seq for predicting traffic state multiple steps ahead, where the PAM module can dynamically generate graphs based on input traffic sequence data. While Recurrent Neural Networks are suitable for modeling time dependencies, Graph Convolutional Networks have an advantage in modeling topological spatial relationships of stations. The design of spatiotemporal neural network models and the use of spatiotemporal attention mechanisms can better capture spatiotemporal correlations. However, research on spatiotemporal dynamics in the field of bike-sharing is still limited, and there has been no research considering the impact of station additions and closures on demand predictions.
## 5 Predefined Path-Based Techniques
### Ring-Based Dual Paths (RDP)  
#### 5.3.1 RDP Concepts  
As a predefined path-based technique, RDP [20] establishes two predefined paths for each connection pair and use them for point-to-point communications instead of duplicating and flooding as in the standard HSR protocol. However, unlike ODP and DVP that establish dual paths for each connection pair of terminal nodes, RDP builds dual paths for each connection pair of terminal rings (DANH rings). In the RDP approach, dual paths are ring-based dual paths. The RDP approach forwards unicast frames from a source node to a destination node through the dual paths pre-established between the source DANH ring and the destination DANH ring.  
In the RDP approach, the functions of discovering and establishing dual paths are performed only at QuadBoxes, not terminal nodes, such as DANH nodes and RedBox nodes. The RDP approach defines two types of QuadBox nodes: access QuadBoxes and trunk QuadBoxes. Access QuadBoxes connect to at least one DANH ring, while trunk QuadBoxes connect to two QuadBox rings. Like DVP, the RDP approach uses several control messages, such path request (PREQ) and path reply (PREP) message in order to discover and build dual paths for each connection pair of DANH rings.