## 6 Conclusions  
The exploration of adhesion properties in FFF technology remains an ongoing challenge that demands thorough scrutiny and continual investigation. This is driven by the need for improved material compatibility, the reinforcement of print bed mechanics, and the adoption of more cohesive materials. This article outlines a strategic approach to address these complexities, catering to a broad spectrum of users from enthusiasts to industrial stakeholders. The foundation of this research revolves around the design and iterative validation of a sophisticated device crafted specifically for testing material adhesion to various print bed types or their coating materials. This initiative is marked by the identification of key problematic areas, necessitating the development of a versatile device adaptable to diverse FFF device constructions. The compactness and robustness of the measurement apparatus are crucial considerations, enabling its usability across materials with superior adhesive properties.  
Furthermore, attention to testing execution is emphasized, necessitating CNC control due to the test's location and inherent nature. The selection of suitable printing materials and bed typologies for verifying device functionality remains a critical facet of this pursuit. The comprehensively detailed materials and methods section elucidates the careful selection of components and testing specifications integral to evaluating adhesion properties in 3D-printed models across diverse substrate materials. Notably, the focus on PETG as the testing material illuminates its significance and relevance within FFF technology, offering insights into its adhesion behavior compared to other materials such as PLA.  
The results section showcases extensive empirical data derived from adhesion tests conducted on various surface coatings and materials. These analyses provide crucial insights into the detachments' force dynamics, shedding light on the interplay between different coating materials and their adhesive behaviors. The presented tables and graphs offer a comprehensive visual depiction of these relationships, laying the groundwork for a nuanced understanding of adhesion between printed models and the print bed in 3D printing technology. It is important to emphasize that these measurements were conducted in a way that excluded significant errors stemming from incorrect initial layer settings or visible signs of wrapping or inadequate adhesion to the print bed.  
In summary, this exhaustive exploration underscores the criticality of addressing adhesion challenges in FFF technology. The findings pave the way for a deeper comprehension of material adhesion, offering significant implications for optimizing printing processes and fostering material compatibility across diverse print bed typologies.  
Conceptualization, J.K.; methodology, J.K. and T.C.; software and measurements J.K. and T.C.; validation, M.K. and J.T.; formal analysis, J.K.; investigation, J.K. and A.V.; resources, A.V. and J.T.; writing--original draft preparation, M.K.; review and editing, J.K.; visualization, T.C.; supervision, M.K.; funding acquisition, M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by projects VEGA 1/0026/22 and KEGA 002 TUKE-4/2023 granted by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic.  
Not applicable.  
Dataset available on request from the authors. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.