## 5 The Extended Eco-Apostle Model Applied to National Identity
### Contingency Tables  
This section presents the contingency table method used to understand whether the citizens' national identity is affected by country, age, or political orientation. In this context, contingency tables are used to determine whether the national identity categories are independent of the covariates determined by country, age, and political orientation. The analysis was carried out for each analyzed wave, 2003 and 2013. [PERSON] [55] was the first author to formulate contingency tables. He stated that a contingency table is a matrix format table that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of variables. They are widely used in survey research, business intelligence, engineering, and scientific research [56]. It is a method that provides a primary picture of the interrelationship between two variables, and with its help, researchers can analyze the interactions between variables. Thus, the study analyzes the degree of independence between the national identity type and the following three mentioned covariates: country-year, age-year, and political orientation-year. For ease of exposition, the analysis is mainly focused on the four pure categories, so a fifth category, named \"hybrid\", was obtained for all the citizens who do not belong to one of the pure categories. The chi-square independence test is used to analyze the contingency table of two categorical variables. The chi-squared test evaluates whether there is a significant association between the categories of the two variables. To determine which cells contribute most to the total Chi-squared score, we compute the Chi-squared statistic for each cell, as shown in Figure 3. Positive residuals are in blue. The cells' positive values specify an attraction (positive association) between the corresponding row and column variables. The negative residuals are in red, implying a repulsion (negative association) between the corresponding row and column variables. Figure 3a shows that Ireland and Spain, in both waves but especially in 2013, were the two countries most positively associated with post nationalists. Germany also presented a similar trend. On the other hand, Central and Northern European countries, such as Denmark, France, and Norway, presented a negative association with post-nationalism. Regarding credentialism, it can be concluded that most of the countries for both waves are negatively associated, with the exception of Denmark and Portugal in 2003, and Russia and the US for both waves. It is particularly interesting to remark that the observed results for these two latter countries presented the highest positive relationship with being credentialist. The analysis for pure ethnic- and civic-oriented categories showed that Ireland and Russia were positively associated with ethnic and negatively associated with civic. The opposite trend is observed for Denmark, Germany, and Norway. Figure 3b shows the relationship between national identity categories and political orientation-year. It was seen that for post-nationalism, there was a positive and negative association with far-left citizens and right conservative, respectively, for both waves of 2003 and 2013. Regarding credentialism, it was seen that leftist political orientation is negatively associated, and rightist political orientation is positively associated in contrast. The civic- and ethnic-oriented national identity did not show a clear relationship pattern for the political orientation. There were only the following two issues to highlight: (1) the  
positive association of center-left with the pure civic-oriented category in the wave 2013; (2) the positive association of far-right voters with the pure ethnic-oriented category in the wave 2003. Figure 3: _Cont._  
The section ends with an analysis of the contingency table between the national identity and the age-year categories (Figure 3c). It can be seen that the older generations tend to be positively associated with credentialism and negatively associated with post nationalists and civic-oriented nationalists.