## 2 Incorporating OSI Layers in WSN Clustering
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocol/ Technique** & **Involved OSI** & **MAC** & **Parameters** & **Routing** & **Scalability** & **Key Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{EQPD-MAC [22]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Network MAC} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Residual Energy, & & & Combines prioritized data \\  & & & Packet Priority, & & & handling with multi-hop \\  & & & Multi-Hop Path & & & routing for efficient \\  & & & Multi-Hop Path & & & energy usage \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{FQA [23]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Network MAC} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Residual Energy, & & & Combines fuzzy logic \\  & & & Neighbors, & & for CH \\  & & & Distance to BS, & & selection with quantum \\  & & & Node Centrality & & annealing for \\  & & & Node Centrality & & optimal routing \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{SA, ECC [24]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Physical [24]} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Coverage, & & & Lower power \\  & & & Connectivity & & & consumption and better \\  & & & Connectivity & & network coverage \\  & & & & & compared to heuristics \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{EAP-CMAC [25]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Physical  Data Link} & \multirow{3}{*}{CSMA/CA} & Quality of & & & & Improved network \\  & & & Connection, & & & lifespan and reduced \\  & & & Destination & & & power dissipation \\  & & & Queue & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{GCRAD [26]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{ALOHA} & Number of & & & & Effective for disaster relief \\  & & & Relays, Node & & Queue State, & & with reduced latency and \\  & & & Distance to BS & & & power usage \\ \hline ARSC, OCCH, & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link [27]} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Average Power & Single and & & & & Insight into selecting \\ CWGC, OTTC & & Data Link & & Consumption, & Multi Hop & & Medium \\  & & & Network Lifespan & & & & support algorithms \\  & & & Network & & & & based on specific \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CL-MAC [28]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{CSMA/CA} & \multirow{3}{*}{Network  Conditions} & \multirow{3}{*}{Multi Hop} & & & & Enhanced data \\  & & & & Conditions & & transmission \\  & & & & Conditions & & efficiency and reduced \\  & & & & & energy consumption & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MAC [29]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link } & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Idle Power, & & & & & Improved network \\  & & & Duty Cycle & & & & lifespan and reduced idle \\  & & & Duty Cycle & & & power \\  & & & & & consumption & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CREC [30]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Physical  Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{CSMA/CA} & Node Initiative, & & & & & Significant energy usage \\  & & & Congestion & Management, & & & reduction and better \\  & & & Channel Effects & & & network performance \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{TSLC [31]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{CSMA/CA} & Node Status, & & & & Enhanced energy \\  & & & Energy & & & & conservation and \\  & & & Consumption & & & prolonged \\  & & & Consumption & & & network lifespan \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CEE [32]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{CSMA/CA} & Node Placement, & & & & Effective for mobile \\  & & & Node Placement, & & & networks with significant \\  & & & Full-duplex & & & energy efficiency and \\  & & & Interfaces & & & performance \\  & & & & improvements & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CCBE [33]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Physical  Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Distance to BS, & & & & Superior energy efficiency \\  & & Data Link  Residual Energy, & & & & and network longevity \\  & & & & Stol Assignment & & compared to traditional \\  & & & & & & clustering protocols \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{BACA, HC, SA [34]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Physical  Data Link  Network} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Sensor Placement, & & & & Achieved high \\  & & & Sensing Coverage & & & & sensing coverage \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CGA-GWO [35]} & \multirow{3}{*}{MAC} & \multirow{3}{*}{TDMA} & Distance to BS, & & & & Combines CGA \\  & & & Residual Energy & & & & and GWO for efficient \\  & & & & & & clustering and routing \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}