# How Do Humans Recognize the Motion Arousal of Non-Humanoid Robots?
## 7 Conclusions  
In the process of human cognition of NHRs, identifying the universal factors that influence the recognition of NHR arousal is crucial. This study, from the perspective of human cognition, utilizes the IK and FK constraint theory used in 3D animation to reconstruct realistic movements, classifies NHRs, and innovatively proposes \"amplitude\" as a potential universal influencing factor to measure the arousal that NHRs display and humans can recognize. This hypothesis is supported by previous research, which indicates that humans can recognize arousal based on the motion amplitude of IK-dominant NHRs [39; 42]. However, for FK constraint-dominant robot movements, especially in continuous actions composed of two opposite directions of movement, the effect of amplitude on arousal has not been clear. To investigate the potential relationship between amplitude and the recognition of arousal, this study meticulously designed two experiments. Experiment 1 focused on the influence of amplitude on arousal in vertical jumping movements of FK-dominant NHRs; Experiment 2 targeted complex NHRs with both IK and FK motion constraints, studying the role of amplitude in the recognition of their arousal. In the experimental design, we used the PAD scale to measure arousal and applied statistical methods to analyze the relationship between the three different amplitudes and the results of arousal recognition, ensuring the reliability and scientific validity of the research. The research results indicate that in the jumping motion of FK-dominant NHRs, amplitude has a significant impact on the recognition of arousal during the critical phases that influence human perception. Additionally, in complex NHRs constrained by both IK and FK, amplitude also plays a significant role in humans' recognition of the robots' arousal. Notably, the relationship between amplitude and arousal shows a high degree of consistency across different types of NHRs, further supporting the view that \"amplitude\" is a universal factor influencing the recognition of NHR arousal. To further verify the universality of this conclusion, future research should include a wider range of NHR forms and consider differences across different cultures and populations. The significance of this study in terms of technological advancement, theoretical value, and practical application is as follows:Technological Advancement: This study, from a universal perspective, delves into how humans recognize the emotional arousal of robots. It not only enriches the application of Gestalt psychology in the field of robot emotional expression but also provides important theoretical support for the practical application of NHRs in emotional interaction. The results of this study contribute to designing more effective emotional expression strategies for NHRs, enhancing the naturalness and efficiency of human-robot interaction in practical applications, and laying the foundation for the further development of robot emotional computing. * Theoretical Value: This study innovatively classifies NHRs through physical motion constraints and deeply analyzes the types of NHR applications and emotional expression issues that previous studies have not touched upon. This innovative work not only fills a gap in academic research but also provides new perspectives and methods for the design and application of NHRs, which is of great significance for promoting the diversification and personalized development of robot technology. * Practical Application: This study's mastery of the emotional arousal expression rules of NHRs is directly related to the improvement of robots' expression efficiency and effectiveness. By optimizing motion amplitude based on human potential recognition rules, this study provides precise guidance for the emotional expression of NHRs in different scenarios.