## 3 Materials and Methods  
This study proposed a comprehensive framework for analyzing and optimizing the impact of human factors in the underground mine evacuation process to save miners' lives. This approach captured individual behaviors and interactions in complex underground mine environments, identifying bottlenecks to optimize procedures during evacuation emergencies. Figure 3 depicts the proposed step-by-step methodology for the evacuation process in this study. Data Collection. The proposed methodology began with data acquision. This study utilized secondary data, specifically information about walking and running speeds in various situations, as well as body size and speed data. This information was obtained from the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [54] to enhance the realism of the simulation. This information was on the speed, step frequency, and stride length of young and old adults, segmented by sex, for both flat surfaces and stairs. For young adult females, the body radius was 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.02 m, with a speed of 1.45 m/s on flat surfaces and 0.65 m/s on stairs. Their step frequency remained at 2 steps per second on flat surfaces and 1 step per second on stairs, with stride lengths of 0.71 m and 0.66 m, respectively. Young adult males had a body radius of 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.02 m and moved at 1.48 m/s on flat surfaces and 0.81 m/s on stairs, maintaining a step frequency of 2 steps per second on flat surfaces and 1 on stairs, with stride lengths of 0.76 m and 0.81 m. Among older adults, females had a body radius of 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.02 m, moving at 0.93 m/s on flat surfaces and 0.56 m/s on stairs, with a consistent step frequency of 2 steps per second on flat surfaces and 1 on stairs and stride lengths of 0.46 m and 0.56 m. Finally, older adult males, with a body radius of 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.02 m, exhibited speeds of 1.06 m/s on flat surfaces and 0.60 m/s on stairs, maintaining the same step frequency as the other groups, with stride lengths of 0.56 m on flat surfaces and 0.61 m on stairs. Additionally, the mine layout, provided as a CAD file, was sourced from the Experimental Mine at the University of Arizona. This CAD file was used to generate the final mine map, as illustrated in Figure 4.  
The mine employed in this study belonged to an underground mine environment and focused on levels 100, 150, and 250. These levels were connected by a shaft, and other levels like the edit level were omitted due to their lack of connectivity. Agent Description. Agent description was the second step of the proposed methodology. Agents were part of the simulation model, representing the underground miners. They could either cooperate or compete for access to resources, with their fundamental properties such as position, motion, decision-making, and health being modeled. Also, the logic in the simulation model outlined the specifications and interactions executed by each agent type. In this underground mine, the simulation model was configured based on autonomous agents who made individual decisions about resource utilization. Furthermore, the position and motion model described the agent's location in the mine model and speed, while the decision model aimed to control the actions of evacuees and health allocates emergency personnel. Figure 3: The step-by-step procedure proposed for the study. In this study, agent-based simulation modeling and configuration were implemented using AnyLogic PLE software, which was designed for simulating complex systems across various industries, including mining. Its agent-based approach allows for the modeling of individual entities (agents) that interact within their environments, making it especially valuable for understanding dynamic behaviors such as those involved in underground mine evacuations. AnyLogic combines three modeling paradigms--discrete event simulation, system dynamics, and agent-based modeling--giving users the flexibility to select the best approach for their scenarios. The software features a comprehensive library of drag-and-drop elements that streamline model creation.