## 1 Introduction  
With the continuous development of Internet of Things devices and big data technology, massive spatiotemporal big data have been generated around the world. Spatiotemporal big data are a kind of big data, which are used to describe the associated movement of participants in space and time. Common spatio-temporal data types include mobile phone positioning data, shared commodity usage record data, and population migration data [1]. Despite the potential value of spatio-temporal big data, they also pose data security issues. Most traditional security authentication protocols adopt centralized authentication methods. Such authentication protocols [2; 3; 4] need to rely on trusted third parties, such as certificate authorities and authentication servers. Hence, there is a threat of a single point of failure. Most traditional authentication is the verification of a single device [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. In the huge world of the Internet of Things, the efficiency of the verification of a single device is too low to satisfy current needs. As a new decentralized distributed system technology, blockchain can be combined with traditional solutions in various scenarios to improve the security of the solution. The literature [10] proposes a decentralized gateway architecture that utilizes a unique combination of public and private blockchain platforms through interoperability to connect private blockchains with end users, solving the problem that blockchains ultimately provide consumers with security and the difficulty of verifying services. In federated learning, the federated learning framework VFChain based on the blockchain system is proposed to realize verifiable and auditable federated learning and improve its security [11]. Blockchain technology is introduced into the domain name system [12] for providing safe and efficient DNS services. A blockchain-based decentralized authentication modeling scheme is proposed in the edge and IoT environment to realize a highly secure, highly reliable, and strong fault-tolerant authentication scheme [13]. An alternative authentication service method, DAuth, based on the Ethereum blockchain [14] is designed to achieve decentralized identity verification and lower the risk of user data being leaked or modified at will. Blockchain, as a new decentralized distributed system technology, conforms to the distributed characteristics of spatiotemporal big data and provides a new method for solving spatiotemporal big data security authentication problems [15; 16]. Nevertheless, the scheme implementation of blockchain-based spatiotemporal big data security authentication is in the exploratory stage, and many problems exist in blockchain-based methods. The current blockchain-related research on spatio-temporal big data security certification is mainly conducted from two perspectives: security architecture and security certification [7; 17; 18]. The security architecture focuses on the distributed characteristics of spatiotemporal big data authentication devices and how they better match the topology of the blockchain, so as to realize the unification of the logical structure of the two and enable the blockchain to better serve spatiotemporal big data safety certification. Concerning security authentication, peer-to-peer networks are constructed in the existing research mainly through gateway nodes, edge nodes, fog nodes, and other devices to support the deployment of blockchain, form a blockchain network, and realize spatiotemporal big data devices through blockchain. This paper aims to wrestle with the above problems. Briefly, individual verification is combined with group authentication, group authentication is performed to improve authentication efficiency, and single authentication is adopted to accurately find illegal nodes. Among them, the identity authentication scheme of H ash is used to realize individual authentication; the blockchain, PUF technology, and MHT algorithm are employed to realize group authentication.