## 4 Applications of WSN in Urban Areas
### Disaster, Emergency, and Security Applications  
WSNs are vital for disaster, security, and emergency applications in urban areas, where unforeseen disasters pose significant risks. They are used for surveillance, early-warning systems, and real-time monitoring of critical infrastructure. By deploying WSNs in vulnerable areas, authorities can detect threats early, enabling prompt evacuation and emergency response. Integrating WSNs with advanced analytics and communication systems enhances rapid decision-making and coordination, improving urban resilience to disasters and security threats. Figure 3 illustrates the diverse applications of WSNs in disaster, emergency, and security scenarios. WSNs enable early-warning systems for natural disasters, monitor critical infrastructure during emergencies, and enhance public safety through surveillance and intrusion detection. They also support environmental monitoring to detect pollution or hazardous material leaks. Overall, WSNs provide comprehensive solutions for proactive risk management, efficient emergency response, and effective threat mitigation in urban areas. [PERSON] et al. (2018) [27] proposed the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) to achieve sustainable development by focusing on constructing sustainable surroundings. This approach helps to study the historical evolution of Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) by examining disaster damage,  
Figure 3: Disaster, emergency, and security applications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Ref.No.** & **Method Name** & **Objective** & **Semive Type** & **Network Type** & **Network Topology** & **IC** & **NL** & **E** & **Delay** & **T** & **LR** & **R** & **Cost** & **Linitions** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[21]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Mixed-method approach approach} & Assessing alignment between & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & approach & without transport policies and & & GPS Devices & Centralized & Mesh & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & & & & & \\  & & citizen needs & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[21]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Discrete choice model} & Analyze discrete choice model & Multimodal models models & Documentized based & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & model & & via user and transport & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & attributes & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[23]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Land-use transport model} & Analyze location-oriented decisions and travel behavior & Light, Temp., & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[24]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Imaged approach} & Analyze robust data (plus analysis) & RFID, Hall sensors & Centralized & Mesh & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & with public transport using PTAL & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[25]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Comporbital model} & Analyze construction between & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & transport and health & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[26]} & \multirow{3}{*}{IUTS} & Enhance travel standards and change travel behavior & Mapreduce-sensitive sensors & & & & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of performance analysis of transportation applications. infrastructure, and service disruption. By analyzing historical data and adopting a constructivist perspective, it identified key challenges and issues in DRM and DRR implementation. Applying this to WSNs, the study highlights challenges such as energy consumption, data management, scalability, security, and reliability. The solutions proposed include energy-efficient protocols, data aggregation, hierarchical network structures, advanced encryption techniques, and redundancy measures. However, WSNs face limitations like energy constraints, complexity in large-scale deployments, environmental impact, initial costs, and limited computational power.