# Temperature Impact on Engineered Cementitious Composite Containing Basalt Fibers
###### Abstract
The incorporation of fibers in ECC composites increases ductility and delays the growth of small cracks so as to improving the post-crack behavior [37; 38]. Engineered cementitious composite is characterized by moderate tensile strength ranging from 4 to 6 MPa. However, ECC shows a strain-hardening behavior after the initial matrix cracking, leading to the development of high tensile ductility in the range of 3-7% [39]. Though the compressive strength of ECC is almost equivalent to that of normal Portland concrete, the elastic modulus of ECC is smaller due to the absence of coarse aggregate. The induced tensile load on ECC composite elements allows for the formation of multiple cracks, with a small opening of an individual crack having widths below 50 \(\upmu\)m [40]. The formation of small cracks improves resistance to water permeability and chloride diffusivity [41; 42]. Hence, ECC materials have great potential for application in concrete structures exposed to a corrosive environment [43; 44; 45]. The ECC can considerably improve the structural performance of reinforced concrete elements. [PERSON] et al. [46] studied the flexural capacities of pre-cast ECC panels in permanent formworks. The results of the bending test showed significant improvement in the load capacity and toughness of a concrete member and effective dispersing of a single crack into multiple ones in ECC. [PERSON] et al. [47] investigated the shear behavior of ECC permanent formwork. It was shown that using ECC permanent formwork could significantly enhance the deformation and shear carrying capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) slender beams without stirrups. [PERSON] et al. [48] investigated the failure pattern and seismic behavior of the ECC column using quasi-static tests. The result of experimental research indicated the better seismic performance of reinforced ECC composite columns compared to normal RC columns. Significant enhancement in seismic performance in terms of energy dissipation capacity, ductility, and damage tolerance was reported. [PERSON] et al. [49] presented a nonlinear analysis to study the flexural behavior of an ECC beam and the bilateral interaction of flexural behavior and the applied interface treatments on enhancing the element's durability. The demand for ECC composites for different technical and operational conditions led to the development of different matrices with special fresh and hardened attributes. Self-compacting (SC) [50], high-early-strength (HES) [51], self-healing (SH) [52], green (G) [53], and lightweight (LW) [54] engineered cementitious composites are the most widely studied ECC composites in the literature. Lightweight ECC is defined as cementitious composites made with a variety of low-density ingredients including entrained air, shale, hollow glass bubbles, and polymeric beads [55]. However, the ECC achieved by low-density ingredients often results in brittleness and reduction in tensile and compressive strengths [55]. HES-ECC is developed to address the need for concrete repair applications in which minimum operations disruption is desired [56]. The compressive strength of 17.2 MPa at 4 h is the minimum targeted early strength of ECC based on the requirements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Department of Transportation (DOT) that is set for after placement reopening of transportation to traffic [55]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [57], in one of the first studies on ECC, researched strain-hardening behavior and crack propagation. It was concluded that the crack control in ECC was better than in fiber concrete. [PERSON] et al. [58] used PE fibers in ECC composites and showed that these fibers could significantly increase the tensile and flexural strength of ECC. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] used PVA fibers to produce ECC that was more environmentally friendly. [PERSON] et al. [59] investigated the effects of hybrid addition of steel-PE fibers on the compressive and flexural strength and stiffness of fiber hybrid-reinforced concrete.