esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Evaluation of a Novel Condition Indicator with Comparative Application to Hypoid Gear Failures
## 3 Condition Monitoring
### FFT Application  
The settings of the FFT analysis were selected based on the recommendations of [24], which suggests one should monitor vibrations up to and including the 4 th harmonic of the gear meshing frequency. With the given speeds of the gears, the gear meshing frequency can be calculated with Equation (12), where \(n_{Dr}\) stands for the speed of the pinion gear and \(z_{Dr}\) for the number of teeth on the pinion gear.  
\[\begin{split} f_{meshing}&=n_{Dr}\cdot z_{Dr}\\ f_{meshing}&=\frac{291}{60}\cdot 13\\ f_{meshing}&=63.05\;\text{Hz}\end{split} \tag{12}\]  
The 4 th harmonic of the meshing frequency is therefore \(4\cdot 63.05=252.2\) Hz. Using the common factor of 2.56, to be able to assess this frequency, it is necessary to have a sampling rate of at least \(248.2\cdot 2.56=635,392\) Hz. As most of the signals were originally sampled with 40 kHz, it was decided to resample them with 730 Hz (approx. \(4.5\cdot 63.05\cdot 2.56=4.5\cdot f_{meshing}\cdot 2.56\)) to have some reserve over the 4 th meshing harmonic. By resampling of the original signals, after anti-aliasing filtering, the calculation effort of the FFT analysis can be reduced and simultaneously the time window of the analysis can be longer, to achieve a better frequency analysis. The settings of the FFT analysis are shown in Table 2. Furthermore, the calculated spectrum has been divided into 200 equidistant portions called bands. The maximum value of these bands was used for the calculation of the colorplot \(S_{diff}^{\textit{cf}}(i)\) (colorplot) and \(RSD_{\textit{abs}}\) (CI). This can be considered as a resampling in the frequency domain and leads to the decrease in the frequency resolution and calculation effort. The frequency resolution of the results yields, after this post-processing, approx 1.42 Hz, which is equal to 0.2925 orders (pinion gear orders). The rotational frequency of the ring gear is 1.50 Hz (0.3095 pinion orders) and so it is very close to the resolution of the calculation. To prove whether increased resolution ring gear defects can be better separated from pinion gear damages, calculations with 512 bands have also been carried out (frequency resolution 0.55 Hz, order resolution in pinion orders: 0.1142). These results did not show any observed improvement in damage detection.  
It is expected that order tracking can deliver more accurate results. The decision was made to use the above FFT settings, without order tracking, to prove if the CI and the selected method can also be used for testing the hypoid gears as described.
# MIM_SLAM: A Multi-Level ICP Matching Method for Mobile Robot in Large-Scale and Sparse Scenes
###### Abstract  
In large-scale and sparse scenes, such as farmland, orchards, mines, and substations, 3D simultaneous localization and mapping are challenging matters that need to address issues such as maintaining reliable data association for scarce environmental information and reducing the computational complexity of global optimization for large-scale scenes. To solve these problems, a real-time incremental simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm called MIM_SLAM is proposed in this paper. This algorithm is applied in mobile robots to build a map on a non-flat road with a 3D LiDAR sensor. MIM_SLAM's main contribution is that multi-level ICP (Iterative Closest Point) matching is used to solve the data association problem, a Fisher information matrix is used to describe the uncertainty of the estimated pose, and these poses are optimized by the incremental optimization method, which can greatly reduce the computational cost. Then, a map with a high consistency will be established. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated in the real indoor and outdoor scenes as well as two substations and benchmarking dataset from KITTI with the characteristics of sparse and large-scale. Results show that the proposed algorithm has a high mapping accuracy and meets the real-time requirements.  
Keywords:data association; 3D-SLAM; localization; mapping +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Wind Tunnel Measurements of Surface Shear Stress on an Isolated Dune Downwind a Bridge
## 2 Methods  
### Experimental Setup  
The experiment was carried out in a multi-functional environment wind tunnel of Lanzhou University. This open-return blow-down low-speed wind tunnel was 22 m long (only for work section) with a cross-section of 1.45 m \(\times\) 1.3 m [20]. The roughness element in front of the wind tunnel was used to accelerate the development of the boundary layer, which was about 0.2 m thick in the measurement section. The topographic map was measured with an unmanned aerial vehicle, and the dispersion between the crest and the windward slope foot was 10 m, the height of the bridge in front of the sand dune was 12 m. The crests of sand dunes in Figure 1 were parallel to the bridge, suggesting that the prevailing wind direction and dune movement direction were perpendicular to the bridge. In these  
Figure 1: Dun-Gel railway project in Dunhuang city, Gansu Province, China.  
types of studies, the Reynolds similarity was always unsatisfied because the roughness height in the wind tunnel was 1-2 orders smaller than that in the atmosphere boundary layer. As a result, researches have to neglect the Reynolds similarity [21; 22; 23].  
Figure 2 shows the schematic of the models and the coordinate system used in this study. Roughness elements were placed 6 m upstream of the working section to generate a turbulent boundary layer. The plywood model of the sand dune was 10 cm in height (H) and 100 cm in width. The steel model of the bridge was 12 cm in height (H\({}^{\prime}\)) and 36 cm between two adjacent piers (L). The scale between models and real dimensions of dune and bridge is 1:100. To observe the changes of surface stress on the sand dune when the bridge was installed and moved upstream, the distance between the bridge and the sand dune (S) was set as 1.5 H, 3.0 H, 5.0 H, 10.0 H and 20.0 H, respectively. A pitot tube was used to measure the profile of flow speed. Irwin sensors were mounted on the ground and sand dune models, which were to measure surface shear stress.
## 4 Results
### Effective Constituent Content of Scutellaria bacialensis  
Flavonoid compounds are the dominant effective constituents of _Scutellaria bacialensis_, which are composed of two polyhydroxy phenolic benzene rings interconnected by three carbon atoms. Flavonoid compounds included baicalin, oroxylin A glycoside, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A, in which baicalin was recognized as the main criterion of quality [32]. Contents of baicalin ranged from 12.8 to 51.7 mg:g\({}^{-1}\) with an average of 27.5 mg:g\({}^{-1}\) in the NGHs, which were higher than that in APHs (4.22-13.2 mg:g\({}^{-1}\)) and BCHs (4.04-17.1 mg:g\({}^{-1}\)). Almost all the flavonoid compounds were normally distributed (\(p>0.05\)) except for oroxylin A in BCHs. According to the average, baicalin and wogonoside decreased in the order of NGHs \(>\) BCHs \(>\) APHs, and oroxylin A glycoside, baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A followed the order of NGHs \(>\) APHs \(>\) BCHs (Table 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Flavonoids** & **Habitats** & **Average** & **Ranges** & **Skewness** & \(p\)**Value** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Baicalin} & NGHs (\(n=11\)) & 27.5 & 12.8-51.7 & 1.42 & 0.325 \\  & APHs (\(n=10\)) & 8.28 & 4.22–13.2 & 0.546 & 0.911 \\  & BCHs (\(n=8\)) & 11.0 & 4.04–17.1 & \(-\)0.411 & 0.273 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Oroxylin A} & NGHs (\(n=11\)) & 1.85 & 0.270-4.03 & 1.06 & 0.326 \\  & APHs (\(n=10\)) & 0.895 & 0.030–1.83 & 0.136 & 0.601 \\ \cline{1-1}  & BCHs (\(n=8\)) & 0.724 & 0.080–1.62 & 0.633 & 0.726 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Statistical characteristics of flavonoid compound contents in the roots of _Scutellaria bacialensis_.  
Figure 5: Box plot of biological absorption coefficient (BACs) of REEs Y from soils into roots. (**a**) La; (**b**) Ce; (**c**) Pr; (**d**) Nd; (**e**) Sm; (**f**) Eu; (**g**) Gd; (**h**) Tb; (**i**) Dy; (**j**) Ho; (**k**) Er; (**l**) Tm; (**m**) Yb; (**n**) Lu; (**o**) Y. * \(p<0.1\).
###### Abstract
Distributed control: In order to solve the problem of communication delay, as mentioned above, distributed control [13; 14; 15; 16; 17] has drawn wide attention. The method by [18] relies less on communication but realizes power sharing among distributed power generation devices by controlling frequency and voltage droop, i.e., the circuit superposition theorem. However, these studies have mainly focused on distributed power generation control within the microgrid, and have given little attention to three-phase microgrid energy mutual aid. In this paper, we propose a three-phase energy mutual-aid control strategy for a grid-connected inverter based on the constructed of negative sequence current. A completed negative sequence current control loop is added to a conventional three-bridge inverter to realize the decoupling control of three-phase grid current, therefore achieving three-phase energy mutual aid. On this basis, a three-phase energy mutual-aid control strategy aiming at three-phase voltage balance is further proposed. According to the three-phase voltage feedback of the point of common coupling (PCC), the grid current is controlled, and the three-phase voltage balance of the PCC is realized by three-phase energy mutual aid. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed control strategy is suitable for a three-phase unbalanced power grid, and can achieve three-phase energy mutual aid, and then realize three-phase voltage balance. It can also help improve the power quality and power supply reliability. The contribution of this article is that we propose a novel control method for a grid-connected inverter, which can realize three-phase power interworking and mutual aid without affecting the original function of the inverter, and only eight IGBT switches are used, which can significantly reduce control complexity and improve engineering reliability.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Voltammetric Studies  
By cyclic voltammetry (CV) [32; 33; 34], the electrochemical responses of \(\beta\)-agonists (see Figure 1) at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were studied in 20 mM of acetic acid/acetonitrile (55:45 \(\sigma\)/\(\
u\)) at a pH 7 solution as the supporting electrolyte, to mimic a typical chromatographic mobile phase. The current-potential (i-E) curves of clenbutterol are shown in Figure 2A,B. To explore the effect of the electrochemical process, a series of voltammograms corresponding to two different starting potentials (\(-\)1.5 and 0.0 V) are presented. From the comparison of clenbutterol CVs (blue and red solid lines) compared to blank (black line), some important features can be noticed. The electrochemical behavior of clenbutterol in the explored range of potentials, from the negative (\(-\)1.5 V) to the positive limit (+1.5 V), shows a higher peak current (+0.92 V, oxidation of the aniline group) than that obtained in a positive range of potential (0.0 V-1.5 V). This phenomenon suggests the involvement of the reduced electrode surface in the oxidation mechanism. Moreover, a strong current response decrease can be observed, when a positive interval of potentials is used; for instance, in the second cycle (data not shown), the current is almost half of that of the first cycle and it becomes less than 40% in the tenth. This phenomenon is minimal when the experiment is carried out in the extended potential range (\(-\)1.5 V/+1.5 V). A similar voltammetric response was observed for the other \(\beta\)-agonists; see for instance the CVs of terbutaline in Figure 3A,B. The oxidation, attributed to the terbutaline phenolic groups, occurs at a very close potential (1.03 V) of that observed for clenbutterol, showing that GCE in acetic/acetonitrile medium is suitable for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of \(\beta\)-agonists. In addition, CV experiments evidenced that \(\beta\)-agonists have the advantage/drawback of adsorbing on glassy carbon electrodes. The adsorption process is occasionally desirable since it provides a chance to increase the analytical response by pre-concentrating, but it also means that fouling of the working electrode occurs by the aromatic analytes as well as their oxidation products. These results suggest that a cleaning before each subsequent electrochemical measurement is necessary, therefore, a well-designed triple potential step waveform would be suitable to detect \(\beta\)-agonists following liquid chromatographic separations with organic mobile phases.
## 3 Overview of the BIPV Performance Test Facility  
The BIPV system examined in this study was located on the rooftop of a five-story building in Daejeon, the Republic of Korea. Each array of the BIPV system was installed to avoid shading due to adjacent buildings and other structures. The BIPV system consisted of four arrays in different orientations and tilt angles. Each array was connected to a separate PCS and connected to the grid. Table 1 provides an installation overview of the BIPV system, and Figure 1 shows the front view of the BIPV system.  
Figure 1: View of the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) test facility.  
Four different arrays were installed on horizontal (HR 0\({}^{\circ}\)), south-inclined (SI 30\({}^{\circ}\)), south vertical (SV 90\({}^{\circ}\)), and west vertical (WV 90\({}^{\circ}\)) directions, respectively. Each array consisted of 12 transparent a-Si BIPV modules connected in 6 series \(\times\) 2 parallel and had an installed capacity of 0.528 kWp. The transparent a-Si BIPV module was a transparent BIPV module constructed in the shape of a window with a 10 mm thick single-plate module made by joining an a-Si thin-film cell (5 mm TCO Class + a-Si thin-film cell), an EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) film, and 5 mm thick rear glass. Figure 2 shows the composition of the PV glass and the PV glazing. Tables 2 and 3 list the specifications of the module and PCS applied to the system.  
The monitoring system was also installed when the BIPV system was constructed, to analyze the power generation performance and power loss factor of the BIPV system. Power, voltage, and current for DC and AC was monitored. In addition, external environmental factors such as irradiation and module temperature, directly affecting the power generation performance, were monitored. In order to measure the irradiation of each arrays, the irradiation sensors (pyranometer) were installed at the same installation condition as each array. The module temperature was measured as shown in Figure 2, and the power loss factor analysis was performed using the module rear temperature.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & & & \\ **(Latitude/Longitude)** & & & & \\ \hline Abbreviation & HR 0\({}^{\circ}\) & SI 30\({}^{\circ}\) & SV 90\({}^{\circ}\) & WV 90\({}^{\circ}\) \\  & (Horizontal 0\({}^{\circ}\)) & (South-inclined 30\({}^{\circ}\)) & (South Vertical 90\({}^{\circ}\)) & (West Vertical 90\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \hline Tilt angle & Horizontal (0\({}^{\circ}\)) & Inclined (30\({}^{\circ}\)) & Vertical (90\({}^{\circ}\)) & Vertical (90\({}^{\circ}\)) \\ \hline PV Array & & & & \\ Orientation & & & & \\ \hline PV module type & & & & \\ \hline PV Glazing Type & - & Double glazing & Double glazing & Triple Glazing \\ \hline Ventilation Condition & Vertilated & Non-vertilated & Non-vertilated & Non-vertilated \\ \hline Installation Capacity & 0.528 kWp & 0.528 kWp & 0.528 kWp & 0.528 kWp \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Description of the building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) window system.  
Figure 2: Sketch for each photovoltaic (PV) glazing type.
## 4 Mechanisms by Which Sprouted Grains Improve Insulin Sensitivity
### Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties
#### 4.2.2 ROS Scavenging  
The antioxidant capacity of grains is significantly enhanced by germination, which promotes the accumulation of polyphenolic compounds and activates antioxidant enzyme systems. In barley (cv. 'GALIS'), antioxidant activity increased in a time-dependent manner, with longer germination durations producing higher radical scavenging capacity across multiple assays, including DPPH, FRAP, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) [71]. Sprouted oat (cv. 'Meeri') powder exhibited a nearly threefold increase in antioxidant capacity compared to its un-sprouted counterpart, as measured by ORAC values (1744.27 \(\pm\) 170.28 mg TE/100 g vs. 585.26 \(\pm\) 53.71 mg TE/100 g) [26]. Further studies using DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated that sprouts and microgreens of barnyard millet (cv. 'CO (KV)2') possess high bio-accessibility of antioxidant compounds during both gastric and intestinal digestion. Notably, the bio-accessibility of nitric oxide scavenging activity reached as high as 126% in microgreens, indicating potent _in vivo_ antioxidant potential [66].  
Taken together, these results suggest that germination enhances the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of grains, offering significant protection against oxidative damage. This may help preserve insulin signaling integrity and support glycemic control in individuals with obesity-associated IR.
## 4 Experimental Verification
### Experimental Result 1: Verification of Output Characteristic
As the output power characteristics of the SS topology with the proposed design method were different at full load, it shows that the loss values were lower than those of the SS topology with the conventional design method in all sections. Figure 11: Experimental waveforms of the SS topology with the conventional design: (**a**) \(P_{o}\) = 400 W; (**b**) \(P_{o}\) = 250 W.  
Figure 12: Efficiency of the SS topology with conventional design and proposed design under different loads. Figure 14 shows a graph of the output characteristics. The \(x\)-axis of the graph consisted of a log scale, from short-circuit state to open-circuit state, verifying the theoretical analysis shown in Figure 7. As the resistance increased, the output load voltage almost converged with the designed value obtained by (19). When the secondary side was shorted, the current was limited to the maximum designed value.
## 3 Model Description
### Detailed Structure of TCReC  
The basic architecture of TCReC is an autoencoder based on Transformer [39], which can realize characteristic extraction and reconstruction of incomplete network traffic data. The input to the model is the one-dimensional network traffic with packet loss, which is mapped to potential characteristics by the encoder. The decoder reconstructs the missing part of the traffic data according to the extracted characteristics, and finally, outputs the reconstructed data flows. The detailed structure of TCReC is shown in Figure 4.  
The inner structure of the encoder and decoder module is shown separated onto the left and right. The encoder is stacked by encoder layers, and the decoder is stacked by decoder modules. The number of stacked layers can be adjusted according to the application scenarios. The whole structure follows an encoder-decoder pattern. The mask operation is performed before data is input into the encoder.  
According to the structure of TCReC, the following sections introduce the data pre-processing algorithm, the data segmentation and mask methods, the positional embedding, the encoder and decoder, the reconstruction target, and the effective evaluation method for the model.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Experimental Performance of NF
#### 3.1.2 Response Surface Plots
As a result, the co-ions (ions with the same charge as the membrane) quickly escape through the membrane and due to electro-neutrality, the rejection of counter-ions is reduced [8; 43]. Figure 3d-f shows a slight decrease in the rejection of Ni and Zn ions with an increase in feed solution concentration, whereas the rejection of the Cu ions was not much affected. Temperature and pressure also have not shown much influence upon the rejection of the metal ions. Overall, the findings of this study are quite in line with some other relevant studies, as displayed in Table 3.  
Figure 2: RSM plot for permeate flux. **(a)** Effect of pressure and pH. **(b)** Effect of temperature and concentration. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline
**Pollutants/Wastewater Type** & **Membrane** & **Metal Rejection/Removal** & **References** \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Zn (98.64\%), Ni (90.54\%), and Cu (99.79\%) & Current study \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Zn (96.7\%), Mg (95.01\%), Cd (92.4\%), Cu (91.9\%), Ca & [44] \\  & & (91.3\%), Ni (90.7\%), and Pb (90.5\%). & \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF and FO & Cu-(II) 95\% and 99\% in NF & [45] \\  & & and F.O., respectively. & \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Cu ion rejection was \textgreater{}90\% & [46] \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Cu (99.82\%), As (V) (96.75\%), and Cr (97.22\%). & [47] \\ \hline Electroplating wastewater & NF & Ni (88.093\%) and Cr (80.271\%) & [48] \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Ni (93\%) & [8] \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Cu (100\%), Cd (99\%), Mn (89\%), and Pb (74\%) & [37] \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Cd (97.26\%) and Ni (98.90\%) & [49] \\ \hline Synthetic metal ion solution & NF & Ni (98.94\%) and Cd (82.69\%) & [50] \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: NF—nanofiltration membrane; FO—Forward Osmosis.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of rejection efficiency of metals ions by NF membrane between this and other studies in the literature.
###### Abstract  
Determining the precise botanical origin of a traditional herbal medicine is important for basic quality control. In both the Chinese and Korean herbal pharmacopoeia, authentic Adenophorae Radix is defined as the roots of _Adenophora stricta_ and _Adenophora triphylla_. However, the roots of _Codonopsis lanceloata_, _Codonopsis pilosula_, and _Glehnia littoralis_ are frequently distributed as Adenophorae Radix in Korean herbal markets. Unfortunately, correctly identifying dried roots is difficult using conventional methods because the roots of those species are morphologically similar. Therefore, we developed DNA-based markers for the identification of authentic Adenophorae Radix and its common adulterants in commercially-processed samples. To develop a reliable method to discriminate between Adenophorae Radix and its adulterants, we sequenced the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (nrDNA-ITS) and designed sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers specific to the authentic and adulterant species. Using these primers, we developed SCAR markers for each species and established a multiplex-PCR method that can authenticate the four herbal medicines in a single PCR reaction. Furthermore, we confirmed that commercially-processed herbal medicines, which often have degraded DNA, could be assessed with our method. Therefore, our method is a reliable genetic tool to protect against adulteration and to standardize the quality of Adenophorae Radix.  
Adenophorae Radix; internal transcribed spacer (ITS); sequence characterized amplification region (SCAR) marker; multiplex PCR; molecular identification +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences