## 4 Conclusions  
After 18 years, all the seven soil properties differed by depth, with higher values at soil surface under no-tillage conditions, except for nitrates. Furthermore, total nitrogen, ammonium, and nitrates measured at the end of the experiment differed between the three nitrogen doses. In addition, total nitrogen content on the surface under 20 and 40 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\) was higher under NT than CT, and ammonium content on the surface was higher under NT than CT, which could be explained by the higher organic matter content measured before the start of the experiment under NT vs. CT.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Wheat Yield** & **Grain** & & **Straw** \\ \hline
**Source of Variation** & **F Value** & _p-Value_ & **F Value** & _p-Value_ \\ \hline Tillage (T) & 4.40 & 0.171 ns & 1.20 & 0.388 ns \\ Nitrogen (N) & 3.95 & 0.064 ns & 2.06 & 0.190 ns \\ Variety (V) & 14.62 & \textless{}0.001 *** & 6.41 & \textless{}0.001 *** \\ T \(\times\) N & 0.14 & 0.876 ns & 0.13 & 0.880 ns \\ T \(\times\) V & 1.60 & 0.189 ns & 2.12 & 0.093 ns \\ N \(\times\) V & 0.76 & 0.637 ns & 0.16 & 0.996 ns \\ T \(\times\) N \(\times\) V & 1.07 & 0.398 ns & 0.70 & 0.690 ns \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: ANOVA results for wheat grain and straw yield (t ha\({}^{-1}\)) measured at the end of the experiment during the 2020–2021 cropping season.  
Regarding wheat grain and straw yields measured at the end of the experiment during the 2020-2021 cropping season, differences were observed only between varieties. There were no differences between tillage types and nitrogen doses, and no interaction was significant. In particular, grain yields were low, similar to those in semi-arid areas, although the study site is a climatically favorable area, mainly as a result of water stress, with rainfall shortages reducing nitrogen use efficiency. The varieties Nachit and Faraj achieved the best performance, whereas the Louiza variety had the lowest yield. Nachit and Faraj are the most adapted to no-tillage (NT) conditions, with an increased yield under a low dose of nitrogen treatment (20 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\)). However, this result should be confirmed by repeating the research conditions and studying the effect of nitrogen on the grain quality for each germplasm. In contrast, the behavior of nitrogen dose is variable and differed between the two tillage types and the five germplasms, indicating that the optimal nitrogen dose depends on the tillage and the variety.  
Conceptualization, O.Z.; Methodology, H.M. and H.D.; Validation, H.M., R.M., A.G. and A.D.; Formal analysis, A.D.; Investigation, H.M. and R.M.; Writing--original draft, H.M.; Writing--review & editing, H.M. and A.D.; Visualization, H.M. and N.E.A.; Supervision, R.M., A.G. and A.Z.; Project administration, R.M.; Funding acquisition, R.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Research for this article was conducted as part of a project by MCGP and CAMA. We gratefully acknowledge the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA) and PRIMA CAMA project for supporting this publication including APC.  
Not applicable.  
Data availability Statement: Data are available upon request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.