# SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): New Discoveries and Current Challenges
## 5 Design of Vaccine for COVID-19  
Vaccines are imperative for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, wiping out its proliferation, and at last forestalling its future reappearance. On this front, researchers have evaluated the vaccine patents related to MERS- and SARS-CoVs and to apply recently advancements that may help to design vaccines for SARS-CoV-2; altogether, around 190 patents have been identified regarding SARS and MERS vaccines. The advancements in designing attenuated-virus vaccines should be explored by screening the serially propagated SARS-CoV-2 with reduced pathogenesis, including reduced inadequate neutrophil \begin{table}
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**Drugs** & **Properties** & **Findings** & **Refs.** \\ \hline Griffithsin & & A glycoprotein isolated from red alga; it can bind to oligosaccharides on the surface of viral glycoproteins (e.g., SARS-CoV spike and HIV glycoproteins) & In phase I evaluation for HIV prevention; further evaluations should be accomplished regarding potentials for COVID-19 treatment/prevention. & [99] \\ \hline  & & & For stimulation of innate antiviral replies in patients infected with COVID-19; trial evaluations for applying anti-HCV combination of a presylated interferon plus ribavirin (ChiCTR2000029387); further analyses should be accomplished to clear that pegylated interferon and a nucleoside compound could perform synergistically against COVID-19. & [77] \\ \hline Chloroquine/ hydroxychloroquine & Immune modulator; antimalarial drug & Potentials for inhibitory influences against COVID-19; should be evaluated (in open-label trial evaluation stage). & [77] \\ \hline Nitzoxanide & Diarrhoea treatment & Potentials for COVID-19 inhibition; should be evaluated & [98] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 1: Cont. influx, stimulated minimal lung injury, and accelerated anti-inflammatory cytokine expressions compared with the wild-type virus. The techniques shrouded in patents, which are likewise being utilized for designing COVID-19 vaccines, are mentioned in Figure 15, with their advantages and disadvantages. Importantly, innovative strategies for vaccines, based on the putative protective antigen/peptides originated from SARS-CoV-2, ought to be addressed [103; 104]. Indeed, progress is being made at breakneck speed in planning new vaccines, immunizations, and therapeutics to counter COVID-19, as made earlier for MERS- and SARS-CoVs, which could empower endeavors to end this developing viral infection disease. Different systems are contributing to the improvement of CoV vaccines; the greater part of this target being the surface-uncovered spike (S) glycoprotein or S protein as the significant inducer of neutralizing antibodies. A few S-protein-based methodologies have been endeavored for creating CoV immunizations, e.g., the utilization of full-length S protein or expression in virus-like particles (VLP), S1-receptor-binding domain (RBD), and viral vectors or DNA [70; 105; 106]. Figure 15: Some important vaccine strategies and their attributes based on the data from Refs. [103; 104; 107; 108]. Analysts are intently scrutinizing the compelling and reasonable vaccine candidates for the control and prevention of COVID-19 (Table 2). The draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines (until 15 May 2020) can be found in the following site from WHO documents detail: [[https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines](https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines)]([https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines](https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines)). Outcomes attained from the in vitro examination against COVID-19 are assuring as the medications, remdesivir, and chloroquine were seen as exceptionally powerful in limiting the disease.