## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents  
The phenolic compounds are plant-origin metabolites with a phenolic hydroxyl group that tend to bind with macromolecules such as proteins. They exhibit various bioactivities including antioxidant activity, which removes radicals produced in the body, as well as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergy effects. They are also used as indirect indicators of antioxidant activity based on a positive correlation [12]. The total polyphenol content (in mg GAE/g) in each organ of the ice plant was the highest in the cotyledon (115.43 \(\pm\) 0.47), followed by the shoot (78.90 \(\pm\) 0.27) and the stem (78.83 \(\pm\) 0.40) (Table 1). In the report of [PERSON] et al. [18], the total polyphenol content in an ethanol extract of _M. Crystallinum_ was measured as 23.70 \(\pm\) 0.72 mg GAE/g. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [19], the total polyphenol content in a heated extract of _M. Crystallinum_ was measured as 23.89 \(\pm\) 0.27 mg GAE/g. The results show that the polyphenol level in the cotyledon was high. Polyphenol is created by plant photosynthesis; therefore, the more chlorophyll a plant has, the higher the level of polyphenol. This was also the case in the [PERSON] et al. [5] study, where the cotyledon with the highest levels of chlorophyll also had the highest levels of polyphenol. Since this is the organs of the leaf with the majority of the chlorophyll, it can be considered that cotyledon extracts show the best activity among the plant organs. Flavonoids are representative of the antioxidant compounds found in various plants and have a diversity of bioactivities and an ability to suppress the production of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species [19; 20]. The total flavonoid content (in mg QE/g) was the highest in the cotyledon (1218.07 \(\pm\) 1.00), followed by the stem (703.97 \(\pm\) 0.25) and the shoot (671.29 \(\pm\) 0.63) (Table 1). The content was higher than that measured for the heated extract of _M. Crystallinum_ in the [PERSON] et al. study (4.85 \(\pm\) 0.9 \(\upmu\)g/mg) [19]. The reason for the difference in the results can be attributed to the different methods of extraction. Since flavonoids are fat-soluble antioxidants, ethanol extraction may have had a better yield than hydrothermal extraction. Therefore, comparing these results also shows the differences between the two extracting methods. Flavonoids are also polyphenol compounds commonly found in plant leaves [21], likely to account for the high flavonoid content in the cotyledon of ice plants. The radical scavenging activity of ice plant (_M. crystallinity_) extracts was compared with those of butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) at the same concentration and expressed as a percentage of inhibition against DPPH and ABTS\({}^{+}\), respectively (Table 2). The DPPH assay has been reported to allow the analysis of the anti-radical activity in a relatively short time [22]. As the radicals are scavenged by the antioxidants, a color change from purple to yellow reflects a fall in absorbance, while hydrogen forms a stable DPPH-H molecule [20]. In this study, the level of DPPH scavenging in varying concentrations of the three different parts of the ice plant was the highest in the leaves, followed by the stem and cotyledon. The antioxidant effect was lower than that of control BHT. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Organs** & **Total Polyphenols (mg GAE(1)/g)** & **Total Flavonoids (mg QE(2)/g)** \\ \hline Cotyledon & 115.43 \(\pm\) 0.47 b * & 1218.07 \(\pm\) 1.00 c \\ Stem & 78.83 \(\pm\) 0.40 a & 703.97 \(\pm\) 0.25 b \\ Shoot & 78.90 \(\pm\) 0.27 a & 671.29 \(\pm\) 0.63 a \\ \hline F-value (_p_) & 8784.03 (>0.001) & 575,331.07 (>0.001) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Contents of total polyphenols and total flavonoids of ethanol extracts from different organs of ice plant. (_M. crystallinity_). However, the shoot parts showed higher antioxidant activity than BHT in 62.5 ppm in Table 2. For the heated extract of _M.