esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Density Analysis  
Bulk density and apparent density are important parameters to evaluate the performance of proppants. Figure 6 displays the variation of apparent density and bulk density of poly(St-_co_-MMA)/FA microspheres with different contents of FA. Both the apparent density and bulk density revealed an increasing trend with the increase of FA content. All of the composite microspheres had an ultra-low density with a bulk density less than 0.7 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and the apparent density was between 1 and 1.3 g/cm\({}^{3}\), which is close to the density of water. The ultra-low density of the obtained composite microspheres was mainly ascribed to the low density of the polymer matrix (the density for St and MMA is 0.90 and 0.94 g/cm\({}^{3}\), respectively) and the low density of micrometer-sized FA (5000 mesh). Thus, the composite particles are lightweight and can achieve a partial monolayer distribution in hydraulic fracturing, which could greatly reduce the proponent concentration per unit area of a fractured well, leading to high fracture conductibility with a low concentration range [32]. These results indicate that the poly(St-_co_-MMA)/FA microspheres have a potential application as ULW proppants.
# Simulation Study on Ground Vibration Reduction Measures of the Elevated Subway Line
## 2 Numerical Model  
The analysis of environmental vibration caused by elevated rail transit involves a complex system consisting of vehicles, tracks, bridges, piers, and foundation sites and buildings. The research method used in this paper is to divide the whole system into two substructures. They are the vibration source model and transmission path model. First of all, the train-track-viaduct rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model is established as the vibration source model, and the track-U-type bridge-piers are all considered as flexible body structures. The support reaction force of the pier is solved in the vibration source model, and it is used as the load input in the next step. Next, the pier-soil-building finite element model is established as the transmission path model. The solved pier support reaction force is applied to the corresponding position of the pier, and the vibration response of the pier-soil-building finite element model is calculated.
## 2 Methodology
### Generating UAV Photogrammetric Point Clouds
#### 2.1.3 Generating Encrypted Point Clouds  
The generation of UAV photography point clouds starts from the matched interest points. First, the fundamental matrix (\(F\)) of the two images are calculated, then the Eigen  
Figure 4: Transformation to camera coordinate.  
matrix (\(E\)) is obtained through the relationship between the \(F\) and \(E\), and then performs singular value decomposition (SVD) of \(E\). The rotation matrix (\(R\)) and translation vector (\(T\)) of the camera between two images are calculated. The external parameters of the camera can be obtained by the above method. Combined with the internal parameters of the camera, both the internal and external parameters of the current image will be obtained. The position of pixels in the real space can be recovered by triangulation. Because the triangulation method sometimes has some errors in positioning, it is necessary to optimize positioning. After the interest points between the two images are spatially located, the above steps are recirculated to spatially locate the interest points in the subsequent images. When all the interest points in the images are restored to the three-dimensional space, the point cloud formed by the interest points in the current UAV image can be obtained. Figure 5 shows the generation process of UAV point clouds base on matching interest points.  
The point clouds generated based on the matching interest points between images is sparse and exists many regional distribution points on the slope which greatly affected the accuracy of measurement. As the basic of UAV complementary photogrammetric point clouds, interest points are replaced into the space and densified by using patch-based multi-view stereo (Figure 6) [33]. PMVS is used to calibrate multi-view stereopsis. It outputs a set of dense rectangular patches that cover the surfaces visible in the input photogrammetric images. PMVS associates with each image \(I_{i}\) a regular grid of \(w\times w\) pixels cells \(C_{i}(x,y)\) and tries to reconstruct at least one patch in every image. The algorithm consists of three procedure as follow:  
1. Feature Matching: features discovery by [PERSON] and Gaussians operators are first matched across input images, which yields a sparse set of patches associated with salient image regions;
2. Patch expansion: as the main part of the PMVS, output a dense set of patches by spreading the initial patches to around pixels;
3. Filtering: incorrect matches need to be eliminated by visibility constraints.  
Figure 5: The generation process of UAV point clouds base on matching interest points.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Experimental Analysis
#### 3.3.4. Effects of Decoupling Position and Orientation  
To verify the effect of dual-channel decoupling, we performed ablation experiments. First, a single-channel transformer network was designed, using eight transformer components for combination, and the number of neurons in its output layer was seven. We named the network Single-T. Also, we used (N = 3 M = 5), (N = 5 M = 3), and (N = 4 M = 4) for comparison, naming them Dual-T1, Dual-T2, and Dual-T3, respectively. The results are shown in Table 6, which shows that the dual-channel network is much better than the single-channel network when the network complexity is the same.
# A Novel Disturbance Rejection Control of Roll Channel for Small Air-to-Surface Missiles
## 3 Controller Design Base on Extended State Observer
### Model Transformation of the Controlled Object  
According to the linear relationship, the Laplace transform of the rolling rudder to the rolling angle rate is:  
\[G_{\delta_{x}}^{\omega_{x}}(s)=\frac{b_{17}}{(s-b_{11})}=\frac{K_{M}}{(T_{M}s +1)}, \tag{20}\]  
where \(K_{m}\) is the gain of the projectile body, and \(T_{m}\) is the time coefficient. Let \(x_{1}=\omega_{x}\), \(u=\delta_{x}\), then the above equation can be written as:  
\[\dot{x}_{1}=-\frac{1}{T_{M}}x_{1}+\frac{K_{M}}{T_{M}}u+\omega, \tag{21}\]  
where \(\omega\) can be regarded as disturbance term caused by centroid deviation. Since it is difficult to obtain an exact value of \(\frac{1}{T_{M}}\) numerically, the damping term is also taking into account in the disturbance term for simplification, and the above equation is written in the form of state space:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{x}_{1}=x_{2}+bu,\\ x_{2}=\omega^{\prime},\\ y=x_{1},\end{array}\right. \tag{22}\]  
where \(b=\frac{K_{M}}{T_{M}},\omega^{\prime}=-\frac{1}{T_{M}}x_{1}+\omega.\) To sum up, \(\omega^{\prime}\) includes \(m_{x0}\), \(m_{x}^{\delta_{y}}\delta_{y}\), \(m_{x}^{\beta}\beta\), \(m_{xd}\), and inertial sympathetic disturbances.
# Properties and Model of Pore-Scale Methane Displacing Water in Hydrate-Bearing Sediments
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Displacement Efficiency and Effective Channel  
The simulation results of the interface drive at inlet velocities of 3.5 mm/s and 17.5 mm/s, respectively, are shown in Figure 10. The results for inlet velocities of 5 mm/s and 17.5 mm/s, respectively, are shown in Figure 11. The water saturation at the moment of tail-end breakthrough of methane-driven water, when the inlet interface moves at a speed of 3.5 mm/s and the contact angle of the pore medium wall surface is 40\({}^{\circ}\), 30\({}^{\circ}\), and 20\({}^{\circ}\), is 51.5%, 54.8%, and 55.8%, respectively. This indicates that as the pore medium's hydrophilicity increases, the time for methane tail-end breakthrough to occur decreases, making it easier to form a dominant channel. The gas-water drive process was continued until there was no more water phase at the tail end. At that point, the saturation of bound water was 25.1%, 30.7%, and 33.3%. From the initial tail-end breakthrough to the final stage, methane sequentially drove out 26.4%, 24.1%, and 22.5% of water from the pore medium. When the inlet interface replacement rate was increased by five times, the water saturation of methane replacement water at the moment of tail-end breakthrough was 40.4%, 49%, and 55.8% at the pore medium wall contact angles of 40\({}^{\circ}\), 30\({}^{\circ}\), and 20\({}^{\circ}\). This indicates that with the increase in hydrophilicity in the pore medium, the time for methane breakthrough was reduced, making it easier to form the dominant channel. At this point, only about half of the channel served as a flow pathway for methane. The gas-driven water process was continued until no more water phase appeared at the tail-end. At that point, the bound water saturation levels were measured at 13.4%, 25.5%, and 34.3%. From the moment of breakthrough at the tail end to the final moment, 27%, 23.5%, and 21.5% of water was successively displaced from the pore medium by methane. From the distribution of the phase diagram, it can be observed that methane breakthrough primarily occurs in  
Figure 9: The frequency distribution of pore model throat width: (**a**) upper; (**b**) middle; and (c) bottom.  
the upper region, with water being the main liquid discharged in the lower region. The water content in the middle region remains relatively stable, and the discharge of the water phase becomes more challenging with increased hydrophilicity. Additionally, a second breakthrough point does not form under conditions with a contact angle of 20\({}^{\circ}\).  
Figure 11: Phase diagram distribution of the breakthrough and the final moment when the inlet displacement velocity is 17.5 mm/s.  
Figure 10: Phase diagram distribution of the breakthrough and the final moment when the inlet displacement velocity is 3.5 mm/s.
###### Abstract  
Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the key technologies in the global manufacturing market within various application sectors. The unique capabilities of AM enable high structural and part complexity, low material waste, and benefits in productivity by reducing design cycles and time to market. Efficient real-time quality control is still an important challenge in AM. In this paper, a real-time and in situ approach for monitoring the process in powder bed fusion of polyamide (PBF-LB/P/PA12) is proposed using the simultaneous application of two individual sensors, enabling the overlay and direct comparison of independent output data. An industrial grade laser profilometer and a thermal infrared (IR) camera were successfully integrated into a commercial system for PBF-LB/P. Artificially created curling defects were induced in a reproducible way by the manipulation of process parameters. The radiometric data was evaluated and processed into 3D topology and profile measurements to highlight peaks and curling progression. The results measured using different powder bed conditions were contrasted with corresponding thermographic data to prove the thermal visibility of curling and the influence of inhomogeneous temperature distribution on geometrical powder surface defects. The experimental setup enables the measuring of the entire powder bed surface inside the machine, with no limitations to sub-areas. Results indicate the measurable presence of curling and related temperature influences. When curling reached maximum values, inverted warpage into the negative z-direction was detected at part center as a further effect. These results can be used for improving real-time quality control in AM.  
additive manufacturing; powder bed fusion of polymers; laser profilometry; thermal imaging; process control +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 The Results  
### Mineral Concentrations  
As shown in Table 1, the concentrations of Mo in forage and soil in the affected pasture were markedly higher (\(p\) < 0.01) than those in the healthy area. The Cu to Mo ratio in soil in the affected and healthy areas were 3.51:1 and 12.79:1, respectively, and those in forage in the affected and healthy areas were 1.28:1 and 5.89:1, respectively. Other element contents were within the healthy ranges.  
The contents of mineral nutrition from samples of blood and hair are given in Table 2. Cu concentrations in samples of blood and hair in gazelles from the affected pasture were extremely lower (\(p\) < 0.01) than those in healthy gazelles. The Mo concentrations from samples of hair in affected gazelles were significantly higher (\(p\) < 0.01) than those in healthy gazelles. Other element contents were within the healthy ranges.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Elements**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Soils**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Forages (DM)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **Affected** & **Unaffected** & **Affected** & **Unaffected** \\ \hline Cu & 14.63 \(\pm\) 2.41 & 14.75 \(\pm\) 2.42 & 6.53 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 6.71 \(\pm\) 0.66 \\ Mo & 4.17 \(\pm\) 0.20 * & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 5.17 \(\pm\) 0.15 * & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ Fe & 4247.35 \(\pm\) 25.97 & 4255.67 \(\pm\) 23.72 & 335.25 \(\pm\) 5.36 & 332.65 \(\pm\) 6.86 \\ Mn & 58.97 \(\pm\) 6.28 & 57.17 \(\pm\) 5.97 & 12.97 \(\pm\) 1.25 & 12.65 \(\pm\) 1.76 \\ Co & 5.76 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 5.68 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Indicates great difference at \(p\) < 0.01. DM = dry matter.  
\end{table}
Table 1: The mineral nutrition in forage and soil (\(\mu\)g/g).
# Nanoarchitectures in Management of Fungal Diseases: An Overview
## 4 Nanocarriers in Management of Fungal Infections
### Vesicle Systems
#### 4.1.5 Niosomes  
Niosomes have been discovered as an excellent alternative to liposomes in order to overcome the complications of sterilization, stability, and large-scale production. Niosomes are composed of biodegradable, nontoxic, stable (physically and chemically), and inexpensive nonionic surfactants, which result in targeted and controlled drug release [44].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] prepared ITZ-loaded ribosomal gel and demonstrated a prolonged drug release with an increased drug retention and permeation across the skin [45]. Another study focused on the preparation of niosomal gel. An in vitro study showed that \(41.18\%\pm 1.53\%\) of the drug was released in simulated intestinal fluid within 12 h. The niosomes-based gel formulation displayed prolonged action and improved antifungal activity compared to the non-niosomal formulation [46]. [PERSON] et al. designed a successful ketoconazole-loaded niosome employing span 60 and cholesterol (1:0.2) and incorporated it into Carbopol gel (1%). An in vitro study showed \(36.18\%\pm 1.50\%\) of the drug releasewithin 12 h. The developed formulation reflected a prolonged action with an improved antifungal activity [47]. In a recent study, [PERSON] developed FLZ-loaded proniosomal gel by the coacervation phase separation method using different nonionic surfactants. The study showed the potential of proniosomal gel for the topical delivery of an antifungal drug with a slow release for the management of fungal infections [48].  
[PERSON] et al. designed nystatin-loaded niosomes using stearylamine (positive) and dicetyl phosphate (negative) as the charge-inducing agents (CIA). The formulation demonstrated a high bioavailability, the least hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the niosomal system has opened a way for the parenteral administration of antifungal drugs, which results in diminished toxicity and more dynamic antifungal actions [49].
###### Abstract  
A new voltammetric method for the simultaneous determination of vitamin E and vitamin K present in different types of commercially available food supplements has been developed. This electroanalytical method is based on the ex situ adsorptive accumulation of these biologically active compounds onto the surface of a solid glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with subsequent electrochemical detection by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry in 0.01-mol L\({}^{-1}\) HNO\({}_{3}\) containing 0.1-mol L\({}^{-1}\) KCl at pH 2.08. Due to reversible electrochemical reactions of phylloquinone, a subsequent voltammetric detection of both vitamins in anodic mode can be performed. Since individual forms of vitamins E and K usually exhibit nearly identical electrochemical behavior, it is therefore impossible to distinguish individual forms (quinones and tocopherols) and determine their molar concentrations in this way. Thus, the values of vitamin content were expressed as mass equivalent of phylloquinone and \(\alpha\)-tocopherol as they are the most biologically active forms. Despite the high sensitivity, relatively short linear ranges were obtained due to the interaction (competition) of both vitamins during adsorption onto the freshly polished surface of the GCE from a 50% aqueous-acetonitrile mixture. The obtained results showed that the voltammetric approach is a very simple and low-cost analytical method that can be used in analyses of food supplements.  
vitamin E; vitamin K; adsorptive stripping voltammetry; glassy carbon electrode; food supplements +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sci. 2020, 10, 4759; doi:10.3390/app10144759
###### Abstract  
In order to study the stress state and stability of a spiral tube and actuator for controlled extension and retraction (STACER) during the launching process of a satellite, finite element software was applied to establish a finite element model of STACER via the explicit dynamics analysis method. The influence of top rod's radius on the gathering or so called packaging process of STACER was analyzed. The effects of surface friction coefficient and acceleration on the stability were studied during the gathering process. It was found that the top rod radius directly affects the gathering load and the deformation around the rivet of the STACER. When the spring reel is gathered, the friction coefficient between contact surfaces, and the acceleration, work on the stability of STACER. The stability of STACER can be maintained by a friction coefficient with small fluctuations. An unstable state occurs after the STACER is gathered when the direction of acceleration is parallel to the axial direction of the rivet. A mechanical test on the STACER is conducted to verify the reliability and accuracy of the model. The force trend is similar between the finite element result and experimental result. This work will contribute to the theoretical development for designing the radius of the top rod of the spring reel, the surface friction coefficient of the STACER and the position of the spring reel during the launch process of satellites.  
deployment mechanism; mechanical characteristics; self-preservation mechanism; stability; gathering process +
Footnote †: journal: materials  
Article
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Evaluation Metrics  
To assess the models' performances on the binary classification task of identifying phishing email texts, we employed several widely recognized metrics, as outlined in [72]:  
Accuracy: Calculated as the ratio of correct phishing and safe email predictions to the total number of emails.  
\[\text{Accuracy}=\frac{\text{TP}+\text{TN}}{\text{TP}+\text{FP}+\text{TN}+ \text{FN}} \tag{1}\]  
Precision: The ratio of true identifications of phishing emails that were phishing.  
\[\text{Precision}=\frac{\text{TP}}{\text{TP}+\text{FP}} \tag{2}\]  
Recall or Sensitivity: The ratio of actual positive phishing emails that were correctly identified as phishing.  
\[\text{Recall}=\frac{\text{TP}}{\text{TP}+\text{FN}} \tag{3}\]  
F1 Score: A metric that emphasizes the balance between precision and recall.  
\[\text{F1-score}=\frac{2\cdot\text{precision}\cdot\text{recall}}{\text{ precision}+\text{recall}} \tag{4}\]  
or  
\[\text{F1-score}=\frac{2\times\text{TP}}{2\times\text{TP}+\text{FP}+\text{ FN}} \tag{5}\]  
The terms TP, TN, FP, and FN denote true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives, respectively. In our study, the positive class is phishing emails, while the negative class is benign emails.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Ammonium Chloride Dosage  
The effect of different ammonium chloride dosage on scandium content of anhydrous scandium chloride and hydrolysis rate of scandium is shown in Figure 3. The amount of ammonium chloride also has a great influence on the hydrolysis rate of scandium. Too little or too much ammonium chloride may lead to incomplete chlorination of ScOCI or lead to increased reagent cost--which is not conducive to specific implementation [29; 30; 31; 32].  
It can be seen from Figure 3 that with increasing ammonium chloride dosage, the hydrolysis rate of scandium decreased significantly, which is conducive to an increase of scandium content of anhydrous chlorinated molten salt. When \(m\)(Sc\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)):\(m\)(NH\({}_{4}\)Cl) = 1:2.5, the hydrolysis rate of scandium decreased to 2.61%. When the dosage is increased to 1:3, the hydrolysis rate of scandium remained unchanged. Therefore, the weight ratio of ammonium chloride to scandium oxide in the raw material was 1:2.5. The anhydrous scandium chloride with scandium content of 25.03% was obtained, and the hydrolysis rate of scandium was 2.61%.  
Figure 3: Effect of ammonium chloride dosage on scandium content of anhydrous scandium chloride and hydrolysis rate of scandium.  
Figure 2: Effect of temperature on scandium content of anhydrous scandium chloride and hydrolysis rate of scandium.
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis is integrated to interpret the model outcomes, offering detailed insights into the factors affecting crash likelihood and frequency. The use of CatBoost, a machine learning algorithm, enables our model to capture complex, non-linear relationships between variables--an issue that traditional models struggle with due to their linear structure. Additionally, the integration of SHAP analysis enhances the interpretability of our model, providing detailed insights into the contribution of each factor to crash occurrences and frequencies. This combination of handling zero-inflation, accommodating complex relationships, and ensuring interpretability sets our model apart from traditional approaches, making it more suited for real-world crash data analysis. The objective of this study is to develop and validate a machine learning-based hurdle model utilizing the CatBoost algorithm, known for its superior handling of categorical data and complex, non-linear relationships. By leveraging CatBoost's classification and regression capabilities within a two-stage framework, we aim to demonstrate enhanced accuracy and interpretability compared to traditional statistical methods. Equipping stakeholders with this more robust tool for crash data analysis will facilitate the development of finely tuned safety interventions, ultimately contributing to the reduction in traffic crashes and their associated impacts. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews traditional statistical and modern machine learning approaches in crash data modeling, specifically addressing issues like zero-inflation and overdispersion in traffic crash frequency data. Section 3 outlines our proposed methodology, introducing a two-stage machine learning hurdle model that leverages classification and regression to handle zero-inflated crash data. Section 4 presents an empirical assessment using real-world crash data from South Korea to evaluate the model's robustness and effectiveness, focusing on validating the model'spredictive accuracy and interpretability. In Section 5, we discuss key findings, limitations, and implications for traffic safety policy and interventions. Finally, Section 6 concludes this study, summarizing the contributions and suggesting future research directions.