## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fermentation Kinetics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **\(\mu\)** & **Residual** & **Residual** & **Ethanol** & \(Y_{\text{P/S}}\) \\  & & **(h\({}^{-1}\))** & **Fructose (g/L)** & **Glucose (g/L)** & **Content (g/L)** & **(g/g)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Monoculture} & Sc & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 60.52 \(\pm\) 3.22 b & 1.37 \(\pm\) 0.28 cd & 12.28 \(\pm\) 1.14 a & 0.325 \(\pm\) 0.052 ab \\  & Td & 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 70.09 \(\pm\) 8.31 a & 2.5 \(\pm\) 0.39 bc & 6.00 \(\pm\) 0.38 cd & 0.242 \(\pm\) 0.084 bc \\  & Zb & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 44.72 \(\pm\) 1.19 c & 2.43 \(\pm\) 0.23 ab & 6.73 \(\pm\) 0.48 c & 0.129 \(\pm\) 0.007 d \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Co-culture Sc/Td} & Sc & 0.46 \(\pm\) 0.08 a & \multirow{3}{*}{59.66 \(\pm\) 2.46 b} & \multirow{3}{*}{1.31 \(\pm\) 0.22 cd} & \multirow{3}{*}{5.36 \(\pm\) 0.42 d} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.138 \(\pm\) 0.015 d} \\  & Td & 0.42 \(\pm\) 0.03 a & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Co-culture Sc/Zb} & Sc & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.20 a & \multirow{3}{*}{46.22 \(\pm\) 5.28 c} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.36 \(\pm\) 0.07 d} & \multirow{3}{*}{12.56 \(\pm\) 0.95 a} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.238 \(\pm\) 0.039 c} \\  & Zb & 0.40 \(\pm\) 0.10 a & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Co-culture Td/Zb} & Td & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.02 a & \multirow{3}{*}{65.91 \(\pm\) 3.98 ab} & \multirow{3}{*}{4.35 \(\pm\) 0.30 a} & \multirow{3}{*}{9.69 \(\pm\) 0.63 b} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.332 \(\pm\) 0.058 a} \\  & Zb & 0.22 \(\pm\) 0.06 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Ternary co-culture} & Sc & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & \multirow{3}{*}{50.20 \(\pm\) 3.19 c} & \multirow{3}{*}{3.12 \(\pm\) 0.33 ab} & \multirow{3}{*}{11.53 \(\pm\) 0.45 a} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.248 \(\pm\) 0.021} \\  & Td & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.07 a & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Zb & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.14 a & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The data are averages of triplicates \(\pm\) standard deviation. Different letters mean significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) among values in the same column. Sc: _S. cerevisiae_, Td: _T. delbrueckii_, Zb: _Z. bailii_. \(Y_{\text{P/S}}\): yield of ethanol produced concerning sugars consumed.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Fermentation parameters of mono- and co-cultures in M2 medium. Figure 3: Growth kinetics of co-cultures in M2 medium. Viable cells of _S. cerevisiae_ (\(\bullet\)) and _T. delbrueckii_ (\(\square\)) during the Sc/Td co-culture (**A**). Viable cells of _S. cerevisiae_ (\(\bullet\)) and _Z. bailii_ (\(\triangle\)) during the Sc/Zb co-culture (**B**). Viable cells of _T. delbrueckii_ (\(\blacksquare\)) and _Z. bailii_ (\(\triangle\)) during the Td/Zb co-culture (**C**). Viable cells of _S. cerevisiae_ (\(\bullet\)), _T. delbrueckii_ (\(\blacksquare\)), and _Z. bailii_ (\(\triangle\)) during the ternary co-culture (**D**). The data is shown as an average of three fermentations. Vertical bars represent standard deviations. [PERSON] et al. [31] reported co-cultures in synthetic grape juice of _S. cerevisiae_ with _Metschnikova pulcherima_ (Mp), _M. fricticola_ (Mf), _Hanseniispora warum_ (Hu), and _H. oquntiae_ (Ho). Although _S. cerevisiae_ dominated all the co-cultures, the \(\mu\) values for the co-cultures were variable. The \(\mu\) value for the Sc/Mf co-culture was higher than the corresponding values for the monocultures. The co-cultures Sc/Ho and Sc/Mp showed \(\mu\) values lower than those of monocultures, and the value for Sc/Hu was between the monoculture values. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [21] reported that the \(\mu\) value was influenced by the nitrogen sources in the culture medium and the yeast species rather than by the amount of available nitrogen. Closely to the present work, [PERSON] et al. [42] performed co-cultures of _S. cerevisiae_ and two non-_Sacachromyces_ yeasts (_Hanseniispora vineae_ and _H. uvarum_) using _Agave tequilana_ juice as culture medium. They reported higher \(\mu\) and \(Y_{P/S}\) values for co-cultures than for monocultures. On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. [3] carried out monocultures and co-cultures in filtered agave juice and agave juice with bagasse.