esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Cell Viability of Thermally-Dried Immobilized Kefir Cells  
Kefir cells were initially immobilized on natural supports and thermal drying was applied, resulting in reduced populations (Table 1) compared to the wet cultures [14]. Interestingly, viable counts of thermally-dried immobilized cells were significantly higher (\(p<0.05\)) compared to those of thermally-dried free cells, as the protective effect of immobilization to cell integrity is well established [20; 25; 26]. After inoculation (timepoint T0), yeasts/molds ranged near (or over) 7 logcfu/mL of must in fermentations with thermally-dried immobilized cells, in all cases, populations over the proposed counts recommended for starter cultures' inoculations [27], whereas lactobacilli and lactococci counts ranged 4-5 logcfu/mL of grape must, respectively. Despite the counts of thermally-dried lactobacilli and lactococci being seemingly low, concentrations of 5 logcfu/mL or even lower have previously been shown to be sufficient for malolactic fermentation to occur [28]. After all, cell rehydration and effective biomass recovery of thermally-dried cells, when found in suitable medium, has previously been reported [26; 29].  
Regardless of the storage duration (1, 3, or 6 months), all kefir populations (yeasts/molds, lactobacilli, lactococci) were affected significantly (\(p<0.05\)) by both the state of the cells (free or immobilized) and the storage temperature (20, 5, or \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), while strong interactions (\(p<0.05\)) were noted. Notably, significantly higher counts of thermally-dried immobilized cells were obtained (\(p<0.05\)) compared to those of thermally-dried free cells, at all storage intervals (Figure 1) [25]. Specifically, after 6 months of storage, thermally-dried immobilized yeasts/molds on grape skins retained the highest (\(p<0.05\)) viability scores (up to 93% at \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) among all supports, while the highest (\(p<0.05\)) lactobacilli and lactococci survival rates were detected on DCM, also stored at \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. As expected, low storage temperatures (5 and \(-18\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) resulted in significantly higher (\(p<0.05\)) survival rates compared to ambient temperatures in all cases [25; 29]. However, a drop in microbial counts was detected as the storage duration increased, but not significant in all cases.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline  & **Free Cells** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Imobilized Cells** \\ **on Apple Pieces** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Imobilized** \\ **Cells on DCM** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Imobilized Cells** \\ **on Grape Skins** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Yeasts/Molds & 5.55 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 6.95 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 7.07 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 7.35 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ Lactobacilli & 3.12 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 4.25 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 5.36 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 4.60 \(\pm\) 0.05 \\ Lactococci & 3.02 \(\pm\) 0.21 & 4.15 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 5.49 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 4.65 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Cell counts of kefir cells immobilized on natural supports after thermal drying.
# A CNN-RNN Combined Structure for Real-World Violence Detection in Surveillance Cameras
###### Abstract
Several works take advantage of the properties of semi-supervised learning schema such as in [24; 25; 26]. This paper proposes the anomaly detection problem as a multiple scene formulation in a supervised learning schema. Numerous abnormal behaviours in the real world depend on our definition of an anomalous event to label it as an anomaly. However, here, we focus on the UCF-Crime dataset [27], including much abnormal, illegal, and violent behaviour captured by surveillance cameras in public places, which can lead to severe problems for individuals and a society population. Our proposed model used ResNet50 as a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for feature extraction. Then, due to working with the video dataset, we add an RNN, ConvLSTM, to the model architecture, which can work efficiently on such data to our model. Then, the model returns whether the input video includes illegal behaviour or not. This model can save humans time and money and increase the accuracy of detecting irreparable damages. Furthermore, the proposed model can significantly reduce the response time of emergency services, which is of paramount importance for governments and the population. The main contribution of the proposed method is summarized below. * A combination of ResNet and ConvLSTM is used for anomaly detection from surveillance cameras. * We used the UCF-Crime dataset, which includes natural scenes recorded by surveillance cameras in 13 categories of abnormal events. * To better understand each anomaly category, we defined two modified datasets from UCF-Crime by splitting the normal scenes from the abnormal ones. In the rest of the paper, we analyze the other related works which use different models and each sub-models of the whole idea for anomaly detection in surveillance cameras in Section 2. Then, in Section 3, we describe our proposed model. Next, evaluate our work by several experiments in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion and future works are discussed in Section 5.
# An Exploratory Review of Microplastic Pollution, Associated Microbiomes and Pathogens in Water
###### Abstract  
Microplastic particles (MPs) are an emerging global pollutant of increasing concern due to their widespread occurrence, persistence, and multifaceted impact on aquatic ecosystems. This study provides a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature from 2011 to 2025, analysing the presence, distribution, and microbiological associations of MPs in surface waters across five continents. The findings confirm that MPs are present in both marine and freshwater systems, with concentrations varying by region, hydrology, and proximity to anthropogenic sources. Polyethylene and polypropylene were identified as the most common polymers, often enriched in river mouths, estuaries, and aquaculture zones. A key focus of this review is the plastissphere--microbial biofilms colonizing MPs--which includes both environmental and pathogenic bacteria such as _Vibrio_, _Pseudomonas_, and _Acinetobacter_. Notably, MPs serve as vectors for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including _suI1_, _tetA_ and _ermF_, and \(\beta\)-lactamase genes like _blaCTX-M_. This highlights their role in enhancing horizontal gene transfer and microbial dissemination. The results emphasize the need for standardized monitoring protocols and further interdisciplinary research. In light of the One Health approach, understanding the microbial dimension of MP pollution is essential for managing risks to environmental and public health.  
microphatic; type; fomite; microbial community; pathogens; antimicrobial resistance genes +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Results for the 33-Node AC MG Operating in Grid-Connected Mode  
In Table 6, the results obtained for the 33-node MG in grid-connected mode are presented.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c|c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{33-Node System} \\ \hline System & \(FO_{1}\) & \((USD)\) & \(FO_{2}\) (\(kWh\)) & \(FO_{3}\) (\(kgCO_{2}\)) \\ \hline Base case & \multicolumn{2}{c}{9931.6423} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{3378.9199} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{12541.1958} \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Minimum solution} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Average solution} \\ \hline Methodology & \(FO_{1}\) & \(FO_{2}\) & \(FO_{3}\) & \(FO_{1}\) & \(FO_{2}\) & \(FO_{3}\) \\ \hline MC & 6898.1643 & 1259.3313 & 8520.3698 & 7053.5557 & 1297.7625 & 8711.3661 \\ PGA & 3662.0385 & 501.8682 & 4278.8723 & 3663.4676 & 502.0790 & 4285.0896 \\ PSO & 3709.2343 & 537.5821 & 4394.2414 & 3838.3024 & 549.4910 & 4538.2036 \\ JAYA & 3679.5321 & 538.7517 & 4320.7720 & 3736.4867 & 560.0407 & 4396.4464 \\ GNDO & 4349.9992 & 717.1074 & 5460.4126 & 5026.8300 & 756.5518 & 6097.6509 \\ MVO & 3687.9348 & 553.8841 & 4661.0236 & 3697.1972 & 569.6751 & 4904.3664 \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{Standard deviation (\%)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Processing time (s)} \\ \hline Methodology & \(FO_{1}\) & \(FO_{2}\) & \(FO_{3}\) & \(FO_{1}\) & \(FO_{2}\) & \(FO_{3}\) \\ \hline MC & 0.6892 & 1.2083 & 0.7403 & 311.9070 & 162.5012 & 297.7965 \\ PGA & 0.0187 & 0.0197 & 0.0673 & 256.7073 & 231.4558 & 235.4538 \\ PSO & 1.5546 & 2.1192 & 2.2691 & 278.5144 & 261.9630 & 282.1282 \\ JAYA & 1.7091 & 2.8791 & 1.7861 & 225.4094 & 296.7241 & 227.4124 \\ GNDO & 6.5663 & 2.2209 & 6.0938 & 393.0044 & 360.0060 & 369.1405 \\ MVO & 0.1210 & 1.3288 & 1.9594 & 296.7664 & 273.4631 & 260.6834 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Solutions obtained for the 33-node AC MG in grid-connected mode.  
Figure 10: Hourly power generated by the WTs for a week of operation.
# The Novel Role of Solvents in Non-Surgical Endodontic Retreatment
## 6 Biocompatibility  
NSER procedures are inevitably associated with more post-operative complications, due to a higher risk of extrusion. In addition to necrotic infected pulp residues and debris that can be pushed out of root canals, there is a risk of extrusion of filling materials and/or irrigating solutions and dressings. The biocompatibility of any compound used is, thus, a safety requirement. An ideal root canal irrigating solution should be biocompatible because of its close contact with the periodontal tissues, and should respect the biological and mechanical integrity of the tooth [44].  
Although solvents have almost fallen into disuse with the advent of new retreatment instruments, a recent review emphasizes the heterogeneity of the studies published and encourages a pursuit of the comparison of compounds in different scenarios [45]. Despite the disparity of methodologies, most of the reported findings are based on the performances of traditional solvents, namely chloroform, eucalypt, EndoSolv R, and xylol; with new and less cytotoxic proposals, such as orange essential oils, having insufficient dissolution properties to justify their use. Although the most effective solvents are generally recognized as being highly cytotoxic, using small amounts inside treated root canals may prevent concerns regarding the risk of extrusion [20; 26; 27; 46; 47]. Nevertheless, inadvertent contact with the periapical tissues could pose a risk to the patient.  
The new strategy of combining solvents with agitation in the empty root canal after filling removal might raise additional concerns. One example is the suggested protocol with MEK/TCE or MEK/OOil, even though in-vitro studies have reported a lower cytotoxicity from these novel proposals compared to the isolated compounds or the gold standard, chloroform [13]. Moreover, the use of solvents as an adjunct to mechanical instrumentation has not been associated with higher extrusion [48; 49] or poor post-operative conditions [50]. Nonetheless, prospective randomized studies are always needed to assess the clinical performances of new strategies.
## 4 Discussion
#### 4.1.3 Influence Mechanism of Temperature  
The single-factor test of temperature showed that the permeability of the four subcategories of sandstone decreased with increasing temperature under a fixed confining pressure of 20 MPa. This phenomenon showed that under the continuous action of high temperature, the volume of the sandstone grains expanded, causing a change in the sandstone pore structure to a certain extent. According to the grain size analysis data of sandstone in this study, the average grain size of the sandstone skeleton particles is approximately 100 \(\upmu\)m, and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the skeleton particles can generally be taken as 1.11 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)\({}^{\circ}\)C\({}^{-1}\). The pore throat radius decreased by approximately 0.011 \(\upmu\)m when the temperature increased by 10 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Due to the compression effect of the 20 MPa confining pressure, the pore throats of the rock sample were compressed to a large extent and became narrow. In this case, if the sandstone skeleton experienced thermal expansion with increasing temperature, this further narrowed the pore throats, causing a certain decrease in permeability, possibly even a large decrease.
# Biomimetic Liquid-Repellent Surfaces by Ultrafast Laser Processing
## 3 Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning, and Antifouling Surfaces
The study of [PERSON] et al. (2009) [64] has shown that after some time superhydrophobicity develops on intrinsically hydrophilic structured metal surfaces due to the formation of a carbonaceous layer that alters the chemistry of the surface. The timescale of this process was shown to be dependent on both the structured material and the environmental conditions and to be in the range of hours to days [68]. In [69] the increase of hydrophobicity occurring over time on steel and aluminum after structuring with ultrafast radiation was studied as well. This study explained hydrophobicity increases on steel by removing a thin film of water that was initially present on the metal surface due to laser processing and on aluminum by the appearance of new functional groups (especially methyl group-CH\({}_{3}\) and graphitic carbon) after laser processing. Superhydrophobic modification of glass was done through fabrication of laser-inscribed grooves superimposed with LIPSS or nanoroughness in combination with s low-energy surface coating [70; 71]. Realization of superhydrophobic polymers was shown through two different approaches: fabrication of laser-irradiated roughness [72] or transfer laser-generated structures in polymer by replication or injection molding [72; 73; 74]. An interesting review of laser structuring of polymers for biomedical applications can be found in [75]. An overview of the superhydrophobic modification of different materials by ultrafast laser processing is given in Table 2.  
As can be seen from Table 2, hierarchical structures are preferably used for the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. As was shown in [77], the occurrence of the second (nanoscale) level of topography on the microscale topography leads to increasing the contact angle (\(\theta_{\text{CB}}\)) and eliminating the contact angle hysteresis (\(\Delta\theta\)). As mentioned in Table 1, processing with ultrafast laser radiation enables a simpler fabrication of hierarchical structures compared to the nanosecond laser. For example, columnar structures generated by nanosecond pulses are much smoother and do not have the nanoscale level typically generated by ultrafast lasers [41; 42; 43]. An essential element of biomimetic development is transfer to a technical application. For example, ultrafast laser-processed superhydrophobic water-repellent surfaces were proposed as anti-icing coating for application in aviation [78]. In this case an industrial suited 25 W laser system operating at
## 2 Numerical Model and Method
### Numerical Method  
According to the finite volume method, the numerical simulations of the parallel foils oscillating in different non-sinusoidal motions are conducted by the commercial software Fluent 16.0 and the incompressible viscous flow field around foils is analyzed. The spatial term is discretized in the form of the second-order upwind type, while the transient term is discretized by the second-order-accurate backward implicit scheme [21]. All cases are investigated at \(Re=1100\), and the laminar model is selected to discuss the evolution law of the flow field around parallel foils.
# Region-Based Automated Localization of Colonoscopy and Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Polyps
## 1 Introduction
The model evaluation is done by detecting the most probable polyp pixel points within the mask regions and locating the centroid representing the location of the polyp. An efficient deep learning approach is employed by applying a region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) along with data augmentation, feature extraction, and a fine-tuning model with pre-trained weights from well-established ImageNet [32] and Microsoft COCO (Common Objects in COntext) [33] datasets. Furthermore, the model is also fine-tuned with weights from flicker balloon data, which was fine-tuned from pre-trained COCO weights. This step is taken as an experiment to analyze the results that are obtained from the model, which is fine-tuned with polyp-like data in the natural images. The study confirms that the model performs better with improved localization on most of the polyp images compared to the other CNN approaches from the literature. The paper is the first of its kind to employ R-CNN to segment and locate polyp regions and analyze a model with various fine-tuned weights. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides details of the datasets utilized for the study and the methodology employed. In Section 3, we discuss the experiments conducted and present the results obtained. The conclusion for the study is presented in Section 4.
## 3 Method
### Dual Polarization Coherence Change Detection
In Figure 7, (a) and (b) are VV and VH polarization coherence maps. Prior to the conflict, the mean coherence values for VV polarization and VH polarization were 0.609 and 0.471, respectively. This suggests that the coherence graph calculated using the VV polarization mode is superior and has a more sensitive index [48]. Therefore, VV should be given more weight than VH when designing the index for damaged discrimination. The DPNCI is defined as follows:  
\[DPNCI=0.6\gamma_{\mathrm{VV}}+0.4\gamma_{\mathrm{VH}} \tag{7}\]
## 3 Methods and Materials Processing
### Wavelet Transform
#### 3.2.4 Phase Difference and Average Phase Angle  
As a complement to wavelet analysis, phase spectrum analysis can be employed to characterize correlations between signals [49]. The phase difference between time series \(X_{n}\) and \(Y_{n}\) can be expressed as \(\phi_{XY}\), reflecting the lag and relationship between the two series, enabling the determination of whether the correlation between the two is positive or negative [50]. Since the Morlet wavelet is a complex wavelet, it can be decomposed into real and imaginary components. The cross-wavelet phase difference can be defined as  
\[\phi_{XY}=art\left[\frac{Imag(W_{XY})}{Real(W_{XY})}\right] \tag{4}\]  
with \(\phi_{XY}\in[-\pi,\pi]\), where \(Imag\) and \(Real\) denote the real and imaginary parts of the smoothed power spectrum, respectively.  
We consider the eight phase angle conditions denoted by the arrows in Figure 3[51]. If the phase difference is zero, the arrow points to the right, indicating that the changes in the time series \(X_{n}\) and \(Y_{n}\) are synchronized and there is a positive correlation between the two at a given frequency. On the other hand, if the phase difference is \(\pi\), the arrow points to the left, indicating a negative correlation between the two. When the phase difference is \(\pi/2\) or \(-\pi/2\), the arrow points up or down, indicating that \(X_{n}\) leads or lags \(Y_{n}\), respectively. Specifically, when \(\phi_{XY}\in(0,\pi/2)\) and \((-\pi,-\pi/2)\), \(X_{n}\) leads \(Y_{n}\), and when \(\phi_{XY}\in(-\pi/2,0)\) and \((\pi/2,\pi)\), \(Y_{n}\) leads \(X_{n}\)[52].  
Figure 3: Phase differences and their interpretation.  
We quantify the phase relationship using the circular mean method, which utilizes data from regions with statistical significance above 5% beyond the cone of influence (COI). This is a valid and commonly used method to calculate the average phase of a set of angles \((a_{i},i=1,\cdots,n)\) of circular averages, and is defined as:  
\[a_{m}=\arg(X,Y) \tag{5}\]  
with \(X=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\cos(a_{i})\) and \(Y=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\sin(a_{i})\). The circular standard deviation of the wavelet phase angle is  
\[S=\sqrt{-2\ln(\sqrt{X^{2}+Y^{2}}/{\rm n})} \tag{6}\]  
The temporal delay or time lag (\(\Delta t\)) can be calculated as [41]  
\[\Delta t=\frac{a_{m}\times T}{2\pi} \tag{7}\]  
where \(a_{m}\) is the mean phase angle in radians and \(T\) is the periodicity or wave period of interest. Finally, the correlation of the relevant influencing factors was analyzed after calculating the hysteresis of deformation sequences detected by InSAR.
# User Experience of 5G Video Services in Indonesia: Predictions Based on a Structural Equation Model
###### Abstract  
The advent of 5G has created an expectation for the provision of a much better user experience (UX) for utilising video streaming services. However, apart from quality, there are many other factors believed to influence users' experiences of video streaming services in the era of 5G. The question then arises: what will determine the UX of streaming video services in the 5G era? This study aimed to discover what factors would influence 5G UX by using a conceptual framework involving measures of users' predictive judgements of 5G combined with users' measurements of current 4G UX, considering that there is no specific standard for measuring UX. Our case study is Indonesia, the world's fourth-largest market, so the predictions may later become a reference for the priorities of implementing 5G technology. Our conceptual framework utilised the structural equation model (SEM) approach, based on the primary data of a 254-respondant sample of the Indonesian market. The questionnaire assessed 10 factors of user experience, ranging from service attractiveness to economic-related aspects. The results imply that the current user's experience of 4G has an effect with a significance value of 0.42 to their later experience when accessing 5G video services. It means that many users will continue to use 4G for video streaming and still need tangible evidence of 5G. Among the 10 factors, a satisfaction value of 0.72 in 4G technology and perspicuity of 0.81 in 5G are the highest correlations. These factors are the most influential for video service experience.  
5G; 4G; Indonesia; user experience; video streaming; structural equation model; prediction; users' predictive judgements; survey +
Footnote †: journal: Information  
0000  
_information_
# Dynamic Impedance Estimation: Challenges and Considerations
###### Abstract  
The objective of this paper was to examine the dynamic impedance estimation of electrical systems from online measurements. The paper makes several considerations and highlights the challenges to obtain a precise estimation. Transducer equalization and harmonic synchrophasor estimation (HSpE) are reviewed and discussed. The use of online and adaptive equalization for transducers proves to be a viable solution for improving voltage transducer's (VT's) and current transducer's (CT's) frequency response. Additionally, the use of oversampling algorithms can mitigate the effects of noise in the HSpE. Furthermore, methods for harmonic impedance estimation are discussed. The independent component analysis ICA-based dynamic impedance estimation is proposed and results presented, which yields excellent agreement. Finally, harmonic modeling and simulation of injected harmonic currents are used to observe resonances through the amplification and attenuations and, consequently, the opportunity to confirm the system self and transfer impedances of a test system. Dynamic impedance estimation will continue to be a great challenge for the power systems engineer as the system complexity increases with the massive insertion of power electronic inverters and the associated required filtering. Real-time signal processing will be an effective tool to determine the dynamic self or transfer impedance.  
harmonic synchrophasor estimation; transducer equalization; harmonic impedance estimation; harmonic transfer estimation