### Energy Management Systems for Distributed Load Complexity Management
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Sensor Type** & **Inference** & **Device Controlled** & **Paper** \\ \hline Motion sensor & Occupancy levels & Lights & [84] \\ Photo sensor & Light levels & Lights & [85] \\ Chair sensor & Occupancy levels & Building systems & [86] \\ CO2 sensor & Occupancy levels & Lights, HVAC & [87] \\ Pressure mats & Occupancy levels & LED lights & [88] \\ Sound sensor & Occupancy levels & Lights, HVAC & [87] \\ Camera sensor & Occupancy levels & Lights, HVAC, appliances, controls & [89] \\ Wi-Fi sensor & Occupancy levels & HVAC & [90] \\ Smart phones & Occupants’ information & HVAC & [91] \\ Indoor temperature sensor & Occupants’ information & HVAC & [91] \\ Indoor humidity sensor & Occupancy levels & Lights, HVAC, appliances, controls & [89] \\ Skin temperature sensor & Thermal sensation & HVAC & [92] \\ Heart rate sensor & Thermal sensation & HVAC & [92] \\ Wearable sensor & Occupancy levels & Demand control & [93] \\ Thermo-fluidic sensor & Occupancy levels & HVAC & [94] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Overview of sensor-based device control for energy savings at the distributed load. of these costs are one-time costs, i.e., equipment cost (Figure 6-1 in [100]). A summary of retailers or DR aggregators offering DR services is provided in Table 4.  
DR aggregators can offer demand modifications and grid services, such as shifting or curtailing loads, reducing unbalanced costs, participating in balanced markets, and providing ancillary services [31]: for example, providing voltage support and frequency support as one entity [109]. Existing market entities, such as retailers, balanced responsible parties, and third-party companies, may act as aggregators [69]. For a better understanding of the DR aggregator's interaction with other market players, please see Figure 1 in [23] and Figure 8 in [69]. A DR aggregator is cleared by the energy market similarly to an energy producer or generator, since reducing demand is equivalent to producing energy for the energy market's clearing mechanism. A DR aggregator will need to be capable of performing the following operations in order to safely integrate large distributed loads into the power grid and future US electricity markets:  
* Analyze the flexibility and capabilities of the customers' devices [110]. * Schedule demands ahead of time [111]. * Install communication infrastructure, necessary controls, and meters [112; 113]. * Perform necessary predictions [114] (system load forecasting [115; 116; 117], electricity price forecasting [118; 119], and wind and solar production forecasting [120; 121; 122]). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Company (Capacity)** & **Customer Portfolio** & **Strategy** & **Business Model** & **Paper** \\ \hline EnerNOC (MA) (\(\sim\)1000 MW) & Large customer (\(<\)1 GW): & DR design, sell DR to & Automation, metering, and & [101] \\  & industrial, commercial & ISOs & communication with direct & \\  & & & control & \\ \hline Cpower (MD) (\(\sim\)2000 MW) & Large customer (\(<\)1 GW) & Energy management & Strategic energy asset & [102] \\  & & metering & management & \\ \hline Converge (GA) (\(\sim\)500 MW) & Residential & Smart thermostat and & Installation and control, sell & [103] \\  & & web portal & DR to utilities and ISOs & \\ \hline Energy Connect (CA) & Large customer (\(<\)1 GW): & Automation, metering & Energy automation service & [104] \\  & industrial, commercial, & and communication & provider & \\ \hline Energy Curtailment & Large customer (\(<\)1 GW): & Sell DR to utilities & Metering & [105] \\  & industrial, commercial & & Sell DR to utilities and & Software and analytics & — \\ \hline Specialist ECS (NY) (\(\sim\)1000 MW) & Industrial, commercial, & Sell DR to utilities and & Web-based platform for & [106] \\  & & ISOs & monitoring, self-scheduling & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Some DR aggregators in the USA [28; 69]. Selected content from two references is merged.