# Nano-/Microcapsules, Liposomes, and Micelles in
## 1 Introduction  
Although nanoscale structures have existed in nature on our planet for millennia, the science of nanotechnology has only recently emerged [1]. The field began with the vision of American physicist and Nobel Prize winner [PERSON], who, in the 1950s, delivered a celebrated lecture called \"Plenty of Room at the Bottom\" [2]. This speech is considered the first glimpse into the potential of nanotechnology for miniaturising objects [3, 4]. In recent decades, there has been a dynamic development of nanotechnology and nanoscience, which can be referred to as the 'nanoera' [5]. Nanotechnology has developed in various industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. Another accomplishment is the industrial use of nanotechnology, which extends beyond the laboratory scale. Notable achievements include active packaging for monitoring food's shelf life and prolonging the effects of drugs. The precise dosing of medicine and extending the shelf life of bioactive compounds are further milestones. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field with diverse applications in various industries. It has made significant contributions to the pharmaceutical [6, 7], medical [8, 9, 10], cosmetic [11, 12], transportation [13, 14], electronics [15, 16], textile [17, 18, 19], and other industries [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Nanotechnology, as applied in the food industry [25], involves encapsulating and precisely delivering bioactive substances [26, 27], using nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties [28, 29, 30], extending food freshness [31], detecting contaminants, and ameliorating food storage systems [32, 33, 34, 35]. Furthermore, through strategic selection of suitable nanoparticles, it is feasible to enhance the sensory attributes of food, such astaste, aroma, or texture, prolonging its shelf life and consistently monitoring its handling at each stage. Spherical particles are a significant area of investigation in nanotechnology. Currently, there is a new and rapidly developing trend in research and development worldwide, which involves micro-/nanopreparations based on polysaccharides [36]. Designing and acquiring nanoscale materials using natural components has the potential to partially solve today's global challenges. These challenges include civilisation diseases, dietary deficiencies, food waste, petroleum-based material-related environmental pollution, harmful substance release in the atmosphere, and the reduction in fossil fuel consumption [37; 38; 39; 40; 41]. The extent of the solution depends on the type of nanostructures and carriers employed. It is common knowledge that chemical synthesis processes necessitate specific reagents and apparatus, resulting in a substantial financial expenditure. Furthermore, the processes require harmful and poisonous substances, causing detrimental effects on the environment. As a result, one of the primary research directions is the implementation of eco-friendly techniques referred to as green chemistry methods. The aim of such solutions is to decrease the utilisation and creation of dangerous substances by utilising accessible organic resources including flora, algae, and microorganisms [42; 43]. Polysaccharides are a group of naturally occurring compounds that have garnered significant attention in various fields in recent times. The appeal of polysaccharides is due to their impressive characteristics, including but not limited to, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, renewability, ease of modification, and sourcing from renewable raw materials. Moreover, they are inexpensive and readily obtainable [44]. The properties of polysaccharides previously mentioned are advantageous towards the synthesis of nanoparticles [45]. In recent years, numerous scientific papers have been published detailing the preparation and characterisation of materials derived from natural polysaccharides [46]. There is a demand for this technology, and ongoing scientific research aims to explore the potential of spherical nanoparticles and their properties.