esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### MBR Plants in Italy  
#### 3.1.1 Number of MBR Plants, Capacity and Location  
According to the most recent census, in Italy, in 2018, 18,140 municipal WWTPs were in operation, and the mean influent organic load to these plants was about 68 million of population equivalent (PE). A total of 65.5% of the civil and industrial pollutant load is treated by WWTPs with advanced treatment, 29.5% in secondary type WWTPs, and the remaining 5% in primary type WWTPs or Imhoff tanks [25].  
In the first part of the survey reported in this paper, 242 MBR plants were identified: 124 plants treat municipal wastewater and 118 treat industrial wastewater. Further, 50 MBR plants treating industrial wastewater and equipped with flat-sheet membranes are present in Italy, but the owner of those plants denied the MBR technology suppliers the authorization to provide any data. It follows that, in total, about 290 MBR plants are in operation, of which about 70% treat industrial wastewater, and the remaining treat municipal wastewater.  
Most of the MBR plants are located in Northern Italy (62%), which is the most industrial area of the country; 21% and 17% of plants are located in the centre and in the south of Italy, respectively. The location of the MBR plants is reported in Figure 1.  
The total capacity of 106 municipal MBR plants that provided this information is about 2,000,000 PE (see Table 1). This value accounts for more than 3% of the total organic load treated by the Italian WWTPs with secondary and advanced treatments. The number of small and very small plants represents more than 70% of the total MBR plants, but the five plants with capacity higher than 100,000 PE treat more than 50% of the total organic load treated by all municipal MBR plants.  
Figure 1: Location of MBR plants in Italy (the area of the circles is proportional to PE-if available) n.a.: not available.  
Unfortunately, few data about the organic load of MBRs treating industrial wastewater were provided, so a classification based on the treated flowrate was adopted in this case. More than half of these plants treat mostly a flowrate between 100 and 500 m\({}^{3}\)/day, whereas 28% treat more than 500 m\({}^{3}\)/day (Table 2).
# Pattern-Based Decoding for Wi-Fi Backscatter Communication of Passive Sensors
## 2 Related Work
In Reference [24], three-state switching between reflecting, nonreflecting, and negative-reflecting states was proposed; in the negative-reflecting state, a tag reflects RF signals in an inverse phase. Theoretical modeling of backscatter-communication networks based on stochastic geometry was conducted in References [25; 26]. In Reference [27], the energy-saving of backscatter communication was formulated as an optimization problem in delivering data with energy-consumption disparity. [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated the performance limits of ambient backscatter communication systems employing OFDM, in terms of information-theoretic metrics, such as the ergodic and outage capacity. While the proposed algorithm is dedicated to reliable decoding, integrating it with other techniques into a system may help for getting closer to the achievable capacity of the reference. Applications of Wi-Fi backscatter other than data communication were considered in some research work. A handwriting input system called Word-Fi was introduced in Reference [29], which mitigates surrounding noise and extracts the weak signals incurred by tiny writing gestures. WiTag [30] finds the location of a Wi-Fi backscatter tag by extracting information such as amplitude, phase, and frequency changes that are associated with the tag's location from the received signals.
## 1 Introduction
### State of the Art on the RS of Satellite Imagery for Monitoring Hazards and Damages to CH  
The interest in the use of RS of satellite imagery for monitoring hazards to CH increased significantly in recent decades [1; 2; 3; 4; 5], as confirmed by the growth of academic articles, white papers, policy documents, and more generally in the Grey literature [4; 6]. The application of RS to the field of cultural heritage encompasses the use of manual, semi-automatic, and automatic methods, as well as tools such as satellite imagery, aerial photography, geophysical prospection, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), which are all used for discovering, safeguarding, and monitoring new or existing archaeological sites, monuments, and cultural landscapes worldwide [7].  
As such, RS has opened a new season with respect to the protection and safeguarding of cultural and natural heritage, with many stakeholders, from academic scholars to practitioners, involved at different levels. The relevance of this topic has expanded well beyond the scientific sphere, reaching international agendas (e.g., as a dedicated target in the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Objective #11.4) and triggering the creation of dedicated working groups at least at the European level (e.g., Copernicus Cultural Heritage Task Force). The wealth of both academic and Grey literature publications (referred to as \"Grey Literature\" in compliance with the definitions published in [8; 9]) has allowed practical tailor-made solutions to be developed for many damages, thus significantly contributing to improving the quality of documentation, prevention, and monitoring of endangered heritage at a global level.  
However, the assessment of recent indexed literature [10] has suggested a discrepancy between the types of damage that have received attention in scientific research and white papers and the most impactful types in terms of the number and extent of sites damaged. As a result, this analysis, albeit preliminary, underlined the necessity of conducting a more in-depth study of this issue and eventually reframing scientific research focus in proportion to the type of hazard and its level of impact.
Four beam shut-off ranges (45\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), 180\({}^{\circ}\) and 270\({}^{\circ}\)) were investigated regarding the tradeoff between the BS beam sweep and the coexistence of ES protection. The remainder of this study is organized as follows. The related work, basic scenarios, simulation parameters, and interference derivations are presented in Section 2. The angular protection methods and combination with the distance protection scheme are detailed in Section 3. The experimental results obtained using the proposed method are presented and discussed in Section 4. Finally, the conclusions are drawn, and perspectives are provided in Section 5.
## 5 Analysis of Approaches of Migration to Cloud
### REMICS-REuse and Migration of Legacy Applications to Interoperable Cloud Services [36]  
REMICS (REuse and Migration of legacy applications to Interoperable Cloud Services) is a research project whose main objective is to provide tools for model-driven migration of legacy systems to loosely coupled systems following a bottom up approach; from recovery of legacy system architecture (using OMG's ADM Architecture Driven Modernization) to deployment in a cloud infrastructure allowing further evolution of the system in a forward engineering process. The migration process consists of understanding the legacy system in terms of its architecture, business processes and functions, designing a new Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) application, and verifying and implementing the new application in the cloud. These methods will be complemented with generic \"Design by Service Composition\" methods providing developers with tools simplifying development by reusing the services and components available in the cloud.  
During the \"Migrate\" activity, the new architecture of the migrated system will be built by applying specific SOA/Cloud computing patterns and methods like architecture decomposition, legacy components wrapping and legacy components replacement with new discovered cloud services. The migration process will be supported by two complementary activities: \"Model-Driven Interoperability\" and \"Validate, Control and Supervise\". The system will be rebuilt for a new platform in a forward MDA process by applying specific transformations dedicated to service Cloud platforms. This work does not deal specifically with security in the migration process but the authors could expand their approach by considering security aspects in the technological approach in parallel, incorporating new activities focused on the extraction of security aspects, the building of a security architecture for the Cloud platform, and the implementation of Cloud security services using some other security techniques such as Model driven Security (MDS) or UMLsec for UML class and deployment diagrams.
# Comparison of Dimensionality Reduction Approaches and Logistic Regression for ECG Classification
## 3 Materials and Methods  
This section details the machine learning methods used for ECG rhythm classification. The overall goal was to identify each rhythm class by comparing traditional and interpretable models using pre-engineered features. Two main strategies were explored: (i) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs) applied after dimensionality reduction, and (ii) logistic regression (LR) models under frequentist and Bayesian paradigms. Figure 1 (previous section) provides a schematic overview of the complete modeling pipeline.
## 2 Software-Defined GNSS Receiver
### BeiDou Signal Tracking
#### 2.2.2 Code Tracking  
The code tracking loop or Delay Locked Loop (DLL) synchronizes the code phase of the local replica with the incoming signal. A Narrow Correlator (NC) discriminator [20] is implemented in the software receiver as a conventional DLL with early and prompt correlator spacing of 0.1 chips. Figure 5 below shows the tracking status of BeiDou PRN 14 for a 60 s long data.  
Figure 5: Channel tracking status for PRN 14.
## 3 Mathematical Process Modeling
### Turbulence Model  
The turbulence model chosen for the CFD study is the R-based k-epsilon (\(k\)-\(\varepsilon\)) model, which is a two-equation model that provides a general description of the turbulence through turbulent kinetic energy (\(k\)) and dissipation (\(\varepsilon\)). The \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) turbulence model is widely used to model flow behavior in chlorination tanks of these characteristics [16].  
The Schmidt number (\(Sc\)), Equation (5), is a relevant parameter in the configuration of the model used in this study, which is used in RANS \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) to avoid the resolution of the boundary layer. The \(k\)-\(\varepsilon\) model predicts turbulent viscosity thanks to the Schmidt number:  
\[S_{c}=\frac{\mu}{\rho D_{t}} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\mu\) is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, \(\rho\) the density of the fluid, and \(D_{t}\) is mass diffusivity of the fluid--a value that depends on the fluid, water plus chlorine in this case.  
The Schmidt number is an empirical constant with typical values between 0.1 and 1; in the present study giving a value of 0.7, following the criteria of many other documented works on water treatment and contact tanks of similar characteristics [17; 18; 19; 20]. This parameter is relatively insensitive to the properties of the molecular fluid (the particular value obtained from other experiments can be used despite the differences between the simulation domain). It represents a significant parameter for fully developed turbulent flows, and it is considered that, for the present case, the average Reynolds number is in the transition to the turbulence zone with moderate values, and thus it was not a key parameter for the present case. A sensitivity analysis of the \(Sc\) was carried out in the present study, showing the little relevance of the changes in its value close to 0.7; between 0.5 and 0.9 the concentration variations obtained in the effluent were around \(\pm\)0.01 ppm. Finally, with respect to \(Sc\), it should be borne in mind that the experimental determination of this parameter was not within the scope of this project.
# Stable Evaluation of 3D Zernike Moments for Surface Meshes
## 5 Implementation
### Quadrature Rules for Integration over a Triangle  
A quadrature rule over a domain \(D\) is defined through its ability to integrate exactly over \(D\) the set of basis polynomials of degree \(n\leq N\), \(\mathbb{P}^{N}\). This set has an infinite number of representations. The simplest of those representations is to consider monomials. In two dimensions, those monomials are \(\{x^{i}y^{j},i+j\leq N\}\). Unfortunately, monomials of high degrees are extremely sensitive to small perturbations. This gives rise to systems which are poorly conditioned and hence difficult to solve numerically [61]. We have used instead the approach of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [62] to derive our quadrature rules. They proposed to use orthogonal polynomials \(\psi_{ij}\) as a basis of \(\mathbb{P}^{N}\) with \(i+j\leq N\), such that  
\[\int_{D}\psi_{ij}(\mathbf{x})\psi_{kl}(\mathbf{x})\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}=\delta_{ik}\delta_{ jl},\]  
where \(\delta\) is the Kronecker delta. By taking \(\psi_{00}(\mathbf{x})=1/c\), they define the error associated with a quadrature rule with \(N_{p}\) points as:  
\[\chi^{2}(N)=\sum_{ij}\left\{\sum_{k=1}^{N_{p}}w_{k}\psi_{ij}(\mathbf{x}_{k})-c \delta_{i0}\delta_{j0}\right\}^{2}. \tag{34}\]  
In [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s schemes, constructing an \(N_{p}\) rule of strength \(N\) is then akin with finding a set of points \(\mathbf{x}_{k}\) and associated weights \(w_{k}\) that minimize \(\chi^{2}(N)\). They provided an open source software package, PolyQuad (available on 23 September 2022 at[[https://github.com/PyFR/Polyquad](https://github.com/PyFR/Polyquad)]([https://github.com/PyFR/Polyquad](https://github.com/PyFR/Polyquad))) for this task. We have run PolyQuad for strengths between 3 and 101 to generate the quadrature rules that we have used for computing Zernike moments. In Appendix C, we list the number of points required for each strength. The actual number of points is found to be similar to the empirical bound of \(\lceil(N+1)(N+2)/6\rceil\) proposed by [PERSON] and colleagues [60].
## 7 Simulation Results Discussion: Analysis and Evaluation
### Evaluating RSU Availability and Overnight Connectivity
#### 7.2.2 Evaluating RSU Deployment in Rural Areas
Figure 17: Analysis of Vehicular Communication Efficacy under 50% Overnight Connectivity Across Various RSU Densities, with Comparisons at 300 m Range (**Left**) and 900 m Range (**Right**). Figure 18: Analysis of Vehicular Communication Efficacy under 70% Overnight Connectivity Across Various RSU Densities, with Comparisons at 300 m Range (**Left**) and 900 m Range (**Right**). This resilience ensures reliable communication channels in scenarios where RSU deployment is either sparse or entirely absent, which is a common challenge in rural and underserved regions.
# Perspectives on the Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges by Synthetic Aperture Radar
## 3 Analyses of Structural Integrity of Bridges from SAR
### Study Case 4  
The viaduct \"Italia\" is a box shaped viaduct located in the Italian towns of \"Laino Borgo\" and \"Laino Castello\", in the province of Cosenza (Calabria). The construction of the bridge began in October 1966 and ended in November 1969. The result was a viaduct of length 1,161.4 m, resting on 19 spans (16 of which with precompressed reinforced concrete decks, double lane with independent carriageways, three of which are \"wide span\" with a single metal deck for both roadways). The 18 support piers, independent for both carriageways, are single-column, in reinforced concrete with rectangular structure and vertical reinforcement bar. During the construction of the bridge, the beams were prefabricated on site and laid with the help of a special crane. The highest pile rises 155.3 m from the foundation level. The iron deck has a total length of 425 m and a width of 21.60 m, resting on 4 piles to cover spans of 125 m, 175 m and 125 m respectively. This deck has a box structure made of steel sheet stiffened by ribs. The maximum distance from the street level to the bottom of the valley (the incision of the Lao river) is about 260 m. The \"Italia\" viaduct was Europe's highest bridge until 2004 when it was overtaken by the French \"Millau\" viaduct whose piers reach a height of 343 m from the country floor, with the motorway level at 245 m. In 2016, also as a result of the renovation works started in 2014, the \"Italy\" bridge remains the highest Italian motorway viaduct, the second highest in Europe and one of the highest in the world.  
Figure 22a is the optical representation of the \"Italia\" bridge. As this viaduct is of recent construction, no structural issues are expected. In Figure 22b we represent the vibration map of the \"Italia\" viaduct. Through a careful analysis of this result we can observe from the surface of the  
Figure 21: Vibration spectrum trends (DFT of Figure 20): (**a**) Linear trend, (**b**) Logarithmic trend.  
Figure 20: Time domain vibration trend.  
deck, some square-shaped resonant effect generated by the support pylons, anchored to the ground. These effects are indicated by the yellow arrows 1, 2 and 3. Special magnification boxes (boxes 1, 2 and 3) are visible in the same capture.  
Figure 23 represents the trend in time of the vibrations while Figure 24 is the vibration spectrum, while Figure 24,b represent linear and logarithmic spectra, respectively. Also in this case anomalous modal peaks are observed, among which one localized at about 250 Hz. We also confirm, in this case, the general low-pass trend of the vibration spectrum.  
Figure 23: Temporal trend of vibrations.  
Figure 24: Vibration spectrum trends (DFT of Figure 23): (**a**) Linear trend, (**b**) Logarithmic trend.
## 4 Simulation and Analysis
### Modeling of the CTS System  
To verify the novel LPSA algorithm for fast pulse compression based on the CTS system, a simulation model of the CTS system without a SAW filter was built in Advanced Design System (ADS). In the simulations, the measured signals had a frequency bandwidth ranging from 5.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, and the premultiplier chirp signals ranged from 3.4 GHz to 5.4 GHz. After down-conversion and band-pass filtering, the IF chirp signals had a start frequency of 1.1 GHz and a stop frequency of 2.1 GHz. The chirp rate was 100 MHz/us, and the duration was 10 us. A schematic diagram of this process is presented in Figure 2. The sampling rate was variable in the simulation model. The measured signals were a series of discrete sinusoidal signals. The premultiplied chirp signal was generated by the voltage source of V_tRF Pulse. The outputs of the IF chirp signals were exported from ADS and then imported into Matlab for digital pulse compression.
## 4 Experiments  
### Experimental Setup  
A commercial Fizeau interferometer (VerifireTM, Zygo Corp, Middlefield, CT, USA) having a laser source with a wavelength of 632.8 nm was used in experiments. A field-of-view (FOV) of the Fizeau interferometer was 100 mm in diameter. Vertical and horizontal resolutions of the interferometer were 0.05 nm and 300 \(\upmu\)m, respectively. A nominal PV value of the reference optical flat in the interferometer was less than \(\lambda/20\) over the whole FOV. Figure 3 shows the experimental setup with the Fizeau interferometer. In the experiments, a reflective-type planar scale grating in a size of 35 mm \(\times\) 30 mm that was fabricated by interference lithography was tested. This holographic planar scale grating had a nominal grating pitch of 1 \(\upmu\)m along the \(X\)- and \(Y\)-directions. The scale grating was first mounted on a manual tilt stage and then together mounted on the sample stage in the Fizeau interferometer. Phase shifts in the wavefronts of diffracted beams caused by the out-of-flatness and pitch deviations of the scale grating can directly be measured by the Fizeau interferometer by setting the scale grating in the Littrow configuration. Although measuring higher-order diffracted beams would be helpful to enhance the measurement sensitivity, it requires a lager rotation angle, resulting in degradations of the quality of measured wavefront and the lateral resolution along the direction perpendicular to the grating grooves. Therefore, only the first-order diffracted beams were measured in the following experiments.  
The zeroth-order diffracted wavefront was firstly measured to evaluate the out-of-flatness of the planar scale grating. After that, the scale grating was rotated clockwise and counterclockwise about the \(Y\)-axis by using the manual tilt stage to measure the \(X\)-directional positive and negative first-order diffracted beams, respectively. The inclination angle of the planar scale grating was adjusted by the manual tilt stage. With the visual feedback of the fringe pattern from the monitor in the Fizeau interferometer system, the number of interference fringes can be made to be minimum while adjusting the tilt stage. In the same manner, the \(Y\)-directional positive and negative first-order diffracted beams were also measured by rotating the tilt stage 90 degrees about the \(Z\)-axis. Figure 4a,b show photographs of the setup for measurement of the zeroth-order diffracted beam and the \(X\)-directional positive and negative first-order diffracted beams, respectively. Totally, it spent about 10 min to complete the experiments procedure, including the adjustment of the tilt stage and the alignment process of the Fizeau interferometer to minimize the number of fringes. Once the positive and negative first-order diffracted beams in both the \(X\)- and \(Y\)-directions are measured, the uncertainty evaluation can be conducted based on the models that are proposed in the previous section.  
Figure 3: Experiment setup with a Fizeau interferometer. PZT: piezoelectric ceramic transducer; CCD: charge-coupled Device.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Results
#### 4.1.2 Results under Normal Temperature Conditions  
Figure 8a shows the von Mises stress of the O-ring in the inflation state. Compared with the installation state at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 0.1 MPa, the von Mises stress concentration area at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa was moved down from the middle, and the maximum von Mises stress increased by 7%.  
Figure 8b shows the contact pressure of the O-ring in the inflation state. Most of the contact pressures on the O-ring contact surfaces I and II are greater than 70 MPa, indicating that the O-ring can realize the sealing function in the inflated state. Compared with the installation condition at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 0.1 MPa, the effective sealing length of the O-ring contact surfaces I and II is extended, indicating that the sealing performance is improved in the inflated state at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa.  
Figure 9a shows the von Mises stress of the O-ring in the deflation state. Compared with the inflation state at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa, the von Mises stress concentration area in the aerated state moved upward from the center, and the maximum von Mises stress increased by 6%.  
Figure 9b shows the contact pressure of the O-ring in the deflation state. Most of the contact pressures on the O-ring contact surfaces I and II are greater than 70 MPa, indicating that the O-ring can realize the sealing function in the deflation state. Compared with the  
Figure 8: O–ring in the inflation state: (**a**) von Mises stress; (**b**) contact pressure.  
Figure 9: O–ring in the deflation state: (**a**) von Mises stress; (**b**) contact pressure.  
inflation state at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa, the effective sealing length of contact surface I in the deflation state is reduced by 60% at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa, while the effective sealing length of contact surface II remains nearly unchanged. The reduction in contact length indicates a decrease in the contact area of the sealing surface, indicating a slightly decreased sealing performance of contact surface I in the deflation state at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 70 MPa.