esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In a review of the literature on this topic, it was found that if long-term clinical evaluations of patients with IS were performed, they usually involved the evaluation of radiographs. The results of available clinical tests assessing the function of the muscular and nervous systems were not reported. It seems that subclinical neurological deficits in IS patients that can be assessed with the available methods of evaluation are poorly detectable. Neurophysiological assessment has the most important intraoperative significance when neuromonitoring the conduction of neural impulses within the spinal cord pathways [25]; however, preoperatively, in patients with IS, it supports the clinical assessments when making decisions about surgical treatment [26]. Few studies in the field of clinical neurophysiology presenting postoperative recordings, especially of motor-evoked potentials, proved an immediate functional improvement in the efferent conduction of spinal pathways in IS patients [7]. This does not imply that preoperative monitoring techniques are inherently more sensitive than intraoperative ones; different assessments, both pre- and intraoperative ones, serve different purposes and may provide complementary insights into the neurological aspects of idiopathic scoliosis. The neurophysiological evaluation of patients after the surgical correction of idiopathic scoliosis in a long-term follow-up has not been presented in detail. Therefore, this paper aims to present the comparative bilateral results of surface-recorded electromyography (EMG) and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) recorded in the tibialis anterior muscle, as well as the results of peroneal nerve electroneurography (ENG), not only before and after the scoliosis corrections but also six months postoperatively. We intended to verify the main hypothesis concerning whether the effect of the direct improvement of the efferent conduction of neural impulses in the spinal cord pathways following curvature correction in IS patients remained unchanged or continued to progress in the long-term follow-up. The null hypothesis in this study was that there were no differences in the electromyographic, electroencephalographic, and transcranial motor-evoked potential parameter values recorded bilaterally in muscles of the lower extremities in IS patients pre- and postoperatively in the long-term observation period.
# Mapping Abandoned Cultivated Land in China: Implications for Grain Yield Improvement
## 4 Discussion and Implications
It is necessary to identify the abandoned cultivated land based on the actual cultivated land use pattern and local agricultural production. (3) Due to the limitation of acquisition in national geo-information survey data, the time series of this study from 2015 to 2017 cannot reflect the latest state of grain yield. Nevertheless, the time series can better map the latest state of the spatial pattern of abandoned cultivated land nationwide at the county level. The accuracy of abandoned cultivated land is much higher by using this identification method. The following research will pay more attention to further characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of abandoned cultivated land to analyze its impacts on grain yield over a long time series.
# Communication Optimization Schemes for Accelerating Distributed Deep Learning Systems
## 4 Communication Optimization Schemes  
In this paper, the bottleneck caused by communication is alleviated by compressing communication data in units of hidden layers when performing distributed deep learning. When performing deep learning, gradients with a small value among the gradients computed by the worker do not significantly affect the change of model parameters [19]. Therefore, we reduce communication data by not transmitting some hidden layers, which contain many gradients that do not affect the model parameters, to the parameter server. In order to distinguish between the hidden layer not to be transmitted and the hidden layer to be transmitted, we compare the representative value of each hidden layer and the threshold. The representative value of each hidden layer is the average of the absolute values of gradients included in the hidden layer.  
Figure 3 shows the change of communication data size through layer dropping. The top of Figure 3 is the original artificial neural network before layer dropping is applied. The bottom of Figure 3 is the compressed artificial neural network model after layer dropping is applied. As shown in Figure 3, when the layer dropping is applied, the size of the artificial neural network used for communication is reduced compared to the original artificial neural network. Therefore, when the compressed artificial neural network is transmitted, the communication time is reduced compared to when the original artificial neural network is transmitted.
# Analysis of Interference-Fit Joints
## 1 Introduction
The authors have not found any formulas that would allow one to determine the load-bearing capacity of joints for different types of fits, except for those mentioned above. However, the articles cited below show that the problem of interference fit design is open and noteworthy. Paper [7] present the results of the simulation of bending interference-fit joints in the elastic range. Simulation results were verified by strain gauge measurements. The values of surface pressure obtained from [PERSON]'s formulas were compared with the results of the FEM simulation, obtaining a relative error of 6.4%. In [8], the influence of the fillet of the hub inner edge at the point of contact with the shaft was analyzed, proving that it had a negligible effect on the value of stresses generated during the joint assembly. Article [9] presents the results of numerical tests and simulations concerning the increase in the load capacity of joints by using an adhesive. In [10], two discrete models, which use surface and spatial finite elements, were applied to simulate the joint. However, the relative error of the simulation compared to the experiment was 10% (2D model) and 15% (3D model). To reduce the error, the authors' suggestion is to use the Bay-Wanheim friction model instead of the Coulomb friction model for the calculations. The performed studies prove that increasing interference does not increase the load capacity of the joint. Errors resulting from the use of [PERSON]'s formulas were also signaled in [11], indicating differences in stress values obtained as a result of a numerical simulation. Errors can reach even 60% depending on the modeling method. An analysis of interference fit joints in hot rolled working shafts can also be found in [12]. In [13], the authors deal with rotating bending fatigue tests of interference-fit joints with a rounded edge of the hub opening. The fatigue stress concentration coefficient was determined experimentally by comparing the results of the fatigue strength of the \"notched\" specimen and the plain specimen. In article [14], a press-fit joint subjected to bending is analyzed to identify the variables causing the onset of elastic stress concentration. The influence of interference level and coupling procedure on the shear strength of Loctite 648 anaerobic adhesive can be found in [15]. This article is an introduction to a broader analysis and development of a method of interference joint design. It compares the load-bearing capacity of interference joints obtained as a result of numerical simulations with the results obtained from Formulas (1) and (4) based on [PERSON]'s theory, for various types of fits. Simulation results and the correctness of the numerical model have been experimentally verified for the selected type of fit. They showed that plastic deformations occur in press-fit joints and the joint breaking forces differ significantly from those calculated based on Formulas (1) and (4).
# Review on Free-Space Optical Communications for Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networks
## 2 Free-Space Optical Communications
### FSO Links in HAPs  
FSO links between high-altitude platforms (HAPs) over long distances through the stratosphere have been subject to analysis in Reference [14]. The existence of reciprocity of channel conditions was proven, which promises to be advantageous for FSO systems. By proving the correlation of these links within certain conditions, the channel state information (CSI) obtained has the lowest possible delay, and it can be used to optimize FEC techniques, as well as in adaptive code-rate or data-rate within automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques.
# Virtualized MME Design for IoT Support in 5G Systems
## 7 Evaluation  
This section includes the simulation results obtained to evaluate the four vMME schemes (Section 5). After the simulation setup subsection, we compare the required resources and their associated costs in the dimensioning subsection. Later, we compare the delay experienced by each traffic class in the vMME with the four virtualized schemes.
# Removal of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution by
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Data Analysis
#### 2.6.3 Adsorption Isotherms  
Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to characterize the adsorption mechanisms and adsorption equilibrium [39].  
Langmuir isotherm model:  
\[\frac{C_{e}}{q_{e}}=\frac{1}{K_{L}q_{m}}+\frac{1}{q_{m}}C_{e} \tag{5}\]  
Freundlich isotherm model:  
\[\lg q_{e}=\lg K_{F}+\frac{1}{n}\lg C_{e} \tag{6}\]  
where \(q_{m}\) (mg/g) represents the Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity, \(C_{e}\) (mg/L) represents the equilibrium solution concentration of the phosphate, and \(K_{L}\), \(K_{F}\), and \(n\) are all constants.  
All values are means \(\pm\) SD (\(n=4\)). Differences between treatments were examined by one-way ANOVA, and different superscript letters represent significant differences between treatments at the \(p<0.05\) level. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 19.0 and Origin 2018.
# Leveraging Machine-Learning for D2D Communications in 5G/Beyond 5G Networks
## 2 Recent Research Direction for D2D Communications
### Relaying  
The construction of D2D relays was investigated to extend the coverage of the D2D communications, deliver the cellular connection to the out-of-coverage CUs, and route around blockages in case of mmWave D2D. Several D2D relay selection schemes can be found in literature considering different critical parameters when selecting the best relay like the end-to-end data rate, end-to-end delay and the remaining energy of the relayed device. In addition, various relaying schemes were considered such as decode and forward (DF), amplify and forward (AF), and demodulate and forward in addition to both half-duplex (HF) and FD transmissions. Optimal resource allocation and power control, in conjunction with D2D relaying were also investigated. Different mathematical tools were used for selecting the relays, such as optimization theory, game theory, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, etc. For mmWave D2D, relaying is more critical to not only extend the D2D communication range but also to rout around blockages. Another uniqueness of mmWave transmission is the use of BT, which makes the process of relay probing, i.e., exploring the candidate relays, time, and energy consuming. Thus, the research in mmWave D2D relaying is focusing not only on optimizing the relay selection using conventional optimization techniques but also on finding out the optimal number of probed relays considering the trade-off between investigating more relays and maximizing the end-to-end throughput.
# Life Cycle Analysis of Road Construction and Use
## 5 Conclusions  
Life Cycle Analysis has been recently adopted to study the environmental impacts of road transport infrastructure. This approach facilitates the unbiased assessment and critical interpretation of a product. This study compares--for the first time--reliable LCIA results of the environmental impacts of construction and use of an Italian provincial road. The importance of the obtained results is that they allow the identification of processes and technologies responsible for the majority of potential negative impacts on the environment. The examined road is in a mountainous region of the central Italy: therefore, 16.6% in length is raised on tunnels and viaducts. The design traffic consists of low volume: 4.5 million passes of commercial and heavy vehicles during 60-year reference service life. This condition seriously affects the LCA: the high incidence of \"until opening for traffic\" phases reflects the complexity of the work. According to the European standard EN 15804, seven impact categories have been assessed: the results showed that the largest part of burdens are from structural materials (e.g., aggregates, concrete, reinforcing steel and earth moving machines), while burdens from the \"use\" phase (i.e., maintenance, traffic, and lighting) are not more than 50% throughout the service life. Moreover, the results demonstrated that it is incorrect to consider only one environmental impact to identify the \"greenest\" process among several alternatives. Indeed, each indicator has a different incidence in terms of its environmental impact, and the contribution of each stage related to the LCA significantly differs from the examined parameters. In particular, the analysis highlighted the need for MCDA to interpret the results and solve the trade-off between environmental impacts.  
Finally, it has been found that high traffic volumes may reduce the impacts of \"until opening for traffic\" to 28% of the total: when 30 million passes of commercial and heavy vehicles are expected, the \"traffic\" phase cause on average 82% of impacts. This demonstrates that there are important differences in the environmental performance of a road varying its design traffic: the same geometric design significantly varies its degree of environmental sustainability. Therefore, the proposed environmental approach should be integrated with social and economic criteria in order to obtain a comprehensive sustainability assessment.  
Conceptualization, L.M.; Data curation, L.M.; Formal analysis, G.T.; Investigation, G.T. and L.M.; Methodology, L.M.; Supervision, A.D.; Visualization, L.M.; Writing--original draft, G.T. and L.M.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Impact of GCP Chip Distribution on Kompsat-3A RPC Bias Compensation
## 3 Experimental Results  
### Data  
Experiments were conducted using eight Kompsat-3A images covering South Korea, with the detailed specifications presented in Table 1 and described in the thumbnails provided in Figure 5. These images were acquired between 18 October 2015 and 25 November 2020, with each image spanning approximately 16 km \(\times\) 16 km at a spatial  
Figure 4: Zones for GCP distribution analysis (red triangles: GCPs): (right: an example of 4 zones (yellow) of the GCP case).  
Figure 3: GCP distribution (red triangles: GCPs): (**a**) proper distribution and (**b**) biased distribution.  
resolution of 0.6-0.7 m. The target area was carefully chosen to encompass both urban and mountainous regions, considering their potential for ground control and check points. It is important to note that the abundance of geographical features in urban and nearby areas provides robust ground control information. Table 2 outlines the specifications of the aerial orthoimages and DSM utilized for ground control and check point information. A total of 132 aerial orthoimages, each with a spatial resolution of 25 cm, were used in conjunction with 5 m DSM data. Figure 6 displays the mosaic created from the aerial orthoimages and DSM. The aerial orthoimages were generated according to the regulations of the Korean government for orthoimage generation. The positional accuracy of the orthoimages is within 25 cm in RMSE (root mean square error). The aerial orthoimages were mosaiced and divided into coverage of 1 minute and 30 s (about 2.7 km \(\times\) 2.7 km).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline  & **Kompsat-3A** \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Num of scenes} & 8 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Date} & 18 October 2015, 28 October 2015, 7 July 2018, 2 January 2019, \\  & 20 January 2019 (two scenes), 20 October 2020, \\  & 25 November 2020 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Azimuth/Off-nadir (degrees)} & 262.6/27.8, 166.1/24.1, 261.2/9.8, 187.8/20.9, 181.8/22.4, \\  & 181.8/22.4, 197.4/33.3, 190.1/27.6 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{GSD (m)} & 0.73/0.63, 0.61/0.68, 0.56/0.55, 0.60/0.64, 0.60/0.65, 0.60/0.65, 0.60/0.65, \\  & 0.72/0.78, 0.64/0.70 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Scene size (pixels)} & 24,060 (width) \(\times\) 17,000–24,080 (height) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Coverage} & About 16 km \(\times\) 13–16 km \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Tested Kompsat-3A data specifications.  
Figure 5: Tested eight Kompsat-3A data.
## 2 Background
### Weather Data
#### 2.1.1 Weather Information on Websites  
Weather information is typically available on websites, where it may be presented in a variety of formats to accommodate different user preferences and requirements. These formats typically include textual summaries (Figure 1a), such as forecasts and weather reports, which offer concise descriptions of current and future weather conditions. Visual representations (Figure 1b), such as weather maps and radar images, provide users with a graphical overview of temperature, precipitation, and other meteorological data. Additionally, numerical data tables (Figure 1c) offer precise figures for parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. Many weather websites also provide interactive features, such as dynamic graphs and charts (Figure 1d), allowing users to explore historical trends and patterns.  
Figure 1: Cont.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Adsorption Kinetics  
First, the adsorption capacity of MNPs prepared at various solvothermal reaction times was examined. It is evident in Figure 2a that its adsorbing capacity was reduced gradually with extending solvothermal reaction time from 3 to 12 h, due to the decreasing amount of PEI coated on the MNPs [27]. Therefore, in this study, the solvothermal reaction time was mainly kept at 3 h and the resulting PEI-functionalized Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs were applied to adsorb Pb(II) from aqueous environment. Figure 2b compares the adsorption capacity between the Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs with and without PEI functionalization. It was found that the pure Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs did not show any adsorption ability toward Pb(II) ion. This result further suggested that the chelating interaction between Pb(II) and amine group of PEI played a very important role for Pb(II) capture, whereas the carboxylate groups on Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs could not adsorb Pb(II) via charge attraction.  
Figure 2b also shows the Pb(II) adsorption kinetics on PEI-functionalized MNPs. Fast adsorption was observed at early stage and its adsorption equilibrium was reached merely after 20 min. Herein, the adsorption kinetics was analyzed by using pseudo first-order (Equation (1)) and pseudo second-order (Equation (2)) kinetic models, which are presented as follows,  
\[\ln(q_{e}-q_{t})=\ln q_{e}-k_{1}t \tag{1}\]  
\[\frac{t}{q_{t}}=\frac{1}{k_{2}q_{e}^{2}}+\frac{t}{q_{e}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(k_{1}\) (1/min) represents the pseudo first-order rate constant, and \(k_{2}\) (g/(mg\(\cdot\)min)) represents the pseudo second-order rate constant. The simulated curves and relevant kinetic parameters are shown in Figure 2c,d and Table 1. Pb(II) adsorption kinetics could be perfectly simulated by the pseudo second-order model according to the obtained correlation coefficient (\(R^{2}\) = 0.999). Meanwhile, the calculated \(q_{e}\) (34.014 mg/g) was approximate to the experimentally determined value (33.651 mg/g). These results indicated that Pb(II) sorption on PEI-functionalized Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs was mainly dominated by chemisorption, consistent with the metal-amine complexation adsorption mechanism [5].  
Figure 1: SEM images of PEI-functionalized Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs (**a**) and pure Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs (**b**), size distributions of PEI-functionalized Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs (**c**), and pure Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs (**d**), FTIR spectra of pure Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs, as well as PEI-functionalized Fe\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) MNPs before and after Pb(II) adsorption (**e**).
# Design and Performance Analysis of Hardware Realization of 3 GPP Physical Layer for 5G Cell Search
###### Abstract  
5G Cell Search (CS) is the first step for user equipment (UE) to initiate communication with the 5G node B (gNB) every time it is powered ON. In cellular networks, CS is accomplished via synchronization signals (SS) broadcasted by gNB. 5G 3 rd generation partnership project (3 GPP) specifications offer a detailed discussion on the SS generation at gNB, but a limited understanding of their blind search and detection is available. Unlike 4G, 5G SS may not be transmitted at the center of carrier frequency, and their frequency location is unknown to UE. In this work, we demonstrate the 5G CS by designing 3 GPP compatible hardware realization of the physical layer (PHY) of the gNB transmitter and UE receiver. The proposed SS detection explores a novel down-sampling approach resulting in a 60% reduction in on-chip memory and 50% lower search time. Via detailed performance analysis, we analyze the functional correctness, computational complexity, and latency of the proposed approach for different word lengths, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and down-sampling factors. We demonstrate end-to-end 5G CS using GNU Radio-based RFNoC framework on the USRP-FPGA platform and achieve 66% faster SS search compared to software. The 3 GPP compatibility and demonstration on hardware strengthen the commercial significance of the proposed work.  
3 GPP; 5G cell search; 5G physical layer; RFNoC; FPGA; synchronization signal burst +
Footnote †: journal: \(c\)  
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