# Novel Chitosan Derivatives and Their Multifaceted Biological Applications
## 3 Biological Applications of ChDs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Novel Chitosan Derivative Type** & **Biological Application** & **Bio-Functionality** & **Reference** \\ \hline Chitosan/Tiggecyline composite (I-5) & Antibacterial (AB) & The AB activity of chitosan/tiggecyline composite depends on the levels of Tigecyline. Increasing the concentration of Tiggecyline increase the AB activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_. & [76] \\ \hline Chitosan-depolymerization products & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. & \\ \cline{2-3} Chitosan-depolymerization products & Antifungal (AP) & AF compared to untreated chitosan. & [77] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Antioxidant & High antioxidant activity & \\ \hline Tetramethyl urea thiosemicarbazone & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_. & [78] \\ carboxymethyl chitosan nanofibers & Anticancer (AC) & Strong AC activity against _Call_ breast cancer cells. & \\ \hline Heterocyclic (I,2,4-cavadiazoline) chitosan derivatives & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_. & [79] \\  & and their derived nanoparticles (NPs) & Low toxicity against human embryonic kidney & 293 cells. \\ \hline Betaine chitosan derivatives and nanoparticles (NPs) & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Escherichia coli_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_ & [80] \\  & based on them & Cytotoxicity & low toxicity against human embryonic kidney 293 cells. & \\ \hline
1-phenyl-3-(thiophene-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-carbaldehyde/1-phenyl-3-(furan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-carbaldehyde/1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-3-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-carbaldehyde & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Escherichia coli_, _Klebsiella pneumonia_, _Staphylococcus aureus_. & [81] \\  & pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde & Antibasal (AP) & AF activity against _Staphylococcus aureus_. & \\ \hline Coupling of chitosan Schiff base derivatives & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Staphylococcus_ and _Staphylococcus mutans_. & \\  & with 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde, and & Antibasal (AP) & AF activity against _Staphylococcus mutans_. & [82] \\  & quinazoline-6-carbaldehyde, and & Antifungal (AP) & _Candidia albicans_. & \\  & oxazole-4-carbaldehyde & Cytotoxicity & non-toxic to mouse fibroblast cells. & \\ \hline Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/gur gum blends & Antibacterial (AB) & AB against _Bacillus subtilis_, _Escherichia coli_, _Pasteurlla_ & [83] \\  & multicolat and _Staphylococcus aureus_. & & \\ \hline Chitosan-2-imidazolocarbaldehyde & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Escherichia coli_. & [84] \\ \cline{2-3} Chitosan2-thiophene-carbaldehyde & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against eight different pathogens & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Enzyme inhibitory & highest enzymatic inhibitory activity. & [85] \\ \cline{2-3}  & Cytotoxicity & highest toxicity against the Vero cell line. & \\ \hline
2,6-diamino chitosan & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against both Gram-positive and & [86] \\  & & Gram-negative bacteria. & \\ \hline Chitosan oligosaccharides derivative & Antibacterial (AB) & AB activity against _Aeronmous spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Sivanwalla patrfacians_ & [87] \\ \hline N,O-acyl chitosan (NOAC) derivatives (I–18) & Antifungal (AP) & The AF activity of NOAC derivatives is higher than that of unmodified chitosan & [88] \\ \cline{2-3}  & & N-[(5-methylfuran-2-yl)methyl] chitosan AF against _Polarization grisst_ & \\  & _Pixeltragrisst_ & _Pixeltragrisst_ & \\ N-heterocyclic chitosan derivatives & Antifungal (AF) & N-(benzo4[],3]diox-5-ylmethyl) chitosan and & \\  & & N-(methyl-4H-Armen-4-one) chitosan AF against _Fasarium oxysporum_ and _Pyithium debarbarium_. & [89] \\  & & significant growth inhibition and antifederal activity & \\ \cline{2-3}  & Insecticidal & against the larvae of _Spolarovirus Historalis_. & \\ \hline
4-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyethylbenzylideneamino)-pyridine/4-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-pyridine & Antifungal (AF) & AF activities against _Clalooparium cucuranium_, _Calletotrichum logenarium_, _Monilita frencola_, and _Fasarium oxysporum_ & [90] \\  & & _Fasarium oxysporum_ & \\ \hline Phenylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone chitosan & & & \\ o-hydroxymethylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone chitosan & & & \\ chitosan/p-methoxyphenylaldehyde & Antiungal (AF) & AF activity against four phytopathogenic fungi. & [91] \\  & thiosemicarbazone chitosan & & \\ \hline
1,3,4-thiadiazole/2-methyl-1,3,4+thiadiazole/ & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Calletotrichum logenarium_, _Monilita frencola_, and _Monilita frencola_ than chitosan and & [92] \\  & 2-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole & other derivatives. & \\ \hline Diethyl dithiocarbamate chitosan & Antifungal (AF) & AF activity against _Gioseonium those sinensis_ followed by _Altrarria pyrri_ and _Stemphylium solami_. & [93] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}