## 3 Results and Discussion  
Physiological Activities of Unfermented Extracts Derived from Various Parts of CF by Using Different Extraction Solvents  
The solvents used to obtain CF leaf extracts had different extraction yields, which can be arranged as follows (in descending order): distilled water (34.6%) > 100% methanol (32.1%) > 95% ethanol (30.2%) > 100% ethyl acetate (22.8%). This indicates that the extraction yield of the solvent increased with its polarity. Similar yield trends were noted when these solvents were used to extract other parts of CF. DPPH and ABTS assays are rapid, straightforward, and inexpensive and are thus widely used to examine antioxidative activity in herbal products [32]. Figure 1 illustrates the physiological activities of the unfermented extracts of various parts of CF obtained using different extraction solvents. Water and 100% methanol were suitable extraction solvents for examining DPPH scavenging activity in leaves, unhulled seeds, and hulled seeds (Figure 1A). In terms of the average DPPH scavenging activity, the order of antioxidative capacity was the highest for unhulled seeds, followed by leaves, hulled seeds, and then stems for various solvents. Leaf and unhulled seeds had higher antioxidative capacities than the other parts (\(p<0.05\)). [PERSON] et al. (2021) indicated that the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the CF leaf extract was higher than that of the unhulled seed extract obtained using 75% ethanol [15]. In our study, the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.3% \(\pm\) 1.4%) was observed in the 100% methanolic extract of CF unhulled seeds and the lowest (17.5% \(\pm\) 1.2%) was noted in the 95% ethanolic extract of CF hulled seeds. The DPPH scavenging activity of the positive control BHT (1000 mg/L) was 93.5% \(\pm\) 0.8%. Figure 1B presents the ABTS scavenging activity of the unfermented extracts of various parts of CF obtained using different extraction solvents. Water and 100% methanol were the optimal extraction solvents for various parts of CF. CF leaf, unhulled seed, and hulled seed extracts (except those obtained using 100% ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent) exhibited high ABTS scavenging activity. The highest ABTS scavenging activity (96.1% \(\pm\) 1.3%) was observed for the methanolic CF leaf extract. The lowest activity (17.1% \(\pm\) 0.2%) was observed for the 100% ethyl acetate extract of CF hulled seeds. The ABTS scavenging activity of the positive control BHT (1000 mg/L) was 95.8% \(\pm\) 0.7%. These results indicated that CF leaves had higher antioxidative capacity, similar to CF seeds. Different antioxidative activities in various parts (sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leaves, stem, and roots) of _C. quinao_ were also observed by [PERSON] et al. (2020) [33]. Figure 1: Physiological activities of unfermented extracts (1000 mg/L) of various parts of _C.__forsomosum_ obtained using different extraction solvents. (**A**) DPPH scavenging activity, (**B**) ABTS scavenging activity, and (**C**) Antityrosinase activity. BHT was the positive control for antioxidant activity. Koji acid was the positive control for antityrosinase activity. Data are expressed as the means and standard deviations of three independent experiments. Significant difference was expressed by *_p_ < 0.05. Figure 1C presents the antityrosinase activity of the unfermented extracts of various parts of CF obtained using different extraction solvents. Among all solvents, 100% methanol and 95% ethanol were suitable as extraction solvents for various parts of CF. The highest antityrosinase activity (98.3% \(\pm\) 0.3%) was noted in the CF leaf methanolic extract. A relatively high antityrosinase activity (95.2%-96.8%) was noted in the ethanolic or methanolic extracts of CF unhulled and hulled seeds. The antityrosinase activity of the positive control koji acid (1000 mg/L) was 99.2% \(\pm\) 0.4%.