# Marine Bioactives and Their Application in the Food Industry: A Review
## 2 Marine Sources of Bioactive Molecules
### Marine Algae
#### 2.2.1 Macroalgae
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Biological Activity** & **Sulfated Polysaccharides** & **Health Benefits** & **Species** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Antioxidant} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fucoidan and laminaran} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Showed potential to prevent cancer, neurodegenerative, diabetes mellitus, and inflammatory diseases} & _Sargassum fulbellum, Fucus vesiculos, and Laminaria_ & [56; 61] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & Enhanced the inhibition of thrombin and showed anticoagulant activity & _Codium fragile, Codium_ & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Antiallergic} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fucoidans} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Reduced IgE production in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and atop dermatitis patients} & _Codium fragile, Codium_ & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & _vilmitorium_, and _Monostroma_ & [56; 62; 63] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Antiviral} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fucoidans} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Reduced IgE production in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and atop dermatitis patients} & _Undaria pinnuatifida, P._ & _P._ \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & _binghamine, Ishige okamutrae, Hizikia fusiformis, Meristotheca & [19; 64] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Antiviral} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fucoidan, cataract sulphate, xylomanan sulphate} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Inhibited virus adsorption to cells by competing with virus binding to cells interacting synergistically with the target cell to block the entry of virus novel therapeutic candidates for _Herpes simplex_ virus (HSV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type (HIV)} & _Codium fragile, Caulerpa necanose, Sargassum bortneri, Sargassum patets, Undaria_ & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _sargassum patets, Undaria_ & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _sprimatifida, Cryptonemia_ & [65; 66] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _cremulate, Nemalian_ & [65; 66] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _helminthoides, Chondrus crispus, and_ & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _crispus,_ and & \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _celiidiumcartilagineum_ & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Anticancer activity} & \multirow{4}{*}{Fucoidans} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell adhesion to various substrates} & _Ecklonia cava_ and _Porphyna vezoensis_ & [67; 68] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & _vezoensis_ & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Immunomodulating activity} & \multirow{4}{*}{Carrageenanan} & \multicolumn{2}{p{113.8 pt}}{Stimulated macrophages modulation and have promising anti-inflammatory activities} & _Porphyna vezoensis, Gracilaria verrucosa, and Ultra rigida_ & [62; 69] \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae and their health benefits. The attention directed towards the compositional, structural, and sequential attributes of peptide sources from marine algae has significantly increased, owing to their extensive application in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Developing these bioactive peptides from most seaweeds poses challenges because of the significant amount of polysaccharides in their cell walls. Nevertheless, in comparison to methods like solvent extraction and microbial fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For instance, enhancing peptide production from seaweed has often involved the application of digestive enzymes or proteolytic microorganisms for enzymatic hydrolysis [60]. Typically consisting of 3-20 amino acid residues, bioactive peptides' biological activities, such as their antihypertensive, antithrombotic, immunomododulation, anticancer, and antioxidant properties, are determined by their amino acid composition and sequence [7]. Hydrophobic amino acids like valine, leucine, and proline are commonly found in the peptide sequences of marine-derived peptides known for their antioxidant activities. Marine microalgae have yielded antioxidant peptides like glutathione and carnosine, which are typically associated with animal muscles [72].