## 1 Introduction  
The continuous growth and utilization of underground spaces have led to the emergence of the concept of the \"underground city\", which encompasses a wide range of diverse and large-scale underground structures [1; 2; 3]. Consequently, the number and duration of human activities in underground spaces have also multiplied, while standards of and demand for these spaces have increased. Furthermore, with the ongoing development of deep, large-scale, and complex underground environments, the issue of groundwater buoyancy affecting the stability of foundation pit excavations and underground buildings and structures has become increasingly significant, making the stability of foundation pit excavation and structural anchorage a crucial aspect of underground engineering construction [4; 5; 6]. Geotechnical anchoring has gained widespread application in foundation pits, tunnels, roadways, and other underground engineering projects due to its capability to enhance the stability of rock-soil masses by utilizing their strength and effectively reinforcing their structures. Anti-floating anchors, as a type of geotechnical anchorage, find extensive application in foundation pit anti-flotation projects due to their advantages of simple construction and cost-effectiveness, and their ability to effectively harness the strength of the geotechnical body, reinforcing both the geotechnical body itself and building structures [7, 8]. To enhance the adaptability and cost-effectiveness of anchors under various working conditions, several advancements have been proposed, including pressure prestressing anchors, grouting and mechanical prestressing anchors, rebar splicing couplers, resin rolls, fast-hardening cement roll anchors, hollow grouting anchors, and friction anchors [9]. As a result, the variety of anchors has increased, and the processes have improved. [PERSON] et al. [10] and [PERSON] et al. [11] conducted indoor model tests and on-site prototype tests on an independently developed plate-supported anchor rod. Their research demonstrates that plate-supported anchor rods effectively mobilize endplate resistance, thereby enhancing the anchor rod's ultimate load-bearing capacity. [PERSON] et al. [12], [PERSON] et al. [13], and [PERSON] et al. [14] conducted comprehensive research on glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) anchor rods, thoroughly investigating the load transfer mechanisms and pullout resistance of GFRP anchor rods. Their findings indicate the favorable durability and cost-effectiveness of GFRP anchor rods, rendering them suitable for a wide range of applications in engineering projects, such as slope reinforcement and excavation support. However, the above-mentioned anchors have not achieved load distribution, and the strength of the rock mass below the anchor body has not been fully utilized. Traditional tension or compression anchors suffer from stress concentration at the loaded end due to the decreasing axial force caused by the load acting on the anchor or tie itself. This means that as the load is applied to the anchor, the section of soil or rock at the far end, which is anchored, may not have fully utilized its strength, while the near end, which is also anchored, may have already experienced failure. Consequently, the strength of the soil or rock cannot be fully mobilized [15, 16, 17]. The load-spreading anchor effectively distributes the load across individual anchoring segments, thus preventing local stress concentration and enhancing anchoring performance [18]. [PERSON] et al. [19] [PERSON] et al. [20] conducted experimental analysis and theoretical research on the anchoring mechanism and engineering application of load-dispersing anchors with a single force form. The results demonstrated the high anchoring efficiency of load-dispersed anchors with a single stress form, facilitating stress and deformation coordination within underground structures and reducing project costs. As a permanent structure, it offers evident technical advantages. [PERSON] et al.