## 4 Result
### Causal Relationship among Determinants  
The DEMATEL technique was used to construct a causal relationship between the determinants of remanufacturing adoption. An expert panel was formed with eight industry and academia members taken from the same pool of experts who participated in the MDM method (kindly refer to Table A1). To assist the experts in following the methodology, we offered them a quick overview of the DEMATEL. Following that, experts were asked to assign an influence effect to another using a five-point linguistic scale in the form of a direct relation matrix. This generated eight initial relationship matrices from eight experts. These matrices were transformed into an overall matrix of direct relationships using Equation (1), as illustrated in Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Determinants** & **DT1** & **DT2** & **DT3** & **DT4** & **DT5** & **DT6** & **DT7** & **DT8** & **DT9** & **DT10** \\ \hline
**DT1** & 0.000 & 3.750 & 3.875 & 3.125 & 1.000 & 2.000 & 2.250 & 2.000 & 1.000 & 3.125 \\
**DT2** & 1.125 & 0.000 & 1.250 & 3.500 & 1.125 & 3.125 & 3.125 & 1.375 & 1.875 & 1.125 \\
**DT3** & 1.875 & 3.000 & 0.000 & 3.750 & 1.000 & 1.250 & 2.125 & 3.250 & 1.000 & 3.125 \\
**DT4** & 1.000 & 3.000 & 1.125 & 0.000 & 1.125 & 4.000 & 3.125 & 1.000 & 3.125 & 1.125 \\
**DT5** & 3.875 & 2.000 & 3.000 & 2.000 & 0.000 & 1.000 & 2.875 & 3.000 & 3.875 & 3.125 \\
**DT6** & 3.000 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 2.625 & 2.000 & 0.000 & 3.000 & 2.250 & 4.000 & 1.875 \\
**DT7** & 1.375 & 2.000 & 3.125 & 2.000 & 3.125 & 3.625 & 0.000 & 1.000 & 1.125 & 1.250 \\
**DT8** & 3.000 & 2.000 & 2.000 & 3.000 & 1.125 & 1.000 & 2.000 & 0.000 & 3.000 & 3.125 \\
**DT9** & 3.125 & 3.000 & 3.875 & 3.000 & 1.125 & 1.125 & 3.125 & 1.000 & 0.000 & 3.000 \\
**DT10** & 1.000 & 1.000 & 2.000 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 2.000 & 3.250 & 1.000 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The overall direct relationship matrix (A). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No.** & **Determinants** & **Code** & **Description** & **References** \\ \hline
3. & Collaboration & DT3 & Enterprises and research institutions are collaborating actively to develop technology for remanufacturing. & [PERSON] [50] \\ \hline
4. & Collection Channels & DT4 & Establish collecting centers and support systems to facilitate consumers’ return of used products. & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] \\ \hline
5. & Preferential tax Polices & DT5 & Subsidies and tax reductions for remanufacturers can help bring down the cost of remanufactured products. & [PERSON] et al. [23]; [PERSON] et al. [21]; \\ \hline
6. & Consumer Preferences & DT6 & By improving customer awareness about CE, we can alter the “one-time consumption” attitude. & [PERSON] et al. [23]; [PERSON] et al. [1] \\ \hline
7. & Organizational image & DT7 & Adopting remanufacturing processes establishes an organization’s green image in the market, attracting more customers. & [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51]; [PERSON] et al. [52] \\ \hline
8. & Remanufacturing adoption framework & DT8 & Create a framework to guide the adoption of remanufacturing methods. & [PERSON] et al. [23] \\ \hline
9. & Market opportunities & DT9 & Adopting remanufacturing is a differentiating approach, creating a market and more outstanding market share. & [PERSON] et al. [53]; [PERSON] et al. [52]; [PERSON] et al. [26] \\ \hline
10. & Skilled workers & DT10 & Provide education and training to develop skilled employees, professionals, and technical personnel for remanufacturing operations and management. & [PERSON] [54]; [PERSON] [55]; [PERSON] and [PERSON] [56] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._In addition, Equations (2) and (3) were employed to transform the direct relationship matrix into a normalized direct relationship matrix. The normalized direct relation matrix for the determinants is demonstrated in Table 5.  
As per the value of (\(E_{i}=R_{i}-C_{i}\)), the determinants are divided into an influential and influenced group.