## 3 Artificial Intelligence as Enabler for Adoption of Nuclear Maritime Ships
### Monitoring and Maintenance  
One of the primary applications of AI is in the development of instrumentation for monitoring nuclear power systems [40]. In general, monitoring instrumentation technologies involve deploying multiple sensors, acquiring and storing data, and analyzing them to \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Application Area**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**AI Solutions**} \\ \hline Monitoring and Maintenance & \(\bullet\) & Fault detection \\  & \(\bullet\) & Predictive maintenance \\  & \(\bullet\) & Failure prognosis and diagnosis \\ \hline Core Refueling Optimization & \(\bullet\) & Fuel rod loading sequence \\ \hline  & \(\bullet\) & Optimize management of generated energy \\  & \(\bullet\) & Forecast of onboard load demand \\ On-Ship Nuclear Integrated Energy Systems & \(\bullet\) & Integration of nuclear with renewable energy \\ Management & \(\bullet\) & Control nuclear propulsion \\  & \(\bullet\) & Decision-making about water desalination \\  & \(\bullet\) & Decision-making about heat production \\ \hline Digital Twins for Nuclear-Powered Maritime & \(\bullet\) & Simulation and prediction of ships’ system behavior and operation, maintenance simulation \\ Vessel Operations & \(\bullet\) & Asset management and hazard risk assessment \\  & \(\bullet\) & Training of human operators \\ \hline Radiation Protection & \(\bullet\) & Design optimal radiation physical protection systems \\  & \(\bullet\) & Provide real-time information in case of emergency \\  & \(\bullet\) & Knowledge maintenance regarding safety protocols \\ \hline Safeguarding and Security of & \(\bullet\) & Monitoring of integrity of onboard nuclear materials \\ Nuclear Materials & \(\bullet\) & Detecting illicit activities pertaining to nuclear materials \\  & \(\bullet\) & Report activity summaries to IAEA \\ \hline Cybersecurity & \(\bullet\) & Use foundation models for identifying critical digital assets \\  & \(\bullet\) & Ensure secure operation of onboard critical digital assets \\  & \(\bullet\) & related to nuclear reactors \\  & \(\bullet\) & Take mitigation measures and perform digital forensics \\ \hline Nuclear Contamination & \(\bullet\) & Control robots in cleaning up radioactive pollutants \\ Management & \(\bullet\) & Detection of contamination \\  & \(\bullet\) & Nuclear waste handling \\ \hline Onboard Digital Panel Operation & \(\bullet\) & User-friendly software interfaces \\  & \(\bullet\) & Summarizing operational procedures \\  & \(\bullet\) & Human errors: risk mitigation, root cause analysis \\ \hline Electricity Supply at Ports & \(\bullet\) & Decisions regarding supply of electricity at ports \\ \hline Secure Informative & \(\bullet\) & Very short-term battle maneuvering \\ Navigation Systems & \(\bullet\) & Route and rerouting decisions to ensure secure and safe \\  & & traveling of ship \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Application areas of artificial intelligence in nuclear-powered ships. assess the state of nuclear systems [41]. From a data analytics perspective, monitoring aims to identify behavioral patterns associated with the system's normal and safe operation [42]. The identification of behavioral patterns is crucial for developing intelligent monitoring systems. The primary objective of these systems is to process incoming data and determine the system's current state, enabling short-term predictions of its behavior [43]. Such predictive capability is essential for carrying out maintenance procedures in nuclear systems and is known as \"predictive maintenance\" [44]. Ensuring the safe operation of a nuclear-powered ship is even more critical, given that these vessels spend most of their lifespan at sea. Consequently, the opportunities for maintenance are strictly limited, and the number of ports equipped to handle nuclear maintenance is expected to be very small.