## 3 Results
\begin{table}
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**Author (Year)** & **Country** & **Study Aims** & **Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2015) [27] & Japan & & & OMSFCs have similar properties to NCSCs (self-renewing capabilities and multipotency); OMSFCs were able to generate ectopic bone tissues even in a region not naturally containing hard tissue; regenerated cellular-type hard tissues from the OMSFCs form cement-like structures, and the use of the neurosphere culture technique allows for a more simplified method for isolating and culturing OMSFCs. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [28] & Greece & & This study demonstrated the successful production of a nanocrystalline, mineralized matrix over time in both in vitro and in vivo settings, with CS/Gel-0.1 scaffolds showing more effective upregulation of osteo/odorogenic genes and enhanced bone formation when pre-treated with recombinant human BMP-2. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2012) [29] & United States & & A TEC was successfully generated from postnatal human organoid units implanted onto biodegradable scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, demonstrating differentiation into mature colon epithelium with supporting mesenchymal mice. & A TEC was successfully generated from postnatal human organoid units implanted onto biodegradable scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, demonstrating differentiation into mature colon epithelium with supporting mesenchymal mice. & A TEC was successfully generated from postnatal human organoid units implanted onto biodegradable scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, demonstrating differentiation into mature colon epithelium with supporting mesenchymal components, indicating a potential transition towards human therapy. \\ \[PERSON] et al. (2019) [30] & United States & & To develop scaffold-free tissue constructs using periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) that self-assemble into an organized multi-tissue structure mimicking the complex composition of periodontal tissues, specifically comprising a mineralized cement-like core surrounded by a periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue. & Scaffold-free tissue constructs engineered from PDLCs demonstrated an organized multi-tissue structure comprising a municipal cement-like core and surrounded by a periodontal ligament (PDL)-like tissue. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2007) & Italy & & Cells on the microcavity-rich scaffold released larger amounts of BMP-2 and VEGF into the culture medium and expressed higher alkaline phosphatase activity. The microcavity-rich scaffold enhanced smooth one. & Cells on the microcavity-rich scaffold released larger amounts of BMP-2 and VEGF into the culture medium and expressed higher alkaline phosphatase activity. The microcavity-rich scaffold enhanced smooth one. & A TEC was successfully generated from postnatal human organoid units implanted onto biodegradable scaffolds in immunocompromised mice, demonstrating differentiation into mature colon epithelium with supporting mesenchymal components, indicating a potential transition towards human therapy. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Characteristics and findings from the reviewed articles. Scaffold architecture and material properties were identified as critical factors in successful tissue regeneration. Biomimetic scaffolds, such as chitosan/gelatin (CS/Gel) composites [28] and microcavity-rich designs [31], demonstrated superior performance in promoting cell adhesion, polarization, and growth factor release. These architectural features facilitated key cellular interactions and supported the deposition of mineralized matrices required for bone regeneration. Microcavity-rich scaffolds, for instance, increased the release of BMP-2 and VEGF, enhancing osteogenic activity and alkaline phosphatase expression [31]. These findings highlight the importance of scaffold microarchitecture in optimizing biological activity, particularly in challenging regenerative environments.