# Satellite and Ground Based Thermal Observation of the 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli Volcano
## 4 Results  
### Field Observations  
A team of researchers from the University of Hamburg monitored [PERSON]'s activity in September 2014. Along with other instruments, we also used two cameras that covered different parts of the infrared spectrum. The cameras were used at different locations (Table 2, Figure 2). Given our cameras' field of view (see Table 3), we selected different observation locations that provided the best possible view of the lava flows. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **A** & **B** & **C** & **D** \\ \hline Longitude & \(15^{\circ}12^{\prime}49.92^{\prime\prime}\) E & \(15^{\circ}12^{\prime}52.12^{\prime\prime}\) E & \(15^{\circ}12^{\prime}48.66^{\prime\prime}\) E & \(15^{\circ}12^{\prime}15^{\prime\prime}\) E \\ Latitude & \(38^{\circ}48^{\prime}18.58^{\prime\prime}\) N & \(38^{\circ}48^{\prime}13.52^{\prime\prime}\) N & \(38^{\circ}48^{\prime}26.68^{\prime\prime}\) N & \(38^{\circ}48^{\prime}59^{\prime\prime}\) N \\ Observer elevation & 293 m & 372 m & 178 m & 0 m \\ Target mean elevation & 600 m & 700 m & 300 m & 500 m \\ Date (September 2014) & 10, 12, 15,17 & 16 & 18–24 & 20 (boat) \\ Mean dist. from the lava flow & 1100 m & 1100 m & 850 m & 2200 m \\ SWIR transmittance & - & 0.75 & 0.80 & - \\ MIR transmittance & 0.82 & 0.82 & 0.87 & 0.57 \\ TIR transmittance & 0.70 & 0.70 & 0.75 & 0.35 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Field observation metadata; point D corresponds to the observations conducted from the boat. Figure 2: Points represent the position (Table 2) of the effusive vent and the observation points where the thermal cameras were placed (see Table 3). The polygon shows the location of the lava flow on 19 September 2014 at 7:40 p.m. Please note that this is a perspective view from North to South. The best view came from a boat (point D in Table 2) off the Sciara del Fuco, however, the observations were not easy as the high waves swayed the boat causing inconvenient observation conditions (e.g., focusing issues). In the end most of the observations were conducted from an easy to reach point on the eastern flank of the Sciara del Fuoco (point C in Table 2). The cameras we used provided observations at different wavelengths. The first camera (Infratec VarioCam HR) measured irradiation in the TIR spectrum, while the second one (Infratec ImageIR) measured irradiation in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) and MIR spectrum. The cameras' characteristics can be found in Table 3.  
The evolution of the volcano's activity during our field observations is documented in Table 4. The activity changed constantly: we observed several prolongations of lava fronts and fluctuations in the maximum detected temperatures, which varied by 100s of K. The most important were the movements of the lava front down the slope (Figure 3). For instance, if lava moves down the slope at ~1 m/s (Table 4, 18 September) and we assume that the average  
Despite the problems of observations from the boat (Figure 4), the coverage of the lava flows was greatly superior to the observations from the eastern flank of the volcano. Those images allowed us to directly estimate _VRP_ and _TADR_, because we were able to observe most of the entire lava flow. The observations were corrected for the geometry (the pixel area was underestimated due to the low viewing angle), atmospheric effects, and emissivity. Similar as in our satellite data processing, we assumed a flat emissivity of 0.95. Transmittances (Table 2) were estimated using MODTRAN [36] at which a mid-latitude summer model was used. These parameters were entered into Irbis 3 plus thermography software, which was used to correct the temperatures.