esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Game-Based Resource Allocation Mechanism in B5G HetNets with Incomplete Information
## 1 Introduction
[20] address the caching resource allocation problem based on a competitive game. All above game-based resource allocation algorithms are proposed in a restricted condition, where each player has complete information about others' related parameters. However, it is unrealistic for users to make their important information public. Thus, in order to solve the realistic problem that game players, i.e., the HetNets and mobile users in this paper, cannot acquire complete information about others, a distributed pricing and resource allocation method, based on the Stackelberg game with incomplete information, is proposed in this paper. The resource competition among users is modeled as the follower game with incomplete information. To be practical, the channel gain is regarded as private information, which is the type of each player. Given the price strategies of networks, users need to adjust their bandwidth, requesting strategies to maximize the expected utility. We construct a utility function for users, which is suitable for the incomplete information scenario and consists of the profit obtained by throughout; the fee to buy bandwidth and the cost caused by the network load. A probabilistic prediction method is proposed to realize the feasibility of the follower game with incomplete information. An appropriate distributed iteration algorithm is used to find the Bayesian Nash equilibrium. The leader game is played among networks, in which network operators need to change their pricing strategies based on user strategy profiles to obtain the Nash equilibrium. Additionally, a distributed algorithm based on the network's marginal utility is used to find the best response dynamics of the networks. A mathematical derivation and system simulation both prove the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium. The main contributions of this paper are listed as follows:  
* We propose a Stackelberg game model with incomplete information to solve the problem, where players have only partial information about others during the process of resource competition. * We design a practical utility function for each mobile user and propose a probabilistic prediction method to realize the feasibility of the incomplete information game. The proof of the existence and of uniqueness of the Bayesian Nash equilibrium is presented. * The Bayesian Nash equilibrium obtained from the game with incomplete information is compared with the Nash equilibrium in the complete information game, and superior performance is achieved through system simulation. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 shows the system model of the two-tiered Stackelberg game with incomplete information. Section 3 details the proposed game-based distributed resource allocation algorithm and Section 4 illustrates the simulation results. Finally, the conclusion is provided in Section 5.
### Related Works  
Recent advances in DT technology are increasingly applied in mobile robotics to improve control accuracy, adaptability, and real-time decision making. Studies focus on DT-based modeling and control strategies, highlighting dynamic adaptation, virtual-physical integration, and environmental interaction. For instance, a DT-based parameter compensation method was introduced in [17] to enhance the accuracy of the modeling of mobile robot dynamics under variable conditions. The approach uses real-time physical robot feedback to continuously update the virtual model and improve control performance. Furthermore, a DT-based tracking control for car-like robots is presented in [18], coordinating virtual simulations with real-world execution. The system combines trajectory tracking with environmental perception in dynamic scenarios. DT's role is examined in [19] for the optimization of robot operations, presenting a DT approach to enhance autonomous mobile robots' working environments, with a case study in automated intralogistics systems. In a more recent contribution, ref. [20] focuses on enabling real-time interaction between industrial mobile robots and their DTs during motion. It proposes using multiple intelligent gateways to support digital twin pre-migration and identifies the optimal timing for smooth migration during robot operation.  
Regarding hardware resources for testing the mentioned design strategies in control engineering, a historical overview of HIL simulators for real-time control applications is presented in [21], exemplified by platforms such as dSPACE, Typhoon HIL, or Speedgoat. These platforms enhance realistic testing of hardware, specifically electronic controllers, implemented in field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or digital signal processors (DSP) units. Among the commercially available electronic platforms, the Raspberry Pi 4 (RBP), model B, is widely used in both industrial and academic settings [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. It was released in 2019 and their detailed features (CPU, GPU, memory, ports, connectivity) are described in [31]. The RBP has been widely adopted in recent literature as a cost-effective and versatile embedded platform for implementing a range of control strategies aimed at achieving successful system performance. The validation by simulation (Matlab/Simulink) of a three-phase brushless DC motor implements the algorithm code in a RBP as virtual-platform in-the-loop approach is presented in [32]. In addition, the use of RBP as Electronic Control Unit (ECU) for the Adaptive Model Predictive Control of a vehicle simulated on a HIL test bench is presented in [33]. From a control design perspective, Lyapunov theory is extensively deployed to develop stable nonlinear controllers. Such is the scenario in robotic trajectory tracking problems, where control regulation is essential to drive the error in posture towards zero asymptotically. Concerning wheeled robots, existing Lyapunov-based Controller (LBC) solutions can be categorized into (a) alternatives that address trajectory errors described in polar coordinates [34; 35] and (b) those using Cartesian coordinates [36; 37].
# Probing Ferroic States in Oxide Thin Films Using Optical Second Harmonic Generation
## 5 Conclusions  
Optical SHG is an established tool to investigate the ferroic nature of single crystals. It enabled major achievements in the field of ferroelectrics and multiferroics [16; 17; 18]. It relies on the ability to selectively probe several order parameters in one experiment which has a great impact on multiferroic dynamics [38] and on the observation of coupled magnetic and electric domains in a multiferroic compound [146]. Recent advances in ferroic domain engineering in thin films using epitaxial strain as a new degree of freedom are progressively rendering optical characterization of nanoscale ordered ferroic domains in thin films possible. Polar axis orientation, Curie temperature, strain tuning of the ferroelectric polarization and electric field induced switching events can now be probed non-invasively with monolayer accuracy.  
Because the SHG probe has a long working distance, the investigation of the emergence of the polarization during the thin film deposition process can be designed [61]. In parallel with in situ structural knowledge gained with RHEED, in situ SHG gives the functional information in real time during the synthesis. The ISHG characterization is not affected by the extreme conditions during the growth process and can improve the understanding of ferroelectricity from the first unit cell deposited. The direct access to the ferroic domain state during growth is opening new routes towards the full control over ferroelectricity. The manipulation of the polarization orientation during the growth in a multilayer will have an important role in future applications. In addition, artificial domain walls with arbitrary polarization sequences [120] offer a wide range of physical properties [11; 114; 120] and can for instance be designed on demand. A possible application would deal with the ability to electrically tune the symmetry environment of a layer sandwiched between two ferroelectric films [120]. The capacity to set and verify buried polar states during the growth [61] allows tuning of the strain, charge and symmetry environment of an adjacent active layer such as symmetry sensitive topological states, metal insulator transitions or colossal magnetoresistance systems. Furthermore, in situ SHG will support efforts in the understanding of polar states in the ultrathin regime and in complex oxide-based heterostructures and superlattices. For example, the development of the technologically promising voltage amplification based on transient negative capacitance in ferroelectric heterostructures will greatly benefit from the investigation of the early stage of ferroelectric vortex formation [50; 51].  
The authors thank [PERSON] for fruitful discussions. The authors acknowledge funding through the SNSF R'Equip Program (Grant. No. 206021-144988).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Progress in the Development of Electrodeposited Catalysts for Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Applications
## 2 Progress in the Electrodeposition of Carbon Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts
### Electrodeposition of Pt
Figure 1 summarises the overall progress made so far in the development of Pt-Ru catalysts using electrodeposition for application in DMFCs. Realising the importance of bimetallic catalysts, a great deal of effort has been made towards developing Pt-M alloys (M = Cu, Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, Rh, Sn) via electrodeposition as anode catalysts in DLFCs. The primary aim of the bimetallic catalyst development was to improve the CO tolerance, which blocks the catalyst surface rendering it less active during the anodic oxidation of organic molecules in DLFCs. Table 2 compares the anodic oxidation of DLFCs over Pt/C and Pt-M/C catalysts. * First reported studies on galvanostatic electrodeposition of Pt-Ru (1:1) from H\({}_{2}\)PtCl\({}_{6}\) + K,Ru(NO)Cl\({}_{3}\) solutions on platinum foil/gauze supports. * Discovered the possibility to obtain metallic ruthenium deposits from simple metal chloride precursors. * Platinum, ruthenium metal complexes with different ligands (organic/inorganic) were introduced as metal catalyst precursors for the electrodeposition of Pt-Ru. Eu: Pt(dba)\({}_{2}\) Ru(COD)(COT). * Electrochemical deposition of Pt-Ru (10-60 wt % Ru)) with particle sizes of 5 -8 nm was achieved on Vulcan XC-72R carbon/Nafion layer coated glassy carbon discs, carbon cloths, gas diffusion electrodes employing different modes of deposition: potentiostatic, pulse, direct current. * Stabilisers such as Ethylene glycol, formic acid,ethanol were introduced to improve the nucleation and growth of Pt-Ru based catalysts. * Chelating complex agents were introduced as grain refiners for Pt-Ru catalysts on carbon cloth. Eg. trisodium citrate, disodium tartrate, disodium dihydrogen ethylene diamine tetraacetate. * Development of ternary Pt-Ru-M alloy systems (M = Co, Fe, Ir, Mo, Ni, Rh) on different substrates under potentiostatic conditions. However, the stability of carbon supported Pt-M bimetallic catalyst is reported to be affected over time owing to the second metal (M = Ru, Sn, Fe, Ni) dissolution processes and corrosion of carbon support. Under DLFC operating conditions, secondary alloying metal (M) dissolution takes place, leading to a crossover of dissolved M\({}^{n+}\) species to the cathode, thereby inhibiting the ORR kinetics, besides membrane deterioration. To improve the stability and durability of the carbon supported Pt-M bimetallic catalysts, these are often alloyed with ternary metals such as Fe, Co, Ni [41].
## 3 TBCNN-Based Two-Pass Clone Type Classification  
Our technique consists of two steps performed in order. The first step is for detecting code clones, and the second step is for classifying their clone types. The clone type classification is performed only for the code pairs detected as clones at the first step. Thus, two classification steps are as follows:  
* _The 1 st-pass classification (clone detection)_ determines whether a given piece of code is a clone. This pass detects structural features of a code fragment represented with an AST via TBCNN and applies max pooling to gather information over different parts of the tree. After pooling, the features that are aggregated into a fixed-size vector are fed to a fully-connected hidden layer before introducing the final output layer. For supervised classification, _softmax_ is used as the output layer (see clone detection in Figure 2). The output layer consists of two neurons, clone or non-clone.
* _The 2 nd-pass classification (clone type classification)_ classifies the clone code. This pass targets only the code fragments classified as clones during the first pass. This pass again uses TBCNN and max pooling to detect and aggregate features of a clone code fragment. The features are fully connected to a hidden layer and then fed to the output layer (see clone type classification in Figure 2). In this step, the number of neurons of the output layer refers to the number of clone types.  
In the remainder of Section 3 we describe the details of the AST embedding process associated with the code preprocessing step, as well as the clone detection and clone type classification steps.
## 2 Mobility Models in FANETs
### Group Mobility Models  
Group mobility models contain a geographic limitation for all mobile nodes. Every one of the mobility models shown in the preceding sections imitates the behavior of mobile nodes that are entirely self-contained. Nevertheless, with FANETs, there are several scenarios in which UAVs must fly together to pursue a common point, resulting in spatial dependency. This kind of grouping is typically used to accomplish a specific task. The group mobility models are suitable for particle swarm of FANETs [46].
# End Face Attitude Detection of Special Steel Bars Based on Improved DBSCAN
## 2 Related Work and Related Definition
### Related Definitions  
#### 2.2.1 Definition for Circle Parameters of Connected Regions  
It can be seen from Figure 3a that any three points are taken to calculate the circle parameters on a complex background, and a lot of invalid circle parameter data will be obtained. Therefore, different connected regions are marked with different colors in Figure 3d. We can get any three points \(P_{1C}(x_{1C},y_{1C})\), \(P_{2C}(x_{2C},y_{2C})\), and \(P_{3C}(x_{3C},y_{3C})\), which belong to the same connected region C on the image. The distance between any  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **[PERSON] [33]** & **[PERSON] [34]** & **[PERSON] [19]** & **[PERSON] [35]** & **[PERSON] [36]** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Purposes} & Statistics of the number of steel bars & \multirow{3}{*}{Statistics of the number of steel bars} & Providing & Providing & Identifying bars’ end face characters. \\  & & steel bars & & positioning data & positioning data & characters. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Methods} & Morphological & \multirow{3}{*}{Iterative training method} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hough transform} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hough transform} & \multirow{3}{*}{Hough transform} \\  & methods & & & & \\ \hline Common features & The end face detection mostly uses the HT method, and there is no research on the attitude angle of the end face. & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(b) Research Status of Circle Detection**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**HT**} & **CACD** & **DRSCD** & **RCD** & **ITCD** & **EACD** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Shortcomings} & Time-consuming, sensitive to noise and occlusions & Need for proper edge detection and occlusions & Sensitive to noise, complex scenes, and occlusions & Requires multiple multiple occlusions in large circles & Needs to be improved for real images \\ \hline Main problems & These methods have poor detection results in complex scenes, occlusions, and the presence of minimax circles. & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of the current research status.  
two points is not less than \(G_{L}\), where \(G_{L}\) generally takes \(1/4\) of the maximum length of the connected region. Then, the circle parameter of the connected region is defined as follows:  
\[x_{OC}=(a/k_{13}-c/k_{12}+b-d)/(1/k_{13}-1/k_{12}) \tag{1}\]  
\[y_{OC}=(\mathrm{d}k_{12}-bk_{13}+c-a)/(k_{12}-k_{13}) \tag{2}\]  
\[r_{C}=\sqrt{\left(x_{OC}-x_{1C}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{OC}-y_{1C}\right)^{2}} \tag{3}\]  
In which \(k_{12}=\left(y_{1C}-y_{2C}\right)/\left(x_{1C}-x_{2C}\right)\), \(k_{13}=\left(y_{1C}-y_{3C}\right)/\left(x_{1C}-x_{3C}\right)\), \(a=(x_{1C}+x_{3C})/2\), \(b=(y_{1C}+y_{3C})/2\), \(c=(x_{1C}+x_{2C})/2\), and \(d=(y_{1C}+y_{2C})/2\). Obviously, when \(k_{12}\) is equal to \(k_{13}\), since all three points are on a straight line, it is not possible to determine the effective circle parameter, which is discarded.
# Development of the Romanian Radar Sensor for Space Surveillance and Tracking Activities +
## 4 Tracking Radar Design
### Radar Block Diagram and Operation
#### 4.3.4 Radar Management Unit  
The management of radar activity is performed by the main processing unit (MPU). This is a processing system that runs management and control software. Its functions are divided into several classes.  
* The campaign preparation functions handle the tracking requests by computing the most probable trajectory of the object based on catalogue data, by determining the visibility windows of the specified objects, and by scheduling the observations.
* The operation functions set the initial data and operational parameters for each radar subsystem. Additionally, they display the tracked object's estimated position (based on catalogue data) and the tracking errors at the end of the tracking process.
* The control functions check the full system status and perform maintenance tasks.  
The management and control software running on the MPU has a software architecture based on microservices. Each microservice has a specialized behaviour and is able to work independently. Each piece of equipment is paired with a corresponding equipment microservice and is integrated into the system through a configuration database.  
The targets' measured data is stored into a storage unit (SU).  
The measured data for the selected targets are sent at the operator's request to external entities over virtually private networks (VPNs) through an external data exchange unit. An outside entity can be represented by a supplemental computation center, an encrypted data center, or another infrastructure belonging to an ESA member state. Protected access to the output data of the radar is administered by the external data exchange unit by employing secured user accounts.
## 5 Numerical Simulation Activities
### Impacts with a LEO Satellite: LOFT  
The first set of simulations focused on hypervelocity collisions involving the ESA LOFT spacecraft, with CubeSat impactors ranging from 1U to 48U and diverse collision scenarios. The study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the transition between sub-catastrophic and catastrophic collision while increasing the impactor's kinetic energy, and  
Figure 12: CSTS logic: the spacecraft is modelled as a net of macroscopic element connected by structural links (**1**); during impact (**2**), the collided ME fragments (**3**), and the start of a cascade effect involving the other MEs (**4**).  
the effect of impact point and encounter configuration on the collision severity. Among the eight investigated collision scenarios (see Figure 13), the first three cases assessed LOFT fragmentation at different values of the EMR parameter. The next three cases intended to study the effect of impact point and impactor/target overlap when the EMR exceeds the accepted 40 J/g threshold for catastrophic breakup. The last two cases examined the collision of a larger body with a trajectory directed toward the denser part of the LOFT spacecraft [52].  
The simulation results indicate that the classic EMR parameter is not sufficient to model the transition between sub-catastrophic and catastrophic impact in a certain variety of collision scenarios. In fact, the same value of EMR can produce different levels of damage if the impact does not occur on the target's center of mass or the impactor's kinetic energy  
Figure 13: Collision configurations for the LOFT simulation campaign. The arrows indicate the impactors and the velocity vector, and the impactors cross-section is extruded along the velocity vector to show the nominal path through the target [52].  
results from different combinations of impactor mass and velocity. Since these two points are not considered in the current version of the NASA SBM, it is also shown that the NASA model may overestimate the fragment distributions when impacts are not central or the ratio between impactor size and target size is small [52].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)  
The EG before impregnation was observed to identify the effect of the expansion in the lamellar plane spacing, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 4a shows an image of carbon monolayers in a granule, whose inter-layer distance is typically 3.35 A [42]. Figure 4b is focused on a micrometric space between the packets of carbon planes in which the PCM domains can be allocated, evidencing the low exfoliation degree of EG. The shape and dimensions of the introduced porosity allows high capillary forces once the PCM is molten, a characteristic which further confirms that this graphite expansion is suitable for PCM shape stabilization.  
Figure 3: Leaking test results at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The pictures on the right show the leakage comparison of MPA/EG14 (red frame), RT44/EG14 (blue frame), and RT35/EG14 (green frame) disks after one hour of testing.  
Figure 5a-f show SEM micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the compacted samples at two different magnitudes.  
Figure 4: Fracture surface of an EG granule to evidence: (**a**) the carbon planes of graphite; (**b**) the additional spacing introduced by the expansion between the lamellae.  
Figure 5: SEM micrographs of compacted samples at low (**left**) and high magnification (**right**): RT35/EG14 (**a**,**b**), RT44/EG14 (**c**,**d**), MPA/EG14 (**e**,**f**). Observations performed at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
From Figure 5, the distinct powdery granules are recognizable. They are only weakly connected thanks to the cold compaction process, which, using granule interlocking, infers acceptable mechanical properties when the PCM is solid and permits shape maintenance above the melting point. At these magnifications, no substantial differences can be noted comparing the three samples. However, higher magnifications were critical also when using a low voltage due to PCM melting in the observed zone, favored by the high vacuum level. The morphologies are coherent with those encountered in a former study [39]. Fractures occur for both intergranular detachment and granule breaking, even if it is quite difficult to distinguish the open porosity of granules, which permits the impregnation of mechanically cracked granules.