## 4 Conclusions and Implications for Research and Practice  
This paper provided a rigorous systematic review of empirical evidence on road network pricing and its effectiveness as a travel demand management strategy. The article also provided a comprehensive overview of research topics and their historical development over time, including methodologies used for analysis and modelling of impacts. Influential contributions that shaped the discipline were also acknowledged and debated using bibliometric analyses. The article classified the literature into four distinct categories and consolidated evidence on the benefits of road network pricing as a travel demand management strategy. The evidence-based approach helped to undertake unbiased aggregation of empirical results through review of academic contributions and identification of trends that might emerge in this field of research. The key contributions of this work are summarised below:  
* This work has helped to identify the challenges and opportunities facing road network pricing in post-pandemic cities. The reviewed literature showed that road network pricing is increasingly becoming the focus of ignited deliberation on transport taxation reform and rethinking of approaches that raise revenue to maintain and upgrade the infrastructure required to support a city's mobility needs. Today's transport infrastructure funding models, which are grounded in raising revenue from vehicle registrations, fuel excise, and license fees, are inequitable. Revenue from these schemes will not be sufficient to meet future infrastructure expenditure requirements. They will also face increased pressure as transportation revenues decline as consumers shift to electric vehicles and fuel-efficient vehicles. * Road network pricing should be viewed as an integral part of a broader taxation reform that would eliminate or restructure other transport taxes, such as vehicle registration fees that are unrelated to the amount of travel. Road pricing schemes should also provide incentives to avoid driving in congested areas and encourage travellers to choose more sustainable modes of transport. The revenue generated by the user fees would be used to fund initiatives that would increase public transport usage, maintain and operate roads and transportation services, and improve travel options. The importance and urgency of implementing road pricing as a solution to reduce emissions, particularly in congested urban areas, will become more prominent. * This article identified several gaps in the literature and provided a clear framework for appropriately positioning future research directions. The pandemic has also presented some significant challenges for cities, as driving has increased as a result of the pandemic. More research is needed in the future to better understand the drivers of travel change and to investigate the role of pricing in reducing traffic congestion and emissions post pandemic. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Research Question** & **Relevant Sections** & **Discussion Points** \\ \hline
**Q-1** & Sections 3.1 and 3.4 & Year of publication analysis and co-citation analysis \\ \hline
**Q-2** & Section 3.4 & Co-citation analysis \\ \hline
**Q-3** & Sections 3.2 and 3.3 & Geographical distribution and keyword analysis \\ \hline
**Q-4** & Section 3.5 & Gaps in knowledge \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Sections of paper responding to research questions. * [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Impact of congestion pricing schemes on emissions and temporal shift of freight transport. _Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev._**2018**, _118_, 77-105. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2009) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Road traffic emission and fuel consumption modelling: Trends, new developments and future challenges. In _Traffic Related Air Pollution and Internal Combustion Engines_; Nova Publishers USA: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2009. * [PERSON] et al.