# Ocean Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications: A Review (Part II)
## 3 Conclusions  
RS systems are great resources for oceanographic studies regardless of time, weather, and geographical location. Large coverage and multi-temporal NRT RS data provide a context to monitor different oceanographic parameters. The second part of this review paper explored nine widely used oceanographic applications of RS, including iceberg, SI, SST, OSS, OC, OCh, OOS, underwater ocean, and fishery. RS systems, including optical, SAR, scatterometer, altimeter, and HF radar, have been employed for iceberg detection and tracking. Atmospheric conditions, data availability, and SI presence can negatively affect iceberg studies.  
The extent, thickness, temperature, type, age, and snow cover of SI can be efficiently studied using Optical, TIR radiometer, altimeter, microwave radiometers, and SAR systems. However, the low spatial resolution of some of the RS systems (e.g., TIR and microwave radiometers) is one of the main limitations of the RS systems for SI mapping. Two passive RS systems (i.e., TIR and microwave radiometers) can be mainly used for SST estimation. However, cloud cover, coarse spatial resolution, discontinuous temporal coverage, and atmospheric aerosols hinder generating high-quality SST products from these systems. Optical satellites provide the required reflectance measurements to derive OSS using statistical and ML algorithms. Microwave radiometers have also been employed for OSS studies. The optical spectrum of water reflectance is associated with OC and OCh and, thus, optical satellites are the main RS systems for these applications. In this regard, two main approaches related to the intended radiance and geophysical properties have been widely discussed. Empirical, ANN, SVM, and semi-analytical algorithms have also been widely applied to estimate OCh concentration.  
SAR data are the primary RS resources for OOS detection. Two critical OOS parameters (i.e., the size and extent) can be detected using SAR data. The general steps in OSS detection are segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Optical, SAR, altimeter, LiDAR, and SONAR systems have been mostly used for underwater studies, including bathymetric and AV/CR mapping. In this regard, Irregular and continuous variation of aquatic ecology brings limitations to the RS methods for underwater studies. Studies related to SST, OSS, OC, OChI, and OWH can support fishery activities. For example, OCh and SST indicate fish distribution. Moreover, SST, OWH, and OCh are input variables of fishery models to determine the suitability of fish habitats. Finally, fish abundance maps derived from RS data provide an efficient fuel and time plan, fisheries forecast, and sustainable fisheries management.  
[PERSON] designed and supervised the entire study, professionally optimized all sections, wrote the Abstract and Introduction sections; Section 2.1 was written by [PERSON] and [PERSON]; Section 2.2 was written by [PERSON]; Section 2.3 was written by [PERSON]; Section 2.4 was written by [PERSON]; Sections 2.5 and 2.6 were written by [PERSON] ([PERSON]); Section 2.7 was written by [PERSON]; Sections 2.8 and 2.9 were written by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]; Section 2.1.1 was written by [PERSON]; Conclusion was written by [PERSON] and [PERSON]; All sections were professionally optimized by [PERSON], [PERSON] ([PERSON]) and [PERSON] All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.