esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Drivers of Photovoltaic Technologies
### PV System Operating Costs  
Systematic maintenance is very important for the reliable operation of photovoltaic systems. Such maintenance includes regular inspection and preventive maintenance activities, stand maintenance, module cleaning, snow clearing, etc., and corrective maintenance (cabling repairs, exchange of defect PV modules, inverters, and other components). Regular monitoring and diagnostics of the system allows minimizing losses in case of failures. These activities are carried out either by an entity's own employees or with the help of specialized service companies.  
In addition to maintenance, monitoring, and repair costs, there are other costs, such as administrative costs, property taxes, insurance, land leases, grid fees, balancing, asset management, security, various taxes, and other costs due to inflation, expiring warranties, etc. [13; 14]. The operating costs are the sum of both maintenance and additional costs. Like the investment costs, a part the operating costs is area-dependent.  
There are differences in the operating costs of a PV system due to differences in system size, system configuration, climate, and location. There can also be big differences in individual years of operation. These differences complicate the determination of average operating costs. A system tool for calculating operating costs can be found in [15]. The average operating costs are usually stated in cost per kW\({}_{\text{p}}\) of installed power.
# An Elliptical-Shaped Dual-Band UWB Notch Antenna for Wireless Applications
## 3 UWB Notch Antenna Design Approach
### Parametric Analysis of UWB Notch Antenna  
The impact of the stubs dimension on the notch antenna is examined using a parametric analysis. The dimensions t and x have an impact on the design's performance.
## 3 Experiments and Performance Measurements
### Performance Measurement
#### 3.2.2 Experiment 2: Time Delay Test  
The time delay is the time interval for the server to acquire the data required by the user and return the data to the user through data exchange with the sensor after the user sends a message to the server resource. The bulk of the time is used by the communication delay between the server and the sensor. In this test, we deployed 10 GPRS modules to transmit the data sent by the bottom layer sensor for a period of 30 s. In the course of this experiment, we sequentially record the time delay of the transmission for every time in the file. When the server receives 2000 data packets, it calculates the communication time delay. We conducted a total of 20 experiments. We conducted 10 experiments in clear weather and 10 experiments in windy and rainy weather. The final statistical results are shown in Figure 8.  
In Figure 8, the value of the horizontal axis marks each of the 10 experiments, and every experiment receives 2000 data packets. The value of the vertical axis is the average time delay in ms. The data show that, in clear weather, the average time delays for these ten experiments are 9.324691, 8.304323, 7.43123, 8.021342, 8.211280, 8.33452, 7.78127, 9.58279, 8.32645, and 8.78372 ms. In adverse weather, the average time delays for these 10 experiments are 10.5623, 13.3761, 16.4872, 13.2341, 16.3498, 15.3286, 15.9362, 13.637, 14.485, and 14.873 ms. The data in Figure 8 show that when the weather is clear, the average time delay is less than 10 ms, whereas when the weather is bad, the average time delay is over 10 ms, and it is more than 13 ms in most cases. Therefore, we should consider how to reduce communication delays caused by adverse weather. According to the test results above, in conditions of good weather and adverse weather, the packet loss rate and system delays are both in the controllable and receivable range, allowing the system to operate well in any conditions. However, because this system adopts the GPRS communication protocol to acquire and control sensor data, to  
Figure 7: Statistics of data packet loss.  
further ensure normal communication operations, effort should be made to improve the quality of communication, reduce the packet loss rate, and reduce the communication time delays.  
One or more clients' requests are applied to collect the data from the M2M gateway devices with data cache function and without data cache function separately, and the response time for user requests was tested. Figure 9 shows the experimental results.  
As Figure 9 shows, the performance test of the M2M gateway before and after modification the data cache and polling function, and the response time of the M2M gateway for user requests significantly decreased from 1.3 s (original mean value) to 0.5 s.  
Figure 8: Time delay statistics.  
Figure 9: Response time for user requests.
# Performance Analysis and Testing of Spiral Quantitative Fertiliser Distributors in Orchards
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Response Surface Analysis and Optimization  
The response surface between the \(CV\) of uniformity and test factors was established using Design-Expert13 to intuitively analyze the relationship between the \(CV\) of uniformity and the factors (Figure 6). Figure 6a shows that when the advancing speed was 2.25 km/h, the \(CV\) of uniformity decreased first and then increased with increases in the spiral rotation  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source** & **Sum of Squares** & **DF** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Model & 273.80 & 9 & 30.42 & 81.17 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \(A\) & 38.02 & 1 & 38.02 & 101.44 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \(B\) & 36.17 & 1 & 36.17 & 96.50 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ C & 8.97 & 1 & 8.97 & 23.93 & 0.0018 \\ \(AB\) & 5.13 & 1 & 5.13 & 13.69 & 0.0077 \\ \(AC\) & 0.0380 & 1 & 0.0380 & 0.1015 & 0.7594 \\ \(BC\) & 8.18 & 1 & 8.18 & 21.82 & 0.0023 \\ \(A^{2}\) & 58.72 & 1 & 58.72 & 156.68 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \(B^{2}\) & 103.88 & 1 & 103.88 & 277.17 & \textless{}0.0001 \\ \(C^{2}\) & 2.10 & 1 & 2.10 & 5.62 & 0.0496 \\ Residual & 2.62 & 7 & 0.3748 & & \\ Cor Total & 276.42 & 16 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Significance and variance analysis.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Test Number** & \(A\) **(RPM)** & \(B\) **(\%)** & \(C\) **(km/h)** & \(CV\) **(\%)** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Test plan and results.  
speed of the conveyor. When the rotation speed was 60 RPM, the fertilization uniformity approached 9%. With the rise in the opening degree of the fertilizer outlet, the \(CV\) of uniformity decreased first and then increased, but it generally changed slightly. Figure 6b shows that when the spiral rotation speed of the conveyor was 55 RPM, the \(CV\) of uniformity decreased first and then increased as the opening degree of the fertilizer outlet rose continuously; its value reached 9.12% when the opening degree of the fertilizer outlet was 50%. With increases in the advancing speed, the \(CV\) of uniformity declined continuously. An optimal design for the test factors was realized using the Design-Expert13 software. According to the optimization and solving of the built test index model, the \(CV\) of uniformity was 6.521% when the spiral rotation speed of the conveyor, the opening degree of the fertilizer outlet and the advancing speed were 66 RPM, 42% and 2.7 km/h, respectively. Under these circumstances, the optimal fertilizer distribution effect was achieved.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Application to Failure Analysis of Insulation Panel  
According to the DNV GL classification notes 30.9 [1], the amount of deformation of the corrugation in primary barrier is limited in accordance with the failure mode of the corrugation. In this study, the behavior of the primary barrier, especially corrugation, was obtained in accordance with the impact condition. Thus, it is possible to predict the lifetime of the primary barrier under the repeated impact loading by determining how many times the impact energy corresponding to the design pressure must be applied before reaching the deformation criteria. After selecting the representative pressure time history according to the vessel's operation condition, the pressure time history can be converted into impact energy with the definition of the loading area and load velocity as illustrated in Figure 14.  
In this study, the fracture or damage was not observed at which the watertightness of the primary barrier could not be guaranteed, nor could the cracks be observed through the liquid penetrant examination. Thus, it is very difficult to experimentally define the failure criteria in terms of loss of the function of the structure. Hence, we are further studying failure criteria based on the failure theory of thin-walled structures using numerical analysis. In failure theory, beyond the equivalent plastic strain in accordance with the stress state, damage growth begins in the material and then fracture occurs, which is called the stage of material degradation [31]. The further study covers the \"validation procedure for Finite element model\" part shown in the Figure 15. In order to verify the numerical model, the experimental results are indispensable, and the result of the dynamic test is required, not the static test result. Using the numerical model based on failure criteria, it is possible to more accurately predict the failure of primary barrier because the phenomenological models of the failure are based on the failure diagram representing the equivalent plastic strain, which is a function of stress triaxiality [32].  
Figure 13: Collapse phase of corrugation under the repeated impact loading.  
Figure 14: Life prediction scheme using the result of this study.  
Figure 15: Research process for liquefied natural gas cargo (LNGC) structure member that includes research scope performed in this study.
# Multi-Templates Based Robust Tracking for Robot Person-Following Tasks
## 4 Evaluation
### UGV Dataset
#### 4.1.1 Results and Analysis
The competing trackers were impacted and their results presented a random pattern. By continuing to obtain the latest positive templates, our approach distinguishes the target and distractor more robustly, resulting in stable and better performance. In UGV08 (Figure 7e), the following was conducted on a cloudy day, without light variation; our approach produced stable results and outperformed the others even with a similar-appearance distracting person. UGV16 (Figure 7i) and UGV17 (Figure 7j) were conducted in the evening (Figure 8f,g); similar to UGV14 and UGV15, the success rates of the other approaches were heavily decayed. Our approach exhibited its strength in these situations, where both AUC score and tracking robustness outperformed the corresponding approaches. For other UGV tasks, our approach yielded better or comparable results.
## 4 Discussion  
In this work, a stop band continuous profile filter was implemented for the first time in an ESICL. The use of an ESICL has the advantages of being of low cost and of low profile, manufactured with standard planar circuits machinery. It has lower insertion losses and higher quality factors than planar circuits, and than substrate integrated waveguides filled with dielectric. Besides, since the ESICL has two conductors, it propagates a fundamental TEM mode and has lower dispersion and a higher usable bandwidth, being therefore suitable for implementing highly accurate design procedures for continuous profile filters. In this work, a very simple continuous profile filter was designed and manufactured. The influence of the design parameters on the frequency response was studied. The measurements are in good agreement with simulations. A sensitivity analysis was performed, proving that the structure has very high resilience to manufacturing errors. The results are promising for the extension of the ESICL to the implementation of other low-cost and high-quality communication devices.
# Performance Evaluation of MPTCP on Simultaneous Use of 5G and 4G Networks
## 2 An Overview of The MPTCP Schedulers and Congestion Control Algorithms
### MPTCP Schedulers
#### 2.1.5 Block Estimation  
Block estimation (BLEST) scheduler implements a mechanism to predict HoL blocking beforehand [31]. Based on the RTT and send window of an SF, it decides whether sending data through that SF might cause HoL blocking at the receiver or not. If it finds that possibility, BLEST pauses sending data through that SF for some time. In simple form, it waits for the lowest RTT SF to become available even though other SFs might have space in their CWND to avoid HoL blocking at the receiver.
# Characterization of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using the HY-2B Scatterometer Wind Data
## 4 Results
### ASCAT Wind Radii versus Best-Track MSW  
The proposed technique in Section 3 is applied to the nine ASCAT TC acquisitions in Figure 1, and the correspondence between the ASCAT R17 and best-track MSW/MSLP is shown in Figure 7. Note also, that the ASCAT acquisitions for each TC event are within 36 h. Similarly, it is not feasible to create a common TC intensity prediction model only based on the ASCAT R17 value, as the same R17 value of \(\sim\)120 km corresponds to a very different  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Correlation Coefficient**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**TC Name** & **R17 vs.** & **HSCAT** & **ECMWF** & **R17 vs.** & **HSCAT** & **ECMWF** \\  & **MSW** & **Wmax vs.** & **Wmax vs.** & **MSLP** & **Wmax vs.** & **Wmax vs.** \\  & & **MSW** & **MSW** & **MSP** & **MSLP** & **MSLP** \\ \hline Wtip & 0.53 & \(-\)0.36 & 0.33 & \(-\)0.54 & 0.36 & \(-\)0.34 \\ Wtip (\(\leq\)72 h) & 0.97 & 0.04 & 0.89 & \(-\)0.97 & \(-\)0.02 & \(-\)0.88 \\ Lingling & 0.83 & 0.63 & 0.56 & \(-\)0.84 & \(-\)0.61 & \(-\)0.54 \\ Hagbis & 0.79 & 0.76 & 0.91 & \(-\)0.81 & \(-\)0.78 & \(-\)0.92 \\ Bualoi & 0.86 & 0.16 & \(-\)0.08 & \(-\)0.87 & \(-\)0.17 & 0.09 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Correlation between different HSCAT parameters and best-track MSW/MSLP.  
Figure 6: The correspondence between HSCAT R17 and best-track MSW (**a**) and MSLP (**b**), respectively. The red text in (**a**) shows the temporal evolution of the TC events with more than three HSCAT acquisitions.  
best-track MSW for TC Lingling (33.2 m/s), Faxai (44.6 m/s), and Bualoi (50.0 m/s), respectively. Nevertheless, the ASCAT R17 shows a very promising correlation with the best-track MSW and MSLP for each individual TC event, with a correlation coefficient (>0.9) similar to that between the ASCAT maximum wind speed and best-track MSW (not shown). In short, the wind radii information derived from the C-band ASCAT is as useful as its maximum wind speed for the analysis of TC intensity in terms of a nowcasting or short-range forecasting purpose.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Calving Rates and Validation  
In Figure 7, we report our estimated calving rate (_CR_), at the front (_M1_) and at transect \(B\) (_M2_), against estimates reported in ([PERSON] et al., 2017), together with the corresponding flow rate at front in m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), indicating relative advancement (+) or retreat (\(-\)).  
Methods _M1_ and _M2_ generally provide good agreement, with the exception of the paired images ID11 in 2017 (2 June-12 July 2017) and mostly \(CR_{M1}<CR_{M2}\) (unless for ID7, 20 October-2 November 2017). Both methods deliver lower _CR_ tha  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Satellite** & **Bias [\%]** & **NSE [.]** & \begin{tabular}{c} **RMSE** \\ **[md\({}^{-1}\)]** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **NRMSE-Mean** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **NRMSE-Range** \\ **[\%]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline SENTINEL2 & 11 & 0.93 & 0.10 & 8.77 & 6.44 \\ \hline LANDSAT7-8 & 16 & 0.85 & 0.14 & 12.28 & 8.70 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Goodness of fit of the estimated flow velocity of the PMG against ground-based assessment using tracking of ablation stakes by [PERSON] et al. (2017).  
Figure 7: Calving rates. Methods M1 and M2 and values from [PERSON] et al. (2017) using velocity as from SENTINEL2 and _Templatematch_. Relative front rate is also reported (positive-advancement and negative-retreat).  
possibly given the approximated positioning of the transect TB62, ideally overlapping their transect B (in Figure 1b). On average, we estimated here for \(M1\), \(CR_{M1}\) = 7.72 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 32% m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), and for \(M2\), \(CR_{M2}\) = 8.76 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)\(\pm\) 31% m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\), against 1.08 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\) m\({}^{3}\) day\({}^{-1}\) reported in [27], i.e., \(-29/-19\)% here. However, one has to take into account that (i) \(CR\) in [27] refers to one single estimate, based upon an ice velocity field from SIR-C/X-SAR during 3 days (7-10 October 1994), while we referred to several images in more years, and (ii) \(CR\) in [27] come from an assessment of surface flow velocity at the front of the PMG, while we referred to PMG front and section TB62 further upstream (including ablation).
# A Review on Data-Driven Condition Monitoring of Industrial Equipment
## 1 Introduction
In the field of intelligent condition monitoring of equipment, machine learning algorithms are used in conjunction with techniques such as fault mechanism and signal analysis. The most common approaches are shallow learning algorithms represented by artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM) and extreme learning machines (ELM) [11; 12; 13], and deep learning algorithms represented by deep belief networks (DBN), convolutional neural networks (CNN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN) [14; 15; 16]. Motors, pumps, and bearings, as key components of industrial systems and applications, are essential equipment in the contemporary industrial sector. These essential pieces of equipment must work with reliability and safety [17; 18; 19; 20]. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review the condition monitoring of equipment, particularly for motors, pumps, and bearings, based on the data-driven methods. The remaining parts of the paper are organized as follows. Data-driven condition monitoring approaches for motors, pumps and bearings are presented in Section 2. Different data processing methods and their applications in the monitoring of industrial  
Figure 1: Process of equipment failure and steps of condition monitoring. equipment are discussed. Then, data-driven fault detection techniques and their applications to industrial equipment are presented. Finally, Section 3 discusses challenges and future trends.
# Assessment of Contact Pressures between a Mandibular Overdenture and the Prostodontic Area
## 2 Materials and Method  
For testing, a model of an edentulous mandible was created using a mold (by FRASACO) with two implants inserted. The model was made of acrylic material (Probase Cold acrylic, Ivoclar Vivadent). The implants were placed parallel to each other in the area of the canines. Two-piece Osteoplant Hex implants were applied, each 14 mm long and 4 mm in diameter [10; 11]. These cylindrical-conical implants may be used for any bone, mainly in the procedure of delayed implantation. They have an asymmetrical thread with no sharp edges with a lead of 0.7 mm. This transfers strains onto the adjacent bone in an optimal manner. Their shape enables stable implant anchoring, even with a minimal amount of bony tissue. The implants are made of biocompatible titanium (cp Ti Grade IV); they are connected to prosthetic abutments with a hexagonal connection.  
The next stage of the research process included preparing a prosthetic restoration. The selected material was a \"rider\" bar (PRECI-HORIX, CEKA). The bar was placed centrally in the alveolar part of the mandible, 1 mm above the top of the gingiva. The retentive element was cast using 4 ALL metal. Finally, the prosthetic abutments were fixed in the surgical part of the implants using a screw made of a titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy.  
Next, a complete mandibular denture was fabricated (Figure 1). The prosthesis was made of Probase acrylic material. The artificial teeth (Wiedent) were positioned in a spherical plane. In its gingival surface, two symmetrically arranged matrix linings were embedded. Polypropylene matrices were placed in them. For the sake of the study, three types of matrices of various stiffness were applied ([PERSON]'s modulus of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 GPa).  
Figure 1: A model of an edentulous mandible with implants, a bar, and a complete denture.
_Symmetry_**2014**, \(6\), 1011-1025; doi:10.3390/sym6041011  
_Symmetry_  
**ISSN 2073-8994**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/symmetry  
_Article_  
**Privacy-Enhancing Security Protocol in LTE Initial Attack**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 2,* * 1**  
* 1 Korea Copyright Commission, 619 Gaepo-Ro, Gangnam-Gu 135-240, Korea;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Department of Computing, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-743, Korea;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +82-2-826-6526; Fax: +82-2-828-7346.  
External Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 14 August 2014; in revised form: 24 October 2014 / Accepted: 1 December 2014 / Published: 12 December 2014_  
**Abstract:** Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a fourth-generation mobile communication technology implemented throughout the world. It is the communication means of smartphones that send and receive all of the private date of individuals. M2M, IOT, _etc._, are the base technologies of mobile communication that will be used in the future cyber world. However, identification parameters, such as International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Radio Network Temporary Identities (RNTI), _etc._, in the initial attach section for accessing the LTE network are presented with the vulnerability of being exposed as clear text. Such vulnerability does not end in a mere identification parameter, but can lead to a secondary attack using the identification parameter, such as replication of the smartphone, illegal use of the mobile communication network, _etc._ This paper proposes a security protocol to safely transmit identification parameters in different cases of the initial attach. The proposed security protocol solves the exposed vulnerability by encrypting the parameters in transmission. Using an OPNET simulator, it is shown that the average rate of delay and processing ratio are efficient in comparison to the existing process.  
**Keywords:** future cyber world (FCW); initial attach; Long-Term Evolution (LTE); privacy enhancing; security protocol
# Systematic Mapping Study on Remote Sensing in Agriculture
## 3 Results of the Systematic Mapping Study
### MQ5. What Types of Techniques Were Reported in RSA Research?  
The most frequent types of techniques identified in the selected papers are presented in Table 3. More than half of the papers (54/106) focused on classification systems. It has to be noted that the type does not necessarily correspond to the final result of a proposed system. For example, a classification system can be used to classify crops and weeds, and the final result is presented as a method for detecting weeds, or it can perform a binary classification plant/soil, in order to perform an estimation of the crop coefficient. Therefore, the content of the papers were analyzed in detail to extract their main contributions.  
The second most frequent computer vision task is feature extraction (16/106), which can be used for a subsequent classification, estimation, recognition, or monitoring process. The rest of categories, similarity measures and maximum likelihood, image processing and segmentation, recognition systems and other machine learning algorithms, present a very similar number of papers. Besides, a total of 10 papers were classified in more than one technique [108; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117; 118], considering their main contributions.