## 4 Discussion  
The studies included in this review provide valuable insights into the brain activity associated with visuospatial memory tasks administered through iVR, mainly utilizing EEG to explore the underlying neural mechanisms. The collective findings of these studies highlight the interrelationship between brain oscillations, spatial navigation, visuospatial memory, and environmental factors. Furthermore, they highlight the contribution of both VR technology and neuroscientific tools in enhancing our understanding of cognitive processes. Most of the reviewed studies assessed visuospatial memory performance through the use of iVR devices and examined brain functioning in healthy samples, thereby providing valuable insights into these processes in non-clinical contexts. Nevertheless, it is also essential to investigate the neural correlates when individuals with clinical conditions (e.g., epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases) perform visuospatial iVR-based tasks. The feasibility and usability of iVR devices for visuospatial memory assessment have been previously explored in neurological patients [40]. However, there is a lack of information regarding the neural correlates associated with the performance of these tasks. The results showed the efficacy of ML methods in differentiating between encoding and retrieval processes when participants were subjected to comparable stressors during training and testing phases [32]. This finding offers valuable insights into the influence of stress on visuospatial working memory. The impact of stress has also been demonstrated in prior studies that employed alternative methodologies, such as computerized tasks, to assess working memory [41]. Furthermore, evidence indicates that brain dynamics, particularly in the dlPFC and in the mPFC, are vulnerable to stressful conditions [32; 33]. These findings corroborate those of previous studies that have emphasized the pivotal role of the dlPFC in working memory and its heightened sensitivity to stress compared to other brain regions [42]. The investigation of environmental characteristics on visuospatial updating tasks demonstrated enhanced performance and reduced mental load in personally designed spaces compared to spaces that were generally less preferred [35], providing evidence for the influence of context on working memory. Although the relevance of indoor spaces' design has been previously reported [43], the use of novel and more immersive technologies provides valuable insights into the functioning of visuospatial working memory and its associated brain dynamics in more ecological contexts. The influence of other contextual factors, such as the addition of a background image, the presence of visual distracters, and the size of items in a visuospatial updating task, has been found to be insignificant in terms of their ability to influence performance [36]. Complementing this, the absence of notable alpha rhythm alterations may indicate that the visual elements do not exert a discernible influence on this aspect of brain activity. However, alterations in the beta rhythm were observed yet not correlated with the outcomes of the visuospatial working memory task [36]. The analysis revealed OC activity and no significant changes in the frontal theta rhythm, which is typically linked to concentration and task engagement. Thissuggests that the EEG modifications are indicative of perceptual-level cognitive processes rather than reflecting the expected concentration indicators [36]. Another context variable that was explored was the eccentricity of the stimulus. The findings indicated that visuospatial memory performance was inferior at higher eccentricities in comparison to those at smaller ones [34]. Nevertheless, the replication of these findings in a perceptual task indicates that the memory decline at higher eccentricities can be partially attributed to perceptual processes [34]. Additionally, eccentricity influenced the impact of memory load on CDA amplitude but only at lower eccentricities.