## 2 Related Work  
In recent years, there are various kinds of serious disasters, either naturally occurring (e.g., earthquakes, typhoons, floods, drought) or man-made events around the world. One of the characteristics of disasters is that they usually erupt suddenly. Therefore, when disasters have already occurred, we cannot count on everything. Early preparation and preventive measures are very important to respond to some emergency disasters. During a crisis, companies need agility to quickly find new suppliers and open auxiliary sales channels to meet customer needs and remain competitive. Emergency events are usually the key factor leading to the risk of supply chain disruption. By accurately assessing and identifying risks when an emergency occurs and adopting correct and effective emergency management strategies, the firms are able to respond to the risk of supply chain disruption in time [23; 24]. [PERSON] employed a method to analyze the environmental turbulence in supply chain risk management and research concepts regarding a new approach to the identification and prediction of supply risk. [PERSON] suggests a framework for the assessment of supplier risk of disruption based on their strategy, structure, performance, and attributes as modified by turbulence [25]. [PERSON] explored the enterprise-level supply chain risks of an oil company in India. The identified risks on the enterprise-wide supply chain were mapped on the risk severity matrix to prioritize the risks. From the perspective of practitioners, it is found that using the characteristics of blockchain can eliminate or reduce many urgent risks [26]. [PERSON] mentioned that many companies use cheap overseas labor to manufacture or purchase goods internationally, which can easily lead to many risks in the supply chain. Integrating blockchain functions (such as data storage and retrieval methods and process automation) into current supply chain processes can reduce risk and improve performance [27]. [PERSON] addressed that, by using blockchain technology, the shortening of delivery time and the reduction of ocean transportation costs can reduce the number of air transportation. This means that the blockchain enables the company to be more proactive and effective in dealing with volatility risks [28]. [PERSON] utilized a Bayesian Network (BN) method to introduce a measurement framework for risk propagation in the supply chain. They also developed a risk propagation model based on the interdependence between different risks and the characteristics of the supply chain network structure [29]. Climate change is also an important issue leading to the risk of supply chain disruption. [PERSON] provided a comprehensive understanding of climate change from sources, consequences, control drivers and mitigation mechanisms. By linking the supply chain with system theory, they analyzed the vulnerability of the supply chain and broaden the complex understanding of climate change in global supply chains [30]. An emergent world event (e.g., COVID-19 pandemic) may affect the world economy, especially the global supply chains. [PERSON] mentioned that the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak indicates that pandemics and epidemics will severely disrupt the global supply chain. In order to reengineer and adapt supply chains to their future trade challenges, they proposed a framework for Operations and Supply Chain Management (OSCM) spanning various aspects such as adaptation, digitalization, ripple effect, and sustainability [31]. [PERSON] also mentioned that epidemic outbreaks are a special case of supply chain risks which is distinctively characterized by a long-term disruption existence, disruption propagations (i.e., the ripple effect), and high uncertainty. The use of new digital technologies has the potential to improve the ripple effect control in cases of epidemic outbreaks, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning [5].