# Construction 4.0: A Systematic Review of Its Application in Developing Countries
## 5 Awareness, Understanding, Application, and Challenges of Construction 4.0
### Application of Construction 4.0 in Developing Countries
There is a lack of effective mechanisms for evaluating these policies, leading to their implementation being largely driven by the preferences of government agencies. The current assessment framework incentivizes agencies to focus on easier tasks like training rather than tackling the foundational activities necessary to fully leverage Construction 4.0 po tential. While the government shows interest in supporting e-commerce platforms and social media applications, there are concerns that stricter cybersecurity laws could hinder business opportunities arising from Construction 4.0 [66]. In recent years, there has been a surge in academic interest surrounding the fourth industrial revolution. However, there is a notable gap in research focusing on the comprehensive factors influencing the adoption of Construction 4.0 by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing nations, particularly in Vietnam. One study by [67] sought to fill that gap by investigating the factors influencing the actual adoption of Construction 4.0 by SMEs in Ho Chi Minh City. To achieve this, a mixed-method approach was employed, combining in-depth interviews with 12 participants and quantitative research involving 396 SME representatives surveyed online and via paper questionnaires. Analysis of the collected data was conducted using SPSS (v. 29) and SmartPLS 3 software. The findings reveal that factors such as perceived human resource development, timeliness, cost savings, product quality improvement, time savings, ease of use, business resources, business environment conditions, perceived usefulness, enhanced customer relationships, and adoption intention all positively and significantly impact the actual adoption of Construction 4.0. These results suggest that managerial efforts aimed at enhancing perceptions of these factors and highlighting the personal relevance of the technology will contribute to successful implementation. Success here is defined as the effective utilisation of Construction 4.0 technologies [68]. The advent of Construction 4.0 is anticipated to have a transformative impact on the global manufacturing sector akin to the revolutionary changes witnessed during the preceding industrial revolutions. The forthcoming revolution is anticipated to exhibit significant distinctions from its predecessors, primarily due to the presence of global supply chains and highly interactive markets. These factors contribute to a notably accelerated pace of change and the emergence of outcomes that were previously unforeseen. This observation underscores the interconnectedness and rapid dissemination of information within the manufacturing ecosystem, wherein even minor modifications in one domain can have substantial repercussions across the entire system [67]. Moreover, the advent of Construction 4.0 will facilitate the seamless transmission of information not only from manufacturers to products but also among producers, products, and, notably, customers. The capacity to adopt and leverage Construction 4.0, along with the unforeseen and swift opportunities it brings, will be crucial for achieving success in the emerging global marketplace. Moreover, it would be good to see these outcomes shared equitably between a range of developing countries where a vision for Construction 4.0 is not yet fully (and sometimes partially) considered, let alone fully established. The successful progression of innovation from a conceptual stage to the mass production of a product is crucial for achieving desired outcomes. Additionally, it is equally imperative to establish a skilled manufacturing workforce capable of swiftly advancing these innovations [57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68]. For developing countries, this is not always straightforward but is instead prone to many challenges along the way (see Section 5.4). India has implemented various initiatives aimed at fostering innovation and establishing a skilled workforce for the manufacturing sector.