## 2 Related Works
### Compliance of Autonomous Vehicles
#### 2.3.4 Laws Related to Autonomous Vehicles  
The laws of each country regarding autonomous vehicles are as follows:  
1. The United States: Looking at the compliance of autonomous vehicles in the United States, the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT) have been publishing guidelines related to autonomous driving since 2016, presenting the direction and major standards of autonomous driving-related policies. These guidelines have been continuously updated since then, and the fourth revised version, Automated Vehicles 4.0, was published in 2020 [41]. In the case of AV 4.0, compared to previous reports, it presents policy directions such as technology regulation, traffic safety, and technology innovation, as well as 10 technology principles. Among them, the most important principles are the protection of users and communities and the promotion of harmony between the roles of each entity. In other words, it protects users through safety being first, with an emphasis on security, cybersecurity, and reliable privacy and data security. It also emphasizes the roles and harmony of various stakeholders. Also, based on NHTSA's guidelines, the Safely Ensuring Lives Future Deployment and Research in Vehicle Evolution Act and the American Vision for Safer Transportation through Advancement of Revolutionary Technologies Act were proposed in the federal Congress in 2017, but both were scrapped. No federal legislative action has been taken yet.
2. Germany: In the case of Germany, the Road Traffic Act established a legal system in 2017 for the commercialization of level 3 and level 4 autonomous vehicles but did not allow unmanned autonomous vehicles that operate without a driver on board. However, with the approval of the German Federal Senate in 2021 of the amendments to the Road Traffic Act and the Compulsory Automobile Insurance Act, Germany became the first country in the world to establish a legal system for the commercialization of unmanned autonomous vehicles [42]. The law explicitly introduced the principle of prioritizing human life into the legal norms. In addition, the law introduced the obligation of manufacturers to guarantee the information sovereignty of owners, thereby establishing basic and core matters for the use and protection of data related to autonomous vehicles.
3. UK: In the UK, the Automated Vehicles Bill was enacted in November 2023, allowing autonomous vehicles to be on UK roads by 2026 [43]. The Act is divided into seven sections, including regulatory regimes, criminal liability for vehicle use, policing and investigation, etc. It also requires that autonomous vehicles achieve at least the same level of safety as a careful and competent human driver and undergo rigorous safety checks before being allowed on the road.
4. Korea: In Korea, the Act on the Promotion of and Support for Commercialization of Autonomous Vehicles was implemented on 1 May 2020 to supplement the existing Automobile Management Act and commercialize autonomous vehicles. The content on autonomous vehicles and fully autonomous vehicles has been further detailed, and it stipulates deregulation and exclusion for promoting commercialization, special provisions on automobile safety standards, and special provisions on intelligent transportation system standards. It also includes the designation and management of pilot operation areas, the designation of safety sections, the use of anonymous personal information, and the training of specialized personnel.