## 3 Environmental Hazards Posed by Glyphosate and AMPA Residues
### Soil with Glyphosate  
Given the widespread usage of glyphosate, understanding how it interacts with the soil ecosystem is critical for environmental safety assessment and practical application. Despite not being sprayed directly on the ground, glyphosate-based herbicides can contaminate the soil in and surrounding treated areas due to spray drift during application and leaf surfaces that have been washed away by rain. Mineralization, degradation, immobilization, and leaching are all factors in glyphosate's fate in soil. Several kinds of research have been published in recent years, attempting to discover and comprehend the processes that determine how chemicals behave in the environment and produce pollution, particularly in soil and water [12]. [PERSON] et al. [69] analyzed the most prevalent surfactants used as co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides. They looked at how adding surfactants (such as Triton CG-110) would impact the soil's glyphosate adsorption, mineralization and leaching processes. Soil composition, physicochemical factors, biological properties, chemical properties of the individual pesticide, and timing of precipitation and pesticide application all influence the fate of glyphosate [25; 70; 71; 72; 26]. Total organic carbon, pH, and temperature fluctuations in German soil were recently discovered to affect glyphosate mineralization kinetics, level of bio-NER formation, and the amount of recoverable glyphosate over time [73]. In most soils, glyphosate degrades quite quickly, with an estimated half-life of 7 to 130 days on-site [74]. Because glyphosate degrades relatively quickly, it has a low impact on the environment, particularly water and soil resources. On the other hand, its metabolites, AMPA and/or sarcosine, may boost the pollution risk. According to [PERSON] et al. [14], the herbicide molecule can be degraded in two ways (Figure 1). The first technique relies on the dissolution of the carbon-nitrogen bond, which forms AMPA (glyphosate's main metabolite) via the enzyme glyphosate oxidoreductase, which is broken down to carbon dioxide. In contrast, the second process relies on the broken carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is accomplished through the C-P lyase enzyme and results in the synthesis of glycine and sarcosine [75; 76; 77]. However, as an aminopolyphosphonate photodegradation product in water, AMPA can also be found in the natural world [78]. Figure 1: Biodegradation pathways of glyphosate in the environment [14]. Glyphosate is a three-polar functional group amphoteric chemical (amine, carboxymethyl, and phosphonomethyl) in its structure, linearly arranged. It is an ionic compound that is highly polar and soluble in water (10.5 g L1 at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C) due to the existence in its structure of those groups [79]. Even when glyphosate dissolves in water, it can sometimes attach to soil particles, especially in clays. It has been found in several laboratory experiments that the molecule has a high absorption constant in soil, ranging between 8 and 377 dm\({}^{3}\)/kg. The characteristics of the soil, temperature, and soil moisture all influence glyphosate adsorption and subsequent release from the soil. As a result, it may wash away rapidly in clay-rich soils for more than a year or in sandy soils. Even when attached to soil particles, in the presence of phosphates, in some cases, it can be broken down into soil water. Additionally, glyphosate can form compounds with metal ions, which could alter the soil's nutritional availability [3]. Because glyphosate adsorbs to soil particles suspended in the runoff, it risks surface water contamination due to erosion [80; 81]. Concerns regarding the existence of environmental levels of GLY and AMPA have grown as the use of herbicides containing glyphosate has grown. Argentina [82; 83; 84; 85], Canada [86], the United States [87], Mexico [88], and Portugal [89], as well as Spain [90], New Zealand [91], Austria [92], and France [93], have received a lot of attention.