esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Study Area  
The 12-km-diameter, active Campi Flegrei caldera (Figure 1) is located in southern Italy, west of Naples town, and it is characterized by volcanic activity that started between the late Middle and the early Upper Pleistocene prior to 80 ka BP [28; 29]. Campi Flegrei has been considered a nested caldera e.g., [30], generated by two collapses occurring at 40 ka BP (Campanian Ignimbrite: [31; 32]) and 15 ka BP (Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption: [28; 33; 34; 35] (Figure 1). However, [PERSON] et al. [36; 37] and [PERSON] et al. [38] have recently shown that Campanian Ignimbrite eruption occurred North of the Campi Flegrei caldera and did not cause any caldera collapse. Therefore, the Campi Flegrei caldera would have been generated by the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) eruption [38; 39].  
The post 15 ka evolution of the NYT caldera was marked by the development of a resurgent dome in the inner part of the caldera (Figure 1), including the proximal sector of the Pozzuoli Bay, characterized by an uplift of about 100 m [11; 40; 41]. The dome resurgence resulted in the emersion of marine deposits forming the so-called La Starza terrace (Figure 1), which is presently exposed up to \(\sim\)30 m above sea level [42].  
The post-collapse volcanic activity was characterized by over 70 events (Figure 1) concentrated in three main epochs (15 to \(\sim\)9.5 ka BP; 8.6-8.2 ka BP; 4.4 and 3.8 ka BP) [43; 44; 45; 46; 47]. The Agnano-Monte Spina eruption (4.4 ka BP [48; 49]) was the most powerful explosive event among all the post-caldera eruptions. The last epoch was followed by a prolonged period of volcanic quiescence that persists today, interrupted only by the Monte Nuovo eruption in 1538 AD, a small phreato-magmatic one with VEI=2 [50; 51; 52].  
The geology of the study area is mainly characterized by volcanic units, made up of pyroclastic deposits, tuffs and ignimbrites, and by recent alluvial, colluvial, slope, and coastal deposits (Figure 1). The main volcano tectonic structure is formed by the structural rims forming the NYT caldera and more recent volcanic vents [42; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57], as clearly recognized on land by morphological scarps (Quarto, Pianura, Soccavo, Posillipo, etc.) and in the Pozzuoli Bay offshore by the presence of a ring-fault system [41; 42; 58; 59]. N-S trending fault segments, including the Bacoli and Baia faults and the Monte Nuovo fault, delimit the western inner border of the caldera; several E-W-, NW-SE-, and NE-SW-trending fault segments are present within the central resurgent area and the eastern caldera border (Figure 1). The observed crosscutting relationships indicate that the recent E-W and N-S structures overprint the NE-SW and NW-SE lineaments, which are inherited regional trends linked to the Pleistocene extensional tectonics [40; 56; 60; 61].
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper we have investigated a new possible mechanism to detect signals in the THz range, based on the tunneling effect between two adjacent graphene nanoribbons. The electrodynamic transport model along a line made by a GNR pair above a ground plane is obtained by generalizing an existing model based on the semi-classical solution of the Boltzmann equation. The generalization proposed here allows including the transverse coupling between two adjacent GNRs, imposed by tunneling effect.  
Figure 8: Resonance peaks for balanced and misbalanced currents.  
Figure 7: Terminal voltages at the ends of GNR contacts (see Figure 1a) illuminated by an external field, as a function of its frequency.  
The final circuit model is written in the frame of the multiconductor transmission lines, where the tunneling effect introduces new operators which must be taken into account in the general expressions of the model parameters: resistance, inductance, and capacitance. These operators introduce in the model a spatial and frequency dispersion, and in particular, a singularity corresponding to a frequency value related to the tunneling frequency. For typical GNR dimensions, this phenomenon leads to a resonance peak in the response of the line in the THz range.  
The model is also able to predict the existence of the well-known plasmon resonance in the THz range: it is shown that the new resonances associated with the tunneling may be observed for line lengths such that no plasmon resonance may occur in the THz range. Finally, it is shown that the GNR pair may be used to detect a THz wave provided that the system must be designed in such a way that the current excited in one GNR layer by the external field is not exactly the same as that excited in the other layer. This can be obtained by the shielding effect of the outermost layer with respect to the innermost one. The best condition for detector sensitivity will be having one layer completely shielded by the other one. To this end, future work will be devoted to designing a new configuration of electrodes to contact the two layers separately.  
The work was partially supported by GRAPHENE-Graphene-Based Revolutions in ICT and Beyond, project n.604391 FP7-ICT-2013-FET-F.
## 4 Conclusions  
RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) composites were prepared successfully by a simple Sol-Gel method. Four rare-earth elements La, Ce, Gd, and Yb might highly disperse on the surface or enter into the lattice of TiO\({}_{2}\) and hinder the growth of TiO\({}_{2}\) particles. Due to the linkage between the rare-earth ions and titanium by the oxygen bridge, the specific surface area of RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) composites was effectively increased. Besides, the rare-earth compounds might become light interception sub-trapping centers and reduce the band gap compared with pure TiO\({}_{2}\), which is important to retard the recombination of the electron-hole pairs and ultimately affect the photodegradation activity of the composites. The photodegradation experiment indicates that the doped rare-earth elements could enhance the removal efficiency of BHA from beneficiiation wastewater. Each rare-earth element had its own optimum doped amount, and the optimum doping contents were 0.75%La/TiO\({}_{2}\), 0.20%Ce/TiO\({}_{2}\), 0.70%gd/TiO\({}_{2}\), and 0.50%Yb/TiO\({}_{2}\) for La, Ce, Gd, and Yb doped composites respectively. The calculated result is basically in line with the experiment. However, there exists a big difference in the band gap between the experiment and computation because of the different ratio for Gd/Ti. Four types of RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) all demonstrate the high photocatalytic activity and excellent reusability for BHA after four runs.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/339/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/339/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/339/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/2/339/s1)), Figure S1: N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distributions (inset) of pure TiO\({}_{2}\) (a,e) and RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) (b-f). (a) Pure TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (b) 0.75% La/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (c) 0.20% Ce/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (d) 0.70% Gd/TiO\({}_{2}\) (500 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (e) Pure TiO\({}_{2}\) (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (f) 0.50% Yb/TiO\({}_{2}\) (450 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Figure S2: TDOS and PDOS of anatase TiO\({}_{2}\) (unit cell) and RE/TiO\({}_{2}\) (2 \(\times\) 2 \(\times\) 1 supercell, La/TiO\({}_{2}\), Ce/TiO\({}_{2}\), Yb/TiO\({}_{2}\)).  
Conceptualization, C.W.; software, C.G.; investigation, T.Z. and S.Z.; data curation, S.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, C.W.; writing--review and editing, C.G.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21408277), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016T90967, 2015M582776 XE).  
**Acknowledgments:** This work was supported by Academic and Technical Leaders of the Main Disciplines in Jiangxi Province, and Program of Qingjiang Excellent Young Talents, JXUST.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Data Treatment
### Non-Personal Data Treatment  
Non-personal data are also particularly important in todays' society, given their potential application in several domains, especially commercial ones, therefore they are also required to adhere to specific rules. The rules on non-personal data are particularly critical when dealing with cloud systems, therefore SaaS applications, by professional organizations (B2B). Such rules aim to solve issues concerning the development of a digital economy within the European economic area, particularly concerning vendor lock-in and data localization required by some national rules or laws within the private sector, including certifications which are valid for just one member state or similar cases. Data lock-in occurs when inserted data within a cloud cannot be imported to another cloud system as featuring a proprietary format, without the possibility to be converted to another open format.  
Furthermore, the European Commission encourages the elaboration of codes of conduct to foster systems' interoperability, to foresee minimal information obligations, to enhance the adoption of certification systems to compare products and services for data treatment, as demonstrated by the existence of a European Regulation [24].  
Under those premises, Health360 was conceived in those terms, with the platform able to export data in a common, structured format, such as \"comma separated values\" (.csv) or other open formats.
# 2D Phase-Based RFID Localization for On-Site Landslide Monitoring
## 4 Hamaliere Landslide Monitoring
### Localization Error and Reference Measurements  
In the context in which RFID localization was performed, absolute reference localization at a centimeter level was a complicated task. For practical reasons, reference positions taken via GPS were not sufficiently accurate to be compared to the RFID localization results. This is why tacheometry was used, which is a relative localization method. A landslide is an ever-changing environment, and using absolute references such as trees or antennas involves several sources of error. For this reason, the tacheometer uncertainty given in Table 3 is \(\pm\)4 cm. As has been described in previous reports [18], RFID phase outdoor localization can outperform the reference measurements.
# Simulation Research on the Effects of Air Gaps and Ambient Temperature on a 27.5 kV Power Cable
## 5 Conclusions  
By analyzing the results of the electric-thermal coupling model under normal working conditions and different cable damage conditions, we evaluated the effect of air gaps on power cables and drew the following conclusions:  
1. The temperature distribution of the cable under different conditions was explored. It was found that the temperature difference at the junction of the outer semiconductor, insulating layer and stress control tube of the cable is the largest, and the distribution at the semiconductor layer and stress control tube is the most uneven. which is morelikely to produce an air gap to aggravate the structural stratification, resulting in cable degradation.
2. The influence of different temperature differences on the temperature of a cable air gap was studied. It was found that a decrease in the ambient temperature has a greater influence on the temperature in the air gap than an increase in the ambient temperature. When the ambient temperature decreased from 20\({}^{\circ}\) to 0\({}^{\circ}\), the air gap temperature was the highest, reaching 319.87 K.
3. The electrothermal field distribution law of cable air gaps with different thicknesses was found. When air gap thickness is smaller, the electric field strength in the air gap is higher, and partial discharge is more likely to occur, resulting in a greater cold and heat alternating effect and a further increase in the air gap.  
The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for restraining cable deterioration and prolonging cable life to ensure the stability and safety of traction power supply systems.  
In the future, in order to further study the influence of air gaps and ambient temperature on power cables, power cable samples with different air gaps were designed. An infrared camera was used to observe the influence trends of different air gaps and different ambient temperatures on cable temperature changes, which were then compared with those of the model to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the power cable defect model proposed in this study.  
L.P.: Conceptualization, Methodology. Y.L.: Data curation, Writing--Original Draft Preparation. X.W.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. D.L.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. J.W.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. H.Z.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. Z.Y.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. W.W.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the Science and China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited under Grant 2023 YJ267 and in part by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grants 52322704 and 52077182.
## 5 Conclusions  
This study involved the development of six distribution models utilizing GCPs in conjunction with various positioning techniques to evaluate the accuracy of photogrammetric products. The focus was on assessing each CP's horizontal, vertical, and three-dimensional position components. A thorough analysis considered several factors, including the number of points, their locations, and the overall distribution of these points within the area. This examination offered results into the influence of these factors on the accuracy and reliability of the resulting photogrammetric outputs.  
It may not be possible to establish a GCP in certain parts of the study area due to various factors. These factors include locations that pose difficulties in terms of accessibility, areas considered hazardous, and areas where access is restricted or prohibited. In areas with numerous settlements, the establishment of GCPs may face difficulties in terms of permanence and visibility. For this reason, the use of precise positioning techniques for UAV-based photogrammetric assessment provides wide benefits. Promising results can be obtained using the appropriate method. However, this does not make GCPs completely unnecessary. The use of GCPs in an appropriate number and distribution contributes particularly to improving vertical accuracy.  
With the development of satellite technologies, different positioning systems are being developed by countries. In future studies, it is planned to examine the effects of different satellite systems on UAV-based photogrammetry individually. Moreover, future research could further optimize the GCP distribution strategy by considering several factors, such as terrain characteristics, camera angle, flight altitude, and ground sampling distance.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.E.A. and M.A.; methodology, M.E.A. and M.A.; software, M.E.A. and M.A.; validation, M.E.A.; formal analysis, M.A.; investigation, M.A.; resources, M.E.A.; data curation, M.E.A.; writing--original draft preparation, M.E.A. and M.A.; writing--review and editing, M.E.A.; visualization, M.E.A. and M.A.; supervision, M.E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the Istanbul Technical University Scientific Research Projects Office (BAP), grant number MGA-2023-44835.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author(s).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 5 Discussion
### Spatial Trends in Metal Contamination  
Spatial variations in contamination levels along the stream reveal meaningful trends. In general, Ni and Cu levels showed a tendency to increase from upstream to downstream, particularly in the central part of the stream where urban and industrial activity is more intense, suggesting a cumulative effect of anthropogenic inputs toward the lake. Samples K4 to K7, located closer to urban and semi-industrial zones, consistently displayed elevated concentrations of multiple elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Ni), indicating these locations as potential pollution hotspots. The more polluted areas appear to coincide with regions of urban development and road networks, whereas samples from upstream rural areas (e.g., K1-K2) exhibited relatively lower metal concentrations.  
Agricultural activities in rural areas may contribute to the elevated levels of certain metals such as Zn and Pb through the use of phosphate fertilisers, whereas industrial runoff and untreated urban sewage are likely sources for Cu, Ni, and Cr.  
Climatic conditions, particularly seasonal precipitation, may further enhance metal mobilisation and transport, contributing to higher metal loads during periods of increased runoff. This aspect is especially important in semi-arid regions where episodic heavy rainfall can lead to pulsed contaminant delivery to stream sediments.  
The cluster analysis performed in this study also supports the hypothesis of distinct contamination sources. Cluster 3 (K4-K7, K9-K10) exhibited high Cu and Zn levels, which may be linked to industrial effluents or vehicular emissions, while Cluster 2 (K1-K3) showed relatively high V and Co, potentially reflecting geogenic input or agricultural sources.  
Although this study focused on point sampling, it is important to acknowledge that metal concentrations may vary across the width of the stream channel due to hydrodynamic sorting or localised inputs, particularly near discharge points.
# A Novel Batch Streaming Pipeline for Radar Emitter Classification
## 2 Background Knowledge
### Dbscan  
DBSCAN is a popular density-based clustering algorithm introduced by [PERSON] et al. in 1996 [27]. Unlike other clustering algorithms, such as K-means or hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN does not require the number of clusters to be specified beforehand, making it particularly suitable for scenarios where the number of clusters is unknown or varying. The key idea behind DBSCAN is to group data points that are closely packed together, while also identifying noise points that do not belong to any cluster. DBSCAN employs the following core concepts. All concepts are defined with regard to two parameters denoted by \(\epsilon\) and \(MinPts\).  
In DBSCAN, a core point is a data point in domain \(D\) that has at least a minimum number of neighboring data points (\(MinPts\)) within its \(\epsilon\)-neighborhood. The \(\epsilon\)-neighborhood of a point, denoted by \(N_{\epsilon}(p)\), is defined as  
\[N_{\epsilon}(p)=\Bigg{\{}q\in D\mid\sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{n}(p_{i}-q_{i})^{2}}\leq \epsilon\Bigg{\}}. \tag{1}\]  
Border points, on the other hand, do not meet the \(MinPts\) requirement but are reachable from a core point within the distance of \(\epsilon\).  
A point \(p\) is said to be directly density reachable from a point \(q\) if:\[\begin{array}{ll}(1)&p\in N_{\epsilon}(q)\qquad\qquad\qquad( reachability);\\ (2)&|N_{\epsilon}(q)|\geq MinPts\qquad(core\ point\ condition).\end{array}\]  
We can expand the concept of density reachability. A point \(p\) is density reachable from a point \(q\) if there is a chain of points \(p_{1},p_{2},\cdots,p_{n}\) with \(p_{1}=q\) and \(p_{n}=p\), such that \(p_{i+1}\) is directly density reachable from \(p_{i}\) for all \(1<i<n-1\).  
The clustering process in DBSCAN involves iteratively exploring the entire dataset and determining core points, border points, and noise points. The algorithm proceeds as follows:  
1. DBSCAN starts by selecting an unvisited data point and checks its type.
2. If the selected point is a core point, create a new cluster, and expand the cluster by iteratively adding density-reachable core points.
3. If the selected point is a border point, assign it to the cluster of a reachable core point.
4. If the selected point is neither a core point nor a border point, it is considered as a noise point, which means it does not belong to any cluster.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 until all points have been visited.  
Due to its many advantages, DBSCAN continues to be widely used in various clustering problems to this day. However, the performance of the DBSCAN model heavily relies on how the parameters (\(\epsilon\), \(MinPts\)) are set [28]. Thus, selecting optimal parameter values is still an ongoing task for researchers and engineers, to achieve optimal clustering performance with DBSCAN.
## 4 Simulation of Parameter Identification for Envelope Current Signal
### Simulation of Oblique Envelope Signal with 3 Times Harmonic
#### 4.1.1 The Analysis of [PERSON]  
Ignore the envelope parameters while analyzing the harmonics of this envelope signal. Therefore, the envelope signal is regarded as a virtual harmonic signal, and the calculated harmonic parameters are shown in Table 1.  
The comparison of the original signal and the reconstructed signal which calculated by WIFFT is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3 indicates that for the harmonic parameters calculated by WIFFT, the error of amplitude is the largest (about 10%), the error of phase is about 1%, and the error of frequency is 0.0026%, which is the smallest. Furthermore, the change of envelope parameters \(a\) and \(b\) can still result in the consistent conclusion that is the frequency error is within 0.1%, but the amplitude error is large  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & \(f_{0}\) & \(A_{1}\) & \(A_{2}\) & \(A_{3}\) & \(\theta_{1}\) & \(\theta_{2}\) & \(\theta_{3}\) \\ \hline Calculated value & 49.7987 & 109.9965 & 5.4999 & 11.0005 & 59.9290 & 44.7660 & 29.5623 \\ Relative error (\%) & 0.0026 & 9.9965 & 9.9974 & 10.0050 & 0.1184 & 0.5200 & 1.4589 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Identification and errors of harmonic parameters of the oblique envelope signal.  
Figure 3: Simulation results of WIFFT: **(a)** Comparison of original signal and reconstructed signal; **(b)** Absolute error of original signal and reconstructed signal.  
(up to 60% when \(a=3\)). The results show that the precision of frequency estimation is extremely insensitive to envelope parameters while the amplitude is most sensitive because it is directly affected by the envelope parameters. Figure 3 also demonstrates that the signal reconstructed by the harmonic parameters is the equal-amplitude signal, which is the mean square approximation of the original signal. Although the RMSE is 4.1173, which seems smaller, it cannot reflect the amplitude change of the envelope signal. Therefore, WIFFT is not suitable to analyze the dynamic signal directly.
# Enhancing Kazakh Sign Language Recognition with BiLSTM Using YOLO Keypoints and Optical Flow
## 6 Future Research  
Although the current system shows promising results in recognizing Kazakh Sign Language using YOLOv8-Pose and Bi-LSTM, several areas remain open for future research.  
One key area is expanding the dataset to include more gesture diversity and samples per class. Most KSL research focuses on alphabet datasets [28; 29], but sign language also includes words and phrases. Although this work covers a comprehensive set of static and dynamic gestures, the dataset could be improved by adding a continuous sign language, covering a wider range of users, and incorporating different handshapes, speeds, and environments to improve generalization.  
Another important area is developing real-time systems for recognizing continuous sign language in natural conversation. This includes gesture segmentation, recognition, sign language grammar modeling, and natural language translation for practical applications like gesture-to-text and gesture-to-speech. Recent research shows that transformer-based architectures perform well in Kazakh Sign Language translation [7]. Building on this, incorporating optical flow into the recognition pipeline could enhance the prediction of dynamic and visually similar classes, improving translation accuracy and robustness in real-world scenarios.