## 1 Introduction  
Due to the ever-increasing energy costs, the topic of energy efficiency is gaining more value each day. One way to improve energy efficiency is to recover waste heat in systems. Since sea transport is the most economical method in international trade, cargo ships are extensively used. These ships with large engines have a very high energy consumption. Apart from running the engines of commercial ships, there is a continuous need for energy to keep other electronic systems operational. Therefore, recovering energy from the exhaust of the ship's engine and converting it back into electrical energy through recycling will significantly enhance energy efficiency. One system that can be designed for this purpose is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which has some differences from the traditional Rankine cycle [1]. The Rankine cycle converts mechanical energy into electrical energy using a working fluid. This cycle is widely employed in various industrial thermodynamic applications and energy production [2]. The Rankine cycle consists of four main components: the boiler, turbine, condenser, and pump [3]. The boiler is where water in the cycle is vaporized at high temperatures and pressure. The flow energy of the steam obtained from the boiler is converted into mechanical energy by turning the turbine blades. The rotating blades move the turbine rotor. After the work is completed in the turbine, the steam goes to the condenser at low pressure and temperature. The condenser condenses the steam back into liquid water. The heat generated during this process is exchanged with the working fluid and released into the surroundings. The pump transports the condensed water back to the steam generator. The condensed water is subjected to vaporization again by bringing it back to high temperature and pressure. The Rankine cycle generally operates with this loop. In the steam generator, water is vaporized, and the resulting steam expands in the turbine, producing mechanical energy [4]. This cycle is commonly used to generate electricity in thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, and some industrial facilities. ORC is a cycle used in low-temperature applications and can convert heat from low-temperature sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy, and industrial waste heat recovery into electrical energy [5]. Like the Rankine cycle, the ORC is a vapor-based thermodynamic cycle. The fundamental difference between these two cycles arises from the characteristics of the liquid refrigerant they use. The Rankine cycle typically utilizes inorganic liquid refrigerants like water or water-based mixtures. In this cycle, water is vaporized and is commonly used to generate electricity in thermal power plants. On the other hand, ORC uses organic liquid refrigerants. These fluids have low boiling points and vaporization characteristics. The Rankine cycle generally harnesses heat from high-temperature sources. In contrast, ORC can more effectively utilize heat from low-temperature sources. The ORC has the advantage of efficiently converting heat from low-temperature sources into electrical energy, making it an ideal choice for applications such as industrial waste heat recovery. Due to these features, ORC plays a significant role in sustainable energy production and efficiency [6]. The Rankine cycle typically utilizes inorganic liquid refrigerants. Water is the most common and economically used inorganic working fluid. Water-based mixtures can also be used, especially in the evaporator, to reduce the risk of freezing at low temperatures. On the other hand, the ORC uses organic working fluids. These fluids are used in low-temperature applications due to their low boiling point characteristics [7]. Examples of organic working fluids include components such as R134a, R245 fa, R600, and pentane. The ORC is designed to harness heat from low-temperature sources more effectively. Therefore, organic working fluids are more commonly used in low-temperature applications.