# GIS-Analysis for Active Tectonics Assessment of Wadi Al-Arish, Egypt
## 1 Introduction  
Natural phenomena initiated inside the earth and/or near the surface can produce various natural hazards. These include earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, and avalanches [1, 2, 3, 4]. Advances in using tectonic geomorphology, remote sensing, and geospatial analytical applications allow fundamental knowledge acquisition in our appreciation of the role of tectonic evolution of active landforms in natural hazard assessment. Globally, catastrophes driven by earthquakes provide significant obstacles to development plans and cause numerous deaths and extensive damage. Seismic hazards in active regions have been investigated and evaluated by many researchers [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. The seismicity of the Mediterranean region has resulted in recent seismic activity and earthquakes. Seismic sequence evolution, fault modeling, and stress transfer methods were applied to investigate the 20 July, 17 Kos-Gokova Gulf earthquakes in SE Aegean [10]. The authors of this study examined the effects of the main shocks and the largest aftershock, and evaluated post-sequence effects by determining the region where static stress increased. This was critical for seismic risk assessment. An earthquake focal prediction mechanism model was applied in Italy by the authors in of [11]. They extracted data from the latest stress map of Italy to initiate an effective model for predicting the next large earthquakes. In Greece, Sentinel-I SAR data were processed using InSAR techniques to study the co-seismic and post-seismic faulting of the 2021 Northern Thesaly earthquakes [12]. In this model, the authors mapped the co-seismic displacement of the Verdikoussa, Elassona, Tyrnavos events and the post-seismic displacement accompanied by the Tyrnavos event. Inaddition, they calculated the effect of co-seismic Coulomb stress changes resulting from the seismic sequence on the neighboring faults, providing an effective model to assess regional seismic risks. The authors of [6] examined relative active seismic development in southern Spain. They characterized the area into different levels of seismic activity. The Hindu Kush in NW Pakistan and NE Afghanistan is a highly deformed region resulting from an integration of vertical and horizontal motion and interaction between deposition and erosion processes. This region was evaluated using GIS techniques and defined into four classes of tectonic activity [7]. The author of [1] analyzed mountain fronts and river morphology of the Tuz Golti Fault Zone in central Anatolia to assess earthquake potential and regional seismic hazard along the entire fault. A study of the Abu-Dabbab area in the eastern Desert of Egypt was discussed, and at two potential derivers of seismicity were detected [9]. The evaluation of active spots and uplifting signals over active faults, folds, uplifting catchments can be recognized by detailed investigations of tectonic geomorphology applications. Investigating morpho-tectonic indices, including stream length-gradient (SL), asymmetric factor (Af), hypsometric index (Hi), hypsometric curves (Hc), valley floor width to valley height ratio (VI), drainage basin shape (Bs), and mountain front sinuosity (Smf), are very powerful tools to assess and partly mitigate most modern natural seismic-hazards. The Sinai Sub-plate has a complicated deformation at its boundaries with the African, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. Many processes, such as inter-plate vertical and horizontal motion, and intra-plate adjustments between crust and mantle, played a key role in the Sinai sub-plate's geodynamic evolution [13]. These processes accelerated the uplifting and rifting that determined sub-plate active tectonic structures and shaped its morphology in the form of topographic fractures [14]. The Sinai sub-plate is located between latitudes \(27^{\circ}45^{\prime}\)-\(29^{\circ}55^{\prime}\) and longitudes \(32^{\circ}40^{\prime}\)-\(34^{\circ}50^{\prime}\) and bounded by the Aqaba and Suez Gulfs from the east and west, respectively.