# Dual-Band Wearable Antenna Integrated with Glasses for 5G and Wi-Fi Systems
## 1 Introduction  
Wearable electronic systems, enabled by miniaturized components and power sources, monitor vital parameters for patients [1, 2], track training parameters for athletes [3], and detect hazardous situations for firefighters [4]. A notable application of these systems is in assisting individuals with disabilities, particularly the visually impaired [5, 6]. These systems often integrate miniature cameras into user attire, wirelessly transmitting images for the automated or human-assisted detection of obstacles or threats [7]. Therefore, reliable, high-data-rate wireless transmission is crucial for these image-based systems to effectively identify potential hazards. These premises motivated the development of an antenna suitable for integration into a wireless system designed to support the visually impaired. Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems offer a highly promising solution for applications requiring high-data-rate image transmission, primarily due to their inherently low latency. This characteristic is particularly critical for applications involving mobile users, such as assistive technologies designed for the visually impaired. In such scenarios, real-time video streaming is essential for detecting potentially hazardous situations; consequently, any significant delay in data delivery or loss of transmission can lead to a critical loss of tracking, thereby creating dangerous circumstances for the user. To thoroughly evaluate a prototype system developed at Lodz University of Technology (TUL) [5, 6, 7] for this specific purpose, a private 5G network is currently being utilizedfor image transmission. TUL's campus is home to a dedicated 5G research network and a 5G Competence Center, both established under the Digital Innovation Hub 5G initiative [8]. This state-of-the-art infrastructure significantly facilitates advanced research and innovation in nascent 5G technologies. The network's radio access operates across two distinct frequency bands: the 700 MHz band, primarily for 4G connectivity and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, and the 3.5 GHz band, dedicated to high-data-rate 5G transmissions. This dual-band configuration makes the network exceptionally well-suited for meeting the demanding requirements of image-based assistive systems, ensuring both robust connectivity and high-throughput data transfer. The availability of this 5G campus network, particularly its 3.5 GHz band, directly motivated the antenna design described in this paper. The 3.5 GHz band (3400-3800 MHz) has become a foundational element for 5G deployments worldwide [9; 10]. Its optimal balance of coverage and capacity is essential for delivering enhanced mobile broadband services. In Europe, the European Commission and CEPT have spearheaded harmonization efforts, designating this spectrum as a primary pioneer band for 5G. This has led to widespread licensing and initial rollouts by national regulatory authorities across the continent. Globally, more than 60 countries have allocated portions of the 3.5 GHz range for their 5G networks, with many in Asia and Latin America assigning substantial bandwidths to mobile operators. While this mid-band spectrum has been crucial to 5G's early success, some regional challenges persist. For instance, in the US, the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) implements a tiered access system. In Europe, ongoing efforts focus on cross-border coordination and expanding the spectrum beyond 3.8 GHz for future 5G advancements. An antenna designed for the 3.5 GHz band is highly compatible with numerous 5G networks globally. This stems from the band's widespread harmonization and its ideal characteristics for 5G. Often referred to as a C-band or n78 in 3 GPP standards, the 3.5 GHz range strikes a crucial balance between coverage and capacity. This allows for the deployment of robust 5G services that can penetrate buildings and cover substantial areas while delivering high speeds.