## 6 Conclusions  
The idea of this review is to describe the status of microgrid development in Africa per participant country, communication network, and cybersecurity considerations. The North African region has potential for hydrogen production and renewable energy. Countries need to increase their investments and cooperative initiatives in order to meet the 2030 targets and expedite the energy transition. Microgrids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and are crucial, especially for isolated communities in North African nations. Instead of using predefined microgrid solutions adapted for European or North American scenarios, the objective is to demonstrate that taking into consideration local African particularities, including weather conditions and local population needs, would lead to more cost-effective solutions. Resilient control is essential in microgrids in order to enhance stability and ensure the ability to provide power for consumers. Depending on the main objectives of the control strategy, resilient control can be applied in the three layers of microgrids: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Additionally, it is used to counteract threats that are frequently reported, such as cyberattacks, disturbances and faults, communication errors, and natural disasters. In our future work, we will be conducting research on microgrid monitoring, practical demonstration and integration studies, and microgrid cooperation and coordination for off-grid operation to increase the amount of energy flexibility exchanged among microgrids for the delivery of energy services. Conceptualization, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; methodology, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; validation, N.N., I.A., S.E.H., N.A.-A., S.M. and M.M. ; formal analysis, N.N., I.A., S.E.H., N.A.-A., S.M. and M.M. ; investigation, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; resources, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; data curation, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; writing--original draft preparation, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; writing--review and editing, N.A.-A., S.M. and M.M. ; visualization, N.N., I.A. and S.E.H. ; supervision, S.E.H. ; project administration, S.E.H. ; funding acquisition, S.E.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, and Innovation (MESRSI) provided funding for this research as part of the LEAP-RE program for the MIDINA project. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. * [PERSON] _et al._ (2020) [PERSON] Wind Energy in Morocco: Resources, Potential, and Progress. In _The Age of Wind Energy: Progress and Future Directions from a Global Perspective_; [PERSON], [PERSON], Eds. ; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 219-282, ISBN 978-3-030-26446-8. [CrossRef]
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