## 3 Proposed Techniques
### Initial Phase
#### 3.1.2 Independent Nodes (INs)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Number of Nodes** & **BS Coordinates (X1, Y1)** & **Environment Dimensions (X2 \(\times\) Y2)** \\ \hline
200 & (150 m, 450 m) & (280 m \(\times\) 350 m) \\
200 & (150 m, 450 m) & (300 m \(\times\) 300 m) \\
200 & (150 m, 450 m) & (350 m \(\times\) 200 m) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The essential simulation parameters of the first experiment. Figure 8: The experimental environment. the same route, as in case of the SMR technique. Finally, it is observed that the size of the deployment area and its distance to the BS play an important role in the network lifetime. Obviously, the increase in the size of the deployment area and its distance to the BS will decrease the lifespan of the network. It is clear that in such situation, the data transmission distances inside the deployment area and from it to the BS will be increased which causes an increase in the total energy consumption of the network. In the second experiment, we use a fixed size of the deployment area, while changing the number of sensor nodes that are deployed to this area. Table 3 includes the essential parameters of this experiment. Figure 10 shows the network lifetime for the three cases considered in the second experiment. A conclusive comparison can be made, from the lifetime point of view, between DMR, SMR, LEACH, IMHT LEACH and EDMHT LEACH protocols. It can be remarked that the increase in the number of sensor nodes will rise up the lifetime of the network. At the same time, the proposed approaches have prolonged the network lifetime compared with other protocols. This result has been obtained due to the fact that the leveling approach for the whole network, which is used by the DMR and SMR techniques, has contributed in minimizing the energy dissipation in the sensor nodes. This effect becomes more pregnant if it is associated with an increase in the number of nodes that increases the total energy available in WSN. Additionally, it can be noted that the DMR technique has achieved better results than the SMR technique. It is clear that considering the energy status of the next hops, which is proposed by DMR, before transmitting the data has enabled the DMR technique to avoid the rapid decline in the energy of the network's nodes and maintained the overall balance in the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Number of Nodes** & **BS Coordinates (X1, Y1)** & **Environment Dimensions (X2 \(\times\) Y2)** \\ \hline
100 & (150 m, 450 m) & (300 m \(\times\) 300 m) \\
200 & (150 m, 450 m) & (300 m \(\times\) 300 m) \\
300 & (150 m, 450 m) & (300 m \(\times\) 300 m) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The essential simulation parameters of the second experiment. Figure 9: The comparison of the network lifetime versus the network size in the Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing (DMR), Static Multi-Hop Routing (SMR), Enhancing DMHT-LEACH (EDMHT-LEACH), Improved MHT-LEACH (IMHT-LEACH) and conventional LEACH approaches. sensor network more than SMR. Hence, the DMR significantly extends the lifetime of the network, particularly if the number of sensor nodes in the network is large. To study the effect of the proposed approaches on the network from other points of view, we selected to analyze the experimental results obtained in case of a network which has 200 sensor nodes deployed randomly over an area of (300 m \(\times\) 300 m). The BS has the coordinates (150 m, 450 m). Figure 11 shows the relationship between the number of living nodes versus the rounds. It can be seen that the two techniques, SMR and DMR, have achieved a moderated decline in the number of nodes that die versus the rounds in comparison with a very rapid decline presented by other protocols. Hence, the results revealed that the energy dissipation has been gradually reduced by the proposed approaches with a preference for the DMR technique. It should be noted that the main reasons for this result are related to the features of the proposed approaches that have been mentioned previously in this section.