# Anti-Adhesion Superhydrophobic High-Frequency Electrotome
## 1 Introduction  
Medical high-frequency electrotome (HFE) is an indispensable precision tool in surgery. It achieves rapid tissue cutting and effective hemostasis through the thermal effect of electric current, and is known for its advantages of fast cutting speed, good hemostatic effect, easy operation, and postoperative pain reduction [1, 2, 3]. However, during surgery, the phenomenon of HFE overheating may lead to the dehydration, crusting, and even charring of blood and soft tissues, which can adhere and cover the surface of the HFE. This situation not only makes cutting difficult and hemostasis incomplete, but also may cause secondary injuries to the patient and, in severe cases, affect the overall outcome of the surgery [4, 5]. Therefore, the development of medical HFEs with significant anti-adhesion blood, anti-adhesion tissue, and harmlessness to the human body has become a research hotspot in this field and an important direction for future development [6, 7]. Many scholars proposed a number of methods to improve the anti-adhesion of surface, such as additional auxiliary devices [8], coating methods [9, 10, 11], surface patterning [12, 13, 14],and so on. Inspired by these methods, researchers have proposed many strategies for HFE to enhance its ability to prevent blood adhesion and tissue adhesion. The additional auxiliary equipment type is mainly used to reduce the temperature of the working end to achieve anti-adhesion through the addition of a cold circulation system [15], saline infusion [16], etc., or the use of ultrasonic devices [17] to reduce adhesion through the energy of oscillation. This kind of HFE that achieves anti-adhesion by adding auxiliary devices not only increases the size of the original HFE, which affects the surgical field of view, but also increases the cost and difficulty of processing and manufacturing. To ensure the lightweight and compactness of the HFE, surface modification methods, including coatings and surface patterning, have been proposed. [PERSON] et al. [18] applied PTFE coatings to bipolar electrocoagulation forceps in the form of stripes to reduce tissue adhesion. The results showed that the PTFE coating not only affects the electrical conductivity, but also tends to decompose toxic substances at high temperatures, which poses a certain risk to the patient's health [19]. [PERSON] et al. [20] effectively reduced the mass of tissue adhesion by 66.8% by depositing a chromium nitride film of about 1 \(\upmu\)m on the surface of electrosurgical needles. [PERSON] et al. [21] utilized atmospheric-pressure radiofrequency-driven plasma to deposit hexamethyldisiloxane on the jaws of surgical instruments to form a non-stick coating. The results showed that the surface coatings significantly reduced the adhesion of soft tissues on the instruments. However, they have some limitations in that they are difficult to accurately regulate and control throughout the process, and the coatings are usually unstable during use and may flake off at high temperatures, affecting the surgical results. Different from coating methods, surface patterning increases the surface area of the HFE by processing a pattern involving micro-/nanostructures to reduce the actual contact area between the tissue and the HFE surface while enhancing heat dissipation. [PERSON] et al. [22] prepared a longitudinal micro-channel pattern on the surface of the HFE. The results indicated that the pattern of longitudinal micro-channel could decrease the adhesion of tissue to the HFE, with the tissue adhesion quality reduced by 55% compared to an HFE without a pattern. The mechanism of reduced tissue adhesion was verified by COMSOL, which was attributed to reduced heat transfer by patterning. [PERSON] et al. [23] prepared a hexagonal pit microstructure based on the surface of leaf-cutting ants, and the adhesion quality of bionic HFEs was reduced by about 36% on average compared to ordinary HFEs. [PERSON] et al.