## 5 Conclusions  
This study provides valuable insights into the impact of seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature on the wastewater treatment plant performance in Lake Como. By focusing on short-term seasonal dynamics rather than broader climate trends, this research fills a gap in the literature and highlights the unique challenges faced by wastewater treatment systems in regions with diverse functional demands and environmental sensitivity. While our research did not focus specifically on tourism, the findings underscore the importance of considering local factors in wastewater management. The main findings are as follows.  
Seasonal changes and stability: extreme seasonal shifts in rainfall, temperature, and wastewater quality indices were observed in this study. Crucial variables such as the pH levels, despite these variations, were constant throughout the seasons, illustrating the resilience of the treatment plant's control systems. Maintaining ideal pH levels is essential to the effective operation of chemical and biological treatment processes in WWTPs.  
The removal of phosphorus and organic pollutants: the treatment system continuously achieved considerable reductions in effluent concentrations, meeting regulatory limits, despite fluctuating influent concentrations caused by seasonal dynamics. This highlights the plant's adaptability and effectiveness in controlling phosphorus loading and breaking down organic contaminants in the face of shifting climate circumstances.  
The removal of suspended solids, nitrogen, and ammonium: seasonal consistency in removal efficiency was observed in the TSS, N-Total, and NH\({}_{4}\) levels, which is evidence of the treatment plant's stability and adaptation to changes in wastewater composition. These results are critical to keeping effluent quality within permissible limits, which is mandatory for both regulatory and environmental compliance. Rainfall and temperature variationshave been shown to have a significant influence on chemical reactions, microbial activity, and treatment system performance. The treatment facility did, however, show adaptability in the face of changing temperature gradients and rainfall fluctuations, maintaining steady ammonia removal processes as well as high removal efficiency for important pollutants.  
In terms of future directions, this study provides better guidance for improving operating strategies in WWTPs to optimize their treatment efficiency and ensure stable regulatory compliance in the face of changing weather conditions. Potential future research could cover the impact of hydraulic loading on the behavior of phosphorus removal in treatment processes and examine the complex relationships between rainfall patterns and the effectiveness of pollutant removal. Environmental engineers, legislators, and other stakeholders involved in wastewater treatment and environmental protection programs can benefit from an extensive understanding of seasonal fluctuations and their effects on WWTP performance. Further, future research could build on this work by exploring how tourism and other human activities interact with seasonal climate variations to further understand their combined effects on wastewater infrastructure.  
[PERSON] conducted the investigation, the data analysis and prepared the original draft of the manuscript; [PERSON] contributed to the writing of the manuscript, design and conceptualization of the manuscript; [PERSON] contributed to the editing and conceptualization of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.