# Survey on Power-Aware Optimization Solutions for MANETs
## 3 Analysis of Power-Aware Optimization Solutions in MANETs
### Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy Conservation in MANETs
#### 3.8.2 Cross-Layer Designs for MANETs
The ATTER protocol assigns a node as CH, using the concept of weighted probability that is calculated based on the average energy of the whole network divided by the residual energy of every single node. The simulation results showed that ATEER has improved stability and prolonged the network lifespan when it was compared to other algorithms. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [203] have suggested a cross-layer based protocol design explicitly for mix WSNs, called XMSN. This scheme effectively utilizes the concept of low power listening with a back-off congestion window scheme in order to accumulate neighbor information. Meanwhile, XMSN tries to accumulate the information of a suitable node, which will act as a parent for it. For this, XMSN utilizes the factors such as node and link quality, respectively. In fact, the authors have implemented and evaluated XMSN over Castalia simulator, and have concluded that the performance of XMSN is better than the previous approaches in terms of goodput, power consumption, and delay. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [204] suggested the Cross-layer Multicast Routing (CLMR) approach, that enhances the QoS based on a tree-based multicast routing protocol. To obtain QoS, the optimization of the tree management cost and tree operations was done. CLMR takes advantage of the functionality of the application layer, PHY layer, and network layer for QoS communication. The performance of CLMR is analyzed using the Multicast Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol under various parameters (i.e. throughput, delay, PDR, link cost, and energy consumption). As was mentioned previously, it is vital to provide a mechanism that will effectively control the transmission power of a node. In this direction, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [205] proposed a CLD mechanism that controls the transmission power of a node based on the detection of its neighbors. Such detection is performed by using AODV. The proposed mechanism is based on a cross-layering criterion to allow for the coordination, interaction, and exchange of information among the PHY layer and the network layer. Finally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [206] suggested a cross-layer-based, lightweight, reliable, and secure multicast routing protocol for MANETs. The protocol has three stages:  
* In the first stage, a reliable multicast route discovery is completed. A multicast tree is set up and is hierarchically divided into clusters using the depth of the tree. Then, the CHs are chosen, based on link stability, residual energy, and residual bandwidth. Gateway nodes are selected depending on their residual energy and PDR. * In the second stage, the trust value of each node is estimated and updated depending on each activity. Throughout multicast transmission, the trust values of CH and its gateway are monitored. CH and gateway are considered as misbehaving when their trust value is less than a minimum threshold. For protecting the data transmitted from the sender, a one-way hash function-based Message Authentication Code is used. * In the third stage, bulk data loss recovery is performed at the receiver by applying the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) methods. Table 3 presents previous works on CLD in MANETs.