## 5 Discussion
### Node-Place Attributes Are Key Factors Affecting The Spatial Structure of the Station Area  
With the construction of the station area, nearby villages are demolished, resulting in the disappearance of original industrial cluster areas and the emergence of new diversified industries related to the station, which form a new cluster area. Due to the influence of the station facilities layout, development intensity in the core area is relatively low, relating mainly to square and traffic facilities, and the number and density of industries are lower than those in the area of influence. With an increase in the distance from the HSR station, urban functions appear, land-use intensity in the area of influence increases, and industrial activities increase. At present, a number of commercial buildings and commercial squares are under construction, providing more sufficient space for industrial settlement and thereby affecting the spatial structure of the industrial area.  
Attributes and Demands of HSR Passengers Are Important Factors in the Formation of the Spatial Structure of the Station Area  
The characteristics of HSR passengers are closely related to the spatial structure of HSR stations. HSR passengers can be divided into five categories based on their travel purposes: business passengers, commuters between two places, visitors to relatives and friends, tourists and shopping passengers, and daily local-resident travelers. Regardless of the type of passenger, they may need the catering industry, retail industry, etc., so the wholesale and retail industry and catering and accommodation industry in the station area are sizeable. In addition to travel, business passengers also expect business, office, consulting, and other related functions to be provided in the station area. Therefore, the proportion of leasing and business services in the station area has increased significantly. Tourist passengers expect the station area to provide tourism, leisure, and entertainment services, so the distribution of such industries in the station area affects its circular structure.  
HSR station areas can provide a large consumer population to fuel industrial development. To meet the needs of HSR passengers, the industrial structure of the station area is closer to what HSR passengers demand. The proportions of industries related to HSR passengers, such as catering and accommodation, wholesale and retail, and business services, are relatively large. First, HSR stations mainly drive the development of passenger transport infrastructure (internal and external transport) and squares, so the development intensity in the core area is lower than in other areas. With an increase in the distance from the HSR station, the residential services; culture, sports, and entertainment; education; and other industries gradually increase and transition to a normal urban functional space, integrating with the urban activities in the non-station areas, and the spatial structure ultimately exhibits obvious characteristics.  
Sufficient Amounts of Unused Land Provide Sufficient Space for the Spatial Development of the Station Area  
The distance between Zhengzhou East railway station and the center of Zhengzhou is 10.12 km, meaning that Zhengzhou East railway station is located in a suburban area. Before the opening of the HSR, the land was mainly bare or cultivated land. Therefore, there was sufficient undeveloped land to construct the station. The construction of an HSR station improves the accessibility of the station area, thus improving regional conditions and attracting catering and accommodation, wholesale and retail, business services, residential services, and other industries. Diversified economic activities emerge in the area, which greatly changes the land use and industrial activity in the station area and then the spatial structure of the station area.