## 2 Related Work  
A wide range of services is promised to be introduced in the upcoming 5G cellular technologies. However, the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) did not acknowledge the gravity of multicast capabilities in the 5G services as per 3 GPP Release-15 (2018) termed as 5G Phase 1 specification. As the 3 GPP Release-16 (2020), i.e., 5G Phase 2 specification was introduced, it was heeded that the introduction of the 5G cellular systems will provide a unified transmission platform that could deliver the unicast and broadcast/multicast services simultaneously. This can be accomplished by evolving the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) into a more proficient Point-To-Multipoint (PTM) delivery system named as 5G-MBMS or evolved MBMS (eMBMS). The eMBMS could present higher spectrum utilization using a converged system allowing dynamic spectrum allocation among different services. An overview of the eMBMS architecture is illustrated in Figure 1[19; 20]. Figure 1: eMBMS architecture. [PERSON] et al. [21] propose a Non-Orthogonal Multiplexing (NOM) scheme to deliver various types of broadcast, multicast, and unicast services over an eMBMS network architecture. The theoretical analysis in accordance with the extensive computer simulations shows significant capacity gains. In particular, when a two-layer Power-based NOM (P-NOM) is exploited, then a broadcast service can be delivered on top of a unicast network without any capacity reduction. A key benefit of the used scheme, in contrast to the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), is that P-NOM requires no to very little changes in the existing radio resource allocation mechanisms. In [22], researchers propose changes in the 5G core network architecture to assimilate broadcast/multicast capabilities. This article presents two architectural solutions. First, the transparent multicast transport creates a network pipe over the 5G network to support the broadcast/multicast traffic. Second, a service-based method that sets up a broadcast/multicast service to deliver the multimedia content. Both schemes need architectural changes in the 5G cellular network architecture. In literature, most of the solutions need architectural changes to propose broadcast/multicast schemes. Researchers [23] present a D2D-based multicast communication scheme to share the available spectrum and exploit the mobile user's resources for caching purposes without proposing any architectural changes in the 5G network. This scheme offloads the video content from cellular network to dense D2D 5G networks considering the physical and social attributes of the network users. The main goal of the proposed technique is to maximize the system capacity as well as maintaining fair Quality of Service (QoS) among the users. Another study that requires no architectural changes in the existing network architecture proposed a Virtual Network Function (VNF)-based scheme to enable multicast transmission over a unicast network [4]. This technique proposes a VNF Application Server within the core network of 5G architecture to initiate and monitor an on-the-fly multicast service. The scheme enables a video content from a Crowdsourced Live Video Provider (CLVP), i.e., a non-Multicast Service Provider (MSP), such as Facebook and YouTube to be transmitted to multiple cellular network users on a unicast network. The study shows cost and bandwidth savings as well as an increase in the QoS through extensive simulations. Beyond multicast service on 5G networks, we focus on EI to optimize decisions of caching and multicasts. Edge networks provide proximate services to a group of users in the close geographic vicinity. Caching content within edge networks can lower access latency and reduce the number of redundant flows from the core network. Caching at the edge of the network can help 5G networks meet the ultra-low latency requirements of modern applications. Moreover, ML techniques are able to learn from their environment without the need for explicit programming.