esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
However, the challenges facing this combination include: (1) The suppression of _LC_ resonance and power quality; for current harmonic reduction or power factor compensation, the _LC_ line side resonant circuit is used. The capacitors form an _LC_ resonant circuit with the system's line inductance. The lightly damped _LC_ resonances can cause unwanted oscillations or overvoltage, which may demolish the power switches or other components in the rectifier circuits due to the low impedance of the _MV_ supply. (2) Lowering the switching frequency generally increases the harmonic distortion of the drive's line and the waveforms of the motor side; hence, the optimal solution is
sought. The challenge is to diminish waveform distortion while switching at a very low frequency (even below 100 Hz). Finally, integrated bidirectional resonant \(DC\)-\(DC\) converters and multilevel inverters are expected to be well suited for industrial applications in the future. More studies are necessary for achieving a perfect level of reduction in the losses, number of components, size, and cost.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Determination of the ACE Inhibitory Activity  
The ACE inhibitory (ACEi) activity of each hydrolysate (from SM, BHI, and PW) was measured spectrophotometrically (PerkinElmer, Inc.; Waltham, MA, USA) using the slightly modified method of [PERSON] et al. (2012). A buffer solution of sodium borate (100 mM) containing NaCl (300 mM) was prepared and the pH value was adjusted to 8.3. An aliquot of HHL solution (5 mM in buffer, 100 uL) was mixed with each hydrolysate (40 uL) and the mixture was submitted to pre-incubation at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min (distilled water was used for the control sample). The reaction was initiated by addition of an aqueous ACE solution (0.1 U/mL, 20 uL) and carried out at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. Finally, HCl (1.0 N, 150 uL) was added to stop the enzymatic reaction. The released happuric acid was extracted with ethyl acetate (1.0 mL), after a vigorous stirring for 20 s and centrifugation at 1500\(\times\)\(g\) for 10 min. An aliquot of ethyl acetate extract (150 uL) was dried under vacuum (BUCHI Rotavapor R-114/B-480 waterbath, Cornaredo, Italy), re-dissolved in water (50 uL), and analyzed via HPLC by using a Robust RP18 column to determine the happuric acid formed during the enzymatic reaction. The following experimental conditions were used: mobile phase, 0.1% (v) TFA in water/0.1% (v) TFA in ACN-80/20 (\(v/v\)); eluent flow rate, 1.0 mL/min; column temperature, 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and wavelength of detection, 228 nm. The happuric acid quantification was performed by relying upon a calibration curve built up by using standard solutions with concentration values in the range 0.001-0.1 mg/mL (y = 509.55x + 0.1626, R\({}^{2}\) = 0.9999). The % inhibitory activity was calculated according Equation (1) as follows:  
\[\text{\% Inhibitory activity}=\frac{(\text{Cc}-\text{Cs})}{(\text{Cc}-\text{ Cb})}\times 100 \tag{1}\]  
where Cc is the happuric acid concentration in the presence of ACE without hydrolysate (control, 100% ACE activity); Cs is the happuric acid concentration in the presence of both ACE and hydrolysate; and Cb is the concentration in the presence of hydrolysate without ACE (Blank, 0% ACE activity).  
HPLC analyses were performed in duplicate.
# Differential Characteristics Based Iterative Multiuser Detection for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Several Multiuser Detection Methods for DS-UWB Systems
The output of linear multiuser detectors follows the following expressions:  
\[\mathbf{b}_{linear}=\mathrm{sgn}(\mathbf{My}) \tag{7}\]For decorrelating multiuser detection we can get:  
\[\mathbf{M}=\mathbf{R}^{-1} \tag{8}\]  
For the minimum mean square error (MMSE) multiuser detection we obtain:  
\[\mathbf{M}=\mathbf{A}^{-1}\Big{(}\mathbf{R}+\sigma^{2}\mathbf{A}^{2}\Big{)}^{-1} \tag{9}\]  
For decorrelating a multiuser detector the output is interference free, but the background noise is enhanced by the transformation \(\mathbf{R}^{-1}\), while MMSE detection balances the desire to completely eliminate the multiple access interference with the desire of avoiding the background noise enhancement.
# Wideband Mixed Signal Separation Based on Photonic Signal Processing
## 1 Introduction
With the growing need for communication capacities and requirements of privacy, the bandwidth of the separation system determines the effectiveness of the stealth transmission methods. To solve the communication problems with an optimized balance between physical level new methods and software level innovations. The communication network is a symphony of progressively evolving techniques in both hardware and software levels. Without knowing the physical background of the hardware tools, the software methods are limited by the fixed parameters of the hardware, such as channel bandwidth, data rate, and ADC resolution, and its lack of overall control of the system by using the emerging techniques of hardware. The future perspectives of a hybrid analog and digital system pave the way for the long-term goal by breaking the bandwidth limit of high speed and secure communications to adjust the current background of the migration from 4G to 5G, and potential application to embrace new generations (6G and more) with unprecedented challenges. The fundamental idea of collaborative innovations in both hardware and software will continue shaping the network.
# Real-Time Detection of Hole-Type Defects on Industrial Components Using Raspberry Pi 5
## 1 Introduction
While these approaches have demonstrated remarkable accuracy and efficiency, especially when paired with lightweight architecture for real-time applications, they often overlook geometric deviations, particularly in circular or mechanically critical components. Geometric defects such as diameter inconsistency and positional errors are equally vital in quality control, especially in precision manufacturing contexts like automotive or aerospace industries. However, studies that explicitly address these types of geometric anomalies remain limited in scope and rarely extend beyond controlled experimental setups. Moreover, the deployment of models capable of detecting such geometric faults in real-time on resource-constrained platforms, such as the Raspberry Pi, is still in its infancy. This gap underscores the need for geometric analysis in a unified framework, optimized for edge deployment. In parallel with traditional and CNN-based defect detection systems, recent advancements have introduced novel methodologies such as open-set recognition, compound fault diagnosis using domain adaptation and reinforcement learning, and biologically inspired models like Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs). These approaches have shown significant potential in handling complex or previously unseen defects by leveraging temporal encoding, domain alignment, and adaptive learning strategies [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. While our current study emphasizes lightweight CNN deployment on edge devices for detecting geometric irregularities in circular components, these recent developments represent promising directions for enhancing the robustness and adaptability of future defect recognition systems in industrial applications. The present study aims to bridge this gap by proposing a lightweight, real-time visual inspection system that quantifies critical geometric deviations in circular geometries of components, offering a robust solution for manufacturing.
# Estimation of Cultivated Land Quality Based on Soil Hyperspectral Data
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, soil spectral data were used for the first time to estimate CLQ. This study was conducted in the Guangdong province and Conghua district within the province and led to the following conclusions: the GBDT combined with the VIF accurately selected the optimal spectral variables of the dry soil. The nonlinear model performed better than the linear model for estimating CLQ, indicating a nonlinear relationship between the soil spectral data and CLQ. The use of the dry soil spectral variables from the HJ-1A HSI data resulted in a 2.00% lower NRMSE than the use of the original HJ-1A HSI data. The result indicated that the proposed approach could more accurately estimate CLQ than other methods based on original imagery data.  
In this study, a relatively small sample size (71 dry soil samples) was used to construct and validate the estimation models. However, the dry soil samples were used to determine the optimal spectral variables and optimal algorithm rather than performing spatial CLQ estimation. Thus, the sample size was statistically acceptable. In the next study, a larger sample size will be used for establishing and validating the estimation methods. Moreover, field measured hyperspectral data will be introduced, and the linkage model in conjunction with hyperspectral data in the laboratory, field measured hyperspectral data, and remote sensing imagery will be applied to improve CLQ estimation accuracy.  
We used the BPNN model to estimate CLQ, however, the initial parameters of the BPNN model are uncertain (such as the number of neuron nodes). An incorrect parameter setting may lead to overfitting or underfitting of the model, potentially affecting the model's accuracy. Therefore, we will add parameter optimization algorithms (such as the particle swarm optimization algorithm) to improve the efficiency and stability of the BPNN model in the next stage of the study.  
Conceptualization, C.L. and Y.H.; methodology, C.L. and Z.L.; software, C.L.; validation, Y.H., Y.P., Z.L. and D.P.; investigation, C.L. and Y.P.; resources, L.W. and Y.H.; data curation, C.L., L.W. and Y.P.; writing--original draft preparation, C.L.; writing--review and editing,C.L. and Z.L.; funding acquisition, Y.H. and L.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2020 YED1100203), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1901601), and Guangdong Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation and Promotion Project (No. 2022 KJ102).  
Not applicable.  
We gratefully acknowledge the paper writing assistance of [PERSON] as well as the experimental assistance of [PERSON].  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Energy Analysis of Kalina and Kalina Flash Cycles Driven by Renewable Energy
## Nomenclature  
\(c_{ps}\): isobaric specific heat of source, k]/kg:K  
\(d_{tot}\): total exergy destruction rate of the system, kW  
\(Dc\): exergy destruction ratio of condenser, %  
\(Dco\): exergy destruction ratio of coolant exhaust, %  
\(Df\): exergy destruction ratio of flash vessel, %  
\(Dm\): exergy destruction ratio of mixer, %  
\(Dr\): exergy destruction ratio of regenerator, %  
\(Ds\): exergy destruction ratio of HRVG, %  
\(Dv\): exergy destruction ratio of throttle valve, %  
\(Dw\): exergy destruction ratio of turbines and pump, %  
\(e\): specific exergy, kJ/kg  
\(E\): rate of exergy flow, kW  
\(E_{in}\): rate of exergy flow delivered by the source fluid, kW  
\(h\): specific enthalpy, kJ/kg  
\(m\): mass flow rate, kg/s  
\(p\): pressure, bar  
\(Q\): heat transfer rate, kW  
\(s\): specific entropy, kJ/kg:K  
\(T\): temperature, \({}^{\circ}\)C  
\(W\): power, kW  
\(W_{net}\): net power, \(W_{t1}+W_{t2}-W_{p}\), kW  
\(x\): ammonia mass fraction, %  
\(y\): dryness factor of ammonia water mixture, (mass of vapor)/(total mass)  
\(\Delta T_{pp1}\): pinch point temperature difference of HRVG, \({}^{\circ}\)C  
\begin{tabular}{l l} \(\Delta T_{pp2}\) & pinch point temperature difference of regenerator, \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \(\eta_{ex}\) & system's exergy efficiency, \% \\ \(\eta_{p}\) & isentropic efficiency of pump, \% \\ \(\eta_{t}\) & isentropic efficiency of turbines, \% \\
**Subscripts** & basic solution of ammonia water mixture \\ \(b\) & coolant at the inlet of condenser; condenser \\ \(c\) & coolant at the outlet of condenser \\ \(\omega\) & coolant at the outlet of condenser \\ \(f\) & flash vessel \\ \(H\) & separator \\ \(L\) & working fluid at the outlet of condenser \\ \(p\) & pump \\ \(r\) & regenerator \\ \(s\) & source fluid at the inlet of HRVG; HRVG \\ so & source fluid at the outlet of HRVG \\ \(t_{1}\), \(t_{2}\) & first turbine, second turbine \\ \(0\) & dead state (state of the surroundings) \\
**Abbreviations** & \\ AW & ammonia water mixture \\ HRVG & heat recovery vapor generator \\ KC & Kalina cycle \\ KFC & Kalina flash cycle \\ ORC & organic Rankine cycle \\ TB & turbine \\ \end{tabular}
# Provably Secure ECC-Based Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement for IoT
## 5 Security Analysis
### Computation Cost  
According to [PERSON] et al. (2014), Table 5 shows the run-time of the relevant encryption operation on a _Samsung Galaxy S5_. Table 6 displays the run-time of each scheme during authentication and key agreement. It is evident that the proposed scheme requires the least computational overhead.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **End Device (ms)** & **Server (ms)** & **Total (ms)** \\ \hline
[22] & \(2T_{m}=1\) & \(T_{m1}+T_{xyz}+4T_{gm}+T_{pa}+6T_{h}=43.077\) & \(T_{pa}+4T_{gm}+T_{pa}+5T_{h}=46.165\) & 89.242 \\
[24] & \(4T_{gm}^{T}+T_{pa}^{T}-13.464\) & \(4T_{gm}^{T}+T_{pa}^{T}+7T_{h}=13.464\) & 26.982 \\
[25] & \(3T_{gm}+4T_{h}^{T}-120.08\) & \(3T_{gm}+2T_{pa}^{T}+5T_{h}=13.466\) & 23.546 \\
[27] & \(3T_{gm}^{T}+2T_{t}+4T_{h}=10.104\) & \(4T_{gm}+3T_{t}^{T}+4T_{h}=13.468\) & 23.572 \\
[28] & \(4T_{gm}^{T}+7T_{h}=13.45\) & \(4T_{gm}^{T}+13.45\) & 26.9 \\
[29] & \(7T_{gm}^{T}+2T_{t}+5T_{h}=23.522\) & \(7T_{gm}^{T}+2T_{t}+5T_{h}=23.522\) & 47.044 \\ Ours & \(3T_{gm}^{T}+3T_{h}^{T}=10.074\) & \(3T_{gm}^{T}+3T_{h}^{T}=10.074\) & 20.148 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Computation cost.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **End Device (bit)** & **Server (bit)** & **Total (bit)** \\ \hline
[22] & \(2G+G1+H+TS+ID=2016\) & \(G+H+TS=544\) & 2560 \\
[24] & \(2G+H+2 TS+ID=1024\) & \(2G+H+TS=928\) & 1952 \\
[25] & \(2G+2H+TS=1056\) & \(G+H+TS=512\) & 1568 \\
[27] & \(G+H+R+T2 TS+ID=832\) & \(G+H+2 TS+ID=640\) & 1472 \\
[28] & \(G+2H+TS=672\) & \(G+2H+1D=704\) & 1376 \\
[29] & \(3G+2H+ID=1472\) & \(3G+H+1D=1344\) & 2816 \\ Ours & \(G+H+TS+ID=608\) & \(G+H+TS=544\) & 1152 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Communication cost.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **End Device (bit)** & **Server (bit)** & **Total (bit)** \\ \hline
[22] & \(2G+G1+H+TS+ID=2016\) & \(G+H+TS=544\) & 2560 \\
[24] & \(2G+H+2 TS+ID=1024\) & \(2G+H+TS=928\) & 1952 \\
[25] & \(2G+2H+TS=1056\) & \(G+H+TS=512\) & 1568 \\
[27] & \(G+H+R+T2 TS+ID=832\) & \(G+H+2 TS+ID=640\) & 1472 \\
[28] & \(G+2H+TS=672\) & \(G+2H+1D=704\) & 1376 \\
[29] & \(3G+2H+ID=1472\) & \(3G+H+1D=1344\) & 2816 \\ Ours & \(G+H+TS+ID=608\) & \(G+H+TS=544\) & 1152 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Run-time of related operations.
## 3 Multiple UAVs Control Design
### Formation Control
#### 3.2.2 Formation Design  
In this section, we discuss the design of the control gains \(K_{i}\) for each agent \(i\) based on LMI techniques.  
The proposed LMI approach used in this research is a modification of the method in [31]. If there exist symmetric positive definite matrices \(Y_{i}(j)\in R^{n+(\overline{d}+\overline{d})mxn+(\overline{d}+\overline{d})m}\), a matrix \(\overline{Z_{i}}\in R^{mxn}\), matrices  
\[X_{i}(j)=\begin{bmatrix}\overline{X}_{i}(1,j)&0\\ \overline{X}_{i}(2,j)&\overline{X}_{i}(3,j)\end{bmatrix} \tag{21}\]  
with \(\overline{X}_{i}(1,j)\in R^{nxn}\), \(\overline{X}_{i}(2,j)\in R^{(\overline{d}+\overline{d})mxn}\)\(\overline{X}_{i}(3,j)\in R^{(\overline{d}+\overline{d})mx}(\overline{d}+ \overline{d})m\), \(j=1\), \(2\), \(\ldots\) and a scalar \(\gamma<1\) satisfying the following LMI matrix:  
\[\begin{bmatrix}X_{i}(j)-Y_{i}(j)&X_{i}(j)^{T}H_{F,j}^{T}-(\overline{Z}_{i}\,0 )^{T}H_{G,j}^{T}\\ H_{F,j}^{T}X_{i}^{T}(j)-H_{G,i}^{T}(\overline{Z}_{i}\,0)^{T}&(-\gamma)X_{i}(j) \end{bmatrix}>0 \tag{22}\]  
where  
\[H_{F,i}=\begin{bmatrix}e^{A_{i}h_{i}}&\int_{h_{min}}^{h_{max}}e^{A_{i}s}dsB_{i }\\ 0&0\end{bmatrix}\text{, and }H_{F,i}=\begin{bmatrix}\int_{h_{min}}^{h_{max}}e^{A_{i}s}dsB_{i }\\ 1\end{bmatrix}\]  
then the formation for all agents \(i\in 1,2,\ldots\) with \(\overline{K}_{i}=\overline{Z}_{i}\overline{X}_{i}^{-1}\) is globally asymptotically stable.  
Proof.: See Appendix A.
# Dual-Band Single-Layer Fractal Frequency Selective Surface for 5G Applications
###### Abstract  
Due to the global growth in popularity of Fifth Generation (5G) cellular communications, the demand for shielding against it has risen for a variety of applications, mainly related to cybersecurity but also to isolation, calm areas and so on. This research paper aims to provide a suitable dual-band fractal FSS (Frequency Selective Surface) for the 5G lower band frequencies: 750 MHz and 3.5 GHz. The unit cell is in the shape of a bow tie, where each of the triangular parts are Sierpirski triangles. One major addition to the unit cell is a central metal strip to make the manufacturing of the FSS more feasible and to tune the operation frequencies and bandwidths. As with each different stage of a fractal antenna, the different stages of the fractal FSS design behave differently. For this application, stage 2 is sufficient, as we are able to cover frequency bands among those included in the FRI 5G spectrum. Some equations were derived using linear regression in order to provide specific design tools for building an FSS. These equations have high accuracy and can be used to adapt the proposed design to other frequencies. Some other parameters, which are not represented in the aforementioned equations, can also be adjusted for minor tweaking of the final design. This design performs well except under large incidence angles. This should be taken into account when proposing the installation of a structure based on it. A good agreement between simulation and measurement results is observed.  
FS5; 5G; Sierpirski dipole; CST Microwave Studio; fractals; Sierpirski triangle +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics
# Efficiency Analysis of Roadway Lighting Replacement in a Selected Polish Municipality
## 4 Results  
When collating the results obtained from the analyses, the following should be noted:  
1. The analysis of the total costs of installation and dismantling of the lighting poles indicates that the best solution according to the NPV criterion is the A1V6 variant--BGP292 73 W 4000 K 10440 lm IK08 IP66 LumiStreet Philips LED street lamp luminaire mounted on ZN reinforced concrete poles, e.g., ZN 9/202 with the UP1/ZN system.
2. However, when considering a very significant factor of operating costs and adding them to the cost of installing and dismantling the lighting poles, the best solution is BGP292 73 W 4000 K 10440 lm IK08 IP66 LumiStreet Philips LED street lamp luminaires with a dusk dimmer, mounted on reinforced ZN concrete poles, e.g., ZN 9/202 with the UP1/ZN system.
3. By using the same values for single-sided lighting, with the same pole spacing, the height of the light point, the length of the extension arm and the inclination of the extension arm, the BGP292 73 W 4000 K 10440 lm IK08 IP66 LumiStreet Philips LED street lamp meets the lighting requirements and illuminates the planned roadway design better than the 120 W 230 V 6000 K 13500 lm grey JASPER C82-JAS1-120 DG-6K LED street lamp.
4. The optimum pole height is 9 m.
5. By adopting the same length and inclination of the extension arm in the different variants and with a variable value for the pole spacing and the height of the light point, the minimum possible spacing between the poles is 45 m.
## 4 Data Acquisition and Processing
### Geotechnical Information  
The city of Oued-Fodda is poorly documented in terms of its sub-surface characteristics. The available data gives only information at very shallow depths (\(<\)20 m). The study presented by WCC [7] includes a set of eightgeotechnical boreholes in Oued-Fodda city with depths varying from 3 to 20 m. [PERSON] et al. [38] analysed 10 seismic profiles in the cities of Chlef, Benirached and El Attaf. The results from the city of El Attaf may be transferred to Oued-Fodda which is located 8 km away (Figure 1) but on the same geological formation, so the obtained S-wave velocities may be also assigned to Oued-Fodda city.  
From a geological point of view, the Oued-Fodda plain is dominated by two main formations. The first one consists of Holocene alluviums, which consists mainly of sands and clays. The WCC Report [7] assigns Vs values between 270 m/s and 300 m/s for Holocene clays and between 290 m/s and 375 m/s. for Holocene sands. The study reports a maximum thickness of 10 m. The second formation consists of Pleistocene clays and conglomerates. This formation occupies the major surface of the city area (Figure 2). The WCC Report [7] also assigns a Vs value of about 500 m/s for the Pleistocene red clays. According to [38], Vs for the Pleistocene deposits vary between 500 m/s and 600 m/s. The thickness of this sedimentary layer varies from 4 m in the central part of the city to 30 m in its northern and  
Figure 5: Some examples of the obtained HVSR curves. The gray vertical bands show the fundamental frequency peaks with its standard deviation.  
western parts [7]. A geotechnical borehole made by the Agence Nationale des Ressources Hydrauliques (ANRH) [39], north of the city shows a thickness of 25 m for this layer.  
The Upper Miocene sediments, which underlie the Quaternary deposits, consist mainly of blue marks and limestones. [PERSON] et al. [38], assigns a Vs value that ranges between 1050 m/s and 1070 m/s using the seismic refraction method, meanwhile [PERSON] et al. [17], provides values between 1000 m/s and 1300 m/s for the upper Miocene deposits by applying the RWE inversion.  
There is not any geotechnical information about the Mesozoic basement in the Oued-Fodda region, even though this formation outcrops in the Temoulga Massif, 1 km east of the city. [PERSON] et al. [17], assigns a Vs value that ranges from 2000 m/s to 2600 m/s in the city of Chlef (about 15 km west of Oued-Fodda). A Vs value of 2800 m/s was assigned at a depth of about 1 km in Chlef region by tomographic inversion [40].All the geotechnical information for the study area is summarized in Table 1.