# Deterministic Propagation Modeling for Intelligent Vehicle Communication in Smart Cities
## 7 Conclusions and Future Work  
A complete characterization in terms of physical and network parameters of an urban vehicular scenario has been presented in this work, showing the great influence of the morphology and topology of the scenario in V2V and V2I communication links. Radio propagation analysis, with the aid of a hybrid deterministic code based on 3D RL, enables an accurate estimation of urban large-scale and small-scale parameters such as RSS, RMS delay spread, CB, PDP and Doppler Shift at 5.9 Ghz frequency. A large urban scenario (400 m \(\times\) 150 m \(\times\) 22 m) has been characterized with high level of detail which permits accurate results of radio propagation parameters that could be replicated in similar environments and be useful for radio-planning WSNs designers in V2I communication systems. Results show the impact of factors as distance, spatial location, LoS conditions, frequency and vehicle speed, in the V2I small and large-scale parameters. The large-scale analysis shows a variable path loss exponent and RSSI dispersion, while a coverage map displays consistent RSS values above the RST for TX1 and TX2 for an approximate distance of 90 m under LoS conditions. The presence of trees causes QLoS and intense dispersive signal conditions which is evident in the PDP mainly at closest points to the TX, while NLoS conditions are caused by the obstruction of the radiated signal by buildings. The highest RMS delay spread was registered near the TX and along the line of trees on the main avenues, where lower CB values are an indicator of channel availability for other transmitters. The relative motion of the cars with respect to the TX, measured by the Doppler Shift on each of the multipath components, shows its highest values for vehicles traveling near the TX. Considering the aforementioned factors, a four-TX configuration is suggested to provide V2I wireless communication with consistent RSS values above the RST and almost complete scenario coverage. Statistical analysis gives insight into the importance of the scenario segmentation, where homogeneous clusters of information can lead to identification of the variations related to distance and spatial location, to get consistent and significant results for analysis and further simulations. Lognormal, Gamma and Weibull distributions can describe the fading RSS behavior when a GOF test is performed. Parameters such as PLE, SCV, AF, and distribution shape factor cannot be assumed constant given the non-stationary nature of the vehicular communications channel. Network layer parameters analysis in the urban vehicular scenario shows that the orientation of the antennas has a significant influence on the V2V and V2I communication links, being able to decrease considerably the quality of the link in some cases for V2I. Vehicles in movement in the road, as well as larger vehicles, such as trucks and buses, affect the link significantly, causing throughput variability over time. Parameters such as bandwidth, PER and jitter are also important and must be considered. Experiments show that PER and jitter parameters are worse when a higher bandwidth is chosen. It can be concluded that, in some cases, lowering the transfer rate itself would mean an improvement in the effective throughput. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.A.; Formal analysis, F.G. and M.C.-E.; Funding acquisition, C.V.-R.; Investigation, L.A., M.C.-E., P.L.-I., E.A., J.A., P.M., J.V. and F.F. ; Methodology, L.A., C.V.-R., M.C.-E. and F.F. ; Project administration, L.A.; Resources, C.V.-R.; Software, F.G., M.C.-E., J.J.A. and P.M.; Supervision, L.A.; Validation, L.A.; Visualization, F.G. and L.A.; Writing--original draft, F.G.; Writing-review and editing, L.A.  
**Funding:** The authors would like to acknowledge the support and collaboration of the Telecommunications and Networks Focus Group at Tecnologico de Monterrey.