# Methods Improving Energy Efficiency of Photovoltaic Systems Operating under Partial Shading  
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1 Institute of Nuclear Energy and Industry, Sevastopol State University, 29053 Sevastopol, Russia 1  
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2 Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \"Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\", 109428 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.A.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.B.)  
[PERSON]  
2 Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \"Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\", 109428 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.A.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.B.)  
[PERSON]  
3 The National Technology Initiative Institute, Sevastopol State University, 29053 Sevastopol, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \"Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\", 109428 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.A.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.B.)  
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4 Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Russian University of Transport, 127994 Moscow, Russia 4  
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5 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.L.)  
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6 Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering (DIAEE), Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
2 Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \"Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\", 109428 Moscow, Russia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.A.P.); vadimbolshev@gmail.  
developing effective solutions, it is necessary to find a compromise between cost and functionality. There is a significant increase of the amount of solar power plants in recent years [1; 2]. The relevance of the problem considered in this article is beyond doubt because 70% of PV installations have a design with a multi-row arrangement of solar panels with an inherent problem of shading the lower rows at low solar heights [11].  
The existing methods for increasing the efficiency of shaded PV installations have a number of features that limit their unconditional application. Such methods include the use of shunt diodes, individual DC-DC converters (ICP), micro-inverters, reconfigurable switching systems, and differential power take-off systems. In this regard, to assess the effectiveness of their implementation, it is necessary to create mathematical models, the solutions of which are the values of energy losses of solar installations with various options for switching solar cells and methods of taking electrical energy.  
The authors have analyzed the existing methods of increasing the energy efficiency of PV installations with partial shading. Mathematical models have been developed that allow the calculation of the values of power losses when using various methods to improve energy efficiency. An effective method for increasing the power generation of partially shaded PV installations with mixed commutation is proposed. The method consists of voltage matching of parallel-connected arrays of solar cells. With partial shading of one PV module from an array formed by eighteen modules, the application of the method will increase the average daily energy production by 19.7%, with shading of two by 43.7%.