# Assessing the Efficacy of Seawater Batteries Using NASICON Solid Electrolyte
## 3 Results
### Investigating the Electrical Conductivity of the NASICON Ceramic Membrane  
Ionic conductivity is the capacity for ions to move through the electrolyte. The ionic conductivity is increased by the faster the ionic movement. The importance of ion conductivity cannot be overstated because, in a rechargeable energy storage device, ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge and vice versa during charging due to their movement from the anode to the cathode. In order to store and release energy, these devices are dependent on the movement of ions between the electrodes through the electrolyte. As the ions move through the electrolyte at a faster pace, the device improves its energy storage and release efficiency. The power and energy density of the device can be increased by fast charging and discharging due to high ionic conductivity. As a result of lower ionic conductivity, the electrodes may decay over time due to the slow movement of ions. Due to this degradation, the device's service life can be reduced, and performance can be decreased. By increasing ion conduction, the device can increase its power and high energy density, which allows it to store more energy and deliver it more quickly [15]. Different electrolytes have chemical and physical properties that can influence the conduction mechanism of ions, including composition, concentration, and structure. In  
Figure 3: BET adsorption and desorption isotherms for NASICON powder: (**a**) 2% excess Na; (**b**) 6% excess Na. a powerful electrolytic solution, it is mainly through a migration process, in which the ions move through the electrolyte in response to an electric field, is, while the migraines of ions are facilitated by solvent molecules, which help stabilize the ions and reduce interactions between the two. The mechanism of conduction of ions in ceramic, composite, and crystalline electrolytes is mainly through a process mediated by the vacancy, in which ions move through the network by exchanging places with vacancies from the crystal structure. Defects in the crystalline structure, such as vacancies or dislocations, facilitate the process mediated by the vacancy and allow ions to move through the lattice [19]. Figures 4 and 5 show Nyquist diagrams for NAS-2% ceramic membranes and NAS-6%, respectively, where the real and imaginary components of the measured conductivity are represented in the broadband range from \(10^{-1}\) to \(10^{6}\) Hz at room temperature. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) (potentiostatic) was used to measure conductivity using Versa STAT 3F (UK) equipment. Information about the interfaces between the electrodes and the electrolyte is provided by the difference in amplitude and phase angle as part of an electrochemical experiment. The Nyquist diagram was utilized to represent EIS data, which shows the real and imaginary parts of the impedance at various frequencies. Two semicircles were present in the high-frequency region, while an oblique line was present in the low-frequency region in Nyquist plots. It is demonstrated that the Na\({}^{+}\) transport is present in the electrolyte and that blocking ions at the electrode-electrode-electrolyte interface has an impact. Information on molecular relaxation at different temperatures and the impact of variable electric fields (variable frequencies) is obtained through dielectric characterization. Specific parameters, such as relative permittivity (also known as the dielectric constant), are recorded in this regard. When the sample is swept repeatedly over a wide range (\(10^{-1}\)-\(10^{7}\) Hz) at different temperatures, the two components of reality (\(\varepsilon^{\prime}\)) and imaginary (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) are observed. Figure 4: Nyquist diagrams for NAS-2% ceramic membranes prepared at different sintering temperatures (\(1150\), \(1175\) and \(1200\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), analyzed at room temperature (RT).