# Cross-Layer and Energy-Aware AODV Routing Protocol for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks
## 3 Related Works  
Conventional routing protocols for MANETs and VANETs are not wholly suited for usage in all UAVs since they do not have high contact with the higher degree of variability that defines FANETs, which results in a rapid transfer in topology. There are two types of methods in VANETS: single-hop forwarding and multi-hop forwarding. A standard routing table determines the routing information for single-hop routing. It is computed and uploaded before the UAV nodes begin to operate and cannot be altered. Choosing an appropriate member node is the most important aspect of route finding. These protocols are categorized in two ways: topology-oriented and position-oriented routing. Additionally, the first segment has three different protocols [11; 12; 13; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. When a UAV wants to send a photo to another node with a precise location, the Inter-Link quality and Geographical-aware beaconless opportunistic routing protocol (XLinGo) is introduced. The drone broadcasts its own geographic coordinates as well as the terminal's geographical area in the incoming packets to its neighbors. Two progressing zones evolved from these geographical locations: (a) positive advancement area (PAA) and (b) negative development area (NDA). According to XLinGo, nodes are sent immediately by nodes inside NDA, and only one out of every ten neighbors inside PAA will have a forward packet, whilst the rest will trash it. The notion of dynamic forwarding delay (DFD) is used to choose this node, which states that the base station closest to the client produces the lowest DFD and therefore forwards the information [16]. GPMOR (Geographic Position Mobility Oriented Routing) is a FANET-specific routing method that employs a Gauss-Markov movement structure to predict the movement of the UAVs. By using the GPS, the UAVs can find their location. Each UAV regularly trades its location with its immediate neighbors to forecast its neighbors' mobility and identify their open roles over a duration. As a result, it is feasible to choose the best forwarder for the destination UAV that can swap positions at any time. MPGR (Mobility Prediction-based Geographic Routing) is a routing protocol for inter-UAV communications, dependent on geographic positions. MPGR uses the same approach as GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing). Furthermore, MPGR employs a Gaussian distribution function-based mobility prediction approach to minimize the consequences of UAVs' high mobility while keeping a reasonable overhead [17]. In large-scale FANET connections, the MLHR (Multi-Level Hierarchical Routing) paradigm tackles scaling issues. Several neighbors must exist in distinct mission areas due to the modular organization of UAV networks. Every cluster has a cluster head (CH) representing the entire cluster; each cluster can carry out distinct tasks. Every cluster head has an explicitly or implicitly link. The cluster head must be within the immediate transmission range of many other UAVs in the cluster to transmit data and control information. If UAVs are operated in varying swarms, the mission region is large, and multiple UAVs are employed in the system, this structure is suitable [21]. The crucial resource in FANETs is installed on an UAV, and user terminals are expected to be within the UAV transmission range. Our approach is the first one to ensure mobile elements in FANETs. The algorithm is called the Mobile Resource Mutual Exclusion (MRME) since it is token-based. The FANETs structure is very dynamic and error sensitive, unlike the other VANETs, due to the quick mobility scenarios and resources. It is handled by the MRME method [22]. Their work offers a unique Q-learning-based Multi-objective optimization Routing algorithm for FANETs that provides minimal and reduced service. The Q-learning variables in most extant Q-learning-based methods are set to a preset value. In the suggested protocol, on the other hand, Q-learning variables can be dynamically altered to adjust to the actions, when necessary, of FANETs.