## 1 Introduction  
Fuels are essential in our daily routines and are utilized in our homes as cooking gas, in transport, as industrial boiler fuel, and for generating electricity. The use of fossil fuels, which are predominantly used in the above activities, should be limited due to worldwide environmental concerns [1; 2]. The enhancement and augmentation of renewable energy sources form the cornerstone of innovative avenues aimed at reducing environmental complications. The employment of various sources of renewable energy, encompassing solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy, is instrumental in decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, renewable energy sources such as wind, geothermal, and solar power are predominantly reliant on specific natural conditions. However, in contrast to these energy resources, biomass has a unique advantage [3; 4]. Biomass boasts the capacity to be stored and subsequently utilized as needed. Moreover, the decreases in emissions of greenhouse gases, enhanced safety measures, and the progression of the indigenous economy are indeed a few of the advantages intrinsic to the utilization of biomass [5]. Biomass is expected to be utilized as a principal renewable energy resource in the future, owing to its vast potential, economic feasibility, and array of societal and ecological advantages. Stocks of fuel associated with biomass, such as agricultural waste, often exhibit high volume and low density [2,6]. This particular characteristic renders them challenging to utilize efficiently, and moreover makes their transportation economically impractical. Briquetting is one way to solve this problem. The concept of Briquetting rests on the process of taking low-bulk-density biomass and converting it into high-bulk-density biomass [7]. This transformation results in the creation of a uniform, solid, and more cost-effective fuel source. In other words, it is an effective way of increasing the quality of the biomass without the need for extensive efforts or resources [8]. The biomass densification process entails compressing biomass into Briquettes that are approximately ten times more compact than the original biomass material [2,9]. This form of processing results in an increase in biomass mass and energy density per unit volume. As a result, this procedure provides advantages such as reduced storage requirements, increased transportation efficiency and reduced particulate emissions per unit volume. It also ensures a consistent supply of both industrial and domestic appliances, including but not limited to rural stoves, gasifiers, and boilers. In general, compared to raw materials, fuel briquettes have superior energy properties, including increased density, high calorific value (especially per unit volume), and reduced moisture content [5,10]. The longevity of combustion for fuel briquettes should be maximized to the greatest extent possible. Additionally, the briquettes must retain their integrity during transportation, storage, or stacking, avoiding any disintegration or fragmentation [6,11]. These desired features largely depend on the quality of the briquettes. Factors such as their physical and mechanical characteristics immensely influence the durability of the briquettes, thus significantly impacting their quality. Key elements in the manufacturing process, such as density, particle size, pressure, binding ratio, temperature, and moisture content, play an influential role in determining the overall quality of the briquettes [2,12]. The quality of the briquettes obtained is determined with the help of destructive tests, which do not allow the reuse of briquettes made in the laboratory according to the physico-mechanic properties of the briquettes. Considering the large number of factors affecting the quality characteristics of briquettes, it becomes clear that the relevant measurement procedures to be carried out under laboratory conditions require a process that is both costly and labor-intensive. It also requires a significant investment of time and manpower.