esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 FPHs--As a Pet Health Food Ingredi
### Digestive, Renal, and Metabolic Health Issues  
Digestive disorders such as chronic enteropathy (CE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently affect pets, leading to symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, and malnutrition. These conditions often result from abnormal immune responses to dietary or environmental triggers [130, 131, 132]. FPHs, composed of highly digestible and low-allergen peptides, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing gut inflammation and minimising immune activation [71, 133, 134]. CE, which includes food-responsive (FRE), antibiotic-responsive (ARE), and immunosuppressant-responsive (IRE) forms, is most commonly food-responsive. More severe forms, such as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), pose greater risks due to protein loss and poor prognosis [134, 135]. Diets based on hydrolysed or novel proteins have shown significant benefits in FRE and PLE cases [135, 136].  
[PERSON] et al. [137] found that a fish meal and potato protein diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids reduced inflammation and improved fatty acid absorption in dogs with FRE and IBD. [PERSON] et al. [138] observed clinical recovery and sustained remission in PLE dogs fed hydrolysed fish-based diets, with notable gains in weight, serum albumin, and micronutrient levels. [PERSON] et al. [139] compared fish-based ingredients--including pink salmon hydrolysate, malt meal, and white fish meal--to poultry by-product diets in senior dogs, finding improved nutrient digestibility and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, underlining FPHs' role in gut health and immune modulation.  
Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defences, contributes significantly to cellular damage, inflammation, and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in ageing pets [140]. FPHs are rich in antioxidant peptides that combat oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and support renal function, making them a natural dietary strategy for CKD management [141].  
[PERSON] et al. [142] showed that goby FPH improved antioxidant status and metabolic markers in rats fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet, suggesting renal and glycaemic benefits. [PERSON] et al. [143] reported that fish oil supplementation in lean Beagles increased ghrrelin, stabilised body weight, and reduced oxidative stress, cholesterol, and glucose levels. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [144] demonstrated that tilapia viscera hydrolysate lowered oxidative markers and improved kidney structure in hypertensive rats. In working dogs, [PERSON] et al. [145] found that fish-based diets decreased blood glucose, LDL cholesterol, and oxidative stress while enhancing lipid profiles, supporting cellular health under physical strain. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [146] used a canine gastrointestinal model to show that tilapia hydrolysates promoted secretion of appetite-regulating hormones (CCK and GLP-1) and inhibited DPP-IV activity, indicating potential for appetite control and obesity prevention in pets.
## 3 Diversity and Reliability
### Outage Probability Analysis
#### 3.1.1 Silencing  
In this scheme, CRAN silences \(k\) interfering RRHs out of \(N\), and \(\text{RRH}_{0}\) is serving the UE. This sort of silencing scheme reduces the total interference experienced at the UE side. With this strategy, we can rewrite the SIR for the silencing scheme from (1) as  
\[\text{SIR}_{\text{S}}=\frac{h_{0}d_{0}^{-\alpha}}{\sum_{j=k+1}^{N}h_{j}d^{-\alpha }}, \tag{2}\]  
and elaborate the outage probability in Theorem 1.  
Theorem 1: _The CDF of the \(\text{SIR}\) when the CRAN employs the silencing scheme to serve the UE is_  
\[F_{\text{SIR}_{\text{S}}}(\theta)=1-\Big{(}1+\delta^{\alpha}\theta\Big{)}^{k-N}. \tag{3}\]  
Proof: Please refer to Appendix A.  
The expected value of \(\text{SIR}_{\text{S}}\) is given as  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\mathbb{E}[\text{SIR}_{\text{S}}]&=\int_{0}^{\infty}(1-F_{ \text{SIR}_{\text{S}}}(\theta))d\theta,\\ &\stackrel{{(a)}}{{=}}\int_{0}^{\infty}\Big{(}1+\delta^{\alpha} \theta\Big{)}^{k-N}d\theta,\\ &=\frac{\delta^{-\alpha}}{N-(k+1)}.\end{array} \tag{4}\]  
where \((a)\) comes after substituting the respective CDF. Solving the integral in \((a)\) we get (4). In (4) as the value of \(k\) increases, the factor \((N-k-1)\) is reduced, thereby increasing \(\mathbb{E}[\text{SIR}_{\text{S}}]\).
###### Abstract  
A short reference differential chaotic shift keying communication system based on reference signal scrambling transformation (RSST-SR-DCSK) is proposed in this paper. The system introduces information-bit-driven scramblers at the transmission end to effectively eliminate the correlation between the reference signal and information signal. At the receiving end, a descambler is used to restore the correlation, thereby enhancing information transmission security. Additionally, the system employs a short reference transmission mechanism to further increase the information transmission rate. The transmitter and receiver structures of the system are designed through signal structure analysis. Theoretical analyses and simulations conducted in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel demonstrate promising performance, including a low bit error rate (BER) and a favorable data-energy-to-bit-energy ratio (DBR). Simulation verification is performed to examine the impact of parameters on the bit error rate performance. A comparative analysis with traditional DCSK and SR-DCSK systems highlights the superior performance of the RSST-SR-DCSK system.  
differential chaotic shift keying; short reference differential chaotic shift keying; signal scrambling transformation; bit error rate; white Gaussian noise +
Footnote †: journal: _electronics_  
_Acticle Design of a Short Reference Differential Chaotic Shift Communication System Based on Reference Signal Scrambling Transformation_  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON].**  
**Citation:** [PERSON]; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON].**  
**[PERSON], F. Design of a Short Reference Differential Chaotic Shift Keying Communication System Based on Reference Signal Scrambling Transformation_  
**Algorithm**
# Encoding the Intensity and Phase Gradient of Light Beams with Arbitrary Shapes
## 3 Results
### Testing the Phase Gradient of the Designed Light Beams  
To demonstrate that the phase gradients were correctly encoded by manipulating the topological charge from Equation (1), the common path interference setup from Figure 2 is implemented. The off-axis interference of light beams is examined in Figure 6, where we selected to test with Gaussian beams and vortices with charges m = +2 and m = \(-2\).  
The experimental setup allows the off-axis interference between two oblique-incident vortex beams [23], providing a reference for visually locating the fork-shaped fringes within the interferograms from Figure 6. The interferograms from Figure 6 demonstrate that the phase gradient, encoded into the light beams through the topological charge \(m\), corresponds with the observed fringes. In this section, we tested the encoded phase in a ring shape to obtain vortex interference, which has been widely studied [23; 24].  
In Figure 6a, a pair of Gaussian beams were superposed, displaying the straight fringes expected from the interference of plane waves. Then, Figure 6b,c show the interference of a Gaussian beam with a vortex beam, charges m\({}_{1}\) = 2 and m\({}_{2}\) = \(-2\), respectively. The bright and dark fork patterns seen in Figure 6b,c confirm the result of these additions. Figure 6d,e show straight fringes from the interference of equally charged vortices, m\({}_{1,2}\) = 5  
Figure 5: Intensity of the light beams designed by estimating the parametric equations of the shapes shown in Figure 4; (**a**) ring, (**b**) ellipse, (**c**) droplet, (**d**) nephroid, (**e**) heart, (**f**) astroid, (**g**) ghost, and (**h**) fish.  
and \(\text{m}_{1,2}=-5\), respectively. Figure 6f represents the superposition of vortices with topological charges \(\text{m}_{1}=+2\) and \(\text{m}_{2}=-2\), showing a fork of bright fringes indicating a charge \(+4\). Finally, Figure 6g shows a fork of dark fringes indicating a charge \(-4\), from the off-axis interference of vortices with charges \(\text{m}_{1}=-2\) and \(\text{m}_{2}=+2\).  
Additional interferograms were examined, producing straight and fork-shaped fringes in accordance with the superposition of a pair of vortices, encoded with orders varying from \(-5\) to \(5\). The presented approach has allowed beam shaping in intensity by approximating an arbitrary shape through its parametric equations. Moreover, transforming a given curve into the equations that represent it, allows it to encode a phase gradient along every point of its trajectory through calculus (as presented in Equation (2)), offering in this way a solution for manipulating both intensity and phase gradient of an arbitrary shape.
# Design Dimensions of Co-Located Multi-Device Audio Experiences
## 5 Design Dimensions
### Context  
This dimension captures the social and environmental context of the experience, such as the scope for social interaction and the physical space it takes place in. The three categories generally relate to the number of people and devices present. According to [PERSON]'s media multiplicities and their \"significance of numbers\" [7], the relationship between the number of loudspeakers and individual audio elements also affects how the audio is perceived.  
1. **Personal--**Personal multi-device audio is an emerging class of experience involving a single listener and a small number of devices. The experiences usually have limited interactivity due to the impracticality of individually controlling multiple devices. Applications therefore tend to consist of overlaying additional audio content to a program [22] or enhancing the spatial audio image through placing devices in different positions [41].
2. **Social--**Experiences comprised of small to medium-sized groups of listeners with multiple devices are classified as _Social_. In this context, rich social interaction is possible and audio scenes with increasing complexity can be created, while it is still possible to perceive the individual contribution of the devices in the system [42]. Experiences of this kind can take place in both small domestic environments and larger spaces, depending on the exact number of involved devices and listeners.
3. **Public--**_Public_ represents the larger-scale experiences with many listeners and devices. Experiences in this category commonly have more than 20 listeners and a large number of devices. In this context, communication or coordination is more difficult and commonly requires a central composer or figure to orchestrate the experience. Individual device contributions are typically displaced by the larger aggregate audio image. Many use-cases, such as art installations [35] and performances [13], fall into this category and tend to take place in large public venues.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Equipment/Sensor  
An Applanix APX-18 UAV sensor (Applanix, Richmond Hill, Canada) was used to collect the GNSS/INS data for this study (Figure 1). The APX-18 is a commercially available small form factor dual-antenna GNSS/INS sensor specifically designed for UAS mapping applications. It is an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) GNSS/INS solution designed to georeference lidar and other imaging data when collected from UAS at low speeds or when hovering [16]. The dimensions of the APX-18 board are 100 mm by 60 mm and by 12 mm, and weighs 62 g. Observations from the dual GNSS antennas on the APX-18 enables the use of Applanix's GNSS Azimuth Measurement Subsystem (GAMS). GAMS is essentially a GNSS compass that is integrated into a tightly coupled Kalman filter in which the GNSS heading estimates are blended with the heading estimates produced from the dynamic alignment of the INS [13; 17]. GAMS provides the ability to compute precise heading estimates independent of latitude and vehicle dynamics [17].
## 5 Performance Evaluation
In order to evaluate the performances of Dijkstra, DQN and GNN-DRL algorithms with changes in the network topology, we consider a case in which there are node failures in the network. In this test, the NSFNet topology is disconnected with different numbers of selected nodes to simulate the network node failures in a real network operational environment. And the experimental results are shown in Figure 9. The GNN-DRL method proposed in this paper outperforms Dijkstra and DQN on topologies not seen in the training phase. It can be seen that GNN-DRL has better performance than that of the other two methods in coping with changes in the network topology and always has lower end-to-end delay than that of Dijkstra and DQN. The average end-to-end delay of GNN-DRL is reduced by 29.46% and 17.29% compared to Dijkstra and DQN, respectively. This proves that the GNN-DRL algorithm proposed in this paper can adapt to different network scenarios and can operate in highly dynamic networks (e.g., traffic variations, link failures and node failures), even if the network topology changes frequently in such a scenario. Figure 8: Average end-to-end delay for different traffic demands. Figure 9: Average end-to-end delay for network topological change scenarios. Due to the small number of nodes in the dataset used for training, it needs to be considered whether the algorithm is applicable to large networks. After completing the training with different routing schemes under NSFNet topology, the trained routing algorithm was applied to networks with different number of nodes to test the changes in the average end-to-end delay and average throughput of the network as the number of network nodes increases. Figure 10 shows the simulation results of the average end-to-end delay of the network with the variation in the number of nodes. As the number of nodes in the network keeps increasing, the average end-to-end delay of the three algorithms keeps becoming larger. But it can be seen that the average end-to-end delay of the GNN-DRL algorithm proposed in this paper is always lower than that of the other two routing algorithms. At thirty nodes, the average end-to-end delay of the GNN-DRL algorithm is 30% and 22% lower than those of the Dijksta and DQN algorithms, respectively. Figure 11 shows the simulation results of the average throughput of the network with the variation in the number of nodes. As the number of nodes in the network increases, the average throughput of the three algorithms becomes smaller, but it can be seen that the average throughput of the GNN-DRL algorithm is overall higher than that of the other two routing algorithms.
# Enhanced Radiation Therapy of Gold Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer
## Materials and Methods  
### Fabrication of PEG-Coated GNPs  
PEG-coated GNPs of 14.4 and 30.5 nm diameter were used in this study. The particles were fabricated as described by [PERSON] [53]. Briefly, 10 mg of HAuCl4 -4H2O was dissolved in 100 mL of water and then boiled. After adding 1.3 and 5 mL of 1% sodium citrate solution as a reducing agent, the mixture was boiled for a further 30 min before being allowed to cool to room temperature. Average diameter of GNPs was determined to be 14.4 and 30.5 nm. The prepared GNPs were negatively charged due to the anionic citric acid bound to the surface of GNPs.  
To obtain PEG-coated GNPs, 1 mg PEG-SH (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to the solution prepared above and stirred for 1 h. After PEGylation, the solution was centrifuged at 16,000 rpm for 30 min and washed twice using distilled water. Then the PEG-coated GNP solution was stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Prior to use, the PEG-coated GNP solution was filtered through a 0.22-mm membrane filter.  
The morphology, structure and size of GNPs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM; Hitachi HF-2000, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) at 200 kV. The particles were also characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (UV-1750. Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) to detect the optical absorption from 400 to 700 nm. The slit width of the measurement was 1 nm.
# Application of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Smartphone Sensors for Indoor Localization
## 2 Related Work
A particle filter is implemented to refine the location from Wi-Fi and magnetic fingerprints. The proposed method achieves a localization accuracy of 1.32 m at 95%. The research [61], however, is limited due to many factors. First of all, it involves taking images at each step, which utilizes a substantial amount of phone battery. Secondly, after the initial scene recognition, it uses Wi-Fi to improve the localization accuracy. The user is supposed to stop at each transition point to collect Wi-Fi signals for at least 30 samples. Wi-Fi scanning takes both time and phone battery which increases latency and consumes more battery. Third, it is mentioned that the magnetic data is distinguishable in a five-step range. Traveling at a medium velocity of 1 m/s, a pedestrian can travel 5 m distance which is regarded as a long distance, considering the fact that a large number of sensors are utilized for localization. The magnetic data can be distinguishable depending upon the indoor structure, as well as, the data collection frequency. Last but foremost, the system is tested with a single device and hence device dependence is not analyzed. Research [8; 37] point out that different smartphones exhibit very different magnetic data depending on the sensitivity and accuracy of the magnetometer used in the smartphones. We, thereby, aim to mitigate such limitations by using only the data collected by magnetometer, accelerometer, and gyroscope and do not rely on Wi-Fi localization. The details of the proposed approach are described in the following section.
## 2 Antenna Design
### Evolution of the Pi-Shaped Antenna Design  
The design of the Pi-shaped antenna evolved through a series of modifications, starting from a basic T-shaped structure and gradually incorporating changes to enhance the performance in terms of return loss. The process is outlined in the following steps:  
**Starting with a Simple T-Shaped Antenna:** Initially, the antenna had a T-shaped radiating structure with no modifications to the ground plane. At this stage, the performance was limited due to poor impedance matching and insufficient return loss.  
**Introducing a Ground Cut for Performance Improvement:** A ground cut was added to help redistribute current flow and enhance impedance matching. The width of the ground cut (gcl) and length of the ground cut (gcw) were optimized to 4.9 mm and 6 mm, leading to better resonance at target frequencies; a detailed explanation of ground cut dimension optimization is included in Section 2.2.  
**Gradual Addition of Arms for Bandwidth Enhancement:** Additional elements (arms) were incrementally introduced (arm = 2, 4, 6) to fine-tune the resonance characteristics. This step ensured better impedance matching and improved return loss.  
**Final Optimization into a Pi-Shaped Structure:** The final design, incorporating an 8 mm arm, demonstrated the best performance with a significant resonance dip around 5.5 GHz. The Pi shape, combined with the optimized ground cut, provided an efficient current path, enhancing the overall performance.  
By following this structured progression, the reflection coefficient of the single antenna was transformed from a basic T-shape to a fully optimized Pi-shaped structure, as shown in Figure 4, achieving better impedance matching and enhanced return loss. This makes it a highly effective design for next-generation wireless applications.
# Rethinking Modbus-UDP for Real-Time IIoT Systems
## 4 Experimental Results
### Transmit and Receive Path Overhead  
In the last set of experiments, the Linux/UDP port for Modbus Master was instrumented to measure its transit time along both the transmit and receive paths. By code inspection, it was determined that the overhead of the Linux/UDP port on the slave side was lower, and hence the measurements that were conducted also represent a conservative assessment of the overhead of the Linux/UDP port for FreeMODBUS. As in the previous experiments, the test programs were configured to issue RH or WM transactions with \(N=1\), 60, and 120 registers. Figure 11 shows the results for the transmit (a) and receive (b) paths. These results complement the end-to-end round-trip time measurements commented on in Section 4.3 and are consistent with them.  
An interesting observation that stems from the comparison is that the Modbus-UDP receive path overhead dominates the overall round-trip time. This is likely due to the use of inter-task message passing along the receive path, which is in turn implemented on top of a general-purpose POSIXmq message queue, a relatively heavyweight mechanism. This provides significant hints for further performance improvements, which could be the subject of future work. For instance, such a message queue could profitably be replaced by a more specialized and efficient mechanism based on mutual exclusion semaphores and condition variables.  
Figure 10: Sensitivity of RH and WM transactions with \(N=120\) registers to varying TCP network load directed to the Modbus master (**a**) and slave (**b**) nodes. Traffic generated with iperf3 with payload length (-1 option) 256 B, \(n=10\),000 samples.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Groundwater Protection Strategy in Coastal Area
#### 4.3.3 Rigorous Implementation Plans for Groundwater Exploitation in High Vulnerability Area  
Based on the above groundwater protection objectives and implementation methods, this study suggests that the Tangshan area should follow the following most stringent groundwater exploitation plan to ensure the sustainable development of groundwater resources.  
1. Key groundwater pollution sources such as chemical and metal products industrial clusters, landfills, hazardous waste disposal sites, and other key groundwater pollution sources should be investigated and evaluated as soon as possible to map out the status of groundwater pollution, establish a system of seepage and leakage prevention for key groundwater pollution sources, carry out seepage and leakage prevention inspections every year, formulate seepage prevention and renovation plans for seepage prevention measures that do not satisfy the corresponding seepage prevention specification requirements, and take technical and management measures in a timely manner to eliminate hidden dangers.
2. For areas where groundwater pollution exists, detailed investigation and assessment of groundwater shall be further carried out, and where groundwater treatment and remediation or risk control is required after detailed investigation and assessment, control shall be strengthened and appropriate management shall be carried out in a timely manner. In areas where the health risk of groundwater pollution is unacceptable, the use of groundwater should be prohibited, and drainage methods such as pits and ponds should be restricted to reduce the disturbance of the polluted area; if drainage is really needed, it should be discharged in compliance with the standard after treatment.
3. Penalties should be established for enterprises and individuals who do not comply with the rules on groundwater protection, and they should be ordered to rectify the situation thoroughly before continuing production.
4. In areas where karst is strongly developed and where there are many fallout holes and karst funnels, construction projects that may cause groundwater pollution shall not be newly built, altered, or expanded.