## 3 Results  
Differences in Ecosystem Service Capacities and Spatial Differentiation Characteristics Across Ecological Restoration Zones in Liaoning Province  
In 2020, the total amounts of carbon sequestration, soil conservation, food production, and water yield in Liaoning Province were \(2.09\times 10^{9}\) t, \(2.44\times 10^{9}\) t, \(5.22\times 10^{9}\) t, and \(2.33\times 10^{7}\) t, respectively. Analyzing the average service capacities per unit area across the five ecological restoration zones, the WCR exhibited the highest capacities for carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water yield, and habitat quality. Conversely, the WSFR demonstrated the weakest soil conservation capacity, with an average value of 20.77 t/hm2. The CR had the lowest capacities for habitat quality and carbon sequestration, while the IR had the lowest food production capacity. The SWCR exhibited the weakest water yield capacity. The contribution of ecosystem services across different ecological restoration zones exhibits distinct spatial distribution patterns (Figure 3). The spatial proportions of water yield (WY), carbon sequestration (CS), habitat quality (HQ), and soil conservation (SC) are notably similar across the five zones (Figure 4). Among these, the WCR stands out, showing the highest contribution across all five services, with soil conservation accounting for 72.24%--the largest share. This can be attributed to the region's dense vegetation cover, which enhances its soil conservation capacity. In contrast, the WSFR records the lowest contribution for soil conservation, habitat quality, and water yield, with soil conservation contributing only 1.61% and both habitat quality and water yield registering values below 10% (Table 3). These low figures are likely due to WSFR's proximity to the Horqin Sandy Land, where significant wind erosion diminishes the effectiveness of soil and water retention relative to other restoration zones. In the CR, the lowest contributions for carbon sequestration and habitat quality can be attributed to the region's high degree of urbanization. The conversion of ecological land into construction land and more frequent human activities in the central area further reduce the effectiveness of ecosystem services. Figure 3: Spatial distribution of ecosystem services in Liaoning Province in 2020 (**a**) Habitat Quality; (**b**) Soil Conservation; (**c**) Water Yield; (**d**) Food Production; (**e**) Carbon Storage; (**f**) Ecological Restoration Zoning of Liaoning Province. Figure 4: Percentage of ecosystem services within the ecological restoration zones (**a**) SC: soil conservation; (**b**) WY: water yield; (**c**) FD: food production; (**d**) CS: carbon storage; (**e**) HQ: habitat quality. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ecosystem Services Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Per Area Service Capability**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Proportion of Liaoning Province**} \\ \cline{3-5}  & & **MIN** & **MEAN** & **MAX** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Soil Conservation (t hm\({}^{-2}\) a\({}^{-1}\))} & IR & 0 & 100.35 & 3534.84 & 12.15\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WSFR & 0 & 20.77 & 809.62 & 1.61\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & CR & 0 & 42.55 & 2564.03 & 3.43\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WCR & 0 & 379.33 & 5911.32 & 72.24\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & SWCR & 0 & 88.13 & 1971.16 & 10.57\% \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Water Yield (t hm\({}^{-2}\) a\({}^{-1}\))} & IR & 0 & 376.24 & 1043.78 & 21.56\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WSFR & 0 & 222.55 & 531.66 & 8.16\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & CR & 0 & 314.57 & 848.62 & 11.84\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WCR & 0 & 520.52 & 1090.59 & 46.35\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & SWCR & 0 & 213.78 & 538.11 & 12.09\% \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Food Production (t hm\({}^{-2}\) a\({}^{-1}\))} & IR & 3.35 & 123.67 & 664.27 & 16.09\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WSFR & 9.71 & 257.89 & 419.85 & 21.02\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & CR & 12.07 & 240.18 & 954.00 & 20.18\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & WCR & 12.94 & 126.14 & 362.70 & 25.15\% \\ \cline{2-5}  & SWCR & 3.51 & 139.42 & 394.70 & 17.56\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}