The study found a decrease in NPP owing to mining-induced vegetation loss and an increase in NPP due to vegetation recovery in mining sites. Moreover, several studies across the globe have investigated the impact of mining on vegetation productivity using satellite data [31; 37; 38]. Overall, the above-mentioned studies indicated that mining operations have significantly affected plant productivity in ecologically sensitive locations across the world. The loss of vegetation transpiration linked to mining-induced vegetation cover reduction has received little attention globally. The loss of vegetation production caused by opencast mining activities is rarely studied, especially in the Indian mining regions. Most of the previous studies in Indian mining regions were limited to assessing mining-induced vegetation loss, land cover alteration, and vegetation health assessment [25; 39; 40; 41; 42]. These studies demonstrated a large-scale vegetation cover loss caused by mining operations for the last few decades over a few major mining-dominated states (i.e., Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh) [7; 24; 25]. The mining and anthropogenic activity-induced deforestation in India could be one of the major sources of CO\({}_{2}\) and other greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, air pollution induced by mining has several local and global implications based on the type of material extracted and the extraction method [39; 43]. In fact, this damage from air pollution has repercussions not only on biodiversity but also on the health of living beings and the local micro-economy. It can have consequences on the local and regional climate by altering temperature and precipitation patterns. Other than the environmental impacts and social risks, mining also plays a vital role in the economic development of several countries by providing employment opportunities, generating revenue, and supplying raw materials for various industries such as construction, manufacturing, and energy production. The mining sector in India and the world generates significant employment opportunities, particularly in remote and underdeveloped regions. In 2020, ~1.2 million people directly and ~8.5 million indirectly were employed in the mining sector in India [44]. The ecologically fragile Rajmahal Hills in the Jharkhand state of India have also experienced remarkable vegetation cover loss due to large-scale stone quarrying and other human interferences in the recent few decades (2000-2020) [27]. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the losses of vegetation cover along with primary production and transpiration over the Rajmahal Hills due to large-scale stone mining operations. The present study can assist in identifying changes in plant communities and land use patterns induced by mining activities, enabling informed decision-making and policy design to mitigate those consequences by encouraging sustainable land use practices for protecting ecosystems and biodiversity. Thus, the main objectives of the present study were (a) to analyze vegetation cover loss due to mining activity over the Rajmahal Hills during 1990-2020 using the Landsat series satellite dataset and (b) to evaluate vegetation productivity and transpiration losses using multi-sensor satellite datasets caused due to mining-induced vegetation cover loss. The study's outcomes can help policymakers to develop strategies and measures to safeguard ecosystems, preserve natural resources, and promote sustainability in the mining sector at multiple levels, including government, industry, and civil society. By incorporating the study's findings into policies, regulations, and guidelines, decision-makers can promote sustainable mining practices that are directly or indirectly aligned with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Goal 15 (Life on Land), Goal 13 (Climate Action), and Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).