## 2 Materials and Methods
### Kinetic Data Analysis  
The destruction of microorganisms is generally modeled based on the first-order rate reaction kinetics, as detailed in [PERSON] and Ramaswamy [7,8]. Briefly, the D-values at the exit temperatures were first calculated from the regression of the log residual numbers of survivors vs. uncorrected heating time (nominal heating time) (Equation (1)), and then the z-value was obtained as the negative reciprocal slope of log D vs. temperature (Equation (2)). Mathematically, the D-value can be represented using Equation (1) (survivor curve):  
\[\log_{10}\frac{\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{N}_{0}}=-\frac{\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{D}};\; \mathrm{Slope}=-1/\mathrm{D} \tag{1}\]  
where N is the residual activity of the enzyme at time 't' and N\({}_{0}\) is the initial activity. The D-value is also called the 'decimal reduction time' because at any particular temperature, D represents the heating time required for a reduction in the microbial population by one decimal reduction or 90%.  
The second parameter used to define the thermal inactivation kinetics is the temperature sensitivity indicator, which is denoted by z. The z-value is the difference in the thermal treatment temperature that causes an increase or A decrease in the D-value by one decimal. The temperature sensitivity indicator was obtained as the negative reciprocal of the thermal resistance curve, which is a plot of log\({}_{10}\)D versus the heat treatment temperatures (Equation (2)).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Exit** & **Flow Rate,** & **Residence** & **Heating Rate,** & **Power** & **Efficiency,** & **Re/De Number** \\
**Temperature, \({}^{\circ}\)C** & **mL/s** & **Time, s** & \({}^{\circ}\)C/s** & **Absorbed, W** & **\%** & **Re/De Number** \\ \hline
95 & 4.17 & 64.8 & 1.09 & 1228 & 61 & 600/178 \\ \hline
88 & 5.00 & 54.0 & 1.18 & 1327 & 66 & 720/214 \\ \hline
81 & 5.50 & 49.1 & 1.14 & 1287 & 64 & 792/236 \\ \hline
75 & 6.67 & 40.5 & 1.23 & 1395 & 69 & 960/286 \\ \hline
70 & 7.50 & 36.0 & 1.25 & 1413 & 71 & 1080/322 \\ \hline
66 & 8.33 & 32.4 & 1.27 & 1441 & 72 & 1200/357 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
Re = [PERSON]’s number = VD\(\rho\)/ \(\mu\); \(V\) = fluid velocity; D tube diameter; \(\rho\) fluid density; and \(\mu\) fluid viscosity. De = [PERSON]’s number = Re (Ri/Re)\({}^{1/2}\); Ri is the tube radius; and Re is the coil radius. Power absorbed = V \(\rho\) C\({}_{\mathrm{P}}\)\(\Delta\)T, where V is the volumetric flow rate, \(\rho\) is density, and \(\Delta\)T is temperature difference.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of operating temperatures, flow rates, heating rates, and absorbed power (initial temperature: 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
\[\mathrm{z}=\frac{\mathrm{T}_{2}-\mathrm{T}_{1}}{\log_{10}\mathrm{D}_{1}-\log_{10} \mathrm{D}_{2}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\mathrm{D}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{D}_{2}\) are D-values at the temperatures \(\mathrm{T}_{1}\) and \(\mathrm{T}_{2}\), respectively.  
Using the calculated \(z\)-value, the heating times are corrected as effective times (Equation (3)), and new \(D\)-values and, subsequently, the new \(z\)-value are computed. This step is repeated as many times as necessary until the convergence of the \(z\)-value:  
\[\mathrm{Effective\ heating\ time}=\int 10^{(\mathrm{(T}-121.1)/z)}\,\mathrm{dt} \tag{3}\]