esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Proposed Methodology: Dynamic Context-Aware Transformer (DCAT)
### System Model
#### 4.1.2 GPT-3 Decoder in DCAT  
The Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3), as a part of the DCAT model, functions as the decoder. It takes the encoded image features from the ViT encoder and gener  
Figure 1: Architecture of proposed DCAT.  
ates captions in Tamil. GPT-3's advanced language modeling capabilities, which include processing sequences of tokens to predict subsequent tokens, make it particularly well-suited for generating accurate and contextually aligned captions.  
\[Y_{\text{partial}} =\text{InitialTokenSequence}() \tag{8}\] \[Y_{\text{generated}} =\text{GPT-3}(X_{\text{transformed}},Y_{\text{partial}},\Theta_{ \text{GPT-3}})\] (9) \[\text{Attention}(Q,K,V) =\text{softmax}\Big{(}\frac{QK^{T}}{\sqrt{d_{k}}}\Big{)}V \tag{10}\]  
In these equations, GPT-3 utilizes the encoded features from ViT and an initial sequence of tokens to generate a caption. The attention mechanism within GPT-3 evaluates the importance of each word in the context of the entire sequence, thus ensuring the generation of coherent and contextually relevant captions.  
This synergy of ViT and GPT-3 in the DCAT system model underscores the novel approach to addressing the challenges of generating accurate and contextually rich image captions in Tamil. The integration of these advanced technologies enables DCAT to effectively bridge the gap between visual perception and linguistic expression.
## 3 Undifferentiated Cells (Stem Cells)
### Adult Stem Cells
#### 3.4.6.2 Applications in BTE  
There are few reports in the literature demonstrating that S-MSCs can differentiate into osteogenic lineages under the specific osteogenic medium in vitro [343, 345, 351]. It has been shown that these cells have a greater osteogenic capacity in comparison to ASCs and muscle-derived stem cells (MD-SCs) [346]. However, the osteogenic potential of S-MSCs is much less than BM-MSCs when cultured in similar osteogenic medium [347]. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. reported that S-MSCs are inferior in osteogenic capability as compared to PDPCs [352]. The implantation of S-MSCs together with hydroxyapatite (HAp) as cell-matrix composites has been evaluated for bone repair [353]. After being implanted, the cell-containing constructs could accelerate in vivo osteo-induction as compared to the constructs without cells. In another study, [PERSON] et al. tried to repair osteo-chondral defects using an S-MSCs-encapsulated injectable gel (type I collagen/hyaluronic acid/fibrinogen (COL/HA/FG)). Their results revealed the effectiveness of this system for improving osteo-chondral defects in rabbits.
## 4 Discussion
For the acceleration profile, central midfielders had little capacity for high-intensity acceleration except from standing, and for moderate-intensity accelerations, their capacity was greatest from standing and jogging. From running was the position with the least acceleration capacity at both intensities. These results are generally in agreement with the literature with the exception of distance run and number of high-intensity actions. It is often described as a position with high activity, but mainly low to moderate intensity, probably being a more positional role [43; 44; 63]. **Wide midfielders**  
Wide midfielders are characterized as one of the positions with the highest speed and acceleration capacity, with a maximum speed of 32.7 km/h and a maximum acceleration higher than the other positions due to jogging and running. In the speed profile, their activity was very similar to that of the MFs, with the second-highest total distance and distance at moderate-high intensity and the lowest distance at very high intensity. Conversely, their acceleration profile was one of the most complete, as was that of the CDs, with greater demands from jogging. Many authors describe WMFs as the post with the highest maximum speed and best acceleration capacity, with high-intensity physical activities and a large number of accelerations and sprints. Therefore, our findings are in line with the current literature for WMFs, being a highly demanding position in both profiles [38; 44; 64; 65; 66]. **Forwards**  
With above-average data in their maximum speed and acceleration capacity, this was the post with the highest maximum acceleration capacity from standing with 6.52 m/s\({}^{-2}\). Forwards accumulated little distance regardless of the intensity of the speed profile, and this was the post with the greatest distance and number of high-intensity accelerations from running. [PERSON] et al. identified the maximum velocity of FWs as the main factor that allows them to maximize their acceleration capacity, as well as WMFs [38]. That interpretation would be valid for our study with an initial velocity in acceleration efforts > 14.3 km/h. In general, players with more offensive tasks perform more explosive actions at very high intensity, shorter total distances, and more limited moderate-intensity activity [61]. Due to methodological differences, the interpretation and direct comparison of the data with previous research were complex, and further studies are recommended considering the influence of contextual, environmental, or situational factors, such as match location, quality of the opponent, match outcome, etc. [63; 67; 68; 69].
# Three-Dimensional Change of Lip after Two-Jaw Surgery in Facial Asymmetry Using Facial Scanner
## 2 Materials and Methods  
This retrospective study was approved by the regional Ethical Review Board of Yonsei Dental Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB No.: 2-2022-0004). The study comprised 22 patients (10 men and 12 women, with a mean age of 23.8 \(\pm\) 5.8 years) who underwent two-jaw orthognathic surgeries between 2018 and 2020 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei Dental Hospital. The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients diagnosed with skeletal class I or class III facial asymmetry (menton deviation > 3 mm) [17], patients with a menton deviation that coincided with the side of the upward maxillary occlusal plane cant (ipsilateral asymmetry) [18], patients who underwent two-jaw surgery (single-segment LeFort I osteotomy combined with bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy) performed by a single surgeon, and patients who underwent imaging using 3D CT and FS one month prior to (T1) and at least one month after (T2) orthognathic surgery (CT, mean 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.9 month; FS, mean 3.1 \(\pm\) 0.9 month) (Table 1). Patients with congenital craniofacial anomalies, such as cleft lip and palate, or with a missing maxillary canine or first molar were excluded.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Basic Chemical Composition of Baked Meat, Hybrid, and Plant Burgers
Regarding the salt content, it remained at the level of about 1.7% and did not differ significantly for individual sample types or recipe variants (Table 3). This level was consistent with the technological level of its addition and was typical for raw meat burgers [50]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Recipe**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Sample Type**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **M100\_P0** & **M75\_P25** & **M50\_P50** & **M25\_P75** & **M0\_P100** \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Water [\%]**} \\ \hline I & 60.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 58.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 58.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 aA & 57.9 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 57.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA \\ II & 60.3 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 58.2 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 58.1 \(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 57.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 57.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Protein [\%]**} \\ \hline I & 16.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 14.9 \(\pm\) 0.3 aA & 14.0 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 12.1 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 11.9 \(\pm\) 1.1 aA \\ II & 16.9 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 15.1 \(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 13.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 12.2 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Fat [\%]**} \\ \hline I & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 14.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 14.1\(\pm\) 0.9 aA & 13.5\(\pm\) 1.1 aA & 13.1\(\pm\) 0.5 aA \\ II & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 14.3 \(\pm\) 1.4 aA & 13.9\(\pm\) 1.6 aA & 13.8\(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 13.6\(\pm\) 0.4 aA \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Fiber [\%]**} \\ \hline I & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 aA & 1.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 bA & 3.0 \(\pm\) 0.6 cA & 4.5 \(\pm\) 0.7 dA & 6.3 \(\pm\) 0.9 eA \\ II & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 aA & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.7 bA & 3.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 cA & 5.1 \(\pm\) 0.9 dA & 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 eA \\ \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{**Salt [\%]**} \\ \hline I & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.3 aA & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.4 aA & 1.6\(\pm\) 0.5 aA & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.7 aA & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.4 aA \\ II & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.3 aA & 1.7\(\pm\) 0.1 aA & 1.6\(\pm\) 0.6 aA & 1.8\(\pm\) 0.4 aA & 1.8\(\pm\) 0.3 aA \\ \hline \end{tabular} For the denomination of meat, hybrid, and plant burger samples, see Table 1. Different lowercase letters between means values \(\pm\) standard deviations in the same row indicate significant differences (grouping variable: sample type), \(p\leq\) 0.05. Different uppercase letters between means values \(\pm\) standard deviations in the same column indicate significant differences (grouping variable: recipe variant), \(p\leq\) 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Basic chemical compositions of baked meat, hybrid, and plant burgers. In contrast, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] reported that plant-based meat alternatives usually have substantially higher salt levels than their meat counterparts. It is worth mentioning that overconsumption of salt and sodium increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases [52]. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] and [PERSON] et al. [53] pointed out, hybrid products are the optimal way to introduce plant ingredients rich in amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fiber, and minerals into the daily diet. Meanwhile, the meat industry has a chance to diversify its offerings, responding to the growing consumer demand for healthier and more sustainable food products.
# Chaotic Communication System with Symmetry-Based Modulation
## 5 Conclusions  
The key results of the reported study can be summarized as follows:  
1. The proposed novel digital communication method based on the synchronization of chaotic systems (symmetry coefficient modulation, SCM) allows the transmission of binary-coded messages. The underlying theoretical concept of using semi-implicit models with variable symmetry coefficient for chaotic signals generation is experimentally verified.  
2. It is shown that, unlike the bifurcation parameters, the switching of symmetry coefficient does not affect the behavior of the transmitting chaotic system, making the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Symmetry Coefficient**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameter \(a\)**} \\ \hline \(\Delta S\) & **Transfer Rate, Mbit/s** & \(\Delta a\) & **Transfer Rate, Mbit/s** \\ \hline
0.1 & 0.4 & 0.1 & 0.18 \\
0.01 & 0.5 & 0.01 & 0.47 \\
0.001 & 0.666 & 0.001 & 0.6 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The comparison between dependence of the binary data transfer rate on the difference between symmetry coefficients and parameters \(a\) with a defined minimum synchronization error \(\Delta x=10^{-6}\) (\(f_{samp}=1\) GHz).  
symmetry-based modulation more suitable for covert messaging. A presented comparison with parameter-based modulation confirmed these theoretical assumptions.  
3. We explicitly show that the transfer of the parameter by the modulation method leads to noticeable changes in the spectrum of systems even with a slight (10%) change in the bifurcation parameter, while a significant (more than 50%) change in the symmetry coefficient does not result in the significant difference in the spectrogram.  
Our further research will be dedicated to the study of the channel noise influence on transmission and BER, as well as the development of efficient methods of noise reduction. The simulation of the attack to the proposed secure communication system by detecting spectral patterns and studying more known types of chaotic signal modulation is of great interest as well. In addition, a comparison of the proposed method with other coherent and non-coherent types of chaotic coupling and harmonic signal modulation will be performed.  
Conceptualization, D.B.; data curation, V.R. and G.K.; formal analysis, T.K. and D.B.; funding acquisition, T.K.; investigation, T.K. and V.R.; methodology, D.B.; project administration, T.K.; resources, G.K. and E.R.; software, V.R., G.K. and E.R.; supervision, D.B.; validation, V.R., E.R. and D.B.; visualization, T.K. and G.K.; writing--original draft, T.K., V.R. and D.B.; writing--review and editing, E.R. and D.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project 20-79-10334.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Experimental Results
#### 3.4.3 Comparative Experiments on Different Attention Mechanisms  
In order to present the advantages of the SA attention mechanism over other attention mechanisms, this experiment added the SA, SE, CBAM, and CA modules at the same location of the Neck network of the basic Mobilenetv2-YOLOv4 network. The experimental results are presented in Figure 12. After adding the attention module, the number of parameters in the whole network slightly increased, which caused a decrease in the reasoning speed of the model; however, it still reached a value higher than 65 FPS. Several attention mechanisms can improve the accuracy of obstacle detection methods. Among them, after adding the SA attention module, model accuracy was the improved the most, and mAP was improved by 1.37%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Network**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**YOLOv4 and Its Improvements**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Average Precision (AP)/\%**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**mAP/\%**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FPS**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-6}  & & **E-L** & & & & \\ \hline A & YOLOv4 + K-means clustering & 98.51 & 97.67 & 95.83 & 97.34 & 41 \\ B & A + Mobilenetv2 & 98.33 & 99.20 & 88.26 & 95.26 & 72 \\ C & B + SA module & 99.32 & 98.41 & 92.15 & 96.63 & 68 \\ D & C + K-means++ clustering & 99.22 & 98.86 & 94.38 & 97.49 & 68 \\ E & D + Focal loss function & 99.16 & 98.65 & 96.24 & 98.02 & 68 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Ablation experiment results.  
Figure 12: Comparative experimental results for different attention mechanisms.
## 3 Part I: Localization of Real and Virtual Sources in the Absence of Visual Cues  
The localization study in Part I consisted of two listening tests. The first listening test, referred to as **TestVR**, was performed to assess the localization performance when listening to individual binaural signals generated with both VAHs and non-individual binaural signals of a conventional artificial head, for which the BRIRs were measured for different head orientations. During TestVR, the virtual sound source was presented at different target positions dynamically, i.e., with head tracking, through headphones. Subjects sat in a darkened room with very limited visual information about the surroundings and were asked to indicate the perceived source position using a graphical user interface (GUI). In the second listening test, referred to as **TestReal**, subjects listened to signals played back in the same darkened room from real (hidden) sound sources and were asked to indicate the perceived source positions using the same GUI as in TestVR. Both listening tests, and the measurements of room impulse responses with both VAHs and the BRIRs of the conventional artificial head, were performed in the anechoic room (\(3.1\) m \(\times\) 3.4 m \(\times\) 2 m, \(f_{cutoff}\) = 200 Hz) at Jade University of Applied Sciences in Oldenburg. For each test, a different set of 15 target positions, as shown in Figure 2a,b, was considered; azimuthal target positions were chosen randomly in multiples of \(5^{\circ}\) between \(0^{\circ}\) and \(355^{\circ}\), and target elevations at one of the elevations \(0^{\circ}\), \(\pm 10^{\circ}\), \(\pm 20^{\circ}\) or \(+25^{\circ}\). VAH steering vectors and individual HRTFs in 864 directions, including the ones listed in Table 1, and individual headphone impulse responses (HPIRs), were acquired with the methods described in [13].
## 3 pLEO Time Scale Development
### Generation of Multi-Platform Clock Ensemble  
In summary, the main challenge in the time scale problem for an ensemble of separate and independent clocks, such as those used in deployed AltPNT satellite systems, is accurately estimating the states of each clock within the ensemble. Clock-to-clock difference measurements between ensemble members are taken instantly and used to determine each clock's state relative to a designated reference clock in the system. It is important to note that these reference clocks exhibit random behaviors characterized by non-zero process noise.  
Building on the foundational work referenced in [22], several key points are emphasized, particularly regarding the comparison of two participating clocks, denoted as \(i\) and \(j\). The objective is typically to estimate the differences in clock states based on the model outlined in Equations (40)-(42), with each measurement representing the difference between the readings of the two cooperating clocks.  
\[p_{ij}(t_{k+1}) =p_{ij}(t_{k})+\delta f_{ij}(t_{k})+\frac{\delta^{2}}{2}r_{ij}(t_{ k})+\epsilon_{ij}(t_{k}) \tag{40}\] \[f_{ij}(t_{k+1}) =f_{ij}(t_{k})+\delta r_{ij}(t_{k})+\eta_{ij}(t_{k})\] (41) \[r_{ij}(t_{k+1}) =r_{ij}(t_{k})+\alpha_{ij}(t_{k})\,. \tag{42}\]
## 5 Technology and Case Studies
### Building AAC Mortars
#### 5.2.1 Dry Mixes for Anchoring Application  
Dry mixes should meet requirements that are difficult to combine: the high consistency and required consistency retention time of fresh mortar, high strength, adhesion, and the required expansion of mortar [94; 95; 96]. A mix design, which is characteristic of rapid hardening and high strength [97], was as follows: % by mass: AAC with \(\rm M_{b}\) = 2.4-38.9, granite screening (fr. 1.25/2.5)--14.6, sand (fr. 0.63/1.25)--17.5, sand (fr. 0.16/0.63)--11.7, milled sand fr. < 0.16-14.6, PEG-M--0.4, NaNO\({}_{3}\)--2.4, aluminum powder--0.01.  
The properties of the resulting mortar were consistency (flow)--190 mm; consistency retention time--15 min, flexural/compressive strength of mortar--6.1/25.7 MPa and 12.9/68.5 MPa at 1 day and 28 days, respectively; bond strength to the substrate--0.9 MPa; pull-out strength--110 MPa; linear elongation--0.37 mm/m.  
The composition of such dry mixes additionally included aluminum powder, salt-electrolyte (NaNO\({}_{3}\)), and calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO\({}_{4}\)-0.5H\({}_{2}\)O). The admixtures were represented by modified polyester and polyhydrosiloxane.  
The expansion of the AAC mortar in combination with the increased strength was achieved by the decrease in water content and the formation of an effective pore structure. The proper adjustment of the duration of the processes of gas release and structure formation resulted in an optimal structure with additional stresses due to ettringe formation.
## 4 Materials and Methods
### MM-GBSA Calculation  
The Molecular Mechanics with Generalized Born and Surface Area Solvation (MM-GBSA) method was employed to calculate the binding energy of interactions between the protein\(-\)ligand complexes involving selected ligands from molecular docking results against Keap1 [80]. From the 500 ns trajectory, 100 snapshots were extracted at intervals of 5 ns, spanning from the beginning to the end of the simulation. The binding energy was computed using OpenMM-GBSA [81]. This method calculates the Gibbs free energy of binding (\(\Delta\)G\({}_{\text{binding}}\)) using the MM-GBSA approach, represented by the equation:  
\[\Delta\)G\({}_{\text{binding}}=\)G\({}_{\text{complex}}-\)(G\({}_{\text{protein}}+\)G\({}_{\text{ligand}}\))  
where G\({}_{\text{complex}}\), G\({}_{\text{protein}}\), and G\({}_{\text{ligand}}\) denote the total binding energy of the protein\(-\)ligand complex, the free protein, and the unbound ligand, respectively. In the MM-GBSA method, the Gibbs free energy values for the proteinligand complex (G\({}_{\text{complex}}\)), free protein (G\({}_{\text{protein}}\)), and free ligand (G\({}_{\text{ligand}}\)) are obtained through molecular dynamics simulations. The energy for the protein\(-\)ligand complex is accounted for by running simulations on the complex, while the energies for the protein and ligand are calculated separately to capture the behavior of each component. Here, G\({}_{\text{complex}}\), G\({}_{\text{protein}}\), and G\({}_{\text{ligand}}\) represent the total binding energy of the protein\(-\)ligand complex, the energy of the free protein, and the energy of the unbound ligand, respectively. These simulations incorporate the effects of solvation and electrostatic interactions, providing results that reflect actual biological conditions. This energy is then used to estimate the binding energy, which gives an indication of the stability of the interaction between the protein and ligand [14].
## 5 Wing Component Structure Design Optimization Process
### Spar Structure Topology Optimization  
The spar is one of the most important wing components, as it can support the heaviest aerodynamic loads affecting the aircraft wing. A spar is designed as an extended beam along the wingspan, which supports the wing submitted to the bending load. Thus, it should withstand the impacts of shear, tensile, and compressive loads. In our project, the previous TO of baseline solid wings design suggested the use of two spars for each wing segment at defined locations, as shown in Figure 6[29]. The aerodynamic loads were calculated with the ANSYS and XFLR5 software, where the spars were modeled as beams with discrete loads at different locations (their values are presented in Table 3).  
The structural weight was considered in the problem formulation for the wing spars, as the main aim of our design was to find the optimal wing structural parameters. This objective was used to determine the wing minimum weight while satisfying its strength, durability, and versatility constraints[8].  
Figure 5: Finite Element for (**A**) fixed wing and (**B**) moving wing.  
Figure 6: Baseline geometry shape for morphing wing spars for fixed and moving segments at their original position on the wing.  
The I-beam section was selected for modeling the wing spars (except at their connecting points with the ribs) because it provided high mechanical advantages compared to other beam section shapes. The I-beam shapes bear higher loads than the other beam section shapes, supported very well the other wing components, withstood mechanical fatigue (such as torsions and deformations), reduced the load intensity on the other wing components, and led to low costs and weight [46; 47].  
TO is an iterative process needed to reach the optimized system's best-converged solution based on the objective function, and certain design constraints. In a 3D environment, all wing spars are subjected to the same analyses procedures [48]. As the selected loads are proportional to the wing spar length, the objective function includes both the designable region, as well as the flange and the attachment areas used to link the ribs inside the spars, which is considered a non-designable region. The non-designable regions were fixed during the optimization process as they were excluded from the design domain. Figure 7 illustrates the determined designable and non-designable regions of the front wing spar by creating various areas, and thus by leading to more feasible optimizations [49]. The spars meshed into uniform tetrahedrons with elements of 3 mm thickness; the uniform grids were needed to reduce the computation errors.