## 3 The Problem of Selecting the Next Network  
The problem of selecting the next network can be formulated as three sets as follows: given a set R of candidate networks to carry out the handover, consisting of the triple {Extended Service Set Identifier (ESSID), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), Mac Address (MA)}, that is, let R = {(ESSID\({}_{1}\), RSSI\({}_{1}\), MA\({}_{1}\)),..., (ESSID\({}_{1}\), R\({}_{1}\), RSSI\({}_{1}\), MA\({}_{\{R\}}\))}, \(|\) R\(|\) \(\geq\) 2, and another GPS set formed by the position of the MN in decimal degrees constituted by the triplet {latitude(lat), longitude(lon), and height(alt)}. That is, let GPS = {(lat\({}_{1}\),lon\({}_{1}\),alt\({}_{1}\)),..., (lat\({}_{1}\),lon\({}_{1}\),alt\({}_{1}\))}, \(|\) N\(|\) \(\geq\) 2, and finally the set AV consisting of the acceleration in the three axes, \(x\)-axis(ax), \(y\)-axis(ay), and \(z\)-axis(az), and the velocity (v) AV = {(ax\({}_{1}\),ay\({}_{1}\),az\({}_{1}\),v\({}_{1}\)),..., (ax\({}_{|\,A}\),ay\({}_{|\,A}\),az\({}_{|\,A}\),\(|\,V\)\({}_{|\,A}\))}, where \(|\) A\(|\) \(\geq\) 2. The solution is modeled with the set \(D_{i}^{t}=\big{\{}GPS^{t},AV^{t},R_{i}^{t}\big{\}}\), \(i=1,..,R\) and \(t>\) 0.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Description** \\ \hline Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) & Power level of received signals in wireless networks, measure on decibels (dB). \\ \hline Network load (NL) & Loads of traffic on a network can be an important parameter due to the capacity of the channel. \\ \hline Bit error rate (BER) & Number of received bits that have been altered due to noise or interference, divided by the total number of bits transferred during the interval time, measure on bits per second (bps). \\ \hline Throughput & This measure refers to the amount of data or messages that are successfully received, on a specific channel, measure on bits per second (bps). \\ \hline signal to noise ratio (SNR) & It is the relation between the signal to noise and is defined as the ratio between the transmitted signal power and the power of the noise that corrupts it, measure on decibels (dB). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Features commonly used in handover decision algorithms.  
Figure 1: Generic algorithm to the handover making decision.  
Then the data set is expressed as follows:  
\(D_{i}^{t}=\{\)lat,Ion,alt, ax,ay,az,v, ESSID, RSSI, MA\(\}\)  
That is, at time \(t=1\), there are three networks available to perform the network change.  
\(D_{3}^{1}=\{\)19.41356, \(-\)98.90195, 2242, 1.41617, 3.84269, 7.96311, 5.01, Net1, \(-\)78, e4:3e:d7:26: cd:a7, Net2, \(-\)78, 48:8d:36:3d:04:b8, Net3, \(-\)85, 94:8f:cf:84:67:32\(\}\)  
Moreover, at time \(t=2\), there are two networks available to perform the network change.  
\(D_{2}^{2}=\{\)19.491490, \(-\)98.892851, 2267, 5.75562, \(-\)0.153, 0.306, 10.726, INFINITUM68 xx, \(-\)78, 50:4e:dc:2b:fe:18, INFINITUMr5 xz, \(-\)78, 7c:b1:5d:5e:4e:f8\(\}\)  
The data set \(D\) is variable depending on the coverage of closed networks to the position. It is important to mention that in the trivial case where there is only one network available to change, by definition that is the best and worst network at the same time. Therefore, the decision-making algorithm can only evaluate one possibility and it would be the only option to select. For these reasons, in this article an environment with at least two or more adjacent networks is considered.  
Proactive Cross-Layer Framework Design Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Seamless Handover in Mobile WLAN Environments  
This section explains the design of the test environment inthe proactive cross-layer framework. It is assumed that the MN is in movement, and it is in an area fully covered with multiple WLAN networks as shown in Figure 2. The main objective of the protocol is to forecast the next network the MN will connect to. In this scenario, eight access points were placed on a path as shown in Figure 2.