## 1 Introduction  
Industry 4.0 represents a transformative paradigm shift that integrates advanced information technologies with traditional industrial practices, fundamentally altering how companies across various sectors conceive, design, and produce their goods and services [1]. This revolution is characterized by the convergence of technologies such as the IoT, big data analytics, AI, robotics, cloud computing, and cyber-physical systems, which together enable unprecedented levels of automation, efficiency, and connectivity [2]. In the manufacturing sector, for example, smart factories deploy interconnected devices and systems that facilitate real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive production lines, thereby reducing downtime and optimizing resource allocation [3]. Meanwhile, in the healthcare industry, the incorporation of Industry 4.0 technologies has led to the development of telemedicine services, personalized treatment regimens through data-driven insights, and improved patient management systems, which collectively enhance service quality and operational resilience [4]. Similarly, in sectors such as logistics and supply chain management, enhanced digital infrastructures and real-time data sharing have revolutionized inventory control, routing, and distribution, resulting in more agile and responsive operations [5]. This digital transformation, however, extends beyond the mere adoption of technological assets. This digital transformation also necessitates a profound cultural change within organizations. Companies are increasingly shifting toward a culture of continuous improvement, innovation, and collaborative problem-solving, as employees are encouraged to embrace new digital tools, adapt to evolving skill requirements, and participate actively in cross-functional teams [6]. Furthermore, the decentralization of decision-making processes and the elevation of data literacy among staff members facilitate an environment that rewards creativity, transparency, and rapid adaptation to market dynamics [6]. These cultural shifts are often supported by comprehensive change management strategies, including targeted training programs and leadership initiatives aimed at fostering an organizational mindset that is receptive to technological change and capable of leveraging it to achieve strategic competitive advantages [7]. Thus, Industry 4.0 redefines operational processes and technological infrastructures and transforms the foundational cultural dynamics of organizations, rendering them more agile, resilient, and innovation-driven [8]. The integration of ergonomics within the framework of Industry 4.0 is paramount in fostering an environment where technological innovation and human factors work synergistically to enhance productivity and employee wellbeing. Ergonomics, a discipline focused on optimizing human-system interactions, emerges as a critical element in ensuring that the rapid pace of technological advancement does not compromise the health, safety, and effectiveness of human operators [9]. By systematically assessing and redesigning workspaces to accommodate human capabilities and limitations, ergonomics contributes to the development of adaptive work environments that are resilient in the face of technological disruptions, thereby mitigating risks such as repetitive strain injuries, cognitive overload, and workplace fatigue [10]. Moreover, the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies facilitates real-time monitoring and data collection on human performance and workplace conditions, which, in turn, enables ergonomists to design more precise interventions that are responsive to the dynamic needs of the workforce [11]. The interrelation between these domains is further exemplified by the adoption of wearable sensors, augmented reality, and advanced simulation models that enhance situational awareness and decision-making and provide ergonomic insights that refine equipment design and workflow configuration.