esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Background  
### HSR Concepts  
HSR follows the PRP principle of frame duplication over distinct paths [1]. Unlike PRP that requires a completely duplicated network topology, HSR uses a single network. The HSR protocol defines the following node types [1]:  
* Doubly attached node for HSR (DANH): A DANH node is an HSR-capable switching end node that has two HSR ports sharing the same medium access control (MAC). These two ports form a single interface. The source DANH inserts the HSR tag into the frame received from upper layers, duplicates the frame into two frame copies and sends the two copies over both ports. The destination DANH receives--in the case of failure-free--two copies of the same frame, one from each port.
* Redundancy Box (RedBox): Singly attached nodes (SAN), such as servers, maintenance laptops or printers cannot be directly connected to an HSR ring since they have no the HSR forwarding capability and do not support the HSR tag. A RedBox is used to connect SANs to the HSR ring. RedBoxes forward the frames over the ring like DANH nodes and act as proxies for all SANs that access them.
* Quadruple port device (QuadBox): QuadBox nodes are used to connect HSR rings together. A QuadBox has four HSR ports that are divided into two pairs connected by an interlink; each pair shares the same MAC. QuadBoxes operate as HSR nodes towards both rings simultaneously.  
HSR is mainly applied for ring topologies. The HSR protocol is used in single-ring and connected-ring networks.
## 4 Modeling Approaches to Assess the Costs for the Last Mile for Direct Deliveries
### Solving the Underlying Traveling Salesman Problem per Area  
As stated above, solving VRP instances consists of two tasks. Once a cluster of customers is given, the problem is reduced to solving the TSP for each cluster (as defined for the sweep algorithm). For higher accuracy and in order to validate the approximation formula, instances of the TSP could be solved for each tour (minimizing the distance traveled). However, then geographical data for the locations of each transport order are required. Customer locations could be determined randomly within the district area (Figure 2(a)). As an alternative, real-world data from the open street map (OSM) could be used (Figure 2(b)) for only importing nodes tagged as _residential_ to obtain realistic points in the area ([[http://overpass-turbo.eu/](http://overpass-turbo.eu/)]([http://overpass-turbo.eu/](http://overpass-turbo.eu/)) accessed on 1 October 2023). Furthermore, nodes that are too close to other nodes regarding a particular transportation method have been eliminated. The minimum distance between nodes is set to 10 m.  
A random selection in the area has the disadvantage that (again) a uniform distribution of points in the area is assumed, which is also the assumption when using Equation (1). In the experiments, the influence of the strategy to select customer locations is further analyzed.  
The VKT per area result from the solutions of the respective TSP instances and the journeys from the depot to the respective district area and back (Figure 4). A similar assumption concerning the utilization of tours as for the simple estimation approach needs to be defined. If the number of customers within a district is insufficient to generate only fully-utilized tours, the remaining \(n\) nodes are added to the defined neighbor district (which of course has not been planned yet). Here, the closest \(n\) nodes are transferred before executing the actual solution method. Only for the last district to be planned, tours not fully utilized are planned. For solving the problem for each district, the following steps are performed:  
Figure 3: City of Dortmund: (a) random nodes in area, (b) real-word data using OSM.  
Figure 2: (a) The area containing the potential customers. (b) The city of Dortmund districts. The blue lines indicate the transfer sequence of surplus parcels, starting from the outer border of the city. Area colors emphasize the districts and their borders from the outer ones to the very center.  
the determination of the number of tours per area (according to the capacity of the vehicles).
2. the allocation of customers to tours according to the sweep approach (\"collecting\" customers until the maximum capacity of the vehicle is reached).
3. the solving of all TSP-Instances with the construction method Farthest Insertion and the improvement method 2-Opt.
## 6 Discussion
### Resource Usage Metrics
#### 6.4.1 Inference Time  
Real-time or near-real-time operation is crucial in UAV contexts, where high-speed maneuvers and split-second decisions can be necessary to mitigate spoofing risks [55]. The inference latency of LSTM models on embedded hardware (e.g., microcontrollers, edge GPUs) can significantly affect whether detection can be performed onboard or must rely on remote processing. While we observed promising prediction accuracy, future work would involve measuring the per-inference latency on prototype UAV hardware to confirm feasibility for continuous in-flight spoofing detection [56].
###### Abstract  
Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB)) microspheres with mixed-mode weak anion-exchange (WAX) character were successfully fabricated for the first time via facile one-step Pickering emulsion polymerization. The obtained poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) particles had good spherical geometry, uniform particle size in the range of 30-40 \(\upmu\)m, a large specific surface area of 575 m\({}^{2}\)/g, and a pore size range of 5-30 nm, according to the SEM and nitrogen adsorption-desorption results. Using these mixed-mode WAX microspheres as packing material, a reliable and robust analytical method based on solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (SPE-HPLC-UV) was developed for simultaneous determination of six strongly and weakly acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, nifulunic acid, diflunisal, naproxen, ketoprofen, and felicofenac) in reservoir water. Under optimized conditions, it was applicable to preconcentrate up to 500 mL of reservoir water samples on the WAX cartridges with satisfying recoveries (88-96%) for all the NSAIDs tested. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.002-0.025 \(\upmu\)g L\({}^{-1}\), respectively. Our results showed that the developed mixed-mode WAX poly(DEAEMA-co-DVB) phase containing a tertiary amine with a pKa value of approximately 10.7 could be used for simultaneous clean-up and preconcentration of strongly and weakly acidic organic pollutants in real environmental water, which could not be achieved by single use of quaternary ammonium strong anion-exchange phase or weaker primary and secondary amine anion-exchange.  
weak anion-exchange; mixed-mode SPE; Pickering emulsion polymerization; strongly and weakly acidic NSAIDs; reservoir water
###### Abstract  
The objectives of the present study were: (a) to evaluate the aroma evolution of raw lamb packaged in multi-layer coating film and stored at 4 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with respect to storage time and (b) to investigate whether specific aldehyde ratios could serve as markers of lamb meat freshness and degree of oxidation. Volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results showed that the most dominant volatiles were 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethyl-heptane, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-hexanol, carbon disulfide and \(p\)-cymene. Volatile compound content was increased during storage time. However, statistically significant differences were recorded only for hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal (\(p<0.05\)). Additionally, the evolution of aldehydes during storage recorded a positive [PERSON]'s correlation (\(r\)) (\(p<0.05\)), whereas hexanal to nonanal, heptanal to nonanal, octanal to nonanal ratios, along with the sum of aldehydes to nonanal ratio, were positively correlated (\(r=0.83\)-1.00) with the degree of oxidation (mg malonic dialdehyde per kg of lamb meat). A perfect Pearson's correlation (\(r=1\)) was obtained for the ratio hexanal to nonanal. Therefore, this ratio is proposed as an indicator of lamb meat freshness and overall quality.  
lamb meat; freshness; volatile compounds; aldehydes; aldehyde ratios; quality control 1
## 3 Experiment Setup  
The integrated system combining PolSK and forward-transmission distributed vibration sensing is shown in Figure 2. A linearly polarized coherent laser (Thorlabs SFL1550S, Newton, NJ, USA) with a center wavelength of 1550 nm, a linewidth of 50 kHz, and an output power of 17 mW was employed to probe the sensing system. A polarization controller (PC) (Thorlabs FPC560, Newton, NJ, USA) was employed to ensure a 45\({}^{\circ}\) entry into a PBS (Thorlabs PFC1550A, Newton, NJ, USA) to evenly split the optical power. EOM1 (Conquer KG-AMBox, Shen Zhen, China) and EOM2 (AFR F10-0, Zhu Hai, China) independently modulate the intensity of the two optical paths, which is then recombined into a single optical path with orthogonal polarizations by a PBC (Thorlabs PFC1550A, Newton, NJ, USA). Subsequently, the light is launched into a non-circulating fiber loop to form a single-ended configuration (a double-ended configuration can use a straight fiber). One beam propagates clockwise through the first circulator (Thorlabs 6015-3-APC, Newton, NJ, USA), passes through the sensing fiber, and exits through the second circulator. Similarly, the other beam propagates counterclockwise. A set of PBS is used at the two detection ends to separate the polarization axes and convert into differential voltage signals by a pair of BPDs (Thorlabs PDB470C, Newton, NJ, USA). The bandwidth of the BPD is 400 MHz. The signals are digitized by a USB oscilloscope (PicoScope 6428E-D, St. Neots, UK) connected to a computer. Digital bandpass filters are used to isolate the sensing and communication signals for separate analysis. A piezoelectric transducer (PZT) (Coremorrow H01.80, Harbin, China) with 50 m length of coiled fiber is used to create vibrations along certain sections of the sensing fiber. Due to the different optical path lengths between each PZT and the two detectors, the difference in the time-of-flight of a particular frequency can be used to determine the vibration position. This experiment was conducted in an environment where temperature, pressure, and other environmental factors were stable to mitigate any cross-sensitivity with external effects such as ambient temperature. In the future, multiple optical channels with different sensitivity coefficients will be used to simultaneously resolve vibration and temperature changes.  
Assuming the fiber length is \(L\), when vibration is applied to the sensing fiber, the time delay \(\Delta t\) between the arrival of the signals can be expressed as a function of the vibration position \(x\):  
\[\Delta t=\frac{L-x}{\frac{c}{n}}-\frac{x}{\frac{c}{n}}=\frac{n}{c}(L-2x), \tag{7}\]  
The vibration position \(x\) can be obtained after rearranging Equation (7):  
\[x=\frac{L}{2}-\frac{c\Delta t}{2n}, \tag{8}\]  
where \(c\) is the propagation speed of light in vacuum, and \(n\) is the effective index of the fiber core.
###### Abstract  
The application of terahertz (THz) radiation in scientific research as well as in applied and commercial technology has expanded rapidly in recent years. One example is the progress in high-resolution THz spectroscopy based on quantum cascade lasers, which has enabled new observations in astronomy, atmospheric research, and plasma diagnostics. However, the lack of easy-to-use and miniaturised detectors has hampered the development of compact THz spectroscopy systems out of the laboratory environment. In this paper, we introduce a new high-speed pyroelectric receiver as a cryogen-free detector for THz absorption spectroscopy. Its performance is characterised by absorption spectroscopy measurements on a reference gas cell (RGC) with ammonia using a tunable THz quantum cascade laser at approximately 4.75 THz as the light source. It is shown that the receiver can record spectra up to 281 Hz without any artefacts to the observed spectral absorption profile, and the results reproduce the known pressure of ammonia in the RGC. This demonstrates that the pyroelectric receiver can be reliably used as an alternative to helium-cooled bolometers for absorption spectroscopy measurements in the THz range, with its main advantages being the high bandwidth, compactness, relatively low cost, and room-temperature operation. Its simplicity and high sensitivity make this receiver a key component for compact THz spectroscopy systems.  
terahertz; spectroscopy; pyroelectric receiver; quantum cascade laser +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results
### Step 3--Habit Assessment Analysis with VHR Imagery
#### 3.2.2 Small Blue Butterfly  
Figure 12 presents a time series of VHR (ranging from 0.7 to 2 m) DMC3 and Superview images in PAN and MS (visible bands) from 2016 to 2020 to assess the consistency of the SB butterfly habitat provision over this time period. As the SB butterfly presence is strongly linked to the condition of Kidney Vetch flower, even though this cannot be identified directly by satellite images, patches of scrub, sunny open space, and some areas of ungrazed grassland are readily discerned (the quality of grassland can be differentiated--the light grey (PAN) and light green (MS) are those areas with grazed grassland: the dark grey and green is tall grass and scrub), and all these types of areas are positive for the Kidney Vetch. In addition, detailed assessment of the habitat observable from the VHR imagery over the 2016-2020 period provides evidence that the habitat has been stable and well maintained over this 5-year period, thus providing support for the SB population.  
Figure 11: Silver-washed fritillary butterfly—Step 3 VHR habitat assessment, intensive study Site 1, visual interpretation (Map 1), supervised image classification (Map 2). Map 1 contains visual interpretation of 2 m resolution Superview satellite image; black box indicates the same area of view in Map 2; yellow box indicates the same area of view in Map 3; Map 3 shows the yellow box area of Map 1 overlaid with CEH LCM2019 broadleaved woodland and improved grassland land-cover classes from Step 2 (scored 4 and 5, respectively, as highly suitable habitat for the species).  
Figure 12: Small blue butterfly—Step 3 VHR habitat assessment, intensive study Site 3, visual interpretation over time series.  
Figure 13 illustrates the use of VHR imagery for automated quantification of the habitat relevant for the SB butterfly in a 0.5 km\({}^{2}\) area within Site 3. The histogram shows the percentage of different land-cover classes using supervised image classification in which the VHR imagery has provided much finer detail, thus obtaining the areas of scrub, unimproved grassland, and footpaths, classes that are not available via LCM2019 data. For example, the automated quantification shows that 13% of the selected area is scrub associated with 46% of open grassland, which together offer highly favoured habitat for the SB.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Comparison with State-of-the-Art Methods for Melody Extraction  
We compared our best melody extraction model, \(JDC_{S}(o_{m\upsilon})\), with state-of-the-art methods using deep neural networks [17; 18; 21; 22]. For a comparison of results under the same conditions, the test sets were ADC04, MIREX05, and MedleyDB for comparing other methods as mentioned in Section 3.1.2. Table 3 lists the melody extraction performance metrics on three test datasets. The pre-trained model and code of [PERSON] et al. [17] are publicly available online, and the results in Table 3 were reproduced by [21] for vocal melody extraction. The results show that the proposed method had high VR and low VFA, leading to high RPA and RCA, and it outperformed the state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we confirmed that the proposed method had stable performance over all datasets compared to other state-of-the-art methods. It also showed that combining two tasks of melody extraction, i.e., pitch classification and singing voice detection, through the proposed JDC network and loss function was helpful for performance improvement.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Accuracy** & **VR** & **Precision** & **F1 Score** \\ \hline [PERSON] [44] & 87.9 & 91.7 & 83.8 & 87.6 \\ [PERSON] [38] & 86.8 & 89.1 & 83.7 & 86.3 \\ [PERSON] [45] & 87.5 & 87.2 & 86.1 & 86.6 \\ \(Main(SVD)\) & 77.4 & 79.7 & 76.2 & 78.3 \\ \(JDC_{S}(o_{sv})\) & 80.0 & 80.2 & 79.1 & 79.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of results of existing algorithms, \(Main(SVD)\), and \(JDC_{S}(o_{sv})\) (average accuracy of 5 runs). Note that Jamendo is not included in the training set of \(Main(SVD)\) and \(JDC_{S}(o_{sv})\).  
Figure 5: Result of singing voice detection on Jamendo.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(a) ADC04 (Vocal)**} \\ \hline
**Method** & **VR** & **VFA** & **RPA** & **RCA** & **OA** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [17] & **92.9** & 50.5 & 77.1 & 78.8 & 70.8 \\ Su [18] & 90.1 & 41.3 & 74.7 & 75.7 & 72.4 \\ Lu and Su [21] & 73.8 & **3.0** & 71.7 & 74.8 & 74.9 \\ [PERSON] et al. [22] & 91.1 & 19.2 & 84.7 & 86.2 & 83.7 \\ Proposed & 88.9 & 11.4 & **85.0** & **87.1** & **85.6** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of vocal melody extraction results. The best score in each column is highlighted in bold.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Laboratory-Scale Static Corrosion Test by the Coating Method  
The rectangular specimens cut from prefabricated castables A, B, and C were subjected to the laboratory-scale static corrosion test by the coating method. For this purpose, the slags containing CaF\({}_{2}\) were pressed into cylinders of 2.54 cm in diameter and then applied to the castable specimens according to the scheme presented in Figure 2a1. The corrosion test was performed under the following conditions: a maximum temperature of 1450 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 5 h to reach a maximum temperature, and a holding time of 2 h at the maximum temperature. As a result of the high temperature, the slag zone above the slag-refractory interface and the corroded area below the slag-refractory interface was formed (Figure 2a2).  
At the last stage, the cross-section (cutting direction perpendicular to the slag-castable contact line) of the samples necessary for \(I_{C}\) determination was obtained using a precision saw. Equation (2) and photos of the sample cross-sections were used to calculate the corrosion index (\(I_{C}\)). To conduct the SEM-EDS test, the cross-sectioned corroded samples were immersed in resin and polished. Next, all samples were coated with carbon and observed under SEM. For this purpose, the Phenom XL SEM was used. Measurements were performed in the mode of 20 kV.  
As shown in Figure 2, the graphic program marks the corroded area of the castable below the slag-refractory interface (\(S_{C}\)) and the original section area of castable (\(S_{O}\)) of the corroded samples. Using Formula 2, a script was written in the MATLAB calculation program. This procedure made it possible to determine the corrosion index (\(I_{C}\)) of castables A, B, and C in contact with slags S1, S2, and S3, and finally, to compare the corrosion resistance of the castables. Photographs of corroded castable cross-sections were used to perform the calculations, as shown, for example, in Figure 2b. The results of the corrosion index (\(I_{C}\)) were repeated three times, which allowed for the determination of the standard deviation.  
\[I_{C}=S_{C}/S_{O}\times 100\;(\%) \tag{2}\]  
where:  
\(I_{C}\)--the corrosion index,  
Figure 2: Method of determining the corroded area of castable below slag refractory interface area and the original section area of castable in a graphic program. (**a1**,**a2**) Schematic diagram of stating corrosion test by a coating method; (**b**) real images of the sample after the corrosion test.  
\(S_{C}\)--the corroded area of castable below the slag-refractory interface, \(S_{O}\)--the original section area of castable.
## 3 The Design of _HeaLow_ and Implementation
### Offloading Decision Process in Availability Checker
#### 3.4.3 The Case When a Device Is Requested to Process Another Device's Workload  
The second case is when a device is requested to process the workload of one of neighbors. As explained before, when one of the neighbors needs to offload some of its workloads, the neighbor broadcasts this situation through the manager with the deadline information, \(dl\). After the device receives a broadcast message, the device sends a reply message to the neighbor. The reply message contains information about \(am_{comp}^{i}\) which means the amount of computation that the device, \(i\), is able to process by the deadline. \(am_{comp}^{i}\) is calculated as follows:  
\[am_{comp}^{i}=(dl-ft\_bw^{i})/r_{proc}^{i}. \tag{4}\]  
After the neighbor receives the reply message, the neighbor sends workloads to the device, \(i\), according to \(am_{comp}^{i}\). After that, the device receives the workloads, puts the workloads into the work queue, and resets \(ft\_bw_{x}^{i}\), as explained in Equation (3).