## 2 Theoretical Background  
### Open Data Value Network  
Scholars in particular study service innovation from a systemic perspective. Such an understanding extends previous academics paying attention to innovation as an idea, product or service, created either by an individual actor or by a group of actors in service ecosystems. The interest of researchers focuses on how service innovation emerges in a service ecosystem [25]. There is a growing service ecosystems perspective that indicates a complex network of interrelationships and communications among different actors. Service innovation development, perceptions, and adoption processes that lead to value co-creation can be influenced by any of these actors [26]. According to [PERSON] et al. (2019) [27], the profiles of entrepreneurs and managers and their adoption of innovative procedures contribute to the greater competitiveness of these organizations. New cooperation opportunities can lead to high innovation and entrepreneurial potentials in service ecosystems because of the inherent complexity of relationships and interdependencies [28]. It is also a huge problem for service ecosystems to effectively combine and align the various actors' innovation agendas to make the most of these opportunities [29]. Open data ecosystems foster the exchange of ideas for new products and services among a variety of stakeholders. An open data ecosystem comprises the people and businesses that work together to create new services. There are three types of entities involved: data and infrastructure providers, application developers, and end users. The first group in the data value network comprises institutions that give data to other organizations in the ecosystem. Data providers can be institutions that distribute it without cost, either without any restrictions or licenses restricting how the data can be used. In most cases, these institutions are public administration or other public organizations with access to a large amount of information. However, they do not have the skills or means to make use of them. As a result, they give them out so that citizens and businesses can use them to develop services and help the country's economy. Various public licenses exist under which a licensor might grant access and copyright authorization to allow free dissemination of data. Data distributors can also be institutions that generate profit by making data available [8; 9; 24; 30]. Since service providers are unable to execute the data processing, they can buy the data that are processed directly from the data providers, saving cost in the process. So, service providers must first figure out what their consumers need, then make relevant data from input that is specific to a given manner, and then show the data in an easy-to-understand manner such that people can use it. Even though service providers do not provide end users with a complete service, they might offer them with an essential component of a service chain [8; 9; 24; 30]. Infrastructure and tool providers provide the other entities in the value chain with the tools they need to work correctly. This group helps the value network entities and generates profit when people use the value network's services and applications. In addition, marketplace providers provide a place where applications and data-based services can be bought on a subscription basis. Tool providers are in charge of giving developers the tools they need to create applications that meet a wide range of user needs, as well as developing and testing the applications. In exchange for \"rent,\" cloud service providers give physical facilities to organizations in the ecosystem and earn money from the \"rent\" of the facilities [8; 9; 24; 30]. Developers of applications work with other parts of the ecosystem to develop innovative applications that use open data. End users can then give feedback to developers, which can then affect the application's continual development.