## 5 Case Study: LCA Results and Discussion
### Social Assessment  
The categories of social impacts considered in the linear and circular model were related to consumers, local communities, society, value chain actors, and workers, and these categories result from the aggregation of several subcategories. Table 15 shows the stakeholder category and associated subcategories.  
The social impacts of the linear model result from the process of production and application of the bituminous mixture with natural aggregates and from the transport of dregs and grits to the landfill and from the deposition operation. The social impact of the circular model of dregs and grits includes two transports (from the producer to the waste  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Stakeholder Category** & **Subcategories** \\ \hline Consumers & Transparency \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Local communities} & Access to material resources \\ \cline{2-3}  & Local employment \\ \cline{2-3}  & Migration \\ \cline{2-3}  & Respect of indigenous rights \\ \cline{2-3}  & Safe and healthy living conditions \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Society} & Contribution to economic development \\ \cline{2-3}  & Health and safety (society) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Value chain actors} & Corruption \\ \cline{2-3}  & Fair competition \\ \cline{2-3}  & Promoting social responsibility \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Workers} & Child labor \\ \cline{2-3}  & Discrimination \\ \cline{2-3}  & Fair salary \\ \cline{2-3}  & Forced labor \\ \cline{2-3}  & Health and safety (workers) \\ \cline{2-3}  & Social benefits, legal issues \\ \cline{2-3}  & Working time \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 15: Stakeholder category and associated subcategories for linear and circular model.  
Figure 7: Distribution of type of cost of linear and circular model.  
manager and the waste transport from the waste manager to the bituminous mixture plant), as well as the operations of transforming wastes into alternative raw materials and the process of production and application of the bituminous mixture with residues. Table 16 shows the results of the social impacts of the linear and circular model on the production and application of the bituminous mixture.  
According to the results of Table 16 and Figure 8, the circular model with dregs presents a reduction of 52%, 2%, 130%, 49%, and 45% in the category of consumers, local communities, society, value chain, and workers, respectively, relative to the linear model of production and application of the bituminous mixture, including the waste disposal in landfill.  
Using grits as an alternative aggregate in the production and application of the bituminous mixture (circular model) led to a reduction of 55%, 7%, 123%, 50%, and 47% in consumers, local communities, society, value chain, and workers, respectively, compared to the linear solution.  
The social impacts of Table 16 result mainly from the asphalt pavement and bituminous mixture related actions. Social impacts of the transformation (transport and treatment) of dregs and grits into an alternative raw material are greater than the social impacts of the disposal of waste in landfills (linear model), due to the increase in labor and in waste drying time. However, on the other hand, the social impacts of the asphalt pavement and bituminous mixtures of the circular model (with dregs and grits) are reduced compared to the linear model, due to the partial replacement of limestone aggregate and the reduction in costs (energy and labor) associated with the transport of the limestone.