# Best-Suited Communication Technology for Maritime Signaling Facilities: A Literature Review
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Standards and Regulatory Requirements
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**In accordance with**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & **IMO** & **IALA** & **RTM Standards** & **Analysis** & **References** \\ \hline AIS & YES & YES & YES & Wide range, high costs. It is a standardized part of GMDSS, but energy-intensive. & [36; 37; 38; 39] \\ \hline LoRaWAN & PARTIALLY & YES & NO & Low consumption and cost-effective, but limited range in urban areas. & [40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48] \\ \hline LTE & NO & PARTIALLY & NO & It has an extremely long range (100 km) and fast data transmission, but high energy consumption. & [49] \\ \hline GPRS & PARTIALLY & NO & NO & Stable data transmission, low energy consumption and cost, but limited range. & [50; 51; 52; 53; 54] \\ \hline NB-IoT & NO & PARTIALLY & NO & It is long-range and energy-efficient, but requires infrastructure that is not always available. & [55; 56] \\ \hline
3G/VHF & PARTIALLY (VHF: YES) & PARTIALLY (VHF: YES) & NO & A hybrid of two technologies: VHF, which has an exceptional range (120 km) and low energy consumption, and 3G technology, which is energy-intensive. & [57] \\ \hline Max-Stream & NO & NO & NO & Minimal range (1 km), suitable for local pilot projects but not for broad implementation. & [24] \\ \hline GSM & YES (PARTIALLY) & NO & YES & A reliable system for message transmission, but high costs and energy consumption. & [50; 58; 59; 60; 61] \\ \hline ZigBee & NO & NO & NO & Suitable for local applications with low costs and energy consumption, but with a range of only 430 m. & [62] \\ \hline
5G-NR & YES (PARTIALLY) & YES (PARTIALLY) & NO & 5G-NR offers high data transfer speeds and low latency, making it suitable for future maritime applications. However, it is still in the implementation phase, and its use the maritime sector is limited by infrastructure availability. & [65; 66; 67] \\ \hline VDES & YES & YES & YES & YES & VDES is an advanced version of AIS that offers higher data bandwidth and two-way communication. It is suitable for future maritime applications but requires additional infrastructure and modernization of existing systems. & [65; 66; 67] \\ \hline Iridium & YES & YES & YES & The Iridium system is costly, with limited bandwidth and slower transmission than 5G and LTE. Signal quality depends on satellite position and weather, causing occasional interruptions. Its reliability can vary due to full reliance on satellites. & [64] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Comparison of the analyzed technologies and regulatory requirements. tics but requires further standardization within the maritime industry, while LoRaWAN provides good economic and energy efficiency but needs adaptation to meet the standards. GPRS and ZigBee are suitable for local applications with low energy consumption but are currently not developed enough for broader applications under existing regulations. Max-Stream is limited to specific pilot project scenarios, while GSM, although reliable, is inadequate for modern requirements due to high costs and energy consumption. Finally, NB-IoT, although technically promising, is not compliant with IMO requirements and only partially aligns with IALA recommendations, while its infrastructure for implementation is unavailable.