# Climate-Smart Agro-Hydroological Model for a Large Scale Rice Irrigation Scheme in Malaysia
## 4 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Season** & **Historical** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RCP4.5**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RCP6.0**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**RCP8.5**} \\ \hline  & **1976–2005** & **2020s** & **2050s** & **2080s** & **2020s** & **2050s** & **2080s** & **2020s** & **2050s** & **2080s** \\ \hline Dry season & & & & & & & & & \\ Jan & 2.92 & 1.80 & 1.65 & 1.78 & 1.38 & 1.26 & 1.16 & 0.11 & 0.67 & \(-\)0.11 \\ Feb & 3.35 & 2.46 & 1.92 & 2.19 & 2.01 & 0.89 & \(-\)0.61 & 0.76 & 0.42 & 0.20 \\ Mar & \(-\)0.03 & \(-\)1.94 & \(-\)2.47 & \(-\)2.87 & \(-\)2.66 & \(-\)3.50 & \(-\)4.61 & \(-\)4.46 & \(-\)4.94 & \(-\)6.52 \\ Apr & 0.51 & \(-\)1.98 & \(-\)2.23 & \(-\)1.61 & \(-\)2.27 & 6.38 & 5.33 & \(-\)2.87 & \(-\)2.90 & \(-\)3.53 \\ May & 9.84 & 8.06 & 8.07 & 8.14 & 7.56 & 8.44 & 8.04 & 7.37 & 7.10 & 7.22 \\ June & 11.21 & 9.50 & 9.65 & 10.20 & 9.23 & 12.22 & 12.57 & 9.12 & 8.83 & 9.07 \\ Wet season & & & & & & & & & & \\ Jul & \(-\)1.40 & \(-\)0.34 & \(-\)0.62 & \(-\)0.59 & \(-\)0.32 & \(-\)0.76 & \(-\)0.61 & \(-\)2.03 & \(-\)1.40 & \(-\)1.23 \\ Aug & \(-\)0.13 & \(-\)0.02 & \(-\)0.15 & \(-\)0.30 & \(-\)0.37 & \(-\)1.03 & \(-\)1.49 & \(-\)1.73 & \(-\)1.26 & \(-\)1.23 \\ Sep & \(-\)2.63 & \(-\)2.22 & \(-\)2.36 & \(-\)2.36 & \(-\)2.38 & \(-\)3.62 & \(-\)3.56 & \(-\)4.22 & \(-\)4.39 & \(-\)4.73 \\ Oct & \(-\)0.15 & \(-\)0.68 & \(-\)0.67 & \(-\)0.62 & \(-\)0.90 & 7.37 & 7.25 & \(-\)2.23 & \(-\)2.16 & \(-\)2.08 \\ Nov & 11.39 & 9.34 & 9.76 & 9.81 & 9.51 & 10.17 & 9.97 & 8.56 & 8.45 & 8.77 \\ Dec & 13.90 & 10.68 & 10.84 & 11.45 & 10.92 & 13.44 & 13.02 & 9.25 & 9.67 & 9.69 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: water supply \(>\) water demand (excess, +), water supply \(<\) water demand (shortage, \(-\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Historical and projected water supply excess/shortage under RCP scenarios 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 for the periods 2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099. will influence planning for the scheme's water resources. Hence, vigilance will be needed to ensure proper management of the rice crop to reduce negative impacts. 2. Construction of storage reservoirs: While shortages of water will be experienced in some periods during the season, there will be an excess of water in other periods, which would run as waste. A storage reservoir was recently built in the scheme, however, its capacity is inadequate. Alternatively, reservoir(s) to store more water for future use based on the modeled discharge at the supply intake would be useful. The excess water could be stored in the reservoir(s) and used during the periods of high demand. 3. Altering of the paddy cropping schedule: In general, the issue of climate change may not impose significant water shortages for paddy cultivation in terms of physical water shortages. However, water-use efficiency could be improved with an additional cropping season (i.e., five seasons per two-year period), considering the projected increase in rain water. This could be achieved by improvements in crop patterns and alternate approaches in water management. Conceptualization, H.I. and M.R.K. ; Data curation, M.S.F.b.M. ; Formal analysis, H.I. and A.F.b.A. ; Funding acquisition, M.R.K. ; Investigation, A.F.b.A. ; Methodology, H.I. and M.R.K. ; Project administration, M.R.K. and A.F.b.A. ; software, H.I. ; supervision, M.R.K. ; Validation, H.I. ; Visualization, A.F.b.A. ; Writing--original draft, H.I. and M.S.F.b.M. ; Writing--review & editing, M.R.K. and A.F.b.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA, Putra Grant No: 9678600 and the MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, FRGS Grant No: FRGS/I/2019/WAB01/UPM/02/37. The authors wish to acknowledge Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) for providing hydro-meteorological data. The authors declare no conflict of interest.