## 1 Introduction  
Concrete, a commonly used building material, is often deficient in tension strength and susceptible to fractures from shrinkage and plastic deformation [1]. This inherent weakness in tension makes plain concrete unsuitable for many structural applications, as even structures under compressive pressures require sufficient tensile strength to prevent buckling. Steel, renowned for its remarkable tensile strength, has been widely employed in the construction industry to reinforce structural components, making it an ideal material for enhancing the strength of concrete buildings. Despite its widespread use, steel reinforcement comes with drawbacks, as highlighted by [PERSON] [2]. Corrosion vulnerability is a significant concern, with steel rusting over time when exposed to oxygen and moisture, compromising its structural integrity. Environmental factors, such as high seawater quantities in coastal areas or elevated humidity, can expedite the corrosion process, leading to fractures and spalling in the adjacent concrete, thereby impacting the overall structural stability. Another drawback is the substantial weight of the steel reinforcement due to its density, which contributes significantly to the overall weight of the construction when used in large quantities [3, 4]. The inherent limitations in traditional steel reinforcement methods within construction have spurred a thorough exploration of alternative approaches, driven by significant advancements in science and technology. In response to this imperative, there has been a surge of research interest surrounding the utilization of fiber reinforcements, with studies investigating the characteristics and tensile strengths of various fiber materials to augment their applicability in structural contexts [5,6]. Among the alternatives, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have emerged as particularly promising contenders for different infrastructure projects. Their adoption is underpinned by a myriad of compelling advantages, including but not limited to rapid manufacturing and installation processes, inherent lightweight properties facilitating ease of handling, long-term cost-effectiveness due to reduced maintenance requirements, exceptional corrosion resistance, and an extended service life. Such attributes position FRP materials as versatile solutions that are amenable to a wide spectrum of applications across infrastructure construction domains [7, 8, 9, 10]. In the realm of civil engineering, the utilization of four primary fiber materials--carbon, glass, aramid, and basalt--dominates the production of reinforced fibers. These fibers serve as the building blocks for the creation of distinct reinforced polymers, encompassing Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP), Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (AFRP), and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP). Each variant of reinforced polymer exhibits a unique array of properties, rendering them apt for specific applications within the civil engineering landscape [6, 11, 12, 13]. This rich diversity in fiber reinforcement options underscores the nuanced and multifaceted nature of material selection processes within the realm of structural engineering. Recently, numerous studies have explored the intricate properties of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-reinforced concrete beams, as evidenced by a growing body of research [14, 15, 16, 17]. Many of these investigations have focused on the behavior of concrete beams that are reinforced with a single type of fiber reinforcement, comparing their performance against that of conventional steel-reinforced concrete beams [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Conversely, other studies [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29] have chosen to examine FRP bars in isolation, subjecting them to various conditions to elucidate their intrinsic properties without integration into concrete structures.