# Monitoring System Enhancing the Potential of Urban Bekeeping
## 5 Conclusions  
The paper presents a monitoring system meeting the objectives of urban beekeeping. The monitoring system allows for real-time observation of the beehive interior and en trance. It continuously measures selected physical and chemical parameters of the beehive atmosphere and provides a record of the beehive's weight. It operates continuously in an automatic manner. The video streaming and the measurement data records are available to the public online through the dedicated webpage [35]. The system was tested for almost 3 months (June-August 2022) in the urban apiary.  
It was found that inside-beehive monitoring may be effectively realized by the multi-sensor device and endoscope camera mounted inside. An effective solution for fixing the devices was the empty frame. Honey bees remained indifferent to the devices and did not obstruct their operation.  
The video transmission from cameras mounted inside beehives and outdoors ran smoothly. In the period of operation, we encountered three unexpected breaks, which required resetting the system. They were most likely associated with imperfect exception handling by the software.  
The average daily measurement data collection efficiency for the multi-sensor devices was 99.99%, which is high. Several percent of the recorded data were outliers. Their percentage was dependent on the measured parameter. A systematic change of measurement signal was noted in the case of some sensors. They were temperature sensor (SHT25), TVOC sensor (PIDAH2), as well as the TVOC and NOx sensor (SGP41).  
The operation of beehive weight scales was beyond any complaints. The applied high measurement resolution allowed for the observation of factors that interfere with beehive weight measurement as being unrelated to the condition of the honey bee colony. We recognized the interference from the building vibrations and the rain.  
The real test for our system will be the wintertime. During that period, the meteorological conditions (low temperatures, rain, snow, and wind) are not favourable for the electronic devices. Additionally, access to the beehive interior will be restricted, which heavily limits the possibility of maintenance and repair work.  
Conceptualization, A.S. and M.M.; methodology, A.S., M.M. and P.B.; software, M.M. and P.B.; validation, M.M. and P.B.; formal analysis, A.S. and M.M.; investigation, M.M. and P.B.; resources, A.S.; data curation, M.M.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S., M.M. and P.B.; writing--review and editing, A.S., M.M. and P.B.; visualization, M.M. and P.B.; supervision, A.S.; project administration, A.S.; funding acquisition, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant no. BIOSTRATEG3/343779/10/NCBR/2017.  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing is subject to restrictions.  
Authors express their gratitude to the Foundation Bees Embassy, Wroclaw Center for Networking, and Supercomputing and all individual supporters who contributed with their effort to the creation of Ulopolis.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.