## 6 Energy Management and Control Techniques for EV Systems
### Energy Management Strategies for EV Charging Systems  
Energy management strategies (EMSs) have a crucial role in multi-energy system applications as they are responsible for controlling the power delivery to powertrains. This control directly impacts the performance, efficiency, and longevity of the vehicle. The primary objective of energy management techniques in EV charging systems is to optimize the utilization of available energy resources, facilitate efficient charging operations, and facilitate the seamless integration with the power grid [105]. The following section presents a compilation of prevalent energy management techniques employed in EV charging systems:  
Demand Response (DR): Demand response systems enable the synchronized charging of EVs in accordance with the requirements of the electrical grid and the amount of electricity being utilized. Charging can be effectively managed through various methods, such as implementing scheduled charges during off-peak hours or adjusting charging patterns based on signals received from the grid operator. Utilizing this approach during non \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Ref.** \\ **No** \\ **No** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Microgrid** \\ **Type** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **On-Board** \\ **Storage** \\ **System** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Energy Sources** \\ **Sources** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Changing** \\ **Types** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Control** \\ **Strategy** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **V2G or** \\ **V2V** \\ **Charging** \\ \end{tabular} & **Pros** & **Cons** \\ \hline
[97] & DC & Available & Utility grid & Solar & Off-board & \begin{tabular}{c} Sliding- \\ mode-based \\ control \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Increases power \\ quality and lessens \\ reliance on the grid. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} FLC-based \\ DSITACOM \\ control at the \\ carried out in \\ efficient way. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[98] & DC & \begin{tabular}{c} Not \\ available \\ \end{tabular} & Utility grid & PV & On-board & \begin{tabular}{c} Power \\ control \\ \end{tabular} & No & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Flexible \\ infrastructure for \\ EV charging. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Grid overload \\ has an impact on \\ stability. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[99] & DC & \begin{tabular}{c} Not \\ available \\ \end{tabular} & Utility grid & PV & Off-board & \begin{tabular}{c} Decentralized \\ fuzzy-logic- \\ based \\ supported by \\ overall system. \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Provides an \\ uninterrupted and \\ reliable power \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} System stability \\ in dynamic \\ condition is not \\ explained. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[100] & Hybrid & Available & Utility grid & PV & Off-board & \begin{tabular}{c} PV and DC \\ link power \\ \end{tabular} & Yes & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Maximizes PV \\ usage and boost \\ grid reliability with \\ V2G technologies. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} High initial costs \\ and more \\ dependence on \\ RES. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[101] & DC & Available & Utility grid & PV & Off-board & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Time-of-use \\ adjustment \\ method \\ \end{tabular} & Yes &
\begin{tabular}{c} PV and EU \\ improve the grid \\ stability and \\ efficiency of \\ charging station. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 19: Cont. peak periods enables users to leverage reduced electricity expenses while simultaneously contributing to grid stability. By 2050, the IEA estimates that demand response strategies will have successfully shifted as much as 15% of the annual average power demand. The term \"demand response\" refers to a broad category of measures taken to lower electricity demand (peak demand) and prevent a blackout. Utility providers and industrial and household customers alike will need to take part. * Smart meters and smart grids can help utilities track consumption and identify peak demand.