## 3 Results  
In this study, the effects of various extraction techniques and process conditions on pyrethrin extraction efficiency were examined. The goal of the green extraction process is to maximize extraction efficiency for the targeted compounds while using the least amount of solvent, the shortest amount of time, and the lowest temperature possible to prevent any thermal degradation of the compounds under investigation. Therefore, six extraction methods, namely supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) extraction (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)), subcritical water extraction (SWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), high-voltage electric discharge (HVED) extraction, and deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction were employed in order to obtain pyrethrins of Dalmatian pyrethrum. Besides the extraction technique used, the type of solvent plays a crucial role in the MAE. The results obtained (Table 2) show significant differences between the different solvents (\(p\) = 0.006). Water is not a suitable solvent for pyrethrins, while aqueous solutions of ethanol and methanol, as well as acetone, can successfully extract pyrethrins. When using 50 and 80% ethanol and acetone as solvents, an increase in total pyrethrins with increasing temperature is observed, whereas these phenomena were not observed with 50% methanol. The content of certain pyrethrins obtained by MAE depends on the extraction conditions. Cinerin II and pyrethrin I were not extracted at all with the above-mentioned solvents, while jasmolin II was extracted only with 50% ethanol at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, in all water extracts, no pyrethrins were extracted with MAE, regardless of the temperature applied. The highest pyrethrin II content was extracted with 50% ethanol at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C and acetone at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, while the highest jasmolin II content was extracted with acetone at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table 2). Using various UAE conditions, a yield of total pyrethrins of up to 104.65 ng/mg was obtained (Table 3). The extracts obtained by UAE at different temperatures and with different solvents show different concentrations. Similar to MAE, no pyrethrins were extracted with water. Cinerin II was extracted only with 80% ethanol at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C and jasmolin I with acetone at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast to MAE, pyrethrin I was extracted with all solvents except water and 50% ethanol using UAE. The highest content of pyrethrin II and jasmolin II was extracted with 80% ethanol at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the highest content of cinerin I and pyrethrin I with 80% methanol at 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50% methanol at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. The high-voltage electric discharge (HVED)-assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction, and subcritical water extraction (SWE) of pyrethrins from Dalmatian pyrethrum were not suitable for the extraction of pyrethrins. None of the targeted compounds were detected in these extracts. The application of SC-CO\({}_{2}\) is suitable for the extraction of all pyrethrins tested, with the most abundant being pyrethrins I and II. SC-CO\({}_{2}\) is the only one of the techniques tested that was able to extract all the pyrethrins listed, with the largest amount of 124.37 ng/mg of total pyrethrins extracted being obtained as the sum of six pyrethrins (Table 4). Considering the results obtained, a statistically significant difference (\(p\) = 0.00005) in the total pyrethrin extracts (ng/mg) from Dalmatian pyrethrum is observed between the three techniques that proved successful in extraction: supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) extraction (SC-CO\({}_{2}\)), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE).