# Rapid Risk Assessment in Industry: Increasing Awareness of Worker Safety in Industrial Activities
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Steps in Applying the EL-PRAI Method
The effect that deficiencies have on the risk level for a hazard with catastrophic impact and for a hazard with moderate impact is presented in Figure 6.  
In most cases, the level of risk (R) is particularly high when the severity level (S) is also very high. It should not be overlooked that deficiencies (D) are also present in these situations. It is evident that some hazards can lead to severe, even catastrophic injuries, and as such, some preventive and protective measures may already have been implemented. Deficiencies can arise from various shortcomings and escalating factors that are often overlooked or underestimated despite the preventive measures in place. In other words, often, these existing deficiencies negate the effects of preventive and protective measures. The level of deficiencies shows that instead of being addressed, they either go unnoticed or are ignored, potentially leading to catastrophic accidents. Figure 5: Detailed screenshot showing the estimation of S (severity) and P (probability) risk parameters and the risk assessment. 1-5 level of severity, probability and risk rating: 1—negligible, 2—low, 3—moderate/medium, 4—high, 5—very high, C—catastrophic level of risk severity. Using EL-PRAI software, participants can experimentally learn about the behavior of risks in different situations, including the human factor that must intervene, according to the procedures. Participants can also perform simulations of dangerous situations and can understand the efficiency of controls in dangerous situations. Some results obtained by the participants in specific scenarios are shown in Figure 7.  
The five-level scoring system, presented in Figure 7, takes into account the evaluation criteria we have in mind when testing the participants, such as the assessment of the quality of a respondent's answer, as well as the degree of difficulty of the problem/situation to be analyzed. In this sense, each analyzed situation has a weight, which represents the degree \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Severity (S)** & **E** & **C** & **D** & **P** & **R** \\ \hline C & 3 & 1 & 0 & 2 & 20 \\ C & 3 & 1 & 3 & 3 & 30 \\ C & 3 & 1 & 9 & 5 & 50 \\ Severity & C & 3 & 4 & 0 & 3 & 30 \\ Catastrophic & C & 3 & 4 & 3 & 4 & 40 \\ C = 10 & C & 3 & 4 & 9 & 5 & 50 \\ C & 3 & 2 & 0 & 2 & 20 \\ C & 3 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 30 \\ C & 3 & 2 & 9 & 5 & 50 \\ \hline  & 3 & 3 & 1 & 0 & 2 & 6 \\  & 3 & 3 & 1 & 3 & 3 & 9 \\  & 3 & 3 & 1 & 9 & 5 & 15 \\ Severity & 3 & 3 & 4 & 0 & 3 & 9 \\ Medium & 3 & 3 & 4 & 3 & 4 & 12 \\  & 3 & 3 & 4 & 9 & 5 & 15 \\  & 3 & 3 & 2 & 0 & 2 & 6 \\  & 3 & 3 & 2 & 3 & 3 & 9 \\  & 3 & 3 & 2 & 9 & 5 & 15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} where E—duration and frequency of exposure to the hazard, C—effectiveness of existing controls, D—the influence of deficiencies/weaknesses, P—probability, R—risk level.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: The effect of deficiencies in the case of a situation with catastrophic impact and in the case of situations with moderate impact, taking into account the efficiency of existing controls. Figure 6: The effect that deficiencies have on the risk level for a hazard with catastrophic impact (1–9) and for a hazard with moderate impact (10–18). of difficulty given by the commission that tests, and a scoring grid in which the commission chooses the ranges of points that fall into the 5 levels. In practice, many responsible for safety at work, in the beginning, tend to insist too much on details that are obviously (for someone with experience) insignificant, and when they arrive, after much time and effort, at this conclusion, they are often disappointed by the fact that expectations were not confirmed. The instructor can guide participants towards an objective approach, which eliminates any conscious or less conscious limitation in thinking. For example, in situations where hazards with high, catastrophic risks are identified, the participants must identify and pay special attention to active risk prevention measures. This means that hazards must be kept under effective control.