# A Study on Identification of Development Status of MASS Technologies and Directions of Improvement
## 2 IMO MASS RSE and Human Element Issues
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Degree of Autonomy**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**The most appropriate way(s) of addressing MASS**} & **Reasons for selecting the most appropriate way(s)** \\  & **operations (I, II, III, IV)** & **of addressing MASS operations** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Degree 1} & & With seafarers serving onboard, the Convention & \\  & & and Code in its entirety remain applicable to MASSs. & Some requirements may need to be amended based \\  & & & on the introduction of new technologies and/or \\  & & & automated processes. Changes can be made through the existing Convention processes and flexibilities \\  & & through authorized equivalencies or amendments to \\  & & the Codes or regulations. & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Degree 2} & & Changes to the Convention and Code to establish \\  & & definitions and provisions to include the \"remote \\ \cline{1-1}  & Option 1, Categories I and/or II & operator” can be made through the existing \\ \cline{1-1}  & (Determination that “remote operator is a seafare”) & Convention processes and other flexibilities through \\ \cline{1-1}  & Degree 2 & authorized equivalences or amendments to \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & & & the Codes or regulations. \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Degree 2} & & Provisions necessary to address the “remote \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & operator” could be established through either \\ \cline{1-1}  & (Determination that “remote operator is not a seafare”) & existing instruments() other than the STCW \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Convention and Code, or a new instrument. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Results of the maritime autonomous surface ship (MASS) regulatory scoping exercise (RSE) Step 2 for Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping Convention (STCW 1978), as amended. As identified in MASS RSE step 2 for STCW 1978, as amended, the most important issues for the application of the IMO Convention are the operators of MASSs and their definitions and responsibilities. This conclusion was similarly attributed to the 14 IMO instruments that undertook the MASS RSE during 2018-2020. Therefore, it was confirmed that understanding, identification, and establishment of standards are necessary for the operation of the MASS and the application of the IMO instruments. Therefore, it has been confirmed through MASS RSE conducted for 2 years that it is necessary to understand, identify, and establish the following three issues for the operation of the MASS and application of the IMO instruments. 1. Clear understanding of the seafarer's task on the vessel under the current IMO instruments. 2. Clear identification of whether are seafarers onboard or not, depending on the degree of autonomy of MASSs, and clear classification of seafarers' or personnel's responsibilities for their tasks onboard. 3. Accordingly, it is required that new standards for the definition of a seafarer, and the clear division of role and responsibilities of staff, remote operators, and the captain, be established. The number of ship operators basically will decrease or disappear with the introduction of the MASS. Nevertheless, it is expected that human factors in other forms will emerge. [PERSON] [21] concluded that some type of operator errors will be eliminated, while the human element and errors in different forms should be taken into account. [PERSON] et al. discussed onboard and onshore operations for the MASS and highlighted that information overload, situation awareness, skill degradation, and boredom have to be taken into account for the operators' performance in a shore control center [10]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] argued that a specific aspect for autonomous and unmanned vessels for the STCW convention should take into account legal challenges of liability of collisions from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), and the STCW 1978 convention. [PERSON] et al.