## 3 Results
### Tools and Models  
Numerous tools and models are available to determine or seek optimal locations of healthcare facilities. Over the past decade, many studies on the locations of healthcare facilities included geographic information systems (GIS) in systemic analyses. To understand primary healthcare needs in communities, [PERSON] et al. [18] showed that using GIS for generally accessible data at the community and patient levels may rapidly identify the areas that need a better access to primary healthcare services most urgently, and proved that using such a model can improve access to healthcare. More advanced methods of healthcare accessibility based on GIS were also addressed by [PERSON] et al. [20]. In their research, they verified simple models to determine healthcare accessibility (PPR) used by policymakers in Belgium. Since these are large adjacent medical areas, it was established that healthcare is only roughly accessible. The development of a two-tier spatial distribution model for elderly healthcare facilities for older adults in large residential communities by taking into account the economical accessibility is further addressed by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [26]. Spatial data disclosed by GIS in Nanjing in China foster the acquisition of potential locations of elderly healthcare \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Author and Year** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Tools and** \\ **Models** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Geographic** \\ **Accessibility** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Access** \\ **Equality** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2010 [18] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2010 [19] & X & X & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2012 [12] & X & & X \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2013 [20] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2014 [21] & & X & X \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], 2015 [22] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2016 [23] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2017 [2] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2018 [24] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], 2018 [25] & & X & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2018 [26] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2018 [27] & & X & X \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2019 [28] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2019 [29] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2019 [30] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2019 [31] & & X & X \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2020 [32] & & & X \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2020 [33] & & X & X \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], 2020 [34] & & & X \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON], 2020 [35] & X & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2020 [36] & & X & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2020 [37] & & X & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al., 2021 [38] & & X & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Key themes involved in siting of healthcare care facilities. (X—Key theme alignment with individual study findings). facilities. By their optimisation, this two-tier model improves the fairness and efficiency of access to healthcare services for older adults, and assists policymakers in providing suitable healthcare services for low-income older adults. [PERSON] et al. [28] found in their study in 2019 that the most important criterion in decisions on the suitability of healthcare facility locations is accessibility from residences to facilities by using GIS and multiple-criteria decision-making. These findings benefit national policymakers in the development of healthcare facilities by suitably allocating funds to shortage areas, improving the healthcare index and the quality of life. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [35] also focus on the potentials of the GIS models, particularly to assess spatial inequality regarding healthcare accessibility and determine the optimal distribution of medical resources. Another study comparing distance measurements in the spatial analytical modelling of the healthcare service planning was carried out in 2010 by [PERSON] et al.