## 4 Results and Discussions
### Emerging Digital Technologies
#### 4.1.3 Immersive Technologies  
Immersive technologies, such as VR, AR, and XR, are transforming traditional OHS in high-risk industrial environments. According to the literature, these technologies play a central role in enhancing safety training and operational simulations. Advancements in VR, AR, and MR technologies are enhancing industrial applications both ergonomically and economically [66]. For example, immersive technologies provide interactive and controlled environments in which users can safely simulate and prepare for dangerous scenarios without real-world consequences [12; 17; 29]. Likewise, immersive environments enhance design, monitoring, programming, and training by combining digital technologies like DTs, robotics, and XR technologies [6; 51]. VR is a computer-generated technology that creates immersive, interactive, three-dimensional (3D) digital environments that allow users to visualize and interact with simulations in real time using their natural senses and abilities [10; 32; 67; 68]. Immersive VR technology is typically delivered through head-mounted devices with audio and haptic feedback, creating an absorbing experience by transporting users beyond physical reality with an enhanced sense of presence, realism, and high interactivity via handheld controllers [10; 29; 44; 57; 45]. For instance, VR headsets and handheld devices deliver interactive, step-by-step training for assembly and maintenance tasks [10]. Originally developed for gaming, VR has evolved into a valuable industrial tool for enhancing operations, product design, and especially real-time safety training through hazard identification and accident reconstruction in controlled environments [17; 67]. In manufacturing, VR plays a transformative role by visualizing product development, consolidating information, aiding decision-making, and optimizing processes through early issue detection, improved assembly time, efficiency, and quality, leading to cost and time savings [1; 69; 70]. Likewise, a 3D VR environment in manufacturing serves as an immersive \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Aspect** & **DT** & **IM** \\ \hline Focus & Real-time replication \& simulation & Immersive interaction \& collaboration \\ \hline Core Components & Sensors, data analytics, physical asset & Cyber-physical-social layers, avatars, XR \\ \hline Maturity & Technically mature & Conceptually emerging \\ \hline Human Engagement & Limited (focused on data insights) & High (immersive, multi-user) \\ \hline Main Contribution to OHS & Predictive analytics, hazard modeling & Training, simulation, collaborative planning \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Key distinctions and synergies between DTs and IM in manufacturing OHS. simulation tool that enables interactive safety training for operators by safely replicating real-world scenarios in a controlled environment [17; 71]. VR is particularly effective for training operators in complex tasks, enhancing decision-making, and improving worker performance [10; 68]. Its ability to reproduce environments and the safe management of risk scenarios make it a highly effective training tool for immersive safety training, including hazard identification and accident reconstruction [54; 67; 71]. Furthermore, it includes interactive step-by-step training for assembly and maintenance tasks [10]. Beyond technical applications, immersive VR nature experiences in the workplace during breaktime show significant promise for reducing psychological and physiological stress of workers [30]. AR is an emerging technology that overlays digital content, such as holograms, images, information, or instructions, onto the physical world, creating a seamless and interactive experience that enhances user perception and blurs the lines between the real and virtual environments [31; 59; 72]. AR enhances a real-time view of the physical world by overlaying virtual computer-generated information, relying on displays, input devices, tracking, and computers as its core components [52].