esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Summertime Aerosol Radiative Effects and Their Dependence on Temperature over the Southeastern USA
## 2 Methodology  
Key remote sensing data used in this study were the aerosol optical depth and land surface temperature products available from the European Space Agency (ESA) Aerosol_cci [29; 30] and ESA DUE GlobTemperature (Available online: [[http://www.globtemperature.info/](http://www.globtemperature.info/)]([http://www.globtemperature.info/](http://www.globtemperature.info/))) projects, together with ancillary data, such as tropospheric column density of nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)) and land cover type (Table 1). These observations were used to analyse the temperature dependence of summertime AOD and the reasons behind the observed behaviour. For the modelling work we used the aerosol-chemistry climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ [31; 32; 33; 34; 35], which describes the relevant atmospheric aerosol processes. We performed several sensitivity simulations in order to identify whether biogenic emissions could be responsible for the observed temperature dependence of the AOD. The regional radiative effects of the temperature-dependent AOD component were estimated from both observations and simulations. The study domain covered the land area over the southeastern USA (70-90\({}^{\circ}\) W and 30-37.5\({}^{\circ}\) N) for the years 2005-2011. This time period was chosen because it was covered by all the satellite instruments used in this study. We also used land cover type data to evaluate differences between the temperature dependence of AOD over the most abundant vegetation types. A more detailed description of each dataset and the model simulations are given below.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Probiotic Potential of Lactococcus Strains A13 and A14  
#### 3.5.1 Acid and Bile Tolerance  
An analysis of the survival properties of the probiotic strains in the presence of bile salts and an acidified environment is necessary when choosing the best probiotic strains. Probiotic cultures should not only survive but also grow in gastrointestinal conditions similar to those prevailing in the human gastrointestinal tract [35; 36]. Many experiments have been carried out with the use of potentially probiotic strains that showed growth at pH 2.0-3.0 and bile salt concentrations of 0.3% and 1% [6; 10; 37; 38].  
The low pH and bile viability of the _L. lactis_ A13 and A14 strains was tested to demonstrate their probiotic properties. A reduction in the number of cells at pH 2 and a greater number of cells at pH3 was observed in both the A13 and A14 strains. However, the reference strain _L. rhamns_ GG achieved higher results at pH 2 and pH 3 (Table 4). During the cultivation of A13 at pH 3 for 3 h, there was a 2.15-log reduction in the cell count, while A14 showed a 2.84-log reduction. Similar results (a 2-3-log decrease in the cell number) were obtained by [PERSON] et al. [39] in the same conditions. In addition, the A13 and A14 strains showed 4.73-4.91-log reductions in cell count during growth at pH 2 after a 3 h exposure. Similar results were obtained by other researchers [10], who reported a decrease in the number of cells of isolated lactococci by 4-5-log cfu/mL in an acidic environment. Moreover, both A13 and A14 and the reference _L. rhamns_ GG were resistant to bile salts at concentrations of 0.3% and 1%. The different results of the _L. lactis_ and _L. rhamns_ GG tolerance to bile salts and acids showed that the characteristics of the tested A13 and A14 strains were unique. The obtained research results are consistent with other reports on significant differences in tolerance to bile among the LAB strains [6; 12; 38]. For example, in the study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [10], only one strain of _L. lactis_ MK L1 out of seven isolates tested was resistant to bile salts, while [PERSON] et al. [37] reported that 80% of the preselected _L. lactis_ strains from 33 raw and fermented milk isolates showed resistance to 1% bile salts. In turn, [PERSON] et al. [11] showed an approximately 50% reduction in the growth of strains IBB109 and IBB417 after 6 h of incubation in a medium containing 0.3% bile salts.
# Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Comparison of Sheep and Goat Milk Lipidomes
## 4 Discussion
Concerning the TAG regiodistribution analysis, the iterative auto-MS/MS and ion mobility experiments helped us to annotate TAGs with a chain length in the range of 36-54 carbon atoms for sheep milk and 36-59 for goat milk, with 6 as the maximum degree of unsaturation (Figure S2). The most prevalent TAGs in goat milk samples were TAG (16:0_18:1_4:0) and TAG (18:1_14:0_4:0), while for sheep milk sample, they were TAG (16:0_18:1_4:0), TAG (16:0_6:0_18:1) and TAG (18:1_4:0_14:0) (Table S3). From the study of the TAG regiochemistry, it appears that there are profound differences in terms of the number of carbons of the FAs that occupy the sn-2 positions in sheep and goat milk (for further details, see Table S4). As can be seen in Figure 2, the most prevalent FAs in sn-2 positions are long-chain ones (C13-C25) in both sheep and goat milk. However, these FAs are more abundant at the TAG sn-2 positions in sheep milk. The most significant difference can be found by observing medium-chain FAs, which were more abundant in sheep milk. Surprisingly, even when looking at short-chain FA levels, the latter appear to be more abundant in sheep milk than in goat milk. Considering these results, we decided to analyze MS/MS spectra one by one and look at TAGs bearing a short-chain fatty acid at the sn-2 position. From this analysis, we were able to observe that goat milk is characterized by a higher number of TAGs with short-chain FAs at sn-2, while in sheep milk, they are higher in terms of concentration. During digestion, sn-1,3-specific pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes TAGs, forming sn-2 monocylglycerols (MAGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) [30]. Enterocytes present in the intestinal mucosa are able to efficiently absorb sn-2 MAGs, which are used for de novo lipid synthesis (TAGs and phospholipids) [31]. Certainly, in the human intestine, the absorption efficiency of FAs derived from TAGs is related to the FA _sn_ position on the glycerol backbone. This is particularly true for infants. Palmitic acid (C16:0) is known to be better absorbed when in the sn-2 position as compared to the sn-1/sn-3 positions [22]. Indeed, TAGs possessing saturated FAs at sn-1 and sn-3 positions may have an adverse effect on digestion. Consequently, the determination of the saturated or unsaturated FA position is of paramount importance for understanding differences in the digestibility of milk containing several TAG isomers. Our results show that goat milk is characterized by higher levels of esterified saturated FAs at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. In more detail, in goat milk, the predominant FA esterified at the sn-1/3 positions was FA 18:0, suggesting lower adsorption. Furthermore, considering that short-chain fatty acids are easily adsorbed at the gastric and duodenal tracts, sheep milk showed higher levels of butyric acid (C4:0) at all sn-positions when compared to goat milk (see Figures 3A and 4A).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Signaling Pathways Underlying Satellite Cell Regulation
#### 3.3.1 Notch
performed a cohort study with 23 participants from 13 unconnected families with bi-allelic \(JAG2\) variants, and found that the majority of participants had a distinct pattern of progressive muscle weakness in the lower extremity and proximal dominance muscle. \(JAG2\) is a direct target in the Notch signaling pathway, and is frequently associated with muscular dystrophy [64; 65]. Notch signaling is essential for maintaining satellite cell quiescence in adult muscle, with \(JAG2\) and \(Notch3\) being the most abundant. Despite \(Jagged1\) and \(Serrate\), other ligands in Notch signaling which have therapeutic potential for muscular dystrophy, \(Jag2\) knockout mice models died prematurely, due to a cleft palate. \(JAG2\)-related muscular dystrophy is linked with bi-allelic pathogenic \(JAG2\) variants that predict protein loss of function and satellite cell depletion via a decrease in Pax7+ cells. Additionally, downregulation of \(JAG2\) in murine myoblasts resulted in downregulation of several molecules within the Notch pathway, implying a disease mechanism correlated to defects in the Notch pathway. Table 2 summarizes the articles discussed above.
## 2 Development of Derivative-Free Methods and Convergence Analysis  
In this section, we intend to develop a new derivative-free class of three-point methods having optimal eighth-order convergence.  
Thus, we consider the following iteration scheme  
\[\left\{\begin{aligned} y_{n}&=x_{n}-\frac{f(x_{n})}{f^{ \prime}(x_{n})},\\ z_{n}&=y_{n}-\frac{f(y_{n})}{f^{\prime}(x_{n})},\\ x_{n+1}&=z_{n}-\frac{f(z_{n})}{f^{\prime}(z_{n})}, \end{aligned}\right. \tag{5}\]  
where first two steps of the well-known [PERSON]'s method are composed with the Newton step.  
It satisfies the following error equation  
\[e_{n+1}=4c_{2}^{5}e_{n}^{6}+(-36c_{2}^{6}+28c_{2}^{4}c_{3})e_{n}^{7}+O(e_{n}^{ 8}), \tag{6}\]  
where \(e_{n}=x_{n}-\alpha\) and \(c_{k}=\dfrac{1}{k!}\dfrac{f^{k}(\alpha)}{f^{\prime}(\alpha)},\;\;k\geq 2.\)  
According to the Kung-Traub conjecture, the above scheme Equation (5) is not optimal because it has sixth-order convergence and requires five functional evaluations per full iteration. Following Cordero-Torregrosa conjecture [8], we replace derivatives in all three steps by suitable approximations that use available data. Therefore, we approximate  
\[f^{\prime}(x_{n}) \approx f[x_{n},w_{n}], \tag{7}\] \[f^{\prime}(z_{n}) \approx f[x_{n},w_{n}],\]  
where \(w_{n}=x_{n}+\beta f(x_{n})^{3},\,\beta\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{0\}\) and \(f[x,y]=\dfrac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y}\) denotes a divided difference (without index \(n\)).  
Substituting these approximations in Equation (5), we get a derivative-free three-point iterative method given by  
\[\left\{\begin{aligned} y_{n}&=x_{n}-\frac{f(x_{n})}{f [x_{n},w_{n}]},\\ z_{n}&=y_{n}-\frac{f(y_{n})}{f[x_{n},w_{n}]},\\ x_{n+1}&=z_{n}-\frac{f(z_{n})}{f[x_{n},w_{n}]}. \end{aligned}\right. \tag{8}\]  
It satisfies the following error equation  
\[e_{n+1}=4c_{2}^{3}e_{n}^{4}+(-26c_{2}^{4}+20c_{2}^{2}c_{3})e_{n}^{5}+O(e_{n}^{ 6}).\]Again, the family of methods Equation (8) is not optimal according to the Kung-Traub conjecture. Therefore, to further improve its order of convergence, we shall now make use of weight function approach. Therefore, we consider  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}y_{n}=x_{n}-\dfrac{f(x_{n})}{f[x_{n},w_{n}]},\quad w_{n} =x_{n}+\beta f(x_{n})^{3},\\ z_{n}=x_{n}-\left(\dfrac{f(x_{n})+f(y_{n})}{f[x_{n},w_{n}]}\right)G( \tau),\quad\tau=\dfrac{f(y_{n})}{f(x_{n})},\\ x_{n+1}=z_{n}-\dfrac{f(z_{n})}{f[x_{n},w_{n}]}H(\tau,\phi),\quad\phi= \dfrac{f(z_{n})}{f(y_{n})},\end{array}\right. \tag{9}\]  
where \(\beta\in\mathbb{R}\backslash\{0\}\) and \(G\) and \(H\) are parametric functions of one and two variables, respectively. Theorem (1) illustrates that under what conditions on weight functions, convergence order of family Equation (9) will arrive at the optimal level eight.
## 4 Conclusions  
This study synthesized PCA-GLU and for the first time investigated its corrosion inhibition effect on Q235 in a 3.5 wt% NaCl system.  
(1) The electrochemical test results indicate that PCA-GLU can slow down Q235 corrosion and is considered an effective corrosion inhibitor. As the concentration rises, the corrosion inhibitory effect of the PCA-GLU rises. When the concentration of PCA-GLU is 400 mg/L, the optimal corrosion inhibition efficiency of 96.73% can be achieved.  
(2) Through quantum chemical calculations, it was found that the addition of glutamic acid can significantly increase the probability of electron transfer from corrosion inhibitors to carbon steel, effectively improving the corrosiveness of Q235. The results of the molecular dynamics calculation indicate that the interaction between PCA-GLU and carbon steel is stronger than the other three corrosion inhibitors. The N and O atoms on PCA-GLU undergo chemical and physical adsorption on the surface of Q235.  
Conceptualization, N.C. and K.L. methodology, N.C.; software, N.C.; validation, N.C.; formal analysis, N.C.; investigation, N.C., K.L. and Y.D.; resources, N.C.; data curation, N.C.; writing--original draft preparation, N.C. and K.L.; writing--review and editing, N.C. and Y.Z.; visualization, N.C.; supervision, Y.Z. and H.G.; project administration, Y.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, grant number (23010501300, 19 DZ227110), and the APC was funded by Nanxin Chang.  
The study does not involve humans or animals.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the Shanghai University of Electric Power and there is no conflict of interest with other companies. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: RDF analysis of (**a**) total, (**b**) N in PCA-GLU, (**c**) O in PCA-GLU, and (**d**) O in PCA adsorbed on Fe (110).
# Security Hardening and Compliance Assessment of Kubernetes Control Plane and Workloads
## 4 Security Hardening of Kubernetes Components
### Image and Workload Hardening
#### 4.3.1. Trivy (v0.62)  
Container image scanners such as Trivy operate through a detailed procedure that includes retrieving images, extracting layers, identifying dependencies, examining vulnerability databases, and precisely correlating potential vulnerabilities with installed packages. By executing these procedures, scanners enhance containerized environments' security by promptly identifying vulnerabilities.  
The selected container image scanning tool for evaluating vulnerabilities is Trivy, an open-source security scanner designed to identify vulnerabilities and misconfigurations within various components of the software ecosystem. Upon initiating a scan, Trivy autonomously acquires the necessary vulnerability databases, preserving them locally for subsequent use. The central database, refreshed every six hours on GitHub, consolidates vulnerability information from credible sources, including operating system vendor advisories and community-driven repositories. Trivy exercises caution with packages with undefined versions by excluding vulnerability assessments to reduce false alerts. Users can activate a comprehensive detection mode that identifies vulnerabilities within unspecified version ranges by utilizing the lowest version for evaluation.  
Trivy initiates image retrieval by obtaining the container image from a local repository or an online registry. That guarantees access to the most current image for analysis. Subsequently, a comprehensive inspection is conducted to analyze the image's layers and identify installed system packages and software dependencies. Trivy's efficacy is rooted in its vulnerability assessment phase, which cross-references detected packages with a comprehensive vulnerability database. That enables Trivy to identify and flag vulnerabilities accurately, ensuring no potential risk is neglected. Ultimately, Trivy consolidates its findings into an exhaustive report, providing actionable insights encompassing vulnerability identifiers, impacted components, and suggested remedial measures. Figure 6 presents an analysis of the ubuntu:20.04 image:  
Vulnerabilities are categorized by severity: low, medium, high, and critical. Each entry comprises a vulnerability ID, references for vulnerability patches and fixes, severity level, and package information.  
Container image scanning is a crucial practice for preserving the security and integrity of containerized applications. Organizations can mitigate the risk of deploying insecure workloads by proactively identifying vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and obsolete dependencies in container images. Consistent scanning, automated security protocols,  
Figure 6: Using Trivy to scan the ubuntu:20.04 image.  
and continuous integration pipelines guarantee early detection of vulnerabilities in the development lifecycle.
## 1 Introduction
These measurements can be done by using on-site sensors [17] or by using in situ measurements provided by Global Communication System (GPS) receivers [18; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Here, GPS-based monitoring systems provide several advantages, such as weather independence, absolute displacement measurements, autonomous operation and no need for a line-of-sight connection between different measurement points. Additionally, GPS provides both static and dynamic structural response information, and the position information is free from any measurement drifts and error accumulation [23]. By applying differential data processing of two or more concurrently logging GPS receivers, displacements in the range of 5 mm or below can be detected, as well as oscillation frequencies of up to and above 4 Hz. The authors of [19; 20; 22], for example, recorded the dynamical response of the Wilford Bridge in Nottingham, using GPS receivers in combination with accelerometers to validate the data and to improve the monitoring system's performance. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [24] presented GPS-based positioning data taken at the Mansoura railway bridge using Trimble-5700 dual-frequency GPS receivers logging at a rate of 1 Hz. The authors also present data taken from the long-term SHM system installed on the two towers of the Yonghe Bridge. Here, the GPS receivers are logging with a sampling frequency of 20 Hz. Reported standard deviations are in the mm range. However, these systems were all either tethered installations or short-term measurement campaigns. Although there are several existing wireless sensor networks that support the use of GNSS (global navigation satellite system) receivers [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31], to the author's knowledge, there is no such system available to monitor the dynamical behavior of bridges. Difficulties are in the high power demands of GNSS receivers and in the large amounts of data that need to be transmitted wirelessly. In this article, we present a wireless sensor node that can be equipped with an OEM615 GNSS receiver from NovAtel. The nodes provide sampling rates up to 20 Hz. To transmit the large amount of data resulting from this high sampling rate, we use a wake-up receiver-based cross-layer routing protocol that is able to transfer large data packets without many overhead data [32]. The rest of the article is structured as follows. In Section 2, we present the wireless sensor network and the wireless sensor nodes. We analyze power requirements, as well as the amounts of data to be transmitted and the routing protocol. Based on these, we find a resulting sensor node lifetime in the range of 20 to 200 days dependent on the GNSS sensor logging period. In Section 3, we introduce the differential GNSS measurement technique as it is the key to achieving sub-centimeter accuracy in GNSS measurements. In Section 4, we present and discuss the measurements taken with the GNSS sensors and analyze the results. Furthermore, we compare the GNSS results to the measurements taken with the accelerometer in Section 4 and, finally, conclude our article in Section 5.
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Results in the Binary Classification of the Images (Images with/without Defects)  
The idea behind this classification is that the operators will only review images that have triggered one or more thermal defects by the algorithm. This is because, by average, there are many more images without defects than images containing defects, and the fact that the operator will review the images only containing defects is faster than reviewing both the negative images (images without defects) or even all of the images. Therefore, this can be seen as a two-class classification problem. In this case, positive refers to a thermal image with one or more defects, while negative refers to a thermal image with no thermal defects. In a similar fashion as in the previous sub-section, Accuracy \((Acc)\), Sensitivity \((Se)\), and Specificity \((Sp)\) can be calculated. In this case, all of the thermal images (321) are considered for the evaluation of this binary classification.  
Based on the values that were included in Table 3, the obtained results are: \(Acc=98.47\%\), \(Se=0.964\), and \(Sp=0.992\). These results show that the binary classification of the images can be an efficient way of automatically filtering all of the images allowing the operator to only review the positive images due to the high specificity of the proposed processing procedure.
## 2 Experimental Setup  
### Test Apparatus  
The model tests are carried out at the towing tank located at Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute. The main dimension of this towing tank is 192 m \(\times\) 10 m \(\times\) 4.2 m (length \(\times\) width \(\times\) depth). The test apparatus were mounted under the towing carriage, which consists of the vertical and horizontal tracks, semi-submerged cylinder and end plate. The semi-submerged cylinder model is made of polypropylene and can be regarded as a smooth rigid cylinder. The hydrodynamic diameter D and length L of the model are respectively 0.25 m and 2 m. The vertical tracks driven by serve motors are employed for adjustment of the height of cylinder to the semi-submerged state. The horizontal track drives the semi-submerged cylinder to oscillate with various amplitudes and periods. The axonometric sketch and the actual apparatus are respectively shown in Figures 1 and 2.  
To guarantee a two-dimensional flow and avoid three-dimensional effects arising from the rigid cylinder with the finite length, we adopted two methods to avoid above problem. The first method is to assemble two dummy cylinders at both the model ends. The diameter of the dummy cylinder is the same as the rigid cylinder model. To avoid the force transducer measuring the force derived from dummy cylinders, a small gap (\(<\)1 mm) is left between and the rigid cylinder model and two end dummy cylinders. Another method is to assemble two circular endplates with diameter of 3 times cylinder model diameter at the end of the dummy cylinder so as to restrict the effects of other apparatus on the flow past the cylinder. The force sensors are employed to record the hydrodynamic loads on the rigid cylinder model.  
To validate the measurement system and the smoothness of the cylinder, the cylinder was first fully immersed in the water and towed in steady flow. The time history of hydrodynamic force in the IL direction was recorded and shown in Figure 3. The entire time history contains four phases--initial zero, transition, stable stage and final zero. The mean force value \(F_{XM}\) in the stable stage in the IL direction is approximately 47.3 N/m under flow velocity U of 0.4 m/s. The corresponding drag coefficient \(C_{D}\) is calculated by,  
\[C_{D}=\frac{F_{XM}}{1/2\rho DLU^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
Figure 1: Sketch of the experimental apparatus for a semi-submerged cylinder under oscillatory flow; X and Y are respectively IL and CF directions.  
Figure 3: Time history of the hydrodynamic forces on a fully submerged cylinder under a steady flow velocity of U = 0.4 m/s.  
Figure 2: Photography of the experimental apparatus.  
The \(C_{D}\) is about 1.18, which is consistent with the typical value of 1.2 reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1981) [20]. This result demonstrates our experimental apparatus is reliable.