# Blockchain Technology Applied in IoV Demand Response Management: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Discussion  
The majority of the selected studies mention the need for decentralized DR management in IoV and smart grids, which will primarily promote privacy and security, and then will efficiently incorporate the increasing number of electric vehicles. Likewise, the need for a blockchain framework that offers optimized management and coordination of EV charging is another similarity identified in the literature. The latter is further supported from the common belief that blockchain technology could provide security and privacy of the drivers' data and the exchange of information. In addition, many of the studies highlight that focus should be given to human behavior and preferences, creating EV profiles, which will help the management of the IoV-assisted smart grids and also emphasize different social aspects. Furthermore, another similarity revealed that real-time energy demand is not sufficiently analyzed and explored, considering also the randomness of the EVs events and the unexpected events that may occur during the everyday life. Finally, the majority of the studies highlight that the advantages of blockchain technology within the IoV-assisted smart grids are numerous, although there is a lack of incentivization schemes that provide relevant rewards to prosumers in order to participate in such schemes. The similarities are depicted in Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Similarities** & **Differences** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Incentivization} & Blockchain incentives are needed to & Focus on Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) \\  & encourage participation & as a mean for incentivization scheme \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} \multirow{2}{*}{Privacy and Security} & Blockchain technology is mostly used for & Data analytics scheme for security-aware \\  & security and privacy & DRM using blockchain \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} \multirow{2}{*}{Demand Response Management} & Real-time demand management is & Incorporate deep learning for intelligent \\  & not investigated & demand response \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} \multirow{2}{*}{EV drivers’ profile} & Drivers’ preferences are not considered & n/a \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} \multirow{2}{*}{Generic} & Consortium blockchain is common in the & The proposition is not directly applied in EVs \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-3} \multirow{2}{*}{} & DRM applications & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Similarities and differences among the selected studies. Furthermore, the SLR reveled some differences (Table 4). The first difference derives from [PERSON] [40], in which the sustainable microgrid design problem is addressed by leveraging blockchain technology to provide real-time-based demand response programs. The study, though, is not coupled with IoV or EVs, although the optimization approach that is proposed is evaluated, making the authors believe that it could be also applied in the area of IoV. Additionally, compared with the rest of the selected studies that are focused on price-based incentives, [PERSON] [50] focused on non-fungible tokens as a mean for the incentivization of the users. On the contrary, [PERSON] [45] reviewed four important themes, such as electric load forecasting, state estimation, energy theft detection and energy sharing and trading, trying to illustrate the need of deep learning solutions in smart grids and demand response. Similarly, [PERSON] [56] reported that current DR management solutions are not adequate in terms of peak loads reduction, consumer comfort and data security issues, and proposed a data analytics scheme for security-aware management. The proposed scheme used blockchain to maintain the grid stability and reduce peak energy consumption. The discussion presented above led to the following observations, as those are illustrated in Figure 6.  
**Observation 1--EVs as a distributed power backup:** EVs can be used as a distributed backup power for the grid, storing electricity during the low period and providing electricity to the power grid during peak period.