## 5 Discussion
### Differences Between Cultural Service Dimensions in Parks and Directions for Optimization  
Significant differences were found between the various cultural service dimensions in major urban parks in Macau (F = 19.45, \(p\) < 0.01). Esthetic appreciation (M = 76.04) and landscape experience (M = 72.47), which were identified as core dimensions of cultural services in Macau parks, received significantly higher scores compared to other dimensions. Parks with high scores, such as Song Yusheng Park and Guia Hill Park, effectively integrate natural landscapes with cultural heritage elements. This integration provides strong visual appeal and emotional resonance, significantly improving visitor satisfaction. Guia Hill Park achieved excellent scores in esthetic services (M = 90) and landscape experiences (M = 80). These results demonstrate a deep integration between cultural and natural elements. Mount Fortress Park and Vasco da Gama Garden received relatively low scores  
Figure 5: Spatial distribution of CES in Macau parks. (**a**) Emotional score of recreation and tourism; (**b**) Emotional score of esthetic appreciation; (**c**) Emotional score of public facilities; (**d**) Emotional score of education and knowledge dissemination; (**e**) Emotional score of landscape experience; (**f**) Emotional score of social interaction. for landscape experience (M = 61.18 and M = 59.26, respectively). These results indicate that their cultural heritage potential has not been fully explored. The primary reasons for these low scores may include insufficient interactive design and a lack of cultural interpretation methods. This finding indicated that Macau parks performed well in enhancing users' visual satisfaction and emotional connection. By effectively integrating natural landscapes with Chinese and Western cultural elements, parks demonstrate considerable potential as carriers of cultural heritage. This result is consistent with the findings of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24], who emphasized the importance of esthetic value in green spaces. However, park performances in the educational and cultural dimensions of CES were relatively weak. This weakness could reflect deficiencies in exploring cultural content and designing educational functions within Macau parks. For example, explicit facilities and activities related to local culture, such as historical exhibitions and ecological education programs, were found to be relatively scarce in Macau parks. These shortcomings were observed to limit the role of parks as media for cultural heritage dissemination, weakening their competitiveness in providing diversified services. Therefore, it is suggested that multimedia interaction technologies be employed to strengthen parks' performances in cultural transmission and educational services. These technologies could include virtual tours, digital displays, and interactive educational platforms, thereby enriching user experiences and enhancing participation in cultural services. Significant differences exist among major urban parks in Macau in terms of CES. These differences may result from multiple influencing factors. First, uneven distribution of cultural heritage resources is a critical factor. Parks with abundant historical and cultural resources, such as Guia Hill Park and Lou Lim Ieoc Garden, perform well in esthetic services and landscape experiences. In contrast, Areia Preta Park in peripheral areas exhibits weaker performance in cultural and educational functions due to resource scarcity. Second, differences in facilities and management resources significantly affect the provision of cultural services. Song Yusheng Park, located in the central urban area, achieves strong performance across multiple CES dimensions due to adequate facilities and sufficient management resources. Conversely, limited investment in management resources in peripheral parks restricts their capacity for cultural dissemination. Additionally, disparities in visitor behavior patterns further intensify this imbalance.