# Numerical Investigation of Thermal Efficiency of a Solar Cell
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [10] proposed a method to reduce cell temperature by installing a clay at the back of the module and evaporating water. The results of his experiment showed that he achieved a 19.4% maximum increase of output voltage and 19.1% better output power by incorporating this method. [PERSON] et al. [11] carried out a simulation to show that cladding below the PV cell can increase the efficiency of the PV module significantly. PV modules installed on roofs may not be efficient because of high temperatures. Therefore, they installed an air duct behind the PV arrays, which reduced the temperature by 15-20 K, which increased the electrical output of the system. [PERSON] et al. [12] compared the performance of PV pumping systems using various generators. They used fixed, tracking, and V-trough generators in the experiments. The primary aim of the experiment was to reduce the cost incurred in pumping, and they found out that a tracking system reduces cost by 19% whereas the concentration system reduced cost by 48%. [PERSON] et al. [13] focused on thermal and electrical performance and concluded that continuous cooling of the module enhances thermal efficiency by 9% to 20%. The water-cooling system produces 750 W relative to 190 W, which was produced by a simple PV system at an irradiance level of 900 W/m\({}^{2}\). [PERSON] et al. [14] inspected whether the saturated moist air used in evaporative cooling would enhance the efficiency of the cooling system. [PERSON] et al. [15] discovered that a water-cooled CPV module produces 4.7 to 5.2 times more electricity than a normal PV cell does. A magnitude of 71.13 W of electrical power was produced, contrary to a magnitude of 16.55 W produced by a fixed one. [PERSON] [16] used a water cooling technique and a heat pipe to reduce the operating temperature of PV arrays for maximum electrical energy and efficiency of the system. [PERSON] et al. [17] performed a CFD analysis and incorporated a heat pipe behind PV cells to reduce the working temperature of PV cells. The heat pipe reduces the temperature up to 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, thus increasing the power output and hence the efficiency of the PV panel. [PERSON] et al. [18] reported the cooling of a PV cell using micro-jets of water from the front face with variation in Reynolds number (_Re_) ranging from 10,000 to 30,000. [PERSON] et al. [19] conducted an indoor test to study the behavior of water-cooled PV cells for incident solar radiations of 413, 620, 821, and 1016 W/m\({}^{2}\). A drop in the temperature of 5-23 \({}^{\circ}\)C of the PV cell was observed with the help of cooling water, which leads to the increase in thermal efficiency by 9-22%. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20] numerically analyzed a linear concentrating PV cell (LCPV) cooled using a fluid. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] proposed an automobile radiator geometry for the cooling of a PV cell. The cooling of the CPV module improves conversion efficiency from 22.39% to 26.85%. Furthermore, the radiator helps in cooling the temperature from 59.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 32.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
[PERSON] et al. [22] observed that a water-cooled solar array was about 3% more useful than a normal one. [PERSON] et al. [23] studied the effect of water impingement on the PV cell and observed a 16.3% increase in thermal efficiency. Additionally, the maximum electrical efficiency enhancement of 14.1% was achieved by water cooling with peak solar irradiance. The cooling technique reduces the temperature of the panel from 54 \({}^{\circ}\)C (without water cooling) to 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with cooling from both sides of the PV panel. [PERSON] et al. [24] found that the maximum power of 16 W was achieved at 43 \({}^{\circ}\)C. [PERSON] et al. [25] found that a 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C increase in temperature decreases power by 0.52% in outdoor conditions when irradiation was 500 W/m\({}^{2}\). [PERSON] et al. [26] focused on cooling PV cells under concentrated illumination.