# A Review: Image Processing Techniques' Roles towards Energy-Efficient and Secure IoT
## 4 Literature Review
### IoT Monitoring Applications Based on Image Processing  
Video surveillance and monitoring systems are extensive and encompass diverse uses. For example, fire monitoring and detection systems may be of various sorts. There are two linked procedures executed in succession to conduct monitoring and detection operations. For monitoring, smart sensors are employed, while for the second one, image processing techniques are applied, including object detection. Monitoring such a thing or situation that changes over time usually results in many static images (i.e., multi-frame images) whose contents, objects, and regions, including color (image pixels' intensities and/or values), change over time. These grouped images are then processed image by image to identify objects. Monitoring is required to produce multi-frame images to correctly recognize objects. It is possible to operate a camera with a monitoring device that is based on senses, such as smart sensors. In these applications, monitoring process(es) would transmit alerts to a distant center to analyze data or images employing the IoT platform. An example of such uses is described in [41]. Prior to the detection process, a monitoring process employing smart sensors is done. Smart sensors are deployed in various places inside a region of interest (ROI) to transmit alerts. IoT-connected devices such as cameras make a function that remotely transfers collected images to the data processing center. The use of image processing in this context has allowed IoT to better meet human needs while also protecting the environment. Multi-frame image processing may be seen in a variety of contexts [42; 43]. According to [42], a smart camera-based IoT monitoring application is used to track and record certain  
Figure 2: Statistics of articles as distributed by digital libraries (DLs). events based on a predefined set of instructions that allows the camera to consume less energy. The smart camera monitors events based on event detection, and it will be enabled, through its image processing-embedded system, to record only events-of-interest (EOI); therefore, video data will be delivered to a distant processing party employing the IoT. It is recommended that a web server attached to a smart camera be used to allow users to control the camera remotely. Object tracking and identification have aided IoT monitoring applications. In [43], moving background images are processed with the purpose of monitoring, tracking, identifying, and classifying moving objects (vehicles) for road safety. An illustration of IoT monitoring applications based on image processing example is shown in Figure 3.  
Object tracking and detection are used in a variety of applications, and one of their primary purposes is to ensure the security of the item that is currently monitored, recorded, tracked, and detected. For example, in [44], a monitoring process is performed on images to apply a protective action through the Internet and cloud media to the item being remotely identified via a cloud-based website. The object of interest (OOI) in the image will be transmitted for analysis. The movement of objects in the acquired images has been processed to identify surrounding environmental factors to apply a security operation to the OOI. A command is sent from a website to the receiving party in order for them to be able to evaluate and control the data that has been transferred to them over the Internet or in the cloud. The presence of potentially harmful actions or occurrences in industrial zones [45] necessitates constant surveillance in these places. If malicious occurrences are not identified in time, they will most likely result in bodily harm like fires or equipment damage. The proposed method has incorporated various processes in which image processing has been applied.