# A Comprehensive Survey on the Societal Aspects of Smart Cities
## 2 Smart Cities Dimensions
### Smart Economy
They can also lead to job losses for those who are unqualified for the new roles that emerge. This was the actual concern of the original Luddites, rather than the machines themselves. However, it is important to acknowledge that people today are generally better educated than those in the nineteenth century. If a wide acceptance of new technologies is to be achieved, it is crucial to consider the needs of those who may be displaced by them. Since new jobs require well-educated individuals, cities should provide financial compensation and comprehensive education programs, potentially supported by smart technologies [21; 71], that effectively cover digital technologies in addition to standard curricula. The aim is to educate the citizens, who will be able to enter the workforce fully prepared, and re-educate and retrain older citizens to enable their participation in the workforce and for both to be able to use the new services provided by a smart city [72; 73]. This is not only an ethical matter, which by itself should be enough of a reason for implementation of these measures, but also an economic one. By providing individuals with the means to re-enter the job market, they can become a net positive to the economy by providing labor and by becoming consumers. Smart technologies also provide new ways for entrepreneurship and give rise to new enterprises and to new ways on how to manage and run them. Enterprises such as Startup Compete, Kicksartter, Uber, Lyft, or Airbnb are entirely predicated on digital technologies and the availability and understanding of these technologies to the public. They allow for new ways for entrepreneurs to present their ideas and gather funding (e.g., Startup Compete or Kicksartter), the availability of transportation practically anywhere (e.g., Uber or Lyft), and accessible hospitality services (e.g., Airbnb) [74]. These services are achieved by a much more direct interaction between clients and providers, which improves their efficiency and availability. Improving productivity and efficiency of processes is one of the cornerstones of ICTs and smart technologies; as such, smart cities naturally also see impacts in these areas, even if that is not the main objective. Automation of processes, remote work and digital workspaces, and ubiquitous access to the internet and its resources have changed how offices work and increased the productivity of their workers, although, it has also allowed for cyberslacking, which reduces productivity [75]. Smart factories integrate these technologies so that the machinery of a factory can become even more automated, capable of self-diagnostic and repair, work with institutions outside the factory (e.g., distribution, markets, and suppliers), and adjust production with minimal human intervention [76]. Human workers would assume a more managerial and decision-making position over their equipment. But the productivity changes can be seen in more than the workplace; improvements on a city's transportation systems help users save time; the increased efficiency of a smart grid provides more energy at the same cost; and increased quality of life improves citizens' morale. All these benefits improve productivity in small but cumulative ways, which leads to economic growth [77]. These, while important, are but one way to improve economic growth. All cities have an image they project to the world, with positives (e.g., cultural hub, industrial powerhouse, or learning campus) and negatives (e.g., corrupt, polluted, or crime). When a city tries to become a smart city, it is a chance to change that image for the better. A smart city by itself already projects an image of technological advancement [78], but by implementing certain types of projects, it is possible to enhance the positives and to handle the negatives. By, for example, improving security [79], investing in green technologies [80], or improving city infrastructure and services with smart technologies [81], a city's image is also improved.