## 9 Industry-Academia Partnerships  
_Policies, Subsidies, and Incentives Promoting Bio-Based Innovation_  
The Bio-based Industries Joint Undertaking (BBI JU) catalyzes sustainable bio-based economic growth in Europe. Established in 2014 as a public-private partnership between the European Commission and the Bio-based Industries Consortium, it supports research, innovation, and investment in bio-based industries. BBI JU aims to overcome market barriers to private investment, promoting a bio-based economy that utilizes domestic renewable raw materials for producing food, feed, chemicals, materials, and fuels. It embodies the principles of the circular economy under the Horizon 2020 initiative. [PERSON] et al. [90] identify several challenges facing the European bio-based industry: (i) lack of critical mass at the European level in terms of scale, excellence, and innovation potential; (ii) the sector is fragmented, with diverse organizations and companies that have not collaborated across industries and regions before; (iii) geographical issues related to the supply of biomass feedstock; (iv) difficulty in linking advancements in bioeconomy research and innovation with commercialization and market uptake; (v) complex and substantial technology and innovation challenges in bio-based industries and value chains; (vi) struggling to set up new value chains due to the diverse range of involved players who have not worked together; (vii) potential investments and resulting knowledge are being implemented outside of Europe; (viii) the need to bridge the \"valley of death\" between proof-of-concept and scaling up to commercial levels. The BBI JU aims to establish a competitive and sustainable Europe by transitioning to a low-carbon society using renewable raw materials. This initiative focuses on the local production of chemicals, materials, and fuels, fostering job creation and rural development while emphasizing sustainability and resource efficiency. Funded with EUR 975 million in public money, it aims to leverage at least EUR 2.73 billion in private investment between 2014 and 2024. It provides a stable framework for strategic collaboration between industry partners, encouraging long-term private sector investment in demonstration and large-scale projects. Its operations are managed by the BBI JU Program Office, which is overseen by a Governing Board comprising representatives from the EC and BIC. The Strategic Innovation and Research Agenda (SIRA) outlines the priority topics for annual work programs. BBI JU funds collaborative research and innovation projects, typically requiring participants from at least three different Member States or Associated Countries, across various Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs), generally ranging from TRL 3 to TRL 8 (Table 10). Funding levels differ by organization and project type. Universities, academic bodies, and non-profits can receive 100% funding for eligible costs in Research and Innovation Activities (RIAs), Coordination and Support Actions (CSAs), and Innovation Actions (IAs). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Project Type** & **Acronym** & **Focus/Scope** \\ \hline Coordination and Support & CSAs & Address cross-sectoral challenges and support value chains through studies and networking, such as standardization and regulatory issues. \\ Research and Innovation & RIAs & Validate specific technologies at the laboratory and pilot levels. \\ Innovation & IAs & Address the entire value chain from feedstock to market applications. \\ Demonstration Actions & IA.DEMO & **Scale up** technologies to prove readiness for commercial production and demonstrate the business case. \\ Flagship Actions & IA.FLAG & Establish **first-of-a-kind industrial-scale biorefineries** by scaling up demonstrated technologies. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Project type, acronyms, and focus from several projects [90].