esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology
### Pouring Height Measurement System  
To enable accurate evaluation of concrete pouring height in real-world units, this study proposes a measurement system that utilizes human skeletal information extracted from site imagery. The system estimates the actual height of the poured concrete by converting pixel distances into metric units, using the worker's body as a dynamic reference.  
The measurement process begins by identifying the neck midpoint of on-site workers in the image using a pose estimation algorithm. Specifically, we employed the OpenPose algorithm for real-time 2D human-pose estimation [63]. OpenPose outputs 14 key body joints in our configuration; we additionally compute the midpoint between the neck and the nose keypoints and use this synthetic landmark as the reference for height calibration [64; 65]. This anatomical landmark is assigned a height of 1.5 m, based on the average height of adult Korean males including footwear, which is approximately 175 cm. The vertical pixel position of the neck point is then used to derive a pixel-to-meter conversion factor. To ensure consistency, if the worker's posture is not upright due to movement or bending, the skeleton is algorithmically corrected to a straightened form before calculating the reference point. Once the conversion factor is established, the height of the detected concrete object--measured in pixels--is converted into meters.  
For example, if the neck midpoint appears at y = 375 pixels and is defined as 1.5 m, the conversion factor becomes approximately 0.004 m/pixel. If the concrete bounding box height is 120 pixels, the actual pouring height is calculated as 0.48 m. This result is then compared against a predefined threshold of 1.5 m to determine whether the pouring operation complies with safety and quality regulations.  
As shown in Figure 3, this skeleton-based system adapts flexibly to varying environmental conditions, camera angles, and worker positions, ensuring high reliability and field applicability. Unlike traditional manual methods, the proposed approach provides consistent, objective, and evaluation of pouring height compliance in construction environments.
###### Abstract  
Nowadays, underwater visible light communication (UVLC) has become one of the key technologies for high-speed underwater wireless communication. Because of the limited modulation bandwidth and nonlinearity of the optoelectronic devices in the UVLC system, the combination of inter-symbol interference and nonlinear impairment will inevitably degrade the transmission performance. Advanced digital signal processing methods including equalization and decoding are required. In the past few years, Support vector machine (SVM) has been widely investigated in quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for soft decision in the decoding process. However, previous works only consider 2-dimensional (2-D) separate symbol, ignoring the correlation between consecutive symbols. In this paper, we propose to use SVM for soft decision with a 4-dimensional (4-D) constellation by concatenating two consecutive symbols. To deal with the increasing computational complexity in the SVM training phase, bit-based binary SVM multi-class strategy and an edge-detection-based data pre-processing method are employed. In this paper, we demonstrate a carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) 16-QAM UVLC system. Experimental results indicate that the performance is greatly improved when using consecutive-symbol-expanded 4-D constellation with SVM for soft decision.  
underwater visible light communication (UVLC); support vector machine (SVM); inter-symbol interference 2022, 9, 804. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110804](https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110804)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110804](https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9110804))
# Towards Optimizing Multi-Level Selective Maintenance via Machine Learning Predictive Models
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{tabular}{l l} \(\text{MC}(k_{i},m)\) & Total maintenance cost during the break between missions \(m\) and \(m+1\) \\ \(k_{i}\) & Maintenance level (or strategy) for component \(i\) with \(k_{i}\in\{1,2,\dots,K_{i}\}\) \\ \(C(k_{i})\) & Cost of the maintenance level \(k_{i}\) \\ \(d(k_{i})\) & Duration of the maintenance level \(k_{i}\) of component \(i\) \\ \(C_{t}\) & Maintenance cost per time unit \\ \(C_{a}\) & Cost of assembly \(\backslash\) disassembly incurred if at least one component is maintained \\ \(d_{m}\) & Duration of mission \(m\) \\ \(\sigma_{m}\) & Break duration between mission \(m\) and \(m+1\) \\ \(b_{i}(k_{i},m)\) & Degradation factor of component \(i\) at the end of mission \(m\) \\ \(A_{i}^{*}\) & Theoretical component's age \(i\) given by the manufacturer \\ \(A_{i}^{*}(m)\) & Theoretical remaining useful life of component \(i\) after performing mission \(m\) \\ \(\gamma_{i}^{*}(k_{i},m)\) & Actual age of component \(i\) at the end of the mission \\ \(R(\gamma^{*})\) & System reliability related to actual ages \(\gamma^{*}\) of multi-components. \\ \(R^{*}\) & Minimal required reliability \\ \(M\) & Total number of missions \\ \end{tabular}
# New Magnetstrictive Transducer Designs for Emerging Application Areas of NDE
## 3 Invariant Properties of Shear Wave Magnetostrictive EMATS  
Practical applications of shear wave EMATS require transversal vibrations to propagate along one selected axis. For example, for the long-range guided wave testing of pipes, the desired propagation directions will be parallel to the pipe axis (in both positive and negative directions), and unwanted directions will be circumferential. Some applications, such as SHM, might utilize propagation in orthogonal directions to monitor a larger area from one probe position. Inherently, direct and reversed Wiedemann effect EMATs have exactly the same principal coil arrangement: one coil provides a time-varying magnetic field that is perpendicular to another coil/magnet that provides a permanent magnetic bias, with both coils generating in-plane magnetic fields. In this sense, the only difference between a direct and a reversed Wiedemann effect is how the coils are oriented in reference to the desired wave propagation direction. If the directivity of the EMATs is not a strict requirement, shear wave magnetostrictive EMATSs could exhibit an invariant property in reference to the wave propagation direction so long as the following condition is satisfied: applying permanent and time-varying magnetic fields results in an equivalent magnetic domain re-alignment in two mutually perpendicular directions. Satisfying this condition is easier when the material is magnetically soft and structurally and magnetically isotropic. This paper is focused on reversed Wiedermann effect sensors. Some practical designs of direct Wiedemann effect sensors will also be discussed.
# A Survey of Candidate Waveforms for beyond 5G Systems
## 3 Candidate Waveforms  
The general waveform formats can be mainly classified as single-carrier (SC) and multi-carrier (MC) waveforms. In conventional SC modulation techniques, a high rate data stream occupy a large portion of the available spectrum. A wireless channel is usually a frequency selective channel, i.e., different frequency components are faded differently by the channel, being characterized by its coherence bandwidth, i.e., the frequency range over with the frequency response of the channel is approximately flat [26]. In high rate transmission scenarios, the low coherence bandwidth of the channel makes the SC systems require complex equalization schemes to deal with ISI.  
Alternatively, in MC systems, a high rate stream of data is divided into several lower rates streams where independent data are modulated on different sub-channels, multiplexed in the frequency domain. This means that each sub-channel now occupies only a fraction of the overall bandwidth, allowing each sub-carrier experiences frequency flat-fading [27]. Nevertheless, a guard band is required between each adjacent sub-channel to eliminate any ICI.
# Large Scale Community Detection Using a Small World Model
## 6 Implementation
### Datasets Used
#### 6.2.1 Synthetic Dataset  
The Lancichinetti-Fortunato-Radicchi (LFR) benchmark has been used for generating synthetic data for the social network. This benchmark is observed to be an established one for evaluating different community detection algorithms. Synthetic networks that resemble real-world social networks have been generated by tuning a set of parameters in an LFR benchmark. Parameters in the LFR benchmark include a number of nodes in the network, degree distribution, community size distribution, the maximum and average degree of node, etc. The degree distribution in the network follows the power-law in the LFR benchmark. The probability of having a node with degree \(k\) varies with the parameter \(\gamma\) as mentioned below:  
\[P_{k}\ \ \alpha\ \ k^{-\gamma}. \tag{17}\]  
Here, the value of \(\gamma\) is assigned to vary between 2 to 3 in order to resemble real-world social networks. \(\mu\) is considered as another parameter in the LFR benchmark, which is also known as mixing parameter. A small value of \(\mu\) indicates more sparsity between the planted communities in the network. The complexity of the network increases by scaling the \(\mu\) value. In this paper, the complexity of the network has been increased by scaling mixing parameter from 0.2 to 0.5. \(\beta\) parameter in LFR has been considered for community size distribution in the network. \(\beta\) value often varies between 1 and 2. For each of the synthetic datasets, performance of algorithms has been measured by tuning mixing parameter from 0.2 to 0.5 by increasing 0.05 at each step. Thus, a total of fourteen data points have been generated from two artificial datasets listed in Table 2 and performance has been measured for these data points.
## 3 New Generation Sensor Web Enablement
### Sensor Event Service  
The Sensor Event Service (SES) [86] is an OGC discussion paper and an experimental successor of the SAS. These two specifications differ in several points. In general, the idea of the SES development has been to strengthen the use of existing standards and specifications and leverage them instead of defining service specific solutions. One of these changes is the use of the OASIS WS-Notification (WS-N) standard for the definition of the service operations needed for a publish/subscribe communication. This suite of standards defines operations for subscription handling and notifications (WS-BaseNotification) [71], for the brokering of notifications (WS-BrokeredNotification) [87] and for  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt}|p{142.3 pt}} \hline
**Specification** & **Description of change** \\ \hline SES (as the successor of SAS) & Integration and leveraging of existing standards for realizing publish/subscribe interface and encoding event data (e.g., WS-Notification and O&M) \\ \hline EML & Enables Event Processing functionality for detecting patterns in (sensor) data streams and deriving new, higher-level information. \\ \hline WNS & _no changes yet_; may be updated in future \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Major changes of Eventing and Alerting architecture.  
the use of event channels (WS-Topics) [88]. These event channels allow grouping of notifications with respect to a specific topic, for instance weather forecasts. Instead of defining the filter for forecasts in each consumer's subscription, a consumer can simply subscribe for all notifications on the weather channel.  
The SAS specific encoding of sensor measurements has been replaced by using the O&M standard (Section 3.2.2). This allows providing additional metadata with each measurement and thus enhances the interoperability between the different SWE services. Especially integrating a Sensor Observation Service and a Sensor Event Service in the same system is much easier due to the use of the same data encoding.  
The language for the subscription filter definition has also been updated. The SAS used its own integrated filter language which only offered limited functionality. As a basic filter language, the SES requires the support of XPath [89] to perform filtering based on XML patterns within the notification. In addition, two optional filter languages are supported by the SES: the OGC Filter Encoding (FES) [90] and the Event Pattern Markup Language (EML) [57]. The former is also used in the Web Feature Service (WFS) and is more expressive than the filters offered by the SAS. The EML builds upon the FES. It enables (Complex) Event Processing (CEP) [91] functionality such as the detection of relations between events, the use of data windows to include multiple notifications in an event pattern and the possibility to even derive new information in contrast to pure filtering.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Flow Measurements  
The flow measuring device used was a two-component ECVM ACM2-RS techniques manufactured by JFE Advantech Co., Ltd., Nishinimiya, Japan. This device is an electromagnetic induction type with a diameter of 34 mm and a length of 420 mm [27]. The detecting parts are characterized with a diameter of 6 mm, a length of 18 mm, and a specified accuracy of 0.5 cm/s (2%), a resolution of 0.1 cm/s, and zero-point stability of \(\pm\)0.15 cm/s from JFE Advantech Co., Ltd. technical specifications. A steel frame was designed as a holding frame and formed a cylinder to keep the device in the orthogonal position, and to protect the sensor of the device from the net and other obstacles (Figure 3). The flow field through the codend was determined as the flow velocity relative to the upper and side panel of the codend; these two instantaneous velocity components are denoted (\(u\), \(v\)) along (\(x\), \(z\)) directions, respectively. Due to the low mesh size of the liner, the mesh on the measurement point inside the codend was increased by combining four meshes on the liner as a mesh with the size of 40 mm. The ECVM probe was attached to the parallelepiped steel frame that allowed it to asses different codend, keep it in the orthogonal position, and protect the device sensor from the obstacles. The combined ECVM probe and steel frame were mounted on an instrumentation rack that could be moved in two dimensions at 5 cm steps, the vector device was held in an orthogonal position, and the device sensor was protected from obstacles [27]. Two points were set on the central line inside and behind each codend along the \(x\)-axis (See Figure 4). The flow field measurements were carried under an inflow velocity of 50 cm/s and the catch weight of 7.4 kg.  
Datasets were obtained as 4 Hz sampling of flow velocity data. The two components of velocity data were assessed every 125 s (i.e., 4 Hz \(\times\) 125 s = 500 velocity datasets) to determine the turbulent kinetic energy and oscillation frequency. These measurements were run three times to assess the repeatability of the findings. The data was post-processed to eliminate erroneous velocity data and a two-dimensional (2D) velocity correlation value upwards of 95% among the two components of velocity data.  
Due to the random motions of the codend structure and the limited number of instantaneous ECVM samples available, in the case of a completely unstable flow, each velocity field \(u\) (\(x\), \(z\), \(t\)) can be instantaneously decomposed as follows:  
\[u(x,\,z,\,t)=\overline{u(x,z)}+u^{\prime}\,(x,\,z,\,t),\,t=t_{1},\,t_{2},\dots, t_{Nt}, \tag{5}\]  
where \(\overline{u}\) and \(u^{\prime}\) correspond to the mean velocity field and its associated fluctuating part, respectively.  
The turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) can be written as:  
\[Tk_{e}=\frac{\overline{u^{\prime 2}}+\overline{v^{\prime 2}}}{2}, \tag{6}\]where \(u^{\prime}\) and \(v^{\prime}\) represent the flow velocity components of the fluctuation in \(u\) and \(v\), respectively.
# Advancements in Machine Learning-Based Intrusion Detection in IoT: Research Trends and Challenges
## 5 Overview of Reviewed Datasets for ML-Powered IDS
### BoT-IoT  
The BoT-IoT dataset [26] was created by the Cyber Range Lab of UNSW Canberra in 2019. The dataset is labeled, imbalanced, and was generated in a realistic testbed, usable for both binary and multiclass classification. The researchers collected data from five simulated IoT scenarios (weather station, motion-activated lights, garage door, smart fridge, and smart thermostat) in a testbed environment. Originally, 32 features were collected, such as IP or port addresses, from which an additional 14 new flow features were generated, like total or average bytes per IP, totalling 46 features for the dataset. Five types of attacks are represented in the dataset, including DDoS, DoS, OS and Service Scan, Keylogging, and Data exfiltration. There are over 73,000,000 attack instances in the dataset and just under 10,000 normal traffic instances in Bot-IoT, constituting an imbalanced dataset. Of the attack records, over 38,000,000 account for DDoS attacks specifically. This imbalance has prompted researchers in the domain to develop solutions to overcome the challenges surrounding the use of the dataset--either by merging it with other datasets [90] or applying various algorithms [91] to balance the dataset out.  
Figure 2: Overview of dataset distribution.
# Reliability-Aware SPICE Compatible Compact Modeling of IGZO Inverters on a Flexible Substrate
###### Abstract  
Accurate circuit simulation reflecting physical and electrical stress is of importance in indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO)-based flexible electronics. In particular, appropriate modeling of threshold voltage (\(V_{T}\)) changes in different bias and bending conditions is required for reliability-aware simulation in both device and circuit levels. Here, we present SPICE compatible compact modeling of IGZO transistors and inverters having an atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) gate insulator on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Specifically, the modeling was performed to predict the behavior of the circuit using stretched exponential function (SEF) in a bending radius of 10 mm and operating voltages ranging between 4 and 8 V. The simulation results of the IGZO circuits matched well with the measured values in various operating conditions. It is expected that the proposed method can be applied to process improvement or circuit design by predicting the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) responses of flexible IGZO circuits.  
Keywords:indium gallium zinc oxide; IGZO TFT; SPICE simulation; flexible device; inverter; compact modeling; reliability-aware simulation; PET substrate +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Applied_
# Study on Shear Performance of Web-Embedded Composite Shear Connector
###### Abstract  
Based on the existing research on connectors, a web-embedded composite shear connector was proposed in this paper. Further, six types of push-out specimens were carried out on static push-out and low-cycle repeated load tests. The failure forms, load-slip curves, and load-strain curves of the tests are analysed. On the basis of the experiment, the finite element analysis is also carried out to enlarge the parameters of the specimens. The results showed that the shear stiffness of the web-embedded composite shear connector was larger than that of pure stud shear connector or perfobound rib shear connector, the slip limit was smaller, and ductility was good. A parameter analysis showed that penetrating steel rebars have the greatest impact on ultimate shear bearing capacity, reaching 43.82% of ultimate shear bearing capacity. Following repeated loading, the ultimate shear bearing capacity of the specimen decreased, the ultimate slip increased, and the ductility decreased. Based on the experimental results of this study, a new calculation equation for the ultimate shear bearing capacity of a web-embedded composite shear connector was proposed with a finite element model for verification.  
steel-concrete composite structure; web-embedded connector; push-out test; finite element analysis; shear performance
## 3 Proposed Multi-User Full-Duplex Visible Light Communication System  
The proposed multi-user full-duplex VLC system is designed to allow users located in a smart home to fully utilize the advantages of VLC in both downlink and uplink channels. Owing to this, the system is divided into two main sections: the downlink section and the uplink section. For the downlink section, as was briefly explained in Section 2, RGB LEDs are used. The red and green primary colors are used to carry user and device data respectively, while the uplink section utilizes phosphorus LEDs. Both of these are described in detail in this section. First, the downlink section is explained in detail and later the uplink section is discussed.
## 2 Port Cranes Overview
### Types of Port Cranes  
In the vast tapestry of global maritime logistics, port cranes serve as the backbone of cargo handling operations, and each type is meticulously designed to meet specific operational demands. These cranes, which vary in their design, mobility, and operational requirements, are tailored to handle diverse cargo types and port layouts. Here, we provide an overview of the primary types of port crane:  
* Ship-to-Shore Cranes (STSCs)--the largest and most iconic port cranes, serving as the primary interface between ships and the shore. These rail-mounted cranes feature telescopic or hinged booms, enabling them to reach container ships with lifting capacities exceeding 100 tons. High-profile STS cranes dominate major ports because of their ability to handle 24,000-TEU vessels with lifting heights exceeding 50 m and reach 25 container rows [4]. Their design has evolved to accommodate Panamax, Neo-Panamax, and Post-Panamax ships with critical advancements in structural integrity and energy efficiency [5; 6].
* Rail-Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGCs)--operate on fixed rails in container yards, stacking containers with precision. These electrically powered cranes are energy-efficient and widely used in automated terminals with lifting capacities of up to 50 tons [7]. Their rail-mounted design ensures stability during high-speed container transfers, rendering them ideal for intermodal terminals [8; 9].
* Rubber-Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGCs)--combine mobility with container stacking capabilities. Equipped with rubber tires, they can move freely across port yards, thereby offering flexibility in congested areas. Traditionally, diesel-powered, fully electric variants have gained traction, reducing emissions by 36% [10]. These cranes are critical for ports requiring dynamic cargo handling [11; 12; 13].
* Automated Stacking Cranes (ASCs)--fully automated RMG cranes that eliminate human operators and improve throughput by 38% in large terminals [7]. These cranes use AI and IoT for real-time monitoring, enabling high-precision container stacking in dense storage yards [14; 15; 16].
* Mobile Harbor Cranes (MHCs)--diesel- or electric-powered cranes that can be relocated within ports, making them ideal for smaller terminals or bulk cargo handling [17; 18]. Their telescopic booms and high lifting capacities (up to 144 tons) enhance their operational flexibility [19].
* Floating Cranes (FCs)--mounted on barges, handle heavy loads (up to 10,000 tons) in offshore environments or port construction projects [20; 21]. These cranes are essential for lifting large components in areas inaccessible to land-based equipment [22; 23].