# Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation--A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Impacts on Travel Behaviors
#### 3.1.2 Average Distance and Time of E-Micromobility Usage  
E-bikes and e-scooters have shown different average travel distances and times in cities. The findings of various studies indicate that the average distance traveled on e-scooters is shorter than that on e-bikes (Figure 3). The difference in the travel distance and time between e-bikes and e-scooters depends on several factors, such as the speed and electric power of the vehicles [20]. Moreover, people have reported that when they want to make longer recreational trips, they choose e-bikes instead of conventional bikes, which shows that e-bikes are mostly preferred for longer trips [21]. Figure 3 illustrates the average daily distances traveled using e-scooters which were estimated in seven studies.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) reported that the longest distance traveled using e-scooters was 11 km, which was estimated in a pilot study including 38 participants in Munich (Germany) [16]. Presumably, it was because this was a pilot project with a small number of people and vehicles that the average distance was significantly high [16]. In contrast, e-scooters are known to be used for short trips, and according to [PERSON] et al. (2019), 70 percent to 73 percent of trips are less than 1 mile (1.6 km) in Washington [6]. However, the findings in the literature were mostly between 0.72 and 2.4 km for the average e-scooter distance, and the average duration spent using e-scooters was between 8 and 12 min (Figure 4).  
Figure 3: Average daily distance traveled on e-scooters (km). a Spin, b Skip, c Lyft, d Lime, e Bird.  
The data on the average daily distance traveled on e-bikes, collected from eight designated studies, are presented in Figure 5.  
To be more precise, in the case of [PERSON] et al. (2019), the data were gathered from a survey of 10,000 people from seven cities in Europe, and it was stated that 365 people used e-bikes [21]. It is known that in these cities, bicycles are used as one of the major daily modes of transportation, and e-bikers used e-bike for almost half of the month. Furthermore, they stated that e-bikers' daily usage of bikes was significantly more than that of conventional bikers, and with 8 km and 32.2 min, the longest average time of use was reported by this study, among the studies (Figure 6) [21]. The longest average distance was 11.4 km, reported for Kunming, China, by [PERSON] et al. (2016) [20]. Moreover, the shortest average distance for docked and dockless e-bikes was 1.6 km, which was declared for Zurich, Switzerland, by [PERSON] et al. (2020) [15], and the shortest time was 15 min, again for Zurich, Switzerland, by [PERSON] et al. (2020) [22]. However, most studies reported average distances traveled by e-bike in the range of 3-4.5 km and travel times in the range of 15 and 20 min.  
Figure 4: Average daily duration of use of e-scooters (minutes). a Spin, b Skip, c Lyft, d Lime, e Bird.  
Figure 5: Average daily distance traveled on e-bikes (km). a Jump.  
The trip distance for dockless e-bikes and e-scooters has remained similar during COVID-19, whereas the trip distance for docked e-bikes has increased compared to the normal period in Zurich [22]. In contrast, US micromobility companies have reported that the average e-scooter trip distance increased by 26 percent during COVID-19; e.g., in Detroit, trip distances have increased up to 60 percent [11; 12]. Therefore, people tend to use e-scooters for a longer distance than before, instead of using public transportation during COVID-19.