# Dehumidified Air-Assisted Spray-Drying of Cloudy Beetroot Juice at Low Temperature
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Betalains  
The betanin and vulgaxanthin contents in the juice were 651.56 \(\pm\) 1.68 and 489.70 \(\pm\) 3.82 mg/100 g solids, respectively (Table 5). Other authors have obtained betanin and vulgaxanthin contents in juice at amounts of 429.24 and 525.9 mg/100 g solids ([PERSON] et. al., 2019). The powder without the addition of carriers dried at 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C (J130) was characterized by the highest betanin content. The lowest was found for the powders with the additions of powdered milk and maltodextrin (JM130 and JMD130) (Table 5). With regard to the yellow pigment vulgaxanthins, the highest content was obtained in the powder without carriers dried at a reduced temperature from concentrated solution (J90c) and the lowest in the powders with powdered milk (JM130). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variant** & **L*** & **a*** & **b*** & **C*** & **H*** & **Color*** \\ \hline J130 & 32.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 b ** & 46.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 c  & 9.8 \(\pm\) 0.3 b  & 47.6 \(\pm\) 0.7 d  & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  \\ JM130 & 36.4 \(\pm\) 0.5 c  & 44.7 \(\pm\) 0.5 b  & 5.4 \(\pm\) 0.4 a  & 45.0 \(\pm\) 0.6 b  & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 a  \\ JN130 & 38.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 c  & 44.2 \(\pm\) 0.2 b  & 6.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 a  & 44.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 b  & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 a  \\ JMD130 & 37.1 \(\pm\) 0.8 c  & 44.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 b  & 6.3 \(\pm\) 0.5 a  & 44.7 \(\pm\) 0.8 b  & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 a  \\ JK130 & 37.5 \(\pm\) 0.8 c  & 44.3 \(\pm\) 0.8 b  & 6.5 \(\pm\) 0.6 a  & 44.8 \(\pm\) 0.9 b  & 0.1 \(\pm\) 0.0 a  \\ J90c & 25.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 a  & 39.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 a  & 6.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 a  & 40.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 b  & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  \\ J90c & 25.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 a  & 39.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 a  & 6.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 a  & 40.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 b  & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  \\ J90c & 25.7 \(\pm\) 1.6 a  & 39.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 a  & 6.9 \(\pm\) 1.2 a  & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0.0 c  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Color parameters of cloudy beetroot juice powders (abbreviations of variants explained in Table 1). [PERSON] (2014), who obtained powders from beetroot juice concentrate, attained betanin content in a range from 109 \(\pm\) 7 to 129 \(\pm\) 1 mg/100 g solids [2] and vulgaxanthin content from 34 \(\pm\) 3 to 61 \(\pm\) 2 mg/100 g solids. However, the results in the present study were higher, which could have been due to the differences in beetroot type, the method of juice preparation, and the drying conditions of the process, especially the air temperature. It can be concluded that there was no significant influence of temperature on the red pigment content, but there was a significant influence resulting from the presence of a carrier presence on the red pigment content in the obtained powders. In the case of the yellow pigment, the temperature, the presence of the carrier, and the concentration of the juice had significant impacts on the content in the final product. There was a significant negative correlation (\(-\)0.799) between the brightness and the vulgaxanthin content and a positive (0.836) correlation between the proportion of yellow color and the betanin content (Table 6). Retention  
The lowest residual betanin and vulgaxanthin levels in comparison to juice were found in the case of the non-concentrated juice powder obtained at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C (retention of 59.0% and 62.7%, respectively). In the case of the concentrated juice powder, the betanin residue was also low (63.9%), but the vulgaxanthin residue was higher (83.5%). The highest retention of both betanins and vulgaxanthine was found in powders based on nutriose and kleptose: up to 84.0% in the case of vulgaxanthine and 87.5% in the case of betanins. Powders based on milk and maltodextrin were characterized by significantly lower retention: up to 78.9% for vulgaxanthins and 80.4% for betanins. Thus, the powders based on carriers showed significantly higher retention compared to powders without carriers based on juices only. The addition of carriers probably creates a shell that protects the dyes against high temperature.