## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
This review provides a comprehensive and structured synthesis of blockchain-enabled SCM, with a focus on the evolving requirements of security, traceability, and data integrity. This study goes beyond conventional perspectives by integrating cross-sectoral evidence, technological foresight, and socio-organizational dimensions. The key contributions of the paper are as follows:  
1. _The cross-sectoral evaluation of blockchain applications in supply chains_: The present study reviews how blockchain is implemented across diverse sectors, such as logistics, healthcare, agriculture, retail (particularly pharmaceuticals), and humanitarian supply chains. It compares strategies and contextual constraints to understand the role of sector-specific dynamics in shaping blockchain adoption. 2. _The identification of key SCM security risks and blockchain's mitigation capabilities_: this study identifies recurring supply chain security challenges, such as product counterfeiting, traceability breakdowns, and data tampering, and examines how blockchain mechanisms, like decentralization, smart contracts, and cryptographic assurance, address them. 3. _The analysis of the new security challenges introduced by blockchain itself_: In addition to addressing external threats, this paper analyzes security concerns that arise from blockchain's own architecture. These include the rigidity of smart contracts, oracle dependencies, the lack of interoperability, and issues with off-chain data validation, each of which poses potential operational vulnerabilities. 4. _The inclusion of humanitarian use cases to expand the existing literature_: by integrating disaster relief, refugee logistics, pandemic responses, and donation transparency into the review, this study highlights blockchain's underexplored potential in high-risk and resource-constrained environments, thereby extending the boundaries of current SCM research. 5. _The examination of organizational barriers and socio-technical adoption constraints_: This review addresses non-technical adoption barriers, such as institutional resistance, skill shortages, regulatory uncertainty, and concerns over privacy and transparency. These are critical for evaluating blockchain's real-world viability beyond prototypes. 6. _Thematic mapping between SCM risks and blockchain architectures_: A conceptual framework is presented that links classified supply chain risks with corresponding blockchain-based countermeasures. This mapping assists both researchers and practitioners in selecting appropriate blockchain designs for specific operational contexts. 7. _Positioning blockchain within the context of evolving systemic demands_: This paper evaluates how emerging paradigms, like the IoE, edge computing, and quantum threats, are reshaping trust, traceability, and data assurance in supply chains. It emphasizes the need for blockchain systems to adapt to dynamic and future-oriented environments. 8. _Recommendations and research directions for future blockchain-SCM integration_: it outlines key gaps in the literature and suggests future research topics, such as post-quantum cryptography, scalable architecture design, privacy-preserving smart contracts, and real-time integration through edge computing. 9. _The formal analysis of ZKP principles in an SCM context_: This study introduces a structured mathematical framing of zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) properties, completeness, soundness, and zero-knowledge, and analyzes their relevance within supply chain systems. By highlighting how these principles support trust, privacy, and auditability, the work bridges abstract cryptographic logic with practical SCM requirements, such as secure traceability and data confidentiality. 10. _Conceptual cross-chain architecture for supply chain interoperability_. This study introduces a conceptual cross-chain architecture that demonstrates how supply chain stakeholders, such as suppliers, retailers, and auditors, can operate across heterogeneous blockchain platforms, including Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum.