# Evaluation of Fire Blight Resistance of Eleven Apple Rootstocks Grown in Kazakhstan Fields
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Disease Monitoring, Sampling, and DNA Isolation
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Designation** & **Parentage and Origin** & **Short Description** & **Field *** & **References** \\ \hline
62-396 & 13-14 \(\times\) “Paradise Budagovskij”, & Dwarfing. The rootstock is char acterized & & \\  & Michurirnsk State Agrarian University, & by high resistance to frost, cold, and & & \\  & Russia. Approved for use in the & drought. Cultivars grafted on this & & \\  & southern region of Kazakhstan since 1997. & rootstock are early-bearing and & 1 & [23] \\  & & productive. In the nursery, it provides a & & \\  & & high yield of seedlings. & & \\ \hline  & & Dwarfing. It is characterized by a & & \\  & Source is not confirmed, East Malling & shallow root system. Cultivars grafted on & & \\ M9 & Research Station, England. Approved & this rootstock require physical support & & \\  & for use in the southern region of & and do not regularly bear fruit. The & 1; 3 & [24] \\  & Kazakhstan since 1961. & rootstock is not sufficiently cold-resistant & & \\  & & for planting in northern regions of & & \\  & & Kazakhstan. & & \\ \hline  & Northern Spy \(\times\) M.1, East Malling & Semi-dwarfing. The rootstock is not & & \\ MM 106 & Research Station, England. Approved & sufficiently drought- and frost-resistant. & & \\  & for use in 1961 in the southern region of & Cultivars grafted on this rootstock begin & 3; 4 & [24] \\  & Kazakhstan. & bearing fruit in 4–5 years. & & \\ \hline  & Free pollination of M9. Scientific Center & Dwarfing. The rootstock is highly & & \\  & of Viticulture Fruit-Growing and & frost-resistant, productive in the nursery, & & \\  & Wine-Making, Armenia. Approved for & and shows excellent compatibility in & 1 & [25] \\  & use since 1997 in the southern region of & rootstock–scion interactions. & & \\ \hline  & M4 \(\times\) M-9, Buynaksk Experimental & Dwarfing. The rootstock is characterized & & \\  & Production Station, Russia. Approved & by high winter hardness, productivity in & & \\  & for use in 1991 in the southern region of & the nursery, robust growth and & & \\  & Kazakhstan. & development, and rootstock–scion & & \\ \hline  & M4 \(\times\) M-9, Buynaksk Experimental & Semi-dwarfing. The rootstock is & & \\  & Production Station, Russia. & characterized by high winter hardness & 1 & [27] \\  & Approved for use in 1991 in the & and productivity. & & \\  & southern region of Kazakhstan. & & \\ \hline  & The crossing of a semi-dwarf rootstock & Semi-dwarfing. The rootstock is & & \\  & 57-146 with _Malus nielzwetzkayan_ by & characterized by rapid development, & & \\  & open pollination, Kazakhstan Research & drought resistance, and sufficient & & \\  & Institute of Fruit Growing and & production of mother plants. & 1 & [28] \\ breeding) & Viticulture, Kazakhstan. Approved for & Fruit-bearing occurs 5 years after & & \\  & use since 2009 in the southern region of & planting of cultivars grafted onto this & & \\  & Kazakhstan. & rootstock. & & \\ \hline  & Free pollination of wild apple. & Vigorous. Seeding rootstock is included & & \\  & Approved for use in 1961 in the & on the Red List of rare and endangered & & \\  & southern and eastern regions of & plant species. The rootstock is drought- & 3 & \\  & Kazakhstan. & and frost-resistant. & & \\ \hline Geneva 41 & Malling 27 \(\times\)_M. robusta_ ‘Robusta 5’, & Dwarfing. The rootstock is highly & & \\  & Cornell University, USA. & resistant to fire blight and cold. & 2 & [14, 22, 29] \\ \hline  & & Dwarfing. Resistant to fire blight and & & \\  & Ottawa 3 \(\times\)_Malus floribunda_, Cornell & scab but susceptible to powdery mildew & & \\  & University, USA. & and latent viruses. Productive and & 2 & [14, 22, 29] \\  & drought-resistant. & & \\ \hline B.9 & M8 \(\times\) Red standard, Michurinsk State & Dwarfing. The rootstock is highly & & \\  & Agrarian University, Russia. & frost-resistant. Cultivars grafted onto this & 2 & [30] \\ \hline  & & rootstock begin bearing fruit in 3–4 years. & & \\ \hline  & & & \\  & & & \\ \end{tabular} Note *—–1. Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing, Talgar, Almaty region. 2. Agricultural Innovations Limited, Almaty region. 3. Sady Zhevtsu Trade, Almaty region. 4. Devrosh, Zhambyl region.  
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