_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
L-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Tooth Dosimetry  
Applied to Affected Cattle Teeth in Fukushima  
[PERSON],*(r), [PERSON], [PERSON](r), [PERSON](r), [PERSON](r), [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako 351-0197, Japan School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University of Dental Medicine, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Department of Radiation Biophysics, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.A.B.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.Y.) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa University, Miki 761-0793, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.N.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.M.) Department of Radiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755-1404, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel: +81-48-458-6259  
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a novel application technique [4]. Attempts have also been made to measure the internal exposure of environmental organisms using radiation-induced signals in the sample [5]. In addition, EPR measurements using human bone samples have also been used to estimate exposure doses for atomic bomb survivors [6] and from individuals exposed in radiation accidents [7]. X-band EPR tooth dosimetry, which uses extracted teeth, has been used for atomic-bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki [8] and residents of affected settlements due to radiation released into the environment [9]. This method was also applied to some animals affected by the Chernobyl accident in 1986 [10] and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident which occurred in March 2011 [11; 12].  
Most of the above studies required the removal of the material with processing in vitro. In order to carry out radiation dosimetry in live subjects such as for potential radiation emergencies, a lower-frequency L-band EPR apparatus that can be applied to teeth in situ has been developed for measurement under triage conditions [13]. This method is also applicable for retrospective dose assessment for a large-scale radiation exposure incident [14; 15].  
It would be potentially valuable to use the EPR signals induced in large animals to assess the amount of radiation exposure that occurred. In the present study, we used a non-destructive L-band EPR tooth dosimetry technique to estimate the radiation dose in cattle affected by the FDNPS accident, and we validated the results by comparing them with values estimated from radiation monitoring using survey meters and personal dosimeters for each cow.