# The Development of Key Technologies in Applications of Vessels Connected to the Internet
## 2 Internet of Vessels Architecture
### The Technical Architecture of the Networks Layer
#### 2.3.1 Self-assembling Networks of the IoV with Ad Hoc Technology  
An ad hoc network is a kind of wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Originally, the military tactical and other security-sensitive operations were the main applications of ad hoc networks. However, there is a trend of adopting ad hoc networks for civil uses in earthquake and flood relief situations due to their unique properties [18]. Now research into ad hoc technology aims at a routing protocol for adapting the dynamic network topology. The representative achievements are the destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), the ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), the temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA) and zone routing protocol (ZRP) [19]. The DSDV is a kind of table-driven routing protocol, each node of which needs a routing table containing the routing information to all other nodes [20]. The DSDV takes advantage of the flood searching algorithm to find the route. When the header of the source node carries the destination node address and broadcasts to the adjacent nodes, the intermediate node would judge itself to transfer the message or to receive the message according to the destination node address. The advantage of this method is improving the reliability of transmission, while the disadvantage is that the network costs too much. The DSR is a kind routing algorithm to look up the route based on its need to send data [20]. In the DSR routing protocol, the node does not need to maintain the information. The network could complete self-configuration without any network infrastructure or facilities. The use of DSR routing protocol reduces the maintenance cost of the routing but it could cause competition between different information and prevent the correct communication. In summary, the strengths of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Perceiving Object** & **Perceiving Contents** & **Perceiving Object** & **Perceiving Contents** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Channels} & Water-level Information & & Open Time of Locks \\  & Real-time Meteorological Information & & Cargos Information \\  & Regional Geographic Information & & Traffic Conditions \\  & Channel Obstruction & & Time Span Arriving Sites \\  & River and Canal Status & & Estimated Time of Departure \\  & Auxiliary Facilities Status & & Estimated Time of Arrival \\  & Channel Congestion Information & & Short-term Planning of Locks \\  & Emergency Accident Information & & Long-term Planning of Ships \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ports} & Docking Information & Intersections & Direction of Channels \\ \cline{2-4}  & Ships’ Waiting Spot & Inland Riverway & Type of Service \\ \cline{2-4}  & Cargos Information & Service Center & Number of Service Center \\ \cline{2-4}  & Dock Operation Status & & Position of Service Station \\  & Port Congestion Information & & Queue Number of Ships \\ \cline{2-4}  & Estimated Time of Arrival & & Position of Service Station \\  & Traffic Information & & Queuing Number of Ships \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ships} & Position Information & & Capacity Information \\  & Speed Information & & Cargos Information \\  & Certification Information & & Estimated Time of Arrival \\  & Payment Information & & Estimated Time of Departure \\  & Illegal Traffic Information & & Traffic Information \\  & Visa Information for Destination & & Short-term Planning of Locks \\  & Loading Information & & Long-term Planning of Ships \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ships} & Draft Information & & Short-term Planning of Bridges \\  & Owner of Vessels Information & & Long-term Planning of Bridges \\ \cline{1-1}  & Owner of Cargos Information & & Open Time of Bridges \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Details of perception information including the perceiving object and its contents. the DSDV and the DSR are that the AODV is developed to improve the ad hoc network technology [21]. In the AODV routing protocol, there are three control messages including route request (RREQ), route reply (RREP) and the route error (RERR).