## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the impact of urban heatwave mitigation measures in the Jangyumugye district of Gimhae, Republic of Korea. Cool roofs and cool pavement were installed in urban areas; surface temperatures were measured and compared between experimental (cooling technology applied) and control sites. Cool roofs were applied to residential houses, and cool pavement was applied to a parking lot and alleys. Cool roofs and cool pavement both substantially reduced surface temperatures, with cool roofs providing average temperature reductions of 15.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 11.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C for slab and panel roofs, respectively. Both parking lot and alley sites showed temperature reductions of approximately 4-5 \({}^{\circ}\)C after cool pavement installation. As a result of evaluating the benefits of microclimate in previous study, the results indicate that asphalt pavement is the worst option, while cool pavement integrated with vegetation is much more beneficial to human health [39]. Also, it was discovered that green roofs and cool roofs have the effect of reducing surface temperatures by changing the albedo of the roof surface based on a microclimate analysis of the urban scale [25]. The results of this study also showed similar results to previous studies; urban heatwave mitigation strategies such as cool roofs and cool pavements are effective in reducing temperature and also have an effect on humans. Our study had some limitations, including the small numbers of users interviewed in our surveys and the limited conditions evaluated. Thus, the temperature reduction effect of heatwave mitigation technology may differ depending on the structures of houses where cool roofs are installed. Cool roofs composed of either slabs or panels showed the greatest impact on surface temperature between 12:00 and 15:00; however, because fewer than 20% of residents are present during this period, the effect on temperature may have been underestimated. Thus, it is likely that cool roof installation will have a greater impact on older adults, who remain at home for extended periods of time during the day. Conversely, approximately half of all parking lot visitors use cool pavement between 12:00 and 15:00. These daytime visitors are expected to experience the heat reduction effects of cool pavement. Despite the short monitoring period, more than 30% of respondents using either heatwave mitigation measure stated that they perceived a temperature decrease. Urban heatwaves are influenced by diverse factors such as building materials, housing type, and topography and vegetation surrounding the city. Therefore, the effects of urban heatwave mitigation technology should be determined through empirical and experimental studies that incorporate the practical evaluations of the effects on citizens. The long-term effectiveness of cool roofs should be assessed in conjunction with indoor temperature monitoring and building energy consumption. To alleviate urban heat islands and reduce building energy consumption, heatwave mitigation technologies should be implemented in appropriate combinations, such as cool roofs over industrial complexes and greening on buildings, which would comprehensively address potential consequences such as glare and management complications. In this study, temperature measurements were conducted to estimate daytime temperatures during a heatwave; thus, there was limited representation of diurnal temperature cycles related to solar radiation during the day. The impact of each heat reduction technology should be examined during tropical nights, which are common heatwave periods in urban centers. Extreme weather events including heatwaves have recently exceeded recorded extremes and threatened human lives; because these events are increasing in frequency and intensity, a response initiative is needed to increase the short- and long-term public perception of heatwave risks.