## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antibacterial Properties  
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the electrospun NF textiles was qualitatively evaluated based on the presence or absence of the inhibitory zones. The positive antibacterial action in the M2, M3, and M4 samples was observed to be effective against S.M, B.S, S.A, and S.P (Table 2). All microorganisms were highly susceptible to the antibacterial activity of sample M4, such as the B.S, S.P, S.A, S.M, and K.P strains, and were identified based on the outcomes of the agar diffusion technique. The inhibition zones for B.S, S.P, S.A, S.M, and K.P were recorded to be 19.30, 20.11, 20.09, 19.09, and 16.86 mm, respectively, as shown in Figure 10A. This discovery is most likely the result of the hydrophilicity and surface area of the NFs, which enabled Ag to interact with the bacteria more easily. The antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles in the hydrophilic samples could be mediated by reactive oxygen species that damage bacterial membranes, allowing internal components to seep out and causing damage to proteins and DNA, eventually resulting in the death of the bacterium. In the presence of the pure PLA hydrophobic M1 sample (Figure 10A), no significant activity  
Figure 9: Tensile test results of the prepared nanofibrous electrospun fabric for samples M1, M2, M3, and M4. was seen for any bacteria. The inhibitory effects of M1 were almost similar to the negative control, showing no antibacterial activity. Some bacteriostatic effects of blank disc were associated to the DMSO, as DMSO has also been reported to have some antimicrobial properties [35]. The zone of inhibition results was also confirmed using an OD600 method. The results of % inhibition against different concentrations of M1-M4 and standard kanamycin are shown in Figure 10B. The results demonstrate the concentration-dependent antibacterial activity of the tested samples. Kanamycin exhibited the highest percent inhibition (\(-\)100%) at 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL across all bacterial strains, validating its strong antibacterial potency. Among the test samples, M4 showed the most promising activity, closely mirroring kanamycin's performance, particularly at concentrations of 8 and 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL, where it achieved \(>\)90% inhibition against B.S, S.P, and S.A. M3 also displayed significant activity, though slightly less effective than M4. Conversely, M2 demonstrated moderate activity with partial inhibition across the bacterial strains, while M1 was the least effective. The maximum inhibitory effects were observed in M4 compared to other samples. The results of the OD600 method were in accordance with the results of zone of inhibition. These findings highlight the broad-spectrum potential of the tested compounds against both Gram-positive bacteria (B.S, S.P, S.A, and S.M) and Gram-negative bacteria (K.P), making them promising candidates for further antimicrobial applications. The results of MIC data for M1-M4 and standard kanamycin are presented in Figure 10C. Based on the provided MIC data, the tested samples M2, M3, and M4 demonstrate varying levels of antimicrobial activity when compared to the standard, kanamycin. M2 showed the highest MIC values across all microorganisms, with averages ranging from 7.67 \(\pm\) 0.58 to 9.33 \(\pm\) 0.58 \(\upmu\)g/mL, indicating lower potency. M3 displayed slightly better activity, with MIC values ranging from 7.00 \(\pm\) 1.00 to 7.67 \(\pm\) 0.58 \(\upmu\)g/mL, showing moderate effectiveness. M4, on the other hand, exhibited MIC values between 5.67 \(\pm\) 0.58 and 6.67 \(\pm\) 0.58 \(\upmu\)g/mL, closely approximating the activity of kanamycin, which had MIC values ranging from 4.33 \(\pm\) 0.58 to 5.33 \(\pm\) 0.58 \(\upmu\)g/mL. Compared to standard kanamycin, the inferior antibacterial effects of tested materials would be possible due to the sustained-type release of Ag ions from the tested materials. Among the tested samples, M4 demonstrated the most comparable efficacy to kanamycin, particularly against S.P and S.M, where its MIC values were almost equivalent to those of the standard.