# Analysing Near-Miss Incidents in Construction: A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Results
### A Statistical Analysis of Publications
#### 4.2.2 Real-Time Monitoring Systems  
The utilisation of real-time monitoring of workers is now one of the most prevalent strategies employed to enhance safety in construction, entailing the direct observation of the construction site. The objective is to promptly alert personnel to potential hazards, thereby preventing numerous dangerous incidents. Real-time monitoring systems employ a range of technologies, including ultrasonic technology, radio-frequency identification (RFID), inertial measurement units (IMUs), real-time location systems (RTLSs), industrial cameras, wearable technology, motion sensors, advanced information technology, and numerous others. * Employee-tracking systems  
[PERSON] et al. [57] developed an advanced worker-tracking system based on ultrasonic and RFID technology, which monitors near misses on construction sites in real time. The system integrates environmental monitoring, access control, and worker safety, enabling a proactive response to near misses and thus enhancing overall safety. [PERSON] et al. employed data from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor and a Laplacian support vector machine algorithm to monitor the movements of steelworkers. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [58] concentrated on the utilisation of worker motion-tracking systems to examine alterations in risk-taking behaviours and near misses. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [45] and [PERSON] et al. [47] developed a real-time worker location-tracking system for construction sites, which enables the automatic collection and analysis of data on potential hazards. The identification of spatiotemporal conflicts between pedestrian workers and potential hazards enables the implementation of an expedient response to near-miss scenarios. [PERSON] [59] developed a magnetic field proximity detection technology with the objective of monitoring and warning workers about dangerous proximity to equipment. The implementation of this technology has led to a notable enhancement in construction site safety, as it is capable of generating alerts in response to the detection of magnetic signals. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [16] utilised real-time location systems (RTLSs) to gather data on the movement patterns of pedestrian workers, with the objective of developing algorithms that could anticipate potential hazards and identify high-risk areas. * Video surveillance systems  
Video surveillance can be employed for the purpose of recording and subsequent analysis of employee behaviours that may potentially result in near misses. The essential elements of a video surveillance system are cameras positioned in different locations on the construction site. The progressive advancement of information technologies, including those based on artificial intelligence, provides enhanced capabilities for the analysis of recorded events. [PERSON] et al. [60] employed visual technologies to record employee behaviours, subsequently analysing the data using Association Rules and Risk Matrices. The results enabled the identification of key risk factors, such as habits, motivation, and perceived control, which were found to significantly impact safety. In contrast, [PERSON] et al. [61] devised a surveillance system based on the You Only Look Once (YOLOv5) architectural framework to ascertain whether employees were utilising protective headgear. It was highlighted that this is of particular significance in developing countries where safety standards may be less rigorous. The real-time analysis of images facilitated by this system represents an effective contribution to the prevention of occupational accidents and near misses. In a notable contribution to the field, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [62] devised a system that is capable of automatically detecting near misses, such as falling objects, and subsequently creating a database that can be leveraged to enhance the efficacy of safety training methodologies. By means of continuous monitoring and analysis, this system serves to enhance preventive practices on construction sites. [PERSON] et al.