## 4 A Comprehensive Survey and Related Works  
In summary, considering the referenced research, the articles originating from IEEE studies and others related to the present study were selected, presenting the indicated references and the problems presented, as well as their respective solutions. This research will be the effective 'procedure for validating' the solutions adopted in the cells of Table 1 of Section 6. The discussion follows with the six primary references of the chosen research and brief comments:  
In their article [2], [PERSON] et al. explore the architecture of Fog and cloud-based systems for a Smart City, culminating in a simplified case study of a Smart Building. The authors highlight the significant volume and variety of data generated by SB sensors, advocating for the use of wireless sensor networks where feasible. Their proposed architecture, in our interpretation, leans more heavily on IEC than Fog computing--a common observation in the literature, given the frequent interchange of acronyms and architectural models. They conclude with the implementation of a small-scale system or prototype to run inside the SB, detailing the roles of both cloud and Fog layers; see also some interoperability requirements for a Smart City in [30; 31]. [PERSON] et al. [31] conducted a significant study focused on the Smart City of Barcelona, encompassing its advanced public services and select private partnerships for citizens and visiting tourists. They recommend that other cities follow and evolve in the adoption of Fog Computing for urban environments like Barcelona. The authors conducted an estimation and survey of the quantity of cars with on-board computers, Wi-Fi access points, routers, embedded computers, smartphones, etc..., to quantify, through their study, the dispersed and already installed Fog or Edge Computing capacity within the city (serving as a \"baseline\") and to develop a plan for future capacity expansion needed to support urban growth. Consequently, the proposal suggests that the millions of computers present within the city could operate in a clustering configuration. This approach, when compared to the computational power of one of Amazon AWS's largest data centers at the time, with nearly 100,000 servers, for example, leads the authors to assert that the Fog cluster of Barcelona alone would have a computational power 10 to 20 times greater than this AWS data center. This study validates the adoption of Fog Computing for a certain number of buildings and/or densely populated neighborhoods with a significant aggregate computational volume within the city. The article [32] and secondary reference [7] offer a more structured delineation of application layers (Cloud and PaaS) residing in the cloud, the Fog layer and the IoT device layer. These works highlight key concepts such as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), Mist computing and cloudlets, driving substantial research between 2017 and 2023. Furthermore, reference [32] delves into the design of intelligent edge systems for Smart Cities, promoting the use of data analytics to enhance urban management and decision-making. The implementation of surrogate nodes (or Fog nodes) is an important baseline for these cities, alongside the challenge of developing applications for highly dynamic environments [32]. This necessitates addressing technological gaps in existing systems designed for cloud deployment, rather than Fog or IEC environments. The authors ultimately propose a novel programming model to solve this issue. To further clarify this discussion, [PERSON] et al. [7] complement the overview by addressing heterogeneous networks: HetNets, M2M and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) and the new landscape emerging with the advent of 5G cellular networks, leading to new technologies such as software-defined WSN and the use of ML and DL.