# Impacts of E-Micromobility on the Sustainability of Urban Transportation--A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Safety Issues and Regulations  
E-micromobility has shown a sharp growth rate in many cities. Therefore, it is essential to consider the infrastructure of docked or dockless e-micromobility vehicles in relation to the urban management of space, pavement, and curbs, as well as identifying the related safety issues, and the potential for accidents and causalities. The implementation of regulations will be a visible part of city infrastructure. As explained in the previous section, e-micromobility trips were boosted when the e-scooter entered the market in 2018. However, most users still do not know how to use them properly and even though their speeds are around 25 km per hour, they pose a huge safety risk. If we look at the e-scooter accident numbers, the Austin Public Health Report (2019) indicated that 20 trips out of every 100,000 e-scooter trips resulted in injuries during their study period [6]. According to another study by [PERSON] et al. (2019), 249 e-scooter accidents were reported in Southern California between September 2017 and August 2018, and 80 percent of injured people fell, 11 percent crashed into an object, and 9 percent were hit by a moving vehicle [41]. Another study on injuries by [PERSON] et al. (2020) collected Tweets and images between 2018 and 2020 and reported 153 injuries, with 22.88 percent of them being head-related, 27.45 percent of them being trunk- and hand-related, and 49.67 percent of them being leg- and foot-related [42]. According to AASHTO's guide, cycling or riding on sidewalks causes more accidents than when riding on the road [6]. Because sidewalks are designed for pedestrians, cyclists are not capable of riding on sidewalks properly, and e-scooter users have also exhibited very low helmet use rates. Furthermore, when they investigated the injuries, they found that less than 5 percent of users wore a helmet [6]. Additionally, the City of Chicago Pilot Evaluation Survey (2020) found that 24 percent of the participants stated that they used the e-scooter on the pavement at least for a while, and 5 percent of them used it on the pavement at least half of the time [13]. It was observed that 10 percent of riders used the e-scooter on the sidewalk in a street with a bike lane, and 2.7 percent of riders wore a helmet [13]. Observations for parking showed that 18.4 percent of e-scooters were incorrectly parked on the sidewalk, especially on cycle paths, etc. This is another safety issue for pedestrians and people with disabilities [13]. In another case from Italy, reported by [PERSON] et al. (2020), for comfort and safety reasons, men tend to use e-scooters more than women [32]. E-scooters have been driven at approximately 17 km/h on shared sidewalks, which is dangerous for pedestrians [32]. Figure 11: Environmental impact of e-scooters (g CO\({}_{2}\)-eq/passenger-km). Safety issues mostly result from confusion about the right of way and inappropriate parking, with these factors causing most accidents, and low rates of the use of helmet contribute as well. Furthermore, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) stated that misinformation also causes safety problems. Users should be informed about the rules [23]. Glancing at e-scooter regulations, it is quite possible to encounter inconsistent policies across states, cities, and regions. One of the reasons for these policy inconsistencies is that e-scooters are a new and unfamiliar mode of mobility, though they have become one of the basic ones. These differences among regulations have surely been expected, since city administrators have tried to regulate e-scooters based on the user experience to date [43]. As shown in Table 2, studies including the regulations and restrictions of e-micro-mobility were reviewed here. First, we found that many studies have started to regulate these vehicles, primarily by restricting age and speed. Concerning regulations on the speed of these vehicles, the limit in Poland is 25 km/h [44].