## 6 Applications
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Converter Type** & **Application Area** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline Bidirectional _DC-DC_ Converter. & & A bidirectional _DC-DC_ converter topology relevant to microgrid energy storage, including non-isolated, isolated, and interleaved topologies, has been addressed. While it is critical to select an appropriate bidirectional converter topology to provide efficient power transfer between the _DC_ bus and the storage units, it is also critical to select a suitable control approach to ensure the microgrid’s resilience, reliability, and stability. & [157] \\ \hline Boost Bidirectional _DC-DC Converter._ & _PV_ applications & The proposed topology for harnessing and storing _PV_ energy is derived by combining a buck–boost converter with a bidirectional boost converter. It also tries to store energy so that it can be used in the event of a power outage. The suggested converter has a higher conversion gain, is simple to use, and the method of control is adjustable by altering the direction of the power flow. The converter is equipped with two unidirectional ports and one bidirectional port; at the bidirectional port, a battery is installed for energy storage via the bidirectional boost converter. & [158] \\ \hline Three-phase Bidirectional _DC-DC Converter._ & Uninterruptible power supplies (_UPS_) & Uninterruptible power supplies (_UPS_) & Uninterruptible power supplies (_UPS_) \\ \hline _LLC_ Resonant _DC-DC Converter. & Battery charging & The _LLC_ converter is designed for the output voltage range of 15 V\(-\)20 V for a lead–acid battery with the input range of 30 V and with an efficiency range of 88–92\%. The circuit is simulated by applying _PSIM_ software and the output voltage is regulated with the help of a _PI_ controller as a feedback path. & [160] \\ \hline _LC_ Resonant _DC-DC Converter._ & Grid-connected renewable energy sources (_RESs_) & An _LC_ resonant converter was proposed for grid-connected renewable energy sources; the system uses a step-up resonant converter for grid-connected _RES_. The converter delivers power by charging from the input and discharging at the output via the resonant inductor. The resonant capacitor is used to accomplish zero voltage on/off and zero current switching for active switches and _ZCS_ for rectifier diodes. & [161] \\ \hline _LCC-T_ Resonant _DC-DC Converter._ & _PV_/Fuel cell applications & An isolated soft-switching current-fed _LCC-T_ resonant _DC-DC_ converter for fuel cell/_PV_ applications has been presented. This converter is capable of achieving zero current switching for voltage doubler diodes and zero voltage switching for front-end inverter switches. To obtain the rated output voltage of 380 V, a proof-of-concept prototype rated for 288 W was created and subjected to harsh load and input conditions. & [162] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Applications of different converter types. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Converter Type** & **Application Area** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline  & & A five-level cascaded medium-voltage converter has been proposed as a high-frequency link multilevel cascaded medium-voltage converter for direct grid integration of renewable sources to minimize the voltage imbalance and common mode issue. A 1.73-kVA prototype system was created with a modular five-level cascaded converter that converts 210 V DC (rectified generating voltage) to three-phase 1 kV _RMS_, 50 Hz _AC_. & [163] \\  & & The suggested seven-level hybrid cascaded \(H\)-bridge enables the use of a single power supply, with the remaining ‘\(n-1\)’ sources consisting of capacitors, and is referred to as a hybrid cascaded \(H\)-bridge multilevel inverter (_HCMLI_). & [164] \\ Seven-level Hybrid Cascaded \(H\)-bridge Inverter.