## 4 Discussion
### Activities
#### 4.1.7 Antiarrhythmic  
Arrhythmia is characterized by abnormal and irregular heart rate and rhythm. Among the conditions associated with arrhythmias tachycardia and bradycardia can be distinguished [179]. [PERSON] and co-authors [165] reported that active ingredients responsible for antiarrhythmic effect are polyphenols which control the heart rate via binding to beta-adrenergic receptors as well as decelerate the action potential of myocytes (negative chronotropic effect). Based on reported studies, _Coriandrum sativum_ is a plant from the Apiaceae family possessing scientifically proven antiarrhythmic action. According to [PERSON] et al. [67], _C. sativum_ normalizes electrocardiogram (ECG) and adjusts cardiovascular biomarker values such as creatine kinase-MB fraction (CK-MB), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). This activity is associated with the presence of polyphenolic compounds. Importantly, the anti-tachycardia effectiveness of _C. sativum_ was similar to that of propranolol. As far as positive inotropic effects on heart are concerned, _Anmi visnaga_ fructus due to the presence of samidin (**35**) and khellol glucoside [30] shows this ability. As can be concluded from the information gathered in Table 2, extracts from _Centaegus_ spp. possess significant positive inotropic effects due to the cAMP-independent mechanism, increase Ca2p transport, and have an impact on the Nab/Kb-ATPase in cardiomyocytes or a digitalis-like effect on the NaqrKq-ATPase in human heart muscle tissue. Moreover, chloroform, ethylacetate, and methanol extracts from _Centaegus meyeri_ show antiarrhythmic properties in vivo in male Wistar rats [97]. Khellin (**36**) obtained from _Anmi visnaga_ fructus administrated in a dose of 20-30 mg intravenously to dogs shows negative chronotropic effect [25]. The water and ethanol extracts from _Petroselinum crispum_ leaves exhibit a powerful inhibitory effect on the rate and amplitude of heart contraction in rats (in vivo) [78]. WS\({}^{\circled}\) 1442 _Centaegus_ extract possesses proven clinical efficacy in patients with congestive heart failure (NYHA class II) regarding a negative chronotropic effect [132]. Water and ethanol extracts from leaves and stems of _Centaegus monogyna_ diminish the contraction frequency in cardiomyocytes of neonatal murine through the activation of muscarinic receptors [99]. 1.8 Hypolipidemic (Cholesterol-Lowering Properties), Antihyperlipidemic, and Hypocholesterolem Activity  
Heart diseases are accompanied by various comorbidities, such as atherosclerosis, and thus, cholesterol-lowering properties of plant extracts with a cardiological effect are of great importance. Although lipid disorders in most cases do not provide visible symptoms, they contribute to a significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular disorders. Among patients with a previous history of myocardial infarction, reducing the risk of subsequent heart events is crucial, so LDL level should be below 55 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L) [178]. Few plants from the plant family of Apiaceae possess antihyperlipidemic activity, namely _Apium graveolens_, _Anethum graveolens_, _Centella asiatica_, _Coriandrum sativum_, _Daucus carota_, _Cuminum cyninum_, _Eryngium carlinae_, and _Petroselinum crispum_[34; 49; 53; 64; 69; 72; 73; 80]. It has been proven that the daily oral administration of _Anethum graveolens_ essential oil to rats at doses of 45, 90, and 180 mg/kg for 2 weeks significantly, and in a dose-dependent manner, reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). AGEO also significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [34]. It has been reported that the hypolipidemic effect of _Centella asiatica_ is caused by the large amounts of triterpenes it contains--asiatic acid and madecassic acid [53]. Moreover, according to [26], the water infusion of _Anemi visunaga_ seeds enhances HDL cholesterol level.