## 4 Relationship between LDPs and WFE Indices  
LDPs can be correlated with the WFE nexus based on related global indices. At the same time, an integrated framework for examining environmental and socio-economic sustainability has been proposed because there are many challenges in a holistic assessment of the nexus [10]. However, this global scale conceptual framework needs to be improved, and the relationship between many variables should be defined for practical nexus analysis [7; 54]. Therefore, available indices were adopted to determine trends in the WFE nexus over a global scale. In the water sector, total renewable water resources (TRWR) is a water-related WFE nexus index [55]. A high score indicates that a country has enough water resources, while a low score indicates that a country experiences water stress. Total water withdrawal per capita (TWW) is the indicator that measures the total annual amount of water withdrawn per inhabitant [55]. In short, TWW indicates water demand of each country [56]. The percentage of TWW to TRWR indicates the demand from total water resources where higher values indicate a greater quantity of consumed water resources. It also implies a country's ability to use available water resources. High values can also be interpreted as the country having enough capacity for using resources. The Global Hunger Index (GHI) and Food Production Index (FPI) were applied to evaluate the food aspect of the WFE nexus. The GHI was developed to measure and track hunger at the global, regional and country scale. It describes the hunger status of children where high values imply greater hunger [57]. As a complement, FPI describes the status of crops and livestock that are considered edible and contain nutrients [58]. FPI explains the relative level of the aggregate volume of agricultural production for each year in comparison with the base period from 2004-2006. The base year is regarded as one hundred percent and is compared with a certain year's production volume. It includes the quantity of the commodity sold in the market and the quantity consumed or used by producers. To evaluate ecosystems in the WFE nexus, the Forest and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)-published Global Forest Resources Assessments (FRA), which monitor the world's forest status, were used. Among the many assessments made in the FRA, protected forest areas and areas designated as having high biodiversity in countries and territories are good representations of ecosystem status. The unit of measure for both the protected areas and conservation of biodiversity is 1000 ha, meaning greater numbers indicate larger areas with biodiversity conservation and protected forest. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) can also be integrated into the WFE nexus because of the socio-economic dimension of climate change. This index is a tool to keep track of national and international climate policy, because it incorporates emission trends and levels. Therefore, it can be used as a proxy to show the relationship between energy usage and efficient energy pressure management for balancing the components in the WFE nexus. To provide corresponding time scales, indices within five years of 2010 were analyzed (Tables 2 and 3). Through Tables 2 and 3, it is clear that the ratio of TWW to TRWR changed based on the classification approaches of LDPs. For example, their values in the sustainability phases were similar, but different in the restoration and degradation phases. In addition, GHI had varying trends between classification approaches. As described previously, low GHI values indicate less hunger, so values in the sustainability phase were expected to be lower than values in other phases, which was observed in the approach using GDP, but not forest stock. In contrast, FPI had similar patterns for both LDPs classification approaches, with minor variance in the restoration phase.