# A Comprehensive Study on the Expansion of Electric Vehicles in Europe
## 1 Introduction  
The importance of the environment for future generations has led to a global push to develop clean transportation options to mitigate climate change [1]. In recent years, electric vehicle (EV) sales have increased [2], as EVs have grown in popularity worldwide and provided new opportunities [3]. There is no doubt that EVs can play a key role in the future energy system, which will further accelerate their development [4]. As reported by International Energy Agency (IEA), global sales of EVs doubled to 6.6 million in 2021 from the previous year. In this regard, the development of EVs and associated technology, in particular fast-charging stations, has increased rapidly in previous years [5]. Moreover, significant government support, combined with private investment, has helped with both the uptake of electric vehicles and the development of charging infrastructure worldwide [6]. Following a decade of rapid growth, the global EV market experienced a decline in sales in 2019 due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. There was, however, a temporary reduction in EV sales. The US market for EVs is predicted to rise approximately threefold between 2022 and 2028, compared to the world market, demonstrating the importance of EV development for people and governments [7]. There have been several studies related to the development of EVs in recent years, some of which are outlined as follows. For instance, [PERSON] et al. investigated the development of EVs for smart cities. They showed that EVs are able to produce CO\({}_{2}\) reductions, while simultaneously helping to improve transport options for smart cities in the future [8]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions using plug-in EVs in Germany in 2020. They showed that both energy prices and the cost of batteries have a large impact on the evolution of the plug-in EV market. Therefore, plug-in EVs were expected to account for between 0.4% and 3% of German passenger car stock by 2020 [9]. In order to deal with severe environmental problems, as well as managing energy systems, [PERSON] investigated the impact of policy on EV diffusion. Policies such as support for infrastructure construction and production subsidies can increase the uptake of EVs to 70% [10]. A long-term EV forecast and its potential impact on the electricity grid were conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON]. It was shown that with heavy government support, 11-28% of the global fleet can be converted to electric cars by 2040 [11]. [PERSON] et al. examined trends and emerging technologies for the development of EVs. There are a number of emerging technologies in the EV development industry that are mentioned in this paper, such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, smart power distribution, vehicle-to-vehicle networking, wireless charging, and vehicle-to-home (V2H) [12]. They also evaluated the commercialization of EVs in Hong Kong as a key case study. As a first step, they discussed the challenges facing private EV owners, including inadequate access to charging infrastructure and insufficient management of public facilities, as well as difficulties finding suitable repair and maintenance services. Subsequently, they presented the challenges for commercial EVs such as limited commercial models, charging infrastructure, long charging times, and insufficient parking places. Eventually, the authors offered strategies for promoting EVs, including promoting technological innovation, offering incentives for commercial EVs, strengthening stakeholder relationships, creating fast-charging stations, offering active development of commercial EVs, facilitating the installation of charging infrastructure for private EVs, and encouraging the participation of the private sector in promoting fee-based services [13]. Based on the analysis in [14], there were approximately 7.3 million EV chargers worldwide at the end of 2019, of which 0.9 million were public.