# Solar Concentration for Wastewaters Remediation: A Review of Materials and Technologies
## 4 Wastewaters
### Real Pollutants
Municipal wastewaters contaminated with pharmaceuticals were treated and results are reported on the publications in Table 11. Among the contaminants, presences of acetaminophen, antipyrine, atrazine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, flumequine, hydroxy biphenyl, ibuprofen, isoproturon, ketorolac, ofloxacin, progesterone, sulfamethoxazole and tridosan were investigated. Novel Fe-TiO\({}_{2}\) composite catalysts with the objective of performing both photocatalysts and photo-Fenton have been studied for the treatment. Their degradation performances were evaluated in a CPC reactor under the homogeneous and heterogeneous route. In terms of SODIS, as shown in Table 12, application to real wastewater sources, municipal effluents were mostly used to investigate the inactivation of bacteria and fungi using the homogeneous and heterogeneous routes. CPC solar collectors were used and ferrous salts and TiO\({}_{2}\) were used as catalysts. All the analyzed studies present relevant information about degradation rates and the processes involved in the use of solar light for the degradation of pollutants in wastewaters. In particular, a relevant quantity of pollutants were tested and the development of low-cost solar systems evolved. Also, it is observed that TiO\({}_{2}\) is a very well-established catalyst for use in solar wastewater degradation, but new catalysts and possible cost reductions offer interesting opportunities for research. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Reference** & **Pollutant Tested** & **Solar Collector** & **Catalyst Material** & **Catalysis Type** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**1**} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [157] & Municipal effluents & CPC & Fe\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) & Homogeneous \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**2**} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [158] & E. coli and total & \multirow{2}{*}{CC} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Ferrous sulfate \\ hepthydrate \\ supported \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{Homogeneous} \\  & et al., 2014 [159] & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**3**} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [159] & phytopathogen fungi & \multirow{2}{*}{CPC} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Ferrous sulphate \\ hepthydrate, ferric \\ nitrate and TiO\({}_{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & Homogeneous and \\  & al., 2015 [48] & Escherichia coli & CPC & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Nitrogen-doped \\ TiO\({}_{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & Heterogeneous \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 12: SODIS real wastewaters (Bacteria and Fungi). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Reference** & **Pollutant Tested** & **Solar Collector** & **Catalyst Material** & **Catalysis Type** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**1**} & [PERSON] et al., 2017 [157] & Municipal effluents & CPC & Fe\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) & Homogeneous \\  & et al., 2017 [157] & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**2**} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [158] & E. coli and total & \multirow{2}{*}{CC} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Ferrous sulfate \\ hepthydrate \\ supported \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{Homogeneous} \\  & et al., 2014 [159] & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**3**} & [PERSON] et al., 2014 [159] & phytopathogen fungi & \multirow{2}{*}{CPC} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Ferrous sulphate \\ hepthydrate, ferric \\ nitrate and TiO\({}_{2}\) \\ \end{tabular} } & Homogeneous and \\  & et al., 2015 [48] & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Real wastewaters (Pesticides).