esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Selectivity of CO\({}_{2}\)
#### 3.3.2. \(\mathrm{CO_{X}}\) Selectivity with Variation in Humidity  
The evaluation of \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity in the presence of humid air was performed to determine the impact of the RH on \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) production. As observed (Figure 7), the variations in \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity were similar for both VOCs. Regarding CB, the \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity showed a peak at 55% RH, regardless of the VOC concentration. Similarly, regarding CN, the \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity also showed a peak at 55% RH. The \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity of CB increased from 35% to 54%, and then decreased to 36%, at a concentration of 19 ppm. For the same concentration, the \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity of CN increased from 50% to 66%, and then decreased to 52%. This same remark was made by [45].  
Figure 5: The variation in the \(\mathrm{CO_{2}}\) selectivity of CB and CN at different flow rates and inlet concentrations (I = 20 W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\); RH = 30%; T = 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
This study shows that, above a specific value, the humidity harms the mineralization of VOCs, leading to a decrease in CO selectivity (Figure 8). This result seems logical because, at a crucial RH, an adsorption competition between water molecules and organic compounds takes place on the surface of TiO\({}_{2}\) leading to a decrease in mineralization. The same conclusion was reached by [PERSON] and her group [45] following a study of the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs.  
Figure 6: The variation in the CO selectivity of CN at different flow rates and inlet concentrations (RH = 30%; T = 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
Figure 7: _Cont._  
Table 5 compares reaction rate constants (k) and adsorption constants (K) for various pollutants processed in different types of reactors, as reported in the literature and this study.  
Figure 8: The variation in the CO selectivity (%) of CN at different humidity and inlet concentrations (I = 20 W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\); Q = 1 m\({}^{3}\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\); T = 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
Figure 7: The variation in the CO\({}_{2}\) selectivity (%) of CB (**A**) and CN (**B**) at different humidity and inlet concentrations (I = 20 W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\); Q = 1 m\({}^{3}\cdot\)h\({}^{-1}\); T = 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
The photocatalytic results are better than those found in the literature. This difference is due to the reactor configuration. The present configuration has a small air thickness, enhancing the mass transfer and obtaining attractive k and K values. In addition, it is interesting to note that these constants are not flow rate dependent. The influence of the flow regime is integrated completely through the parameter km. In fact, the separation of the mass transfer and the chemical reaction steps is obtained.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Environmental Assessment Studies  
In this study, a scale for the assessment of environmental responsibility (EcoScale) for flavors esters production using immobilized lipase as biocatalyst was proposed. According to Table 4, the EcoScale scores for the different reaction systems were above 80 points, which represents excellent green processes, with an exception for the enzymatic production of methyl octanoate, which can be considered an acceptable green process (EcoScale score value = 68). This is due to partial acid conversion into ester (62.5%-19 penalty points) and high toxicity (5 penalty points) + flammability (5 penalty points) of methanol. No penalty points were observed for costs, on account of the fact that heterogeneous biocatalyst (lipase + support) and starting materials were inexpensive--final costs varying from $0.32 (hexanol + octanoic acid) to $0.77 (benzyl alcohol + octanoic acid) for producing 10 mmol of esters [57], which were based on analytical grade starting materials supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Merck). From an economic standpoint, the application of the heterogeneous biocatalyst prepared in this study is highly interesting on an industrial scale, since its average final cost may be estimated around of $300 per Kg, and this is cheaper than a well-known commercially available immobilized biocatalyst Novozym(r) 435 (the cost is $700 per Kg [58]), the most used heterogeneous biocatalyst to produce flavor esters via esterification [59]. In addition, no penalty points were also observed for technical setup and  
Figure 5: Reusability tests of lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 immobilized on PSty-DVB beads after successive batch esterification reactions. The reactions were performed in solvent-free systems at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 240 rpm, stoichiometric acid:alcohol molar ratio and 10% of mass of heterogeneous biocatalyst per gram of reaction mixture (that corresponds to an initial protein concentration of 3.3 mg protein per gram of reaction mixture).  
workup/purification parameters due to simple experimental apparatus used to produce octanoate esters (closed stirred-tank reactors using conventional heating) and biocatalyst recovery from the reaction mixtures via simple conventional filtration, respectively. Penalty points for the parameters of temperature/time varied from 1 to 3 points due to different reaction times required to achieve chemical equilibrium from 60 min (1 penalty point) to 90 min (3 penalty points). This study shows clearly that the enzymatic production of octanoate esters in solvent-free systems is an environmentally-friendly process.
# Performance Evaluation of GFDM Channel Estimation Using DFT for Tactile Internet Application
## 1 Introduction
The work mainly focuses on building MIMO GFDM system by combining the analog-digital receiver structure. Low complexity unit terminals (UTs) present a hardware limitation, where no channel state information (CSI)-based precoder and partial CSI-based precoder are employed in the transmitter side.
# Use of Wearable Sensor Technology in Gait, Balance, and Range of Motion Analysis
## 5 A Taxonomy for Gait, Balance, RoM Analysis
### Gait Analysis
#### 5.1.4 Gait Analysis: Postural Control  
The main parameters in this category are _step width_ and _foot angle_. Step width measures the separation of the feet while walking. Step width is usually 8-12 centimeters in children and adults [104]. Changes in step width can be seen when people have balance problems and when patients walk faster. People with a balance disorder usually expand their step width; while people that walk faster tend to decrease their step width. The foot angle can be defined as the angle of rotation during stance. Usually, the angle ranges from 0-15 degrees in normal, healthy adults. Excessive foot angle or toe out can be an indication of walking abnormalities and is often seen in children with cerebral palsy or adults with stroke [104]. Unfortunately, these parameters are complex to measure using wearable sensors and accurate methods to extract these parameters using wearable sensors are limited [62].  
Another common criterion studied by researchers and related to postural control is the walk deviation. Walk deviation is when a person attempts to walk in a straight line but is unable to achieve it and strays off the line. [PERSON] and [PERSON] calculated walk deviation from a walking path usingthe rotation vector sensor of a smartphone [118]. They incorporated used of the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) walking path level markers (Figure 3).  
The FGA determines the risk of falling by assessing postural stability during gait. To perform the FGA, they used a 6.096 meter long walkway with a 30.48 centimeters (cm) lateral path. To assess walk deviation, markers are placed on both sides of the walkway, each one corresponding to a specific deviation level. The level range is from 0 to 3, level 0 meaning no or small deviation and level 3 meaning high deviation.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] detected the deviation \(D_{i}\) for \(step_{i}\) by using the step length and the angle of rotation for that specific step (Equation (7), Figure 4) [118,119]. The angle of rotation is extracted from the rotation vector samples.  
\[D_{i}=SL*sin(\theta_{i}) \tag{7}\]  
Additionally, the cumulative deviation can be calculated (Equation (8)) to check the total deviation from the starting to end point [118], where \(D_{sum}^{0}\) is equal to 0.  
\[D_{sum}^{i}=D_{i}+D_{sum}^{i-1} \tag{8}\]
# Practical Methodology for a Three-Dimensional-Printed Hybrid Desalination System
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Reactor Geometry  
Electrochemical flow reactors have numerous applications, allowing for a wide range of geometries and configurations [19]. The choice of reactor geometry will depend on its ability to promote the hydrodynamic phenomena best suited for each specific application. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) highlighted the importance of optimizing geometry in redox flow batteries to enhance flow uniformity, outperforming conventional square reactors [27]. Conventional RFB reactors are designed with two compartments for electrolyte flow, while RED and ED cells require three compartments for freshwater, saltwater, and an ERS. Based on the optimizations and geometry proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), two geometries were designed, incorporating two different manifolds adapted to meet the specific needs of RED and ED reactors. These modifications allow for the implementation of multiple inlets and outlets, ensuring efficient fluid distribution within the system.
# X-ray-Induced Heating in the Vicinity of the X-ray Interaction Point
## 3 Results
### Temperature Measurement on Metal Plate  
Based on the previous literature, we assumed that X-ray-induced heat transfer to the surrounding environment would be material-dependent [5; 7]. To verify this assumption, the temperature change in the vicinity of the X-ray interaction was measured while exposing Cu, Al, or Zn plates to X-rays, as these have a higher thermal conductivity than the solutions used. In this experiment, 300 \(\upmu\)m thick Cu, Zn, and Al plates were used, and the calculated X-ray transmittances at 12.66 keV were 1.87 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-14}\), 9.67 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-13}\), and 0.36, respectively. Accordingly, Cu and Zn can absorb most of the X-rays, while Al absorbs approximately 63%.  
The temperature was measured 250 \(\upmu\)m from the tip of the RTD. We accurately showed a temperature increase for all metal plates the moment the X-ray shutter was opened and a decrease when the shutter was closed (Figure 3). There was a difference among metal plates in temperature increase. The temperature of all metals before X-ray exposure was approximately 25.25 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\circ}\)C. For Cu, the temperature rose to 25.5-25.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 100 s of X-ray exposure, with a range of approximately 0.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure S1). For Zn, the data were relatively consistent, showing a temperature rise to 25.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 100 s of X-ray exposure, with a range of 0.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure S1). For Al, the maximum ranged from approximately 25.5 to 25.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with a corresponding increase of 0.3-0.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure S1).  
The temperature measured near the X-ray position on the metal plate not only showed a different temperature increase range depending on the metal plate, but was also smaller than that in the capillary containing the solution.
## 7 Simulations and Results
### Scenario 2: HEMS with an ESS
#### 7.2.3 AWT Using RTP and CPP  
In scenario 2, the AWT for the GA, GWO, and HGWGA was computed to be 1.58 h, 1.47 h, and 1.64 h, respectively, which shows that there was a trade-off between the consumer consumption cost and consumer comfort. Figure 16 represents the AWT of the appliance scheduling using the optimization algorithms GA, GWO, and HGWGA.  
Keeping in mind the percentage reduction in cost and PAR for scenario 2 via the GA, GWO, and HGWGA with both the RTP and CPP tariffs, the proposed hybrid technique (HGWGA) seems more promising as it gave improved results in comparison with the unscheduled and other scheduled cases obtained using the GA and GWO.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Numerical Method: Patch Antenna Arrays  
Scenario 7 was analyzed numerically using the finite integration technique (FIT) implemented in CST Studio Suite 2019. The convergence is reached by setting a finer mesh around the air/phantom interface (i.e., 1 \(\upmu\)m) and larger beyond (i.e., 0.356 mm corresponding to \(\lambda_{\text{g}}\)/50, where \(\lambda_{\text{g}}\) is the guided wavelength in the phantom). Open boundaries are used representing the free-space conditions (i.e., no reflected field at the boundaries of the computational volume). The number of mesh cells varies from 26 to 80 million with the antenna/phantom separation distance. Typical duration of single simulation varies from 35 to 75 min using high-performance workstations with accelerators (Xeon Gold 6140, 768 Go RAM, NVIDIA Quadro GV100; Dell, TX, USA).
### Construction of Varying Amplitude Difference in the Longitudinal Direction  
In addition to the phase modulation, some attention has been devoted to the modulation of amplitude along the direction of propagation, which is a reliable way to generate vector optical beams with longitudinally varying polarization in free space. Considering the superposition of two zeroth-order Bessel-Gaussian beams with orthogonal polarizations, the electric field \(\mathbf{E}\) can be expressed as [46]  
\[\mathbf{E}(r,z)=\exp\left(-\frac{r^{2}}{w_{0}^{2}}\right)J_{0}(k_{r}r)\exp(ik_ {z}z)\Big{[}E_{1}(z)e^{i\delta_{1}(z)}\mathbf{e}_{1}+E_{2}(z)e^{i\delta_{2}( z)}\mathbf{e}_{2}\Big{]} \tag{6}\]  
where \(E_{1,2}(z)\) are axial amplitude distributions corresponding to these two polarization eigenstates; \(\delta_{1,2}(z)\) are phase retardations independent of dynamic phase. When \(\delta_{1}\)-\(\delta_{2}\) is fixed, it is the difference of axial amplitude that determines the variation of polarization during propagation. This amplitude modulation can be achieved by spatial spectrum engineering [47; 48]. According to the modified Fourier transform, the quasi-Bessel beams with reshaped axial envelopes can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as [46]  
\[E_{1,2}(z)=\int_{0}^{k}U_{1,2}\bigg{(}\sqrt{k^{2}-k_{z}^{2}},z=0\bigg{)}e^{ik_{z }z}k_{z}dk_{z} \tag{7}\]  
where \(U_{1,2}\) represents the spatial spectra. The customization of amplitude distribution in the longitudinal direction can be transferred to the manipulation of the spatial spectrum. By illuminating a tailored mask placed at the Fourier plane as a spatial spectrum filter, the desired amplitude distribution will be obtained. Based on inverse Fourier transform, the spatial spectra determined by the desired amplitude distribution can be described as [46]  
\[U_{1,2}\bigg{(}\sqrt{k^{2}-k_{z}^{2}},z=0\bigg{)}=\frac{1}{2\pi k_{z}}F[E_{1,2 }(z)\exp(ik_{z0}z)] \tag{8}\]  
Different spatial spectrum filters enable customized amplitude relations between two orthogonally polarized components, which ensures the accurate control of polarization during propagation in free space. Moreover, this method can enable uniform axial intensity distribution.  
The Experimental Generation of Vector Optical Beams with Longitudinally Varying Polarization in Free Space  
Unlike the traditional VOF with transverse polarization distribution, controlling the longitudinal distribution of polarization in free space requires an indirect modulation method. The controllable and flexible variation of polarization in the longitudinal direction has always been sought and much effort has been spent on the generation method of this special vector beam in recent years. The controllability reflects the accuracy and predictability of polarization at each propagation position, while the flexibility implies the diverse and adjustable distribution of polarization in the longitudinal direction. The generation methods in free space can be broadly divided into the modulation of complex amplitude in real space and the filtering of the spatial spectrum.
# Many-Objective Optimization for Anomaly Detection on Multi-Layer Complex Interaction Networks
## 3 Method
### Multi-Layer Networks  
A multi-layer network (with a multiplex network as a special case) consists of multiple layers, modeling multiple relations. More formally, it can be defined as a graph \(G=(V,E_{l}),l=1\ldots m\) composed of \(n=|V|\) nodes and \(m\) different link sets for those nodes, which we call layers; accordingly, the set of nodes is denoted by \(V\) and the sets of links are modeled by \(E_{l},l\in\{1...m\}\). Furthermore, distinguishing between the different layers and modeling them as separate graphs, a multiplex network then can be represented formally as \(G=(G_{1},G_{2},\ldots,G_{l},\ldots,G_{m})\), where \(G_{i}=(V_{i},E_{i})\), with \(V_{i}\subseteq V\) and \(E_{i}\) models the edges of the \(i\)th layer. For a multiplex network, it holds that \(V_{i}=V_{j}\) for \(i\
eq j\). A visual depiction of the network with different layers is shown in Figure 2.  
Each network \(G_{l}\) is represented by an adjacency matrix \(A_{l}\) with entries \(a_{ij}^{l}=W_{ij}^{l}>0\) if there is a positive weight of the link between nodes \(v_{il},v_{jl}\in E_{l}\) in layer \(l\) and \(a_{ij}^{l}=0\) otherwise. We use this representation to simplify the formalization of weighted multiplex networks by only considering edges with an integer weight larger or equal to zero between any pair of nodes \(v_{il}\) and \(v_{jl}\) in a layer \(l\).
## 6 Discussion
### Novelty and Differentiation  
The proposed framework introduces several key innovations and enhancements over existing studies, addressing critical gaps in the literature and practical implementations of vehicular communication systems.  
* Enhanced security with smart contracts and PBFT consensus-unlike prior works that rely on centralized or static mechanisms for data validation and node authentication, our framework employs smart contracts and the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm to ensure secure and decentralized operations.
* Modularity and interoperability with existing V2X standards-a unique aspect of the proposed framework is its modular design, which supports interoperability with widely adopted V2X standards, such as ITS-G5 and Cellular-V2X (C-V2X).
* Differentiation from existing RSU-based approaches-while existing works propose RSU-based architectures for forwarding data, they primarily focus on centralized data management or anomaly detection. In contrast, our framework achieves the following:Distributes computation and decision-making across a decentralized blockchain network, eliminating single points of failure.
* Utilizes RSUs not only as data aggregation points but also as lightweight blockchain clients. RSUs participate in the consensus process, validate transactions locally, and reduce latency in real-time data exchanges.
* Integrates smart contract-based authentication directly at the RSU level, ensuring that only verified nodes can contribute to the network.
* Real-world considerations-existing studies often evaluate their frameworks under idealized or static conditions, limiting their applicability in real-world scenarios. The current research achieves the following:
* Includes simulations with dynamic vehicular mobility, network jitter, and latency variability, highlighting the framework's robustness under real-world constraints.
* Demonstrates how the modular design and decentralized consensus can adapt to diverse conditions, such as varying traffic densities and communication delays.
## 4 Semantic Representation: EUREKA Schema Proposal
### Schema Structure  
The EUREKA representation is structured across four main tiers that work together to model the semantics of emergency medical input. The first is the Symptom and Condition Layer, which extracts individual symptoms or medical concepts such as \"speech.slurred\", \"pain.chest\", or \"limb.weakness.right\". The second is the Temporal and Onset Layer, responsible for capturing time expressions and the recency of symptoms, including indicators like \"onset_time = <10 min>\" or \"symptom_duration ='since yesterday\". The third tier, the Risk and Metadata Layer, embeds relevant patient context such as age and pre-existing conditions while also incorporating an automatically inferred risk_level. Finally, the Urgency and Action Layer determines triage urgency and links the semantic frame to appropriate clinical interventions, such as \"action = activate_stroke_protocol\".
# Review on Cyanobacterial Studies in Portugal: Current Impacts and Research Needs
## 2 Cyanobacterial Studies  
### Chemical Assays  
Cyanotoxins based studies on chemical studies in Portuguese freshwater systems englobe the screening and enumeration of all the main cyanotoxins and a study on the peptide diversity of _M. aeruginosa_ strains isolated from several Portuguese freshwater systems (Figure 2). Microcystins were the first to be chemically unraveled by HPLC where MCYST-LR, MCYST-LA, MCYST-YR and [D-Aspl] MCYSTLR were found to be present in both bloom samples and isolated strains of _M. aeruginosa_ gathered from several freshwater systems with national representation [8; 10]. Saxitoxins were the next cyanotoxins to be characterized this occurring through a HPLC-FLD method followed by LC/MS confirmation from a strain of _Chrysosporum flos-aquae_ collected from a bloom of this cyanobacterium in Montargil reservoir (South Region) [11]. In this study, five PSP toxins, neoSTX, dcSTX, STX, GTX6, and GTX5 were found in the same isolate (LMECYA 31) [11]. Screening for anatoxins was followed later in the mid-2000s but only after laboratory cultivation of strains belonging to the genera _Chrysosporum_, _Dolichospermum_, _Microystis_ and _Oscillatoria_ with anatoxin-a production values ranging 0.06 \(\upmu\)g/g to 24.62 \(\upmu\)g/g of cyanobacterial dry weight [12]. More recently cylindrospermopsins was found to occur in a lagoon in the Center Region of Portugal (Vela Lagoon) also through HPLC followed by confirmation of the mass spectrum through LC/MS in water samples and in the absence of blooms in concentrations that ranged a minimum of 1.4 \(\upmu\)g/L to a maximum of 12 \(\upmu\)g/L [13]. Apart from HPLC and LC/MS methods, a study by [PERSON] et al. [19] used the MALDI TOF  
Figure 1: Bloom formation at Porto City Park Lake 1 (North Region) in 2012 (**A**) and at Marco de Canaveses (North Region) in 2012 (**B**).  
MS technique to determine the peptide diversity of Portuguese freshwater _M. aeruginosa_ strains isolated from lakes, rivers and reservoirs. Results from their study include the finding of aeruginosa, microorganisms, anabaenopeptins, cyanopeptilins, microcystins, and microviridins [19]. In microcystins it was found the presence of the variants MCLR, -FR, -RR, -WR and -YR as the most commonly found [19].