# Energy Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence for Energy Management
## 2 Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems
As a result, smart grid technology is being developed to meet the current energy demands of the globe in a cost-effective and efficient manner [56; 57; 58; 59]. Nevertheless, the implementation of smart grid technology is a multifaceted endeavor that presents numerous obstacles. To address this, a number of critical challenges associated with smart grids are described in [60], including issues related to measurement, sensing, information and communication technologies, control and automation technologies, energy storage, and power electronics. Overall, smart grid technology is designed to enhance the advantages for both utilities and consumers by delivering economic and reliable electricity services through the efficient use of available resources and advanced tools [61]. Consequently, the energy resources utilized in smart grids are reviewed in Figure 4.  
Supported by the concept of smart grids and the related energy resources, the advances and trends of energy processes are considered in four layers of energy generation, transmission, consumption, and storage that are shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Energy resource classifications with some related works (Conventional [62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69], RES, EVs & Energy Storages [65; 67; 68; 65; 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 74; 75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83; 84; 85; 86; 87; 88; 89; 90; 91; 92; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97; 98; 99; 100; 101; 102], Fuel Cells [103; 104; 105; 106; 107], GH\({}_{2}\)[108; 109; 110; 111; 112; 113; 114; 115]). **Generation:** The process of decarbonizing energy generation includes the integration of RESs, cogeneration, low-carbon heating, and waste energy regeneration. [PERSON] et al. suggested that indicators such as the share of renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and other pollutants can help compare power generation systems [116]. [PERSON] [117] highlights that vehicle movement and solar radiation are so variable they create uncertainty when assessing solar energy use for urban electric traffic. Biofuels derived from woody crops, agricultural residues, and waste materials [118] and electrofuels, made through power-to-gas and power-to-liquid technologies using RES electricity, also show potential as fossil fuel alternatives, especially for emergency diesel generators or heavy-duty vehicles. Co-generation systems increase overall efficiency, reduce the variability of renewable energy output, and create system reliability [119; 120]. Combined heat and power (CHP) units in co-generation systems have a high share of RES, greater efficiency, and reduced emissions. District heating systems can save in energy by using low-temperature sources like seawater and groundwater, boosted by heat exchangers to raise temperatures, especially. Additionally, waste energy can be converted into usable power through regenerative processes. It was shown that the energy efficiency of urban subway systems, particularly in smart communities, could be enhanced using regenerative braking [121] by utilizing energy recovered from connected subway networks. **Transmission:** Interconnected transmission networks, as illustrated in Figure 5 (second circle), highlight the multi-carrier energy systems potential in integrating distributed RES and enhancing urban energy sustainability. These systems facilitate the conversion and distribution of various energy forms, such as electricity, gas, heating, and ventilation, to meet diverse energy needs. According to [122], combining electric grids with district heating and cooling networks can increase the capacity for wind energy utilization and the share of urban energy demand met by solar power. The power-to-gas concept is also considered practical by converting excess renewable electricity into hydrogen gas through electrolyzers, which can then be injected into the natural gas infrastructure [123]. However, the operation of these networks must navigate technical and security challenges. For instance, ref. [124] reviewed ESS and control in mitigating the negative economic impacts of constraints on gas and power networks in power-to-gas systems.