## 4 Discussion
### Critical Analysis of Results  
Instead of merely summarizing prior studies, this research critically examines patterns, contradictions, and gaps in blockchain applications within education. Key findings include the following:  
- Blockchain improves credential verification but requires regulatory alignment in GCC.
- Administrative efficiency benefits are clear, but interoperability among institutions remains a challenge.
- Data security is enhanced, yet concerns about privacy and compliance persist.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**S/N** & **Author(s) and Year** & **Relevance to GCC Context** & **Global Implementations** & **Solutions Proposed** & **Recommendations** \\ \hline
32 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2023) [32] & Highlights sustainability and equity challenges in Bahrain’s education sector. & Exploses blockchain’s role in creating sustainable environmental environments globally. & Proposes blockchain-based systems to promote equitable access to education resources. & Develop decentralized learning platforms in Bahrain to enhance inclusion and equity. \\ \hline
33 & [PERSON] et al. (2023) [33] & Examines cybersecurity gaps in GCC educational institutions. & Discusses global blockchain blockchain applications for secure academic data management. & Recommends blockchain to safeguard student records and institutional data from cyber threats. & Establish robust cybersecurity measures integrating blockchain across Bahrain’s educational systems. \\ \hline
34 & [PERSON] et al. (2024) [34] & Identifies administrative inefficiencies and credentialing challenges in GCC universities. & Explores blockchain use in automating and North America. & Proposes smart contract-enabled credentialing systems to ensure accuracy and authenticity. & Pilot blockchain credentialing institutions for streamlined processes. \\ \hline
35 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2024) [35] & Discusses the need for scalability in blockchain solutions for GCC education. & Highlights blockchain blockchain blockchain blockchain systems in European education systems. & Suggests scalability enhancements to handle increasing data volumes in blockchain credential systems. & Implement scalable blockchain validation for Bahrain’s expanding education sector. \\ \hline
36 & [PERSON] (2024) [36] & Explores resource allocation inefficiencies in GCC educational systems. & Examines blockchain frameworks for economic information in North America’s educational institutions. & Recommends blockchain-based frameworks for equitable resource allocation. & Collaborate with private-sector providers to implement blockchain blockchain for education funding allocation in Bahrain. \\ \hline
37 & [PERSON] et al. (2019) [37] & Identifies barriers to blockchain adoption in GCC academic settings. & Discusses blockchain adoption strategies for credential verification in North American universities. & Proposes structured awareness programs to encourage blockchain adoption. & Launch educational workshops and seminars to promote blockchain technology adoption in Bahrain’s universities. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: _Cont._Global vs. GCC Blockchain Adoption in Education  
Table 3 compares international implementations with the unique challenges faced in the GCC region.