## 3 Results and Discussions  
### Simulation Results  
Four different configurations of the proposed antenna are obtained based on the conditions of two switching components. Figure 7 illustrates the return loss (RL) characteristics of the proposed antenna. It is evident from Figure 7 that the resonance and operating frequencies are influenced by the states of switches. In State-1 (both switches are ON), the antenna exhibits a single band characteristic with a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. State-2 (D1 is OFF, D2 is ON) displays a single band characteristic with a resonance frequency of 3.33 GHz. State-3 (D1 is ON, D2 is OFF) results in a bandwidth ranging from 2.59 GHz to 3.643 GHz, with a resonance frequency of 3 GHz. Finally, State-4 (both switches are OFF) has an operating frequency band ranging from 2.95 GHz to 4.48 GHz. Analyzing the operating and resonance frequencies, the similarity in operating bands between State-1 and State-2, and State-3 and State-4 results in redundancy in frequency coverage. This redundancy ensures that even if one state experiences interference or signal degradation due to external factors, the antenna can quickly switch to the corresponding state with a similar band, maintaining uninterrupted communication and enhancing the overall system reliability. In dynamic wireless environments where the frequency spectrum availability changes over time, having similar operating bands in different states enables the antenna to adapt and optimize its performance based on the prevailing conditions. The antenna can intelligently switch between states to select the best operating band at any given moment, maximizing spectrum utilization and mitigating the effects of changing environmental factors. Depending on the communication requirements or application scenarios, the antenna can be deliberately configured to utilize one of the states that offer the most suitable band. For example, State-1 may be preferred for mid-band 5G communication, while State-3 could be chosen for Wi-Fi communication. This allows the antenna to be customized for specific communication standards or frequency allocations. Combining the bands covered by similar states can lead to bandwidth expansion. By utilizing both State-1 and State-2 or State-3 and State-4 simultaneously, the antenna can operate over a broader frequency range. This expanded bandwidth is advantageous for high data rate applications, such as video streaming or data-intensive tasks, as it increases the available data throughput. The ability to switch between states with similar bands can be utilized to avoid interference from neighboring wireless networks. By monitoring the surrounding environment and intelligently selecting the state with the least interference, the antenna can optimize its performance and maintain robust communication links. These findings demonstrate the capability of the proposed antenna configurations to adapt to different frequency bands and meet the requirements of specific communication systems. By utilizing this novel reconfigurable nature, the proposed antenna structure offers versatile performance and enables frequency tuning for optimal operation in various wireless communication applications. Table 1 illustrates the frequency bands obtained by the four states of the proposed antenna for various communication applications. The radiation pattern characteristics of the proposed antenna for each state at resonance frequencies are represented in Figure 8. As seen in Figure 8, radiation patterns show omni-directional behavior. For the applications such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and IoT, the omni-directional radiation pattern is advantageous. Similarly, for 5G mid-bands, Wi-Fi 6E, and cellular bands, the omni-directional radiation pattern enables efficient communication with multiple devices in different directions.