esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Design of External Rotor Ferrite-Assisted Synchronous
## 3 Design of Fe-PMaSynRM for High Power Density
### Multi-Physics Analysis
#### 3.5.1 Flux Density under No-Load and Rated Load  
At first, the optimal motor's FEA model is simulated for different current loadings. The flux density levels in the rotor and stator components are observed to determine the core saturation. If the core's flux density levels are significantly high at the rotor and stator yokes, stator teeth, and air-gap, then the design is discarded to avoid higher core losses and poor performance. The simulation results of flux density in the core underrated current excitation for the optimal two and single flux barrier design are shown in Figure 9,b, respectively. Both designs show an acceptable level of saturation under rated excitations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Design Parameter** & **Min** & **Max** & **Converged** \\ \hline Back iron depth of stator (mm) & 5 & 25 & 19.42 \\ No. of poles & 4 & 30 & 12 \\ No. of slots & 10 & 60 & 25 \\ _rri/r\({}_{ro}\)_ & 0.5 & 0.9 & 0.82 \\ \((dm1+dm2)/(rri-r_{ro})\) & 0.3 & 0.9 & 0.62 \\ \(dm1/(dm1+dm2)\) & 0.3 & 0.9 & 0.76 \\ _Sh/Sw_ & 0.5 & 3.5 & 3.11 \\ \(\theta_{m1}\) (electrical degree) & 60 & 85 & 72 \\ \(\theta_{m2}\) (electrical degree) & 60 & 90 & 77 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Optimal values of design variables.  
Figure 9: Rotor and stator lux density in the underrated current (**a**) two-flux barrier design, (**b**) single flux barrier design.
# PERM1--An Emerging Transcriptional Regulator of Mitochondrial Biogenesis: A Systematic Review
## 4 Discussion
### PERM1 and Heart Tissue
#### 4.2.4 Mitochondrial Biogenesis  
PERM1 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in heart tissue by modulating multiple genes indispensable for mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative function, and energy transduction (see Figure 5) [31; 32; 33]. Mouse hearts and cardiomyocytes overexpressing PERM1 have been found to exhibit increased levels of PERM1, OxPhos, mitochondrial DNA content, and maximal oxygen consumption [32], whereas PERM1 knockdown has been shown to alter mitochondrial morphology, reduce OxPhos, and increase glycolysis [33]. The continuous increase in PERM1, PGC-1\(\alpha\)/\(\beta\), and ERR\(\alpha\)/\(\gamma\) expression from the initial cardiac development to birth also supports the hypothesis of a role played by PERM1 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis--PERM1 modulates this process by acting as the co-factor of ERR\(\alpha\) and by modifying PGC-1\(\alpha\), ERR\(\alpha\), and their specific targets [31; 32]. Interestingly, _PERM1_ has been found to experience downregulation in the heart tissue of ERRy knockdown mice [24].  
PERM1 can increase ERR response element (ERRE) activity in cardiomyocytes, thereby inducing its own transcription and activating ERR\(\alpha\) respective target genes [31]. This positive feedback loop promotes a stronger signal for _SMYD1_, a muscle-specific histone methyltransferase upstream _PERM1_, involved in the control of mitochondrial energetics in the heart [31; 40]. Furthermore, PERM1-induced transcriptional activation via ERRE relies on the physical interaction of PERM1 with ERR\(\alpha\) and PGC-1\(\alpha\), and the underexplored transcriptional regulators BAG6 and KANK2 [33].  
PERM1 also interacts with PGC-1\(\alpha\), improves ERR-dependent transcriptional activity, and enables more recruitment of PGC-1\(\alpha\) to target gene promoters [32]. Further, PERM1 contributes to the maintenance of PGC-1\(\alpha\) expression through a combination of representing PGC-1\(\alpha\) expression at the transcription level and stabilizing the PGC-1\(\alpha\) protein via post-transcriptional modifications (PTM) [31]. Additionally, PERM1 knockdown in cardiomyocytes impairs PPAR\(\alpha\)-mediated transcription, while PGC-1\(\alpha\) knockdown inhibits PERM1-induced transcriptional activation via PPRE, indicating that PERM1 depends on PGC-1\(\alpha\) to promote PPAR\(\alpha\) transcriptional activity [34].
# Mutual-Information-Based Incremental Relay Communications for Wireless Biomedical Implant Systems
## System Model
### Energy Consumption Model  
To date, numerous radio models have been published in the literature. In this paper, the energy consumption analysis of the wireless implant biomedical network is employed by extending our flexible QoS WBANs model published in [5]. The transmission energy consumption means the power consumed while sending the sensed packets and the associated control overhead on the radio.  
Figure 1: The configuration of wireless biomedical implant networks.  
Assuming the length of the data packet is \(k\) bits, the minimal transmission energy consumption of the implanted sensor \(E_{Tx\_min}\) during any time period can be defined as  
\[E_{Tx\_min}(d,k)=kE_{Tx_{elc}}+kE_{amp}dn \tag{2}\]  
where \(n\) represents the intra-body PL exponent as mentioned in Equation (1) and \(E_{amp}\) is the radio amplifier energy consumption. \(E_{Tx\_elc}\) denotes the essential power consumption to activate the transmitter electronic circuit per bit. Similarly, the minimal energy consumption of the receiver \(E_{Rx}(k)\) can be expressed as \(E_{Rx}(k)=kE_{Rx\_elc}\), where \(E_{Rx\_elc}\) is the essential power consumption to activate the receiver electronic circuit per bit. The nRF2401A is a commercially available and low-power transceiver in WBANs at 2.4 GHz, and has been adopted in numerous research outputs [10; 11; 24]. We thus deploy the nRF2401A energy consumption parameters for further simulation analysis.
# Multi-IRS-Assisted mmWave UAV-BS Network for Coverage Extension
## 2 Related Work
### IRS Collaborated with UAV-BS  
The UAV functions as a BS/RS and communicates with the IRS deployed on the side of buildings in this related research. [PERSON] et al. (2018) proposed an RISs selection scheme based on the composite UAV-RIS-user channel gains with the possibility of an imperfect and outdated CSI of the composite links. It has also been deduced from the results that it is always better to select fewer large-sized RISs than more small-sized RISs for a fixed number of total reflecting elements in the network. They used multiple RISs; however, the composite links were considered to be the LoS. The possibility that some paths may be NLoS should also be considered. [PERSON] et al. (2018) and [PERSON] et al. (2018) tried to analyze multihop RIS-assisted UAV communication's outage probability, bit error rate, and SNR. They made links based on the Nakagami-m distribution or statistical distribution. As the frequency increases, whether the link is LoS or NLoS by obstructions becomes a significant issue. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a real-based simulation environment with buildings and judge the visibility instead of setting it probabilistically. Some researchers have taken advantage of the RIS-assisted UAV for IoT networks. UAVs collaborated with IRSs to overcome time and battery constraints when collecting data from sensing devices in Ref. (2018). RIS-assisted UAV communications were found to help wireless power transfer for many IoT devices, because UAVs have agility and can easily be recharged at the docking station (2018). [PERSON] et al. (2018) worked on a more extended RIS-assisted UAV network, which integrated satellite-UAV-terrestrial networks. Here, the IRS played an amplified-and-forward (AF) role, and the UAV functioned as a decode-and-forward (DF). [PERSON] et al. (2018) showed that the heavy channel fading, fewer signals, larger interferences, and larger impairment levels would bring worse system performance. Some researchers have aimed to minimize power consumption and maximize system energy efficiency (2018); [PERSON] et al. (2018); [PERSON] et al. (2018). But, in these research endeavors, one RIS was used, and the position of the UAV or IRS was fixed.
# Accurate Algorithms for Spatial Operations on the Spheroid in a Spatial Database Management System
## 3 Validation of Results
### Tests
#### 3.1.1 Test A  
We can check the accuracy of the intersection of geodesics AB-CD, point X, by inspecting the azimuth equalities: \(\alpha_{\rm AX}=\alpha_{\rm AB}\) and \(\alpha_{\rm CX}=\alpha_{\rm CD}\). The column deviation of Table 2 shows the value in arcseconds of Test A, Maximum (\(\,\mid\alpha_{\rm AX}-\alpha_{\rm AB}\,\mid\,\alpha_{\rm CX}-\alpha_{\rm CD}\,\mid\)), therefore, any value greater than zero means that point X does not lie on the geodesics exactly.
# ANTSpin: Efficient Absolute Localization Method of RFID Tags via Spinning Antenna
## 6 Results and Evaluation
### Some Discussions about ANTspin  
ANTspin gets more information for localization by rotating the antenna, and it uses a small number of reference tags, which greatly reduces the deployment cost of the localization system. The time for one localization is less than two minutes, and the time of running the program is milliseconds. When compared with the traditional localization method, ANTspin expands the range of localization, but it should be noted that the actual localization range depends on the stable readable range of the antenna. For example, if the stable readable distance of the antenna is 6m, then, in the sphere space with the antenna as the center and with a radius of 6 m, the tags can be positioned more accurately. For practical applications, we use passive tags, which have limited read and write distances. They are more suitable for smart campuses, such as bookshelves and shelves, smart cities, and modern logistics  
Figure 20: Distance between reference tags vs. Error.  
applications. If active tags are used, the read/write distance is longer and the anti-interference ability is also stronger. ANTspin can be applied in a wider range of applications.  
We placed the antenna on the rotating table in the experiments, since our solution is still in the experimental stage. Integration is necessary in practical applications, which will require machinery assistance. In fact, the core idea of ANTspin is to collect dynamic data at a constant speed with the rotated antenna. Therefore, when the reader, antenna, and data acquisition module are combined together, the rotating table or mechanical device can be used to control the uniform rotation. Additional power also needs to be provided for the convenience of the equipment.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Large-Signal Modulation Performance
As shown in Figure 10(a),b, the adiabatic chirp of solitary laser is about 9.3 GHz. However, it is hard to estimate the adiabatic chirp of the IMC laser due to the limited resolution of the equipment. This indicates that the adiabatic chirp of the DFB laser is reduced by a mutual injection lock. Then, we decreased the \(\mathrm{I_{DFB1}}\) to make the IMC laser work under a more stable locking state to achieve higher ER for 25 Gb/s, while the small-signal modulation response was relatively small, as shown in Figure 6. The optical spectra of the IMC laser under the mutually injection-locked state at 25 Gb/s for a dynamic ER of 3.1 dB is shown in Figure 10(c). It can be seen that the adiabatic-chirp cannot be recognized in the spectra, which indicates the transient-chirp is dominated. Figure 11: The adiabatic chirp of (**a**) the solitary laser and (**b**) the IMC laser under the MIL state with the same bias condition and dynamic ER. (**c**) The optical spectra of the IMC laser under the MIL state at 25 Gb/s for a dynamic ER of 3.1 dB. Figure 10: The 25 and 40 Gb/s non-return-to-zero eye diagrams of the solitary DFB and IMC lasers under the MIL state for back-to-back (BTB) configuration and eye diagrams of the IMC laser under the MIL state for 25-km SMF transmission.
# Learning-Based Online QoE Optimization in Multi-Agent Video Streaming
## 4 Problem Formulation
### Feedback  
As pointed out in Equation (22), the goal of the controller is to maximize the average QoE. For our RL algorithm to learn an optimal policy to maximize the objective, every slot provides a feedback of the value of the objective calculated from the average stall times for all users.  
In Section 4.2, we mention, that when the decreasing and increasing processes take decisions \(a_{-}(\tau^{\prime})\
eq a_{+}(\tau^{\prime})\), the state transition only happens in a logic domain instead of the realistic time domain. During this intermediate state transition, no real stall time calculations exist and we assign zero rewards for actions \(a_{-}(\tau^{\prime})\
eq a_{+}(\tau^{\prime})\) in the intermediate state before converging to \(\tilde{\pi}(l)B\). When the final distribution is achieved (\(a_{+}=a_{-}\)), the slot duration \(T_{l}\) can be obtained and, hence, stall times \(T_{s}(l,T_{l},k)\) can be calculated for all users. We can also obtain rewards from the calculated stall times using Equation (21).  
The complete schema is presented in Algorithm 1.  
```
1:Input: Set of users \([K]\), maximum bandwidth \(B\)
2:for slot \(l\geq 0\)do
3: Observe state \(s(l)\) as described in Section 4.1
4: Compute bandwidth allocations \(d_{k}(l)\) for all \(k\in[K]\) using RL engine
5:while No user switches video do
6: Continue streaming with \(d_{k}(l)\) for all \(k\in[K]\)
7: Store Stall duration, \(T_{s}(l,T_{l},k)\) for slot \(l\) for all \(k\in[K]\)
8:endwhile
9:endfor
```  
**Algorithm 1** Proposed MA-Stream Algorithm
## 3 Results
### Global Emissions and Climate Impact Results
For conventional combustors, a major part of volatile particle (vPM) emissions condenses on non volatile particle (nvPM) emission. This effect and its impact on contrail impact is well understood. In case of a low NOx and low soot combustor, the level and role of vPM on contrail formation has not been examined and is not clear. This is reflected by an additional uncertainty of the low NOx and low soot combustor model results in Figure 16.  
The last two columns in Figures 15 and 16 are LH2 concepts, the first with no flight level restrictions and the second with the flight level restriction of 290 and a cruise Mach number of 0.75, which causes the same 5% increase in DOC as in the D261+SAF case. The total NOx emissions and impact vanishes due to the advanced combustion, described in Section 3.1. Due to the strongly increasing water vapour emissions for LH2 concepts, the water vapour climate impact also increases by 40% compared with the unrestricted D261+SAF. However, due to the low overall impact of water vapour, this strong increase merely affects the overall impact. Furthermore, it can almost be eliminated for the restricted D261+H2 case, shown in the last columns of Figure 16. The LH2 contrail uncertainties are relatively high as the reference simulations for the climate impact correlation for LH2 are to few to allow a more specific conclusion. However, this confidence band shows the potential range and allows a first comparison with synthetic kerosene concepts. Summarized, the unrestricted synthetic kerosene with conventional combustion and LH2 concepts result in a 31% and 75% climate impact reduction compared to the reference, respectively. The flight level restricted concepts achieve a 69% and 85% reduction for the synthetic kerosene with conventional combustion and LH2 scenarios, respectively. The four kerosene concepts for 2040 with advanced combustion show a significant reduction in total NOx as well as contrail impact. This leads to a reduction of 65% for the D261+ and  
Figure 15: Relative global changes in emissions with conventional and advanced low-NOx and low-so combustion. The grey cells indicate the changes of the new scenario compared with the preceding neighbour. 77% for the D261+SAF. The flight level restricted scenario even leads to a 93% reduction in the climate impact compared to the reference.
# RFID RSS Fingerprinting System for Wearable Human Activity Recognition
## 2 RSSI Model
### Experimentation  
Six volunteers of varying height, weight and body density were selected for activity sampling.  
The experiment was performed in the enclosed Sensor Design, Antenna and Propagation and Radio Frequency laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford. Different physical materials including furniture were placed within the activity sensing perimeter of 5 \(\times\) 5 m\({}^{2}\) to simulate real-world scenario and achieve effective detection range. Moreover, two circularly-polarised Alien RFID readers operating at the European UHF of 866 MHz with 5.5 dBm gain were used to read the RFID tags. The RFID reader antennas were placed at a maximum height of 2.34 m to achieve maximum detection and resolution. Fifty-six lightweight, commercially-available passive RFID tag of dimensional geometry 74 mm \(\times\) 21 mm and a read range of 6 m with known ID_value was attached to seven distinct positions on the target. Each distinct tag location on the target was monitored by a set of eight tags as illustrated in Figure 1. Different physical objects to simulate real-world object occlusion were placed within a few metres of the target. Table 1 highlights the seven tag locations selected on the target. The seven distinct tag locations were selected since these locations were associated with various activities of daily living.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Tag Location** & **Position on Target** \\ \hline Location\_1 & Head \\ Location\_2 & Arm \\ Location\_3 & Waist \\ Location\_4 & Back \\ Location\_5 & Thigh \\ Location\_6 & Knee \\ Location\_7 & Ankle \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Distribution of tag placement on the target.  
Moreover, Figure 2 illustrates the six basic activities of daily living positions in the present experiment. Five positions including standing, walking, sitting, resting and lying in bed, which relative health indicators and fall, which are identified as common causes of domestic accidents are sampled.
# Comprehensive Review of Storage Optimization Techniques in Blockchain Systems
## 4 Methods
### Other Solutions
#### 4.7.1 Sidechains  
A sidechain [102] is an independent blockchain that operates in parallel with the main chain, facilitating asset and data interaction through a two-way peg mechanism. This design enables the offloading of specific transactions or smart contract executions to the sidechain, effectively alleviating the main chain's workload and significantly enhancing scalability and flexibility. By handling most data and transactions on the sidechain, the main chain only needs to store essential interaction data, such as state updates or peg validations, thereby reducing data redundancy and improving overall storage efficiency. This distributed architecture provides a flexible scaling solution for blockchain ecosystems while maintaining the core performance and security of the main chain. [PERSON] et al. [103] study leveraged sidechain technology to address blockchain storage redundancy. By optimizing cross-chain certificate generation and committee selection processes, the study improved cross-chain transmission speed and storage efficiency. The use of compact proofs and efficient data transmission methods further reduced storage and bandwidth costs, delivering a more efficient and lightweight sidechain solution for large-scale blockchain applications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Solution** & **Technology** & **Storage Efficiency** \\ \hline Guo [98] & R-ABC & RNS,bloom filter & High \\ Arslan [99] & Compression-storage architecture & Video data compression & Midium \\ Yu [100] & EDCOMA & Block data and polynomial compression & High \\ Laouid [101] & Binary matrix compression & Binary matrix representation of data & High \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Data compression for reducing storage redundancy.
# Passive Microwave Imagers, Their Applications, and Benefits: A Review
## 4 Summary of Survey and Discussion
These data are crucial for improving the forecasting of TCs; however, the latency could be lower for its usefulness. Another respondent specifically pointed out that only four primary spacecraft use the Microwave Integrated Retrieval System (MiRS) in two orbital planes: NOAA-20, NOAA-21, Metop-B, and Metop-C. Due to this limitation, 8 h gaps in sampling can occur, which is less than ideal and should be addressed. MiRS is a retrieval algorithm used to retrieve data from microwave sensors, enabling the creation of composites and blended products using data from the four satellites mentioned above [153]. This respondent further mentioned that even though the QuickSounder mission, scheduled for 2026, will contribute by providing additional data as a sounder (rather than an imager), a sustained effort must be made to fully address the challenges of data gaps and limited coverage. Another suggestion from a different respondent was to strive for 3-4 h global coverage of PMWIs as an international community. Furthermore, decreasing the latency of the data, potentially to one hour, would be ideal, along with increasing the size of swaths and resolution. A few respondents agree that there should be more satellites, with one of them mentioning that a higher number of satellites is necessary for the polar constellations with improvements of algorithms for complex terrains, as well as for warm cloud top rainfall and better detection over snow and ice. Higher resolution and more frequent passes of PMWIs for the 32-35 GHz and 85-91 GHz bands are also necessary. The potential need for hyperspectral channels of GEO satellites to improve the data latency was also mentioned. The final recommendation is for NOAA to rapidly develop a mechanism to include the data from smallsats in the blended products.
## 4 Discussion  
### SA Application Decreased Fruit Cracking Incidence and Severity  
Cracking downgrades quality, and limits both storage potential and shelf life [2]. This study for the first time shows that preharvest SA foliar spray decreases both cracking incidence and severity in fig fruit, and this effect exhibits a concentration dependency at  
Figure 5: Principal component analysis (PCA) in cracking categories of fig peel after preharvest treatment with different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), in year 1, according to variables, including \(L^{*}\), \(l^{p}\), C\({}^{*}\), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, total anthocyanin, cyanidin\(-3-\)rutinoside (c-3-rut), expression of genes coding for phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase 1 (UFGT1), and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase 2 (UFGT2). Categories: green color, C0 (sound fruit); blue color, C1 (slightly cracked); purple color, C2 (highly cracked). Treatments: circles, controls; triangles, treated with 1 mM SA; squares, treated with 2 mM SA. (**a**) Score plot; (**b**) load plot. Daggers indicate the position of each variable in load plot. Numbers in parentheses correspond to the percentage of the total variance explained by each component.  
least up to 2 mM (Figure 1). SA application considerably increased the percentages of sound (absence of cracking) and of marketable (sound and slightly cracked) fruit. This result was consistent in two experimental years, and by using different orchards, which were situated in distant locations, and receiving dissimilar practices further confirmed the SA results.  
In other fruit species, SA have earlier been associated primarily with alleviation of peel damage though no effect on cracking incidence has been reported apart from the minimal effect on pomegranates found in one case in a study [29]. Recently, preharvest salicate application prevented russeeting (i.e., microscopic cracks in the cuticle and a corky-like peel area beneath them), but did not reduce cracking in pomegranates [20]. In loquat, preharvest salicate application did not affect cracking incidence or purple spot disorder [38]. Generally, the effectiveness of salicate treatment depends on the species in combination with the number of applications [20], the fruit developmental stage at which applications are carried out [24; 39], the formulation and type of SA derivatives [40], and the concentration [23].