## 3 Results
### Statistical Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Temora turbinata  
Among four sampling cruises, multiple comparisons of mean values for abundance of all adult males and females, as well as the copepites of _T. turbinata_, were conducted using ANOVA, followed by a Tukey post hoc test. First, the temporal patterns of total _T. turbinata_ abundances showed variations among sampling cruises (Figure 6). The abundance of all adult _T. turbinata_ was significantly higher in June 2019 (1447.37 \(\pm\) 1342.86 inds. m\({}^{-3}\)) than in September 2018 (88.64 \(\pm\) 123.5 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.012) and March 2019 (59.03 \(\pm\) 53.29 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.01; Figure 6a). Similarly, the abundance of male _T. turbinata_ was significantly higher in June 2019 (841.03 \(\pm\) 975.37 inds. m\({}^{-3}\)) than in September 2018 (34.04 \(\pm\) 48.18 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.016) and March 2019 (27.14 \(\pm\) 27.49 inds. m-3, \(p\) = 0.015) (Figure 6b). The abundance of female _T. turbinata_ was significantly higher in June 2018 (539.99 \(\pm\) 752.99 inds. m\({}^{-3}\)) and June 2019 (606.34 \(\pm\) 394.21 inds. m\({}^{-3}\)) than in September 2018 (54.6 \(\pm\) 75.56 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) < 0.04) and March 2019 (31.89 \(\pm\) 38.13 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) < 0.03) (Figure 6c). Furthermore, the abundance of copepites of _T. turbinata_ was significantly higher in June 2018 (1751.09 \(\pm\) 2080.13 inds. m\({}^{-3}\)) than in September 2018 (85.67 \(\pm\) 76.18 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.002), March 2019 (37.32 \(\pm\) 42.11 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.001), and June 2019 (543.27 \(\pm\) 229.13 inds. m\({}^{-3}\), \(p\) = 0.034) (Figure 6d). In contrast, the abundance of all adult, male, female, and copepite of _T. turbinata_ were not significantly different to the location of stations across the three sampling depth zones (\(p\) > 0.05, one-way ANOVA) (Figure 7). The average abundance of _T. turbinata_ showed no significant differences among the 12 selected stations (\(p\) > 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Similarly, there was no significant distribution pattern among sampling stations and depth zone during each sampling cruise (\(p\) > 0.05, one-way ANOVA). Figure 6: The abundance of all adults (**a**), males (**b**), females (**c**), and copepites (**d**) of Temora turbinata throughout four samplings from June 2018 to June 2019 by using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey test. Significant differences are indicated by different superscripts (\(p\) < 0.05) among the sampling months in the waters off Northeast Taiwan. Abundance of all adult males and females, the copepolites, and the sex ratio (male/female) of _T. turbinata_ were not significantly correlated with salinity and seawater temperature (\(p>0.05\)) (Table 3). The abundance of all adult _T. turbinata_ was significantly positive correlated with sex ratio (r = 0.405, \(p=0.009\)). It is worth noting that there was a significantly positive correlation between the abundance of females and the abundance of copepolites (r = 0.755, \(p<0.001\)), whereas this was not significantly correlated with sex ratio (r = 0.247, \(p=0.119\)) (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **All Adult** & **Male Abundance** & **Female** & **Copepodite** & **Sex Ratio** \\  & **Abundance** & & **Abundance** & **Abundance** & **Sex Ratio** \\ \hline Salinity & \(-0.014\) & \(-0.027\) & 0.005 & 0.197 & 0.106 \\  & (0.923) & (0.854) & (0.972) & (0.180) & (0.511) \\ Temperature & 0.175 & 0.181 & 0.157 & 0.025 & 0.194 \\  & (0.233) & (0.219) & (0.286) & (0.866) & (0.223) \\ All adult abundance & & 0.983 ** & 0.964 ** & 0.661 ** & 0.405 ** \\  & & (\(<\)0.001) & (\(<\)0.001) & (\(<\)0.001) & (0.009) \\ Male & & & 0.899 ** & 0.569 ** & 0.496 ** \\ abundance & & & (\(<\)0.001) & (\(<\)0.001) & (0.001) \\ Female & & & & 0.755 ** & 0.247 \\ abundance & & & & (\(<\)0.001) & (0.119) \\ copepolite & & & & 0.196 \\ abundance & & & & (0.218) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}