# Power Losses Investigation in Direct 3 \(\times\) 5 Matrix Converter Using MATLAB Simulink
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper focused on the investigation of power losses in matrix converters. The introduction section presented IGBT- and MOSFET-based bidirectional switches and analyzed power losses generated in every type of switch. Anylytical simulation was conducted in Section 3 of this paper, where mathematical calculations of power losses were presented. Parameters of the used components were used in these calculations, where results are shown in Table 3 and compared to the simulation results from MATLAB Simulink environment, described in Section 4. These simulation models were created with IGBT and SiC switch to simulate and investigate power losses in a \(3\times 5\) matrix converter. Three modes were presented, one with a SiC switch and two with a IGBT switch, where the difference was only the methodology of the current direction sensing.  
As can be seen in Figure 7, the efficiency of the IGBT-based MxC was around 85%, whereas the model without direction detection diodes had slightly higher efficiency. Figures 4 and 6 show that the majority of the power losses were generated in the IGBT/Diode pair, which significantly decreased available output power and generated the power losses which lowered the efficiency of the solution. The SiC-based MxC showed very high improvement due to the possibility of the inverse conduction of the MOSFETs, and the total efficiency reached with this type of switch was 94.3% which was almost a 10% improvement compared to the IGBT-based MxC.  
Based on the simulation, the prototype of the matrix converter was built using the SiC MOSFET due to the lower power losses resulting from the simulations.  
The efficiency of the prototype was lower at the lower output powers due to the noisy output power, but at the output powers from 350 W and higher, the results from the simulation and measurement showed a very good match. At the maximum output power, the error between the simulation and prototype was only 0.2%, as shown in Figure 15.  
As shown in the paper, the SiC transistors were a very good option for application in the matrix converter due to the low power losses. Even though, nowadays, the price of the SiC transistors is higher than IGETs, if the application requires the advantages of the matrix  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Type/Loss per Switch** & **Analytical [W]** & **Simulation [W]** \\ \hline IGBT & 4.37 & 4.32 \\ SiC & 1.76 & 1.79 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Calculated and simulated power losses in bidirectional switches.  
Figure 16: Compared input waveforms.  
converter as adjustable input power factor and unity power factor, the SiC transistors are a great choice in MxC application. If higher efficiency is required, the transistors in the same package but with lower RDS-ON can be used to lower power losses even more.  
In the future work, the practical verification of the five-phase matrix converter on asynchronous machine will be conducted, where dynamic responses of the matrix converter can be investigated.  
Conceptualization, P.R. and S.K.; methodology, M.P.; software, P.R.; validation, M.P., P.R. and S.K.; formal analysis, S.K.; investigation, P.R.; resources, M.P.; data curation, P.R.; writing--original draft preparation, P.R.; writing--review and editing, S.K.; visualization, M.P.; supervision, S.K.; project administration, P.R.; funding acquisition, S.K. and M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by projects: VEGA 1/0085/21, \"Research of methods for increasing the efficiency of electric multiphase motor drive systems for automotive applications\" and KEGA 018 ZU-4/2021.  
Not applicable.  
Data availability Statement: Data is contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.