## 2 Materials and Methods
### Electrical Setup  
To facilitate the mechanical assemblies that were designed and carry out the experimental work, different electrical components were used in this study, as seen in Table 1. Regarding the electrical component, various components have been used to measure and assess the experimental parameter aimed in the study. The systems work dependently on an external 12 V DC battery which can be charged via the sun using a solar charger controller. In addition, linear actuators that have been connected to motor drivers are used to give the movement to the STS. The motor driver can courteously receive the digital signal from the control unit chosen to be Arduino mega.  
Additionally, a real-time clock module (RTC) and accelerometer were installed to give the actual time and angle to the control unit to be used in the previous equation, as seen in Figure 4. The accelerometer determines the angle of the PV module by utilizing the gravitational acceleration and depending on the angle the acceleration on the \(X\), \(Y\), and \(Z\) axis differs, and the angle is calculated accordingly.  
\[\theta_{actual}=\tan^{-1}\biggl{(}\frac{X}{\sqrt{Y^{2}+Z^{2}}}\biggr{)} \tag{8}\]  
where \(\theta_{actual}\) is the actual angle of the PV module, \(X\), \(Y\), and \(Z\) are the accelerometer values in \(x\), \(y\), and \(z\) axes, respectively. On the other hand, the light-dependent resistors were used in the sensor-based STS. Current sensors were used to compare the generated and consumed power from each system. Power resistors acting as dummy resistors were connected to PV modules and the current sensors. Additionally, one current sensor was installed in the control unit to measure its consumption. Both humidity and temperature sensors were added to the setup to measure relative humidity and ambient temperature. Finally, a micro-SD card module was used to save the data.  
Figure 3: Representation of angle of incidence.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \# & **Component** & **Model Number** & **Specifications** & \# & **Component** & **Model Number** & **Specifications** \\ \hline
1 & Current Sensor & ASC712 & 5 V & 7 & Power Resistor & JIANXIN-09-13-318-02 & 100 W \\ \hline
2 & Motor driver & L298N & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Driver Voltage: \\ 5-35 V \\ Driver Current: \\ 2 A \\ \end{tabular} & 8 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Round Rocker \\ Power on/ \\ off Switch \\ \end{tabular} & - & On/off toggling \\ \hline
3 & Micro-SD \\ \multirow{2}{*}{3} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Micro-SD \\ card module \\ \end{tabular} & SDHC &
\begin{tabular}{c} Micro-SD card \\ Work on SPI communication \\ \end{tabular} & 9 & Arduino mega & - & 5 V \\ \hline
4 & Real-time clock, \begin{tabular}{c} Real-time clock, \\ with 3.3 V \\ coin battery \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} DS3231 \\ (coin cell \\ battery: CR2032) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 3.3 V \\ Last for 10 years \\ Work on \\ I2C Protocol \\ \end{tabular} & 10 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} DC Motor \\ Electric \\ linear Actuator \\ \end{tabular} & JS-TGZ-U1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} 12 V DC \\ 30 mm/s \\ 200 N \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & Accelerometer & MPU6050 & \begin{tabular}{c} 5 V \\ Work on \\ I2C Protocol \\ \end{tabular} & 11 & \begin{tabular}{c} Kayan Solar \\ Battery \\ (12 V, 100 Ah) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Kayan Solar \\ Battery \\ (12 V, 100 Ah) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Kayan Solar \\ Battery \\ (12 V, 100 Ah) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 & \begin{tabular}{c} Humidity and \\ temperature \\ sensor \\ \end{tabular} & DHT11 & 5 V & 12 & \begin{tabular}{c} Solar Panel \\ (50 W max, 12 V) \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} TSE-12V-50 Watts \\ 2016–0114 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Isc = 3.629 A, \\ Voc = 20.209, \\ Im = 3.290 A, \\ Vm = 16.513, \\ Pm = 54.333W \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The electrical component.  
Figure 4: The functional electrical diagram of the setup.