# Passion and Health: How Winter Swimming Influences Blood Morphology and Rheology
## 3 Results
### Blood Morphology and Rheology
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Controls n = 30**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Winter Swimmers n = 30**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(p\)} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Before Season** & & & **Before Season** & & **After Season** \\ \hline WBC [\(10^{3}/\text{mm}^{3}\)] & **5.51 \(\pm\) 1.36** & 4.99 \(\pm\) 0.97 & 0.348 & 6.46 \(\pm\) 1.42 & 5.25 \(\pm\) 0.87 & **0.002** \\ \hline RBC [\(10^{6}/\text{mm}^{3}\)] & 4.45 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 4.29 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.093 & 4.59 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 4.12 \(\pm\) 0.46 & **<0.001** \\ \hline HGB [g/dL] & 13.35 \(\pm\) 0.90 & 13.00 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 0.073 & 13.15 \(\pm\) 1.21 & 12.99 \(\pm\) 1.24 & 0.658 \\ \hline HCT [\%] & 39.87 \(\pm\) 2.34 & 37.25 \(\pm\) 2.36 & **<0.001** & 40.91 \(\pm\) 3.06 & 34.93 \(\pm\) 4.05 & **<0.001** \\ \hline PLT [\(10^{3}/\text{mm}^{3}\)] & 260.13 \(\pm\) 53.19 & 204.87 \(\pm\) 50.22 & **<0.001** & 270.33 \(\pm\) 87.48 & 188.47 \(\pm\) 55.73 & **<0.001** \\ \hline MCV [\(\text{\mu}\text{m}^{3}\)] & 89.73 \(\pm\) 4.87 & 86.80 \(\pm\) 4.96 & 0.174 & 89.19 \(\pm\) 5.83 & 85.33 \(\pm\) 9.82 & **0.045** \\ \hline MCH [pg] & 30.05 \(\pm\) 1.84 & 30.29 \(\pm\) 2.03 & 0.964 & 28.77 \(\pm\) 2.50 & 31.84 \(\pm\) 3.90 & **<0.001** \\ \hline MCHC [g/dL] & 33.47 \(\pm\) 0.79 & 34.93 \(\pm\) 1.55 & **0.049** & 32.16 \(\pm\) 1.17 & 37.32 \(\pm\) 2.03 & **<0.001** \\ \hline RDW [\%] & 12.88 \(\pm\) 1.21 & 15.47 \(\pm\) 2.25 & **0.001** & 13.16 \(\pm\) 1.30 & 17.85 \(\pm\) 2.49 & **<0.001** \\ \hline MPV [\(\text{\mu}\text{m}^{3}\)] & 11.07 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 8.28 \(\pm\) 0.46 & **<0.001** & 10.25 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 7.99 \(\pm\) 0.44 & **<0.001** \\ \hline PDW [\%] & 13.22 \(\pm\) 1.58 & 14.02 \(\pm\) 1.52 & 0.244 & 11.78 \(\pm\) 1.84 & 13.42 \(\pm\) 1.22 & **0.001** \\ \hline EI at 0.30 Pa & 0.054 \(\pm\) 0.014 & 0.048 \(\pm\) 0.014 & **0.017** & 0.049 \(\pm\) 0.014 & 0.043 \(\pm\) 0.02 & **0.031** \\ \hline EI at 0.58 Pa & 0.155 \(\pm\) 0.017 & 0.151 \(\pm\) 0.017 & 0.538 & 0.149 \(\pm\) 0.016 & 0.143 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.092 \\ \hline EI at 1.13 Pa & 0.241 \(\pm\) 0.014 & 0.242 \(\pm\) 0.019 & 0.988 & 0.236 \(\pm\) 0.016 & 0.234 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.917 \\ \hline EI at 2.19 Pa & 0.344 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 0.345 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 0.997 & 0.336 \(\pm\) 0.032 & 0.337 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.999 \\ \hline EI at 4.24 Pa & 0.437 \(\pm\) 0.011 & 0.439 \(\pm\) 0.011 & 0.868 & 0.436 \(\pm\) 0.014 & 0.433 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.627 \\ \hline EI at 8.23 Pa & 0.510 \(\pm\) 0.012 & 0.512 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 0.776 & 0.510 \(\pm\) 0.011 & 0.508 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.826 \\ \hline EI at 15.95 Pa & 0.559 \(\pm\) 0.013 & 0.563 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 0.344 & 0.560 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 0.557 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.632 \\ \hline EI at 30.94 Pa & 0.597 \(\pm\) 0.012 & 0.602 \(\pm\) 0.008 & 0.181 & 0.597 \(\pm\) 0.008 & 0.595 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.909 \\ \hline EI at 60.00 Pa & 0.629 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 0.637 \(\pm\) 0.006 & **0.005** & 0.628 \(\pm\) 0.007 & 0.628 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1.000 \\ \hline AMP [au] & 34.96 \(\pm\) 2.84 & 35.03 \(\pm\) 2.71 & 1.000 & 33.34 \(\pm\) 3.75 & 32.01 \(\pm\) 4.10 & 0.243 \\ \hline AI [\%] & 60.25 \(\pm\) 7.17 & 58.90 \(\pm\) 7.68 & 0.972 & 61.21 \(\pm\) 8.52 & 63.26 \(\pm\) 7.96 & 0.465 \\ \hline T1/2 [s] & 2.74 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 2.93 \(\pm\) 0.93 & 0.954 & 2.67 \(\pm\) 1.06 & 2.43 \(\pm\) 0.91 & 0.570 \\ \hline BPV [mPas] & 1.37 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 1.45 \(\pm\) 0.05 & **0.010** & 1.42 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 1.52 \(\pm\) 0.10 & **0.001** \\ \hline FIB [g/L] & 3.46 \(\pm\) 0.81 & 3.40 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 0.990 & 3.38 \(\pm\) 0.45 & 3.41 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 0.999 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Blood morphological and rheological parameters in the investigated groups, presented as mean and standard deviation, before and after the winter swimming season. Statistically significant increases in MCHC and RDW and decreases in EI at a shear stress of 60.00 Pa were observed for female winter swimmers after the winter swimming season (4) compared with the control group after the season (2).