# Geriatric Dentistry Curriculum in Six Continents
## 3 Results
### Curriculum Content
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **North** & **South** & & & \\  & **America** & **America** & **Europe** & **Africa** & **Asia** & **Oceania** \\ \hline
**Sites** & \(N=8\) & \(N=18\) & \(N=13\) & \(N=1\) & \(N=10\) & \(N=1\) \\ \hline Nursing home & 75.0 & 44.4 & 46.2 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 100.0 \\ Geriatric hospital/ward & 50.0 & 27.8 & 30.8 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 100.0 \\ Old people’s home & 25.0 & 50.0 & 38.5 & 100.0 & 70.0 & 100.0 \\ Geriatric day care center & 25.0 & 55.6 & 23.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 100.0 \\ Congregate meals & 0.0 & 5.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Clinic in a sheltered housing or & 12.5 & 5.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ high-rise apartments & & & & & & \\ Satellite or community clinics & 37.5 & 0.0 & 23.1 & 100.0 & 70.0 & 100.0 \\ House calls & 25.0 & 5.6 & 15.4 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Senior center & 50.0 & 11.1 & 7.7 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Recreation center & 12.5 & 5.6 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Churches & 0.0 & 11.1 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ Mobile Unit & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 0.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Remote sites used for the clinical education of students in geriatric dentistry in undergraduate programs (\(N=51\)). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Compulsory** & **Elective** \\ \cline{2-3}  & **(\%)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline Medical problems of elderly people (\(N=81\)) & 67.9 & 32.1 \\ Oral and dental tissue changes associated with aging (\(N=80\)) & 66.3 & 33.7 \\ Drug-induced dental disease (\(N=75\)) & 65.3 & 34.7 \\ Diagnosis and management of oral conditions of elderly people (\(series\), endodontics, periodontal disease, oral problems) (\(N=80\)) & 75.0 & 25.0 \\ Oral manifestations of systemic disease (\(N=78\)) & 73.1 & 26.9 \\ Restorative management of elderly people using modifications of standard techniques (\(N=75\)) & 68.0 & 32.0 \\ Nutritional problems of the aging patient (\(N=69\)) & 62.3 & 37.7 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(B) Non-Traditional Topics (Gerontologic Topics Taught over**} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{the Past 30 Years)**} \\ \hline Barriers to dental care (\(N=70\)) & 68.6 & 31.4 \\ Socio-economic problems (\(N=66\)) & 65.1 & 34.9 \\ Demographic distribution of elderly people (\(N=65\)) & 67.7 & 32.3 \\ Psycho-social problems (\(N=66\)) & 59.1 & 40.9 \\ Restorative management of persons with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (\(N=60\)) & 61.7 & 38.3 \\ “Aging” and theories of aging (\(N=68\)) & 58.8 & 41.2 \\ Oral management of the functionally independent adult (\(N=66\)) & 68.2 & 31.8 \\ Oral management of the frail elderly (\(N=66\)) & 59.1 & 40.9 \\ Oral management of the homebound, institutionalized and hospitalized (\(N=63\)) & 58.7 & 41.3 \\ Visual and auditory loss (\(N=57\)) & 63.2 & 36.8 \\ Speech and hearing problems (\(N=53\)) & 58.5 & 41.5 \\ Restorative management of elderly people with neurological problems (Parkinson’s, myasthenia graves, etc.) (\(N=64\)) & 54.7 & 45.3 \\ Geriatric assessment scales (\(N=53\)) & 50.9 & 49.1 \\ Restorative management of elderly people with regards to & 59.6 & 40.4 \\ Adaptation and learning (\(N=57\)) & 50.9 & 49.1 \\ Home care and the use of portable equipment (\(N=55\)) & 59.1 & 40.9 \\ Other (\(N=22\)) & 59.1 & 40.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Topics covered by lectures and seminars in undergraduate programs: (A) traditional topics (oral medicine/prosthodonics) and (B) non-traditional topics (gerontological).