## 3 Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
### Wireless Communication Technologies
BLE is specifically designed for energy-efficient communication, making it ideal for devices that operate on battery power. This allows BLE-enabled devices to have long battery life, which is essential for applications such as wearables, medical devices, and IoT sensors. BLE provides short-range communication typically within a range of up to 10 m. This limited range is well-suited for medical applications that require local and proximity-based interactions between devices. Compared to classic Bluetooth, BLE has a lower data transfer rate. It is suitable for transmitting small bursts of data, such as sensor readings, notifications, or control commands. * Zigbee: Zigbee is a low-power, short-range wireless technology well-suited for medical IoT applications. It is an IEEE 802.15.4-based. Due to its energy efficiency and reliable connectivity, it is often used in remote patient monitoring systems, smart home healthcare devices, and hospital equipment monitoring systems. * Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a popular wireless method for establishing a direct internet connection. It utilizes the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum frequently. The family of IEEE 802.11x standards is referred to as \"Wi-Fi.\" It achieves a theoretical coverage of 20 to 100 m indoors. Also, it allows for a maximal transfer rate of more than 54 Mbps. In numerous ways, it outperforms many existing communication interfaces. Wi-Fi fits well for audio and video applications due to its higher bandwidth requirements. Deploying Wi-Fi for IoT applications consumes a lot of energy, which is one of its primary disadvantages. It is not feasible for IoT sensors to run on batteries because of their high power consumption. Additionally, it is especially vulnerable to background interference and channel obstruction. Wi-Fi is, without a doubt, essential for high-speed connections. However, it has significant limitations and disadvantages in the context of the IoT, rendering it less popular. Nonetheless, many researchers have proposed healthcare systems incorporating Wi-Fi in monitoring patients' vitals. Wi-Fi provides high-speed wireless connectivity over short to medium distances. It is extensively used in healthcare settings for connecting medical devices, including wearable health trackers, patient monitoring systems, and smart hospital infrastructure. * Cellular technology: Cellular networks provide wide-area coverage and are utilized for medical IoT applications that require long-range communication, such as telemedicine and remote patient monitoring. The evolution of cellular networks from 3G to 5G facilitates higher data rates, lower latency, and improved connectivity. * LoRaWAN: LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a low-power, long-range wireless technology suitable for medical IoT deployments that span large areas, such as smart hospitals or smart cities. It enables connectivity with low-cost, battery-operated devices and supports efficient data transmission in scenarios where power consumption is critical. * 6 LoWPAN: It is the IPv6 transmission over a low-power wireless personal area network. It is cheap, energy efficient, and easy to tailor to your needs. With these features, it can be used for various IoT tasks. It supports IPv6 and a variety of IEEE 802.15.4 protocols for data exchange.