esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Phase II: Greenhouse Panel Study
#### 3.3.3 Cu in Camelina Plants  
The highest Cu concentration (\(\upmu\)g/g) in amelina plant parts (Figure 4A) was found in leaves (263 \(\upmu\)g/g) followed by roots (205 \(\upmu\)g/g), seeds (65 \(\upmu\)g/g), pods (62 \(\upmu\)g/kg), and stem (27 \(\upmu\)g/g). The Cu concentration in leaves and roots was about four and three times higher than those of seeds and statistically significant from other plant parts (stem, pods, seeds).  
[PERSON] et al. [38] reported that Cu concentrations in shoots of _Silene vulgaris_ and _Esholtzia splendens_ were 262 mg/kg and 215 mg/kg, respectively when grown on Cu contaminated soil. While overall Cu uptake by amelina plants was low, Cu concentrations in shoots were substantially higher than the toxicity threshold of 20-30 mg/kg [30]. While amelina did not exhibit any potential as a candidate for phytoextraction of Cu, our results show that it can be used for the phytostabilization of Cu contaminated soils.  
Figure 4: Cu (\(\upmu\)g/g) in different parts of amelina plants during the study period (**A**). Cu (mg/kg) in stamp sand in control (no plant) and amelina panels during the study period (**B**). Data are reported as mean \(\pm\) S.D (\(n=3\)). Means are compared by Tukey Kramer-HSD test (\(\alpha=0.05\)). The treatment levels that are not connected by the same letter are significantly different from each other.
## 4 Analysis of Capture Price for Solar (CPS)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Renewable Sources** & **Conventional Sources** & **Nuclear Sources** \\ \hline
**2018** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 9.4 & 43.4 & 28.2 \\ Poland & 15.7 & 135.2 & 0 \\ Hungary & 1.8 & 11.7 & 14.8 \\ Slovakia & 4.7 & 6.9 & 14.7 \\ \hline
**2019** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 9.3 & 41.8 & 28.6 \\ Poland & 18.2 & 136.7 & 0 \\ Hungary & 2.2 & 12.4 & 15.4 \\ Slovakia & 6.2 & 6.1 & 15.3 \\ \hline
**2020** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 9.7 & 36.7 & 28.4 \\ Poland & 20.7 & 119.4 & 0 \\ Hungary & 3.6 & 12.3 & 15.1 \\ Slovakia & 6.4 & 6.1 & 15.4 \\ \hline
**2021** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 10.2 & 38.8 & 29.1 \\ Poland & 23.6 & 136.8 & 0 \\ Hungary & 4.5 & 12.3 & 15.1 \\ Slovakia & 6.1 & 7.1 & 15.7 \\ \hline
**2022** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 10 & 38.8 & 29.3 \\ Poland & 31.2 & 130.2 & 0 \\ Hungary & 5.1 & 11.3 & 14.9 \\ Slovakia & 5.3 & 4.7 & 15.9 \\ \hline
**2023** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 10.5 & 31.3 & 28.7 \\ Poland & 39.4 & 112.2 & 0 \\ Hungary & 6.1 & 9.5 & 15 \\ Slovakia & 6.3 & 4.4 & 18.2 \\ \hline
**2024** & & & \\ Czech Republic & 6.6 & 13.9 & 15 \\ Poland & 23.1 & 57.7 & 0 \\ Hungary & 4.2 & 4.6 & 7.9 \\ Slovakia & 4.2 & 2 & 9.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Production of electricity from 2018 to 2024 in the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia. this manuscript provide a clear understanding of the economic aspects of PV sources over the years 2018 to 2024. Such an analysis could also be conducted on an hourly basis, which would further refine the determination of economic returns. If, for instance, a program like PV-Sol were used to determine the amount of PV production, it would not account for changes in electricity prices. As shown in the results, CRS values vary significantly. Comparing CRS values in all four countries in July 2023, it was 91% in Poland, 78% in Hungary, 80% in Slovakia, and 84% in the Czech Republic. The PV production may be the same in each country, yet the CRS values differ, affecting the return on investment for solar projects. For example, in Poland, the CRS varied from a low of 78% in May 2024 to a high of 123% in December 2021. However, standard return calculations do not consider these values. Therefore, the research results described in this manuscript significantly contribute to understanding and better analyzing the development of returns on investment in solar projects.
# Model for Predicting the Effect of Sibutramine Therapy in Obesity
###### Abstract  
Background:The development of models predicting response to weight loss therapy using sibutramine is found in only a few cases. The objective of the work is to develop a data-driven method of personalized recommendation for obesity treatment that would predict the response to sibutramine based on the current set of patient parameters. Methods:The decision system is built on the XGBoost classification algorithm along with recursive feature selection and Shapley data valuation. Using the results of clinical trials, it was trained to estimate the probability of overcoming a weight loss threshold. The model was evaluated by the accuracy metric using the Leave-One-Out cross-validation. Results:The model for predicting response to sibutramine treatment over 3 months has an accuracy of 71%. The model for predicting outcomes at the sixth month visit based on results at 3 months has an accuracy of 80%. Conclusions:Although our developed prediction model may not exhibit high precision compared to certain benchmarks, it significantly outperforms random chance or models relying only on BMI parameters. Our model used the available range of laboratory tests, which makes it possible to use this model for routine clinical use and help doctors decide whether to prescribe sibutramine.  
obesity; prediction model; sibutramine; XGBoost classification; Shapley data valuation +
Footnote †: journal: Personalized Medicine
## 2 Materials and Methods
### PCR Amplification and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)  
Extracted DNA was used as a template to amplify the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes, and primers 338F (5\({}^{\prime}\)-ACTCCTACGGGGAGGCAGCA-3\({}^{\prime}\)) and 806R (5\({}^{\prime}\)-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3\({}^{\prime}\)) were used for PCR reactions. Similarly, the ITS1 region of fungi was amplified using primers ITS1-1F-F (5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTTGCTCATTTAGAGGAAGTA-3\({}^{\prime}\)) and ITS1-1F-R (5\({}^{\prime}\)-GCTGCTTCTCATCGATGGC-3\({}^{\prime}\)). Amplicon quality was assessed using agarose gel electrophoresis and a Qubit assay; next, the PCR products were used to construct an amplicon library. Subsequently, purified amplicons were paired-end sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) by Novogene Ltd. (Cambridge, UK). Raw sequence reads were deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database (Accession Number: PRJNA888378).
# Compact Sub 6 GHz Dual Band Twelve-Element MIMO Antenna for 5G Metal-Rimmed Smartphone Applications
## 3 Antenna Element Design Mechanism and Parameter Analysis
Figure 6 presents the simulated reflection coefficients as n changes. When the left-side length of the metal frame increases from 3.5 to 4.5 mm, the low-frequency matching changes only slightly. However, the high-frequency resonant mode exhibits a substantial downshift as \(n\) increases. This is because when \(n\) increases, the length of the loop path coupled to the metal frame (left shorting strip 2) increases. This result demonstrates that the left loop path contributes to the high-frequency mode. Finally, parameter analysis for the end length d of the inverted L-shaped feeding branch is conducted. Figure 7 presents the simulated reflection coefficient for various \(d\) values. Increasing \(d\) from 4.4 to 6.4 mm leads to a substantial downshift in both the low and high-frequency resonant modes. Therefore, the feeding strip path contributes to both resonant modes. Figure 4: Simulated reflection coefficients for the proposed system, Case 1, and Case 2.
# Mathematical Foundations and Implementation of CONIKS Key Transparency
## 3 Results  
In evaluating the performance and effectiveness of the CONIKS system, a series of experiments were conducted to assess various aspects of its implementation, including Merkle tree construction and digital signature operations. The experimental setup was designed to measure key performance metrics such as hash computation time, tree construction efficiency, and the speed of digital signature processes. These metrics are crucial for understanding how the CONIKS system handles real-world cryptographic tasks, including managing large datasets and performing secure transactions. By systematically testing the system under different conditions, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of its operational efficiency and scalability.  
The results of these experiments are presented in the following sections, which detail the performance metrics observed, compare them with theoretical expectations, and analyze any discrepancies. Tables and graphs illustrate the findings, including how the time required for constructing Merkle trees scales with the number of leaves, the impact of key size on digital signature operations, and how the experimental results align with theoretical complexity models. This detailed analysis not only validates the effectiveness of the CONIKS system but also provides insights into potential areas for optimization and improvement.
## 5 Genetic Counselling
### Risk to Other Family Members  
Each cell in the body has two copies of the _VCP_ gene. VCP-MSP is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that one pathogenic mutation in either copy of _VCP_ is sufficient to cause the disease. If a parent has a pathogenic _VCP_ variant, then each of his or her children will have a 50% probability (1 in 2 chance) of inheriting the variant, regardless of sex. If a patient has a pathogenic _VCP_ variant, each full sibling has a 50% probability (1 in 2 chance) of carrying the variant as well, unless it is a confirmed de novo variant.  
The known _VCP_ pathogenic variants are highly penetrant, with approximately 90% of mutation carriers developing symptoms by the age of 45 [121]. Variability in severity and age of onset is seen, even among members of the same family with the same variant. For example, the disease may progress at different rates, and family members may have variable manifestations such as PDB, FTD, and/or ALS [62]. This variability is not currently understood but may be related to genetic modifiers or environmental factors.
# A State-of-Art-Review on Machine-Learning Based Methods for PV
## 5 The Latest Research on Anomaly Detection (a.k.a. Fault Detection) and Diagnosis in PV
#### 5.0.1 Detectable Faults by ML-Based Methods
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Year** & **Reference** & **Metics** & **Applied to** & **Faults Detectable** & **Methods \& Notes** \\
2021 & [69] & Kappa Statistic, Precision, Recall, CM, F-measure & Software simulation & HIE, Line to Ground fault (LCG), LL, Double Line to Ground fault (LLG), & LSTM+DWT \\  & & & Three-phase fault (LLLG) & \\
2020 & [68] & TPR, RN, PPV, FOR, ROC, F-measures & PV panels of a 22 modules plant & Hot-spot & Hybrid SVM using IRT images and custom feature extraction methodology (41 total features) \\ \hline
2020 & [70] & Accuracy & Software simulation & LL & SVM+ GA for optimal model hyper-parameter selection (Gaussian kernel) and feature selection (there or two from a set of ten) \\ \hline
2020 & [71] & Accuracy, F1 & Hardware simulation & Five total faults AC or DC. & RR-RF\({}_{\text{Nearest}}\) and RR-RF\({}_{\text{PE}}\) \\ \hline
2020 & [72] & Software simulation & LL, ARC, PS, OC, No-Fault, faults in PS & Pre-trained AlexeNet with last three layers fine-tuned with 2-D \\  & & & & & scalogram from PV data \\ \hline
2019 & [73] & Precision, Recall, FL, Detection Accuracy & Two large solar farms & Five types of common anomalies (aging, building shading, hot spot, grass shading and surface soiling) & Hierarchical context-aware anomaly detection (Auto-GMM+ auto thresholding, Multimodal feature extraction+XCboost) \\ \hline
2019 & [74] & & Software simulation + laboratory PV & RF using only voltage and string currents from PV array optimized with grid search (out-of-bag accuracy) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Papers for fault/anomaly detection and diagnosis in PV. Publication year considered: 2018–2021.
# Demonstration of a Hybrid B5G System Integrating VLC and RF-Based Technologies with Access Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
We have successfully proposed and implemented a novel hybrid optical-wireless network architecture able to simultaneously deploy three different access networks, namely, a white-LED-based VLC system, a mm-wave wireless access operating 5G NR FR2 at 26 GHz, and an LTE wireless access operating at 2.5 GHz. This topology seamlessly integrates RoF, FSO, FiWi, mm-waves, and VLC techniques, demonstrating a harmonious  
Figure 8: LTE signal at 2.5 GHz.  
Figure 9: VLC signal at 25 MHz.  
coexistence for B5G applications. An A-RoF midhaul link was used to transport the signal up to a DU, from which it was transmitted to the RRH via FSO transmission. For the access network, three distinct transmission techniques were employed using mm-waves, wireless, and VLC systems. The FSO/mm-wave link was used for transmitting a 5G NR signal at 26 GHz, aimed at high-throughput indoor femtocells, attaining a maximal theoretical throughput of 1616 Mbps. The FSO/wireless link was used for transmitting a standardized LTE signal at 2.5 GHz aiming to provide access to the traditional cellular networks; a 27.4 Mbps maximal theoretical throughput was attained. On the other side, the FSO/VLC structure was employed to transmit a 25 MHz Q-PSK signal, also for indoor applications; a maximal theoretical throughput of 20 Mbps was reached. Therefore, the hybrid OWC system achieved a total maximal theoretical throughput of \(\approx\)1.66 Gbps. This proposed architecture leverages the benefits of fiber-optic transmission, while enhancing network flexibility through VLC, FSO, and wireless links.  
Conceptualization, T.P.V.A. and C.H.d.S.L.; methodology, T.P.V.A., C.H.d.S.L., and L.C.d.S.; writing--original draft, T.P.V.A.; writing--review and editing, L.C.d.S. and A.C.S.J.; supervision, A.C.S.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by RNP, with resources from MCTIC, Grant No. 01245.020548/2021-07, under the 6G Mobile Communications Systems project of the Radiocommunication Reference Center (Centro de Referencia em Radiocomunicacoes -- CRR) of the National Institute of Telecommunications (Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicacoes -- Inatel), Brazil. Authors also thank the financial support by FAPESP -- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (Projects 2021/06569-1 and 2022/09319-9); FAPEMIG -- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (APQ-02746-21, PPE-00124-23, RED-00194-23); CNPq; CAPES.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Relationship between Chlorophyll and Spectral Reflectance of the Peanut Leaves  
The spectral reflectance curve for peanut leaves chlorophyll is shown in Figure 2. The reflectivity of peanut leaves is lower in the blue (400-500 nm) and red (650-690 nm) spectral regions. A wide reflection peak was observed in the green wavelength region, concentrated around 550 nm; the minimum reflectance at red wavelengths was concentrated around 680 nm. Reflectivity increased sharply at 680 nm and 750 nm; reflectance reached its maximum value between 750 and 900 nm. In the red-edge region at 680-750 nm, chlorophyll absorption increased at wavelengths above 700 nm; reflectance increased at NIR wavelengths, resulting in a sharp rise in reflectance in the red region.
## 3 IoV Enpowered IVI in 3G and 4G
### IVI Collaborative Mode
#### 4.2.1 Mobile Center for Media and Social  
Considering the characteristics of the interior space, the simple transplantation of existing mobile ecosystem cannot accommodate the vehicle-mounted scenario. The ultimate goal of on-board interaction should satisfy the social requirements of users while driving, which is compatible with the role of mobile living space. Herein, we construct two types of on-board social modes based on B5G techniques.  
**Holographic meeting:** The concept of in-car conference has been proposed earlier, which is always deployed in oversized models, such as a commercial VAN, SUV and saloon car. For the sedan, it is difficult to provide real audiovisual experience similarly as that in conference room because of cabin space. So, the audio conference becomes an alternative option through the IVI system. Supported by enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), holographic communication can enhance the physical presence in terms of five human senses. When users encounter an emergency, the cockpit switches to holographic conference mode. The virtual three-dimensional video from multi-view cameras can be projected in cockpit (side windows, central screen). At the same time, the slight layout modification is adapted, such as seat rotating backward, dimming glass automatically switched to the light-tight state etc. Occupants can not only edit documents via extended reality, but also share with the target users on cloud platform synchronously.  
**Social sharing:** With the popularity of social media and Instant messaging in 4G, the end users develop the habit of social sharing. Currently, the IoV-based social sharing platform is quite limited and the functionalities are insufficient. For example, \"TINNOVE OS\" [(83)] by Tencent and Changan Automobile supports voice-controlled WeChat. However, its positioning is more oriented to chatting. It is necessary to apply social moments into the vehicle-mounted scenario. The visual sensors for safety purpose, such as backup camera, panoramic camera, and rear-view mirror camera, can be used to capture what happens during commuting and then share with nearby or remote friends in real time. Especially, when travelling by the way of motorcade, the crew members can freely share the snapshots and feelings through online or offline interconnection. Furthermore, valuable contents generated from vehicles are suitable for breaking news or multimedia evidences.
# Automatic Clustering of Students by Level of Situational Interest Based on Their EEG Features
## 3 Methodology
### Clustering Analysis  
In this study the classes of the EEG data were unknown. Thus, we utilized an unsupervised learning approach. The clustering algorithms used in this study were k-means and DBSCAN. The choice of DBSCAN and k-means was motivated by their simplicity and their performances in various fields in previous studies. Overall, three features were analyzed. These features were multiplied by three different channel locations and four different subtopics. Each feature vector was applied to the k-means and the DBSCAN algorithm. Students' situational interest level clustering results had produced the output of the proposed framework. The complexity of the proposed framework was measured by the amount of time required by the algorithm to run an input of a given size (\(n\)).  
The objective of the k-means method is to label \(n\) number of points into \(k\) groups or clusters, in which the sum of distances between each point belongs and the centroid is minimized. The algorithm was adopted from [PERSON] (1975). The optimal number of data clusters was evaluated using silhouette criterion values. In this study, k-means was chosen as a clustering tool, since this approach is widely used in the literature related to EEG (1976; 1977; 1978) with the highest accuracy of 98.80%. Besides, the k-means algorithm can guarantee convergence and is able to manage dataset that consists of variable density clusters (1976).  
Conversely, DBSCAN defines clusters depending on density connectivity and density reachability among data points. The input parameters of the algorithm are the radius (\(\varepsilon\)) and the minimum number of objects in it (_MinPts_). The _MinPts_ were selected by considering a value greater than or equal to one plus the number of dimensions of the input data, while optimum \(\varepsilon\) was determined using a _sorted k-dist_ graph (1976). With this method, clusters were formed within the radius, and those pieces that were far from the main volume were called outlier data. The number of objects in its radius made it possible to categorize an object into three groups: a noisy, a marginal, and a center object. The mean delta and alpha power at frontal lobes and the FAA for each subtopic were fed as inputs for both k-means and DBSCAN algorithm to cluster the student's SI level. The situational interest classes examined in this study were high, medium, and low (class 1, class 2, and class 3).
###### Abstract  
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was recently detected in Mozambique and appears to be limited to the provinces of Gaza, Maputo and Zambezia, but it has great potential to spread to other provinces. Despite its importance, nothing is known about the BBTV isolates that occur in Mozambique. In this study, the sequences of the S and R genes of forty isolates chosen as representatives of samples collected previously from eleven farms of the four administrative posts of the district of Chockwe, province of Gaza, were sequenced and analyzed. The S-DNA nucleotide sequences of the analyzed isolates were highly conserved, with identity ranging from 97% to 100%. The same was observed for the R-DNA sequences, with most identities ranging between 98% and 100% among the isolates from Chokwe and above 90% when compared to the isolates from GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Mozambique BBTV isolates belong to the Pacific-Indian Oceans (PIO) group, showing greater proximity to the isolate JQS20453 from Malawi than to the isolates from sub-Saharan countries, which were grouped in a distinct subclade. This is the first study conducted to determine the molecular characteristics of BBTV isolates present in Mozambique.  
1 Research Department in Agricultural Sciences, Pedagogical University of Maputo (UP-Maputo), [PERSON] Beirao Street, Number 135, Maputo P.O. Box 3276, Mozambique; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) was recently detected in Mozambique and appears to be limited to the provinces of Gaza, Maputo and Zambezia, but it has great potential to spread to other provinces. Despite its importance, nothing is known about the BBTV isolates that occur in Mozambique. In this study, the sequences of the S and R genes of forty isolates chosen as representatives of samples collected previously from eleven farms of the four administrative posts of the district of Chockwe, province of Gaza, were sequenced and analyzed. The S-DNA nucleotide sequences of the analyzed isolates were highly conserved, with identity ranging from 97% to 100%. The same was observed for the R-DNA sequences, with most identities ranging between 98% and 100% among the isolates from Chokwe and above 90% when compared to the isolates from GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Mozambique BBTV isolates belong to the Pacific-Indian Oceans (PIO) group, showing greater proximity to the isolate JQS20453 from Malawi than to the isolates from sub-Saharan countries, which were grouped in a distinct subclade. This is the first study conducted to determine the molecular characteristics of BBTV isolates present in Mozambique.  
NanovirusPacific-Indian Oceans (PIO); South-east Asian (SEA); phylogeny; DNA S; DNA R; Sub-Saharan African (SSA) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Review of Photodetectors for Space Lidars
## 1 Introduction
The discussion of each detector technology includes its use in previous or current space missions, a brief review of the physics of photon detection and amplification, details on the electrical characteristics and modes of operation, and the effects of space radiation.