# Distributed Edge Computing to Assist Ultra-Low-Latency VANET Applications
## 1 Introduction
To localize these tasks and a number of other well-known bottlenecks of ITSs, it is necessary to develop an efficient architecture that will cope with the load generated by network elements, manage traffic flows correctly and in a timely manner, conduct uninterrupted statistical analysis, and meet the standards and requirements of modern communication networks [13]. ITSs are at the center of the closest contact between the automotive industry and information technology industries. The use of ITS has developed a special environment in which management, operation, and maintenance can advance [14]. Designing of ITS and VANETs faces many challenges, due to many constraints that comes from the special requirements of applications run over such networks, and the massive amount of traffic. Today, VANETs support a large number of new services and protocols. Nevertheless, there are still a number of challenges that impede the full implementation of this technology in real life [15]. These challenges include the following [16]:Problems ensuring noise immunity  
In transport networks, VANETs receive a large amount of interferences of different types. The effect of interference can be maximized by choosing the optimal channel frequency or by adjusting the power of the receivers and transmitters of the devices in the network. However, in classical VANETs, this problem remains unresolved and has a significant impact on the network operation [17]. Problems ensuring the security of transmitted data  
The main causes of problems related to the information security of VANET transport networks are [18]:  
* The lack of means to protect nodes from intruders and hackers;
* The ability to listen to the channels and the substitution of messages due to the general availability of the transmission medium;
* The inability to apply a classical security system due to the peculiarities of the classical architecture of the VANETs;
* The need to use complex routing algorithms that take into account the likelihood of incorrect information from compromised nodes as a result of changes in the network topology;
* The inability to implement a security policy due to the peculiarities of the classical architecture of VANETs, such as the absence of a fixed topology and central nodes. * Problems in routing efficiency  
In VANETs, the bandwidth problem is most acute with the simultaneous transmission of large amounts of video information. The situation is worsened by the inefficiency of routing methods when the network becomes overwhelmed with broadcast requests or a bottleneck is formed [19]. Traditional VANETs are characterized by maximum decentralization with no dedicated server in the network, and the entire infrastructure is distributed to communication centers. This feature brings the following disadvantages; low mobilization abilities and long system response time to external influences [20; 21]. The obvious solution is to deploy new technologies to overcome these challenges and achieves the requirements of the VANETs. Mobile edge computing (MEC) and software defined networking (SDN) are recent technologies that can provide a novel solution to build a reliable VANET systems with ultra-low latency [22; 23]. The concept of SDN is a relatively new technology that has already been widely used to manage modern networks. SDN technology is based on the principle of separation of the control level (control plane) and data transmission (data plane), which makes it possible to efficiently use network bandwidth for transmission of statistical information and control messages [24]. Besides this, it manages the network architecture by its routing of a separate element--the SDN controller, which significantly simplifies both the network architecture and hardware design. MEC is another recent communication paradigm that has been established by cellular network operators to provide the computing capabilities at the edge of radio access networks (RANs) [25].