# Dynamics of Changes in Climate Zones and Building Energy Demand. A Case Study in Spain
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Determination of Climate Severity Indices  
Figure 2 shows the values of the new climatic severities at the location of the 77 meteorological stations, according to the CTE calculation methodology, and taking into account the climatic conditions of the period 2015-2018. It is observed that the WCS index values range between \(-0.06\) and \(1.87\), determined for the coastal province of Malaga (station #43) and Soria (station #65), respectively. The three negative WCS values recorded, one case with a value of 0, or positive but shallow values, below 0.4, have occurred in regions with mild winters; this is the case of the station above #43, located in Malaga, #15 and #42, located in Cadiz and Malaga respectively, or stations #4 (Alicante), #11 (Barcelona), #16 (Cadiz), #18 (Castellon), #28 (Huelva), #44 (Malaga), #66 (Tarragona), and #70 (Valencia), among others, all of the coastal areas in the south of the peninsula or the Mediterranean area. In these cases, a good design of the building's constructive solutions will allow the indoor comfort temperature to be reached without implementing active heating systems. On the contrary, the higher the WSC value, the lower the winter temperatures in these regions, which leads to higher heating energy demands. This is the case of stations #6 and #7 located in Avila, #13 in Burgos, #52 in Palencia, #56 in Zamora, and #64 and #65 in Soria, all of them with WSC values higher than 1.35 and located in the north of the peninsula, in provinces with shallow temperatures. In the case of the SCS, values reaching the minimum in the coastal province of La Coruna (station #32), with 0.04, and the maximum in the inland province of Cordoba (station #20), with 2.52, are observed. The lowest SCS values occur in regions with cool summer temperatures; this is the case of stations #32, #33, #60, and #61 located in La Coruna, #34 in Leon, #49 and #50 in Asturias, #57 in Guipuzcoa, #58 and #59 in Cantabria, among others, all of them in the north of the peninsula and with SCS values below 0.4. In these regions, with a good design of the building's constructive solutions, the indoor comfort temperature can be reached without implementing active cooling systems. However, the higher the SCS value, the higher the summer temperatures in these regions, which leads to higher cooling energy demands. It is the case of stations located in the peninsula's interior, with SCS values higher than 2, such as #8 and #9 in Badajoz, #14 in Caceres, #19 Ciudad Real, or #20 and #21 in Cordoba, among others. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-14} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**2015–2018**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**2055**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**2015–2018 and 2055**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**2085**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**2015–2018 and 2085**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{3}{*}{**2015–2018 and 2085**}} \\ \cline{2-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{14-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{14-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{14-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{14-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{6-14} \cline{6-14} \  
The stations located in the inland provinces of Madrid (#40, #41), Salamanca (#55, #56), or Segovia (#62) stand out, with WCS and SCS values higher than 1. These conditions are found in places with a Mediterranean climate far from the sea, with long and cold winters, with temperatures that can drop below 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, with numerous frosts occurring at night. In contrast, summers are pretty hot and dry, with a temperature range of 18.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and temperatures often exceed 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In these regions, the energy demand is considerably higher than in coastal areas, both in summer and winter, where the need for passive strategies to reduce energy consumption is essential. Thus, building solutions with high thermal inertia could be an effective mechanism to achieve thermal comfort [57].