## 5 Simulation and Result of MANET-ESO in IoT Techniques  
The simulation of MANET-ESO using IoT Techniques has been simulated by ns-3 on Ubuntu 20 platform.  
The experimental configuration considers a MANET, cloud and wireless sensor network with the internet. Since the network has three separate network protocols and it is heterogeneous, the simulation area is estimated to be 1500 \(\times\) 1500 m\({}^{2}\). All mobile nodes in the network are considered with the same memory size and random mobility model. A clustered network is made up of multiple sensors connected to CH. Therefore, CH in the MANET node is connected with more sensor nodes. All simulator parameters taken into consideration are shown in Table 2.  
This situation is accomplished with internet Gateway nodes. The Gateway node is considered the right side centre of the network area, sensor nodes are considered the left side of the network area and MANET nodes are placed between the sensor to Gateway node in different positions. Every node in the network is dynamically adjusted to a different angle and orientation. In a simulation environment, the traffic generation models, mobility models, topology management models and traffic scheduling models give a realistic network platform. As illustrated in Table 2, a Poisson traffic model is configured under random packet generation mode. The packets generated in the traffic models are measured from 500 bits to 1500 bits in size based on the type of nodes in the IoT environment (mobile adhoc or sensor nodes). Generally, sensor nodes generate minimal-size packets compared to mobile adhoc nodes. Similarly, the mobility model has been configured with random waypoint procedures that allow mobile adhoc nodes to move independently at variable velocities (meters/seconds). In addition, the channel allocation models used in the 802.11 environments are working based on frequency-time allotment principles. The universal frequency band for IoT is configured in an ns-3 simulation environment as illustrated in Table 2. The topology followed in this IoT environment is a hybrid model that is configured with a star topology and mesh topology. Star topology is configured in the ns-3 framework to manage higher-level internet cloud points with other geographical nodes. At the lower level, mobile adhoc nodes and sensor nodes are adopted with mesh topologyas they are communicating directly for signal propagation. This simulation considers this dual-topology model as optimal for constructing the entire IoT infrastructure. Anyhow, the sensor nodes are mobile nodes are using random packet distribution schemes based on their initial energy and residual energy rates.  
The implementation part of the ns-3 simulation testbed contains the modules of the proposed protocol, existing techniques (EECHS-ISSA DE and Butterfly and Ant) and network characteristics. In the simulated network environment (Table 2), procedure 2 has been implemented among the nodes in the IoT platform. In a similar manner, EECHS-ISSA DE and Butterfly and Ant are implemented separately for evaluating the test cases. The protocols and traffic models used in the experiment are implemented as random Poisson event procedures, Adhoc On-Demand Routing Protocol (AODV), distributed LEACH protocol and energy models. On the basis of this experimental test bed, the performance metrics such as the number of active nodes, throughput rate, residual energy, packet delivery rate and average routing delay are calculated. The mentioned metrics are calculated for iteratively varying network parameters such as the number of nodes, test rounds and suspicious nodes. The prescribed ns-3 simulation model has been implemented using C++ modules (Initial network deployment). In addition, python codes are used for importing the library functions of routing protocols and traffic models.