esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Satellite Image Preprocessing  
#### 2.3.1 Environment and Disaster Monitoring Satellite Constellation (HuanJing-1A/B)  
Images from the environment and disaster monitoring satellite constellation (HuanJing(HJ)-1A/B) that were launched by the China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Applications (CRESDA) on 6 September 2008 were used. The Huanjing CCD image (hereafter referred to as HJ-CCD) had a similar spatial resolution (30 m) and band setting to the widely used Landsat-5 TM. The specific information of HJ-1A/B is shown in Table 3. Compared with the Landsat-5 TM images, the much shorter revisit period of HJ-1A/B (2 days) makes it a good trade-off at both spatial and temporal resolutions. Therefore, HJ-1A/B images were used for monitoring and analyzing the LAI and biomass at key crop growth stages for winter wheat.  
The HJ-CCD images were considered for estimating the LAI and biomass from March-May 2014. In order to match the RADARSAT-2 scenes, corresponding 4 HJ-CCD scenes were selected. The detailed scene ID, acquisition time, illumination conditions, path, and row for each scene are given in Table 4. The preprocessing of the HJ-CCD images included radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, and geometric correction. The calibration coefficients were obtained from the CRESDA  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & **Subset** & **Samples Size** & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Range** & **SD*** & **CV*** (\%)** \\ \hline LAI & Calibration set & 80 & 0.95 & 3.91 & 6.95 & 6.00 & 1.36 & 34.78 \\ **–** & Validation set & 40 & 0.96 & 3.33 & 6.14 & 5.18 & 1.29 & 38.73 \\ Biomass & Calibration set & 80 & 73.89 & 714.67 & 1711.91 & 1638.02 & 400.63 & 56.06 \\ **–** & Validation set & 40 & 167.27 & 723.72 & 1634.78 & 1467.51 & 350.24 & 48.39 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: *: Standard deviation; \({}^{\text{b}}\): Coefficient of variation.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary statistics of the measured LAI and biomass (g/m\({}^{2}\)) of winter wheat in the Yangling district.  
Figure 2: Sampling design using the five point sampling method.  
website ([[http://218.247.138.121/DSSPlatform/index.html](http://218.247.138.121/DSSPlatform/index.html)]([http://218.247.138.121/DSSPlatform/index.html](http://218.247.138.121/DSSPlatform/index.html))). The calibrated data were then atmospherically corrected using the flash model of ENVI 4.7 (ENVI(r) image processing and analysis software, from ITT Visual Information Solutions, Boulder, CO, USA). One historical Quickbird image with precise geometric correction was used as a reference image. The root mean square error for each geometric-corrected scene was less than one pixel. Each sample plot was corrected by nine pixels to match the ground observations.
# Efficient Optimization-Based Trajectory Planning for Truck-Trailer Systems
## 2 Methods
### Mathematical Model  
In order to obtain a nonlinear state model, we consider the model of a truck with two trailers depicted in Figure 2 and the choice of state variables according to Equation (1):  
\[\vec{x}=\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}\\ x_{2}\\ x_{3}\\ x_{4}\\ x_{5}\\ x_{6}\end{bmatrix}\equiv\begin{bmatrix}X_{0}\\ Y_{0}\\ \phi_{0}\\ \phi_{1}\\ \phi_{2}\end{bmatrix} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
* \(X_{0},Y_{0}\) refer to the x- and y-coordinates of the truck's reference point \(R_{0}\) [m].  
Figure 1: Graphical representation of the problem formulation, taken from [20].  
* \(\phi_{0}\)... is the angle of rotation of the wheels relative to the axis of the truck [rad].
* \(\phi_{1}\)... is the angle between the axis of the truck and the axis of the first trailer [rad].
* \(\phi_{2}\)... is the angle between the axis of the first trailer and the axis of the second trailer [rad].
* \(\theta_{0}\)... is the angle of rotation of the truck relative to the x-axis [rad].  
Then, the mathematical model of such a system can be represented by a nonlinear state model according to the set of differential equations provided below in Equation (2):  
\[\dot{x}_{1}=u_{1}\cdot\cos(x_{4}) \tag{2}\] \[\dot{x}_{2}=u_{1}\cdot\sin(x_{4})\] \[\dot{x}_{3}=-\frac{1}{\tau}\cdot x_{3}+\frac{1}{\tau}\cdot u_{2}\] \[\dot{x}_{4}=\frac{u_{1}}{d_{0}}\cdot\tan(x_{3})\] \[\dot{x}_{5}=\frac{u_{1}}{d_{0}}\cdot\tan(x_{3})-\frac{u_{1}}{d_{1}} \cdot\left[\sin(x_{5})-\frac{a}{d_{0}}\cdot cos(x_{5})\cdot\tan(x_{3})\right]\] \[\dot{x}_{6}=\frac{u_{1}}{d_{1}}\cdot\left[\sin(x_{5})-\frac{a}{d_{0} }\cdot\cos(x_{5})\cdot\tan(x_{3})\right]\] \[-\frac{u_{1}}{d_{2}}\cdot\sin(x_{6})\cdot\left[\cos(x_{5})+\frac{a}{d_{ 0}}\cdot\sin(x_{5})\cdot\tan(x_{3})\right]\]  
where:  
* \(u_{1}\) is the first system's input, i.e., the velocity of the truck \(v_{0}\) [\(m\cdot s^{-1}\)].
* \(u_{2}\) is the second system's input, i.e., the setpoint for the front wheel steering angle \(\phi_{0}\) [rad].
* \(d_{0}\) determines the distance of points \(|R_{0}S|\), representing the distance between the axles of the truck [m].
* \(a\) determines the distance between the points \(|R_{0}Q|\) of the rotary joint \(Q\) and the reference point of the truck \(R_{0}\) [m].
* \(d_{1}\) determines the distance of the points \(|QR_{1}|\) representing the first trailer's reference point \(R_{1}\) and the rotary joint of the truck \(Q\) [m].
* \(d_{2}\) determines the distance of points \(|R_{1}R_{2}|\) representing the distance of reference points of two consecutive trailers [m].
* \(\tau\) is the front wheel steering servo time constant, which approximates the dynamics of a first-order system between the steering setpoint and the actual steering [s].
# Collecting Sensed Data with Opportunistic Networks: The Case of Contact Information Overhead
###### Abstract  
The rising human population in urban environments drives the mission towards smart cities, which envisions a wide deployment of sensors in order to improve the quality of living. In this regard, opportunistic networks (OppNets) present an economical means of collecting delay tolerant data from sensors to their respective gateways for providing various Smart City services. Due to the distributed nature of the network, encounter-based routing protocols achieve acceptable throughput by requiring nodes to exchange and update contact information on an encounter basis. Unfortunately, sufficient insight into the associated overhead is lacking in the literature. Hence, we contribute by modelling contact information overhead and investigating its impact on OppNet routing, particularly in terms of data exchange success and energy consumption on portable handheld devices. Our findings reveal that the expected contact information overhead in Smart City scenarios significantly reduces data exchange success and increases energy consumption on portable handheld devices, thereby threatening the feasibility of the technology. We address this issue by proposing an algorithm that can be incorporated into encounter-based routing protocols to reduce contact information overhead without compromising throughput. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm reduces the average contact information overhead, increases throughput and reduces average energy consumption.  
Keywords:opportunistic networks; delay tolerant data; sensed data collection; routing; wireless sensors; Smart City; Internet of things; smartphones +
Footnote †: journal: Information
## 3 Research Scope in Relation to the Literature
### The Gap  
As a matter of fact, physically based dynamic BEM software is grounded in detailed physical dynamic energy modeling, which allows the user to grasp the effects of even the slightest variation in the boundary conditions, such as variations in internal gains due to scheduling, solar shadings, system regulations and window constructions. Therefore, physically based dynamic BEM tools may represent the most appropriate tools to support ZEB projects. However, when the user is neither interested in a very detailed building-system input definition nor in getting hourly or even sub-hourly results, physically based dynamic BEM software still seems to represent the only available option to forecast the energy consumption of a building with good reliability. In fact, BEMs are also used in the case of feasibility studies or during the first design phases of a project. Yet, when a BEM is used in comparative analyses, during the early design stages, calculations may take an excessively long time due to the high number of energy simulations and the large number of available proper freedom degrees of the early design stages. As a result, designers could be discouraged from the extensive use of these tools when conducting optimization analyses, and they may prefer to study and compare a _very limited amount of acknowledged alternative designs_. However, this last approach obviously will not lead to the optimal solution among the feasible domains.  
On this basis, the research question can be stated as follows: _How can we obtain immediate and accurate energy consumption forecasts without directly using accurate BEM software to support quick comparative analyses in the early design stages of building energy projects?_
# An Iterative Closest Point Method for Lidar Odometry with Fused Semantic Features
## 4 Methods
### Feature Matching  
In Methodology C, edge features \(Ne\) and planar features \(Np\) are extracted from a frame of a point cloud by curvature information and semantic information. Feature matching is based on point cloud alignment algorithms. The iterative closest point (ICP) is the classical local point cloud alignment algorithm. ICP takes the nearest points in the source and target point clouds as the hypothetical counterpart and iterates through least squares until the error function value is less than a set threshold before outputting the corresponding \(R\) and \(t\). It can be expressed as:  
\[(R,t)=argmin\sum_{i=1}^{n}w_{i}\|Rp_{i}+t-q_{i}\|^{2} \tag{5}\]  
where \(R\in SO(3)\) is an orthogonal matrix, and \(t\in R^{3}\) is a translation vector. However, the ICP algorithm only considers the error function of point-to-point distance and lacks the utilization of point cloud structure information. To be highly accurate and avoid the local optimum for estimating the self-motion of Lidar, the error function is constructed using the point line and the point plane.  
We denote the features of the previous frame as \(\hat{Ne}\), \(Np\), and the total features of the previous frame are represented as \(\hat{Ne}^{all}\), \(\hat{Np}^{all}\). We search the nearest \(N\) points in \(\hat{Ne}^{all}\)\(N\hat{p^{all}}\) by KD-tree for all strong feature points \(e_{i}\), \(p_{i}\) (belonging to \(Ne\), \(Np\)), and fit them into feature line \(line_{i}\) and feature plane \(plane_{i}\) by using principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. Feature matching is done by minimizing the block of residuals between distance \(d_{ei}\) of the point \(e_{i}\) to \(line_{i}\) and distance \(d_{pi}\) of \(p_{i}\) to \(plane_{i}\) to solve the pose.  
To evaluate the quality of the correspondence between points and the fitted line or plane, we adaptively adjust the semantic confidence score to the constructed point-line. The confidence of the point-plane residuals is as follows:  
\[\lambda^{l}=\sum_{k}^{n}Same^{l}(k).n^{-1} \tag{6}\]  
where \(Same^{l}(k)\) equals 1, indicating that the semantic label of the current feature point \(e_{i}\) or \(p_{i}\) is the same as the \(k\)th point among the nearest \(N\) points corresponding to the search. Otherwise, \(Same^{l}(k)\) will be 0. The final residual formula can be given by:  
\[Residual^{i}=\frac{1}{2}\{\lambda_{e}^{l}\sum_{i}d_{e_{i}}+\lambda_{p}^{l} \sum_{j}d_{p_{i}}\} \tag{7}\]
# A New Method of Time-Series Event Prediction Based on Sequence Labeling
## 3 Experiment
### Implementation Details  
This article conducted experiments on five data sets, applied the time series missing value filling algorithm based on matrix decomposition to interpolate [30]. When dividing the data set, the data set was divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 8:2, the training set was used for training the model, and the test set was used for model evaluation. When the model was optimized, each model went through 100 iterations. When selecting the activation function of the neural network, the selection was made by traversal, using the tanh activation function in the fully linked layer of LSTM. Similarly, other hyperparameters were determined by empirical judgment and traversal debugging.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper studied the chloride diffusion performance of concrete with different w/c ratios and different aggregate contents under different hydrostatic pressures based on COMSOL finite element software, and it compared the simulation results with the experimental results to verify the effectiveness of the simulation method. The main conclusions drawn from this study are summarized as follows:  
Under the same w/c ratio and different hydrostatic pressures, the penetration depth of chloride ions in mortar had a very obvious change. When the w/c ratio of the mortar was 0.35, the final penetration depth of the chloride ions increased by 43.1% and 123.6% with the increase in hydrostatic pressure from 0 MPa to 1.0 MPa, respectively.  
The chloride diffusion depth decreased linearly with the increase in the aggregate content, and this linear relationship did not change with the diffusion time. Further analysis showed that the final diffusion depth of the chloride ions decreased by 18.9%, 32.8% and 55.6% when the volume fraction of the concrete aggregate increased from 0 to 20%, 40% and 60% after 120 days of concrete infiltration under hydrostatic pressure, respectively.  
Under hydrostatic pressure, the depth of chloride ion transport was greatly affected by the change in the w/c ratio and increased rapidly with the increase in the w/c ratio of the cementitious materials.  
Funding acquisition, S.-X.Z., J.-L.D., A.-M.S. and H.L.; investigation, Y.D.; methodology, Y.D.; software, Y.D. and Z.H.; supervision, Z.-P.W., T.-L.Y. and Y.-Q.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a National Key R&D Project (grant no. 2019 YFC1906203, grant no. 2017 YFC0504506, grant no. 2017 YFC0504503 and grant no. 2016 YFC0700807), a Key R&D Project of Jiangxi Province (grant no. 20171 BBG70078), the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51108341, grant no. 51662008, grant no.51968022 and grant no.51708220) and the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Loss Process and Control in Loess Plateau from the Ministry of Water Resources (grant no. 201806).  
Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because the institutions of the authors who participated in the data collection did not require IRB review and approval.  
Not applicable.  
Data are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Design of a Novel RFID Reader for Oilwell Downhole Applications
###### Abstract  
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), which transmits control data through electronic tags in a non-contact manner, provides a new approach for efficient and low-cost remote control of oil downhole tools. However, the interference of harsh downhole environments and the high-speed movement of tags seriously affect the performance of the current downhole reader. To effectively address this issue, in this study, a novel downhole RFID reader is presented. By introducing the half-duplex communication protocol to replace the current full-duplex communication protocol in the hardware circuits of the reader, its tag recognition ability can be improved. Then, the corresponding hardware circuits and software programs are designed. Furthermore, a sparse solenoid antenna is adopted to replace the traditional tightly wound solenoid antenna, which can provide a longer reading area range to cope with the high-moving tag, and its total length and spacing parameters between adjacent coils are designed in detail. The test results show that the proposed RFID reader based on a half-duplex communication protocol can communicate with tags normally, and its sparse solenoid antenna provides significantly more tag reading times than traditional tightly wound solenoid antennas under the same antenna inductance.  
downhole oil well; RFID reader; half duplex; sparse solenoid antenna +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Energy Absorption  
In this section, the energy absorption EA capacities were estimated by calculating the areas under the curves of load versus midspan displacement, as shown in Figure 12[35; 36]. Compared to the CB beam, higher EA capacity and stiffness values were observed in the bolted steel plate over-reinforced beams specimens. The values of the EA capacities for the over-reinforced beams are presented in Table 5. Based on Figure 13, it was found that the CB beam possessed the lowest energy absorption capacity compared to the over-reinforced beams. Additionally, the EA for the CB beam amounted to approximately 4.03 kN m. The highest value of EA of 22.5 kN m was recorded for the BCSP-15 specimens, which were developed with a bolted steel plate with 15 mm thickness. As shown in Figure 13 and Table 5, this value was then increased further by 247.5%, 317.5%, and 462.5% for the BCSP beams compared to the CB beam.  
Figure 12: Typical load-displacement curves for evaluating the energy absorbed (EA) for all the over-reinforced beam specimens.
## 2 The Development of Typical Rotating Motion Mechanisms
### Cam Mechanism
#### 2.4.3 Cylindrical Cam  
The relative motion between the cam and the follower in the cylindrical cam mechanism is spatial motion; therefore, it belongs to the spatial cam mechanism. The cylindrical cam mechanism occupies a small space and is suitable for use when space is limited. The cam profile can be designed according to the follower's needs to achieve complex motion laws [86].  
[PERSON] et al. [87] developed a cylindrical cam mechanism, as shown in Figure 36. The cylindrical cam mechanism converts linear motion into rotational motion through spiral grooves. Specifically, linear displacement drives the axial movement of the cam, and the coupling slides in the spiral groove, driving the motor shaft to rotate, thereby driving the electromagnetic machine to generate electricity or a damping force. Compared with ball screws and gear mechanisms, the stroke-to-maximum length ratio of cylindrical cam mechanisms is significantly increased. The motor and cam are coaxial, avoiding the size limitations of complex gears or vertical layouts.
# Rapid Parametric Modeling and Robust Analysis for the Hypersonic Ascent Based on Gap Metrics
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper develops a rapid modeling method of an aerospace vehicle and proposes a robust analysis method based on the gap metric. Simulation results validate the proposed model of the aerospace vehicle in terms of longitudinal dynamics. The structure of the polynomial fitting model is proven to be efficient for guidance and flight control. Hypersonic ascent trajectory is optimized by accelration profile using the velocity-driven method. Moreover, a robust analysis method is proposed and validated for ascent tracking control. The difference in hypersonic dynamics tends to be more sensitive to dynamic pressure. Furthermore, the closed-loop robustness regarding the normalized coprime stability margin (NCSM) is closely related to altitude. The gap margin is proposed to qualify the robustness. Simulation results reveal that a deviation of 800 m in altitude will cause stability problems, whereas the range of velocity deviation is about 210 m/s. Hence, the ascent tracking control for hypersonic vehicles needs more attention for precise altitude control.  
Figure 9: Gap margin of ascent tracking.  
**Author Contributions:** Methodology, Y.L. ([PERSON]); Software, B.C.; Validation, Y.L. ([PERSON]); Formal analysis, J.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was co-supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK20200437), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62103187) and the Fundamental Re-search Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. NT2022025 and No. NS2021061).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Histopathology  
As mentioned above, tissue characterization is very important to assess the reliability of resultant Q-PCR data and reduce changes in the expression of, e.g., the endogenous control. Tumor tissue and normal tissue at stage of diagnosis and after radiochemotherapeutic treatment were characterized according to morphological appearances (Figure 4).  
The patients were treated with fluorouracil (5-FU) and a total dose of 50.4 Gy (single dose 1.8 Gy) was applied to the tumor. 5-FU (1000 mg/m\({}^{2}\)/d) was administered concomitantly in the 1 st (day 1 to 5) and 5 th (day 29 to 33) week of radiation as a 120 h-continuous infusion, in two cases partly combined with oxaliplatin and cisplatin, respectively.  
Granulocytic and lymphocytic infiltration as well as the amount of viable tumor cells and necrosis are depicted in Figure 5(A,B) and were determined for each HE-stained colonic tumor area used in the  
Figure 4: Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), \(\times\)10. Micrographic pictures of normal and tumor colonic tissue illustrating morphologic changes at stage of diagnosis and after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. **(A)** Normal structure of a non-tumoral colonic tissue, ([PERSON] _et al_. 2005), reflecting the typical components of the large intestinal wall of patient number 47 **(B)**. (1) Goblet cells, (2) Lamina propria, (3) Crypt of Lieberkuhn, (4) Paneth cells, (5) Muscularis mucosa, (6) Blood vessel, (7) Tunica mucosa, (8) Tunica submuc, (9) Tunica musculars externa; **(C)** Biopsy of an invasive moderate-grade colorectal adenocarcinoma at stage of diagnosis of patient no. 93. Desmoplastic and cytoplasmic effects with partly retained glandular-like structures and a high density of hyperchromatic cells infiltrating the submuc; **(D)** Resected tumor material of an invasive moderate-grade colorectal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy of patient no. 93. Scurred fibrotic components with atypical epithelium, desmoplasia and weak lymphocytic infiltration.  
next step for RNA isolation. Most samples contained a large number of viable tumor cells and only a low to moderate amount of necrosis, lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltration before and after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy. Therefore, the necessary inclusion criteria were met for further analytical steps.  
Local and systemic inflammatory responses play an important role in the progression of a variety of common solid tumors. Inflammatory processes result in an overall infiltration of inflammatory cells. These have a high metabolic activity and increased necrosis by, for instance, the production of TNF-\(\alpha\) (tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\)) through e.g., macrophages. This can limit the mRNA expression appraisal. Therefore, extreme care was taken to obtain representative tumor areas with a low percentage of necrosis and only few lymphocytic and granulocytic infiltrations. A large number of tumor cells enhances the chance to detect point mutations.