## Results
### Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes  
The entire cohort (_n_ = 173 procedures) had a frequency-weighted mean preoperative AOFAS score of 44.7 \(\pm\) 4.1 points (_n_ = 97, 56.1% reported), a frequency-weighted mean postoperative AOFAS score of 77.2 \(\pm\) 4.4 points (_n_ = 109, 63.0% reported), a frequency-weighted mean time until union of 15.1 \(\pm\) 4.8 weeks (_n_ = 165, 95.4% reported), and a frequency-weighted mean graft length of 13.8 \(\pm\) 4.8 mm (mm) (_n_ = 126, 72.8% reported). For subgroup analysis, the foot and ankle autograft group (_n_ = 12, one article) had a mean preoperative AOFAS score of 50.7 points, a mean postoperative AOFAS score of 73.8, a time until union of 11.0 weeks, and a graft length of 14.3 mm. The non-foot and ankle autograft group had no information on preoperative AOFAS score, had a mean postoperative AOFAS score of 70 points (_n_ = 12, one article), a frequency-weighted mean time until union of 14.7 \(\pm\) 1.9 weeks (_n_ = 37, 82.2% reported), and a frequency-weighted mean graft length of 10.0 \(\pm\) 1.0 mm (_n_ = 37, 82.2% reported). The allograft group had a preoperative AOFAS score of 43.7 \(\pm\) 0.4 points (_n_ = 49, 100% reported), a postoperative AOFAS score of 79.6 \(\pm\) 4.4 points (_n_ = 49, 100% reported), a frequency-weighted mean time until union of 14.8 \(\pm\) 2.2 weeks (_n_ = 49, 100% reported), and a mean graft length of 10.5 (_n_ = 38, one article). The allograft group had the highest postoperative AOFAS score (79.6 points versus 70.0 points and 73.8 points). The entire cohort (\(n\) = 173 procedures) had a frequency-weighted mean preoperative IMA of 8.5 \(\pm\) 2.0 degrees (\(n\) = 55, 31.8% reported), a frequency-weighted mean postoperative IMA of 8.3 \(\pm\) 1.3 degrees (\(n\) = 55, 31.8% reported), a frequency-weighted mean preoperative HV angle of 15.0 \(\pm\) 4.8 degrees (\(n\) = 47, 27.2% reported), a frequency-weighted mean HV angle of 13.3 \(\pm\) 1.0 degrees (\(n\) = 47, 27.2% reported), a frequency-weighted mean preoperative DFA of 29.7 \(\pm\) 5.3 degrees (\(n\) = 55, 31.8% reported), and a frequency-weighted mean postoperative DFA of 20.7 \(\pm\) 4.5 degrees (\(n\) = 43, 24.9% reported). For the foot and ankle autograft group, the mean preoperative IMA was 9.5 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article), the mean postoperative mean postoperative IMA was 8.4 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article), the mean postoperative HV angle was 19.7 (\(n\) = 12, one article), and the mean postoperative HV angle was 14.3 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article) with no information on the DFA. For the non-foot and ankle group, the mean preoperative IMA was 9.1 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article), the mean postoperative IMA was 7.2 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article), the frequency-weighted mean preoperative HV angle was 14.3 \(\pm\) 6.0 degrees (\(n\) = 20, 44.4% reported), the frequency-weighted mean postoperative HV angle was 13.1 \(\pm\) 1.3 degrees (\(n\) = 20, 44.4% reported), the mean preoperative DFA was 35.0 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article), and the mean postoperative DFA was 22.0 degrees (\(n\) = 12, one article). There was no information on preoperative and postoperative IMA, HV, or DFA for the allograft group. The success rate ranged from 41.7% to 94.70% for included procedures, with the allograft group demonstrating higher success rates overall. The entire cohort (\(n\) = 173 procedures) had a frequency-weighted mean length restoration of 7.8 \(\pm\) 3.9 mm (\(n\) = 106, 61.3% reported). No graft length information was available for the foot and ankle autograft group. The non-foot and ankle autograft group had a mean length restoration of 4.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 mm (\(n\) = 33, 73.3% reported), whereas the allograft group had a mean length restoration of 7.6 \(\pm\) 3.5 mm (\(n\) = 49, 100% reported). Overall, the allograft group had the greatest mean length restoration of all subgroups with included data. The information from the individual articles on clinical outcomes were recorded for this systematic review (Table 3).