esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Measurement and Modeling of 3D Solar Irradiance for Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaic
## 2 Model
### Validation of the Solar Irradiation Model around the Car (Angle)  
After validation of the irradiance model affected by the surrounding shading objects, the histogram of the car irradiance is counted using the one-year irradiation model. The results of annually integrated angular distribution are shown in Figure 17. For examining the seasonal trend, the weighted histograms of the angular distribution of the leading solar beam in each month are plotted in Figure 18. The residual error of the model is observed in more than 30\({}^{\circ}\) of incident angle or winter season (corresponding low sun height and high incident angle). It is possible because the model of the shading height distribution is too simplified. However, the overall trend meets the measured one, and the angular model can be used for a rough estimation of the solar irradiance environment around the car body.
## 4 Phase Shift Optimization  
In this section, we first design the phase shift set to maximize the received power of the proposed system. Then, we discuss the impact of the designed phase shift set on delay spread, Doppler shift, and Doppler spread. We also discuss the deployment strategy for the proposed system.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Plant Growth Conditions and Water Stress Imposition  
_A. thaliana_ ecotype Columbia (Col-0) seeds were surface sterilized and stratified for three days at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Plants were grown in a controlled environment chamber (Fitoclima 5000 EH, Aralab, Rio de Mouro, Portugal) in 200 cm\({}^{3}\) pots containing the same amount of a mixture of horticultural substrate (Compo Sana Universal, Compo Sana) and vermiculite (1:1), placed in trays. The light, an average photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 180 umol m\({}^{-2}\) s\({}^{-1}\), was provided by fluorescent lamps (Osram Lumilux L 58W/840 cool white lamps) with a photoperiod of 14 h light/10 h dark, under controlled temperature (23/18 \({}^{\circ}\)C day/night) and 50% relative humidity. Watering was provided by sub-irrigation, and the trays were frequently rotated and displaced in the chamber. Twenty-one days after sowing (DAS) plants with similar sizes (one per pot) were randomly assigned to well-watered controls (SWC -100%) (S0) and progressive drought stress by withholding watering, reaching 46.10 \(\pm\) 3.29% soil water content after 7 days (S1) and 33.17 \(\pm\) 2.50% after 12 days (S2) of water stress, adapted from the protocol in [27]. Soil water content (SWC) was determined by weighing the pots at 21 DAS (S0), 28 DAS (S1) and 33 DAS (S2) and calculated according to (1):  
\[\text{SWC}=(\text{SFW}/\text{SFC})\times 100, \tag{1}\]  
where SWC is the soil water content expressed as the ratio between the soil fresh weight (SFW, pot weight at the sampling time) and the soil weight at field capacity (SFC, pot weight before the imposition of the stress). The statistical significance of SWC variation was tested by a Kruskal-Wallis test (\(p<0.05\)), and multiple pairwise-comparison between groups tested by a pairwise Wilcoxon test with corrections for multiple testing by the Benjamini-Hochberg method (\(p<0.05\)).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
The data were analyzed using statistical methods in R version 4.4.2 [36]. Descriptive statistics (mean, median, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation) were calculated for each morphological characteristic. To explore sexual dimorphism, _t_-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the measurements between male and female crabs. For annual variation, ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to examine differences in size between crabs measured in 2022, 2023, and 2024. Histograms and boxplots were generated to visualize the distributions of each characteristic by sex and year.  
Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the prcomp function in R to identify the main axes of variation in crab morphology. The first two principal components were used to visualize morphometric variation, with individuals grouped by sex and sampling year. The PCA biplot was enhanced by coloring points according to sex and drawing 95% confidence ellipses around years to explore patterns of morphological differentiation.  
To assess the differences in morphological traits between male and female _Callinectes sapidus_, a series of statistical tests were conducted. [PERSON]'s two-sample _t_-test was used to compare the means of weight (g), carapace width (CW), carapace length (CL), and carapace depth (CD) between males and females. This test was chosen due to the unequal variances between the two groups. Additionally, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were performed to confirm the results from the _t_-tests, providing a non-parametric approach for comparison.  
Correlation analysis was performed to assess relationships between weight, carapace width (CW), carapace length (CL), and carapace depth (CD) in _Callinectes sapidus_. The correlation matrix was calculated using the cor function, and a correlation plot was generated using the corplot package in R.  
To assess whether the morphometric characteristics of _Callinectes sapidus_ varied across years, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The response variables included weight, carapace width (CW), carapace length (CL), and carapace depth (CD), with the year as the independent variable. Prior to analysis, data were checked for missing values and normality assumptions. The analysis was performed using the manova function in R.  
A redundancy analysis (RDA) was performed using the vegan package in R to assess the multivariate relationship between crab morphometry (weight, CW, CL, CD) and abiotic factors (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen), along with sampling year as a categorical factor. The morphometric variables were standardized to ensure their equal contribution to the analysis. The significance of the model and canonical axes was tested with permutation ANOVA (999 permutations). Individual environmental predictors were also tested to assess their contribution to explaining morphological variation.
## 3 Road-Based Multi-Metric Forwarder Evaluation Scheme
### Information Collection Stage  
In this stage, the vehicle communicates with each other by exchanging a hello message. The exchange of the hello message provides information that the SVN or the Present Forwarding Vehicle (PFV) use to select among the candidate NFV. The hello message format includes the number of neighbors based on road-id of the candidate NFV and the timestamp for the receipt of the hello message. In addition, a counter for the hello messages is set, which gives the total number of hello messages received within the last one minute from each Candidate-Next Forwarding Vehicle (C-NFV). This counter is stored in Table of Neighbors' Information (TNI), which is utilized to estimate hello message receive rate. The hello messages are exchanged among neighbors between the time intervals of everyone second based on the hello packet interval. This is feasible because urban settings are considered; hence, it is believed that vehicle speed is lower relatively compared to highway settings. There might be no vehicle that changes direction within 1 s. If any vehicle changes its direction, the packet is still forwarded, but at this point, the vehicle that receives the packet checks it TNI to see if there exist a vehicle that has the same direction with the last forwarder, and then send to that vehicle. All the aforementioned information are saved in the TNI, they are employed in selecting an optimal NFV for the video data transmission. The video packet information format of the scheme is provided in Figure 2. In addition, the concept in Section 4.2 is also employed to incorporate into the scheme and make it a full-fledged scheme.  
Thus, the strategy of the dispersed vehicle estimation at the SVN for relay vehicle and the intermediate vehicle selection based on dispersed vehicle selection with SINR have been incorporated to this objective. The general assumption in geographic routing is that the SVN is already aware of the location and direction of the DVN in the network based on the GPS and location service system. Therefore, the greedy algorithm is modified such that it does not only consider the vehicle closer to the destination but also take into cognizance of the aforementioned multiple metrics. Consequently, due to the high data rate of the video, to achieve pathdiversity, lower delay and load balancing, thus the multipath transmission is employed. The aforementioned metrics are discussed in the following subsections.
## 3 Hydrostatic Characteristics of FOWT-SFFC  
Note that the XYZ Cartesian system and wind and wave incident directions are defined in Figures 2 and 3. Coordinate Z is positive when measured upwards from SWL. The hydrostatic parameters of the FOWT-SFFC system in its static equilibrium position where the buoyancy equals the weight of the overall system (including rotor and nacelle assembly, tower, fishing cage and mooring system) are briefly listed in Table 4. \(Z_{\text{CG}}\) and \(Z_{\text{CB}}\) represent the center of gravity and center of buoyancy of the system (excluding mooring lines) along the axis \(Z\) respectively.  
The CG of the whole system is 8.055 m below the center of buoyancy. Based on the classification criteria by [PERSON] [5], the FOWT-SFFC is unconditionally stable, like a spar buoy type offshore  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline Class of mooring lines & Studless chain R4, Diameter: 78 mm \\ Number of mooring lines & 8 \\ Angle between adjacent lines & 45\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Depth of fairleads below SWL & 40 m \\ Distance between fairleads and axis \(Z\) & 40.6 m \\ Distance between anchors and axis \(Z\) & 648 m \\ Unstretched mooring line length & 632.5 m \\ Mooring line mass density & 122 kg/m \\ Equivalent mooring line diameter & 0.1407 m \\ Equivalent mooring line extensional stiffness & 8.167 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) N \\ Transverse drag coefficient of mooring line & 2.4 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mooring line parameters in water depth of 150 m.  
wind turbine or oil platform. Such excellent stability is fulfilled by the permanent concrete ballast in pontoons. When fishing nets are removed, the FOWT-SFFC system can be used for only wind power generation use. In that situation, the system still retains excellent performance in stability, outmatching semisubmersible FOWTs like OC4 DeepCwind.  
It should be noted that the configurations described above are not a final design, and that for each specific wind and fish farm, the configurations will vary and need to be optimized.
# Interdependent Transcription of a Natural Sense/Antisense Transcripts Pair (_SLC34A1_/Pfn3)
###### Abstract  
Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) constitute a significant group of regulatory, long noncoding RNAs. They are prominently expressed in testis but are also detectable in other organs. NATs are transcribed at low levels and co-expressed with related protein coding sense transcripts. Nowadays NATs are generally considered as regulatory, long noncoding RNAs without closer focus on the inevitable interference between sense and antisense expression. This work describes a cellular system where sense and antisense transcription of a specific locus (_SLC34A1_/_PFN3_) is induced using epigenetic modifiers and CRISPR-Cas9. The renal cell lines HEK293 and HKC-8 do not express _SLC34A1_/_PFN3_ under normal culture conditions. Five-day exposure to dexamethasone significantly stimulates sense transcript (_SLC34A1_) levels and antisense (_PFN3_) minimally; the effect is only seen in HEK293 cells. Enhanced expression is paralleled by reduced sense promoter methylation and an increase in activating histone marks. Expression is further modulated by cassettes that stimulate the expression of sense or antisense transcript but disrupt protein coding potential. Constitutive expression of a 5\({}^{\prime}\)-truncated _SLC34A1_ transcript increases sense expression independent of dexamethasone induction but also stimulates antisense expression. Concordant expression is confirmed with the antisense knock-in that also enhances sense expression. The antisense effect acts on transcription in cis since transient transfection with sense or antisense constructs fails to stimulate the expression of the opposite transcript. These results suggest that bi-directional transcription of the _SLC34A1_/_PFN3_ locus has a stimulatory influence on the expression of the opposite transcript involving epigenetic changes of the promoters. In perspective of extensive, previous research into bi-directionally transcribed _SLC34A_ loci, the findings underpin a hypothesis where NATs display different biological roles in soma and germ cells. Accordingly, we propose that in somatic cells, NATs act like lncRNAs-with the benefit of close proximity to a potential target gene. In germ cells, however, recent evidence suggests different biological roles for NATs that require RNA complementarity and double-stranded RNA formation.  
natural antisense transcripts; concordant expression; transcriptional interference; CRISPR-Cas9; DNA methylation; histone modifications 2022, 819. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna8010019](https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna8010019)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna8010019](https://doi.org/10.3390/ncrna8010019))
_Appl. Sci._**2015**, 5, 1379-1398; doi:10.3390/app5041379  
_applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
_Article_  
**Design and Applications of In-Cavity Pulse Shaping by Spectral Sculpturing in Mode-Locked Fibre Lasers**  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, School of Engineering and Applied Science,  
Aston University, Birmingham B4 7 ET, UK; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303 CNRS-Universite de Bourgogne/Franche-Comte, 9 avenue [PERSON], BP 47870, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +44-121-204-3495; Fax: +44-121-204-3682.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 20 October 2015 / Accepted: 13 November 2015 / Published: 25 November 2015_  
**Abstract:** We review our recent progress on the realisation of pulse shaping in passively-mode-locked fibre lasers by inclusion of an amplitude and/or phase spectral filter into the laser cavity. We numerically show that depending on the amplitude transfer function of the in-cavity filter, various regimes of advanced waveform generation can be achieved, including ones featuring parabolic-, flat-top- and triangular-profiled pulses. An application of this approach using a flat-top spectral filter is shown to achieve the direct generation of high-quality sinc-shaped optical Nyquist pulses with a widely tunable bandwidth from the laser oscillator. We also present the operation of an ultrafast fibre laser in which conventional soliton, dispersion-managed soliton (stretched-pulse) and dissipative soliton mode-locking regimes can be selectively and reliably targeted by adaptively changing the dispersion profile and bandwidth programmed on an in-cavity programmable filter. The results demonstrate the strong potential of an in-cavity spectral pulse shaper for achieving a high degree of control over the dynamics and output of mode-locked fibre lasers.  
**Keywords:** mode-locked fibre lasers; nonlinear pulse shaping; frequency filtering; nonlinear fibre optics
## 2 Theoretical Analysis
### Numerical Solution of Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta Method  
We use the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK-4) numerical method to solve the Duffing equation, and choose the coefficient of Equation (2) as \(k/m=\beta/m=n\):  
\[\ddot{x}-nx+nx^{3}=0 \tag{3}\]  
In the case of changing different \(n\), when the spring constants are equal, the displacement will happen to converge at two points, \(+1\) or \(-1\), and when \(n\) is different, the displacement convergence results are not the same, and there is no analytical solution, so it is worthy of further study. Figure 1 shows different initial displacements, initial velocities, and their convergence results for \(k/m=\beta/m=0.5\). These results will be collected for subsequent analysis.  
Then, we collect the data of the numerical solutions of the damped forced vibration type of the Duffing equation. This type will cause chaos under certain conditions. For example: \(m=1\), \(\mu=0.2\), \(k=-1\), \(\beta=1.0\), \(F_{0}=0.3\), \(\omega=1.29\), \(x_{0}=0.15,\dot{x}=1.2\). The result is shown in Figure 2. In some cases, Limit Cycle Oscillation will appear, and its convergent trajectory is a single closed curve, for example: \(m=1\), \(\mu=0.2\), \(k=1\), \(\beta=1.0\), \(F_{0}=0.3\), \(\omega=0.8\), \(x_{0}=0.1\), \(\dot{x}=0.5\). This solution corresponds to the periodic solution of the system, and forms a closed curve as shown in Figure 3. In addition, there are double loops or quadruple loops, etc. The trajectory of convergence is a closed curve composed of two cycles or four cycles. In this study, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method is used to collect data of different initial conditions, and only a single cycle solution is considered, and the maximum and minimum values of displacement and velocity of this closed curve will be recorded.  
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the convergence results of the Duffing equation (undamped free vibration).
# Trade-Off Analysis for Array Configurations of Chipless RFID Sensor Tag Designs
## 6 Experimental Validation and Discussion
### Detectability of Planar Array Configurations
#### 6.2.1 Linear Detectability
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Resonator** \\ **Configuration** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Measured** \\ **Distance** \\ **(m)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Simulated Resonance** \\ **Resonance** \\ **Frequency (GHz)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **\(\Delta\)f** \\ **(GHz)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(2\times 2\) Array} & 0.65 & 4.88 & 4.78 & +0.10 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 1.30 & 4.89 & 4.78 & +0.11 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(4\times 4\) Array} & 1.00 & 4.88 & 4.78 & +0.10 \\ \cline{2-5}  & 3.00 & 4.89 & 4.78 & +0.11 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of extended reading range measurements. Figure 22: Extended reading range measurements. (a) \(2\times 2\) array. (b) \(4\times 4\) array.
## 6 System Testing and Results  
### Preliminary Tests  
Several tests have been performed at different stages of the development of the system. In relation to the radiofrequency communication system, the first test consisted on a loop-back type  
Figure 11: Flow diagram for the data transmission request in the central server. communication between a BTU and a RTU in line of sight. In this test, the BTU sends data packets and the RTU has to return exactly the same values. These preliminary tests confirmed a successful communication in a distance of 8.77 Km in line of sight (LOS) from the engineering school to the mountain \"Cerro del Cimatario\" near the city of Quer daro, as illustrated in Figure 12.  
The LOS analysis was performed by using the X-CTU software from Digi. Data packets sent consisted of a sequence of alphanumerical characters, as shown in Figure 13, and transmitted at a rate of 9,600 bps. The results of the range test showed a 99.5% of reliability, which in other words means that for 1,000 transmitted packets, only five were received incorrectly. With the obtained results, the next step consisted of performing field communication tests in 11 different points at \"Los Altos de Chiapas\" (Table 2), a mountainous zone of the southeast of Mexico where the system is currently implemented. LOS and range tests where achieved and the relation between packets sent/received correctly were calculated. In conditions of LOS, the communication  
Figure 12: Preliminary field test in the City of Quer daro. Figure 13: Range test with the X-CTU software. system had a maximum error of about 0.25%. For example in \"Agua Prieta\", there was an error of only 0.24%, that is 1,249 packets were transmitted and only three were received incorrectly. At this point, only tests of the transmission of the wireless RTU's network in a loop-back mode have been shown, however it is important to evaluate the possible errors generated from a request generated by the final user through a web browser, the reception of the request by the CS, the correct data transmission through the satellite network and then the decoding of the query before this is sent to the wireless RTU's network. For this purpose, a monitoring of the most used protocols in a loop-back data transfer was performed. In Figure 14, two protocols are depicted: the Hypertext Transfer Protocol intended for client-server transmissions where the client submits http request (case of the final user requesting weather information) and the server responds with messages to it (case of the HTTP server sending back the acquired data by the RTUs), and the other, the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). The ICMP is the sub-protocol of control and error notification of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to send error messages indicating for example, that a predefined service is not available or a router can't be addressed. In Figure 14, it can be appreciated that the HTTP utilizes about a 97% of the available bandwidth and the ICMP protocol only the remaining 3%. This result indicates a high reliability in the satellite link and in the transmissions managed by the HTTP embedded server.
# Molecular Imaging with \({}^{68}\)Ga Radio-Nanomaterials: Shedding Light on Nanoparticles
## 2 \({}^{68}\)Gallium  
\({}^{68}\)Gallium (\({}^{68}\)Ga) is a positron emitter radioisotope with a half-life of 67.845 min that can be obtained from its parent radionuclide \({}^{68}\)Ge [21]. It decays to \({}^{68}\)Zinc with 89% positron branching and maximum energy of 1.9 MeV, and mean of 0.89 MeV [22]. Owing to its short half-life that matches the pharmacokinetics of small biomolecules, it is highly suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It is one of the first short-lived \(\beta^{+}\)-emitting radionuclides to have been used in clinical imaging; long before the PET gold standard, \({}^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (\({}^{18}\)FDG), usage began. \({}^{68}\)Ga-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (\({}^{68}\)Ga-EDTA) was used in the 1950s for brain tumor annihiscopy, a system based in coincidence detection used before PET appeared [23]. The most appealing advantage \({}^{68}\)Ga presents, and many other radionuclides used in PET do not, is it can be produced on site in a benchtop \({}^{68}\)Ge/\({}^{68}\)Ga generator, avoiding the need for a cyclotron nearby.