## 4 Discussion
### Activities
#### 4.1.5 Cardioprotective  
Polyphenols, especially flavonoids **(1-13)**, possess cardioprotective capacity [165]. As far as Rosaceae family is concerned, _Crataegus oxyaantha_, _Crataegus_ spp., _Eriobotrya japonica_, and _Rubus ideaus_ (European red raspberry) show cardioprotective effectiveness. Many studies have been conducted towards heart-protective properties of _Crataegus_ extracts. It is worth noting that a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study designed by [PERSON] et al. [121] revealed that the administration of 900 mg WS\({}^{\otimes}\) 1442 special extract per day for 24 months diminishes heart-related mortality and echocardiographic patterns. Another study demonstrated that 50% water/ethanol extract of _Crataegus oxyaacantha_ diminishes apoptotic incidence in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via adjustment of Akt and Hf-1 signaling pathways in vivo [102]. The action of _Rubus ideas_ is connected with PPAR alpha pathway [146] as well as the improvement of vascular endothelial dysfunction [147].  
Among Apiaceae, _Coriandrum sativum_, _Anethum graveelens_, and _Angelica sinensis_ can be distinguished. Polysaccharides from _Angelica sinensis_ (in doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) in in vitro and ex vivo studies (Sprague Dawley rats, cardiomyocytes derived from neonatal cell culture) revealed cardioprotective effect [42]. The same activity showed powder and essential oil (daily oral doses of 45, 90, and 180 mg/kg) of _Anethum graveelens_ in vivo (male Wistar rats) in the research conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [34]. The largest number of studies on the heart-protective properties of representatives of the Apiaceae family concerned _Coriandrum sativum_ (water and methanol extracts).  
1.6 Anti-Thrombotic (Prevent Blood Coagulation), Antiplatelet, Inhibits Platelet Aggregation, Anticoagulation  
The process of blood coagulation is a complex procedure in which various zymogens are involved. Proteolysis converts proenzymes into active enzymes that contribute to the generation of thrombin and the transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin. Factor VII (FVII) binds to uncovered tissue factor (TF), resulting in the formation of thrombin with procoagulant properties. The primary role of anticoagulant is suppressing thrombin and fibrin production. Cardiovascular disease and thrombosis are closely linked to platelets and other mediators [176].  
In vivo, both _F. vulgarte_ essential oil and anethole, when orally administered in a subacute treatment to mice (at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 5 days), exhibited notable antithrombotic effects by preventing paralysis induced by intravenous injection of collagen-epinephrine (with 70% and 83% protection, respectively). At the antithrombotic dosage, they did not exhibit prohemorrhagic side effects, unlike acetylsalicylic acid, which was used as a reference drug [75].  
The inhibitory activity towards clotting formation and platelet aggregation was assessed for the aqueous extract of _Petroselinum crispum_ flavonoids (apigenin and apigenin-7-\(O\)-glucose), and oxypeucedanin hydrate [79]. The authors observed a strong antiplatelet aggregation activity was observed for the aqueous extract of _P. crispum_ (IC\({}_{50}\) = 1.81 mg/mL), apigenin (IC\({}_{50}\) = 0.036 mg/mL) and apigenin-7-\(O\)-glucose (IC\({}_{50}\) = 0.18 mg/mL).  
In accordance with the gathered studies, few plants from the Apiaceae family possess anticoagulant activity, namely _Foeniculum vulgare_, _Petroselinum crispum_, _Angelica pubescens_, _Centrella asitia_, and _Liguscium wallichi_[41; 75; 79]. What is more, _Centaegus aronia_, _Centaegus orientalis_, and _Malus domestic_ (Rosaceae) show this potential [91; 139; 167].