## 3 Related Work  
The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined by a harmonious integration of various nodes, and security is a significant concern within this network. To mitigate the vulnerability of this network, smart nodes must authenticate each other and establish mutual trust to communicate. Also, the security and confidentiality of information are of paramount importance. To safeguard information from the malicious actions of network attackers, [PERSON] et al. [28] introduced a protocol designed to enhance authentication performance in smart healthcare systems. While the proposed protocol leverages elliptic curve encryption techniques, it does have vulnerabilities that expose it to the Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), impersonation, and stolen smart card attacks. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed a secure ECC-based authentication protocol (ECCBAP) to improve the connection reliability between edge devices and the cloud server. However, the solution fails to consider defenses against replay attacks, enabling attackers to drain system resources by continuously resending captured messages via public channels to the server. [PERSON] et al. [30] introduced a scheme concentrating on communication security and user privacy protection in smart home environments, offering an authentication method that is both secure and lightweight, utilizing three factors. However, the suggested method cannot attain the security-related aspects of untraceability and perfect forward secrecy, while also being vulnerable to attempts of guessing passwords and impersonation attacks. [PERSON] et al. [31] introduced a network protocol based on elliptic curve techniques and encryption to secure devices with low processing power, aiming to enhance computing and communication capabilities constructed considering attributes like energy, power, and data transfer rate. While the security measures of the recommended protocol are substantiated by the random oracle model method, it falls behind in achieving the security characteristic of perfect forward secrecy and is open to impersonation attacks. As Internet of Things (IoT) technology becomes integrated into the industrial framework, security threats have evolved. [PERSON] et al. [32] introduced a key-agreement and authentication protocol utilizing the hashing process, executing XOR operations, and ECC encryption method for encrypting exchanged data. However, the proposed protocol cannot adequately address security concerns and is subject to issues such as untraceability, password guessing attacks, stolen user mobiles, man-in-the-middle, ESL, and de-synchronization. [PERSON] et al. [33] introduced an improved protocol for securing IoT environments. However, contrary to their claim of safety, the presented protocol raises security concerns, including issues with clock synchronization, anonymity, and unlinkability. The integration of the IoT framework with medical equipment played a crucial role in enhancing patients' health. However, security vulnerabilities in this field can lead to significant problems. In their work [34], [PERSON] et al. presented a lightweight security protocol utilizing hash operations to authenticate users while also providing an anonymity feature. Despite these intentions, the presented plan exhibits several security weaknesses, making it susceptible to various attacks, including privileged-insider, off-line password guessing, impersonation, smart-card (device) loss, stolen-verifier, update asynchronous, identity anonymity, session-key secrecy, known session key, perfect forward secrecy, and unlinkability. Cloud computing presents a significant challenge for the Internet of Things, necessitating support against potential security threats. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [35] introduced a credential-based authentication mechanism based on security requirements such as access control, privacy, integrity, and confidentiality. However, the suggested method has weak points that make it vulnerable to two kinds of attacks: offline password guessing and Ephemeral Secret Leakage (ESL). [PERSON] et al.