## 1 Introduction  
The demand for clean and sustainable energy sources is increasing at a rapid pace, and microgrids (MGs) have emerged as a promising solution for achieving energy resilience, efficiency, and security. As a general definition, a microgrid is a localized power system that integrates renewable energy resources, energy storage systems, and loads to operate autonomously or in parallel with the main grid [1; 2; 3]. Thanks to these features, MGs offer many benefits, such as improved reliability, reduced carbon emissions, and lower energy costs. However, their design, operation, and management can be complex and challenging. Moreover, the emergence of new digital technologies and the growing demand for decentralized energy systems have led to the digitalization of MGs [4; 5; 6]. MGs can be classified based on their operating mode, connectivity, and ownership. For instance, MGs can operate in grid-connected or islanded mode, depending on whether they are connected to the main grid or not. They can also be classified as customer-owned, utility-owned, or third-party-owned, depending on who owns and operates the microgrid. Although the concept of MGs dates back to the early 20 th century, when isolated communities in rural areas began using diesel generators to generate electricity, the modern microgrid concept emerged in the 1990s, when the U.S. Department of Energy funded a series of research projects aimed at developing advanced microgrid technologies [7, 8]. Since then, MGs have gained significant attention, and many research projects and pilot programs have been conducted worldwide to explore their potential benefits, challenges, design, and operational procedures. The design and operation of MGs depend on various factors, such as the local energy resources, load profiles, and customer requirements. The components of a typical microgrid include energy sources, energy storage systems, power electronics, and control systems. The configuration of a microgrid depends on its size, location, and operating mode. For instance, islanded MGs may require more energy storage systems and backup generators than grid-connected MGs [9, 10]. Therefore, control and management strategies are critical for the efficient operation of MGs. Various control strategies, such as droop control, frequency control, and voltage control, can be used to maintain the stability and reliability of MGs [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Optimization techniques, such as economic dispatch and unit commitment, can be used to minimize the operational cost of MGs [17, 18, 19]. Microgrid stability and resilience are essential for ensuring uninterrupted power supply to critical loads during grid disturbances or equipment failures. Therefore, various stability and resilience analysis methods have been developed to evaluate the performance of MGs under different operating conditions. The digitalization of MGs has opened new possibilities for the management and control of these systems. The integration of digital technologies such as distributed energy resources management systems (DERMSs), microgrid energy management systems (MEMSs), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, big data analytics, blockchain technology, artificial intelligence (AI), digital twin technology, cloud computing, and augmented reality have enabled the optimization of MGs' performance and the enhancement of their resilience and stability [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. DERMSs and MEMSs have emerged as essential tools for the efficient management of MGs. DERMSs allows for the integration of distributed energy resources such as wind turbines and solar panels into the grid, while MEMSs enable the optimization of microgrid operations, including load balancing, energy storage management, and demand response. IoT devices are also playing a crucial role in the digitalization of MGs [21]. These devices provide real-time data on energy consumption, production, and storage, enabling better decision making and enhanced control.