## 4 Simulation Results, Theoretical Calculation, and Analysis
### EDP Evaluation among Different Transmission Schemes  
In order to further discuss and compare the performance of different schemes, we separately calculated the information transmission process of UE with different distances from the BS and then further analyzed the latency performance and energy consumption performance at different locations. In addition, in this paper, the judging criterion was set as the energy-delay product (EDP) to represent the performance of different schemes, especially when comparing the performance of different \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) values. The EDP is simply the multiplication of the energy consumption and latency profiles for each case [45], and it is a useful metric for comparing the speed of energy-efficient communication [46]. Figure 8 displays the measurement standards of the general relay scheme and Case 2 with the combination scheme, multi-path transmission scheme, and adaptive UE aggregation scheme, including the overall energy consumption, overall latency, and EDP. Figure 8a presents the measurement standards of the general relay scheme, which consisted of two steps: the UE broadcasting to the cooperation node without aggregation and the cooperation node transmitting to the BS. In the traditional cooperation node network, the UE that required cooperation node assistance transmitted more times than other schemes due to this scheme not having the combination. Figure 6: The gain of latency performance vs. distance under different schemes. Figure 7: The gain of energy performance vs. \(\gamma_{\text{th}}\) under different schemes (R/2). Figure 8(b) depicts the measurement standards of Case 2 with the combination scheme. This scheme also involves two steps: the UE broadcasting to both the BS and the cooperation node without aggregation followed by the cooperation node transmitting to the BS, similar to the general relay scheme. The difference is that this scheme has the combination. This kind of scheme may cost a lot of time when transmitting information, but it can save energy consumption to some extent. Figure 8(c) presents the measurement standards of the multi-path transmission scheme. This approach comprises three stages: the UE broadcasting to both the BS and the cooperation node without aggregation, the cooperation node transmitting to the BS, and the UE transmitting to the BS with aggregation after the cooperation node received the data from the UE. In this situation, the primary advantage of this scheme is its ability to minimize latency, as it selects the shortest latency among the three available schemes. However, it is important to note that the efficiency at reducing latency comes at the cost of increased energy consumption. Although it effectively addresses the issue of latency, it also results in higher energy expenditure. In the AUA scheme, with the setting of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) being equal to 3 dB, there were also three steps involved. These steps included the UE broadcasting to both the BS and the  
Figure 8: The measurement standards of different schemes. cooperation nodes without aggregation, the cooperation nodes transmitting to the BS, and finally the UE transmitting to the BS with aggregation after the cooperation nodes received the data from the UE, similar to the multi-path transmission scheme. Figure 8d illustrates the energy consumption of these three steps, as well as the overall energy consumption, overall latency, and EDP for the AUA scheme. The main difference between the AUA scheme and multi-path transmission scheme is that not every UE chooses aggregation transmission. It can dynamically select a range of UE transmitting data with a single path and others transmitting data with multiple paths. Based on the information provided in the previous figures, we summarized the overall latency, overall energy consumption, and EDP values for the different schemes. The comparison is presented in Figure 9a for the overall latency, Figure 9b for the overall energy consumption, and Figure 9c for the EDP.