## 5 Conclusions  
The dynamic changes in the macrophyte community in the Sirmione Peninsula located in the south of Lake Garda indicate that this important ecosystem is delicately balanced and dependent on many factors. The changes in macrophyte total cover appear to be driven by a complex of wave erosion with eutrophication, turbidity, and lake level influencing the light climate, as well as grazing by herbivores. Satellite observation reveals the detail of seasonal and interannual variation in macrophyte coverage and density crucial to informing ecological assessments and understanding the functioning of dynamic, high-value ecosystems. Further investigations involving the functional features of macrophytes (e.g., growth forms, life history strategies (e.g., [PERSON] et al., 2021 [102])) should be the next step needed to improve current evidence and ensure more robust insights to address the effects of global change on such fundamental ecosystems. Specifically, S2 allowed us to accurately map the spatiotemporal dynamics of submerged rooted macrophytes in order to support monitoring of the shallow water ecosystem of the Sirmione Peninsula. Our results, in addition to capturing a marked fluctuation of macrophyte spatial patterns during the analyzed period (2015-2020), allowed us to highlight the gradual decline in the density of these macrophytes compared to the situation in 1997 and the shift of these organisms towards deeper areas. In addition, comparing the spring period of 2020 (lockdown) with the other years showed a clear improvement of the vegetation community, especially in the nearshore areas where ports are located, thus demonstrating the crucial role of boats in the growth dynamics of macrophytes. In conclusion, the use of remote sensing has offered a new perspective regarding the comprehension of lacustrine macrophytes dynamics, allowing us to overcome the technical and economic limitations of traditional limnological techniques. In the near future, it could be interesting to expand the study, both exploiting the characteristics of the new hyperspectral satellite sensors (e.g., PRISMA and DESIS) and enriching ancillary data (e.g.,-like water levels from the CCI Lake ECV project), for further improving the analysis and monitoring of macrophytes in the region. The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12052693/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12052693/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12052693/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app12052693/s1)), Figure S1: Sentinel-2 image of Sirmione Peninsula in true color (23/03/2019). The circled images represent the three invariant surfaces: roofs (red), sandy beach (yellow), and evergreen vegetation (dark green). The light green area located in the west sub-basin (35 pixels) and the brown area in the east sub-basin (90 pixel) represent the two ROIs used for the analysis of the error maps. Figure S2: (a) Mean annual error value for the two ROIs (2015-2020); (b) mean seasonal error value considering all years of the dataset (from spring to autumn). Figure S3: Winter wind rose for southern Lake Gards showing frequency (%), strength (m s\({}^{-1}\)), and direction of wind (2015-2020). DJF = December, January, February. Figure S4: Turbidity estimated from Lakes CCI dataset for the eastern and western portion of the Sirmione Peninsula for the period from 2016 to 2020. NTU = Nephelometric turbidity unit. Conceptualization, N.G., M.B. and C.G. ; methodology, N.G., M.B., G.F. and C.G. ; validation, N.G., G.F. and M.B. ; formal analysis, N.G., M.B. and G.F.; writing--original draft preparation, N.G., M.B., G.F., R.B. and M.P. ; writing--review and editing, N.G., M.B., G.F., R.B., M.P. and C.G. ; visualization, N.G. and G.F.; supervision, M.B. and C.G. ; project administration, C.G. ; funding acquisition, M.B. and C.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.