## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, global climate change and human activities have intensified the pressure on water resources and terrestrial aquatic systems, and the spatiotemporal distribution of global freshwater resources is continuously expanding [1, 2]. Thus, to solve the conflict between the supply and demand of water in water-scarce areas, the construction of inter-basin water diversion projects is considered a common and direct engineering means to alleviate the scarcity of water in parched regions [3, 4]. However, it is an increasing concern that inter-basin water diversion projects may cause some negative environmental and societal impacts [5, 6, 7, 8]. Despite some controversy, many countries are still committed to providing sufficient water supply for their economies through the construction of cross-basin water transfer projects [9, 10, 11]. For instance, more than 40 countries and regions around the world have completed over 350 water diversion projects [12], with an annual water diversion scale exceeding 540 billion cubic meters at the end of 2021 [1]. However, in the past few decades, due to factors such as the terrain, geology, and water diversion scale along the route as well as the increasingly complicated water diversion methods, structures, and water conservancy facilities and equipment involved, the operational safety of inter-basin water diversion projects has been greatly challenged. Water hammer usually occurs during hydraulic transients in pipeline systems and leads to severe damage and vibration [13; 14], such as erosion, cavitation, pipeline rupture and even collapse [15; 16]. Since the undesirable phenomenon of water hammer poses a threat to daily routine safety in inter-basin water diversion projects, two methods are usually adopted to predict and prevent water hammer issues, including physical simulation and numerical simulation [17; 18]. The rapid development of information technologies has accelerated the promotion of numerical simulation in the scope of water hammer prevention. Over the past few decades, to study transient flow issues in inter-basin water diversion projects, a variety of numerical simulation methods have been continuously developed, such as MOC (the method of characteristics) [13], WCM (wave characteristic method) [16], FVM (finite volume method) [19; 20], FEM (finite element method) [21] and FDM (finite difference method) [22]. The explicit method of characteristics is usually adopted in the simulation of complex pipeline systems [23]. In addition, MOC is typically used to simulate transient flow processes of complicated pipe systems with air chambers, valves, and pumps [24; 25; 26; 27]. Recently, research on the application of hydrological information monitoring data has been constantly emerging. Traditionally, actual measured data on the discharge and water level can be utilized for real-time constraints, calibration, and validation of hydraulic models [28]. For instance, the hydrological monitoring data of the water level and flow are the basis for decision-making in the field of flood forecasting [29]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the real-time collection of water level and rainfall data is beneficial for the application of machine learning algorithms and ensures continuous learning [30]. In addition, in the process of water regime data monitoring of water diversion projects, a variety of factors, such as transmission and manual recording errors of data, monitoring facility failures and network equipment faults, may induce the frequent occurrence of abnormal data [31; 32], which was found to have an influence on the determination and optimization for daily operation schemes and even trigger higher water supply costs [33]. In order to conduct quantitative research on the uncertainty of drainage systems, [PERSON] et al. proposed an evaluation method for the degree of rainwater inlet blockage based on multi-hydrological monitoring data [34].