## 3 Results  
Reduction and D-Value of S. aureus and S. Typhimurium in Fried Fish Paste after FE-DBD Plasma Treatment  
To confirm the sterilization effect of FE-DBD plasma, the reduction in _S. aureus_ and _S._ Typhimurium in fried fish paste was confirmed (Table 1). _S. aureus_ and _S._ Typhimurium intended to decrease significantly as the treatment time increased (\(p\) < 0.05). When the fried fish paste was treated for 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, _S. aureus_ was identified as experiencing 0.16, 0.24, 0.36, 0.43, 0.86, and 1.13 log reduction, respectively. There was no significant difference until 10 min (\(p\) > 0.05). However, a significant difference was observed at 20 min (\(p\) < 0.05), showing the highest decrease compared with the control group (4.22 log\({}_{10}\) CFU/g) at the maximum treatment time. The results for _S. aureus_ and _S._ Typhimurium after the FE-DBD plasma treatment were obtained using two models: a first-order kinetics model and the Weibull model. Based on the survival curve of _S. aureus_, a first-order kinetics model was applied (Figure 2). The R\({}^{2}\) and D-values are shown in Table 2. The D-value was 58.92 min, and the R\({}^{2}\) value was 0.97. The fit of the log-linear kinetics model for _S. aureus_ was estimated to be R\({}^{2}\). It was close to 1.0, so it was appropriate for the determining slope and the D-value. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Microorganism** & **FE-DBD Plasma** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Log Reduction** \\  & **Treatment (min)** & **(log\({}_{10}\) CFU/g)** & **(log\({}_{10}\) CFU/g)** \\ \hline  & 0 & 4.22 \(\pm\) 0.42 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - \\  & 1 & 4.06 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\  & 5 & 3.98 \(\pm\) 0.20 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.2 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ _S. aureus_ & 10 & 3.86 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.36 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\  & 20 & 3.79 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.43 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\  & 30 & 3.36 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 0.86 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\  & 60 & 3.09 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.13 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline  & 0 & 4.09 \(\pm\) 0.24 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & - \\  & 1 & 3.84 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.22 \({}^{\text{C}}\) \\  & 5 & 3.74 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\text{BC}}\) \\ _S._ Typhimuriumium & 10 & 3.32 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) \\  & 20 & 3.26 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\  & 30 & 3.24 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.23 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\  & 60 & 2.96 \(\pm\) 0.35 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.35 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The letters (a–c, A–B for _S. aureus_, and a–c, A–C for _S. Typhimuriumium_) in the columns represent significant differences (\(p\) < 0.05) in reduction after FE-DBD plasma treatment. Values refer to mean \(\pm\) standard deviations (SD) of triplicate determination. [PERSON]’s multiple range test was at a 5% level of probability.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Reduction in _S. aureus_ and _S._ Typhimuriumium in fried fish paste using FE-DBD plasma. The reduction in \(S\). Typhimurium levels caused by FE-DBD plasma was significantly decreased (\(p<0.05\)). After being treated with FE-DBD plasma for 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 min, the reductions were 0.25, 0.35, 0.77, 0.83, 0.85, and 1.13 log\({}_{10}\) CFU/g, respectively. It was confirmed that it gradually decreased as treatment time increased. It significantly decreased after 5 min of treatment (\(p<0.05\)) and decreased gradually after 20, 30, and 60 min, but there was no significant difference (\(p>0.05\)) between the groups. The reduction effect of FE-DBD plasma on \(S\). Typhimurium was evaluated, and the results were applied to the Weibull model (Figure 3). The parameters (b, n, R\({}^{2}\), D) of the Weibull model are shown in Table 2. The values of R\({}^{2}\) and D were 0.97 and 43.60, respectively.