## 3 Results and Discussion
According to previous studies [15], quartz glass belongs  
Figure 3: Photographs of the bubble distribution of quartz glass prepared using different quartz sands. (**a**) Sample I, and (**b**) Sample II. Figure 2: Morphology photos of quartz sand under laser confocal microscope. (**a**) Sample I, and (**b**) Sample II. to a group of typical brittle materials, with little toughness, low plasticity, and a poor ductility ability, so a brittle fracture occurs under a very small tensile force; however, quartz glass has large hardness and good stiffness, so it has a strong compressive ability. The density of quartz glass is an important parameter, which is closely related to the quality, performance, and application of quartz glass. Normally, the density of optically transparent quartz glass is 2.20-2.21 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and the density of opaque quartz glass is smaller, about 2.02-2.10 g/cm\({}^{3}\). In this experiment, the drainage method was used to determine the density of the quartz glass. The quartz glass sample with a diameter of 0.1 mm wire was suspended in the analytical electronic balance in the air and water, weighing the quartz glass, and, finally, Equation (2) was used to calculate the density of the quartz glass. \[d=\frac{m_{1}-m_{1}}{(m_{1}-m_{1})-(m_{1}-m_{1})}\times(\rho-0.0012)+0.0012 \tag{2}\]  
where \(m_{1}\) represents the total weight of the quartz glass sample and metal wire in air, \(m_{2}\) denotes the weight of the metal wire in air, \(m_{3}\) indicates the total weight of the quartz glass sample and metal wire in water, and \(m_{4}\) signifies the weight of the metal wire in water. The density of water is represented by \(\rho\), while 0.0012 g/cm\({}^{3}\) is the average density of air at room temperature. To minimize experimental data errors, the sample was tested five times, as illustrated in Figure 4. The quartz glass densities obtained from these five tests were 2.208 g/cm\({}^{3}\), 2.213 g/cm\({}^{3}\), 2.197 g/cm\({}^{3}\), 2.198 g/cm\({}^{3}\), and 2.209 g/cm\({}^{3}\), with a margin of error of \(\pm\)0.003. The average density was calculated to be 2.205 g/cm\({}^{3}\). Fictive temperature (\(T_{f}\)) is a crucial parameter for characterizing the structure of quartz glass. The concept of \"fictive temperature\" was first proposed by [PERSON] et al. [16] in the 1940s, who suggested that this parameter could represent the structural state of glass. If the structure of glass in a certain state is identical to the equilibrium structure at temperature \(T_{r}\) the fictive temperature of that glass state can be considered as \(T_{f}\) = \(T\)[17]. In other words, when quartz glass reaches equilibrium at temperature \(T\) and is suddenly cooled to room temperature, its fictive temperature is \(T\). [PERSON] et al. [18] found that infrared spectroscopy can be used to characterize the imaginary temperature of the quartz glass. Figure 5 displays the infrared reflection spectrum of quartz glass from 300 to 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\), featuring three characteristic vibration bands at 1122, 780, and 480 cm\({}^{-1}\), consistent with the measurements by [PERSON] et al. The 480 cm\({}^{-1}\) band corresponds to the Si-O-Si rocking \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Sample A** & **Sample B** & **Sample C** & **Sample D** & **Sample E** \\ \hline Compressive strength & & & & & \\ (GPa) & 754.8 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 735.7 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 737.7 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 738.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 767.1 \(\pm\) 0.6 \\ Tensile strength (MPa) & 8.15 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 8.41 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 8.19 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 9.64 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 7.93 \(\pm\) 0.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Compressive strength and tensile strength of quartz glass. Figure 4: Density of quartz glass. vibrations, while the 780 cm\({}^{-1}\) spectral band is attributed to the Si-O-Si bending vibrations. According to the literature, the 1122 cm\({}^{-1}\) band is ascribed to the Si-O-Si bond stretching vibrations, with the position of this reflection band primarily determined by the Si-O-Si bond angle.