esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 An Adaptive Attitude Estimation Method Based on Multi-Sensor Fusion
### Coordinate Transformation  
The coordinate transformation for accelerometer output data is shown as follows. If an vector in the inertial space is calculated by unit vector \([0\ 0\ 1]^{T}\) rotating around 3-axis, attitude rotation matrix \(C_{b}^{g}\) can be expressed as  
\[C_{b}^{g}\!\!=\!\!\begin{bmatrix}\cos\gamma\cos\psi&\cos\psi\sin\gamma\sin\theta \!\!-\!\cos\theta\sin\gamma&\sin\theta\sin\psi\!\!+\!\cos\theta\cos\psi\sin \gamma\\ \cos\gamma\sin\psi&\cos\theta\cos\psi\!\!+\!\sin\gamma\sin\theta\sin\psi&\cos \theta\sin\gamma\sin\psi\!\!-\!\cos\psi\sin\theta\\ -\sin\gamma&\cos\gamma\sin\theta&\cos\gamma\cos\theta\end{bmatrix}. \tag{1}\]  
Record the accelerometer measurement as \(a_{x}\), \(a_{y}\), and \(a_{z}\) after unitization  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}a_{x}\\ a_{y}\\ a_{z}\end{array}\right]=C_{b}^{g}\!\!\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 0\\ 1\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\sin\theta\sin\psi+\cos\theta\cos \psi\sin\gamma\\ \cos\theta\sin\gamma\sin\psi-\cos\psi\sin\theta\\ \cos\gamma\cos\theta\end{array}\right]. \tag{2}\]  
In Equation (2), when the yaw angle \(\psi=0\), the roll angle \(\gamma\), and pitch angle \(\theta\) can be calculated as Equations (3) and (4). However, the yaw angle cannot be measured by accelerometer due to the rotation plane is orthogonal to gravity.  
\[\gamma=-\arcsin a_{x}, \tag{3}\]  
\[\theta=\arctan\!\left(\frac{a_{y}}{a_{z}}\right). \tag{4}\]  
The coordinate transformation of gyro output data is shown as follows. Its 3-axis angular velocity is \(\omega_{x}\), \(\omega_{y}\) and \(\omega_{z}\),  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}\omega_{x}\\ \omega_{y}\\ \omega_{z}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\cos\theta\cos\gamma& \cos\gamma&0\\ -\sin\theta&0&1\\ -\cos\theta\cos\gamma&\sin\gamma&0\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c} \theta\\ \dot{\gamma}\\ -\psi\end{array}\right]. \tag{5}\]  
Figure 2: Attitude estimation algorithm flow chart.  
Therefore, 3-axis angular velocity in the geographic coordinate system can be obtained by  
\[\left[\begin{array}{c}\dot{\psi}\\ \dot{\theta}\\ \dot{\gamma}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\frac{\sin\gamma}{\cos \theta}&0&-\frac{\cos\gamma}{\cos\theta}\\ \cos\gamma&0&\sin\gamma\\ \sin\gamma\tan\theta&1&-\cos\gamma\tan\theta\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array} []{c}\omega_{x}\\ \omega_{y}\\ \omega_{z}\end{array}\right]. \tag{6}\]
# Towards a New Digital Era: Observing Local E-Government Services Adoption in a Chinese Municipality
## 3 E-Government in China  
### Local-Dominated E-Government Services  
E-government initiatives in China were first activated in 1992. Under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the State Council general office initiated the ICT plan to build an office automation system [39]. As one dimension of the national investment aiming to boost economic growth, Internet infrastructure has been energetically strengthened by Chinese government [40], which lays the foundation of e-government projects throughout the country. Compared with central departments, most of the e-government services were implemented at the local level, which can be divided into provincial and municipal projects in which the latter are dominant. In other words, national strategies are leading the way by formulating fundamental ICT development plans after which local administrations are launching various services under the umbrella of the central government. For instance, \"Internet Plus\" (2015), proposed by Prime Minister [PERSON], is one of the latest economic and ICT national strategies. It aims at utilizing information trends to boost societal development in which the \"Internet + Government\" section has advocated governments in providing citizen-centered public services via ICT in the areas of public management, online healthcare, citizen participation, etc. Since then, many local administrations have published their e-government projects according to the guidelines of the Internet Plus Strategy, though these programs have differed in their local features. Hence, most of the e-government services closed to citizens in China are maintained at the municipal level, which leads our research to the case study of a Chinese municipality to investigate e-services for accuracy and clarity.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Results of Measuring the Brake Components' Temperature during Free Cooling  
The brake discs' temperature in the section of friction surface during cooling at an ambient air temperature of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C is shown in Figure 10. The temperature was measured for a period of 42 min.  
Figure 12: Braking force depending on effort to control the steering.  
The speed of brake discs' cooling in the section of friction surface may be considered to be approximately the same. The biggest difference was between the brake discs with maximum thickness and with minimum thickness (Figure 13).  
Figure 14 shows the course of temperature of particular brake discs in the section where they are in contact with a wheel charge.  
The brake discs' temperature in the section of contact with charge of the wheel had higher differences while cooling (Figure 13) than the temperatures in the section of friction surface (Figure 14). The fastest reduction in temperature was seen in the low-priced brake discs. The mid-priced brake discs with maximum thickness cooled the slowest, mainly in the second half of the time of measuring.  
Figure 14: Brake discs’ temperature in the section of contact with charge.  
Figure 13: Brake discs’ temperature in the section of friction surface.  
The differences in temperatures of brake discs and brake pads while cooling were minimal (Figures 13-16). While driving a vehicle, the speed of the brake components' cooling depends not only on materials used but also on the driving speed and overall aerodynamic conditions, as seen in the publication [131] as well. Thus, under different conditions, the brake components would be cooled at different speeds. However, as can be seen from Figures 13-16, they cool almost identically under the same conditions.  
On the other hand, the differences in temperatures while braking were considerable (Figures 8, 10 and 11). In addition to the materials used, the heating intensity of the brake components is also affected by driving characteristics, values reached during longitudinal and transverse accelerations, as well as pressure applied on a wheel, as also seen in the publications [132; 133]. The advantage of this publication is that all the measurements that focused on the brake components' temperature were performed under laboratory conditions, i.e., under the same conditions.  
If a vehicle stays after intense or long-lasting braking, the brake components of all prices are cooled almost identically. However, low-priced brake components reach substantially higher temperatures than the other brake components after braking in the same way.
## 4 Application of the Model
### Level 4 Evaluation: Antenna isolation  
At this level, the isolation of the vehicle-mounted antennas was evaluated. The isolation degree between the receiving antenna connected to the VHF3 receiver and the transmitting antenna connected to the HF1 and VHF2 transmitters was calculated, and the results obtained via calculation and measurement are shown in Figure 10.  
As shown in Figure 10a, the calculation of the level of antenna isolation between HF1 and VHF3 is in good agreement with the measurement, and it is less than 20 dB in the ranges of 48 MHz to 57 MHz and 81 MHz to 88 MHz. Figure 10b shows that the calculated antenna isolation between VHF2 and VHF3 is in good agreement with the measurement, and it is less than 20 dB in the ranges of 47 MHz to 58 MHz and 80 MHz to 88 MHz. The broken red line in Figure 6 represents the antenna isolation th  
Figure 10: Comparison of the results from the calculation and measurement of antenna isolation. (**a**) HF1 and VHF3; (**b**) VHF2 and VHF3.  
Figure 9: Sensitivity reduction of receiver VHF3.  
system EMC threshold, the level of antenna isolation usually must be greater than 20 dB. Therefore, the evaluation result of this level is IM \(>0\), which indicates that a potential EMI is present in this system and fifth-level evaluation is required.
## 3 Prediction Method of the Leakage Current  
Generally, time series analysis involves methods for extracting meaningful statistics and other characteristics from time series data. This encompasses various techniques, such as time series models, exponential smoothing forecasts, or moving averages. This study primarily focuses on the analysis of long-term time series data, including leakage current, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure measured per minute. Regression model algorithms like support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosting regression (GBR), and long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) are applied for predicting the insulator's leakage current based on on-site measured weather data. Additionally, evaluation metrics (mean squared error (_MSE_), mean absolute error (_MAE_), and explained variance score (_EVS_)) are used to assess the error between the actual and predicted values, providing an explanation of the models' performance in estimating leakage current.
## 1 Introduction
### Aims and Contributions of the Presented Research Work
The remainder of the paper is arranged as follows: In the next subsection, the architecture of the developed smart garment is introduced, along with the description of harvesters, sensors, and electronic modules. Afterwards, the design of electrochemical gas sensor modules integrated into the garment is introduced for detecting the air concentrations of CO, H\({}_{2}\)S, CH\({}_{2}\)O, and O\({}_{2}\). Then, the mobile application that forwards the acquired information to the IBM Cloud platform is presented, as well as the communication tests between the sensor node and the cloud platform. Afterwards, the results of field tests on the multisource energy harvesting section are reported in different operating conditions. Finally, the results of the characterizations and tests carried out on the sensors integrated into the wearable device are presented.
###### Abstract
Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a recently proposed noninvasive stimulation modality that can direct stimulation energy toward tissues deep inside the body, thus avoiding off-target stimulation of shallow tissues near the skin [20]. This method uses two temporally interfering electric fields with different high carrier frequencies in the kHz range, and the difference in the carrier frequencies is small, i.e., in the range of 10's of Hz. High carrier frequencies allow the electric fields to be delivered deep inside the body due to reduced electrical impedances of tissues at such high frequencies [21], enabling their interference to form an envelope focused only in the deep region. The envelope frequency is equal to the small frequency difference of less than 40 Hz [20], which is low enough to stimulate the target nerves; however, the frequencies are rather high in the kHz range, causing no response from the nerves [22]. On comparing the existing noninvasive stimulation techniques in regard to this property, TI stimulation requires a low current intensity to stimulate the nerves deep inside the body due to high penetration efficiency, thereby preventing adverse effects of superficial tissue injuries near the skin surface [23]. Considering these advantages, in our previous study, we proposed and demonstrated the feasibility of TI stimulation for OAB treatment using both an in-silico human model and an in-vivo rat model [18]. However, the study had the limitation of the small number of human models, similar to that in other in-silico studies using less than 10 models [18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. This is an insufficient number of models to evaluate the clinical applicability of TI stimulation, considering individual anatomical differences. Therefore, a large-scale in-silico study using realistic human models is required to provide robust preclinical evidence for the clinical application of TI stimulation [29, 30]. The main goals of this study were to confirm the effectiveness of TI stimulation as an alternative OAB-treating neuromodulation technique through a large-scale in-silico study and develop an optimization technique to focus TI fields on the tibial nerve. To achieve these goals, we developed additional human leg models based on clinical MR images and suggested a framework to optimize input currents and placements of electrodes to maximize the localization of induced electric fields in the target tibial nerve for OAB treatment through electrical stimulation. The focusing was controlled by automatically changing the placement of electrodes or by altering the current intensity for each electrode [20,23]. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the MR data acquisition and modeling process, as well as the stimulation conditions and post-processing for TI optimization verification. In addition, this section introduces formulas for implementing TI stimulation and describes indexes for evaluating targeting ability. Section 3 presents the results, and Section 4 suggests their interpretation. Section 5 concludes our study.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) and Coatings
#### 3.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy  
Figure 3 presents the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of BPA and its molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The spectra are as follows: (a) represents the FTIR spectrum of BPA; (b) represents the FTIR spectrum of the unwashed BPA-MIPs (molecularly imprinted polymers); (c) represents the FTIR spectrum of the washed BPA-MIPs; (d) represents the FTIR spectrum of BPA-NIPs (non-imprinted polymers).  
In Figure 3a, several absorption peaks can be observed in the range of 3300-3000 cm\({}^{-1}\), which corresponds to the stretching vibration of unsaturated carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. Additionally, characteristic absorption peaks of the benzene ring in aromatic compounds can be seen at wavelengths such as 1598 cm\({}^{-1}\), 1509 cm\({}^{-1}\), and 1446 cm\({}^{-1}\). In the range of 3500-3200 cm\({}^{-1}\), there is a broad absorption peak attributed to the stretching vibration of hydrogen bonds (H-O) between BPA molecules. This peak overlaps with the absorption peak from the stretching vibration of unsaturated C-H bonds in the range of 3300-3200 cm\({}^{-1}\), resulting in a larger absorption peak. The stretching absorption peak of the -CH3 group in BPA molecules can be observed at 2870 cm\({}^{-1}\).  
Comparing Figure 3b-d, it can be observed that in Figure 3b,c, there is a broad absorption peak in the range of 3500-3200 cm\({}^{-1}\), which correspo  
Figure 3: Fourier transform infrared spectrum.  
Figure 2: SEM images of BPA-MIPs-SBSE (**a**) and BPA-NIPs-SBSE (**b**).  
vibration of hydrogen bonds (H-O) between BPA molecules. However, this characteristic peak is clearly not present in Figure 3d. This indicates that the template molecule BPA and the functional monomer MAA are polymerized together due to a large number of hydrogen bond interactions. Comparing Figure 3b,c, it can be noticed that the hydrogen bond interactions between the BPA-MIPs decrease after template washing. Absorption peaks of saturated C-H stretching vibrations are observed in the range of 3000-2950 cm\({}^{-1}\) in Figure 3b-d. This indicates that the double bond (C=C) on the functional monomer MAA is opened and interacts with the crosslinking agent EGDMA during the polymerization process, forming saturated C-H bonds.  
In conclusion, during the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers, the template molecule and the functional monomer are bound together through intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions. It is the presence of these interactions that allows the resulting molecularly imprinted polymers to possess a high degree of selectivity and recognition towards the target molecule BPA. Additionally, the functional monomer MAA plays a crucial role by opening the other end of the molecule's C=C bond and forming a stronger attachment with the crosslinking agent, thereby improving the fixation of the template molecule.
###### Abstract  
We experimentally demonstrate an optical Burst-Mode Wavelength Converter (BMWC) that simultaneously provides power equalization and wavelength conversion of Non-Return to Zero-On/Off Keying (NRZ-OOK) data and operates up to 20 Gb/s. It employs a balanced, differentially-biased, Semiconductor Optical Amplifier-Mach Zehnder Interferometer (SOA-MZI) operating in deeply saturated regime and its performance is evaluated at 10 Gb/s and 20 Gb/s with loud/soft peak-power ratios up to 9 dB and 5 dB, respectively. Bit Error Rate (BER) measurements reveal error free operation with up to 6.1 dB BER improvement at 10 Gb/s and 3.51 dB at 20 Gb/s, while the use of a single SOA-MZI yields 50% reduction in the number of active components against state-of-the-art BMWCs. Finally, the proposed BMWC is evaluated in non-dispersion compensated 25 km fiber transmission experiment, providing error-free operation with 1.43 dB BER improvement, validating its capabilities for potential employment in Passive Optical Networks (PON) and 5G fronthaul networks.  
Keywords:burst-mode switches; optical wavelength conversion; passive optical networks; semiconductor optical amplifier-Mach-Zehnder Interferometer; 5G digital fronthaul; wavelength division multiplexing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# Binaural Auralization of Room Acoustics with a Highly Scalable Wave-Based Acoustics Simulation
## 3 Scalability of Wave-Based Room-Acoustics Solver on an HPC Cloud Environment
### Two Room-Acoustics Problems  
Figure 1 shows an analyzed model for Problem 1, which simulates room acoustics in a small meeting room of 66.6 m\({}^{3}\) with acoustics treatments on the ceiling and two walls. A source and a receiver are placed, respectively, at (\(x\), \(y\), \(z\)) = (2.5, 5.8, 1.5) and (0.7, 1.45, 1.2).  
The ceiling is treated acoustically by rigidly backed glass wool of 32 kg/m\({}^{3}\) with 50 mm thickness (GW32K). In addition, five absorbing panels made of rigidly backed glass wool of 96 kg/m\({}^{3}\) with 25 mm thickness (GW96K) (yellowed surfaces in Figure 1) are installed on the two walls. In the simulation, GW32K and GW96K are modeled using frequency-dependent impedance BCs. The surface impedance of the absorbers was computed using the transfer matrix method [33]. The fluid properties of the material were modeled with the Miki model [34], assuming flow resistivity of 13,900 Pa s/m\({}^{2}\) and 55,000 Pa s/m\({}^{2}\) for GW32K and GW96K. The statistical absorption coefficients of the GW32K and GW96K are presented in Figure 2. As shown in Equation (9), the time-domain simulation uses the approximated surface admittance function with a multi-pole model. Here, the surface admittance of absorbers was approximated by the function form of Equation (9) with five real poles and five complex pole pairs for GW32K, and eight real poles and three complex pole pairs for GW96K. The parameters used for GW96K and GW32K are presented in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively, of our earlier works[23; 24]. The window and two doors were modeled with a frequency-independent impedance boundary with real-valued surface impedance corresponding to the random-incidence absorption coefficient \(\alpha\) of 0.05. The remaining boundaries are also modeled by the frequency-independent impedance boundary with real-valued surface impedance corresponding to \(\alpha\) = 0.08.  
Figure 3 shows an analyzed model for Problem 2, which simulates acoustics in a classroom of 189 m\({}^{3}\) with eight long desks and a platform. Problem 2 has larger dimensions and more complex geometry than Problem 1. A source point and a receiver are placed, respectively, at positions (\(x\), \(y\), \(z\)) = (0.5, 3.5, 1.5) and (2.8, 2.0, 1.2). The absorbing condition is the same as that used in Problem 1: ceiling--GW32K; absorbing panel (yellow surfaces in Figure 3)--GW96K; doors and windows--statistical absorption coefficient of 0.05; other surfaces--statistical absorption coefficient of 0.08.  
Figure 1: Problem 1 for scalability test: a meeting room model. Blue and magenta spheres respectively represent the source point and the receiving point.  
Figure 2: Statistical absorption coefficient for (**a**) GW32K and (**b**) GW96K.
# Advanced Technologies in Food Processing--Development Perspective
## 4 Application of Ultrasound in Food Processing
Bath and probe sonication are used for pre-treatment, utilizing water, osmotic solution, or other solvents. This process entails subjecting the fruit to ultrasound, followed by immersion in a liquid and subsequent drying with air or another conventional method. In contrast, air ultrasound is utilized continuously throughout the drying process [81; 82]. According to [PERSON] et al. 2023, pre-treatment using ultrasonic technology combined with air drying facilitated the production of dried apples (_Malus domestica_) and jackfruit (_Artocarpus heterophyllus_) supplemented with _Lactobacillus casei_. The high efficiency of the applied technique was reflected in the reduction of the drying time [13]. It is worth mentioning that there is not enough scientific evidence confirming the positive effect of ultrasound at frequencies higher than 100 kHz. In addition, high-pressure conditions can lead to the accumulation of radicals, which can react with food products, causing their degradation. For these reasons, further research is needed to improve this technique to ensure its effectiveness in practice [83; 84].
## 3 Application  
### Broken Rock Zone Database  
After reviewing the previous literature [14; 18; 72; 73], a roadways broken rock zone (BRZ) database with 181 datasets consists of embedding depth (\(ED\)), drift span (\(DS\)), surrounding rock mass strength (RMS), joint index (\(JI\)) and broken rock zone thickness (\(BRZT\)) was collected. For the deamination of \(JI\) values, the overall, block, layered, fragmented and loose rock mass were assigned a value of 1 to 5, respectively. For the determination of \(BRZT\) values, some mines in this database use the ultrasonic detection method, and some mines use the geophysical detecting radar method. Among these 181 datasets, there are 154 datasets were collected from the roadway with depth of less than 800 m. Considering that there is a zoning rupture phenomenon when the excavation works enter deep mining, the concept of broken rock zone (BRZ) cannot fully describe the rapture of rock around the roadway [4]. In China, most scientists think that deep than 800 m can be judged as deep mining [74; 75], so only the datasets (see Figure 3) with depth less than 800 m were analyzed in this paper. In Figure 3, the asterisks means the significance levels of the correlations, the more asterisks, the smaller the \(p\) value.  
As shown, the lower and upper triangle respectively represent the pairwise relationships and correlation coefficients, and the marginal distribution was shown by using the diagonal of Figure 3. It can be seen that there is an important relationship between these input variables. For better understanding, the maximum, minimum, standard deviation values of these five collected variables were tabulated by using Table 1.