# Antiplatelet Activity of Phenolic Compounds-Fortified Merlot Wine and Pure Phenolic Compounds
## 3 Results
### Anti-Plateral Effect of Binary Interactions between Phenolic Compounds  
The results of the interactions between phenolic compounds on the inhibition of platelet aggregation revealed interesting and varied patterns (Figure 5). Higher inhibition results were observed for practically all combinations, suggesting that combinations of phenolic compounds may have synergistic or additive effects that modulate antiplatelet activity, which could have important implications for the potential therapeutic application of these compounds in the management of CVDs.  
When platelet aggregation was induced with TRAP-6, a slight but significant antiaggregant effect was observed in the Querc/Epicat and Epicat/Cat combinations (36 \(\pm\) 4% platelet inhibition and 38 \(\pm\) 5% platelet inhibition, respectively). On the other hand, the  
Figure 5: Effect of the binary combination of phenolic compounds (Caffeic: Caffeic  
antiplatelet effect of the independent compounds was only greater for Quercetin 1 mg/mL and 0.75 mg/mL (53 \(\pm\) 2 and 56 \(\pm\) 3% platelet inhibition, respectively), while Epicatechin and Catechin (26 \(\pm\) 2 and 28 \(\pm\) 1% platelet inhibition, respectively) had less potential than their respective combinations with quercetin (Figure 5A).  
Stimulation of platelet aggregation with collagen showed that all phenolic compounds, except gallic acid, significantly inhibited platelet aggregation at 1 mg/mL. Quercetin revealed the strongest effect, and this inhibition remained statistically significant up to 0.75 mg/mL. In addition, all the binary combinations tested showed potent inhibition of platelet aggregation, with the mixtures including quercetin being especially notable since they presented more potent antiplatelet effects than the independent compounds (Querc/Gallic, 60 \(\pm\) 3, Querc/Cat, 80 \(\pm\) 2, Querc/Epicat, 71 \(\pm\) 4 and Querc/Caffeic, 67 \(\pm\) 2% platelet inhibition). This suggests a possible synergistic effect between quercetin and other phenolic compounds in the inhibition of collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation (Figure 5B).  
When platelet aggregation was evaluated with ADP, only caffe acid and quercetin compounds showed significant antiplatelet activity. As expected, combinations of quercetin with other phenolic compounds showed significant inhibitory effects. Interestingly, Cat/Gallic and Caffeic/Gallic also revealed a slightly significant inhibitory effect compared to the control. These results are interesting, considering that gallic acid showed no antiplatelet activity, suggesting that the combination of gallic acid with other phenolic compounds may potentiate their antiplatelet activity in a synergistic way. This suggests that although some individual compounds may not be effective in inhibiting platelet aggregation against a specific agonist, when combined with other compounds they may have a synergistic or additive effect and potentiate its activity (Figure 5C).  
In conclusion, our results indicate that the combinations of phenolic compounds present in wine may have synergistic effects on the inhibition of platelet aggregation. These findings are relevant to better understanding the mechanism of action of these compounds and could have implications in the development of more effective and safe antiplatelet therapies for the management and prevention of CVDs. However, it is important to take into account that these results were obtained in vitro and that additional studies, such as clinical trials, are required to confirm and validate the biological potential under real physiological and clinical conditions.