# LPWAN-Based Vehicular Monitoring Platform with a Generic IP Network Interface
## 7 Conclusions  
Intelligent transportation systems are experiencing a big revolution, due to the emergence of novel communication paradigms. One of these technologies gaining momentum is LPWAN, which can boost the synergy between ITS and IoT. Following this line, in this work we have presented an end-to-end monitoring platform for vehicles, based on LPWAN and following a data collection architecture, that enables the provision of a number of ITS services. The platform presented involves a holistic solution that covers the next stages of a new-age ITS monitoring solution:  
* Vehicle data extraction, by means of an OBD-II interface. * Data compression, using a state-of-the-art IETF compression scheme, SCHC. * Data delivery through an LPWAN link, using an LPWAN-capable UNIX network interface implemented from scratch. * Storage of the retrieved data in a cloud data server, and presentation of information to end-users by means of a web-based dashboard. The attained results confirm the validity of the proposal, which permits successful remote monitoring, almost in real-time, of vehicle position and other metrics such as its mechanical status. Figure 11: Study of the LoRaWAN signal strength. A validation test has been conducted in a real scenario, showing the full coverage of a university campus with transmission distances up to 1.5 km. Besides the real LoRaWAN architecture deployed to perform the experiments, it is also worth noting the implementation of the generic network interface for UNIX systems, which allows the seamless transmission of application-layer UDP/IPv6 packets through the LPWAN link. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first development of a network interface that permits the direct transmission of data over an LPWAN-based technology, for a general-purpose operative system. In addition, the reliability of the communications over this constrained link has been studied as well, obtaining notable packet delivery ratios over 95% under motion conditions. Future research lines include the study of this proposal in other environments, such as highways or dense urban areas, with a multitude of vehicles involved in the experiments. The UNIX LPWAN interface will be exploited in our active research lines in the fields of packet compression, fragmentation, and security for LPWAN. Conceptualization, J.S., R.S.-I., and A.F.S. ; Data curation, P.R.-R. and L.B.-E.; Funding acquisition, J.S., R.S.-I., and A.F.S. ; Investigation, J.S., R.S.-I., P.R.-R., and L.B.-E.; Methodology, J.S. and R.S.-I. ; Software, P.R.-R. and L.B.-E.; Supervision, J.S., R.S.-I., and A.F.S. ; Validation, P.R.-R. and L.B.-E.; Visualization, P.R.-R. and L.B.-E.; Writing--original draft, J.S. and R.S.-I. ; Writing--review & editing, J.S. and R.S.-I. This work has been supported by the European Union under the framework of the H2020 IoTcrawler (contract 779852) and 5G-MOBIX (contract 825496); the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the PERSEIDES project (ref. TIN2017-86885-R) and the Ramon y Cajal Program (RYC-2017-23823); and the BBVA Foundation, under the 2018 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results. The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: