## 3 Experimental Results  
### Slope Failure Process and Stages  
Figures 6 and 7 show the dynamic evolution of the slope morphology during soil rupture at the slope crest and toe, respectively. Panels a to j present field images showing the incremental displacement of the bedrock, ranging from 10 mm to 100 mm. These images offer a macroscopic perspective for analyzing the failure process of the soil slope and preliminarily delineating the stages of failure. As shown in Figure 6, when the bedrock dislocation reaches 10 mm, a fine crack appears on the slope surface 15 cm from the crest, and the soil does not exhibit significant rupture (Figure 6a). At a bedrock dislocation of 20 mm, the fine crack on the slope surface extends downward (denoted by S2), while another crack (denoted by S1) propagates upward from the bedrock dislocation point (Figure 6b). Between displacements of 30 mm and 40 mm, S2 continues to extend downward, widening into a sliding surface and causing a collapse, while S1 also continues to develop (Figure 6c,d). When the bedrock dislocation is in the range of 50-70 mm, the combined action of rupture zones S1 and S2 forms the MRZ (Main rupture zone) of the slope and its underlying overburden layer. In this context, S1 and S2 within the main rupture zone are designated as MRZ-S1 and MRZ-S2, respectively. The main rupture zone extends through the soil body to the slope surface, resulting in the appearance of new fine cracks on the slope surface at a distance of 12 cm from the slope toe (Figure 6e-g). When the bedrock dislocation ranges from 80 mm to 100 mm, new cracks of the same nature as S2 appear and extend in a bundle along with the main rupture zone, forming a new main rupture zone. The soil near the main rupture zone shows evident tensile-collapse failure (Figure 6h-j). As shown in Figure 7, when the bedrock dislocation reaches 10 mm, a fine crack appears on the slope surface 20 cm from the slope toe, accompanied by a small upward-inclined crack originating from the bedrock dislocation point (Figure 7a). At a bedrock dislocation of 20 mm, the crack on the slope surface extends downward (denoted by S2), while the inclined crack (denoted by S1) propagates upward toward the slope toe (Figure 7b). When the bedrock dislocation reaches 30 mm, S2 gradually expands into a sliding surface with a collapse width of approximately 3 cm, while S1 continues to develop (Figure 7c). At displacements between 40 mm and 50 mm, the rupture zone evolves into a \"Y\" shape, and a new crack appears on the slope surface 10 cm from the lower side of the slope toe (Figure 7d,e). When the bedrock dislocation reaches 60 mm, the combined action of rupture zones S1 and S2 forms the main rupture zone (MRZ) of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor Category** & **Model** & **Parameter** \\ \hline Rod displacement sensor & YHD-200 & Range: \(\pm\)100 mm; bridge mode: full bridge or half bridge; sensitivity \\  & & coefficient: 1.005 \\ \hline Laser displacement sensor & FTJP-1 & Range: 200–1200 mm; accuracy: 0.1 mm; sampling frequency: \\  & & 200–5000 Hz \\ \hline Earth pressure sensor & ESP-II & Range: 50 kPa/100 kPa; accuracy: 0.5\% F.S Measurement type: \\  & & Voltage measurement \\ \hline Microseismic sensor & DCIEM-M & Range: \(\pm\)10 g; sensitivity: 1000 mV/g; type of measurement: \\  & & Voltage measurement \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: List of sensor parameters. the slope and its overlying layer, penetrating the soil to the slope surface (Figure 7f). As the bedrock dislocation ranges from 70 mm to 100 mm, the main rupture zone extends toward the active block, gradually widening. The soil on both sides of the main rupture zone exhibits evident tensile-shear failure (Figure 7g-j). From a macroscopic comparison of the failure processes, it is evident that the slope failure in the soil rupture test of the slope crest was more severe, with a wider collapse range. The MRZ was bundle-shaped and affected a larger area.