# An Energy-Efficient and Secure Routing Protocol for Intrusion Avoidance in IoT-Based WSN
## 2 Related Work and Research Formulation  
In most of the large scale networks such as IoT and restricted constraint of sensor nodes, the energy conservation goal is a demanding parameter. Normally, in cluster-based networks [17; 19; 35; 36], cluster heads are considered as a controlling entity, which performs a symbolic role during data gathering and transmission. Being a focal point for all activities within a cluster, due to abundant network traffic they are exposed to quick energy consumption. Therefore, the selection of optimal cluster heads has a symbolic effect on the network performance especially with respect to network stability and homogeneity. Moreover, in large scale IoT based WSNs, secure data routing is another crucial part due to constraint resources. Most of the existing schemes [37; 38; 39; 40] have unreliable and insecure network communication due to the absence of protection mechanisms against malicious threats. The first proposed cluster based routing protocol, low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) [21] comprises different stages and the individual stage partition into two sub phases. In the setup phase, clusters are generated whereas data transmission occurs in a steady phase. In addition, cluster head selection is done periodically, every node in the network field produces a number based on random strategy and if the generated number is smaller than the preset threshold, the role of the cluster head is assigned to the node. Although, LEACH is distributed protocol, however, it might happen that nodes with lower energy levels to be selected as cluster heads. In addition, over the sensor field, cluster heads are not evenly distributed, which causes additional energy dissipation. In [41], the authors improved the performance of the LEACH protocol by incorporating multi-hop criteria for data transmission. However, initially, the clusters are generated randomly, which leads to unbalanced energy consumption. Further, constructed multi-hop paths are non-optimized thereby results in routing holes and route breakages. In addition, chain-chain based routing protocol (CCBRP) [42] aims to improve energy conservation of sensor nodes in data forwarding. CCBRP integrates the functions of LEACH and Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS) by arranging the entire nodes into different chains. CCBRP offers a hybrid scheme and executes the constructed chains in two different stages. The main problem of this protocol is high energy consumption and latency rate with the increase in network size. Consequently, due to restricted scalability, CCBRP is inappropriately suitable for huge scale networks. Authors [43] proposed load balancing and the data collection algorithm aims for saving energy consumption and improved the performance of network with respect to data aggregation and forwarding. The proposed algorithm generates a set of layers based on hop counts among nodes and sinks node. However, the selection procedure of next-hop works in the hop by hop manner, which results in increasing communication costs. Moreover, an increase in network size leads to a higher number of route discoveries and additional transmission delays. Furthermore, robust and energy efficient authentication protocol for industrial IoT [44] presented three-factor authentication and provides data security for WSN. The proposed solution offers proper mutual authentication between nodes, however, unnecessary energy is consumed during the authentication process and compromised network lifetime. Similarly, the Shamir secret sharing scheme [45] has been exploited in [46; 47], and aims to provide data security over the network field. The schemes are composed of two main phases i.e., share generation and share re-construction. A generated secret key is partitioned between set of nodes by using \((t,n)\) threshold-based, where a subset of any nodes is sufficient for reconstructing the secret key.