# China's Water Intensity Factor Decomposition and Water Usage Decoupling Analysis
## 3 Results
### The Decoupling Effect of Water Usage
#### 3.2.2 Decoupling Effort Index  
The decoupling effort index is used to measure the decoupling status between economic growth and water usage (Table 5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Province**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2000–2005**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2005–2010**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2010–2015**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2015–2020**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** \\  & **Index** & **Type** & **Index** & **Type** & **Index** & **Type** & **Index** & **Type** \\ \hline Beijing & 1.16 & SD & 0.79 & WD & 0.71 & WD & 0.75 & WD \\ Tianjin & 0.81 & WD & 0.82 & SD & 0.49 & WD & 0.53 & WD \\ Hebei & 0.99 & SD & 0.92 & SD & 0.91 & SD & 0.92 & SD \\ Shanxi & 0.94 & SD & 0.61 & WD & 0.40 & WD & 0.86 & SD \\ Inner & 0.95 & WD & 0.86 & WD & 0.83 & WD & 0.78 & WD \\ Mongolia & 0.82 & SD & 0.72 & WD & 0.81 & SD & 1.01 & SD \\ Jilin & 1.05 & SD & 0.58 & WD & 0.58 & WD & 1.14 & SD \\ Heilongjiang & 0.88 & SD & 0.52 & WD & 0.63 & WD & 1.20 & SD \\ Shanghai & 0.25 & WD & 0.14 & WD & 0.50 & SD & 0.47 & SD \\ Jiangsu & 0.54 & WD & 0.56 & WD & 0.53 & WD & 0.56 & SD \\ Zhejiang & 0.77 & WD & 0.74 & SD & 0.84 & SD & 1.06 & SD \\ Anhui & 0.51 & WD & 0.31 & WD & 0.75 & SD & 0.92 & SD \\ Fujian & 0.63 & WD & 0.58 & WD & 0.69 & SD & 1.01 & SD \\ Jiangxi & 0.97 & SD & 0.63 & WD & 0.73 & WD & 0.79 & SD \\ Shandong & 1.18 & SD & 0.82 & WD & 0.94 & SD & 0.69 & WD \\ Henan & 0.95 & SD & 0.62 & WD & 0.76 & SD & 0.62 & WD \\ Hubei & 0.87 & SD & 0.56 & WD & 0.63 & WD & 0.84 & SD \\ Hunan & 0.76 & WD & 0.81 & SD & 0.76 & WD & 0.94 & SD \\ Guangdong & 0.72 & WD & 0.66 & WD & 0.81 & SD & 0.99 & SD \\ Guangxi & 0.76 & WD & 0.91 & SD & 0.84 & SD & 1.19 & SD \\ Hainan & 0.93 & WD & 0.92 & WD & 0.87 & WD & 1.06 & SD \\ Chongqing & 0.23 & WD & 0.31 & WD & 0.87 & SD & 1.00 & SD \\ Sichuan & 0.78 & WD & 0.69 & WD & 0.50 & WD & 1.16 & SD \\ Guizhou & 0.56 & WD & 0.67 & WD & 0.95 & SD & 1.04 & SD \\ Yunnan & 0.88 & SD & 0.86 & WD & 0.84 & WD & 0.80 & WD \\ Tibet & 0.62 & WD & 0.90 & WD & 1.24 & SD & 0.87 & WD \\ Shaxai & 0.92 & WD & 0.81 & WD & 0.70 & WD & 0.86 & SD \\ Gansu & 0.88 & WD & 0.90 & SD & 0.92 & SD & 1.11 & SD \\ Qinghai & 0.71 & SD & 0.85 & SD & 1.18 & WD & 1.16 & WD \\ Ningxia & 1.17 & SD & 1.06 & SD & 0.99 & SD & 0.95 & SD \\ Xinjiang & 0.88 & WD & 0.92 & WD & 0.83 & WD & 1.01 & SD \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Decoupling index and state of water usage and economic growth in each province.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & **Technological** & **Industrial** & **Regional** & **Output Scale** & **Decoupling** & **Decoupling** & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\omega\)} \\  & **Effect** & **Structure Effect** & **Scale Effect** & **Effect** & **Index** & **Type** & \\ \hline
2000–2001 & \(-256.68\) & \(-188.32\) & 434.68 & 79.73 & 0.13 & EC & 0.88 \\
2001–2002 & \(-434.71\) & \(-180.49\) & 29.23 & 516.51 & 1.13 & SD & \(-0.13\) \\
2002–2003 & \(-773.46\) & \(-133.11\) & 73.95 & 655.57 & 1.27 & SD & \(-0.26\) \\
2003–2004 & \(-684.70\) & 24.19 & \(-0.26\) & 888.14 & 0.74 & WD & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Decoupling effort index of China’s water usage from 2000 to 2020.  
From the perspective of contributions of these three effects, the technology effect has the greatest influence on the total decoupling effect, with the maximum absolute value of 998.16, which is bigger than the corresponding industrial structure effect with values of 66.43. This shows that technological innovation is an important measure to realize the decoupling of economic development and water usage. The influence of the regional scale effect is smallest, but it plays a driving role in most periods.