# Plaaben Compounds--Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts
## 5 Paraben Detection
### Detection in Water Soruces
#### 5.1.2. Paraben Detection in Water Resources
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Local** & **Source** & **Detection Source** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Range of**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} \\  & & & & **Concentration/[ng/L]** & \\ \hline  & & & MP: \textless{}1.6–45 & \\ Agueda and Vouga River, & & & EP: \textless{}0.3–2.2 & \\ Agueda and Vouga River, & & Surface Water—River & HPLC/MS & PP: \textless{}0.5–6.2 & \\ Portugal & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2–0.8 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0.2 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 3.3–16 & \\ Caster and Antua River, & & & EP: \textless{}0.3–6.4 & \\ Portugal & & Surface Water—River & HPLC/MS & PP: \textless{}0.5–64 & \\  & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2–42 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0.2–0.3 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 5.1–21 & \\ Marine Coast of Aveiro, & & & EP: \textless{}0.3–1.6 & \\ Portugal & & Surface Water—Sea Water & HPLC/MS & PP: \textless{}0.5–1.6 & \\  & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2–0.7 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0.2 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 6–24 & \\ Marine Coast of Aveiro, & & Surface Water—Seaport & HPLC/MS & EP: \textless{}0.3–5.3 & \\ Portugal & & Water & PP: \textless{}0.5–5.3 & \\  & & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 5.9–28 & \\ City of Aveiro, Portugal & & Surface Water—Canal & EP: \textless{}0.3–3.2 & \\  & & & PP: \textless{}0.5–11 & \\  & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2–5.9 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0.2 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 2.1–51 & \\  & & & EP: \textless{}0.3–6.7 & \\ Lagoon in Aveiro, Portugal & Surface Water—Lagoon & HPLC/MS & PP: \textless{}0.5–7.9 & \\  & & & BuP: \textless{}0.2–0.2 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0.2–0.3 & \\ \hline Galicia, Spain & Tap Water & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NACE-DAD} & MP: 40 & \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NACE-DAD-LVSS} & PP: \textless{}25 & [137] a \\ \hline  & & & MP: \textless{}30–37 & \\  & & & EP: \textless{}0–\(\sim\)30 & \\ Galicia, Spain & Surface Water—River & \multicolumn{2}{c}{NACE-DAD-LVSS} & PP: \textless{}25 & [137] a \\  & & & NACE-DAD & \\  & & & NACE-DAD-LVSS & \\  & & & & BuP: \textless{}0–\(\sim\)25 & \\  & & & BeP: \textless{}0–\(\sim\)31 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 119 & \\ Türia River, Spain & Surface Water—River & LC/MS & EP: 16 & \\  & & & PP: 145 & \\  & & & BuP: 14 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 12 & \\ Spain & Tap Water & LC/MS & PP: 9 & [133] b \\  & & & BuP: 28 & \\ \hline  & & & MP: 40 & \\ Spain & Bottled Water & LC/MS & EP: 2 & \\  & & & PP: 23 & \\  & & & BuP: 36 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: _Cont._As can be seen, several studies reported the existence of parabens in different water sources from several locations worldwide, including in drinking and tap water. Together with the parabens detected in effluents composition in Section 5.1.1, it is possible to confirm that WWTPs are not completely efficient in paraben elimination and their emission into the environment leads to accumulation of parabens in these sources, achieving disturbing values and enhancing a visible environmental pollution problem, with different consequences for ecosystems and their living species. It is also possible to conclude that the current legislation is not extensive enough to avoid this problem.