###### Abstract
ESD includes the requirements, desires, or aspirations of human societies in relation to the benefits and contributions provided by ecosystems [12]. These needs arise from the dependence of human well-being and quality of life on the services and resources provided by natural ecosystems. ESD is driven by various factors, including population growth, economic activities, urbanization, and societal preferences. When the demand for ESs exceeds the natural capacity of ecosystems to provide them, it can lead to the overexploitation, degradation, or loss of those services. Conversely, if the supply of ES surpasses the demand, it can result in the underutilization or inefficient allocation of resources. Therefore, the relationship between ESS and ESD is crucial for creating a dynamic balance through which ecosystem products and services are transferred from ecosystems to social systems [13; 14]. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on evaluating the relationship between ESS and ESD, considering the coordination or conflict between regional social systems and ecosystems [15; 16]. Thus far, these studies have primarily concentrated on quantifying and comparing the supply and demand of distinct ES indicators, such as water supply [17], flood regulation [18], air purification [19], and erosion control [20], and identifying the degree of mismatch, imbalance or incoordination between ESS and ESD. The majority of these investigations are centered around specific types of ecosystems, including forests [21], croplands [22], and urban regions [23]. These studies were mainly conducted in European contexts; however, in recent years, an increasing number of studies have been conducted in China, driven by ecological regionalization policies at different scales. Most previous studies assessed ESS, mainly focusing on quantifying and identifying the patterns and functions of ESs, as well as the effects of land use and land cover changes on ESs [24]. Compared to ESS, there are two main distinct approaches to ESD assessment: One is to evaluate the demand for each individual ES, and the other involves conducting a comprehensive assessment of the overall demand for ecosystem services. The land development index (LDI) has been widely used to comprehensively assess the ESD [25]. The rationale behind using the LDI to assess demand for ESD lies in its capacity to gauge the intensity of land development and its corresponding impact on the demand for these services [26]. Thus, ESS and ESD can be expressed from the perspective of the interaction between ecosystems and social systems; hence, the coordination relationship between ESS and ESD is a significant reflection of whether regional socio-economic structure and natural ecological backgrounds can develop in a coordinated manner [27]. Previous studies mainly analyzed temporal dynamic variations and spatial imbalances or mismatches in ESS and ESD [28; 29], using methods such as modeling, mapping, participatory methods, etc. [30]. The concept of \"coupling coordination\" provides a framework for quantitating the coordination between ESS and ES [31; 32]. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) is a measure used to assess the level of coordination and interdependence between different components or subsystems within a larger system [33]. In the context of ES, the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) can be used to evaluate the level of coordination between the ecological system that provides services and the social system that demands and utilizes such services. It can also be applied to assess how effectively the ESS and ESD function together and whether their interactions are balanced and mutually beneficial. In recent years, many studies have applied the CCDM to analyze the relationship between ESS and ESD. For example, [PERSON] et al. [34] provided valuable insights into the evolving characteristics of the spatial coupling between ESS and ESD using the CCDM. [PERSON] et al. [35] analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the supply and demand coupling of ESs in Lanzhou, China.