## 4 Conclusions  
Investigations on sustainable packaging materials are highly significant because they play a crucial role in lessening the burden on landfills and ecosystems. The analysis of the structures and thermal properties of biocomposite materials provides information about the quality of the packaging materials developed. This study presents the development and comprehensive characterisation of biocomposites derived from TS, FS, and SW, with varying concentrations of SW extract. The FESEM images revealed fragmented, agglomerated structures in BC1, contrasting with the stacked laminae observed in starch. The XRD pattern exhibited cellulosic peaks corresponding to the C-type crystalline structure in TS. TG analysis established the biocomposite's safe usage up to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, supported by a minimal 40% weight loss in the TGA curve. The DSC plot indicated heat absorption during gelatinisation, with an endothermic peak at 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C marking the composite's phase  
Figure 11: FTIR spectra of samples heated at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C: (**a**) BC1, (**b**) BC2, and (**c**) BC3.  
transition. The functional groups (-N-H stretching, bending, carbonyl stretching, C=C stretching vibrations, P=O stretching) in the sample are identified from the FTIR spectrum, suggesting its potential as an antibacterial compound. The UV-visible spectrum shows a broad absorption peak at 360 nm and smaller humps at 213 nm and 656 nm, indicating conjugated systems or electronic transitions and chlorophyll. The absorbance analysis also revealed the insensitivity of optical absorption to additional SW extract. In the PL spectrum analysis, the emission behaviour was the opposite, while the absorbance levels increased from BC1 to BC2. Power spectral analysis and the colour purity from the CIE plot explain the emission spectrum's optical energy distribution, revealing emissions in the blue region with nearly 50% colour purity. Increased energy dissipation through non-radiative deexcitation impacts the system's enthalpy, potentially influencing the biological activity. The antibacterial studies demonstrated the heightened effectiveness of BC2, with the increased BC1 concentration also showing efficacy, particularly in resisting _Staphylococcus aureus_ infections. Despite the limited impact on Gram-negative bacteria, the biocomposite exhibited commendable stability against atmospheric humidity variations, which is a critical characteristic for biopackaging. Temperature studies underscored minimal weight loss, highlighting the composite's robust thermal stability. FTIR spectra of post-heating at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C confirmed the structural integrity, affirming the biocomposite's suitability for bioplastic packaging applications. These findings position the discarded unconsumed portions of tapioca as a promising and stable material for eco-friendly packaging solutions.  
Methodology, M.N.S.S. and A.O.; Validation, D.K.; Formal analysis, M.N.S.S., A.O. and S.I.S.; Investigation, M.N.S.S. and D.K.; Resources, A.O.; Writing--original draft, M.N.S.S. and S.I.S.; Writing--review & editing, D.K. and S.I.S.; Visualization, S.I.S.; Supervision, S.I.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (project (No. J7-2602) and program (No. P2-0393).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the most of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.