## 5 Conclusions  
Adopting an ecosystem services perspective, this study developed and enhanced the landscape ecological risk assessment system. It examined the spatial and temporal evolution and dynamic trends of ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2018. Additionally, it analyzed their spatial interaction in Sichuan Province using the spatial autocorrelation model. Based on these analyses, Sichuan Province was categorized into four ecological management and control zones, leading to the following conclusions:  
1. From 2005 to 2018, the value of ecosystem services in Sichuan Province exhibited a fluctuating upward trend, with forest land and grassland being the primary contributors, accounting for about 90% of Sichuan Province's ecosystem service value. These two elements significantly influenced the balance of ecosystem services in the region. Spatially, there was a distinctive pattern of higher values in the west and lower values in the east. The low-value area in the eastern part of Sichuan Province took on a 'C' shape and extended northwards.
2. From 2005 to 2018, the low- and lower-risk areas in Sichuan Province consistently decreased over time, while high- and higher-risk areas increased, indicating a stable trend. Spatially, there was a continuous rise in overall risk, with a discernible pattern of high-level risk shifting from west to east as time progressed.
3. From 2005 to 2018, there was a notable negative correlation between ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk in Sichuan Province. Areas with high ESV experienced lower landscape ecological risk, and vice versa. A significant correlation was observed in the local spatial autocorrelation, particularly concentrated in Ganzi Prefecture in Western Sichuan as well as in Chengdu, Deyang, Meishan, and Ziyangin eastern Sichuan. The distribution across the four periods exhibited clear patterns with significant clustering characteristics.
* Based on the outcomes of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecosystem service value and landscape ecological risk in Sichuan Province, the ecological management and control zones for the province have been delineated: In the ecological conservation zone, stringent protection measures for the natural environment are imperative, and a commitment to low-impact development principles is crucial. In the ecological cultivation zone, a moderate adjustment of land use types is necessary. This involves promoting the rationality of land use structures and enhancing the region's ecosystem service capacity. In the ecological agricultural zone, leveraging agricultural advantages is essential. This includes the development of ecological farms and modern agricultural practices alongside an elevation of agricultural land management standards. In the ecological improvement zone, the focus should be on constructing ecological networks and nodes. Emphasizing ecological restoration and land remediation efforts is of paramount importance.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON], X.G. and J.L.; methodology, [PERSON]; validation, [PERSON] and A.K.; formal analysis, [PERSON]; writing--original draft preparation, [PERSON]; writing--review and editing, [PERSON]; data curation, [PERSON]; visualization, [PERSON]; supervision, [PERSON]; project administration, [PERSON]; funding acquisition, [PERSON] and [PERSON]. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.5118284), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2023), and the Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province (2023 YFS0368).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.