## 5 Studies on Using other Types of PMC in Concrete for Thermal Energy Storage
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors (Year)** & **Configuration/Composition** & **Type of Study** & **Studied Parameters** & **Results/Findings** \\
[Reference] & & & & & The effectiveness and durability of micro-concrete composites (MbPMC) \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2021) [76] & \begin{tabular}{c} Micro-concrete composite \\ (MbPMC) with \\ encapsulated bio-based \\ phase transition material \\ (MBP). \\ \end{tabular} & Experimental & \begin{tabular}{c} Impact of MbPMC on storing \\ thermal energy in buildings. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} for storing thermal energy as well as \\ providing passive cooling in \\ constructions. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [77] & Variations in PCM content & \begin{tabular}{c} Numerical and \\ experimental \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Effect of PCM content in \\ concrete compositions. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The delayed peak temperatures \\ highlighted the improved energy \\ efficiency of PCM wallboards over \\ conventional concrete, particularly in \\ the case of the bilayer wallboard. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [78] & \begin{tabular}{c} PCMs were a binary salt \\ combination of 40\% KNO\({}_{3}\) \\ and 60\% NaNO\({}_{3}\), which \\ was absorbed by the \\ porous fossil flour \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Numerical and \\ experimental \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Impact of integrating PCM on \\ the quantity of thermal energy \\ stored and released. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} The greatest PCM integration \\ percentage simulated was 40\%, and \\ this resulted in a doubling of the quantity of thermal energy stored \\ and released. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2023) [79] & \begin{tabular}{c} Lightweight aggregate, \\ cement, sand, and water \\ made up the components \\ of the concrete that was \\ made. \\ \end{tabular} & Experimental & \begin{tabular}{c} Effect of the addition of \\ magnetite particles to paraffin \\ on the thermal conductivity. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} When compared to pure paraffin \\ (0.32 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C) and PEG \\ (0.28 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C), the addition of \\ magnetite particles in paraffin may \\ increase the thermal conductivity to \\ 0.53 W/m \({}^{\circ}\)C. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2023) [80] & PCMs in mortar are \\ eco-friendly. & Experimental & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Impact of PCMs on thermal \\ performance. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} The use of ceramic in lieu of sand \\ was shown to improve thermal \\ performance. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cont. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [83] investigated the thermal response of concrete slabs when microencapsulated low-transition temperature PCM additions were made. An inert PCM was encased with a melamine-formaldehyde resin through an emulsification method prior to incorporation into the concrete mixes to avoid the PCM's direct interaction with the hydration products of cement as well as the probable seepage following the liquefaction. Over a 14-month course, including two cold winter terms, the temperatures of three large-scale concrete slabs measuring 500 mm \(\times\) 500 mm \(\times\) 150 mm were monitored with and without PCM. A freeze-thaw degradation model suggested that the service life of concrete slabs might be prolonged by as much as 5.2-35.9% when microencapsulated PCM was added. This was due to a reduction in both the extreme drop in temperature as well as the frequency of the freeze-thaw cycle experienced by the slabs through the winter months. For instance, PCM was shown to be most effective when temperatures fluctuated around the transition temperature (mild-cold seasons) and least effective when repeatedly exposed to harsh climatic extremes like freezing winters and scorching summers. [PERSON] et al. (2019) [84] used a finite element analysis-based numerical simulation framework to determine how PCMs affect the concrete pavements' thermal response in areas with severe winters.