## 4 Applications for IoT Technology in Smart Buildings  
IoT technology in smart buildings uses sophisticated sensors, data analytics, and real-time control systems to enhance the performance and efficiency of diverse building elements. Automated climate management systems use a network of IoT sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, and occupancy levels throughout various zones of the building [54]. These sensors provide data to centralized controllers that use machine learning algorithms to dynamically modify HVAC settings, optimizing thermal comfort and energy economy. IoT-enabled thermostats may decrease HVAC output in empty rooms while preserving ideal conditions in commonly used areas, therefore reducing superfluous energy usage [55]. In intelligent lighting systems, IoT sensors identify occupancy, ambient light intensity, and the time of day to modulate artificial illumination appropriately. These systems are often combined with occupancy sensors, allowing lights to automatically deactivate when roomsare vacant. Moreover, sophisticated IoT lighting systems may use light dimming technologies to modulate brightness in accordance with real-time data, therefore enhancing energy efficiency [56]. The amalgamation of lighting control systems with building management software offers instantaneous insights into power consumption trends, allowing facility managers to enhance energy efficiency and save operating expenses. Security and surveillance in smart buildings are enhanced by IoT technology via networked devices, including smart cameras, motion detectors, and biometric sensors [57]. These devices interface with cloud-based systems or local servers to provide real-time video streaming, event detection, and access control. Advanced IoT surveillance systems often include AI-driven analytics, including face recognition and anomaly detection, allowing them to autonomously identify suspicious behaviors and notify security staff. Remote monitoring with mobile devices significantly improves the capacity to oversee and administer security systems from any place [58]. Energy management is a primary concern of IoT-enabled smart buildings. IoT-enabled energy meters and power use monitors consistently monitor the energy consumption of building systems, such as HVAC, lighting, and electrical devices. This data is compiled and examined via cloud computing platforms or on-site computers to detect energy inefficiencies [59]. Integrating these technologies with predictive analytics models enables smart buildings to proactively modify energy consumption patterns, improve power distribution, and diminish peak load demand. IoT systems allow the incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar panels, into the building's energy grid, so assuring the best use of clean energy [60]. Predictive maintenance is facilitated by IoT sensors that incessantly assess the condition of mechanical systems, including elevators, HVAC units, and electrical infrastructure. These sensors collect essential data, such as vibration levels, temperature, pressure, and wear, which are processed by predictive algorithms to identify abnormalities and probable failure areas. Predictive maintenance minimizes downtime, decreases repair expenses, and prolongs the operational lifetime of building equipment by detecting concerns prior to their escalation into breakdowns. This method is especially efficacious in large commercial edifices with intricate systems necessitating regular maintenance [61]. Occupancy monitoring uses IoT sensors, such as infrared or ultrasonic devices, to ascertain the presence and movement of individuals inside a structure. The data gathered from these sensors is analyzed instantaneously, enabling smart building systems to modify HVAC, lighting, and security configurations according to occupancy trends [62]. For example, during times of low occupancy, the building may autonomously decrease air conditioning or heating output, dim lighting, and safeguard unoccupied spaces.