# Performance Analysis of Downlink 5G Networks in Realistic Environments
## 7 Conclusions and Future Considerations  
Wireless network designers and operators in 5G and beyond confront difficult expectations such as greater capacity, higher data rates, lower latency, and improved connectivity for many users. Due to propagation phenomena induced by reflection and diffraction in wireless networks, a sent signal is received by the receiver with numerous copies at various amplitudes, delays, and arrival angles. Therefore, the signal strengths of such systems must be considered. Because the free space model does not consider external impediments, it is important to evaluate the performance of such systems in realistic contexts. The system performance was analyzed and discussed after establishing capacity limitations in different propagation scenarios while accounting for cell interference, limited uplink power, and mobility. The numerical findings and analysis reveal that the type of environment and service factor parameters have the greatest influence on system capacity and coverage. Moreover, it shows that the cell radii also have a major effect on the cell capacity and coverage justified in the numerical results by the cell breathing phenomena. In this regard, it is shown that there is a positive correlation between the service factor value and the cell radius; therefore, the optimization of this relationship will have a positive impact on the cell  
Figure 37: Comparative results—average number of packets dropped.  
Figure 38: Comparative results—average utility performance.  
capacity. The investigations, analyses, and findings presented provide vital indicators for mobile designers and operators to consider in future 5G network development. Moreover, some results are evaluated against ITU-T standards, while others are compared with related studies from the literature for the purpose of validating the findings. This study can be extended to a multi-cell situation in which a seamless 5G handover between the original and neighboring cells is examined.  
The main limitations of this research are as follows.  
Although the proposed CACA works on a network level of this system, only one cell was considered in the analysis and discussion. This work should be extended to a network-level scenario considering 5G seamless handover between the original and neighboring cells.  
Due to the scarcity of resources in the literature with similar scenarios in this research and not deviating from the main objective of this research, it was not possible to conduct a comparison with other works in the literature. However, for the sake of validation, a benchmarking of ITU-T QoS requirements for 5G is added to some results.  
In future research directions, the above limitations will be considered.  
A.I.Z. and H.K. were involved in the whole process of producing this paper, including conceptualization, methodology, modeling, validation, visualization, and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.