## 3 Test and Results
### Input Data  
Almost every piece of equipment found in a typical Turkish household is available in the smart home laboratory at Yildiz Technical University as indicated in Table 1. The rated powers and normal operating conditions have different characteristics that should be considered. Therefore, the household power consumption curve is provided based on real measurement data including harmonics (up to 50 th) as shown in Figure 2. It is assumed that the household consists of a four-person family, where one of the parents working has this daily load profile. The 24 h demand power is extended for obtaining 8760 h for making yearly analysis. During this period, the load varies to include summer, winter, and other seasons. All appliances are monitored with a professional Fluke Analyzer and the harmonic currents, voltages, THD, and active, reactive and apparent powers are obtained accurately to avoid modeling errors. The Fluke Analyzer can measure and record these values at a desired interval which was selected as three seconds. The power quality measurement of the appliances was experimentally conducted, and real power curve of the smart household was obtained based on the measurements. A representative system establishment for only one appliance can be seen in Figure 3. Some representative appliances are demonstrated with graphs for the sake of clarity for the reader. Figure 4 shows the frequency spectrum of an alternative current (AC) of a washing machine in which the fundamental value is accepted as 100%. It is evidently clear that h\({}_{3}\) and h\({}_{5}\) are most profound components in the working conditions that cause extra power losses similar to PC desktop-oriented measurements depicted in \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Appliance** & **Rated Power (kW)** & **Appliance** & **Rated Power (kW)** \\ \hline Refrigerator & 0.150 & Hair straightener & 0.055 \\ Iron & 2.4 & Oven & 2.05 \\ Toaster & 0.708 & Dishwasher & 1.7 \\ Kettle & 2 & Microwave oven & 1.18 \\ Hair dryer & 1.536 & Printer & 0.02 \\ LCD-TV & 0.09 & Air conditioner & 1.14 \\ PC desktop & 0.05 & Washing machine & 1.8 \\ PC monitor & 0.03 & Vacuum cleaner & 1.9 \\ LED Lighting & 0.035 & Laptop & 0.03 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Electrical appliances in the smart home. Figure 2: The power consumption of smart home based on real measurements considering harmonic contents. Figure 5. However, the laptop has different harmonic contents in which h\({}_{3}\), h\({}_{7}\), and h\({}_{13}\) are the dominant values as shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 4. Current spectrum of the washing machine. Figure 5. Current spectrum of the PC desktop. Figure 3. Harmonic measurement of a washing machine. In order to obtain optimal PV sizing for covering the mentioned demand, real-time measured hourly average power generation data are utilized in the system which was normalized to 1 kW base value in 2013 as shown in Figure 7. Further, 1 kW was accepted as the base power production for PV unit and was multiplied with \(\mathrm{n_{PV}}\) to find optimal sizing capacity of the system design considering harmonic load, ESS capacity, and grid power transaction under dynamic pricing. On the other hand, it is assumed that the initial SoE of ESS and deep-discharging limit are 0.5 and 0.25 of the relevant maximum battery energy storage capacity, respectively. The charging and discharging efficiencies are also considered as 0.95. When on-site generation is capable of meeting the household demand, the available energy can also be sold to the grid or charge the ESS according to the objective function. A dynamic pricing scheme has an important impact on these axioms due to profit maximization-based optimization model. The buying prices and variation can be seen in Figure 8 based on real-time measurements from the smart meter of a residential end-user [42]. Since the sizing values are determined for a 20-year period, the pricing data is repeated to obtain 8760 h yearly data as similar to the demand curve. Figure 6: Current spectrum of the laptop.