# Comparison of Fitness and Physical Activity Levels of Obese People with Hypertension
## 4 Discussion  
We believe that the current work is the first study to present differences in the level of PF depending on the level of PA of obese people with co-existing HT. Our studies indicate that PF is probably not related directly to the obesity of the participants or the coexisting HT. Rather, the current PA, a deficiency in which determines a low level of PF and/or HT, may be the critical factor. We noted that the higher the level of PA, the higher the PF--even in obese participants with HT. On the other hand, the co-existence of DM lowers almost all of the analysed parameters, both biochemical and fitness. It should be noted that slightly higher values than ours (33.4% vs. 28%) in terms of vigorous physical effort were obtained by [PERSON] [39] in a study of 373 administrative, technical, and manual workers, only 10.5% of whom were obese. Almost half of the subjects had a normal weight (46.4%), and 33.5% were overweight. This comparison shows that the feature that characterises the population studied by us (diagnosed diseases in patients and obesity, HT, and DM in some of the participants) and often the accompanying decrease in the quality of life and health do not motivate patients to undertake intensive physical exercise more often. On the other hand, in the comparison of the total energy expenditure with the results obtained by [PERSON] [39], slight differences should be noted for high levels of PA (24.4% vs. 20.3%) and moderate levels of PA (45.1% vs. 49%), respectively, whereas for lower levels of PA the results are almost identical (30.5% vs. 30.8%). It could be suggested that the fixed model of lifestyle in terms of PA is a highly stable variable and a factor such as disease does not modify it. The results are also consistent with the findings of a comprehensive study of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Fitness Test** & **Variables** & **df** & F & \(\boldsymbol{p}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\eta_{\text{p}}}^{2}\) \\ \hline
1. Chair stand test, & PA & 2 & 15.82 & \textless{}0.0001 & 0.294 \\ number of repetitions & DM & 1 & 6.34 & 0.014 & 0.077 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.37 & 0.689 & 0.010 \\ \hline  & PA & 2 & 2.75 & 0.070 & 0.068 \\
2. Handgrip strength test, kg & DM & 1 & 0.03 & 0.867 & \textless{}0.001 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.19 & 0.828 & 0.005 \\ \hline  & PA & 2 & 4.17 & 0.019 & 0.099 \\
3. Sit-and-reach test, cm & DM & 1 & 1.09 & 0.300 & 0.014 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.31 & 0.736 & 0.008 \\ \hline
4L. One leg stand test—left leg, & PA & 2 & 6.44 & 0.003 & 0.145 \\  & DM & 1 & 4.75 & 0.032 & 0.059 \\ seconds & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 1.52 & 0.226 & 0.038 \\ \hline
4R. One leg stand test—right leg, & PA & 2 & 7.35 & 0.001 & 0.162 \\   seconds & DM & 1 & 3.12 & 0.081 & 0.039 \\ \hline  & PA & 2 & 2.24 & 0.113 & 0.056 \\
5. Plank test, seconds & DM & 1 & 7.57 & 0.007 & 0.091 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.73 & 0.485 & 0.019 \\ \hline  & PA & 2 & 6.36 & 0.003 & 0.145 \\
6. Wall squat test, seconds & DM & 1 & 7.38 & 0.008 & 0.090 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.29 & 0.751 & 0.008 \\ \hline
7. 2-min step-in-place test, & PA & 2 & 4.54 & 0.015 & 0.154 \\ number of repetitions & DM & 1 & 0.08732 & 0.769 & 0.002 \\  & PA \(\times\) DM & 2 & 0.85751 & 0.430 & 0.033 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: DM, diabetes; PA, physical activity level; \(\eta_{\text{p}}^{2}\), partial eta squared.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Main effects and interaction effect of DM and PA on fitness tests—results of two-way ANOVA. the health of the Polish population in 2009, conducted by the Central Statistical Office [40]. We have to note, similarly to the authors of [40] and [PERSON] [39], that the level of PA of Poles is low. For at least one-third of obese patients with HT, the level of PA is insufficient to maintain health at an unchanged level, and for the other half it is insufficient to satisfy the criterion for effective non-pharmacological therapy. Moreover, we noted that those participants who are currently physically inactive obese adults with HT were also children with a low level of PA in the past.