esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Unsteady State Lightweight Iris Certification Based on Multi-Algorithm Parallel Integration
## 3 Lightweight Unsteady State Constrained Iris Certification
### Image Processing Layer  
The extraction process of effective information (stable features) in the image processing layer is as follows:  
1. The iris enhancement images of the same person are separately filtered to obtain six different filtered processed images, as shown in Figure 7.  
2. The six filtered processed images are subtracted from the original image respectively to obtain six feature difference images, respectively, as shown in Figure 8.  
All points where the gray values are bigger than 0 in the six feature difference images are taken as feature points, and the feature points' gray values of the original image are mapped onto a \(256\times 32\)-dimensional image. The gray value of the non-feature points is set to 0. Finally, a stable feature recognition area can be obtained.  
The example of stable feature recognition areas between a group of the same category and different category is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 7: Original image and six different filtered processed images: (**a**) Iris original image; (**b**) Gaussian filter; (**c**) Square filter; (**d**) Median filter; (**e**) Bilateral filter; (**f**) Equalization histogram; (**g**) Laplacian of Gaussian.
## 3 Illustrative Examples  
Five nonlinear examples are given, in this section, to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed AFSL algorithm by comparisons with the HL-RF [20], STM [24] (with \(\lambda=0.1\) and \(\mathbf{C}=\mathbf{I}\)), HLRF-BFGS [36], RHL-RF [27], and FSL [29] (with \(\lambda=50\) and \(c=1.5\)) algorithms. The parameter in the proposed AFSL algorithm is set as \(c=0.55\). The same stopping criterions (\(\epsilon=10^{-6}\)) are used for all algorithms.
# Integrating Machine Learning Techniques for Enhanced Safety and Crime Analysis in Maryland
## 4 Discussion
The importance of the selected features was validated through ensemble models, ensuring robustness in feature selection, the results are shown in Figure 10.  
Key Findings from RFE Application:  
* Unemployment rate: This is strongly correlated with increased rates of property crimes such as burglary and larceny, particularly in urban counties. * Population below the poverty line: This factor is highlighted as a critical driver for aggravated assault and robbery rates. * Domestic and international migration trends: These trends played a significant role in predicting regional variations in crime spikes, especially in rural clusters. * Median household income: This is directly linked to the overall crime index, showcasing the disparities in socioeconomic conditions across counties. By prioritizing these variables, RFE application contributed to the development of a streamlined, interpretable model that minimized redundancy while preserving predictive  
Figure 10: Feature importance plot. accuracy. By leveraging RFE, this study not only enhanced model interpretability but also facilitated actionable insights for policymakers. For instance, the identification of migration trends as a key predictor underscores the need for localized community support programs in counties experiencing high influxes of residents. Similarly, the strong influence of economic variables emphasizes the importance of integrating socioeconomic revitalization efforts into crime prevention strategies.
# Modeling Wicking Fabric Inhibition Effect on Frost Heave
## Coupled THM Modeling
### Actual Evaporation of WF
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Abbreviation/Symbol** & **Parameter/Variable** & **Units** \\ \hline \(C_{v}\) & volumetric heat capacity of the soil mixture & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(C_{s}\) & heat capacity of the soil particles & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(C_{u}\) & heat capacity of the & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(C_{i}\) & heat capacity of the & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(C_{a}\) & apparent volumetric heat capacity & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(C_{H}\) & hydraulic capacity & J/m\({}^{3}\cdot\)K \\ \(\lambda_{sat}\) & thermal conductivity of saturated soil & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda_{dry}\) & thermal conductivity of dry soil & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda_{s}\) & thermal conductivity of the soil & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda_{r}\) & normalized thermal conductivity & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda_{i}\) & thermal conductivity of ice & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda_{u}\) & thermal conductivity of unfrozen water & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(\lambda\) & thermal conductivity of the soil mixture & W/(m\(\cdot\)K) \\ \(n\) & porosity of the soil & 1 \\ \(T_{f}\) & freezing temperature of the soil & K \\ \(\chi\) & material parameters accounting for the particle shape effect & 1 \\ \(\eta\) & material parameters accounting for the particle shape effect & 1 \\  & an empirical parameter used to account for the different soil & 1 \\ \(K_{0}\) & types in the unfrozen and frozen states & 1 \\ \(T\) & temperature in the soil mixture & K \\ \(\theta_{u}\) & volumetric unfrozen water content & 1 \\ \(\theta_{i}\) & volumetric ice content & 1 \\ \(S\) & degree of saturation & 1 \\ \(S_{e}\) & effective saturation & 1 \\ \(K_{s}\) & saturated water hydraulic conductivity & ms\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(h_{s}\) & saturated matric potential & ms\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(K_{r}\) & hydraulic conductivity of the soil & ms\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(h\) & total hydraulic head & m \\ \(i\) & unit vector along the direction of gravity & 1 \\ C & fourth-order tensor of material stiffness & 1 \\ \(u\) & displacement vector & 1 \\ F & body force vector & 1 \\ \(\psi\) & matric suction & kPa \\ \(RH\) & relative humidity of the overlaying air & 1 \\ \(AE\) & actual evaporation & mmday\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(PE\) & potential evaporation & mmday\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(\Gamma\) & the slope of the saturation vapor pressure versus the temperature curve at the mean temperature of the air & 1 \\ \(Q_{n}\) & heat budget & 1 \\ \(E_{a}\) & aerodynamic evaporative term & 1 \\ \(e_{a0}\) & saturation vapor pressure of the mean air temperature & kPa \\ \(e_{a}\) & actual vapor pressure of the air & kPa \\ \(U_{la}\) & wind speed & ms\({}^{-1}\) \\ \(\sigma^{0}(T_{a})\) & saturation vapor pressure of the air at the air temperature \(T_{a}\) & kPa \\ \(T_{amax}\) & maximum temperature of the air & K \\ \(T_{amin}\) & minimum temperature of the air & K \\ \(RH_{amax}\) & maximum relative humidity of the air & 1 \\ \(RH_{amax}\) & minimum relative humidity of the air & 1 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: List of parameters.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Comparison of the Mean Value of Pre-Treatment Measurements in the Three Groups  
There was a significant difference in FMA between Group S and Group I and between Group S and Group E. Lower facial height also showed a significant difference between Group S and Group E (Table 2). Since the Japanese standard value for FMA is approximately 25\({}^{\circ}\) and that for lower facial height is roughly 49\({}^{\circ}\)[18], all of these items show extremely large values in Group E and Group I and values slightly larger than the standard in Group E. The larger the values, the longer the skeletal vertical length is, indicating a high-angle case. Furthermore, there were significant differences in upper molar height (UM height) and upper incisor height (UI height) between the groups. It has been reported that skeletal open bites are characterized by a downward growth of the mandible with a steep mandibular plane angle and a dentoalveolar development of the maxilla [19,20]. The results of this study agree with this finding and show that those with skeletal vertical problems have a particularly high upper molar height [21]. The results suggest that in cases with severe vertical skeletal problems, surgery is used to reduce posterior elongation, as is molar intrusion. However, it has been reported that the amount of molar intrusion in cases with stable post-treatment is limited to about 2-3 mm [22,23]. Therefore, the treatment of molar intrusion would be applied to moderate skeletal problems. ANB tended to be larger in Group S and Group I. This suggests that these cases displayed not only anterior-posterior problems but also vertical problems involving mandibular retrusion, i.e., clockwise rotation of the mandible with a steep mandibular plane [24,25]. In such cases, orthognathic surgery can be used to impact the posterior dentition, and molar intrusion can achieve counterclockwise rotation of the mandible [2]. This advances the mandible and improves the aesthetics of the lateral profile. The overbite, which measures the vertical relationship of the anterior teeth, did not show significant difference among the three groups. This showed that it was not an indicator of whether the case was skeletal or dental and is not very relevant in treatment planning. Discrimination of the Optimal Cephalometric Analysis Items to Be Used as Selection Criteria for the Three Treatment Plans  
ROC analysis is known to be a useful analysis for comparing diagnostic capabilities. The diagnostic ability is mainly evaluated by the area under the ROC curve, and the further upward and left value on this curve is taken as the cutoff point and used as the diagnostic
# Water Basin Effect of Cofferdam Foundation Pit
## 4 Verification and Application
### Deformation of Steel Pipe Pile  
Considering the geological conditions and construction technology of the cofferdam project, a hydrological-mechanical coupling simulation was conducted for the entire construction process to analyze the evolutionary characteristics of steel pipe pile deformation during dewatering. The analysis of the cofferdam foundation pit dewatering excavation, the initial stress field, and pore pressure field are theoretically checked first, and the subsequent calculation analysis is based on the initial field check of the model, which can ensure the accuracy of the subsequent calculation analysis.  
The horizontal deformation at different depths under each working condition exhibits a consistent convex profile along the depth direction, with an overall trend of increasing first and then decreasing as the construction progresses, as illustrated in Figure 6. Upon completion of the main pier construction, the maximum deformation of 20.72 mm occurs at a depth of 14 m below the pile top. The field-measured horizontal deformation reflecting the deep horizontal displacement of the soil outside the pile aligns well with the simulation and theoretical results in terms of deformation pattern, despite slight discrepancies in magnitude. This consistency is attributed to factors such as the actual external water level being lower than the design value during monitoring and the field construction progress entering the water refilling stage.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Lamination Characteristics** & \begin{tabular}{c} **2-5-2** \\ **Medium Sand** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **2-5-3** \\ **Medium Sand** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Medium Sand** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Natural bulk density, \(\gamma_{7}\)/(kN\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\)) & 19.5 & 20.5 & 20.0 \\ Saturated bulk density, \(\gamma_{\rm{sat}}\)/(kN\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\)) & 22.8 & 23.8 & 23.3 \\ Compressive modulus, \(E_{\rm{s}}\)/MPa & 25.0 & 27.0 & 26.0 \\ Deformation modulus, \(E\)/MPa & 40.0 & 46.0 & 43.0 \\ Cohesion, \(c\)/kPa & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Angle of internal friction, \(\varphi\)/(\({}^{\circ}\)) & 36.0 & 38.0 & 37.0 \\ Poisson’s ratio, \(\mu\) & & 0.27 & \\ Side pressure coefficient, \(\lambda\) & & 0.37 & \\ Porosity, \(n\) & & 0.33 & \\ Saturation, \(S_{\rm{r}}\) & & 1.0 & \\ Permeability coefficient, \(K\)/(cm\(\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\)) & & \(10^{-5}\) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physical and mechanical parameters of strata.  
Figure 6: Horizontal deformation of steel pipe piles: (**a**) numerical simulation, (**b**) field measurement, and (**c**) theoretical prediction.
## 5 Numerical Validation and Discussion
### Additional Results  
To observe the effect of the PV generation in the slack power source, we plotted the output power in the slack source for the benchmark case and the solution provided for the proposed NMA in both test feeders in Figure 8.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Site (Node)** & **Size (kW)** & \(A^{\text{Cost}}\) **(USD/Year)** & \(z_{1}\) **(USD/Year)** & \(z_{2}\) **(USD/Year)** \\ \hline Bench. case & — & — & 2,686,114.05 & 2,686,114.05 & 0 \\ DCCBGA & \{47, 48, 68\} & \{260.33, 1165.68, 1168.02\} & 1,944,779.15 & 1,617,114.52 & 327,664.63 \\ \hline NMA & \{35, 67, 71\} & \{1631.31, 463.33, 503.80\} & 1,944,731.13 & 1,616,509.04 & 328,222.09 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Optimal locations and sizes provided by the GAMS and the proposed approach in the IEEE 34-bus system.  
Figure 7: Minimum and maximum voltage magnitudes in the IEEE 85-node test feeder when the NMA solution is implemented.  
The behavior of the power generation as expected in the benchmark case follows the total power demand curves added to the terminals of the substation; however, when the PV generation was installed, we found the typical duck curve that decreases the power requirements in the slack node until zero when the PV generation is maximum. Note that the optimal solution provided by the NMA algorithm ensures that the total power in the slack source is always positive or zero, since our proposed model does not consider the possibility of selling energy to the sub-transmission system.
## 1 Introduction
### Objectives  
Based on the above discussion, the following questions were addressed in this paper.  
* Is MABPA capable of predicting the peak response of irregular base-isolated buildings?
* The prediction of the peak equivalent displacement of the first two modal responses is an essential step in MABPA. For this, the relationship between the maximum momentary input energy and the peak displacement needs to be properly evaluated. How can this relationship be evaluated from the pushover analysis results?
* In the prediction of the maximum momentary input energy of the first two modal responses, the effect of simultaneous bidirectional excitation needs to be considered. Can the upper bound of the peak equivalent displacement of the first two modal responses be predicted using the bidirectional maximum momentary input energy spectrum [52]?  
In this study, the applicability of mode-adaptive bidirectional pushover analysis (MABPA) to base-isolated irregular buildings was evaluated. The point of the updated MABPA is that the peaks of the first and second modal responses are predicted considering the energy balance during a half cycle of the structural response. In the numerical examples, the main building of the former Uto City Hall [44], which was severely damaged in the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, was investigated as a case study for the retrofitting of an irregular reinforced concrete building using the base-isolation technique. The nonlinear peak responses of two retrofitted building models subjected to bidirectional excitation were investigated via a time-history analysis using artificial and recorded ground motion datasets. Then, their peak responses were predicted by MABPA to evaluate its accuracy. Note that of the many types of dampers used nowadays in base-isolated buildings, only hysteresis dampers were considered in this study; this is because they are easily implemented in nonlinear static analysis. The applicability of MABPA to base-isolated buildings with other types of dampers, such as oil and tuned viscous mass dampers [18], will be the next phase of this study.  
The rest of paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents an outline of MABPA, followed by the prediction procedure of the maximum equivalent displacement conducted using the maximum momentary input energy. Section 3 briefly presents information concerning the original building. Then, two retrofitted building models using the base-isolation technique are presented, as well as the ground motion data used in the nonlinear time-history analysis. The validation of the prediction of the peak response is discussed in Section 4. Discussions focused on (i) the relationship between the maximum equivalent displacement and the maximum momentary input energy, (ii) the predictability of the largest maximum momentary input energy from the bidirectional momentary input energy spectrum, and (iii) the accuracy of the upper bound of the maximum equivalent displacement of the first two modes are presented in Section 5. The conclusions and future directions of the study are discussed in Section 6.
# A Design for an Internet Router with a Digital Optical Data Plane
## 2 Internet Router Architecture
In addition, a packet might be destined to the router itself (e.g., to its control plane), in which case the hop count would not be decremented because the packet does not strictly traverse the router; this decision cannot be made until after the forwarding step. IPv4 packets include a checksum that validates the correctness of the header [9]. The IP checksum is validated and recomputed at each hop using the Internet checksum algorithm--it is a 16-bit, one's complement sum of the data in the header [12]. This checksum is also used to validate the entire contents of packets at other protocol layers, notably TCP (the Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (the User Datagram Protocol). The one's complement sum is the same as a two's complement sum whose carry-out (from the high-order bit) is wrapped around as the carry-in to the low-order bit. The IP checksum changes whenever any field of the packet header changes, e.g., when the hop count (TTL) field is decremented by forwarding at a router. IPv6 does not include a separate header checksum; it assumes that the IP header is sufficiently protected by checksums at other layers (e.g., link) [10]. Again, although it may seem wasteful to do forwarding lookup and hop count decrement on a packet whose checksum is invalid, such cases are sufficiently rare that it is effective to process the unmodified header (to validate the checksum) and modified header (to recompute the new checksum) at the same time as checksum validation. Finally, a router needs to deal with output port contention, when two packets seek the same output port at the same time. This is a multiplexing function, needed to manage sharing of the output resources. It necessarily requires either delaying (preferably) or discarding some of the packets competing for the same resource. The fewer discarded packets, the higher the efficiency of the multiplexing function. Each of these functions can be challenging to convert to optical processing in different ways. Forwarding lookup is difficult because of the length of the patterns and the number of concurrent patterns being matched. Hop count decrement and Internet checksum validation and recomputation are both difficult because they require mathematical digital optical processing. Multiplexing is difficult because it requires delaying packets and light can be difficult to delay. However, for each of these challenges, we have developed a candidate approach that has been validated either by experimentation or simulation and is presented in Sections 3-6. A final challenge involves integrating these steps and composing them in sequence, which is addressed in the discussion of feasibility presented in Section 7.
# Future Perspectives for Gamma-ray Burst Detection from Space
## 8 Polar-2
### Expected Performance  
Thanks to all the design improvements, POLAR-2 is approximately an order of magnitude more sensitive compared to POLAR, as indicated in Figure 14. As a result, POLAR-2 will be able to perform constraining polarization measurements for GRBs with fluences as low as \(10^{-6}\) erg cm\({}^{-2}\), while measurements able to constrain the polarization degree below 10% will be possible for about 10-15 GRBs per year.  
The POLAR-2 detector will also contribute to transient alerts thanks to its large effective area, which exceeds 2000 cm\({}^{2}\). This large effective area, combined with continuous observations of half the sky and almost continuous communication to the ground will allow POLAR-2 to send alerts within one minute from the onset of about one GRB every 2 days. As the instrument furthermore has access to a GPU on-board the CSS, studies are currently ongoing on how to optimize GRB spectral and location information within such alerts [60].
## 4 Simulations and Experimental Results  
### Encounter Situation Setup  
In this section, simulations based on the MATLAB (2022b) software platform were carried out to test the effectiveness of the path planning algorithm. First, the test multi-ship encounter scenario including four ships was designed. Since ship maneuverability is not the main content of this study, it is assumed that all involved ships have the same maneuverability. The initial status includes the positions, speeds, and course angles of the involved ships, which are listed in Table 1. All the initial state sets of ships remain the same from simulation scenario 1 to simulation scenario 2. Figure 8 illustrates the initial status of scenarios 1 and 2. In the figure, the color bars on the right side represent the color of the ship's position at different moments, thus showing more clearly the position of different ships at the same moment. With the above settings, if the ships do not take proper CA measures, they will collide at the middle point after 1250 s. All of the simulation results are presented as time-dependent motion sequences. The algorithm was coded and simulated in MATLAB.  
Figure 8: Flowchart of blockchain-based collision avoidance decision-making.  
Although it is relatively rare to have four ships in a conventional ship encounter scenario, a rather complex ship CA case was set up in this paper to verify the performance of the algorithm. In the predefined scenario shown in Figure 9, the risk of collision exists between any two ships among the four ships, and the TCPA is the same. In this way, each ship must consider all other ships at the same time when making CA decisions. According to the BTC ship CA algorithm proposed in this paper, the CA decision made by each ship will be fully communicated through the blockchain to achieve the CA intention. However, considering the bandwidth of maritime satellites or e-navigation systems, the communication proposed in this paper is limited to the ship's CA intent.  
Ship 1 and ship 2 constitute a head-on encounter situation. Ship 1 and ship 2 constitute an encounter situation of three ships crossing with ship 3 and ship 4, respectively. For example, ship 1 needs to avoid ship 3 and ship 4 as a stand-on ship, i.e., it needs to pass as far from the bows of ships 3 and 4 as possible, so it can use the method of keeping the state or turning left, but at the same time, due to the head-on scenario with ship 2, it needs to turn right. In the following subsections, this scenario setting will be used to verify the algorithm's performance when it is applied to ships with different compliance with the COLREGs. The effectiveness of the inference of TS's CAL will also be verified under the same scenario setting.