## 7 Web Application for Real-Time Monitoring and Alarm Management  
The web application is designed mainly for ensuring:  
* remote management of the pipelines;
* smart monitor of pipeline health status based on acquired measures. Figure 15 depicts the infrastructure concept that exploits the design idea described in [28]. In this figure, we highlight the presence of local devices (properly placed in the measuring stations) that can exchange data (control commands and information requests) with the remote management web application through a gateway. The infrastructure exploits local and remote communication channels for data exchange. The local communication channel allows data exchange amongst the local devices distributed on the installation site. On the other hand, the remote communication channel enables data exchange between the local devices and the remote server and, consequently, allows the centralized consultation of the collected data. Figure 14: Test 2: predicted and measured deformed configuration. Figure 15: Smart pipeline concept. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & **C4** & **C5** \\ \hline X (m) & 24 & 28.5 & 33.3 & 38.3 & 42 \\ \hline Y (mm) meas. & 28 & 157 & 241 & 115 & 9 \\ \hline Y (mm) pred. & 0 & 155 & 270 & 162 & 0 \\ \hline rel. error (\%) & - & \(-1\) & 12 & 41 & - \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Test 2: predicted and measured displacements. An important aspect of the smart pipeline system is the friendliness level of interactions between the system managers and the infrastructure. For instance, the web application provides the following services:  
* Account management that allows the administrator to define permissions and access levels to the web application (i.e., system manager, user, etc. );
* Multiple pipeline configurations and geo-referencing properties;
* Pipeline monitoring;
* Sensors configuration and deployment;
* Anomalous conditions detection and alarms generation;
* Sensor data monitoring;
* Finite element analysis for the displacement reconstruction. The web application also provides access to the smart pipeline system settings. For instance, it is possible to set warning and alarm thresholds for each sensor deployed on the pipeline. It is also possible to configure the type and number of sensors to be deployed on the pipeline. Moreover, the user can evaluate the information related to the measured data, pipeline conditions, and other warnings and alarms. The web application, in addition to the typical access control based on user credentials checking, can be configured to adopt the hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) to improve the protection of the privacy and the integrity of the exchanged data while in transit. hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS) is a variant of the standard web transfer protocol (HTTP) that adds a layer of security to the data in transit through a secure socket layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS protocol connection). Thanks to the HTTPS properties, the web application enables encrypted communications and secure connections between the remote users and the web server. Figures 16 and 17 show some illustrative pages of the web application. In particular, the log page is depicted in Figure 10(a) whilst Figure 10(b) shows the pipeline system configuration, where the user can operate in order to set the basic installation properties (e.g., installation name, ID, GPS coordinate, etc.). Moreover, information about the pipeline status and data trends are displayed as in the example shown in Figure 17, where white, orange, and red areas represent safe, early warning, and alarm conditions respectively. Early warning and alarm limits for strain and deflections can be set by the user depending on material strength, service requirements, and the presence of other buildings and infrastructures in the surrounding area.