# Image Analysis Using Human Body Geometry and Size Proportion Science for Action Classification
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Discussion  
As has already been discussed, the proposed technique has been used to classify six actions i.e., SHSW, SHTW, walk, standing, BHSW, and BHTW. For this purpose, a \"modified dataset\" has been used where images with the above-mentioned actions have been used containing the actions of eight different actors. Three of the actors are male while the rest are female. All of them have different heights, postures of walking, standing, and hands waving. The clear picture of the statistical results obtained from the proposed technique has been presented in Table 10 containing the classification matrix for the complete dataset. The dataset originally contains 249 images for SHSW action. A total of 223 images for SHSW are correctly classified, 10 are misclassified as SHTW, while 16 actions are not classified by the proposed technique. The classification rule for the right SHSW has been shown in Equation (13). Most of the time, the first portion of Equation (13) i.e., \(TL(\theta)>125\) AND \(TR(\theta)>75\), get satisfied when the result is Un-Classification, but the second part of the rule i.e., \(D_{TLR}>armLength\) is the cause of misclassification as if there is a bend in the arm or the actor does not have its complete stretch. In this case, \(D_{TLR}\) evaluates to less than the armLength resulting in it being classified out of the SHSW class. These actions don't even fall into the SHTW class as rule (5); the class does not get satisfied as the example image shown in Figure 7a. These are the cases where \(TL(\theta)\) are greater than 125, but \(D_{TLR}\) is less than armLength or \(TL(\theta)\leq 125\) but \(armLength>D_{TLR}>(\frac{2}{3})*armLength\). In all of these cases, SHSW actions are un-classified. Ten of SHSW actions that are misclassified as SHTW are those where the hand of the actor is in such a position that its feature \(D_{TLR}\) becomes less than \((\frac{2}{3})*armLength\) as shown in Figure 7b. As described above, these are the cases where the arm is in a bent position or it is a side wave, but the position of the hand is above the normal side hand wave position. Figure 6: Performance of the proposed technique. SHTW is the second action in the sequence whose statistics are shown in Table 10. The total number of images for SHTW actions from all the actors is 292. Out of all the 292 images, 252 are correctly classified. The Un-classified SHTW actions are 13 while the remaining images are misclassified as SHSW (03), and standing (24). Three of the SHTW actions are classified as SHSW. As discussed earlier in the case of SHSW, these are the actions where the actors stretched their arm more than the normal of the SHTW position and elbow bent was missing. As the SHTW rule for the right hand is defined in (15) and these cases fail to satisfy \(D_{TLR}<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right),*armLength\) fulfills the condition of SHSW i.e., \(D_{TLR}>armLength\). The other misclassification class is standing. In some of the Images of SHTW actions, the hand of the actors was just touching the head and even it was not much above the head failing to fulfill both the conditions of rule (15) and shown in Figure 8a i.e., \(TL(\theta)>97.5\) AND \(TL(\theta)\leq 125)\) AND \(TR(\theta)>75\) and \(D_{TLR}>hand\_Size\) AND \(D_{TLR}<\left(\frac{2}{3}\right)*armLength\). As the top hand of the actor touches his/her head, the \(TL(\theta)\) becomes less than 97.5 and \(D_{TLR}\) is not greater than hand_size so it matches the conditions of rule (1). In the SHTW Un-Classification cases as already discussed, these are the cases that neither fulfill rule (13) nor rule (15) as shown in Figure 8b. Classification statistics of \"Walk\" as action are presented in Table 10 showing cumulative results from all the actors. A total of 480 images having a person in walk posture have been used for validating the proposed technique. The number of classified images is 473 while 07 images remained un-classified. The images which are correctly classified are 428 while 45 actions are misclassified.