## 1 Introduction  
Soil, often described as the \"skin of the Earth\", is a vital resource for sustaining life and supporting ecosystems worldwide [1]. However, it faces significant threats from wind erosion, a natural process that predominantly occurs under dry conditions with high wind velocities, especially on bare soils with limited plant biomass [2, 3, 4]. Over one-third of the Earth's land surface has experienced wind erosion, resulting in environmental and socio-economic consequences such as reduced agricultural productivity, respiratory ailments,damage to infrastructure, and diminished water supplies [5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. Desertification and wind erosion, often culminating in dust storms, are particularly destructive in arid and semi-arid regions, including the Arabian Peninsula, where climatic and environmental factors drive their occurrence [10]. The movement of dust particles is influenced by a range of factors, including high wind velocities; low vegetation cover; dry soil conditions; and land mismanagement, such as overgrazing and deforestation. These factors exacerbate soil erosion and the detachment of particles, making them more susceptible to transport by wind [11]. Dust storms, which affect over 2 billion people globally and nearly 40% of the Earth's land surface, transport approximately 2 billion tons of dust annually. This movement alters soil texture, nutrient availability, and atmospheric properties while posing severe threats to environmental and human health [12; 13; 14]. These processes degrade toposil, reduce soil fertility, and contribute to the formation of sand dunes, blocking waterways, burying arable lands, and creating significant socio-economic challenges [15; 16]. The challenges posed by wind erosion and dust deposition are intricately linked to several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015, including preventing climate change (SDG 13), ensuring clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), encouraging sustainable agriculture (SDG 2), and maintaining life on land (SDG 15). Addressing these challenges contributes directly to global efforts aimed at promoting environmental sustainability and improving socio-economic well-being [17]. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), with its arid and semi-arid landscapes, extensive deserts, harsh summers, sparse vegetation, and low rainfall, faces significant environmental challenges due to wind erosion. This phenomenon impacts public health and soil productivity, particularly in rural and urban areas. The region's low rainfall, minimal vegetative cover, and extreme weather conditions exacerbate the risk of wind erosion and soil loss, leading to the transportation of soil particles, loss of topsoil, nutrient depletion, the formation of sand dunes, and sedimentation in water bodies. These consequences hinder water storage capacity and agricultural productivity [18; 19]. Additionally, intra-regional impacts include local environmental disturbances, ecosystem disruption, reduced visibility, traffic fatalities, land abandonment, and, in extreme cases, forced migration [11]. Managing wind erosion also is in line with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, which aims to improve environmental sustainability, guarantee the economical use of natural resources, and lessen the negative consequences of climate change [20]. The Kingdom's Vision 2030 places a strong emphasis on environmental stewardship and sustainable development. Saudi Arabia can enhance its long-term economic and environmental resilience by addressing wind erosion and its aftermath, protecting its natural landscapes, promoting sustainable farming methods, and enhancing public health. Furthermore, managing wind erosion and dust deposition is critical considering the current trend of climate change, as it can help to facilitate the restoration of degraded areas and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soil [21; 22].