_applied sciences_  
_Article_  
Evaluation of the Influence of Rootstock Type on the Yield Parameters of Vines Using a Mathematical Model in  
Nontraditional Wine-Growing Conditions  
[PERSON]\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON]\({}^{\star}\)\({}^{\copyright}\), [PERSON]\({}^{\copyright}\) and [PERSON]\({}^{\copyright}\)  
1 Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Gleboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Gdarska 7/9, 50-344 Wroclaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 Department of Homology, Nursery and Enology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Gleboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 1: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 2: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 3: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 4: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 5: email: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 6: email: marek.kul  
their high resistance to fungal diseases, especially in organic vineyards. The botanical species _Vitis vinifera_ includes the varieties PIWI (from the German \"pilzwiderstandsafahige rebsorten\"-vine varieties resistant to fungal diseases), often grown in northern European countries [6,7]. Grapevine cultivation is mainly based on the use of shrubs improved on rootstocks [8,9]. In Poland, where the traditions of vineyard planting are relatively short, and climatic and soil conditions are different than in other wine-growing regions, the use of rootstocks requires many years of observation and research in order to select the most suitable one. Native commercial vineyards are increasingly often established from cuttings grafted on rootstocks imported from Europe. The lack of many years of tradition and practical knowledge of cultivation does not facilitate the selection of rootstocks and varieties. In addition, in recent years, the selection of suitable rootstocks has been made more difficult by the appearance of many new types [10]. According to [11], there is no ideal rootstock that would work well in all positions. It has been found that the rootstocks must be tested for each variety and location because the efficiency of rootstocks is not the same [12]. The grafting of vines has been known since the 2 nd century BC. On a larger scale, this method of propagation began to be used after 1880, when there was a serious problem with the root aphid, _Daktulosphaira vitifoliae_ (Fitch), which contributed to the mass extinction of vineyards [13]. By proper selection of rootstock, the grower can influence the degree of vine resistance to vine phylloxera, pH, salinity, and nutrient abundance [14]. Properly selected rootstocks affect growth, yield, and fruit quality as well as wine quality [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The effect of rootstocks on the different growth and development traits of grapevine vines can be seen to varying degrees because the effects of rootstock on the cultivar and their interactions are still not fully recognized as they depend on many factors, e.g., environmental, physiological, and agrotechnical [20]. It is known that rootstocks affect the size and vigor of plants, and consequently the yield [21,22]. Additionally, the effects of rootstocks may be modified by the cultivar genotype and soil conditions [17]. Many scientific studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of rootstocks on the growth, size, and yield quality of grapevines compared with vines on their own roots [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. A negative or neutral effect of grafting vines on vine productivity has also been demonstrated [31, 32, 33, 34]. Many studies have been conducted on the effect of rootstocks on the degree of frost hardness, which is important for knowledge and practice due to the location of Polish vineyards. A study by [24] showed a significant effect of rootstock type on frost hardness of shoots and buds: vines on 3309C rootstocks turned out to be hardier and recovered better after frost damage than on K5 BB and S04 rootstocks.