# Biological Activities of Selected Medicinal and Edible Plants Aqueous Infusions
## 3 Results and Discussion
### HPLC Analysis of Aqueous Herbal Infusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phenolic Compounds**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Mass Concentration (mg/L)**} \\ \cline{2-6}  & _Achillea_ & _Polygonum_ & _Ononis_ & _Geranium_ & _Verbascum_ \\  & _Millefolium_ L. & _Aviculare_ L. & _Spinosa_ L. & _Macrornhizum_ L. & _Thapsus_ L. \\ \hline Gallic acid & 12.25 \(\pm\) 0.65 & n.d. & 21.36 \(\pm\) 0.79 & 23.79 \(\pm\) 1.01 & 66.72 \(\pm\) 2.40 \\ Protocatechuric acid & 6.30 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 9.97 \(\pm\) 0.15 & n.d. & n.d. & 16.34 \(\pm\) 0.49 \\ Chlorogenic acid and its derivatives & 337.38 \(\pm\) 4.72 & 4.34 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 3.29 \(\pm\) 0.10 & n.d. & 39.32 \(\pm\) 0.97 \\ Caffeic acid and its derivatives & 13.76 \(\pm\) 0.17 & n.d. & 5.13 \(\pm\) 0.24 & 2.39 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 16.34 \(\pm\) 0.49 \\ \(p\)-comamic acid and its derivatives & 2.79 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 3.27 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 6.44 \(\pm\) 0.14 & n.d. & n.d. \\ Ferulic acid and its derivatives s & 189.66 \(\pm\) 4.23 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\ Syringic acid and its derivatives & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 71.30 \(\pm\) 2.05 & 16.39 \(\pm\) 0.21 \\ Rosmarinic acid & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. & 23.01 \(\pm\) 0.58 \\ Hydroxycinamic acid & 85.98 \(\pm\) 0.78 & n.d. & 82.58 \(\pm\) 0.48 & 67.55 \(\pm\) 1.77 & 25.47 \(\pm\) 0.60 \\ (derivatives) & 648.13 \(\pm\) 5.47 *** & 17.59 \(\pm\) 0.17 * & 118.79 \(\pm\) 0.90 * & 165.03 \(\pm\) 2.29 * & 190.91 \(\pm\) 3.78 * b \\ \hline Flavan-3-ols & n.d. & 520.69 \(\pm\) 7.43 & 161.33 \(\pm\) 4.88 & n.d. & n.d. \\ Quercetin and its derivatives & 45.89 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 274.88 \(\pm\) 2.93 & n.d. & 300.44 \(\pm\) 1.57 & 39.43 \(\pm\) 0.94 \\ Kaempfer and its derivatives & n.d. & 223.26 \(\pm\) 3.34 & n.d. & 192.55 \(\pm\) 3.14 & 44.15 \(\pm\) 0.98 \\ Luteolin and its derivatives & 56.02 \(\pm\) 0.48 & 4.71 \(\pm\) 0.29 & n.d. & 128.96 \(\pm\) 3.45 & 3.76 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ Apigenin and its derivatives & 72.84 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 1.22 \(\pm\) 0.06 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\ Catechin and its derivatives & n.d. & 36.23 \(\pm\) 0.28 & n.d. & n.d. & n.d. \\ Total flavonoids & 174.74 \(\pm\) 1.97 * & 1060.99 * 6.96 * & 161.33 \(\pm\) 4.88 * & 621.94 \(\pm\) 2.00 * & 87.34 \(\pm\) 1.83 * e \\ \hline Procyanidins & n.d. & 176.13 \(\pm\) 3.85 & n.d. & 744.48 \(\pm\) 9.86 & 94.46 \(\pm\) 0.87 \\ \hline Total phenolic compounds & 822.87 \(\pm\) 6.18 * & 1254.72 \(\pm\) 8.73 * & 280.12 \(\pm\) 5.64 * & 1531.45 \(\pm\) 11.58 * & 372.71 \(\pm\) 1.94 * d \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: HPLC analysis of aqueous herbal infusions. the plant. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) investigated the biological potential and phenolic composition of the infusion of _A. millefolium_ and also reported the high content of apigenin derivatives. [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) found high content of flavonoids in _A. millefolium_ compared to other 12 studied plants commonly used in Jordan. Other studies mostly reported the presence of various phenolic compounds in different extracts of selected plants. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides and aglycones and other related compounds were identified in the methanol extract from the aerial part of _O. spinosa_([PERSON] et al., 2016). [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2017) performed the phytochemical analysis of _P. aviculare_ in which they found mainly flavonoids, which is consistent with results obtained. Some authors found the presence of various phenolic acids in _Polygonum_ sp., while in this study, very low content of total phenolic acids was found in _P. aviculare_([PERSON] et al., 2016). The predominant presence of flavonoids, mainly quercetin and kaempfer, in the extract of _G. macrorrhizum_ has been reported, which is in agreement with the results obtained ([PERSON] et al., 2016; [PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). Other studies confirmed the considerable content of procyanidins in _Geranium_ sp., which is consistent with our results ([PERSON] et al., 2016). Many phenolic acids (ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, luteolin) were found in the extract of _V.