# Facilitating Successful Smart Campus Transitions: A Systems Thinking-SWOT Analysis Approach
## 2 Literature Review  
### Defining the Smart Campus  
The evolution of the Smart Campus initiative has been traced to the last two decades [21]. Yet, a widely accepted definition for the Smart Campus concept is lacking despite its increasingly topical nature. According to [PERSON] et al. [39], extant Smart Campus definitions have been categorized into three, namely, as a technology-driven concept; a Smart City adoption concept; and/or, based on the development of an organizational or business process for enabling resource efficiency within such organizations. Furthermore, definitions under the technology-driven category posit the significance of the availability and the deployment of digital technologies towards the attainment of Smart Campus deliverables. However, definitions belonging to the Smart City adoption category appreciate the similarities existing between cities and campuses, especially as it pertains to production and consumption patterns. The Smart City dimensions are applicable to the Smart Campus albeit at a smaller scale and as such, similar measures can be deployed in enabling their occurrence and sustenance in either context [21].  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] mapped the dominant themes of the Smart Cities against the Smart Campus themes to buttress the similarities therein. This mapping was based on five (5) dimensions; social, environmental, and economic sustainability, governance, and propagation. For more on this mapping, see [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21]. Definitions in this category encapsulate the Smart Campus concept relying on the notion of the university serving as a microcosm of the city. Furthermore, such definitions attempt to elucidate the role of universities in facilitating the development of the right skillsets required by individuals to function optimally within the Smart City context was highlighted through the direct deployment of the right mix of information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure in teaching and learning as well as research facets. These skills are deemed essential in developing smart citizens--a fundamental resource for the Smart City. [PERSON] et al. [39] emphasized that definitions belonging to the last category focused on driving resource efficiencies within organizations using ICT infrastructure.  
Corroborating the categorization by [PERSON] et al. [39], [PERSON] et al. [40] reiterated the need for Smart Campus definitions to be based on an articulation of the prime function of the university as an educational institution with emphasis on meeting the expectations of relevant stakeholders. They defined a Smart Campus as \"an educational environment that is penetrated with enabling technologies for smart services to enhance educational performance while meeting stakeholders' interests, with broad interactions with other interdisciplinary domains in the Smart City context\" (p4). Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] defined the Smart Campus as a campus \"that utilises and integrates smart physical and digital spaces to establish responsive, intelligent, and improved services for creating productive, creative, and sustainable environment\" (pp. 3-4). This study adopts both definitions. As such, a Smart Campus is presented as an efficient, safe, sustainable, responsive, and enjoyable place to learn and work, underpinned and enhanced by the availability of digital/internet-based technologies [41]. Its evolution has been linked to the need to foster a new paradigm in higher education due to the overt reliance on the information and communication technologies [25]. To [PERSON] et al. [26], the Smart Campus provides a smart environment for training citizens to become more productive within an evolving Smart City framework.