esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Inter-Turn Fault Diagnosis of Integrated Motor and Drive Systems
### Terminal Connection for Space Voltage Vector  
Since the space voltage vector is determined by the switching states for each phase, as shown in Figure 4 and Table 3, the terminal connection is implemented for the space voltage vector as shown in Figure 5. In the phase with a space voltage vector of 0\({}^{\circ}\) the resulting terminal connection corresponds to _a-bc_, as illustrated in Figure 5a. At 30\({}^{\circ}\), the configuration results in a terminal connection equivalent to _c-a_, as shown in Figure 5b. In the same way, each space voltage vector position shown in Figure 5 yields an electrical connection that corresponds directly to a specific mechanical terminal connection described in Figures 2 and 3. Table 4 summarizes the relationship between the phase of the space voltage vector and the equivalent terminal connections. This correspondence demonstrates  
Figure 4: Three-phase inverter configuration and space voltage vectors for switching conditions: (**a**) integrated motor and drive system; (**b**) space voltage vectors based on switching conditions for each phase.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Phase A Switch** & **Phase B Switch** & **Phase C Switch** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Phase of Voltage** \\ **Vector [\({}^{\circ}\)]** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & - & 0 & 30 \\
1 & 1 & 0 & 60 \\ - & 1 & 0 & 90 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 120 \\
0 & 1 & - & 150 \\
0 & 1 & 1 & 180 \\
0 & - & 1 & 210 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 240 \\ - & 0 & 1 & 270 \\
1 & 0 & 1 & 300 \\
1 & 0 & - & 330 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Phase of space voltage vector for switching conditions.  
that terminal connections can be realized based on the space voltage vector in the three-phase inverter. The alternating voltage is applied to the motor for the space voltage vector, and the calculated impedance from the measured phase current can be used in the fault diagnosis, as shown in Section 2. As a result, ITF diagnosis can be achieved electrically without the need for the physical reconnection of motor terminals in IMD systems.  
Figure 5: Switching status, space voltage vector, and terminal connection in IMD with three-phase inverter: (**a**) 0\({}^{\circ}\); (**b**) 30\({}^{\circ}\); (**c**) 60\({}^{\circ}\); (**d**) 90\({}^{\circ}\); (**e**) 120\({}^{\circ}\); (**f**) 150\({}^{\circ}\).
# Research on GNSS/IMU/Visual Fusion Positioning Based on Adaptive Filtering
## 3 Experimental Analysis and Results
### Experimental Analysis
The ground truth trajectory data was collected using a BD930 satellite receiver. BD930 includes a base station and a rover station. The base station is fixed at a high location, while the rover station performs mobile measurements. Differential positioning of data collected by the base and rover stations can achieve centimeter-level accuracy. The experimental equipment setup is shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Experimental equipment setup. Figure 2: Deviation between satellite positioning and visual odometer poses. In Figure 3, the left image shows the installation of the base station receiver, while the right image shows the rover station receiver (white), with the smartphone beside it and the camera below. The sensor parameters obtained from the product company's official website and our measurements are shown in Table 1.
# Building Topic-Driven Virtual IoTs in a Multiple IoTs Scenario
## 6 Experiments
### Computation Time  
In this experiment, we aimed at evaluating the variation of the computation time of both the supervised and the unsupervised approaches against the variation of the size of the involved MIoT. Furthermore, as for the supervised approach, we also evaluated the variation of the computation time against the variation of the size of queries.  
To perform this task, we considered the ten MIoTs described in Section 6.2 and carried out the same tasks illustrated therein. Finally, we measured the corresponding average computation times. The obtained results are reported in Figures 1-3.  
Figure 1: Computation time (in seconds) against the size of MIoTs and queries used to generate the virtual IoTs (supervised approach)—first part.  
Figure 2: Computation time (in seconds) against the size of MIoTs and queries used to generate the virtual IoTs (supervised approach)—second part  
From the analysis of these figures, we can observe that our approaches obtain satisfying results. Specifically, as for the supervised approach, the computation time is always very low for MIoTs having at most 1256 nodes. Instead, for MIoTs with more than 2028 nodes, the computation time is low for \(|Q|=1\) or \(|Q|=2\). Then, it increases, even if it remains acceptable for \(|Q|=4\) and \(|Q|=6\), whereas it becomes excessive for \(|Q|=8\) and \(|Q|=10\). However, with regard to this fact, we must point out that queries consisting of 8 or 10 keywords are very uncommon (It is worth pointing out that the topics considered by our approach for constructing a thing's profile are extremely generic and heterogeneous. As a consequence, in our scenario, a query with 8 or 10 keywords would encompass a great number of different topics and, as such, it would not be generally able to capture a clear and specific desire of a user.).  
As for the unsupervised approach, its computation time is still acceptable also for 2028 nodes. It starts to become excessive with MIoTs consisting of at least 10,000 nodes.
## 4 Experimental Results  
### Encoder Comparison Experiments  
The encoder primarily functions as a feature extractor, and selecting a suitable encoder is crucial for the overall segmentation performance of the model. Table 3 presents a comparison of the segmentation performance results obtained using different encoders, including MobileNetV3, ResNet50, and VGG16. When using VGG16, the model achieves the highest mIoU and mPA by incorporating deeper convolutional networks for the enhanced extraction of deeper-level features. Specifically, compared to MobileNetV3, the mIoU increases by 6.77%, and, compared to ResNet50, it increases by 4.3%. Similarly, the mPA increases by 5.34% compared to MobileNetV3 and 3.58% compared to ResNet50. These results indicate that VGG16 possesses stronger feature extraction capabilities. MobileNetV3, with fewer parameters and designed as a lightweight encoder, exhibits weaker feature extraction capabilities for soldering defect features, resulting in lower segmentation performance.
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper focuses on studying EV scheduling in the context of CER on freeways. We first establish a joint scheduling model for EVs with multiple disaster and resource sites. The optimization objectives include the transportation time, dispatch cost, and casualty risk. This model can assist relevant departments in formulating EV dispatching plans for CER situations on freeways. Secondly, to achieve the equitable allocation of resources, considering the varying degrees of urgency at disaster sites, a casualty risk function based on the rescue waiting time was designed to balance the competing needs between the sites. This function improves the equitable allocation of resources, thereby reducing the probability of human casualties. Finally, to achieve the rapid configuration of multiple resources and disaster sites, an ADEPSO algorithm is tailored.  
In this paper, the connotation and significance of concurrent emergency response are discussed, and the emergency management processes of freeways in real-world scenarios are analyzed to promote the integration of theoretical research with practical applications. Numerical experiments were conducted to validate our study. The results highlighted that incorporating a casualty risk function into the scheduling model greatly enhanced the fairness of rescue operations. Specifically, the average rescue waiting time at high-priority disaster sites decreased by 32.6%, while at low-priority sites it decreased by 11.1%. Additionally, the proposed tailored algorithm significantly outperformed generalized algorithms. Compared to the PSO and GA algorithms, our tailored algorithm reduced the overall cost by 26% and 16%, respectively. More importantly, the analysis of specific schemes revealed that the tailored algorithm substantially improved the scenarios' rationality.  
The research works in this paper have significant application value for freeway emergency management during concurrent emergency responses. It can assist managers in coordinating rescue efforts and developing efficient and equitable resource scheduling schemes. Future directions could consider the following: (1) designing superior equilibrium  
Figure 8: Convergence curves of the ARWT: (**a**) With or without casualty function and (**b**) different priority disaster sites.  
functions for competing needs among various disaster sites, and (2) incorporating traffic control to better support emergency responses.  
L.L.: Conceptualization, Writing--Original draft, Methodology, Validation. E.T.: Conceptualization, Writing--Reviewing and Editing. P.G.: Writing--Reviewing and Editing. Y.J.: Supervision, Investigation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant (2019 YFB1600703).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# A Novel Effective Multipath Routing Technique Providing High Availability in Wireless Networks
## 5 Simulations and Discussion
### Simulations
#### 5.1.2 Simulation Results  
Figure 5(a),b show comparisons of the number of request messages (RREQ/PREQ) and all control messages (request messages, reply messages, and others), respectively, that were transmitted and re-transmitted in the simulation networks. The simulation results show that MP-AODV and NDMR-3 HS generated the same number of transmitted request messages. NDMR-3 HS reduced the transmitted request messages by 68% compared with AODVM, while NDMR-2 HS reduced the transmitted request messages by 48% compared with NDMR-3 HS and 83% compared with AODVM, as shown in Figure 5(a). As a result, NDMR-2 HS reduced the transmitted control messages by 44% compared with NDMR-3 HS and MP-AODV, and by 84% compared with AODVM, as shown in Figure 5(b).  
Figure 6(a),b show comparisons of the number of request messages and all control messages received at nodes in the simulation networks, respectively. The simulation results show that MP-AODV and NDMR-3 HS had the same number of received request messages. NDMR-3 HS reduced the received request messages by 70% compared with AODVM, while NDMR-2 HS reduced the received request messages by 48% compared with NDMR-3 HS and 84% compared with AODVM, as shown in Figure 6(a). As a result, NDMR-2 HS reduced the received control messages by 42% compared with NDMR-3 HS and MP-AODV, and by 85% compared with AODVM, as shown in Figure 5(b).  
Figure 6: A comparison of transmitted control messages.  
It is clear that AODVM generates too many duplicates of request messages in the networks because nodes re-transmit the duplicates instead of discarding them as under the MP-AODV and NDMR approaches.  
Figure 8 compares the route discovery time between the MP-AODV and NDMR approaches in simulation networks with various numbers of nodes. It can be seen from the line chart that the route discovery time of NDMR is smaller than that of MP-AODV. Specially, NDMR-2 HS has the best route discovery time. Numerically, for the simulation networks, NDMR-3 HS reduced the route discovery time by about 25%, and NDMR-2 HS reduced the route discovery time by about 50% compared with MP-AODV, as shown in Figure 8.
# A Multi-Parameter Comprehensive Optimized Algorithm for MPTCP Networks
## 2 Path Management, Congestion Control and Buffer Configuration  
### Path Management Algorithms  
As shown in Figure 1, PM is a major part of MPTCP. Using a PM algorithm, subflows can be dynamically added or deleted to participate in the concurrent transmission. The FullMesh is designed to create all possible connections or subflows between the client and the server by attempting to connect each network interface of the client to each interface of the server. It establishes the full mesh of the subflows [15]. One subflow is created for each network interface on the client side. The current implementation of the FullMesh subflow is static. The subflows are created immediately after the creation of the initial subflow. It can create a subflow for each network layer address, like IPv4 and IPv6. For the client that has \(N\) network layer addresses and the server that has \(M\) network layer addresses, FullMesh path manager will establish \(MN\) subflows, which is probably not optimal in the most of scenarios and the desired throughput might not be obtained.  
The PCDC PM, proposed by our team in [6], is based on path characteristic and data characteristic, in which a subflow's IF is used as a subflow characteristic to predict the impact of a subflow on the overall network throughput. The previous studies of our research group have shown that the IF of the subflow can be used to quantitatively describe the contribution rate of the current subflow to the overall transmission performance of the network payload communication. The IF of a subflow is described by the degree of influence on the throughput of the whole network payload, and the throughput of other subflows after a certain subflow does not participate in the payload transmission. This can be categorized into positive and negative IF effects. When a subflow does not participate in the payload transmission, and the overall network throughput increases, it proves that the subflow plays a negative role in the overall payload transmission performance. On the other hand, the throughput decreases when the subflow does not participate in the payload transmission, proving that the subflow plays a positive role in the overall payload transmission performance.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Model Description
\(\varepsilon\) is the light-use efficiency (\(\upmu mol\cdot CO_{2}\cdot\upmu mol^{-1}\) PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)) and is down-regulated by air temperature and the vapor pressure deficit (\(VPD\)):  
\[\varepsilon=\varepsilon_{\rm max}\times f(T)\times f(VPD) \tag{4}\]  
\[f(T)=\frac{(T-T_{\rm min})(T-T_{\rm max})}{(T-T_{\rm min})(T-T_{\rm max})-(T-T_ {\rm opt})^{2}} \tag{5}\]  
\[f(VPD)=\left\{ \begin{array}{c}0\ VPD\geq 3.5\\ \frac{VPD_{\rm max}-VPD}{VPD_{\rm max}}\ 0.5<VPD<3.5\\ 1\ VPD\leq 0.5\end{array} \right. \tag{6}\]  
where \(\varepsilon_{\rm max}\) is the apparent quantum yield or maximum light-use efficiency and \(f(T)\) and \(f(VPD)\) are the downward-regulation scalars for the effects of temperature and VPD (kPa) on the light-use efficiency of vegetation, respectively. \(T_{\rm min}\), \(T_{\rm max}\) and \(T_{\rm opt}\) are the minimum, maximum and optimum air temperatures (\({}^{\circ}\)C) for photosynthetic activity, respectively. If the air temperature falls below \(T_{\rm min}\) or increases above \(T_{\rm max},f(T)\) is set to zero. In this study, \(T_{\rm min}\), \(T_{\rm opt}\) and \(T_{\rm max}\) were set to 0, 20 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively [26]. A minimum and maximum VPD, which indicates the start and full constraint of VPD was set as 0.5 and 3.5 kPa, respectively [27]. Note that various schemes are used to down-regulate \(\varepsilon\) in different light-use efficiency-based GPP models [26; 28; 29; 30]. We compared most schemes and their combinations to yield the solution used in this study, which has a relatively high accuracy and is convenient for use at the regional scale [31]. In the SWH model, LAI and the light extinction coefficient (\(\lambda\)) are needed to estimate the downward solar radiation reaching the soil surface. LAI was estimated as a function of FPAR and \(\lambda\) using [PERSON]'s law (Equation (A6) in Appendix A). A plant functional type-specific \(\lambda\) was obtained based on a meta-analysis of global terrestrial ecosystems [32]. Soil heat flux (\(G\)) is needed to estimate the net radiation to the soil surface (Equation (A5) in Appendix A), which was estimated as a function of net radiation and NDVI (\(G\) = 0.1\(R_{\rm n}\)(\(1\ -\) 0.98 NDVI\({}^{4}\)) [33]. The model time step was set to 8 days because the satellite products were calculated as 8-day composites.
## 3 Results
### Comparison and Correlation
In addition to the structure of the portfolio, comparison and correlation of results is supplemented in both portfolios by color-coding lifecycle approaches. Thus, a consideration of the distinction between product classes and instances is made possible (Findings 3, 9): Those lifecycle approaches, which can be seen as preliminary stages of a product instantiation, are highlighted in dark blue. To conclude the results of comparison and correlation, the existing lifecycle models show the following deficits:  
* Engineering-bound lifecycle models primarily comprise single-disciplinary products (exception: [15; 33]) or make multi-disciplinarity not explicit. * Business management-bound lifecycles for product-service systems do not address the specifics of technically demanding products, which is usually accompanied by multi-disciplinarity. As the model to be developed shall serve engineers as well as business economists, technical systems must not only be mentioned, but they need to be concretized in the way of their multidisciplinary interaction. * No information- and material-flow-based view on Circular Economy of product-service systems incorporating multi-disciplinary material core products is concretized yet. However, this is needed to lay the foundation for a modern Circular Economy, minimizing resource consumption, waste production, emissions and energy waste. Further, the concretization of both information and material flows is a prerequisite for the development of new digital business models for CE. * A full differentiation between product class and instance exists so far only in rudimentary form and has not yet been applied to the product life cycle of multi-disciplinary systems. This way, a sustainable design of material core products can be stimulated and a foundation for digital business models, Minimum Viable Products (MVPs) and DevOps for Circular Economy can be laid. * Most existing approaches describe value creation from the manufacturer's point of view. Only a few lifecycle models take the consumer or user into account, such as [59]. The manufacturer's perspective is too narrow and needs to become expandable to further stakeholders, such as the user, consumer, recycler or society. This is due to the fact that different stakeholders have different views and interfaces to the same \"thing\" as outlined by [PERSON] and [PERSON] against the backdrop of the Internet of Things [65]. The following research gap results from this comparison and correlation: a generic Product Lifecycle (gPLC) model is required, which details an information- and material-flow-based view on Circular Economy of product-service systems, incorporating multi-disciplinary material core products. Moreover, a differentiation between product classes and instances shall be torn, using techniques of product modeling. The model's perspective shall be open to different stakeholders. The stakeholders that must be regarded shall be decided in each specific application case.
# A Novel Method for Estimating the Dosage of Cold Atmospheric Plasmas in Plasma Medical Applications
## 4 Discussions  
### Elimination of Thermal Effects  
Most of the studies on plasma dosage highlight the dominant role of the multiple RONS, whereas the role of the thermal effect, in our opinion, should be considered in the first place. Normally, the biological materials are especially sensitive to the ambient  
Figure 4: Variations of the HEK293 cell viability under different incubation durations and CAP treatment times.  
Figure 5: Variation of the cell viability with the value of \((W/N)\). ****\(p<0.0001\).  
temperature. For example, it was reported that treatment to the human skins for only 6 s under 59 \({}^{\circ}\)C could lead to a blister, whereas at the single cell level of in vitro experiments, cell necrosis was always observed when the gas temperature was higher than 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C [38]. Though the specific cell necrosis rate also relates to other parameters such as the duration and the type of the cells, it is anticipated that, when the gas temperature of the CAP jet is too high, the cell death resulting from thermal damages will appear, which means that the discussions on plasma dosage will be meaningless. Therefore, the gas temperature used for plasma medicine should be carefully controlled within an appropriate range.  
In this study, the rise in gas temperature within the 10 min discharge was less than 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and its absolute value was always lower than 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which was still close to room temperature and much lower than the environment temperature in the cell incubator. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that no damages to the cells were caused by the thermal effect in our study.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Open-Ended Interview Theme Analysis
#### 5.4.2 Functionality  
All participants (\(n=15\)) gave positive feedback on the method's quality improvement capabilities. Specifically, the complete application of BIM and VR-integrated technology in the design phase of prefabricated building projects is beneficial for focusing on and enhancing design outcomes. In addition, six designers, one component manufacturer, one construction contractor, two property owners, and one end customer (\(n=11\)) further noticed that this method emphasized procedural design and evaluation, continuously improving design quality to enhance overall quality.  
1. Participants (\(n=9\)) believed that starting from the project research and planning phase, inputting relevant data of the building project into the virtual scenes helped enhance the scientific nature and accuracy of the architectural scheme.
2. Participants (\(n=13\)) believed that this method, based on the highly performed visualization of VR technology, allowed design participants of various roles to provide realistic architectural requirements from their perspective, such as clients' requirements on overall project planning and architectural design, the designer's consideration of architectural aesthetics, the structural engineer's validation of structural reliability, and the public's daily needs for building functionality. This is conducive to managing the overall integrity of the design, improving work efficiency and quality.
3. Participants (\(n=8\)) believed this method had increased public participation and influence. This method went beyond just the project planning research phase, since it allowed experiencing the architectural functionality from a first-person perspective and enabled the public to contribute design opinions and everyday life needs. Incorporating public feedback and real human experience design improved the final product's acceptability and increased product satisfaction.
4. Participants (\(n=15\)) believed that by using the collaborative design platform of BIM and VR-integrated technology, the stakeholders could maintain continuous communication, provide feedback, experience, and interact throughout the design process, which would avoid collisions and \"blind spots\" between architectural design and project implementation, preemptively eliminate design errors and significantly enhance the quality of prefabricated building design.