# Plaaben Compounds--Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts
## 4 Legislation
### Parabens, Pollutants and Discharge Policies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parabens(s)** & **Organism** & **Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{MP} & \multirow{3}{*}{Mouse} & Orally, the LD\({}_{50}\) was higher than 8000 and 2000 mg/kg for MP and its sodium salt, and above this dose some paralysis can appear in mice. & \\  & & For propylparaben and its sodium salt, the LD\({}_{50}\) was higher than 8000 mg/kg & and higher than 3700 mg/kg by oral administration, respectively. & \\  & & Recovery occurred quickly from nonratal doses of MP or PP and their salts. & \\  & & The LD\({}_{50}\) values for MP and its sodium salt by intraperitoneal administration & \\  & & were 960 and 760 mg/kg, respectively, and about 170 mg/kg for its salt by intravenous injection. & \\ \cline{1-1}  & \multirow{3}{*}{Mouse} & The intraperitoneal LD\({}_{50}\) values were 640 and 490 mg/kg for PP and its salt, respectively. A reversible degree of paralysis was observed for an intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg of PP. & [19, 21, 22, 103] \\  & & The sodium salt of PP showed an LD\({}_{50}\) of 180 mg/kg, and the intravenous injection of this salt led to paralysis for 50 mg/kg. & \\  & & Fatal dose of MP and its sodium salt produces ataxia, deep depression of & \\  & & nervous system and quick death. & \\  & & The authors suggest that the decrease in toxicity as the alkyl chain increases & \\  & & must be related to a longer hydrodization time. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{PP} & \multirow{3}{*}{Mouse} & The LD\({}_{50}\) was 6322 mg/kg. & \\  & & Fatal dose of paraben or its salt caused a quick loss of muscular control (ataxia), & [22, 86] \\  & & deep depression of the central nervous system and quick death. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MP} & \multirow{3}{*}{Rate} & The LD\({}_{50}\) subcutaneous dose was 1200 mg/kg for MP and 1650 mg/kg for PP. & [21, 22, 104] \\  & & The oral dose was 8000 mg/kg and the intraperitoneal dose was 640 mg/kg for PP and for MP doses 8000 and 960 mg/kg, respectively. & [21, 22, 38] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MP} & \multirow{3}{*}{Mouse} & MP in 0.85\% saline was administrated orally using doses of 100–5000 mg/kg. & \\  & & The acute toxicity of LD\({}_{50}\) was estimated to be 2100 mg/kg, since all the mice & \\  & & ingesting a dose of 5000 mg/kg died after 24 h. Some reddened gastric mucosa & \\  & & and congested lungs were observed. & \\  & & For MP in a saline suspension of 21.8\% at a dose of 5000 mg/kg, no toxic effect & \\  & & was observed, and this LD\({}_{50}\) was estimated to be higher than 5000 mg/kg. & \\  & & For saline suspension of 37–79\%, doses of 2600–5600 mg/kg were administrated, & \\  & & and no toxic effects occurred, concluding in an LD\({}_{50}\) superior to 5600 mg/kg. & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{MP} & \multirow{3}{*}{Fish} & The LC\({}_{50}\) Zebrafish embryo-larvae for MP was 428 \(\mu\)M (0.065 mg/L) in 96 h & [98] \\  & & postfertilization. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._are considered as water pollutants, but once again, the paraben family are not part of it. The directive (EU) N\({}^{\circ}\) 39/2013 [111] regulates and classifies some priority substances in water policy. The directive (ECC) N\({}^{\circ}\) 271/91 [112] indicates discharge parameters for wastewater treatment stations of urban wastewater. It also contemplates the criteria for identification of \"sensitive zones\", where the discharge rules are more restricted, and some sampling indications. The EU has had a watchlist of compounds to monitor since 2015 [12; 113]. The first step for the creation of thi list was implemented by EU directive No 39/2013 [101] contemplating some rules and directives for the first EU watchlist. Then, the first watchlist was made official by UE decision No 495/2015 [114], contemplating 17 substances. In 2018, this list was updated by decision No 840/2018 [115] currently comprising 15 compounds, but parabens are not a part of it.