# AIoT Monitoring Technology for Optimal Fill Dam Installation and Operation
###### Abstract  
Fill dam structures are generally considered safe, but frequent heavy rainfall in recent years due to climate change has increased their risk of collapse. Technologies for the monitoring and safety management of these structures have attracted considerable attention, and methods to utilize technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) for maintenance have been investigated. However, the measurement and communication processes of sensors used in the IoT technology are prone to measurement errors. Moreover, the communication environment and frequency range used by unlicensed operators vary within a country. Technologies for accurate interpretation of measurement results and optimal communication are required to address these issues. In this study, a technology for dam safety management and communication environment optimization was developed using AIoT (AI+IoT), and its field applicability was verified. measurement; fill dam; IoT; AI; monitoring +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
of downstream slopes, which cannot be easily detected using the current measurement method; consequently, disasters cannot be predicted in advance and prevented. Systematic measurement technologies are required to respond to recent unusual weather, such as heavy rainfall. Disasters caused by the collapse of dams have also occurred in Vietnam (Figure 2). The failure of the Ha Tinh dam located in central Vietnam (KE2/20 REC dam) occurred in the middle of the closed conduit within less than a year of operation, resulting in erosion with a length of approximately 8.5 m and depth of 3.5 m [3]. Moreover, disasters caused by the collapse of dams have occurred repeatedly. These include the collapse of the Dakrong 3 dam in 2013, damage to the Son La dam drain in 2017, and the accident in the Rao Trang 3 hydroelectric power plant construction project in 2020. Vietnam has approximately 7000 dams, and only approximately 1150 dams are managed by monitoring systems. Several old dams were constructed before 1990 (Word Bank, 2015). Furthermore, dams managed by monitoring systems are not subjected to integrated management at the national level. They are managed by different systems depending on the installation company, resulting in low efficiency. A management system that is not efficient can lead to the following problems: (a) Dam operations generate vast amounts of data through numerous sensors and devices. Effectively handling and analyzing this large volume of data can be challenging. (b) Ensuring the integrity and accuracy of dam measurement data is crucial. Incorrect or low-quality data can have negative effects on dam safety and stability. (c) Large volumes of critical dam data may be susceptible to security issues, such as hacking or illegal access. Protecting the dam data from unauthorized access is of paramount importance. (d) Integrating and ensuring the compatibility of data obtained from various systems can be challenging. Harmonizing the data generated in different formats and protocols into a consistent form is a complex task. (e) Some dams require real-time data processing. Effectively processing and responding to large volumes of data at high speeds presents technical challenges. (f) Managing and processing large-scale dam measurement data can be resource-intensive and costly. Effectively managing and optimizing these resources is a significant challenge. Therefore, the efficient operation of a monitoring system is essential. In this study, to manage agricultural dam disasters, which occur within a short period, an AIoT (AI+IoT) monitoring system was developed. In Section 2, a literature review on measurement and monitoring systems was conducted. In Section 3, the distinction between existing monitoring systems and the newly developed AIoT monitoring system was discussed. The AIoT monitoring system includes features such as autonomous operation, malfunction prevention, optimal communication frequency search, communication data authentication, and hacking prevention.