## 4 Performance Comparison  
As discussed in Section 3, each technology has its own advantages and a variety of operations. All this technology varies their levels of network performance, such as handover latency, signaling cost, and overhead cost. This section will focus on handover latency and signaling cost on the perspective mobility of NDN. Each operation producer has three well-known methods for mobility: KITE, which is based on indirection technology; the PMSS, which is an evolution of the KITE operation; and hybrid NeMO, which is the newest method for NDN mobility. Handover delay, i.e., the time taken by a mobile producer that has received I_packets before disconnecting from their current connection, continues as new I_packets arrive at a new location. Handover latency is good when the value is smaller during the content transmission. Signaling cost, i.e., the measurement of the number of transmission messages from the node producer to the node consumer from NDN network communication, is good when the value is smaller while the content transmission is in progress. To confirm this statement, a mathematical equation for KITE, the PMSS, and hybrid NeMO was designed to generate a formula for each network's performance. For network analysis, ndnSIM was used to compare the performance evaluation for each method. For further setup in ndnSIM, several parameters were defined for each method to measure the performance and impact of mobility on each producer mobility technique. This setup measured the quality of network performance via each method by varying the number of parameters. Each topology used the same network grid of 400 m \(\times\) 400 m; the range from the NDN router to AP was 100 m; the number of producers and mobility speeds varied for each method; the I_packets' transmission range used 100 ms; and the same benchmark reference as that of the random waypoint mobility model was applied. Table 5 shows the details of how the parameters were set, including the size of the network, the speed of mobility, the mobility model used, and the simulation software on each testbed for different NDN mobility perspectives. Figure 8 shows the number of nodes for the consumer and the producer, which was used to measure the handover latency and signaling cost. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Flow of Transmission** & **Process Status** & **Description** \\ \hline Process 1 & Exchanging information & Movement occurs from MR 1 to MR 2, and content is stored at MR2. \\ Process 2 & Forwarding & MR 2 sends a signaling packet to AR 2 when AR 1 sends an alert on movement. \\ Process 3 & Creating BIT & AR 2 and MR 2 create BIT for each entry of I\_packets. BIT consists of information on consumer nodes, PoA, and face numbers. \\ Process 4 & Matching BIT & BIT has a similar function to FIB, with I\_packets searching for FIB to create a movement from the producer to the consumer. \\ Process 5 & Forwarding I\_packets & If the I\_packet matches the information request by the consumer, then the content is directed without referring back to FIB. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Hybrid Operation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Mobility** & **Network** & **Distance** & **Mobile** & **Mobility** & **Interest** & **Segment** & **Mobility Model** & **Simulation** & **Benchmark** \\
**Technique** & **Size (m3)** & **Router NDN** & **Producer** & **Quantity** & **Speed (m/s)** & **Range (ms)** & **Size (bytes)** & **Mobility Model** & **Software** & **Comparison** \\ \hline KITE & 400 \(\times\) 400 & 11 & 1 & 2 & 100 & 1024 & Random waypoint & ndnSIM & KITE \\  & & nodes/100 m & 1 & 2 & 100 & 1024 & model & MBRMA, \\  & & & & & & & & & \\ PMSS & 400 \(\times\) 400 & 100 m & 2 & \begin{tabular}{c} 50,200, \\ 350 ms \\ \end{tabular} & 100, 200, 300 & 1024 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Random waypoint \\ mobility \\ model \\ \end{tabular} & ndnSIM &
\begin{tabular}{c} MBRMA, \\ CDDMA, \\ IRMA \\ \end{tabular} \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}