esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Study of the Interaction between Regular Waves and a Wind-Fish Combined Structure
###### Abstract
[25; 26; 27] established the finite element model of the cage structure under the action of waves, analyzed the deformation and stress of the cage in regular waves, and predicted the stress of the net panels under extreme wave action. [PERSON] et al. discussed the dynamic characteristics of the cage under the action of regular waves, irregular waves and water flow by numerical simulation [28; 29; 30]. Moreover, the submergence characteristics of a single-point mooring (SPM) cage system under the action of regular waves [31] and random waves [32] were investigated. It was found that the cage system has an obvious response to the increase in wave height; the degree of submergence of irregular waves is less than that of regular waves, and the cage is in a dynamic stable state after submergence. [PERSON] et al. developed a semi-analytical solution to investigate the wave interference and corresponding dynamic responses of the submerged flexible fish cage array [33]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the yield and fatigue phenomena of the cage floating structure under excessive and long-term wave loads [34]. [PERSON] et al. simulated two types of typical gravity cages, with circular and square shapes, for the purpose of comparing their cage deformations, cultivation volumes, and towing forces under different current conditions [35]. [PERSON] et al. conducted time-domain simulations to study the effects of the main design parameters on cage culture quantity and resistance [36]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the tensions within the net twines, the loads on the connectors and the cross-sectional forces/moments on the main steel structures of vessel-shaped fish cages [37]. Previous studies are almost a separate exploration of the hydrodynamic characteristics of wind turbines or cages. The research on the combination of wind turbines and cages is in the preliminary stage of development. The combined structure of fixed offshore wind turbines and deep-water and offshore aquaculture cages has significant advantages of efficient space utilization and sufficient combination between structures. However, the interaction mechanism between structures and the influence mechanism of the marine environment on structures are extremely complex. It is difficult to carry out field measurement and physical model test, and the research cost is also quite high. Currently, there are many basic technical problems which need to be explored and solved in depth and in detail. Therefore, it is necessary to use the numerical simulation method in this paper to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the combined structure of a deep-sea aquaculture cage with fixed offshore fan under the action of waves, and to study the effect of wave factors and cage size on the combined structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study not only the hydrodynamic characteristics of the combined structure of offshore wind turbines and cages under wave action using the numerical simulation method in this paper, but also the effect of wave factors and cage size on the stress of the combined structure.
# Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Intelligent Routing Strategy for FANETs
## 4 Proposed Intelligent Routing Method
### State Space
Considering that the business load of nodes can greatly affect the performance of the routing process in terms of delay and packet loss rate, this paper also took into account the load ratio of nodes within two hops in the setting of the state, which can be expressed as  
\[\bar{L}_{c,i}^{I} =\frac{L_{c,i}^{I}}{\sum\limits_{n\in N_{c}}L_{c,n}^{I}/\left|N_{ c}\right|} \tag{15}\] \[\bar{L}_{c,i}^{II} =\frac{\left|\mathbf{M_{c}}-\mathbf{M_{c}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}}\right|\times \sum\limits_{ \begin{subarray}{c}j\in(\mathbf{N_{i}}-\mathbf{N_{i}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}})\\ \left|\mathbf{N_{i}}-\mathbf{N_{i}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}}\right|\times\sum\limits_{n,m\in(\mathbf{ M_{c}}-\mathbf{M_{c}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}})}L_{n,m}^{II}\end{subarray} } \tag{16}\]  
where \(L_{c,i}^{I}\) and \(L_{i,j}^{II}\) represent the queue length in the MAC layer of nodes \(i\) and \(j\), respectively. Furthermore, we note that the mobility characteristics of nodes should also be considered, as they can affect the life of links to a great extent, and then affect the reliability of routing. The lifetime of the link between nodes \(i\) and \(j\) (i.e., \(T_{i,j}\)) can be calculated by solving the following formula  
\[\left(x_{i}+v_{xi}T_{i,j}-x_{j}-v_{yi}T_{i,j}\right)^{2}+\left(y_{i}+v_{yi}T_{ i,j}-y_{j}-v_{yi}T_{i,j}\right)^{2}=R^{2} \tag{17}\]  
where \(\left(x_{a},y_{a}\right)\) and \(\left(v_{xu},v_{yu}\right)\) denote the position and velocity vector of node \(a\), respectively. The link lifetime ratios were then set in the state of the proposed method, which can be expressed as  
\[\bar{T}_{c,i}^{I} =\frac{T_{c,i}^{I}}{\sum\limits_{n\in N_{c}}T_{c,n}^{I}/\left|N_{ c}\right|} \tag{18}\] \[\bar{T}_{c,i}^{II} =\frac{\left|\mathbf{M_{c}}-\mathbf{M_{c}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}}\right|\times \sum\limits_{ \begin{subarray}{c}j\in(\mathbf{N_{i}}-\mathbf{N_{i}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}})\\ \left|\mathbf{N_{i}}-\mathbf{N_{i}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}}\right|\times\sum\limits_{n,m\in(\mathbf{ M_{c}}-\mathbf{M_{c}}\cap\mathbf{N_{c}})}T_{n,m}^{II}\end{subarray} } \tag{19}\]  
with \(T_{c,i}^{I}\) and \(T_{i,j}^{II}\), respectively, denoting the lifetime of links \(c\to i\) and \(i\to j\). Finally, the state of the DRL-FIR method can be written as matrix \(\mathbf{S}=\left[\mathbf{S}^{I},\mathbf{S}^{II}\right]\) with \(\mathbf{S}^{I}=\left[\bar{C}_{c,i}^{I},\bar{D}_{c,i}^{I},\bar{L}_{c,i}^{I}\bar{T}_ {c,i}^{I}\right]_{i\in\mathbf{N_{c}}}^{T}\) and \(\mathbf{S}^{II}=\left[\bar{C}_{c,i}^{II},\bar{D}_{c,i}^{II},\bar{L}_{c,i}^{II}, \bar{T}_{c,i}^{II}\right]_{i\in\mathbf{N_{c}}}^{T}\).
## 2 Radiation Technologies
### Type of Radiation Sources  
Various types of ionizing radiation, both electromagnetic and corpuscular, can be used in radiation methods for environmental protection. Electromagnetic radiation involves gamma radiation and X-rays, while corpuscular radiation primarily involves accelerated electrons with energies ranging from 0.5 to 13 MeV. The isotopes \({}^{60}\)Co and \({}^{137}\)Cs are most commonly used as sources of gamma radiation, with \({}^{60}\)Co being favored by the higher energy of emitted radiation (1.173 MeV) compared to \({}^{137}\)Cs. The advantage of using \({}^{60}\)Co and \({}^{137}\)Cs sources is the ability to deeply penetrate gamma radiation, which has primarily found application in the sterilization of medical materials, the treatment of cancer, and food irradiation. The disadvantages of gamma radiation include the long irradiation time necessary to obtain higher doses, the need for periodic replacement of the radionuclide, and the continuous potential risk of radiation contamination. Different to electron accelerators, isotope radiation sources are also less accepted by the public because of a fear of induced radioactivity.  
The advantage of using a beam of accelerated electrons is the relatively simple way of producing them and the simple mechanism of transferring energy to the medium. The principal components of an electron beam accelerator are source, accelerating structure, and delivery system. The main difference between EB accelerator models is the method of generating the electric field. There are three main classes: high-voltage direct current (DC), radio frequency (RF), and microwave linear accelerators (LINAC). Present technical evolutions and trends in electron beam accelerators are favorable to more widely investigated direct current systems based on the well-proven ELV and Dynamitron technology. Modern accelerators make it possible to provide electrons with energy favorable for research, they also allow for adjusting the intensity of the beam and changing the cross-section and direction of the stream. The beam of high-energy electrons is characterized by a smaller, deep penetration in the medium than gamma radiation however, the possibility of obtaining a beam with a strictly defined energy makes this type of radiation applicable in many industries as well as in environmental protection [5]. An additional advantage of using accelerators is that they can be turned off, which cannot be performed with a gamma radiation source. The most important limitations of an electron beam installation for wastewater treatment are the restrictions of beam penetration and the appropriate distribution of the material Electron beam installations have a higher dose rate compared to gamma sources, ensuring that more energy is delivered to the system in a much shorter time. However, there are literature reports that clearly show that the dose rate has a significant effect on the degradation efficiency of selected organic pollutants [6].
## 4 Experiment Results and Discussion
### Dataset Preparation  
The proposed models were tested with the publicly available crowd datasets UMN, PETS2009 and UCSD. The UMN dataset consists of two indoor crowd-monitoring video images Plaza1 and Plaza2. The PETS2009 provides different anomaly events and crowd density estimation videos with several viewpoints. In this experiment, we used data from one viewpoint with the different difficulty levels explained in the dataset. Finally, the UCSD ped1 and ped2 datasets were tested with the proposed model. The UCSD consist of several anomaly activities with different congestion levels. All frame-level annotation work was manually done and the segmentation of the congestion levels (VL--very Low, L--low, M--medium, H--high, VH--very high) was inspired from the TIS-MCMS work in [37]. The density levels for UCSD Ped1, UCSD Ped2 and PETS2009 and UMN Plaza1 and UMN Plaza2 are represented as \((VL<9,8<L<17,16<M<25,24<H<33,VH>32)\) and \((VL=0,0<L<4,4<M<7,6<H<11,VH>10)\), respectively.  
The final training and the testing split were kept as a sixty-to-forty ratio for this work. The difficult level summarization and training and testing splits are mentioned in Table 4.
# Upscaling Customer Access Network Using Spectrum Conversion-Slicing-Duplication Technique
## 1 Introduction
### Hybrid System--Ocdma  
The optical CDMA technique (OCDMA) is the solution for optical network access in the future, as depicted in Figure 3. The OCDMA technique allows multiple clients to simultaneously share the same frequency and time interval. There are two main types of CDMA optic technique, namely coherent and non-coherent. Coherent OCDMA codes use phase modulation, while non-coherent OCDMA codes are unipolar encoding systems that use amplitude modulation. [PERSON] has presented a new 2D encoding technique for the SAC-OCDMA system based on two orthogonal polarization conditions (vertical and horizontal) to increase the number of simultaneous users. The theoretical results show that the proposed 2D ZCC OCDMA system can double the number of users compared to the 1D ZCC OCDMA system [16]. The results show that for 10 users, the effect of beating noise and thermal noise is 10-22 watts/Hz and the error rate is \(10^{-9}\). In addition, the researchers found that the designed system had an optimal transfer rate of 15 Gb/s for each user, reaching a length of 30 km of fiber.
# Strength and Compressibility of Ammonia-Soda Residue from the Solvay Sodium Plant
## 4 Conclusions  
In the study presented herein, the strength and compressibility of ammonia-soda residue from the Solvay Sodium Plant in Krakow were evaluated using triaxial compression tests and the constant rate of strain consolidation tests. The collected material for the laboratory testing was also characterised in terms of the mineral composition and microstructure. The results presented in this work can be summarised as follows:  
1. Consolidated drained triaxial tests on the ASR reveal two different evolutions of the critical state in the stress-strain space. The strain-hardening behaviour when the deviator stress was gradually increased with the increase of axial strain without manifesting any distinct failure was observed for the ASR I. On the other hand, the stress-strain response of ASR II indicated strain-softening behaviour associated with the creation of the shear bands in the specimen.  
2. The shear strength of ASR I and ASR II evaluated from the present study is similar to the data reported for the alluvial and deltaic soft fine-grained soils. The shear strength of ASR I and ASR II tested in this study for the case of the critical state is quantified to be fi = 36.60 and fi = 33.90, respectively. Effective cohesion for ASR I and ASR II can be best characterised by \(c^{\prime}\) = 28.50 kPa and \(c^{\prime}\) = 6.90 kPa, respectively.  
3. The determined strain rate in the CRS test significantly influences the stress generated in the ASR sample and, thus, the stress-strain response of the tested material. The optimal strain rate was successfully established using the results of the oedometric test. The results of the CRS test made it possible to obtain the compressibility index of the tested material. However, the slight increases in the pore pressure during the test hindered the determination of the \(c_{\rm v}\) and k parameters.  
4. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the main mineral components of the ASR are calcite and portlandite. The analysis of the SEM images showed that the ASR is a porous material made up of crystalline particles with a wide range of shapes and sizes.  
Conceptualisation, B.S.O.; methodology, B.S.O. and P.R.; validation, J.Z. and B.S.O.; formal analysis, B.S.O. and P.R.; investigation, B.S.O.; resources, J.Z.; data curation, B.S.O.; writing--original draft preparation, B.S.O.; writing--review and editing, B.S.O.; visualisation, B.S.O.; supervision, B.S.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Planar Microwave Resonant Sensors: A Review and Recent Developments
## 4 Prototype Examples  
In this section, several examples of planar microwave resonant sensors, categorized according to the classification of Section 2, are reported. These sensors are devoted to dielectric characterization, with the exception of the coupling modulation sensor of Section 4.2, a rotary encoder.
# Authenticity at Risk: Key Factors in the Generation and Detection of Audio Deepfakes +
## 4 Methodology
### Automatic Determination of the SNR  
To calculate the SNR, the speech segments of the audio notes were selected as the'signal' and the silent segment as 'noise'. To separate these two signals, the PYANNOTE VAD [48] was used, which is able to accurately identify the parts where a speaker is active and those where she is not. Of the 176 audios analyzed, this system worked properly in 166 cases. In the remaining 10 audios, the VAD failed to locate speech, classifying all the time instances as silences. In this situation, we also tried to use PyPI's VAD ([[https://github.com/MorenoLaQuatra/vad](https://github.com/MorenoLaQuatra/vad)]([https://github.com/MorenoLaQuatra/vad](https://github.com/MorenoLaQuatra/vad))) (accessed on 1 August 2024), but the results were  
Figure 4: The Patchout transformer (PaSST) architecture (extracted from [44]).  
similar to those previously obtained, which led us to separate the speech signal manually in those particular cases. On the other hand, for the audios containing only speech, we used the immediately previously recorded audio signal as the associated noise signal since it had presumably been collected under similar conditions, thus ensuring consistency in the ambient noise conditions for the SNR calculation. Then, for the calculation of the SNR, we used the formula shown in the Equation (1), where \(P_{\text{signal}}\) represents the signal power and \(P_{\text{noise}}\) the noise power.  
\[\text{SNR}=10\log_{10}\left(\frac{P_{\text{signal}}}{P_{\text{noise}}}\right) \tag{1}\]  
Finally, the power of the signals was calculated following the Equation (2) where \(N\) is the total number of samples and \(x_{i}\) is the value of the \(i\)th audio sample.  
\[\text{P}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}x_{i}^{2} \tag{2}\]
# A Review of Requirements for Gamma Radiation Detection in Space Using CubeSats
## 7 Conclusions  
CubeSats have inaugurated a new era to access space in faster and cheaper ways compared to more structured and standard space missions, and opened the door for new science probes for understanding the dynamics of the universe by detecting particles. In the future, detectors on board CubeSats will be the new tools for targeting a quite diverse science program including the study of GRBs, Gravitational Waves, High-Energy Atmospheric Physics, assessment of the orbital particle background, and the localization of high energy astrophysical sources. This paper reviews the design constraints of a payload sensitive to gamma-rays in the 20 keV up to tens of MeV energy range and able to operate on-board a 2U (or larger) CubeSat spacecraft. The capital investment for the construction of such instrument is in the order of 30k USD, whereas the total expenditure, launch included, is about ten times more. The satellite bus elements instrumental for the operation of the payload have been discussed, along with constraints and requirements posed by CubeSat missions. The overall effort is relatively cheap compared to bigger missions, making it possible for an average size university department to place a real scientific instrument in orbit.  
Conceptualization, F.A. and A.D.G. methodology, A.D.G.; software, A.D.G.; validation, A.D.G. and P.M.; resources, F.A. and P.M. data curation, A.D.G.; writing--original draft preparation, A.D.G.; writing--review and editing, A.D.G. and F.A. supervision, F.A.; project administration, F.A. and P.M.; funding acquisition, F.A. and P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for the fruitful discussions.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Enhancement of Mechanical Properties of PCL/PLA/DMSO2 Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering
###### Abstract  
Bone tissue engineering shows potential for regenerating or replacing damaged bone tissues by utilizing biomaterials renowned for their biocompatibility and structural support capabilities. Among these biomaterials, polycaprolactone (PCL) and polylactic acid (PLA) have gained attention due to their biodegradability and versatile applications. However, challenges such as low degradation rates and poor mechanical properties limit their effectiveness. Dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) has emerged as a potential additive to address these limitations, offering benefits such as reduced viscosity, increased degradation time, and enhanced surface tension. In this study, we investigate tailored composites comprising PLA, PCL, and DMSO2 to enhance mechanical properties and hydrophilicity. Through material characterization and mechanical testing, we found that the addition of DMSO2 led to improvements in the yield strength, modulus, and hydrophilicity of the composites. PCL and DMSO2 10, 20, and 30 wt% were premixed, and 20 wt% PCL + 10, 20, and 30 wt% DMSO2 were mixed with PLA. Specifically, PLA/PCL/DMSO2 composites exhibited higher yield strengths and moduli compared to pure PLA, pure PCL, and PLA/PCL composites. Moreover, the hydrophilicity of the composites increased with DMSO2 concentration, facilitating cell attachment. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of -COOH and -COH bands in PLA/PCL/DMSO2 composites, indicating chemical interactions between DMSO2 and the polymer matrix. Fracteography analysis revealed enhanced interface adhesion in PLA/PCL/DMSO2 composites due to the hydrogen bonding. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of PLA/PCL/DMSO2 composites in bone tissue engineering applications, offering improved mechanical properties and enhanced cell compatibility. The findings contribute to the advancement of biomaterials for additive manufacturing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.  
PLA/PCL/DMSO2 composites; hydrophilicity; yield strength; hydrogen bonding Article
## 5 Utilization Assessment and FGI Results of AROS_\(\alpha\)
### Technical Issue 2: Placement Accuracy Degradation  
When using AROS_\(\alpha\) to conduct safety and quality inspections, the experts concurred that the model projections needed to accurately overlap with the real structure with a variance tolerance of around \(+/-0.1\) m. To confirm whether or not AROS_\(\alpha\) satisfied this requirement, we performed an experiment in which models were projected, and their  
Figure 4: Technical issue 1: Lack of projection stability. (**a**) Lags between projection and the actual structure; (**b**) projection disappearance from the screen.  
Figure 3: Utilization assessment results of the AROS_\(\alpha\) functions.  
variances were measured relative to the real structure. Each measurement was taken from the structure at 3-m intervals, starting at 3 m and stopping at 15 m. At each interval, measurements were taken ten times along the longitudinal (x-z plane) and transverse (x-y plane) axes. The variances in the longitudinal direction were measured as the difference between the projected model and the real structure in the x-z plane, while variances for the transverse direction were measured in the x-y plane.  
The results are presented in Table 4. The total mean of projection errors for longitudinal axes (x-z plane) was 0.136 m, which exceeded the determined minimum requirement of 0.1 m, and all mean values per interval were also exceeded. Specifically, the maximum mean error of longitudinal axes per interval occurred at 15 m with 0.163 m, while the minimum value was 0.115 m at 9 m. For the transverse axes (x-y plane), the total mean error was 0.109 m. The maximum value was 0.114 m at 3 m, and the minimum was 0.109 at 12 and 15 m. In summary, both axes did not meet the requirement, and it was confirmed that the error was longitudinally larger.  
A causal analysis revealed that the root of this issue was related to the limitations of the 'Image Target' method, the primary approach used to anchor projections in AROS_x. To overcome this limitation, an additional anchoring approach was investigated and tested to be used in conjunction. Specifics of this solution and the details of the validation are provided in Section 6.