## 2 State-of-the-Art
### Comparing the General Contextual Ontology with the Existing Ontologies  
We review some of the most relevant existing ontologies available in BioPortal and other repositories. * Asthma Ontology (AO): The Asthma Ontology, available on BioPortal, provides a structured representation of asthma-related factors, including symptoms, triggers, and treatments. However, it lacks contextual dimensions such as environmental and organizational factors, which are crucial for real-world asthma management [44]. * Disease Ontology (DO): The Disease Ontology offers a broad classification of diseases, including asthma, but does not provide fine-grained relationships between symptoms and external environmental factors [45]. * Mondo Disease Ontology: This ontology integrates multiple disease classifications, facilitating cross-referencing. However, it does not explicitly support AI-driven rule generation for clinical decision support [46]. * Monarch Initiative: Monarch integrates multiple ontological sources for disease modeling but primarily focuses on genetic and phenotypic aspects, limiting its applicability in real-world asthma management [47]. While these ontologies provide valuable frameworks for disease classification, they lack a comprehensive contextual representation that integrates environmental, temporal, and organizational factors. Additionally, they do not incorporate AI-driven ontology validation methods to enhance reasoning and rule-based decision-making. To highlight the originality and advantages of our approach, we compare our GCCCD with related existing disease ontologies. Table 2 provides a comparative analysis of key features. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Feature**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Asthma Ontology (BioPortal)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Disease Ontology**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Mondo Ontology**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Monarch Initiative**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Our Ontology (GCCCD-Asthma)**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Scope**} & Asthma-specific concepts & Broad disease categories & Integrated disease classification & Focuses on genetic and phenotypic traits & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Context-aware asthma ontology**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Environmental Context**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Limited genetic-environment links} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & Not included & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Temporal Context**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & Not included & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Medical Standard**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Uses SNOMED} & \multirow{2}{*}{Uses multiple} & \multirow{2}{*}{Uses multiple} & \multirow{2}{*}{Uses multiple} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & CT & standards & standards & standards & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**AI-Driven Rule**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{Not included} & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & Not included & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ontology**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Limited} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broad use} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broad use} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broad use} & \multirow{2}{*}{Broad use} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparative analysis of contextual classifications within existing disease ontologies. The GCOCD extends existing models by integrating environmental and temporal factors, which are crucial for asthma monitoring.