# Measurement-Driven Synthesis of Female Digital Mannequin Using Convex Sub-Volumes
## 2 Literature Review
### Non-Convex Example-Based Modeling
#### 2.1.1 Deformation of a Single Template/Example Model  
References [8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16] extract _features_ from a single digital template model or 3D scan and apply deformation functions in order to synthesize variations that satisfy input measurements.  
* Reference [8] imposes symmetric constraints to the 'SCAPE' parametric model. These symmetric constraints are defined as symmetry-related matrices and are applied during pose and shape deformation to provide a resulting symmetric model.
* Reference [9] proposes a tensor decomposition technique to model human bodies based on data (shape and pose) of multiple subjects. They use such data to train a deformation method that considers pose and shape parameters in conjunction rather than independently. This method is applied to a template model.
* Reference [10] proposes the segmentation of a template model (point-cloud) into regular intervals. These intervals are subsets of point-clouds to which shape control lines (SCL) are fitted. The SCLs are then modified by applying centroid-based and ratio-based scalings to produce variations of the template.
* Reference [11] extracts contour (_features_) from a scanned model. These contours are measured and translated vertically according to the template model's height and the input height. The shape of the scanned model is then modified by applying linear anthropometric rules to produce an adaptive mannequin.
* Reference [12] extracts shape and measurement information from a template model. The authors identify key parameters that define the scaling for the global deformation (responsible for general shape) and feature factors for local deformation (of specific parts of the body). Nonlinear interpolation is used to deform the overall shape and critical parts of the template model based on the key parameters.
* Reference [13] extracts cross sections from a scanned dataset of a physical mannequin. The initial locations of the cross sections are obtained using statistical anthropometric data. These cross sections are deformed by resizing and relocating according to input anthropometric data (measurements) that describes the desired geometry.
* Reference [14] extracts cross sections and characteristic points (_features_) from a template model. Then, characteristic sizes are calculated (heights and circumferences) based on the features. Nineteen main control points are established and used to performa three-dimensional lengthwise axial deformation. Radial deformation is used to perform girth-wise or area deformations.
* Reference [15] obtains parameter-to-geometry correlations by using radial-basis interpolation over a number of 3D scanned models. These correlations allow for the creation of deformation functions. A template model is then deformed through skeletal deformation, and geometric and energy-based processes are used to calculate vertex displacement.
* Reference [16] performs a manual segmentation of a template model and applies spline and radial-basis deformation functions and continuity filters to change the shape and size of the template model.