## 2 Methods Used for Integrated Monitoring and Management of Diet-Related Diseases
### Methods for the Development of the Tailored RHMS
#### 2.3.1 Smart Monitoring Environment  
Smart monitoring environments, which logically integrate a wide range of smart devices, are essential to the shift in diet-related disease management. For instance, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is being used in smart scales and other devices to provide healthcare professionals more advanced knowledge of body composition, including fat, muscle mass, and hydration levels [89]. This level of detail is essential for customising dietary guidance and enabling targeted actions that focus on certain health issues for patients. The integration of contactless thermometers has a significant influence on illnesses linked to nutrition. These devices make it easier to take an accurate temperature without coming into touch with the patient, which is essential for tracking fever, a major sign of many diet-related disorders. Healthcare professionals acquire a useful tool for the early identification and timely management of any issues by incorporating such devices. Fitness trackers and other wearable technology greatly enhance remote monitoring and customized treatment [90]. Healthcare professionals can use real-time data from the continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood oxygen saturation and heart rate, to identify patterns and detect deviations from the normal range. This degree of understanding is essential for customising dietary and other interventions so that they reflect the patient's changing health condition. These gained insights render them even more useful by facilitating reliable data transmission for remote monitoring. This is especially helpful for managing diseases linked to dietary habits when following meal planning and making lifestyle changes are essential. Healthcare professionals may monitor patients remotely, act quickly to address deviations, and deliver timely care by using integrated monitoring settings. The RO-SmartAgeing system, NeuroPredict Platform, and HepatoConect system are based on tailored smart monitoring environments; each of them can also be personalized according to the long-term particularities of every monitored patient. The main smart devices that are suitable for these smart environments are presented as follows:  
1. _Withings BPM Core_[91]: * _Functionality._ offers advanced cardiovascular monitoring with ECG, blood pressure, and pulse measurements; * _Healthcare application:_ Vital for patients with cardiovascular conditions, providing healthcare professionals with real-time, clinical-grade data. Enables remote monitoring of cardiac health, allowing for timely intervention and reducing hospital visits. 2. _Withings Move ECG_[92]: * Functionality: combines ECG measurements, continuous heart rate tracking, and activity monitoring; * Key features: * Heart rate sensor: provides continuous heart rate monitoring, essential for assessing cardiovascular health; * Three-axis accelerometer: tracks movement patterns, offering insights into daily activities and exercise routines; * Built-in GPS: delivers precise location tracking, particularly valuable for outdoor workouts and activities; * Activity tracking: monitors various metrics, including activity duration, step count, and calories burned during physical activities. * Healthcare application: Useful for patients with heart conditions. Facilitates long-term heart health tracking, aiding in the assessment of treatment efficacy and lifestyle impact. _Withings Body+_[93]:  
* Functionality: utilizes BIA for comprehensive body composition analysis, including weight, body fat, muscle mass, water content, and bone mass;
* Healthcare application: Essential for weight management and chronic disease care. Enables remote monitoring of patients' nutritional status and overall health, contributing to personalized care plans. * _Withings Sleep Analyzer_[94]:
* Functionality: monitors various sleep parameters, including respiratory rate, heart rate, body movements, snoring, and interruptions;
* Healthcare application: Useful for addressing sleep disorders.