esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
IRIDE stands out as one of the most significant European space programs for Earth observation in low orbit, constituting a crucial component of the next generation EU initiatives dedicated to advancing space activities in support of ecological and digital transitions. Spearheaded by the Italian government, this program is set to be implemented in Italy, with completion anticipated by 2026, facilitated by the support of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The total allocated funding for IRIDE amounts to EUR 1.1 billion, earmarked within the National Plan for Recovery and Resilience (PNRR). IRIDE aims to establish an end-to-end system, encompassing constellations of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites (upstream segment), operational ground infrastructure (downstream segment), and geospatial services catered to Italian and European public administration (service segment), as well as private customers. Notably, the IRIDE constellation will be unparalleled, featuring an array of instruments and detection technologies, spanning from microwave imaging, utilizing synthetic aperture radars (SARs) to optical imaging with varying spatial resolutions (ranging from high to medium resolution) and across different frequency ranges, from panchromatic to multispectral, hyperspectral, and infrared bands. Diverse services are planned for both terrestrial and marine components, with a crucial emphasis on expanding offerings to include contemporary services, such as those dedicated to one health applications. The imperative to broaden service capabilities is underscored, particularly in the development of an easily accessible platform with APIs and a cloud processing platform, inspired by Google Earth Engine. This strategic approach aims to catalyze tangible technological transfers on a global scale, especially in alpine environments, recognizing the substantial portion of the Italian territory that is situated in hilly and mountainous areas.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, T.O., A.V. and E.B.-M.; methodology, T.O.; software, T.O.; validation, T.O., E.B.-M. and A.V.; formal analysis, T.O.; investigation, T.O. and A.V.; resources, T.O.; data curation, A.V.; writing--original draft preparation, T.O. and A.V.; writing--review and editing, T.O., A.V. and E.B.-M.; visualization, T.O.; supervision, E.B.-M.; project administration, T.O.; funding acquisition, T.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data can be found by online research on this topic and the analysis performed are here presented.  
**Acknowledgments:** A remarkable thanks to all the entities involved in IRIDE project.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Adaptive TCP Transmission Adjustment for UAV Network Infrastructure
## 5 Performance Evaluation
### Empirical Study  
For empirical experiment, Section 5.1.1 describes details of the experimental setup. In order to emphasize the strength of the proposed algorithm on any condition, we conducted experiments for both transient link instability case and buffer overflow case. The details are described in Sections 5.1.2 and 5.1.3.
## 3 Production of Plasma-Activated Water  
The indirect treatment realized using water or other liquids (most often, cell culture medium) previously treated with the plasma is an important part of plasma medicine studies. A wealth of devices have been proposed to perform this treatment in an efficient way [8].  
In the first paper of this section, a new device based on a low-current arc formed in ambient air is proposed [9]. The idea (already exploited also by other authors) is that, being the treatment indirect, the requirement of low thermal load holding for direct plasma treatments can be relaxed, so that the plasma used to treat liquids does not need to strictly be a CAP. The authors demonstrated the possibility of generating a stable discharge, even when using liquids that have low electrical conductivity, and confirmed the possibility of treating a continuously flowing liquid. The concentration of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in water after treatment using the low-current arc object of this study was two orders of magnitude higher than that of water treated using conventional CAP under similar conditions. Strong bactericidal effects of the treated water were demonstrated on _Escherichia coli_ cultures.  
The second paper, by [PERSON] and co-workers, uses a different approach, that is an inductively limited discharge, to treat large volumes of water, overcoming the limitation of few millilitres associated to the most usual approaches [10]. The proposed technique uses high voltage leakage transformers for discharge current limitation to avoid arcing. The authors treated tap water, saline solution and distilled water, and observed that, except for tap water, the treated liquids became acidic and the conductivity increased. In all liquids, distinct nitrification was observed. The microbiological studies showed that physiological saline solution and tap water became antimicrobial. The authors concluded that with the proposed, portable setup, significant volumes of plasma-treated water can be easily produced in less than 30 min.
## 2 Model Setup
### Joint Parameters: Establishment of Joint Parameter Database
#### 2.3.3 Shear Stiffness  
Shear resistance experiments were carried out to investigate the shear behavior of the joints under a combination of shear and axial forces. Two categories of tests were conducted in the shear resistance experiments. If the shear exerted at the joint makes the segment move with a relatively outward tendency, we define this type of shear as outward shear. If the shear exerted at the joint makes the segment move with a relatively inward tendency, we define this type of shear as inward shear. The details of the shear resistance experiments can be found in Appendix B. The results of the shear stiffness tests are shown in Figure 9, where the shear stiffness is calculated by dividing the relative displacement of the two segments beside the joint by the exerted shear force. For convenience, all the calculations regarding the shear resistance are based on the unit length of 1 m. After the normalization into 1 m length, the unit of compressive force is kN/m, while the shear stiffness is expressed in kN/m\({}^{2}\). For the joint geometry of the quasi-rectangular shield tunnel, the results from inward and outward shear experiments are similar. The shear stiffness increases linearly with the compressive force. It is worth noting that the compressive force relates to the axial force in longitudinal joints and to the longitudinal force in circumferential joints.  
After linear fitting, the following shear stiffness function is obtained:  
\[K_{ls}=0.25N+158.67, \tag{5}\]  
here in \(N\) (kN/m) is the compressive force and \(K_{ls}\) (10\({}^{3}\) kN/m\({}^{2}\)) is the shear stiffness.
## 4 Data Management Infrastructure and Workflow
### Metadata Catalogs and Database Overview
Although these standards are still evolving, their adoption has the potential to harmonize metadata across platforms, streamline data sharing, and enable advanced analytical methods, such as machine-learning-assisted spectroscopy. National initiatives, such as Japan's ARIM [53], provide frameworks for controlled data circulation, fostering secure sharing among collaborators while creating pathways for broader accessibility. Similarly, platforms such as the SPring-8 Data Center [54] emphasize secure internal workflows that can evolve toward external accessibility depending on policy needs, whereas SciCat [55], widely adopted across Europe, underscores the scalability and flexibility required for managing diverse experimental datasets. Collectively, these platforms demonstrate a balance between protecting sensitive research data and enabling broader scientific collaboration. Although platforms such as ICAT [56] are used internationally to manage experimental data, their implementation in synchrotron X-ray research often requires significant customization to align with domain-specific workflows. In the examples discussed here, tailored solutions are selected to address the unique experimental and collaborative requirements of the synchrotron research community. This approach highlights the importance of flexibility in data management systems and the need to closely align solutions within specific research contexts. In summary, these collaborative efforts, ranging from localized databases such as the SPring-8 BL14 BZ XAFS Database to integrated platforms such as the MDR XAFS DB, demonstrate the pivotal roles of metadata and database infrastructure in advancing reproducibility, interoperability, and innovation. By integrating data from multiple facilities and fostering applications such as machine learning, these systems not only support immediate scientific needs, but also contribute to the long-term advancement of synchrotron-based research.
# FREDA: Few-Shot Relation Extraction Based on Data Augmentation
###### Abstract  
The primary task of few-shot relation extraction is to quickly learn the features of relation classes from a few labelled instances and predict the semantic relations between entity pairs in new instances. Most existing few-shot relation extraction methods do not fully utilize the relation information features in sentences, resulting in difficulties in improving the performance of relation classification. Some researchers have attempted to incorporate external information, but the results have been unsatisfactory when applied to different domains. In this paper, we propose a method that utilizes triple information for data augmentation, which can alleviate the issue of insufficient instances and possesses strong domain adaptation capabilities. Firstly, we extract relation and entity pairs from the instances in the support set, forming relation triple information. Next, the sentence information and relation triple information are encoded using the same sentence encoder. Then, we construct an interactive attention module to enable the query set instances to interact separately with the support set instances and relation triple instances. The module pays greater attention to highly interactive parts between instances and assigns them higher weights. Finally, we merge the interacted support set representation and relation triple representation. To our knowledge, we are the first to propose a method that utilizes triple information for data augmentation in relation extraction. In our experiments on the standard datasets FewRel1.0 and FewRel2.0 (domain adaptation), we observed substantial improvements without including external information.  
2023
## 1 Introduction
This methodology allows the calculation of faster and more accurate sensitivities of heat flux and temperature history with respect to constant and temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties, boundary conditions, initial conditions, time, and geometry than FD. Moreover, although the essence of the method takes advantage of complex variable operations to calculate sensitivities, it is demonstrated how this method can also be applied in real-variable solvers. A sensitivity analysis for a fin problem under 1D transient thermal conditions was performed to demonstrate our methodology. This device, as represented in Figure 1a, was selected due to the availability of an analytical solution with constant parameters and the relevance of the problem in thermal systems. Fins are present in almost all heat transfer applications such as engines, computers and electronics, and cooling systems. It is worth highlighting that ZFEM has been verified in a number of application areas such as elastic analysis [60], fatigue [68; 69], fracture mechanics [61; 70; 71; 72; 73], plasticity [74], residual stresses [75], creep [76], variance estimates [77], reliability-based design optimization [78], steady-state thermo-elasticity [79], structural dynamics [80], and periodic material design [81]. However, this is the first demonstration of ZFEM in transient heat transfer problems. The outline for the rest of the paper is as follows: Section 2 presents the background related to the transient heat transfer FEM and CTSE. Section 3 presents our new methodology that integrates FEM and CTSE to form the Transient Thermal ZFEM methodology. Section 4 demonstrates the application of the methodology on the analysis of the fin problem considering thermal transient conditions for constant parameters (e.g., constant material properties and boundary conditions, see Figure 1). The results are compared against analytical equations. Subsequently, we analyzed the case of temperature-dependent specific heat, and the results were compared against FD. Finally, the conclusions and future work are presented in Section 5.
# Distributed Reputation for Accurate Vehicle Misbehavior Reporting (DRAMBR)
## 2 Background and Foundations
### Misbehavior Authority in the SCMS
An alternative approach is implementing a collaborative distribution model outlined in a preliminary manner by [14]. In this model, specific vehicles are equipped with CRLs (via RSEs, cellular networks, or other methods) and transmitted to neighboring devices as they pass by during their everyday operations. Vehicles that have received the CRLs become distributors, enabling comprehensive coverage of the entire system. This is essential to maintaining the integrity of V2V communications, allowing only trustworthy vehicles that are authenticated and authorized to participate in that network. However, the effectiveness of this process rests on a relatively current and properly circulated CRL; delays in updating or distributing an updated list can lead to security weaknesses that allow adversaries with revoked certificates to exploit the process.
## 5 Methodology for Reliability and Availability Evaluation
### Sharpe Source Code Generation
An important aspect is to decide if an event is basic or repeated. This  
Figure 12: top event definition for the example of Figure 10, when the network failure condition is configured for \(Fd_{0}\) + \(Fd_{1}\cdot Fd_{2}\). aspect is easily analyzed through a search in the basic events of the fault tree. If an event occurs only once, it is considered to be basic; otherwise it is considered to be repeated. The creation of the fault tree is completely based on discussions presented in Sections 5.4, 5.6 and 5.8. A few precautions should be taken in cases where the logic gates have only one input. This is solved by replacing the logic gate by the input event. Finally, the choice of evaluation function (reliability, unreliability, MTTF, availability, unavailability) or the importance measures (Birnbaum or criticality) is inserted in the source code. An example of generated sharpe source code is presented in Figure 13. This example is based on the fault tree of Figure 12 and assumes that device \(i\) failure and repair rates are constant, respectively \(\lambda_{i}\) and \(\mu_{i}\). Note that there are two repeated events, \(Fd_{0\_a}\) and \(Fd_{1\_a}\). In this example the unavailability function (\(inst\_unavail()\)) was used for the sake of illustration of the functions supported by sharpe. The notation adopted in the source code used to build the fault tree is identical to Figure 12.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulation Running  
The numerical simulation method described in Section 2.3 is executed to obtain the outlet temperature of the circulation fluid. Figure 6 demonstrates the fluid field's simulated temperature distribution in the x-y plane (z = 0) after 20 years in a situation where the fracture space \(W\) is 100 m, injection flow \(q\) is 8 kg/s, and well spacing \(L\) is 990 m. Because circular zones of low temperature form and spread evenly around the entrance, it may be assumed that the outflow temperature is not altered in the early stages (Figure 6a-c).  
The isotherm starts to bulge toward the outlet at 0.88 years (as shown in Figure 6d), which implies that the heat exchange between the flowing fluid and the high-temperature rock mass has altered the temperature in the vicinity of the outlet regions. Thus, the outlet temperature, \(T_{pro}\), starts to drop (see Figure 7), and as the heat extraction time increases, the low temperature zones eventually expand to the complete areas (as shown in Figure 6e-i). Additionally, it shows that because the starting temperature of the rock mass is distributed in a gradient, the temperature at the lower left side of the entire fluid region is always higher than the top right side.  
Figure 5: Comparison of dimensionless temperature of different numerical models.  
Figure 6: Simulated temperature distribution of the fluid field in the xy planes.  
Figure 7 depicts the development of the outlet temperature and heat-generating power of the optimum scheme through different approaches, in which the scheme (with w = 100 m, L = 990 m and \(q\) = 12 kg/s) is used as a reference group. It is obvious that the outlet temperature rose for a very brief period of time and then dropped to 393.15 K at 15.78 a in the reference scheme, while the optimum scheme of PLCB-AKO-1 dropped to 393.15 K at 27.16 a. Therefore, in the heat generation power curve, the optimum scheme of PLCB-AKO reached a stable output of 5.2 MW without a downward trend, while the heat-generation power curve drops at about 8 a and 14.5 a in the other two schemes.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Biosynthesis of BNC and BNC/\(\kappa\)-Car Composites  
BNC/\(\kappa\)-Car composites were biosynthesized in situ using two methods, which exploited the viscoelastic behavior of \(\kappa\)-Car chains in _aqueous_ solutions. In the first method, \(\kappa\)-Car (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene** & **Forward Primer** & **Reverse Primer** & **Acc. No.** \\ \hline _Col1a1_ & \(\sharp\)-ATGCCCGACCCTCAAAGTC-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & \(\sharp\)-TGAGGCACAGCCGCTA-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & NM007742 \\ _Col2a1_ & \(\sharp\)-AGGCAAAGCAGGTTCACATAC-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & \(\sharp\)-TGTCCACCACAAATTCCTGTCTA-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & NM031163 \\ _Runx2_ & \(\sharp\)-CACTGCGGCGCAACAAAG-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & \(\sharp\)-TTTCATAACAGCCGAGGCCATTITC-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & NM009820 \\ _Sox9_ & \(\sharp\)-TCCCCGACAAGATCCTCTA-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & \(\sharp\)-AGGTGAGAGCCCTG-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & NM011448 \\ _Gapdl_ & \(\sharp\)-AAGGCTGGGGTCATTCCAGG-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & \(\sharp\)-CCCAGGGTCTGTAAGCAGTTG-\(\lx@sectionsign\) & NM002046 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Primers designed to amplify selected genes for real time RT-PCR analysis.  
was added to the SH culture medium and sterilized. Above the temperature of 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, \(\kappa\)-Car forms a colloidal solution and upon cooling, the double helices of biopolymer form a three-dimensional network. Afterwards, the growing BNC penetrated \(\kappa\)-Car matrix and the compact structure of the composite was formed. The viscosity of culture medium grew with the increasing concentration of \(\kappa\)-Car. This in turn decreased the oxygen transfer rate and reduced BNC formation. The similar observation was reported in case of aloe vera juice addition to a culture medium [35].  
In the second method, sterile \(\kappa\)-Car was added to the cooled SH culture medium previously supplemented with 2.0 g/L \(\kappa\)-Car. Under such conditions, the supplementary \(\kappa\)-Car did not form the gel spontaneously. Instead, it formed large agglomerates whose appearance was ascribed to formation of water layer around each \(\kappa\)-Car coil. Strong stirring allowed to obtain stable homogenous medium containing 2, 4 and 6 of \(\kappa\)-Car on the basis of the matrix created by 0.2% \(\kappa\)-Car. During cultivation, cellulose fibers surrounded the \(\kappa\)-Car agglomerates and formed the loose 3D network. The increase in \(\kappa\)-Car concentration resulted in a decrease in the BNC composite mass. In the case of BNC/\(\kappa\)-Car\({}_{6.0}\) very thin and soft pellicle was obtained and therefore it was excluded from further characterization.  
Both the in situ methods allowed to obtain new and unique structures of membranes. The presence of \(\kappa\)-Car in the BNC-based membranes strongly affected their properties, such as fibers morphology, chemical composition, crystallinity, tensile and compression strength, water holding capacity, water retention ratio, and swelling properties.
# Transaction Mechanism Based on Two-Dimensional Energy and Reliability Pricing for Energy Prosumers
## 3 ERT Implementation Issues
### Prosumer Side
#### 3.2.1 Demand Forecasting  
The ERT suggests a different price on time and reliability status. To decide the best way to reduce an energy bill and to enhance their benefits, a prosumer should know their own situation. The basic way to estimate demand is using a conventional load forecasting method, such as the customer baseline load (CBL) [22; 23] or the renewable generation forecasting method [24; 25]. Another way is controlling demand using prosumer characteristics. Internally controlling the load and generation, a prosumer selects a demand to maximize their benefit. However, this requires additional operation with high risk and complexity caused by two uncertain demand sets.  
Figure 4: Contribution of wind generation at net demand. The priority is set as 3 for 25% or more, 2 for 25–20%, and 1 for less than 20% related to the contribution as an example.
## 5 Case Study
### Simulation Results
#### 5.3.2 Effect of Transmission Power  
Figure 4 shows the PER of BSNs under different transmission power settings. The PER is obtained by averaging over all the BSNs in the moderate time period at the respective transmission power. As can be seen in Figure 4, the average PER increases when the transmission power gets lower. In particular, when the transmission power is \(-25\) dBm, the average PER is 54% higher than that of 0 dBm. It is also found that the PER difference caused by duty cycles becomes less obvious when the transmission power gets lower. This is because when the transmission power is low, the main reason for erroneous or loss of packets is the radio signal blockage by the human body rather than inter-user interference. In comparison, when the transmission power is sufficiently high, the packets loss is mainly due to inter-user interference.