## 4 Discussion
First, analysis of the cooling effects of GBAM for each SD at the same TP revealed that cooling effects increased as the SVF approached 1.0, which corresponded to a low-SD environment (Table 5). There was a stronger heat mitigation effect when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation overall. Cooling effects in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2 were 0.018 to 1.167 \({}^{\circ}\)C (less affected by solar radiation) and 0.003 to 0.927 \({}^{\circ}\)C (affected by solar radiation), with differences of < 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Cooling effects in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0 were \(-\)7.900 to \(-\)2.803 \({}^{\circ}\)C (less affected by solar radiation) and \(-\)10.827 to \(-\)1.502 \({}^{\circ}\)C (affected by solar radiation); the affected by solar radiation conditions produced a cooling effect that was approximately 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C larger than the effect of the less affected by solar radiation conditions. This analysis revealed that strong cooling effects of GBAM can be expected in a low-SD environment when meteorological conditions are affected by solar radiation. Second, analysis of the daily variation in cooling effects of GBAM zones for each level of SD showed that a larger SVF was associated with greater variation in cooling effects during the daytime (Table 5). Exploration of differences relative to weather conditions revealed greater diurnal variation when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation. Diurnal variations in cooling effects were \(-\)1.149 \({}^{\circ}\)C (less affected by solar radiation) and \(-\)0.924 \({}^{\circ}\)C (affected by solar radiation) in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2; the variations were \(-\)5.079 \({}^{\circ}\)C (less affected by solar radiation) and 9.325 \({}^{\circ}\)C (affected by solar radiation) in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. Therefore, in a low-SD environment, diurnal variation in cooling effects tends to increase when meteorological conditions are affected by solar radiation. Third, analysis of the difference in cooling effects of GBAM zones between morning and afternoon revealed similar cooling effects, regardless of SD, when meteorological conditions were less affected by solar radiation. Conversely, when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation, the cooling effect tended to differ between morning and afternoon with increasing SD (Table 5). When meteorological conditions were less affected by solar radiation, the cooling effect was \(-\)0.710 to \(-\)0.345 \({}^{\circ}\)C at an SVF of \(\leq\) 0.8; the difference between morning and afternoon was \(\sim\)1 \({}^{\circ}\)C. However, this difference substantially changed to \(-\)2.024 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0. When meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation, the cooling effect was \(\sim\)1 \({}^{\circ}\)C (\(-\)1.586 to \(-\)0.184 \({}^{\circ}\)C) at an SVF of \(\leq\) 0.8. However, in the SVF range of 0.8-1.0, the cooling effect was \(-\)6.814 \({}^{\circ}\)C larger in the morning than in the afternoon; this represented the largest difference between TPs (Table 4). Overall, in a low-SD environment, the difference in cooling effect between morning and afternoon increased when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation. Analysis of the cooling effects of shadow zones in UGSs revealed the following. First, analysis of the cooling effects of the shadow zones in UGSs for each SD at the same TP showed that the cooling effect increased as the SVF approached 1.0, which corresponded to a low-SD environment (Table 6). Additionally, differences according to weather conditions indicated a stronger cooling effect when meteorological conditions were affected by solar radiation. Cooling effects in the SVF range of 0.0-0.2 were \(-\)1.104 \({}^{\circ}\)C to \(-\)0.002 \({}^{\circ}\)C (less affected by solar radiation) and 0.807 \({}^{\circ}\)C to \(-\)3.934 \({}^{\circ}\)C (affected by solar radiation).