# Interoperability of Digital Tools for the Monitoring and Control of Construction Projects
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Interoperability: Integrated Use of FDCT and CT
The connections, which are represented by edges, symbolize the existing interoperability. It is worth mentioning that the nodes that do not have edges are those that do not manage to connect with other technologies, such as the automation of regulatory control and audits (ARCA), for which there is no reported evidence that this technology is linked with other technologies, which is inferred because it is a recent technology. Although it has the potential to be utilized for monitoring and control, it still fails to integrate with existing technologies, at least in the AECO industry. Table 11 shows the metrics analyzed with a description of their interpretation and how they are graphically represented in the diagrams generated. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c  
For intra-FCCT connections, specifically in field data capture technologies, Figure 5 presents the metrics of modularity and centrality of the intermediary, (a) and (b), respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & RFID & LS & UWB & WSN & UAV & R & SMP \\ \hline AR & X & X & X & [147] & [148] & [149] & [150] \\ \hline ARCA & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ \hline BDA & [151] & [152] & X & X & X & [153] & X \\ \hline BIM & [154] & [155] & X & [156] & [157] & [158] & [159] \\ \hline CC & [160] & X & X & X & [161] & X & X \\ \hline CDE & X & X & X & X & X & x \\ \hline DL & X & [162] & X & X & [163] & [164] & X \\ \hline DM & [90] & X & X & X & X & X & [165] \\ \hline DS & X & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ \hline DT & X & [166] & X & [156] & X & X & [167] \\ \hline EC & X & X & X & X & [168] & [83] & X \\ \hline ES & [169] & X & X & [170] & X & [171] & [172] \\ \hline FTG & X & [173] & [174] & X & [92] & [175] & [176] \\ \hline GIS & [174] & [106] & [177] & [178] & [179] & [180] & [181] \\ \hline II & [118] & X & X & [118] & [182] & [183] & [184] \\ \hline IoT & X & X & X & [118] & [182] & [185] & [186] \\ \hline MAA & X & X & X & [187] & [137] & X & X \\ \hline MC & X & X & X & [187] & X & [188] & [189] \\ \hline ML & [190] & [191] & X & X & [168] & [192] & [193] \\ \hline MR & X & X & X & X & [194] & X & X \\ \hline SMT & [133] & [195] & X & [196] & [197] & X & X \\ \hline SN & X & X & X & X & X & X \\ \hline VR & [198] & [199] & X & [200] & [201] & [202] & [150] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: “[number]” is the reference number that evidence an integration between the two technologies. “X” implies that the authors do not find any reference between the two technologies.  
\end{table} 
Table 11: Interpretation and graphical representation of network analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Interpretation** & **Graphic Representation** \\ \hline Degree centrality & Indicates technologies with the highest number of relationships, hence, the most influential within the groups. & Node size: the larger is the node size, the higher is the degree centrality \\ \hline Betweenness degree & Technologies that occupy an intermediary position. & Node color intensity: the darker the color, the greater the degree of intermediation. \\  & The technologies that are more intermediary have a great potential to be combined with other technologies. They & Node color intensity: the darker the color, the greater the degree of intermediation. \\ \hline Closeness centrality & It is based on the idea that nodes with a short distance to other nodes can collaborate, which demonstrates that technologies allow for interoperability given their functional capacity and despite having few connections. It represents an excellent position to monitor the flow of information at the network level. \\ \hline Modularity class & It arranges technologies as groups or communities according to the existing interoperability among digital tools. & Colors of communities: each color of the nodes represents a community. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Integration matrix between field data capture and communication and collaboration technologies—inter-FDCT and -CT.