esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Gas Turbine
### Evolution of Combustion Technology in Modern Gas Turbine
#### 2.1.3 Rich-burn, Quench-Mix, Lean-burn and Continuous Staged Air  
The continuous gas stream is upgraded with a quick mix air in rich-burn, quench-mix, lean-burn (RQL), and continuous staged air in COntinuous STaged Air (COSTAIR) in the third generation. In RQL, the higher energetic hydrogen concentration minimizes the production of nitrogen oxides to 72% due to low temperature and low oxygen concentration as reported in [27]. The mixture then travelled to the quick-quench stage to rapidly complete the transition from rich-burn to lean-burn, introducing a large amount of air. The secondary zone, as in the diagram, prevents the NOx production from going through the high route near the stoichiometric ratio. Meanwhile, the mixture is operated according to the equivalence ratio for temperature rise, and all parameters are selected to control other emission gases, such as COx in the lean zone. The excellent advantage of the RQL combustor lies in the fuel flexibility [28], and other criteria for pressure drop and flame stability are still average compared to other technologies [29]. Apart from the noticeably considerable reduction in NOx emission, the RQL system faces hardware complexity dueto the various control strategies to maintain the three zones, especially quick-quench [30]. Without the proper arrangement, the emission of COx may be higher than the conventional gas turbine due to the unburned products from the primary zone.  
Therefore, the COSTAIR combustion type is introduced later to overcome the challenges. The combustion chamber consists of a staged air distributor, which flows through the air inlet through numerous openings at three and is continually distributed throughout the chamber in a staged manner. The uniform heat release across the chamber provides cavitation stabilization without the design. Thus, the NOx and COx emission can be achieved up to 2-4 ppm compared to the conventional combuster, which is 70 ppm. Moreover, the combustor's pressure drop is relatively lower than RQL due to the uniform mixing. However, the challenge of maintaining a uniform temperature from the mixing creates flame instability and leads to lean blow-out [31].
# Detecting Banana Plantations in the Wet Tropics, Australia, Using Aerial Photography and U-Net
## 2 Materials and Methods
### U-Net Training  
The purpose of the training stage is to allow the model to learn how to identify banana plantations. This is achieved by iterating over the training image and mask chips to determine their relevant color, texture, and context attributes [50]. As the images were captured over a range of image dates, subjected to color balancing and not corrected to surface reflectance, the training patches were randomly augmented by flipping, rotating, and changing the brightness of the image. This creates a more robust model for these image types [51; 52].  
A loss function of binary cross entropy and the Jaccard Index was used to judge the performance of the model while training. The Nesterov Adam optimizer [47] with an initial learning rate of \(1\times 10^{-5}\) was used and reduced to \(1\times 10^{-6}\) at epoch 47 as the model accuracy was no longer improving. The model was trained from scratch for a total of 50 epochs. One epoch represents one complete iteration over all training images and masks. The model took approximately 30 h to train on one Nvidia Tesla V100 GPU.
# Design and Performance Evaluation of eLoran Monitoring System
## 5 Integrity Monitoring Analysis
### Predictive Performance Analysis  
An important part of integrity monitoring is the prediction of the TOA. The closer the predicted TOA value is to the calculated value, the better. Figures 11-14 show the trend of the predicted value and actual value for Lanzhou, Chengdu, Wuhan, and Nanjing. Table 3 shows the standard deviation of TOA values of the predicted value and actual value.  
From Table 3, we can see that the STD values of the predicted values and the actual values have a relatively high degree of conformity, and the predicted values can reflect the trend of the actual values, and the predicted values can be used as a basis for judging the integrity of the system.  
Figure 11: Lanzhou comparison chart of predicted value and actual value.  
Figure 12: Chengdu comparison chart of predicted value and actual value.  
Figure 13: Wuhan comparison chart of predicted value and actual value.
# A Three-Coil Constant Output Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Parity-Time Symmetry Theory
## 4 Experimental Verification  
Building on the earlier analysis, an experimental prototype was meticulously devised and produced to assess the performance of the proposed three-coil PT-WPT system, emphasizing a consistent output operation mode controlled from the transmitting side.
## 2 Theoretical Basics  
In this section, we determine the equilibrium equations of the problem, including the constitutive equations and a potential field for FG annular plates integrated with piezo magneto-electric layers. The geometry of a FG annular sandwich plate polarized in the thickness direction in cylindrical (\(r,\ \theta,\ z\)) coordinates is depicted in Figure 1. The selected structure has inner and outer radii, \(r_{i},r_{o}\), respectively; an internal core of thickness, \(h_{c}\); and external sheets with thicknesses, \(h_{t}\) and \(h_{b}\), at the top and bottom sides, respectively. This sandwich structure is subjected to both moisture and thermal variation, \(\Delta C\), and \(\Delta T\), together with an electric potential. It is worth mentioning that \(\Delta T\ =\ T-T_{0}\) and \(\Delta C\ =\ C-C_{0}\), in which \(T\) and \(C\) describe the absolute temperature and moisture concentration, respectively, and \(C_{0}\), \(T_{0}\) refer to the reference moisture concentration and temperature, respectively. The core layer of the sandwich plate is made of a FGM with material properties graded in the thickness direction, following the power law for the ceramic volume fraction \(V_{c}\) of the following type [3]:  
\[V_{c}\ =\ \left(\frac{z}{h_{c}}+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{g},\ \ g\geq 0 \tag{1}\]  
Based on [PERSON]'s rule, an arbitrary property, \(P\), of a FG annular plate can be defined as a function of the constituent properties and volume fractions as follows:  
\[P(z)\ =\ P_{m}+P_{cm}\bigg{(}\frac{z}{h_{c}}+\frac{1}{2}\bigg{)}^{g},\ \ P_{cm}\ =\ P_{c}-P_{m} \tag{2}\]  
in which \(P_{c}\) and \(P_{m}\) refer to the properties of the ceramic and metal phase, respectively, and \(g\) is a non-negative constant, such as a power law index. In this paper, the modulus of elasticity (\(E\)), density, moisture and thermal expansion coefficient, \(\beta\) and \(\alpha\), are graded according to Equation (2), while Poisson's ratio, \(v\), is assumed constant in the thickness direction. In line with the zigzag-sandwich plate theory, the radial displacement component can be considered as result of a superposition of global and local effects. Thus, by using linear global and local displacement fields and by enforcing the kinematic continuity conditions at the interfaces among layers, the LW displacement fields of the sandwich plate can be described as follows [16]:  
\[U^{t}\ =\ u_{0}+\zeta^{t}\theta_{r}^{t}+\frac{h_{t}}{2}\theta_{r}^{t}+\frac{h_{ c}}{2}\theta_{r}^{c},\ \ -\frac{h_{t}}{2}\ \leq  
facesheet (\(\zeta^{t}\)) and bottom facesheet (\(\zeta^{b}\)), whereas \(\theta^{i}_{r}\) (superscript \(i\ =\ t,b\) and \(c\)) represents the local rotation for the \(i\)th layer. Therefore, the strain components are defined as follows:  
\[\dot{e}^{i}_{r}\ =\ \frac{\partial U^{i}}{\partial r},\ \dot{e}^{i}_{\theta}\ =\ \frac{U^{i}}{r},\ \dot{e}^{i}_{rz}\ =\ \frac{\partial U^{i}}{\partial z}+\frac{\partial W}{ \partial r}. \tag{7}\]  
In a piezoelectric/piezomagnetic material, the application of an electric and magnetic field causes a strain field proportional to the mechanical strength, and vice versa.
## 4 Performance Evaluation  
In this section, we present the performance evaluation of different approaches of ML techniques for RRM on GEO multibeam satellites. The satellite environment and traffic demand were simulated using MATLAB R2020a based on the traffic model presented in [33]. The software toolchain used to implement the ML models consists of a Python development environment called Jupyter involving Keras 2.0. It is essential to mention that the running time obtained directly depends on the computer features used for the training, which for this paper was an Intel (R) Core (TM) i7-770 HQ 2.8 GHz CPU and 16 GB RAM.
# Robust Model-Free Control for MMC Inverters in Cold Ironing Systems
## 2 Description and Modeling of the MMC Converter
### Description of the MMC Converter  
This study focuses on the topology of a three-phase MMC (as an inverter), as shown in Figure 3. Each arm of the MMC is averaged using a switching function concept of an H-bridge converter. In this configuration, isolated voltage sources are replaced by floating capacitors, requiring precise voltage regulation to avoid undesirable voltage fluctuations across active components. Each arm of the MMC inverter contains identical submodules connected in series with a smoothing inductor. Ls and Rs represent the inductance and the resistance of the arm, through which the internal currents of an inverter arm are symbolized by \(i_{P}\) and \(i_{n}\), corresponding to the top and bottom part of the half-arms, respectively.  
In particular, the average voltage across the capacitor in each submodule, denoted \(v_{c}\), is equal to \(\frac{v_{dc}}{N}\), where \(v_{dc}\) is the DC bus voltage, and N represents the number of submodules per half-arm. It is crucial to control the voltage of all these capacitors to avoid any sudden voltage variations across the active components, and to ensure that the operating voltage remains below their rated voltage.  
Internal currents are described by \(i_{dc}\) for direct current and \(i_{abc}\) for alternating current. This configuration enables bidirectional power conversion. The inverter is connected to a load via an output \(L/C_{f}\) filter, while the \(v_{dc}\) voltage is kept constant to ensure system control.
# Structural Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Corbels
## 2 Experimental Research  
The experimental research presented by [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [6] is here recalled and summarized. Three identical specimens composed of a reinforced concrete slab having dimensions \(180\times 100\times 20\) cm with a \(50\times 100\times 20\) cm curb placed on top were tested. The reinforcement in the curb region was selected to satisfy the minimum reinforcement condition for Italian bridge corbels, while the reinforcement in the remaining portion of the slab was designed to avoid any possible premature failure during the test. The specimens were cast in two steps using C20/25 concrete (CEMI/A L 32.5 R with a dosage of 310 kg/m\({}^{3}\) and a water/cement ratio of 0.55 [27]) and B450C reinforcing bars. The slab was cast first, and, after 28 days, three \(\phi\) 12 U-shaped B450C rebars (Figure 1a) were post-installed with an epoxy injection mortar having a characteristic bond strength of 14 MPa ([28], uncracked concrete conditions). After 24 h, the curb was cast above the slab and, after an additional 28 days, three threaded bars of M20 [28] were post-installed in the slab through the curb (Figure 1b).  
The load was applied using a hydraulic jack located at a height of 100 cm from the steel plate. The specimen was supported in the middle of the slab and vertically restrained at a distance of 50 cm from the support. An additional horizontal restraint was placed in front of the specimen to avoid sliding. A sketch of the system is shown in Figure 1c.  
The load protocol consisted of: (1) Three loading cycles from 0 to 38 kN, (2) an increase in load up to 51 kN to check the crack pattern (load held for 2-3 min), (3) an increase in load up to 65 kN for tests 1 and 2 and up to 84 kN for test 3, and (4) unloading.  
The load of 51 kN was chosen, as ultimate limit state load, in accordance with common practice of design in Italy for safety barriers' class H4 BP (edge bridge). It is worth mentioning that for accidental actions the partial safety factor is 1 for both materials and actions [29].  
The displacements of the three post-installed anchors, the horizontal displacements at the bottom and at the top of the curb, and the sliding displacement of the specimen were measured via Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) (tolerance \(\pm\) 0.2%).  
All specimens behaved in a similar way and no failure was observed. At a load level of about 47 kN, two cracks (one for each lateral side) were detected at the corner between the slab and the curb (Figure 2a,b. In specimens 2 and 3, at a load of about 65-68 kN, some cracks were observed originatingfrom the bar close to the edge and developing continuously up to the reached maximum load (about 84 kN) (Figure 2c). To avoid damage in the testing system, the test was stopped at a load level of 84.07 kN.
## 3 Methodology  
### Ultra-High Resolution ASCAT Retrieval  
The ultra-high resolution (UHR) ASCAT product is described by [PERSON] et al. (2011). The retrieval process is performed on an Earth-oriented grid defined at high resolution (by default, EASE-2 cylindrical at a grid spacing of 3.125 km). The UHR algorithm reads as input ASCAT L1B files (containing full-resolution data) along with a region of interest to process. The relevant L1B data are extracted and (partially) reconstructed on a high-resolution swath grid. The high-resolution backscatter data are processed with the ASCAT Wind Data Processor (AWDP) to obtain UHR winds. AWDP includes an empirical calibration to the \(\sigma_{0}\) values that is applied before wind retrieval. Each measurement location is geoprojected to determine which pixel on the grid the center falls into. Additionally, the measurement SRF is sampled in a neighborhood around the measurement center. The prepared measurements (\(\sigma_{0}\)) are (partially) reconstructed for each of the three look directions separately (fore, mid, and aft). The reconstructed data are used to perform wind retrieval on each UHR pixel independently. The winds are retrieved using a maximum-likelihood estimate with the C-band GMF, called CMOD5.n (2016) as the forward model. A simple ambiguity selection is run to maintain spatial consistency using MERRA-2 u,v components interpolated at the grid spacing of the UHR, i.e., 3.125-km, resulting to a spatial resolution no larger than 6.25-km (hereinafter referred to as 7-km). Subsequently, the ambiguity selection is conducted and derived quantities such as the zonal and meridional wind components are also computed. The AWDP also applies some other steps, such as normalizing the MLE term using a look up table and model wind speeds. To date, there is neither quality control performed nor rain flagging nor sea ice flagging.  
To evaluate the UHR product, [PERSON] et al. (2011) compared it with wind retrievals from ASCAT L2 12.5-km wind retrieval for hurricane Katia (2011) and found that the UHR captured a finer structure with higher spatial frequency variations. Additionally, in the same study, the ability of the UHR to provide accurate wind retrievals near the coast (<20 km offshore) was dictated by the low biases (buoy-UHR) with respect to L2 wind biases and the C-band advanced synthetic aperture radar, thus retaining a large number of valid wind retrievals.
## 2 Study Area  
The Reggio Calabria metropolitan city, in the Calabria region in the south of Italy, was selected as the study area because the territory is subject to phenomena of hydrogeological and seismic risk; the present study area has suffered from every landslide type.  
The territory of Calabria is geologically young and often subject to natural modifications, so hydro-geological disaster (landslides and floods) is one of the risk factors to which Calabria is exposed. This is due, among other conditions, to the physical conformation of the region and the climatic conditions.  
Landslides are the most common consequence of the soil instability due to the seismic activity and the hydrogeological problems in Reggio Calabria metropolitan city. Extraordinary conditions, such as earthquakes, and more ordinary meteorological conditions, such as rainfalls, can both induce landslides, rock fall, or debris flow.  
The considered study area with 97 cities and towns and with a total population of 530,000 inhabitants is the area of Calabria with the highest population density equal to 165.57 residents/km\({}^{2}\).  
The Reggio Calabria metropolitan city covers an area of 3183 km\({}^{2}\), of which 1685 km\({}^{2}\) (52.95%) is represented by hilly terrain, 1.275 km\({}^{2}\) (40.07%) is mountainous and the remaining 223 km\({}^{2}\) (6.97%) are represented by land lowland.  
In regions where urban residential areas coincide with mountainous terrains, like in this area, the risk is higher for people, and the economic costs include relocating communities and repairing physical structures.  
The Autorita di Bacino of Calabria Region, considering the various mentioned problems, has made available several thematic maps for a complete hydrogeological balance (PAI--Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico, 2001) [38]. These maps, updated in 2016, are accessible through Quantum--GIS, and they describe the landslide hazard and risk areas in the whole region, but they do not give any information about the landslide risk assessment in the strategical infrastructures identified as lifelines [2]. Furthermore, these assessments were carried out without taking into consideration the main connecting and emergency road infrastructures, which, however, play a role particularly relevant during an emergency to allow rapid and efficient access, assistance, and rescue, guaranteeing evacuation and, more in general, maintaining access for all emergency services [2,3].  
Therefore, starting from the data provided by the PAI, containing the landslides that have occurred in the past together with an assessment of the areas with a potential to experience land-sliding in the future, and with the integration of factors of particular importance, such as distance from roads and from the rivers, the objective of the present work is to create a landslide susceptibility map for the metropolitan area of Reggio Calabria by means of the weighted combination of various indices using the AHP method.
## 3 Threat Model and Security Requirements
### Evaluation Metrics Framework  
Security evaluation employs comprehensive metrics including the True Positive Rate targeting greater than 85% compared to the baseline of 14.7%, the False Positive Rate below 5%, the detection latency less than 10 ms, the CVSS reduction exceeding 50%, and the recovery time in 50 ms. Performance metrics encompass timing accuracy with deviation from ideal DShot timing below 1% error, computational overhead requiring processing latency per frame under 10 us, resource utilization measuring FPGA LUT and memory usage, and power consumption tracking additional power draw per channel.  
Environmental assumptions include operating temperature range from \(-\)40 \({}^{\circ}\)C to \(+\)85 \({}^{\circ}\)C, standard civilian airspace EMI conditions, stable 5 V \(\pm\)5% power supply with a ripple of less than 100 mV, and update rates of 1-8 kHz depending on the application requirements. Threat model limitations exclude physical hardware tampering, assume that the adversary operates within legal power transmission limits, focus on protocol-level vulnerabilities, and do not consider social engineering or insider threats.  
This threat model provides the foundation for SMART DShot's security design, ensuring comprehensive coverage of realistic attack scenarios while maintaining practical deployment constraints and establishing quantifiable security requirements that guide system development and validation.
# Intrinsic Interference Cancellation Scheme for FBMC-OQAM Systems Based on Power Multiplexing
## 2 System Model
### Intrinsic Interference of FBMC
 \tag{5}\]  
where pure imaginary valued \(ju_{m_{0},n_{0}}\) is the \"intrinsic interference\" to the pure real valued symbol \(a_{m_{0},n_{0}}\). The intrinsic interference \(ju_{m_{0},n_{0}}\) must be eliminated before channel estimation, and then, the receiver can recover symbol \(a_{m_{0},n_{0}}\) from \(r_{m_{0},n_{0}}\) correctly with a correct estimate of \(H_{m_{0},n_{0}}\).
# The Role of PET and SPECT Imaging in Prostate Cancer Targeted Alpha Therapy: When and How?
## 2 Molecular and Metabolic Imaging with PET and SPECT Technology  
Since the introduction of personalized medicine, the primary focus of imaging has shifted from detection and diagnosis to tissue characterization, prognosis determination, treatment efficacy prediction, and treatment response measurement. The study of biological processes at the molecular and cellular level is known as molecular imaging. The fast advancement of molecular imaging in recent years has enabled the development of specificity and quantification that are helpful for the early diagnosis and follow-up of the disease. Currently, single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are used for this imaging approach. PET and SPECT radiotracers, which are excellent tools for many medical imaging applications, such as early diagnosis and therapy monitoring in cancer, are becoming more prevalent. The advantage of PET and SPECT is that they provide non-invasive molecular imaging of the entire body, assessing various illness locations [25]. Additionally, serial scanning can be performed, enabling the measurement of functional changes over time during therapeutic interventions.  
Differences between Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)  
The main difference between SPECT and PET is the type of radioactive tracer used: while SPECT is based on gamma rays, the decay of the tracers used in PET generates infinitesimal particles known as positrons which decay into two photons emitted in opposite directions. In SPECT, only the direct radiation perpendicular to the detector is recorded; in PET, two detectors hit simultaneously by photons with an oblique direction to the cylinder axis can equally record the radiation. This complex of conditions makes PET faster than SPECT and with higher resolution. The speed of execution is an essential requirement because the radioisotopes used in PET generally have a shorter half-life than those used in SPECT. More and more technological innovations follow one another that allow for progress in the medical field.