esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 The Proposed Method
### GSC Method with Sidelobe Neutralization
#### 2.3.3 The GSC Method with Sidelobe Neutralization  
In LMS theory, the denoising performance of the algorithm is relative to the energy of the received noise signal [30]. Therefore, the GSC-SN method was proposed by adding the sidelobe neutralization method to the primary path of the conventional GSC method. The sidelobe neutralization method was used to reduce the received noise to improve the performance of the GSC method. When the noise weight vector was estimated to be \(\omega_{n}\), the noise signal \(y_{n}(n)\) in the noise direction could be estimated using Equation (17). The desired signal in the noise direction \(y_{mm}(n)\) was calculated and subtracted from the estimated noise signal as in Equation (20). Therefore, the pure estimated noise signal \(y_{nsm}(n)\) was obtained without the desired signal. The pure estimated noise signal was subtracted from the beamforming output signal of the desired signal direction \(y_{m}(n)\). Thus, the beamforming output of the primary path with less noise was obtained as Equation (21). The denoising performance of the GSC method could be improved by the beamforming output signal with less noise.
## 3 Methods
### Dimensionality Analysis of MT Data
#### 3.2.1 Phase Tensor  
The phase tensor corresponds to the regional phase tensor relationship between the electric and magnetic fields and is not affected by galvanic distortion of electric fields [22]. This phase tensor can be represented by an ellipse where the ellipticity can indicate the degree of split between the orthogonal \(xy\) and \(yx\) components of the complex impedance tensor (see Equation (1) in Section 3.1), for which a magnitude and phase can be determined. The ellipticity of the phase tensor can be a tool to investigate the presence of lateral and vertical gradient of resistivity which is aligned with the direction of the major axis of the ellipse where the presence of dominant 2D conductivity structure or anisotropy can be inferred [22; 24]. The direction with maximum inductive current flow is inferred by the orientation of the major axis of the ellipse, which correspond to the strike angle estimated from the phase tensor. As there is no prior available information for which axe of ellipse correspond to the maximum or the minimum phase, the orientation of the Induction vectors will be jointly used (see Section 3.2.4) to eliminate the 90\({}^{\circ}\) ambiguity. An approximate circular phase reveals no preferential inductive current flow direction and indicates 1D conductivity structure, while a large ellipticity indicates a preferred direction of current flow [22]. Major axes of phase tensor ellipses pointing parallel or perpendicular to the geoelectric strike is often known to indicate a dominant 2D conductivity structure.  
Another parameter used by MT practitioners is phase tensor skew (\(\beta\)), which describes the asymmetry of the phase tensor [22] and is expresses by Equation (2):  
\[\beta=\frac{1}{2}tan^{-1}\bigg{(}\frac{\Phi_{xy}-\ \Phi_{yx}}{\Phi_{xx}+\ \Phi_{yy}} \bigg{)} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\Phi_{ij}\) is the phase tensor components defined by  
\[\Phi=X^{-1}Y \tag{3}\]  
where \(X\) and \(Y\) are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of \(\mathbf{Z}\).  
A 3D conductivity structure can be inferred when the phase tensor skew angle is greater than \(5^{\circ}\)[22; 25]. Furthermore, values of skew angle less than \(5^{\circ}\) are practically found but cannot be a good argument to advance and conclude on the absence of 3D conductivity structure [24].
## 6 Discussions
### Collimator as Electron Screen
Numerical simulations show the probability to collect primary ions from the original beam with the collimator protected behind the FC housing is negligible. Using a more negative potential on the collimator than on the collector enhances the ion trajectory towards the cup. This, however, leads to a larger ion spread, hence a larger ion collection on the side walls of the cup. Furthermore, ions reflected at the bottom and side walls of the cup can be directed towards the collimator if the latter is biased more negatively than the collector. As a result, a small fraction of the primary ions is not collected and the measured ion current is lower as seen during experiments, see Section 5.4. In our study, we used a collector disk made of aluminum foam which should reduce ions reflection and enhance ions trapping. However, the collector is electrically and mechanically connected to a stainless steel hollow cylinder, termed cup, see Section 3.1, which has no ion trapping capacities. Further investigations shall be carried out with a cup fully made of foam. It would bring more information about the influence of ion reflection inside a Faraday cup. Finally, a Hall thruster plume is more complex than a simple ion beam. Consequently, these simulations must be seen as a first, yet valuable, step to better grasp the ion behavior inside a FC. Figure 25: Ion simulations computed with the software SIMION. Each configuration displays the possible trajectory of ion rebounds from the lateral side of the FC. The color refers to different rebound location. The collector is at \(-50\,\mathrm{V}\). The collimator is either grounded (top) or biased to \(-100\,\mathrm{V}\) (bottom). Ion energies are \(10\,\mathrm{eV}\) (**left**) and \(100\,\mathrm{eV}\) (**right**).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
* \(I_{(Ch-LAB)}\)\(I_{(Ch-LIB)}\) resembles the vehicle in running operation, where the alternator is producing more energy than required for the vehicle and the difference is used to charge the HESS. Decision-making rules are part of the fuzzy logic where the decisions are made. The rules and database are developed and defined to meet the desired output. Fuzzy logic control rules are represented by understanding and knowledge of human operators in the form of linguistic variables. It is normally represented as a sequence of the form \"IF-THEN\", leading to algorithms describing what action or output should be taken inaction of the currently observed information, which includes both input and feedback if a closed-loop control system is applied [40; 42]. FLC \"IF-THEN\" rule associates a condition defined using linguistic variables and fuzzy sets to obtain a certain output. \"IF\" is normally used to capture the knowledge by using elastic conditions. THEN is used to give the conclusion or output in linguistic variable form. These rules are normally used in fuzzy inference systems to compute the degree to which the input data match the condition of the rule, where:
* IF \(CCA_{Demand}\) is equal to CCC and \(\Delta SoC_{LAB}\)\(\Delta SoC_{LIB}\) are high, Then \(HESS_{(CCC-Ref)}\) is equal to \(CCC_{HESS}\) (i.e., \(C_{LAB}\)\(CCC_{LIB}\)), which means the HESS will supply the required current, where each battery supplies the current based on the reference current given by the FLC. * IF \(CCC_{Demand}=CCC\) and \(\Delta SoC_{LAB}\)\(\Delta SoC_{LIB}\) are not high; Then \(HESS_{(CCC-Ref)}\) is zero, which means that the system is balanced and HESS will not charge or discharge. Defuzzification: Defuzzification is the FLC output; it produces a quantifiable result in crisp logic based on the input membership, fuzzy rules and corresponding degrees processing fuzzy rules to a crisp set. The defuzzification method used in this proposed FLC is the centroid method. The FLC generate two outputs which are the percentage reference that which battery must supply The output FLC reference is multiplied by the required CCC to form the reference CCC of each battery. The \(SoC_{Command}\) is used to give the reference SoC and to ensure the \(SoC_{HESS}\) within the limits, where the \(SoC_{(LIB_{min})}=98.5\%\) and \(SoC_{(LIB_{max})}=99.99\%\). The \(SoC_{(LAB_{min})}=99.4\%\) and \(SoC_{(LAB_{max})}=100\%\). Setting the SoC within limits helps guard against overcharging the battery, also deep release, along with avoiding keeping the LIB at full SoC by disconnecting the battery from the alternator. Figure 6 shows the proposed HESS with BMS for TVs. The batteries were connected in parallel and each connected in series with a bidirectional DC-DC buck-boost converter. The two converters' output was connected to the DC-Bus.
# CoAR: Congestion-Aware Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks for IoT Applications
## 5 Performance Evaluation  
In this section, we evaluate the performance of CoAR. The congestion alleviation mechanism employs a resource control method. This method demands different scenarios to study their behavior broadly. Therefore, we evaluate the proposed protocol through extensive simulation tests and implement the simulation environments as close to the real conditions as possible. At first, we analyze how the parameter settings in CoAR impact the network performance in different scenarios. Then, to verify that the proposed protocol is suitable for LLNs in emergency scenarios, we examine and compare the performance of CoAR with ECRM and RPL in several performance metrics.
## 4 Numerical Analysis of the Contact Characteristics
### Numerical Analysis of Stress Distribution in Contact Area
Because the contact area satisfies Coulomb's friction, as the friction coefficient decreases, the relative slip velocity in the rolling contact increases; therefore, the tangential force domain value for the relative slipping decreases, which makes it easier for relative sliding between the two contact bodies, but the impact caused by stress mutation is reduced. When the \(k\
eq 1\), regardless of the friction coefficient \(\mu\) and \(k\), there are compressive stress and tensile stress in the contact area. The stress mutation occurs at the junction of stick region and slip region. With the increase in \(k\), the larger the stick region is, the less likely it is to slip between the rolling element and the variable diameter raceway, which makes the stress mutation in the contact area smaller and less likely to cause wear. Considering the two tangential stress components in the contact surface, it is beneficial to control the maximum stress in the contact area if the friction coefficient between the rolling element and the variable diameter raceway is reduced in the bearing design. However, it is easy to cause the macroscopic slipping phenomenon of rolling elements and the variable diameter raceway. Therefore, reducing the friction coefficient \(\mu\) and increasing the stick-slip coefficient \(k\) appropriately can reduce stress mutation, thereby reducing the wear of rolling elements and variable diameter raceway. These measures can improve the service life of cageless bearings. From the perspective of kinematics, the excessive friction coefficient leads to large wear of the variable diameter raceway, which affects the effect of speed change when rolling elements pass through the variable diameter raceway. Finally, the discrete function of the variable diameter raceway fails more quickly. The above analysis  
Figure 11: Stress \(\tau_{xz}/p_{0}\) for different values of \(\mu\). shows that on the premise of ensuring the discretization of rolling elements, to reduce the wear of the variable diameter raceway and maintain the discrete effect to prolong the life of the bearing, it is reasonable to increase the stick-slip coefficient \(k\) and decrease the friction coefficient \(\mu\).
# A Review of the Performance of Infilled RC Structures in Recent Earthquakes
## 2 Seismic Behaviour of Infilled RC Structures: Definition of Damage Type
### Representative Damage Type Observed in RC Buildings Due to Earthquakes
#### 2.1.5 Damage Type 5: Damage Associated with the Strong-Beam Weak-Column Mechanism  
The current codes include structural detailing procedures to improve the building's seismic performance and repair strategies for a post-earthquake scenario. The plastic hinges development hierarchy should be defined in the design phase to achieve an energy-dissipation mechanism. Accordingly, it is widely accepted that the critical location for the plastic hinges occurrence is located at the beams and columns extremities when dominated by flexure [27]. Therefore, the modern seismic codes recommend ensuring ductile moment  
Figure 6: Damage Type 3—Example of post-earthquake damage in RC columns: (**a**) insufficient transverse reinforcement and longitudinal reinforcement in two faces only; (**b**) shear failure due to inadequate transverse reinforcement; (**c**) poor detailing and transverse reinforcement; and (**d**) inadequate stirrups spacing.  
resistant frame structures and inelastic actions in the beams (through the control of the damage location and inter-storey drifts) to reach a weak beam-strong column mechanism. Thus, the capacity of the column in each joint must be higher than the beam capacity. Typically, the existing RC moment frame structures were designed without this concern since they were built before the actual seismic codes.  
Many RC structures collapsed or were severely damaged due to the development of the strong beam-weak column mechanism, confirming the importance of the recommendation of the actual codes. Figure 8 shows examples of buildings severely damaged due to strong beam-weak column mechanism after the L'Aquila and Gorkha earthquake.  
Figure 8: Damage type 5—example of post-earthquake damage in beam-column RC joints: (**a**) strong beam-weak column mechanism and (**b**) absence of transverse reinforcement in the beam-column joints.  
Figure 7: Damage type 4—example of post-earthquake damage in beam-column RC joints: (**a**) absence of transverse reinforcement; (**b**) bond-split of the reinforcement and inadequate reinforcement anchorage; (**c**) shear failure of the column due to insufficient transverse reinforcement; and (**d**) poor detailing and design of the beam-column joints.
# Global GNSS-RO Electron Density in the Lower Ionosphere
## Appendix B GNSS-RO Data Availability and Statistics
Depending on the orbital altitude, a significant portion of the ionosphere can reside above the satellite. Although the orbit altitude may affect little on the bending angle measurement for the atmosphere, the retrieval algorithms for _TEC_ and \(N_{e}\) need to take into account the ionosphere portion that is not in the RO line-of-sight, which is dependent on orbit altitude. As shown in Figure 11, the GNSS-RO satellite altitude varies widely between 300 and 800 km. The orbit of satellites such as CHAMP, GRACE, and C/NOFS decreased gradually during their mission lifetime, whereas others (e.g., operational weather satellites) were able to keep the orbital altitude nearly constant. To form their constellation with a uniform LST coverage, COSMIC-1 and COSMIC-2 had to raise and lower the altitude of its member satellites, respectively. After more than one year of the constellation formation, the COSMIC-2 satellites are now all operating in 525-540 km altitudes. Its companion polar-orbiting constellation from Spire, under contract with NOAA CWDP, is also operating at the similar orbital altitude. Other operational features, such as the raised orbit by FY3C after 2018 and the MetOp-A decomposition toward the end of 2021, are also evident. Figure 11: Daily average orbital altitude of the past and current GNSS-RO missions. The altitudes are estimated from the LEO satellite position in the level-1b data. The Spire data contain only satellites (cubesats) from NOAA CWDP.
# Helmholtz Resonance Frequency of the Synthetic Jet Actuator
## 3 Results
### Identification of Resonance Frequencies
These were functions of the  
Figure 5: Synthetic jet momentum velocity as a function of excitation frequency for \(E=3\) V for various cavity depth. Figure 6: Comparison of Helmholtz resonance frequencies received from various measurement techniques. frequency for the same geometry of the actuator. The effective voltage was changed from 0.2 to 3 V. Figure 7 presents results of the experiment in the case of dl-9/V8 actuator geometry. Similar to the case of the previous investigations, two resonance frequencies are observed: the first diaphragm frequency of \(f_{D}\) = 19 Hz, and the second, the Helmholtz resonance frequency of \(f_{H}\) = 183 Hz. The impedance changes with the increase in effective voltage. However, the frequency of the resonance occurrence remains the same within tolerance of \(\pm\)1 Hz. Thus, it can be concluded that the resonance frequencies do not depend on the actuator supply voltage in the considered range of effective voltages. The next step was to determine the influence of the basic SJ actuator geometrical parameters on the value of the Helmholtz resonance frequency. Investigations were performed by changing the orifice diameter \(d\), orifice length \(l\), and cavity volume \(V\). The results are shown in Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8: Effect of cavity volume and orifice diameter on the Helmholtz resonance frequency—the case of constant orifice length. Figure 7: Effect of SJA supply voltage on the frequency of resonances. The results show a decrease in \(f_{H}\) with an increase in \(V\), both in the case of constant \(d\) or \(l\) values. In turn, Helmholtz resonance frequency increases as the orifice diameter increases at a constant value of the cavity volume and decreases as the orifice length increases.
## 3 Datasets and Methodology
### Methodology  
The overall methodology we used in this approach is as follows. As a first step, we applied a TEC data elimination procedure, followed by pre-processing and data splitting. Finally, we applied SVM with pre-processed ionospheric VTEC data to attempt to predict earthquakes.
## 5 Common Systems
### Timing and Synchronization  
#### 5.1.1 SwissFEL Timing Reference Generation and Distribution  
The stringent stability requirements of SwissFEL sub-systems demand an ultra-stable timing reference distribution system with the highest flexibility, reliability and availability. In order to achieve all these goals and to optimize costs, a mixture of adapted technologies is applied to build the reference timing system. These are presented in the following sections.  
The most critical clients require \(<\)10 fs jitter (rms) and down to 10 fs peak-to-peak temporal drift per day [49]. Therefore the key technology is the generation of both ultra-stable and low-noise reference signals in the RF as well as in the optical domain and the distribution of those signals as timing reference and precise clocks to the clients. Full remote control and monitoring of the components is necessary for smooth operation and debugging of the system and the facility as a whole.  
The origin of the timing reference generation and distribution system resides in an environmentally controlled room at the electron gun end of the SwissFEL facility. The specified nominal temperature is 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the relative humidity is controlled to within 42.5 %rH \(\pm\) 2.5 %rH.
###### Abstract  
Losses due to eddy currents in an open-type transformer core are significantly reduced by the lamination of the transformer core. In order to further reduce the eddy current losses, the open-type core often has a multi-part structure, i.e., it is composed of several more slender cores. The complete homogenization of such a core is not possible when an \(\vec{A},V-\vec{A}\) formulation is used, where A and V represent the magnetic vector potential and electric scalar potential, respectively. On the other hand, an \(\vec{A},\vec{T}-\vec{A}\) formulation, where T represents the electric vector potential, enables the complete homogenization of the general open-type core, but the simulation converges poorly due to the large number of degrees of freedom. By eliminating the redundant degrees of freedom, the convergence rate is significantly improved, and is at least twice as good as the convergence rate of the simulation based on the \(\vec{A},V-\vec{A}\) formulation. In this paper, a method for the calculation of the eddy current losses in an open-type core based on the \(\vec{A},\vec{T}-\vec{A}\) formulation with the elimination of redundant degrees of freedom is presented. The method is validated by comparison with a brute force simulation based on the \(\vec{A},V-\vec{A}\) formulation, and the efficiency of the method is determined by comparison with the standard homogenization method based on the \(\vec{A},V-\vec{A}\) formulation.  
eddy currents; eddy current losses; lamination; open-type transformer core; numerical simulation; FEM +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Koncar Instrument Transformers Inc., Ulica Josiga Mokrovica 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
# Investigation of Hydrogen Flux Influence on InGaP Layer and Device Uniformity
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we delved into how the flux of H\({}_{2}\) carrier gas influences the uniformity of the InGaP single layer and InGaP/GaAs HBT full-structure epitaxial wafers. Our aim was to uncover the relationship between carrier gas flux and epitaxial layer uniformity, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for optimizing the epitaxial growth process. Our findings reveal that the H\({}_{2}\) carrier gas flux critically impacts layer uniformity. At a lower flux, uniformity suffers due to restricted reactant transport velocity, leading to uneven reaction rates and component distribution. Conversely, higher fluxes enhance uniformity by ensuring even reactant distribution across the growth surface. Through comprehensive data analysis, we identified an optimal range for the H\({}_{2}\) carrier gas flux that maximizes wafer homogeneity. This discovery is crucial for refining actual epitaxial growth processes. Practically, to stabilize wafer uniformity, increasing the H\({}_{2}\) flux is advisable to guarantee uniform reactant transport and distribution. Moreover, we explored the interrelation between the uniformity of the InGaP single layer and the overall structure of InGaP/GaAs HBT epitaxial wafers. The data underscore the significant influence of the uniformity of the InGaP single layer on full-structure wafer uniformity, emphasizing the need for precise adjustments during InGaP/GaAs HBT growth to achieve high-quality epitaxial wafers. In summary, our thorough investigation establishes a significant connection between H\({}_{2}\) carrier gas flux and epitaxial layer uniformity. Optimal flux led to enhanced uniformity, a finding that serves as a pivotal guideline for optimizing the epitaxial growth process of InGaP/GaAs HBTs. These insights contribute substantially to the process tuning and industrial fabrication of high-quality uniform InGaP/GaAs HBT epitaxial wafers.  
Data curation, methodology, formal analysis, and writing--original draft preparation, S.Y.; methodology, N.G.; software and visualization, S.Z.; supervision, resources, and investigation, Y.L.; investigation and formal analysis, M.W.; project administration, investigation, and supervision, Y.Z.; conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing--review and editing, X.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2021B0101300001) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 2015094).  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors (Y.Z. and X.L) upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.