## 2 Methodological Background
In the field of remote agricultural communication, the literature [17] designs and implements a LoRa-based IoT architecture specifically for rural areas in Indonesia, demonstrating the value of LoRa in long-distance data transmission, particularly in regions with limited network infrastructure, the literature [18] further provides a comprehensive review of how 6G-IoT technologies are expected to shape the development of Agriculture 5.0, emphasizing improvements in automation, connectivity, and environmental impact mitigation. NB-IoT has limitations when it comes to high-bandwidth, low-latency real-time control tasks [19; 20]. In contrast, 5G offers ultra-low latency and high-speed data transmission, enabling real-time scheduling and precise control of agricultural machinery. This makes it particularly suitable for large-scale farms requiring multi-machine coordination, such as field operations, crop management, harvesting, and spraying [21; 22]. Carefully balancing the characteristics of these communication technologies helps in selecting the optimal solution for different agricultural applications, ultimately enhancing the stability and intelligence of agricultural IoT systems. As shown in Figure 2, different communication technologies exhibit distinct advantages across various smart agriculture applications. To better analyze the coverage characteristics, this study employs the Hata model and the Close-In (CI) model to predict wireless transmission path loss for both communication technologies [23; 24]. Figure 3 presents a performance comparison of 5G and NB-IoT communication technologies in agricultural applications. Figure 3a illustrates the variations in coverage range at different antenna heights, showing that NB-IoT (operating below 1 GHz) has a significant advantage in long-distance communication, providing broader coverage that is particularly suitable for farmland environments with limited infrastructure. In contrast, 5G (operating above 3 GHz) has a smaller coverage range, with a relatively limited service area per base station. Additionally, antenna height influences signal propagation characteristics--higher antennas theoretically reduce obstructions and improve coverage; however, due to varying terrain and vegetation conditions in agricultural environments, coverage effects differ across scenarios, making direct comparisons challenging and beyond the scope of this study. Figure 3b illustrates data transmission rates, where 5G excels in supporting high-precision sensors, large-scale device interconnection, and real-time control of autonomous agricultural equipment, whereas NB-IoT, with its low power consumption and  
Figure 2: Advantage distribution of various communication technologies. extensive coverage, is better suited for low-data-rate, long-distance applications. Traditional agricultural platforms often rely on a single communication mechanism, making it difficult to balance remote monitoring and efficient data processing. While 5G enables autonomous agricultural operations, its high energy consumption and limited coverage pose challenges when used alone. To address this, the system proposed in this study employs low-bandwidth NB-IoT communication during non-operational periods to reduce system load and dynamically switches to 5G when high data throughput is required, optimizing network resource utilization for enhanced stability and sustainability in smart agricultural applications. Real-time task scheduling is essential for ensuring the efficient operation of autonomous agricultural machinery. Cloud computing platforms are widely employed for intelligent task allocation and dynamic work plan adjustments, addressing the complex scheduling and path planning challenges in large-scale agricultural operations. This optimization not only improves resource utilization but also significantly enhances operational accuracy. In recent years, researchers have proposed various optimization methods to improve agricultural machinery scheduling and path planning efficiency.