# Impact of Plasma Combustion Technology on Micro Gas Turbines Using Biodiesel Fuels
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Fuel Characterizations Results  
The characterization result from the six different fuel samples used in the operation of the fabricated GTE are in line with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 standards [49], as presented in Table 3. The physicochemical characteristics results indicate that the pure biodiesel fuel (B100) from animal fat has the highest kinetic viscosity of 4.339 cSt, a lubricity value of 547.5 um, and oxidative stability compared with the obtained result from other biodiesel blends, fossil diesel, and conventional fossil kerosene fuel. The sulfur content is the lowest across all biodiesel blends compared with fossil diesel and kerosene, with high hydrocarbon and sulfur impurity contents. The sulfur poisonous substance must be eliminated to reduce the SO2 and NO2 emissions into the atmosphere, and this prevents blockage of the engine catalytic converters that help minimize particulate emissions. This result implies that the blended biodiesel mixtures extracted from animal fats have potential applications as biore Renewable organic fuel to power diesel engines and GTEs, considering the environmental benefits, including a reduction in toxic gases.  
In contrast, the high viscosity, volume flow rate, and spray characteristics could adversely affect the injection system at the engine's manifold unit if not enhanced. Therefore,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample ID**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Fossil Fuel**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Biodiesel Fuel**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Diesel** & **Kerosene** & **B20** & **B50** & **B75** & **B100** \\ \hline Specific gravity & 0.8418 & 0.7906 & 0.8088 & 0.8299 & 0.8555 & 0.8728 \\ \hline Density at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.8410 & 0.7898 & 0.80796 & 0.8291 & 0.8546 & 0.8719 \\ \hline Density at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) & 0.8339 & 0.78223 & 0.8006 & 0.8219 & 0.8576 & 0.8649 \\ \hline Kinematic viscosity 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C (cSt) & 3.5819 & 1.2144 & 1.5832 & 2.1677 & 3.3284 & 4.339 \\ \hline Total acid number (mgKH/gm) & 0.0110 & 0.01244 & 0.0321 & 0.0570 & 0.1778 & 0.1035 \\ \hline Water content (KF) (ppm) & 83.28 & 87.48 & 251.1 & 419.4 & 134.0 & 790.2 \\ \hline
**Sulfurt content (mg/L)** & 620.17 & 92.17 & 73.98 & 55.02 & 30.07 & 9.06 \\ \hline CFP(\({}^{\circ}\)C) & \(-5.0\) & \(<-51.0\) & - & \(-6.0\) & 1.0 & - \\ \hline Flash point & 90 & 47 & - & 89 & 62 & 97 \\ \hline Lubticity at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (μm) & 528 & 524 & 466.5 & 457.5 & 508 & 547.5 \\ \hline Pour point (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 0 & \(-54\) & \(-12\) & 0 & 6 & 15 \\ \hline Cloud point (\({}^{\circ}\)C) & 0 & \(-53.8\) & \(-3.5\) & 6.5 & 6.9 & 11.2 \\ \hline Ca (mg/kg) & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.08 & 0.28 & 0.06 & 0.38 \\ \hline Mg (mg/kg) & 0.02 & 0.02 & - & 0.06 & 0.02 & 0.10 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} In the Table 3, green and yellow highlights indicate the improved biodiesel parameters from the characterization test.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Properties of selected fuels.  
the blended biodiesel mixtures require modification to improve compatibility with low kinematic viscosity for effective combustion at much lower heating temperatures. It can be observed that the flashpoint value for B75 blended fuel showed the closest recorded flash point of to that from the fossil kerosene, at 62 \({}^{\circ}\)C. B75 also demonstrated lower sulfur content in GHG emissions within the acceptable range for optimal GTE operation.