## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Acidity, Microbiological, and Chromaticity Characteristics of Wheat Wholemeal Samples  
The pH of WW was measured using a pH electrode (PP-15; [PERSON], Goettingen, Germany). The total titratable acidity (TTA) was evaluated for a 10 g WW sample mixed with 90 mL of water; results were expressed as mL of 0.1 mol/L NaOH solution required to achieve a pH value of 8.2. The LAB count was determined according to the method described by [PERSON] et al. [35]. The chromaticity characteristics of WW were evaluated on the WW surface using a CIE L*a*b* system (CromaMeter CR-400, Konica Minolta, Japan). The results were expressed as the CIE color values L* (brightness/darkness), a* (redness/greenness), and b* (yellowness/blueness). Determination of the Biogenic Amine Content in Wheat Wholemeal Samples Nonfermented and Fermented with Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains  
The extraction and determination of BA in nonfermented and fermented WW followed the procedures developed by [PERSON] et al. (1999) [36]. Perchloric acid (0.4 mol/L, 10 mL) containing a known amount of 1,7-diaminoheptane as an internal standard was added to 3 g of sample, and the mixture was homogenized with Ultra-Turrax apparatus (IKA Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany) and centrifuged at 3000 \(g\) for 10 min. The residue was extracted again with an equal volume of 0.4 mol/L perchloric acid. Both supernatants were combined, and the final volume was adjusted to 30 mL with 0.4 mol/L perchloric acid. The extract was filtered through Whatman No. 1 paper filter. One mL of extract or standard solution was mixed with 200 mL of 2 mol/L NaOH solution and 300 mL of saturated NaHCO\({}_{3}\) solution. A 10 mg/mL solution of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulphonyl chloride (dansyl chloride) (2 mL) in acetone was added to the mixture and incubated at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 45 min. Residual dansyl chloride was removed by the addition of 25 mg/L aqueous ammonia solution (100 mL). After incubation at room temperature for 30 min, the mixture was adjusted to 5 mL with acetonitrile. Finally, the mixture was centrifuged at 3000\(\times\)\(g\) for 5 min, the supernatant was then filtered through a 0.2 \(\upmu\)m filter (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and stored at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C until HPLC analysis. An Agilent 1200 HPLC system (Carlsbad, CA, USA) equipped with a diode array detector and Chemstation LC software was employed in combination with a Chromolith C\({}_{18}\) HPLC column (100 mm \(\times\) 4.6 mm \(\times\) 4 \(\upmu\)m, Merck KGaA/EMD Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonium acetate (0.1 mol/L) and acetonitrile were used as the mobile phases at the flow rate of 0.45 mL/min. The injected sample volume was 10 \(\upmu\)L and the amines were monitored at 254 nm wavelength. The detection limits for standard amine solutions were approximately 0.1 mg/kg. Analysis of Macro- and Microelements of Wheat Wholemeal Samples Nonfermented and Fermented with Different Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)  
For macro- and microelement analysis in WW samples, an Agilent 7700x ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) and software MassHunter Work Station for ICP-MS, version B.01.01 (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) were used. The samples were milled and homogenized (final particle size \(\leq\) 150 \(\upmu\)m). For the analysis the following chemicals were used: nitric acid (concentration \(\geq\) 69.0%), for trace analysis (Saint Quentin-Fallavier, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France), hydrogen peroxide, 30% \(w/w\) (weight/weight), extra pure (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain), multielement standard solution V for ICP-MS calibration (Sigma-Aldrich, France). Agilent 7700x ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan), software MassHunter Work Station for ICP-MS, version B.01.01 (Agilent Technologies, Tokyo, Japan) were used for analysis.