# The Effects of 3D and 2D Imaging on Brain Wave Activity in Laparoscopic Training
## 3 Results
### Mental Workload
#### 3.2.4 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA TLX)  
The means, standard deviations, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results of NASA-TLX for the simulated task and vision system are presented in Table 1. For the 2D vision system, the subjective rating scores on mental demand (\(F_{1,11}\) = 5.805, \(p\) = 0.035), performance (\(F_{1,11}\) = 6.152, \(p\) = 0.031), frustration (\(F_{1,11}\) = 10.073, \(p\) = 0.009), and overall mental workload (\(F_{1,11}\) = 13.231, \(p\) = 0.004) were significantly higher than those for the 3D vision system. There were no significant main effects of the simulated tasks on the six independent components or overall mental workload. Significant interactions of simulated task \(\times\) vision system (\(F_{1,11}\) = 6.205, \(p\) = 0.030) were found for mental demand (\(F_{1,11}\) = 4.978, \(p\) = 0.047), performance (\(F_{1,11}\) = 8.772, \(p\) = 0.013), frustration (\(F_{1,11}\) = 5.530, \(p\) = 0.038), and overall mental workload (\(F_{1,11}\) = 24.991, \(p\) = 0.001). The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that in the peg transfer task, mental demand, temporal demand, performance, frustration, and overall mental workload were significantly higher in the 2D condition than in the 3D condition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Performance** & **Factor** & **Level** & **Mean** & **SD** & \(F_{1,11}\) & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Mental demand} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 61.88 & 21.25 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.057} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.816} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 63.13 & 21.51 & & \\  & Vision system & 2D & 66.67 & 20.20 & & \\  & & 3D & 58.33 & 21.70 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Physical demands} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 80.42 & 18.70 & \multirow{4}{*}{4.299} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.062} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 68.75 & 19.90 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 76.25 & 19.01 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 3D & 72.92 & 21.21 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Temporal demand} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 61.25 & 25.51 & \multirow{4}{*}{1.915} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.194} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 48.75 & 23.37 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 57.71 & 27.58 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 3D & 52.29 & 22.41 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Performance} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 45.63 & 19.69 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.001} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.972} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 45.83 & 25.18 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 52.71 & 24.14 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 3D & 38.75 & 18.37 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Effort} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 66.46 & 16.91 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.799} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.391} \\  & Vision system & Peg transfer & 70.83 & 15.72 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 71.04 & 14.22 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 3D & 66.25 & 18.13 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Frustration} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 52.71 & 23.36 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.132} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.723} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 55.42 & 24.58 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 62.71 & 22.21 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 3D & 45.42 & 22.45 & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{NASA-TLX scores} & Simulated task & Circle-tracing & 66.40 & 15.45 & \multirow{4}{*}{0.395} & \multirow{4}{*}{0.542} \\  & Visual task & Peg transfer & 63.58 & 12.80 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 2D & 68.15 & 14.40 & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & Vision system & 3D & 61.83 & 13.36 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Means, standard deviations (SDs), and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) for the simulated task and vision system.