esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Relationship between Profile of Proinflammatory Mediators and Disease Activity  
One of the aims of our research was to assess the utility of proinflammatory mediators in reflecting disease activity in patients with CD and UC. The results obtained from the statistical analyses of these relationships are presented in Table 2. A significant correlation between analyzed markers and disease activity was noted only in the case of patients with ulcerative colitis. In that group, the serum profile of CCL-2 and TNF-\(\alpha\) correlated with disease activity assessed by the Mayo endoscopic scale. Statistical analysis revealed that the relationship between disease activity and CCL-2 level was moderate (r = 0.566, \(p\) < 0.005), similar to the correlation between disease activity and TNF-\(\alpha\) (r = 0.431, \(p\) < 0.05) concentration in the serum of UC patients. In this study, we did not identify a valid correlation between the level of analyzed biomarkers and CRP in the serum of both CD and UC patients. Additionally, the relationship between analyzed biomarkers with serum calprotectin level was analyzed. In the group of patients with [PERSON]'s disease, the correlation between serum calprotectin and proinflammatory mediators was estimated as not statistically significant; however, in the group of patients with ulcerative colitis, a significant correlation was noted between serum calprotectin and IL-1\(\alpha\) (r = 0.753, \(p\) < 0.005), as well as TNF-\(\alpha\) (r = 0.465, \(p\) < 0.05).  
Figure 2: ROC curve of E-selectin, P-selectin, IL-1\(\alpha\), and IL-12p70 in differentiating patients with [PERSON]’s disease from patients with ulcerative colitis.  
Interrelationship between Analyzed Proinflammatory Mediators in Patients with Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis  
In this study, we also analyzed the significance of the relationship between the analyzed parameters since their expression depends, among other factors, on the cytokine and chemokine environment. In the group of patients with [PERSON]'s disease, we noted no significant relationship between the assessed proinflammatory mediators; however, some valid correlations were noted in the UC group (presented in Table 3). The cytokine that relates to the most proinflammatory markers assessed in this study was TNF-\(\alpha\). The concentration of TNF-\(\alpha\) correlated with the level of E-selectin, CCL-2, and IL-1\(\alpha\) in the serum of patients with UC. The correlation between TNF-\(\alpha\) and IL-1\(\alpha\) was classified as strong (r = 0.637, \(p\) < 0.005), and in the case of E-selectin (r = 0.372, \(p\) < 0.05) and CCL-2 (r = 0.55, \(p\) < 0.05), the relationship with TNF-\(\alpha\) was defined as moderate. Another significant relationship was noted in the case of IL-1\(\alpha\), whose level in the serum of patients with UC correlated moderately with the concentration of P-selectin (r = 0.514, \(p\) < 0.05). Similarly, a moderate relationship was noted in the case of IL-12p70 and E-selectin (r = 0.542, \(p\) < 0.05) serum levels in the UC group.
## 1 Introduction
In order to eliminate the electromagnetic interference field that is produced by the vibration of the helicopter platform, in this paper, we propose an interference cancelation algorithm based on the improved coherent noise suppression (ICNS) method for a detection system with a pair of magnetometers. The test for the calibration and the survey line proved that the proposed algorithm in this paper effectively eliminated the interference field. As a consequence, the system performance for detecting the target signal was improved.
# Evaluation of the Effects of Hidden Node Problems in IEEE 802.15.7 Uplink Performance
## 6 Solution Proposal to the Hidden Node Problem  
In this section, we present a solution proposal to the hidden node problem appearing in uplink communications made during the CAP of the superframe in the IEEE 802.15.7 standard. The proposed solution is based on the solution presented in [42] for networks based on radio frequency using CSMA channel access method, with a central node responsible of managing all transmissions made by the rest of the nodes. According to the model presented in [42], the central node starts sending a signaling tone--called _busy tone_--when it detects a transmission from one of the nodes in the network. The _busy tone_ is received by all nodes in the network, and notifies them that there is an ongoing transmission being made. Results presented by the authors of [42] show that their solution performs almost as well as CSMA without hidden terminals. The solution we present in this work is based on a [42] model principle, applied to IEEE 802.15.7 networks with star topology. In our proposed solution, the coordinator is responsible for sending a signaling pattern--analogous to the _busy tone_--to indicate it is receiving a transmission coming from one of the devices in the network.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of AuNPs
#### 3.2.2 Crystallinity Characterization  
The crystalline structure of phytosynthesized AuNPs was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As seen in Figure 3A, the XRD pattern shows four intense reflection peaks at 20 degrees in the range of 5-80\({}^{\circ}\). These peaks are identified at 20 values of 38.2\({}^{\circ}\), 44.4\({}^{\circ}\), 64.7\({}^{\circ}\), and 77.7\({}^{\circ}\), which correspond to standard Bragg diffractions of the (111), (200), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. These diffraction peaks correspond to the face-center crystal lattice [40]. The obtained data are compatible with those reported for the green synthesis of AuNPs using plant extracts [56; 61; 62]. The obtained XRD pattern also confirms the crystalline nature of AuNPs according to the standard file of JCPDS No. 04-0784 [26]. The absence of extra diffraction peaks indicates the high purity of plant-based AuNPs. The average crystallite size of AuNPs was calculated according to the XRD pattern using the Debye-Scherrer equation [42]. The calculated size (i.e., 18 nm) is consistent with TEM analysis and with values reported for other plant-mediated AuNPs (i.e., approximately 12 nm for _Alternaria chlamysospora_-mediated gold nanoparticles [63] and 18 nm for _Coleus aromaticus_ leaf extract [64]).  
Figure 2: Transmission electron microscopy of AuNPs synthesized by aqueous extract of _Z. officinal_ rhizome. (**A**) TEM image (spherical and well-dispersed NPs); (**B**): size distribution (determination based on TEM image analysis).
# Rapid 3D-Imaging of Semiconductor Chips Using THz Time-of-Flight Technique
###### Abstract  
In this study, we developed a rapid three-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight imaging tool for inspection of packaged semiconductor chips, using terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy techniques. A high-speed THz system based on the optical sampling by cavity tuning technique is incorporated with a 2-axis galvano scanner to deliver a scanning speed of more than 100 Hz/pixel with a signal-to-noise ratio larger than 20 dB. Through the use of the Hilbert transformation, we reconstruct the 3D structure of the packaged chip in a nondestructive manner. Additionally, the use of frequency-selective imaging allows us to manipulate image resolution; the higher resolution was obtained when monitored using the higher frequency component. Further, using phase information, we were able to detect and identify defects in the packaged chip, such as the delamination area and epoxy-rich regions.  
terahertz imaging; packaged chip; time-of-flight +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# Multi-Source Data Fusion for Vehicle Maintenance Project Prediction
## 3 Method
### Prediction Performance  
Table 4 depicts the experimental results. Since the average number of project codes per maintenance is 5.5, we established (k = [3,5,7]) for (R@k). Remarkably, our proposed model surpasses all baseline models in terms of performance. When compared to the top-performing baseline RETAIN\({}_{+}\), MSDFN demonstrates an enhanced accuracy in predicting maintenance projects at varying (k) values--specifically, 3 (k = 3), 5 (k = 5), and 7 (k = 7)--with improvements of 1.11%, 1.14%, and 1.21%, respectively. This proves the effectiveness of the correlation representation of maintenance projects and multi-source data deep fusion. Despite the interpretability associated with original traditional machine learning and deep learning models, their efficacy is limited because they solely focus on modeling maintenance history data without incorporating the essential aspects of learning from mileage and base information. Moreover, the two experimental results of each baseline model confirm the inadequacy of solely considering the development process of maintenance projects, thus underscoring the significance of integrating vehicle mileage and base information.  
Compared to typical deep fusion models, MsDFN exhibits superior performance. Specifically, for \(w\)-\(F_{1}\), MsDFN achieves a score of 34.62%, significantly surpassing IKN-ConvLSTM's 33.30%, MFDL's 33.35%, and MIFDELN's 33.51%. Similarly, for R@3, MsDFN attains a higher score of 40.39%, outperforming scores of 39.15%, 39.20%, and 39.24% from IKN-ConvLSTM, MFDL, and MIFDELN, respectively. This trend continues in \(R@5\) and \(R@7\), with MsDFN achieving 47.29% and 52.18%, respectively, consistently outperforming the results of the other three models. This demonstrates MsDFN's capability in processing comprehensive vehicle maintenance and basic information, thus affirming its superior performance in predicting maintenance projects.
# LoRA-Tuned Multimodal RAG System for Technical Manual QA: A Case Study on Hyundai Staria
## 7 Conclusions  
This study proposed a LoRA-tuned multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system tailored for structured PDF-based technical manuals, with Hyundai Staria maintenance documentation as a case study. The system was designed to integrate visual and textual inputs through a multimodal retriever-generator pipeline and achieve domain-specific question answering in complex industrial environments.  
Through the construction of a custom dataset and the design of a visual-textual alignment mechanism, our approach demonstrated effective handling of hierarchical and image-rich manual content. The LoRA fine-tuning strategy enabled efficient domain adaptation without incurring significant computational overhead, making the system suitable for real-world deployment scenarios with resource constraints.  
The experimental evaluation--comprising both quantitative retrieval metrics and expert assessments by maintenance personnel--confirmed the performance gains in accuracy, relevance, and user satisfaction. Specifically, expert feedback highlighted the model's usability in practical maintenance workflows, validating the system's application in industrial and military domains.  
Furthermore, this work addressed limitations commonly found in existing RAG frameworks, including non-English content handling, image-text fusion clarity, and extensibility of manual annotation. The proposed architecture is not only effective for automotive maintenance but also shows strong potential for broader application across defense maintenance platforms, such as the IETM systems currently used in NATO and ADD environments.  
Overall, this research provides a robust, scalable foundation for multimodal QA in specialized domains. Future work will focus on integrating vision-language pretraining, automating annotation processes through weak supervision, and applying the framework to multilingual and low-resource defense datasets.  
Conceptualization, H.C.; Methodology, H.C. and Y.N.; Software, H.C. and Y.N.; Validation, H.C. and Y.N.; Investigation, H.C. and Y.N.; Resources, H.C. and J.C.; Data curation, H.C. and Y.N.; Writing--original draft preparation, H.C.; Writing--review and editing, H.C., Y.N. and J.C.; Visualization, Y.N.; Supervision, J.C. and H.K.; Project administration, J.C.; Funding acquisition, J.C. and H.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Challengeable Future Defense Technology Research and Development Program (Ultra-Precision Geomagnetic-Based Position Tracking, 2015-0015), funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) and conducted through the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) during the period 2022-2025.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# Multi-Player Tracking for Multi-View Sports Videos with Improved K-Shortest Path Algorithm
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
As a typical tracking-by-detection method, the existing KSP algorithm has been widely used for multi-view basketball player tracking. While effective and fast enough, the neglect of the appearance model in original KSP tracking process easily leads to identity switches when two or more players are intertwined with each other. This paper addresses this problem by taking the appearance features into account based on KSP tracking framework. Although in this paper, only two features are applied for experiments, our proposed KSP-AF method can take multiple features into consideration with assigning different weights. Furthermore, we carried out extensive experiments to quantify the requirements of appearance features in KSP-AF tracking. Experiments demonstrate that if given 70% of the jersey colors and 50% of the jersey numbers, the number of false negatives, false positives and IDSW or GIDSW are significantly reduced. From the aspect of a standard evaluation metric, both MOTA and GMOTA scores (especially the GMOTA) increase a lot. Moreover, our method is very flexible in that it allows more appearance features to be considered to result in a more robust tracking. Thus, compared with the existing KSP tracking algorithm, our proposed KSP-AF method can better remain players' identities when it is used for multi-player tracking in multi-view sports videos. However, since more features can make our proposed approach more robust, our future work will focus on how to accurately extract them. In addition, we will also explore some potential applications based on the generated multi-player trajectories for sports broadcasting, such as visualizing a player's running trajectory, tallying how far a player has ran, automatic detecting a goal or passing event, and evaluating player or team performance.  
Conceptualization, Q.L. and Y.P.; formal analysis, W.W.; funding acquisition, M.X.; investigation: Q.L.; methodology, W.W. and Y.P.; software, W.W., Y.Y., and R.Z.; project administration, Y.P.; supervision, M.X.; validation, W.W., Y.Y., and R.Z.; writing--original draft, Q.L. and W.W.; writing--review and editing, Q.L., W.W., and M.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 61673163), Chang-Zhu-Tan National Indigenous Innovation Demonstration Zone Project (2017 XK2102), Hunan Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robot Technology in Electronic Manufacturing (IRT2018003), and the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC Student ID 201706130020).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Complex Battery Storage Fire Propagation Translational Forensic Study Using Cellular Automata
## 4 Discussion  
### CA Simulation Calibration  
The simulation results provide an initial understanding of the probability of fire spreading within the battery module. At each discrete timestep, the simulation assesses the state of each cell in the forthcoming step based on its present condition. By advancing the timesteps, the simulation constructs a new grid for the subsequent timestep. A critical parameter in this context is the actual time when the burning occurred. Experimental test data can offer the necessary insight to apply the actual fire event timing to the large-scale battery facility and, consequently, convert the obtained timesteps from simulation to the actual time of fire spread. The resulting conversion of simulation timesteps to actual fire event time is shown in Table 1.  
Figure 16: The first and second fire event snapshots: (**a**) Moment of 1 st ignition bottom cell, initial sparks [13:22 (vid.), 757 s (data)]; (**b**) Moment of 2 nd ignition, 2 nd cell, sparks [1:24 (2 nd vid.), 1061 s (data)].  
Figure 15: Thermal data for temperature variation vs. time (middle and top cell) (data collected with DAQ).  
According to the data collected from the experimental tests, the initial fire event occurs at 757 s, while the second fire event takes place at 1061 s. Using Equation 2, the rate of fire spread was calculated as 304 s (5.06 min), and using Equation 3, the different burning times for different fire propagation probabilities were calculated and are presented in Table 2.  
Variations in battery topologies can lead to distinct fire propagation scenarios. At the cell level, the two primary designs are cylindrical and flat pouch shapes. These structural differences significantly influence failure and fire propagation mechanisms. For example, cylindrical batteries often exhibit more explosive behavior compared to pouch cells, highlighting how packaging design affects failure modes and underscoring the critical connection between fundamental research and advancements in battery technology.  
Battery fire at the stack or rack level is a complex physio-chemical phenomenon that involves not only battery chemistry but also includes the packaging design, rack support design, battery management system (BMS) and sensors, cooling system, electronic wiring, and central controls [38; 39; 40]. The numerical simulation of the entire stack performance during a fire is multi-physical and too complicated for a single numerical modeling scheme. CA-MC modeling simplifies these interactions and can provide an estimate of the time for battery fire propagation. Battery fire research requires the involvement of two key elements: advancements in battery technology development and oversight by a multidisciplinary team of regulatory agencies. However, the transfer of knowledge between agencies can be time-consuming, and instruments (translational research) that can help accelerate interagency collaborations are needed.
###### Abstract  
A direct numerical simulation method based on Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations is used to carry out numerical prediction studies of submarine emergency rising in this paper. Firstly, a numerical simulation of the nonpropelled model without rudder manipulating is accomplished as the basis of this study. The numerical prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental data, which proves the feasibility and accuracy of the direct numerical simulation method. Meanwhile, both model tests and numerical simulation results reveal the strong coupling effect between roll and yaw motions during the underwater ascending process. Based on the above observation and analysis, another two numerical simulations, whose grids are identical with the non-manipulation simulation, are conducted respectively under the condition of rudder steering, i.e., course keeping simulation and self-propulsion simulation. An optimized S surface controller based on conditional determination is designed to manipulate the rudders. As a result, the yaw angle of the latter two simulations is limited within the range of 0.2\({}^{\circ}\) and 0.8\({}^{\circ}\) respectively, proving the effectiveness of the S surface controller. Correspondingly, the maximum roll angle is reduced by 96% and 70% respectively, which demonstrates that the roll stability is significantly enhanced by improving the course keeping ability of the model. Moreover, it is also proven from the perspective of reverse verification that, the excessive yaw deviation is the root cause of emergency rising roll instability for the situation of incidence angle lower than 30\({}^{\circ}\).  
numerical simulation; course keeping; submarine emergency rising; roll stability; self-propulsion simulation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 2 Background
### Sizing Software with COSMIC--ISO 19761  
The measurement of software size based on Functional User Requirements (FURs) provides a quantitative, standardized, and rigorous approach to software size measurement. This approach aligns with broader engineering principles, where measurement is not just about counting, but involves a deeper understanding of the attributes being measured and their relationships [62]. There are five internationally recognized standards based on Functional User Requirements: COSMIC [63], IFPUG [64], MKII [65], NESMA [66], and FISMA [67]. These standards represent a significant advancement in the field by providing a framework for measuring software size that is both rigorous and applicable across different contexts. Additionally, it can be applied at any stage of the development life cycle because it does not require a software design to be fully developed [68]. COSMIC outlines the necessary steps for measuring software project size using COSMIC Function Points (CFPs). Numerous studies have demonstrated the advantages of COSMIC as a functional size measurement method. For instance, it has been used to size enterprise architectures [69], Agile Development [70], mobile applications [71], X86 Assembly Programs [71], quantum software functional requirements [72], IoT Devices [73], and web development, as discussed in the related work section. The COSMIC method includes a set of principles and rules applied to the Functional User Requirements (FURs) of a given piece of software. The FURs describe what the software does or should do for functional users. Functional users may be humans or application software that communicate through data. The COSMIC FSM process consists of three phases as follows:  
1. Measurement Strategy Phase: The purpose (e.g., estimate the size as an input to a project effort estimation) of the measurement and the scope (e.g., single software