## 3 Materials and Methods
### Simulation Setup and Data Analysis  
The simulation setup for the case study (before and after the retrofit) was conducted using DesignBuilder version 7.3. This software integrated data on the building envelope and climatic conditions, as described earlier. Regarding activity, since the building serves dual purposes--educational and residential--rooms were differentiated based on distinct occupancy schedules. The educational schedule was set from 7:30 to 17:00, Monday to Friday, and from 11:00 to 12:00 on Saturdays and Sundays. Residential use was limited to the periods outside of school hours. Data on internal loads, including occupancy and lighting, were obtained from procedures established in the CTE. The HVAC system in the case study includes only a diesel boiler for heating and domestic hot water (DHW), with an efficiency of 0.85. The heating setpoint temperature was set at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C throughout the building. Using these inputs, simulations of the building design were performed for each climate scenario and each proposed case, resulting in a total of 25 simulations. Each simulation provided data on comfort and system loads, which were analyzed based on two key aspects: energy demand and thermal comfort (both daytime and nighttime). While energy demand data were analyzed directly from the simulation results, thermal comfort was evaluated using specific assessment methodologies. A description of these methodologies is provided below. The Fanger method was used for nighttime comfort analysis. This method is based on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), which correlates human thermal sensation with environmental conditions and is derived from research conducted in controlled climates [46]. However, this method has limitations, as it was designed for activities involving some physical exertion, making it less ideal for sleeping individuals, whose metabolic rate is significantly lower (approximately 0.7 met), according to [PERSON] [47]. To address this limitation, researchers such as [PERSON] et al. [48] developed an adaptation of [PERSON]'s model to assess nighttime thermal comfort, incorporating factors like skin temperature and respiration. The thermal load is calculated as  
\[L=M-Q_{res}-Q_{skin}\qquad\left[\text{W}/\text{m}^{2}\right] \tag{1}\] \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Factor/Field** & **2050–SSP5-8.5** & **2050–SSP2-4.5** & **2080–SSP5-8.5** & **2080–SSP2-4.5** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Average Temperature} & Significant increase (\textgreater{}3 \text@C above 2000 levels). & Moderate increase (\textgreater{}2 \text@C above 2000 levels). & Critical rise (\textgreater{}4 \text@C above 2000 levels). & Controlled increase (\textgreater{}2.5 \text@C above 2000 levels). \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Energy Use} & \multirow{2}{*}{Dominance of fossil fuels.} & Growing use & Maximum reliance on & Predominance of \\  & & of renewables. & fossil fuels. & sustainable energy. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{ Biodiversity} & \multirow{2}{*}{Severe global losses.} & Reduction mitigated by & \multirow{2}{*}{Mass extinction of species.} & Partially preserved \\  & & conservation. & & biodiversity. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Human Society} & Exacerbated inequality; & Gradual improvement in & Severe climate migration; & Moderate resilience; \\  & high vulnerability. & global equity. & heightened tensions. & limited migration. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: A brief summary outline of selected SSP scenarios and their implications. where M represents the heat generated by the user; Q\({}_{\rm res}\) denotes the heat loss through respiration; and Q\({}_{\rm skin}\) refers to the heat loss through the skin. Heat loss through respiration (Q\({}_{\rm res}\)) is calculated using  
\[Q_{res}=\frac{13.41-1.519\cdot 10^{-3}p_{a}-0.13\ t_{a}}{A_{D}}\qquad[{\rm m}^{2}] \tag{2}\]  
where p\({}_{a}\) is the partial pressure of water vapor; t\({}_{a}\) is the air temperature; and A\({}_{D}\) represents the uncovered body surface area, calculated using Equation (3). \[