## 3 Results
### Pathogen Spillover
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline
**Virus** & **N\({}^{\circ}\) Positives** & **Green Area** & **Bee Species** & **Virus Load** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{CBPV} & \multirow{2}{*}{2} & Modern park D & 1 _A. mellifera_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Roundabout G & 1 _A. mellifera_ & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ABPV} & \multirow{6}{*}{16} & Historic city park A & 1 _B. terrestris_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Historic city park B & 1 _M. sculpturalis_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _O. bicornis_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Modern park D & 2 _A. mellifera_ & Low/medium positivity in 13 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _B. terrestris_ & samples & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Modern park E & 3 _A. mellifera_ & Medium-high positivity in 2 _A._ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _An. forentinum_ & _mellifera_ from modern park “E” and roundabout “F” & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Roundabout F & 1 _A. mellifera_ & High positivity in 1 _B. terrestris_ from modern park “D” \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _B. terrestris_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & Roundabout G & 1 _A. mellifera_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _An. forentinum_ & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{DWV} & \multirow{6}{*}{6} & Modern park D & 2 _A. mellifera_ & Low/medium positivity in \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Modern park E & 3 _A. mellifera_ & 4 samples \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & Roundabout F & 1 _A. mellifera_ & Medium-high positivity in 2 _A._ \\ \hline KBV & 0 & & & \\ \hline IAPV & 0 & & & \\ \hline BQCV & 0 & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{SBV} & \multirow{6}{*}{8} & Historic city park A & 1 _B. terrestris_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Historic city park B & 1 _M. sculpturalis_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Modern park D & 2 _A. mellifera_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Modern park E & 1 _A. Mellifera_ & n.d. \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 1 _An. Forentinum_ & & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Roundabout F & 1 _B. terrestris_ & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Roundabout G & 1 _A. mellifera_ & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Positivity data for each viral agent investigated, in terms of occurrence and frequency in the different insect species at each sampling site and by viral load extent in 2021. (Low positivity: max \(10^{4}\) genome copies per individual; medium positivity: \(10^{5}\) to \(10^{7}\) genome copies per individual; medium-high positivity: \(10^{8}\) to \(10^{9}\) genome copies per individual; high positivity: over \(10^{9}\) genome copies per individual) [ABPV = Acute Bee Parallels Virus; CBPV = Chronic Bee Parallels Virus; DWV = Deformed Wing Virus; BQCV = Black Queen Cell Virus; SBV = Sac Brood Virus; KBV = Kashmir Bee Virus; IAPV = Israeli Acute Parallels Virus]. of the 21 tested, there were 11 viral associations in the various pollinators. Specifically, five samples (23.8%) were positive for only one virus, and in all the cases, it was the acute paralysis virus (ABPV); seven samples (33.3%) were positive for two viruses, where in three cases, it was the ABPV + DWV association, and in four cases, it was the ABPV + SBV association; three samples (14.3%) were simultaneously positive for three viruses, where in two cases, it was the ABPV + DWV + SBV association, and in one case, the ABPV + CBPV + SBV association; finally, one sample (4.8%) was positive for four viruses, and it was the ABPV + CBPV + DWV + SBV association. The linear discriminant analyses applied to the virus load and the pollinator biodiversity revealed two separate groups according to the green area studied. It was evident that the modern and historic parks were grouped together, while roundabout \"F\" was separate (Figure 6). In this area, positivity occurred only in the second year of monitoring and was limited to a few samples.