## 3 Results
### Broader Significance  
Our methods and our findings are relevant to complex agricultural landscapes in general and in ongoing conversations about conservation and food security, particularly in the context of other oceanic islands, as well as 'islands' of protected forests within an agricultural matrix. Our replicable methods are useful to map other islands, other agricultural landscapes, and other time periods beyond the ones presented here. The fact that the agricultural sector has been neglected, especially in comparison to more robust economic sectors like tourism, development, or conservation, is not unique to the Galapagos. There is a global trend of abandonment of the agricultural sector and a migration of rural population into urban centers [94; 95]. Furthermore, oceanic islands worldwide are typical tourism hotspots and suffer from similar pressures as does the Galapagos: reduced space for food production and an overdependence on food imports to sustain their human populations [96; 97; 98]. Our results are relevant in the context of global food security and particularly in food security on islands because of familiar socioeconomic and environmental drivers of pattern in island ecosystems [98; 99]. Baseline data such as that provided in this study is essential to track changes in land use and land cover in our food systems and to anticipate the ways in which climate change can make them more vulnerable to collapse, as well as to help us identify the land uses and land covers that are most resilient to environmental change [99; 100]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c|c c c} \hline \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**2014 Agricultural Census**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**This Study**} \\ \hline
**Land Cover / Use** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **Categories Included** \\ \hline Permanent crops & 1517 & 8 & 3913 & 15 & Permanent Crops, _Coffea_ \\ Transitory crops & 220 & 1 & 698 & 3 & Transitory crops \\ Tilled land & 110 & 1 & NA & NA & \\ Fallow land & 433 & 2 & NA & NA & \\ Pastures & 11,126 & 59 & 5618 & 22 & Cultivated Grass, _Pennisetum_, Silvopasture \\ Invasive species & 934 & 5 & 7080 & 28 & _Psidium, Rubus, Cinchona, Syzygium, Cedela_ \\ Pioneer and forest & 4189 & 22 & 7630 & 30 & Pioneer, Mixed Forest, Native vegetation \\ Other Uses & 482 & 3 & 307 & 1 & Built Environment, bare ground, water \\ \hline Total & 19,010 & 100 & 25,246 & 100 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Results comparison between the 2014 Agricultural Census and this study. The left section of the table summarizes the results from the 2014 Agricultural Census and the right side of the table groups land cover types of this study to make them comparable with the agricultural census. The vast extent of pastures found in our study should prompt decision-makers to reconsider whether this land use is the most sound in a place where the space to grow food is so limited. Our study confirms that soil depth and precipitation patterns in this region can support an astounding diversity of permanent and transitory crops, and pasture monocultures to feed cattle might not efficiently support local food security. It is relevant that decisionmakers of the Galapagos have promoted silvopastoral systems as a more sustainable alternative to pasture monocultures. Given that most pastures and silvopastures of the Galapagos are grain-fed, having an estimate of the distribution of silvopastoral systems allows us to compare their performance in the context of more variable and extreme seasonality. Our results are also relevant in the conversations about novel ecosystems and island biogeography. Our focus on native ecosystems and invasive species make our results applicable to other island ecosystems because the biogeographical features of oceanic islands lead to high endemism rates and simultaneously make them more susceptible to invasion from introduced species [101]. In addition, there is a clear spatial correlation between human activities and invasive species, even long after these activities were abandoned [102; 1; 102].