# Human Factors and Ergonomics in Industry 5.0--A Systematic Literature Review
## 4 Discussion
### Human Factors and Ergonomics--General Approach  
The integration of traditional human factors and ergonomics into various sectors, such as industry, healthcare, transportation, and information technology, has demonstrated its significance in enhancing efficiency, safety, and comfort [23; 93; 112]. Through the optimization of work environments, work organization, cognitive ergonomics [4], and physical ergonomics, HF/E offers a holistic approach [93] to system design and management. However, the findings suggest that human-centric systems demand deeper understanding and integration of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial aspects for technology to be utilized effectively. The synergy between micro- and macro-ergonomics, coupled with a holistic approach, is crucial for the successful implementation of new technologies and their alignment with corporate strategy [92]. Assistive technologies such as exoskeletons and smart gesture control systems have showcased their potential to improve working conditions and efficiency. Furthermore, quick risk assessment (QRA) tools, such as mobile applications, can play a pivotal role in establishing healthy work conditions [92].  
However, the integration of HF/E into production systems presents challenges. The scenarios highlighting mismatched development between HF/E and technological maturity underline the potential pitfalls. For example, technological advancements without corresponding HF/E maturity can lead to unsafe work environments, while HF/E maturity without technological advancement can reduce productivity and worker motivation. These findings underscore the necessity for a balanced and synchronized development of both domains.  
Participatory ergonomics [96], involving workers in the design process, has shown promising outcomes in reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), improving productivity, and achieving cost reductions. Additionally, the integration of lean practices and ergonomics [99; 101] is crucial to balancing operational efficiency with employee well-being. Lean methodologies positively influence HF/E factors, but hard lean practices may adversely affect workers' quality of life, necessitating a shift towards soft lean practices that emphasize psychosocial and physical factors.  
Emerging areas, such as cyberegonomics [107], emphasize the need to address digital workspace challenges, including psychological distraction, privacy concerns, and cyberattacks. Cyberegonomics, combined with traditional HF/E principles, can provide a comprehensive framework for addressing the unique demands of Industry 5.0.  
Advanced technologies, such as motion analysis systems and fatigue models [108], enable precise ergonomic assessments and improvements in human-robot collaboration. These tools facilitate the optimization of production processes by integrating operator well-being with machine performance [110; 111]. Moreover, initiatives such as supervisor support, tailored training programs, and individualized user interfaces enhance employee engagement and mitigate the risks associated with technological transformations.  
Despite these advancements, HF/E is still underutilized in the design and implementation phases, primarily due to gaps in non-technical skills and regulatory frameworks. To overcome this, the validation and verification of HF/E principles should be emphasized from the initial stages, supported by robust media and educational initiatives. Management's role in integrating HF/E into strategic decision-making is critical for achieving sustainable and resilient systems.