esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Experimental Procedure
### Specimen, Loading Condition, and Measurement System  
The concrete specimens are prepared with a standard PO 32.5 Portland cement, which is crushed stone with a maximum diameter of 6 mm and river sand used as coarse and fine aggregate, respectively. The mix proportions are listed in Table 1. The modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are measured through standard material test methods, the specimen size is 100 \(\times\) 50 \(\times\) 50 mm\({}^{3}\). The measured values of the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio of the concrete material are \(E=35\) GPa, \(\mu=0.26\), and the compressive strength is 27.5 MPa.  
Six single-edge notched concrete beams under the three point bending are used for mode I fracture testing in the present study. Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of the concrete specimen and the locations of the three loading points of a three point bending test. The dimension of the SEN concrete beam is \(210\times 70\times 23\) mm\({}^{3}\), and the span is 170 mm. A notch is made at the center of the concrete specimen edge using a diamond saw of 0.3 mm in thickness, with a length of \(a_{0}=10\) mm. In implementing the DIC method, the interest regions of specimen surface are painted with white ink, and then covered with a black dot pattern with spray painting. An example of specimen prepared in this manner is shown in Figure 4.  
A servo hydraulic test machine with a capacity of 50 kN is applied for fracture tests, the displacement rate of the loading plane is set to 0.02 mm/min. In order to ensure contact between the loading system and specimens, a 50 N preload is applied before the testing. During the loading process, the painted area around the crack tip is recorded by a monochromatic charge-coupled device camera (Basler 404k, 2352 \(\times\) 1720 pixels, BASLER, Ahrensburg, Germany) with a 105 mm focal lens. The specimen failure and crack propagation process is recorded by the camera in a rate of 15 frame pictures per second, then the pictures are stored in a computer automatically. The resolution of all captured images is 0.055 mm/pixel. As shown in Figure 4, sixteen AE sensors with a resonant frequency of approximately 150 kHz are attached to the specimen surface. Six sensors are in front surface and behind surface respectively, and four sensors are on the up and down edge of the specimen respectively.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Water/Cement Ratio** & **Cement (kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Sand (kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Aggregate (kg/m\({}^{3}\))** & **Water (kg/m\({}^{3}\))** \\ \hline
0.48 & 446 & 593 & 1102 & 214 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Concrete mix proportions.  
Figure 3: Concrete specimen and three-points bending conditions.  
AE signals are amplified 40 dB gain by a pre-amplifier. The sixteen sensor's signal data in 16-bit is recorded continuously and simultaneously in a frequency of 3 MHz.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### System Model
#### 2.1.2 Stage of \(IRS_{m}-BS\)
\[\mathbf{H}_{m}=\mathbf{H2}_{m}diag(\Xi_{m})\mathbf{H1}_{m}=\mathbf{H2}_{m}diag( \mathbf{H1}_{m})\Xi_{m}=\mathbf{Y}_{m}\Xi_{m} \tag{10}\]  
where \(diag(\mathbf{H1}_{m})\) is expressed as Equation (11)  
\[diag(\mathbf{H1}_{m})= \begin{bmatrix}h1_{m,1}&0&0\\ 0&\ddots&0\\ 0&0&h1_{m,K}\end{bmatrix} . \tag{11}\]  
The cascade channel \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\) can be transformed from the spatial domain to the angular domain using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) estimation method. Let the DFT matrix at point \(W\) be \(\mathbf{V}\in\mathbb{C}^{W\times W}\), and let its elements satisfy \(\mathbf{V}_{a,b}=e^{-j2\pi\frac{(a-1)(b-1)}{W}}\). Then, the cascade channel \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\) is represented in the angular domain as expressed in Equation (12)  
\[\mathbf{Y}_{m}^{ag}=\mathbf{V}\mathbf{Y}_{m}, \tag{12}\]  
where \(\mathbf{V}\) is expressed as Equation (13)  
\[\mathbf{V}= \begin{bmatrix}1&\cdots&1\\ \vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 1&\cdots&e^{-j2\pi\frac{(W-1)(W-1)}{W}}\end{bmatrix}  \tag{13}\]  
where \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}^{ag}\in\mathbb{C}^{W\times K}\) is the representation of the cascade channel \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\) in the angular domain. Thus, following the reflection through \(IRS_{m}\), \(BS\) received the signal sent by \(US\) as \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}\in\mathbb{C}^{W\times 1}\), which is expressed by Equation (14). The detailed expression of Equation (14) is shown in (A3) of Appendix A. \[ \begin{array}{l}\mathbf{Y}_{m}\\ =\sqrt{\rho}\mathbf{Y}_{m}^{ag}\Xi_{m}s+n^{\prime}\\ =\sqrt{\rho}\mathbf{Y}_{m}\Xi_{m}s+n^{\prime}\\ =\sqrt{\rho}\mathbf{V}\mathbf{H2}_{m}diag(\mathbf{H1}_{m})\Xi_{m}s+n^{\prime},\end{array}  \tag{14}\]  
where \(\rho\) is the transmit power, \(\mathbf{Y}_{m}^{ag}\Xi_{m}\) is the total channel of \(US-IRS_{m}-BS\), \(s\) is the signal transmitted by \(US\), and \(n^{\prime}\) is Gaussian white noise with zero mean and \(\sigma^{2}\) variance.
## 4 Time Gating and Demodulation Algorithms
### Time GatingTo Emulate Motion of Antenna in One Direction  
The limits of the region of validity of the pseudo-Doppler frequency shift as expressed in the output by (10) are actually periodic when the fundamental period being  
\[\frac{-\pi}{2}<\Omega t<0 \tag{13}\]  
in terms of phase. The output of the modulator summing junction in Figure 6, especially the bottom factor in Equation (10), must therefore be gated periodically in real time to ensure the desired frequency shifts in the final output. This periodic gating must evidently be synchronous with the pseudo-Doppler modulation, as (13) must hold for every period, or periodic values of \(n\pi\).  
It is instructive to visualize this synchronous gating in relation to the modulations. When superposed on the effective sinusoidal modulation waveforms applied to the antenna output signals, \(\cos(\Omega t)\) to \(W_{1}\) and \(-\sin(\Omega t)\) to \(W_{2}\), the gating intervals are seen to contain those portions of the modulations which cause one antenna output to be increasing and the other decreasing the magnitude of its contribution to the output. The alternating signs of the gating waveform based on (13) ensure that the same antenna output is always increasing while the other is decreasing. This shows that the apparatus performs the desired interpolation that emulates a moving antenna between the two stationary receive-antennas as described in [10]. Figure 8 illustrates the periodic gating of the modulation waveforms.  
Figure 8: Antenna modulating waveforms with output gating intervals shaded.  
The gating windows are denoted by the values of the period \"\(n\)\", and their multiplier signs by their positions either above (\"+\") or below (\"\(-\)\") the angle (\"normalized time\") axis. Note that the angle axis is calibrated in multiples of \(\pi\)/4 radians.
###### Abstract  
The underwater acoustic channel is remarkably dependent on the considered scenario and the environmental conditions. In fact, channel impairments differ significantly in shallow water with respect to deep water, and the presence of external factors such as snapping shrimps, bubbles, rain, or ships passing nearby, changes of temperature, and wind strength can change drastically the link quality in different seasons and even during the same day. Legacy mathematical models that consider these factors exist, but are either not very accurate, like the Urick model, or very computationally demanding, like the Bellhop ray tracer. Deterministic models based on lookup tables (LUTs) of sea trial measurements are widely used by the research community to simulate the acoustic channel in order to verify the functionalities of a network in certain water conditions before the actual deployment. These LUTs can characterize the link quality by observing, for instance, the average packet error rate or even a time varying packet error rate computed within a certain time window. While this procedure characterizes well the acoustic channel, the obtained simulation results are limited to a single channel realization, making it hard to fully evaluate the acoustic network in different conditions. In this paper, we discuss the development of a statistical channel model based on the analysis of real field experiment data, and compare its performance with the other channel models available in the DESERT Underwater network simulator.  
underwater acoustic channel; hidden Markov model; DESERT Underwater network simulations +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics
## 2 Experimental Section  
### Isolates Used, DNA Extraction, PCR, and DNA Sequencing  
A total of 57 isolates, representing eight presumed species from northern North America, Europe and Asia were chosen for this study and include: _P. alni_, _P. arctostaphyli_, _P. nigricans_, _P. laevigatus_, _P. lundellii_, _P. populicola_, _P. tremulae_ and _P. tuberculosus_. In addition, isolates representing segregate genera in _Phellinus_ s.l. and known to infect deciduous hardwoods were also used and include: _Fuscoporia_ spp., _Inocutils dryophila_, _Inonotus vannini_ and _Phellinopsis conchata_. _Fomes fomentarius_ was chosen to represent the outgroup. Most isolates were either field-collected by the author or obtained from the USDA Forest Service, Center for Forest Mycology Research (CFMR) herbarium. Isolates from the CFMR herbarium where chosen based on presumed species, geographic disparity and host diversity from northern North American forests that encompass the northern hardwood, aspen and alder forest types, among others (Table 1).  
DNA extraction and PCR protocols have been described previously [25]. To generate PCR amplicons, the following primer pairs were used: ITS1-F and ITS4 [26] for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS); LR0R [27] and LR5 [28] the nuclear large subunit (nLSU) domains one to three; EF595F and EF1160R for partial elongation factor 1-alpha (_tefl_) [29]; and bRPB2-6F and bRPB2-7.1R [30] for partial RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit (_rpb2_) sequences. PCR products were visualized on 1% agarose gels stained with SYBR Safe (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) to ensure the presence of single amplicons. After visualizing the _tefl_ amplicons, six of the ten _P. alni_ isolates chosen for study failed to amplify using the EF595F/EF1160R primer pair. Additional _tefl_ primers frequently used in phylogenetic studies of Basidiomycetes (983F/2218R) [31] were then used in the following combination to generate amplicons: (i) 983F/1160R; and (ii) EF595F/2218R. The first primer pair again failed, while the second primer pair produced single amplicons, approximately 1120 bp in size. The sequence analysis (described below) showed that isolates of _P. alni_ can have two C/T mismatches in the EF1160R priming region, preventing successful annealing.  
Prior to sequencing, PCR products were purified using ExoSAP-IT (USB, Cleveland, OH, USA). Isolates were sequenced using the Big Dye Sequencing Kit v. 3.1 on an ABI 3130 xl capillary sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) at the Genomics Resource Laboratory, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. GenBank accession numbers are listed in Table 1.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Finite Element Method Analysis  
In order to estimate the electric field gradient and resultant electric field amplitude during application of the DEP pulses, the finite element method (FEM) model of the proposed cuvette design was developed in COMSOL (Comsol Multiphysics, Stockholm, Sweden). The parameters of the model are summarized in Table 1.  
A 3D simulation model was introduced and an extremely fine mesh was used with minimal and maximal element size ranging from 0.002 to 0.2 mm, respectively. The maximum element growth rate of 1.3 was selected and the curvature factor of 0.2. The resultant mesh and the actual prototype of the cuvette are shown in Figure 2.  
The stationary electric currents (EC) physics module was used, where the parallel plate aluminum electrodes were selected as ground electrodes, while the 20 V potential was applied to the center needle electrode.
## 3 Performance Implication of NVM Based Storage
### Implications of Alternative PC Configurations
Active power consumption, on the other hand, refers to the power dissipated when data is being read and written. Figure 13 shows the normalized power consumption of the NVM PC in comparison with the HDD PC as the I/O rate is varied. As shown in the figure, the NVM PC, which uses small DRAM capacity along with NVM, consumes less power than the HDD PC. This is because the static power of DRAM is proportional to its capacity, and thus the reduced size of DRAM saves the static power of DRAM. Specifically, power-savings of the NVM PC becomes large as the I/O rate decreases. When the I/O rate decreases, the static power consumption required for DRAM refresh operations accounts for a large portion of the total power consumption compared to the active power consumption required for actual read/write operations. The average power consumption of memory and storage layers by adopting the NVM PC is 42.9% of the HDD PC in our experiments. This result indicates that NVM PC will be effective in reducing the power consumption of future computer systems. In summary, we showed that the new memory-storage configuration consisting of small memory and fast storage could be an alternative solution for ever-growing memory demands and the limited scalability problem of DRAM memory.
# Electrical and Optical Properties of Laser-Induced Structural Modifications in PbSe Films
## 2 Experiments
### Electrical Characterization  
Measurements of the samples' electrical characteristics were carried out on the laser-treated and untreated sample areas. Figure 2 schematically shows the setup for measuring the film's electrical characteristics.  
Figure 1: Experimental setup scheme for chalcogenide film’s structure laser modification.  
Figure 2: Experimental scheme for measuring the film electrical characteristics.  
The circuit used copper plates that were soldered to the current source contacts with a voltage of 4 V. Voltmeter probes were connected to the copper plates to measure electrical characteristics. The sample was placed at the bottom and covered with a glass slide with plates to best ensure contact and also to avoid damage.
## 5 Simulation Experiments
### Evaluation Results and Analysis
In other words, LFDC can achieve a higher training energy efficiency ratio compared to other classical algorithms. Figure 7 presents the comparison results of the cache hit efficiency (a), training energy consumption (b), and HE gain (c) for the LFDC algorithm without an adaptive local iteration count. As can be seen in Figure 7a, when the adaptive local iteration count is removed, i.e., the local iteration count is fixed at 10, the cache hit efficiency of LFDC shows a slight improvement. This is because the increased local iteration count can better adapt to the local content request situation. Simultaneously, Figure 7b shows that the total training energy consumption of the LFDC algorithm without adaptive local iteration count increases by 27.19% compared to LFDC, resulting in a 25.03% decrease in the HE gain evaluation as seen in Figure 7c. In summary, the LFDC algorithm with adaptive local iteration count can significantly enhance the training energy efficiency ratio, which means it can provide better cache performance under the same training consumption rate. Figure 5: Comparison of total training energy consumption. Figure 6: Comparison of HE gain obtained by using distribution DRL, LFDC and FedAvg with the epochs (time) increasing. Finally, we compare the cache performance and HE gain under different step sizes \(\eta\) in Figure 8. As the learning rate increases, the performance of cache hit efficiency does not change significantly. However, when the step size factor \(\eta\) is within the range of 0.001 to 0.01, the HE gain exhibits stable performance variations. Therefore, we use a step size of \(\eta\) = 0.01 as an empirical value to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the algorithm.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Theoretical Investigation
#### 2.1.2 Lateral Capacity of Helical Pile  
In addition to the axial forces, the helical piles were subjected to lateral forces also as discussed earlier. One of the helical pile manufacturers Hubbell/Chance [28] said that it is necessary to evaluate the helical pile under lateral loading conditions for a better understanding of these anchors. Several studies on helical anchors were conducted to determine lateral capacity by taking into account size, location of the upper helical plate, and number of plates [13,15,19,22]. From the results obtained, it is found that the helical pile offers 1.2 to 3 times greater lateral resistance than a straight or conventional pile without a helical plate.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [22] conducted an experimental investigation to determine the lateral capacity of a helical pile and suggested an equation to derive lateral capacity considering various resisting forces acting on the pile when lateral load is applied. The various forces include lateral resistance from the soil on the shaft of the pile, bearing resistance at the bottom of the helical plate, uplift resistance force on top of the helical plate and frictional resistance at the surface of the helical plate. Considering these forces acting on the helical pile, the equation to determine the lateral capacity of a helical pile having four helical plates is given by  
\[Q_{L}=c_{u}d(18X-10.5d-9L) \tag{3}\]  
The distance to point of rotation \(X\) by moment equilibrium from the ground surface is given by  
\[X=-e+[(324d^{2}e^{2}+36 dM)^{0.5}/18d] \tag{4}\]  
where,  
\[\begin{array}{c}M=10.5d^{2}e+9 Led+10.5d^{3}+4.5 dL^{2}+K_{2}(pu_{1}+pu_{2}+pu_ {3}+pu_{4}+\\ pb_{1}+pb_{2}+pb_{3}+pb_{4})/c_{u}K_{1}\alpha(h_{4}+h_{3}-h_{2}-h_{1})\end{array} \tag{5}\]  
where, \(K_{1}=2\pi\big{(}R^{2}-r^{2}\big{)}\) and \(K_{2}=2\frac{[R^{4}/4+r^{4}/3-r^{4}/4-rR^{3}/3]}{R-r}\).  
Where, \(R\) = radius of helical plate (m); \(r\) = shaft radius (m); \(e\) = eccentricity of loading from ground surface (m); \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), \(h_{3}\), \(h_{4}\) = height of first (top), second, third, and fourth (bottom) helixes from ground surface respectively in (m); \(pu_{1}\), \(pu_{2}\), \(pu_{3}\), and \(pu_{4}\) = ultimate uplift resistances on helical plates 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and \(pb_{1}\), \(pb_{2}\), \(pb_{3}\), and \(pb_{4}\) = ultimate bearing resistance of four helical plates. Figure 3 shows the various forces acting on a helical pile in remolded clay when subjected to lateral load.  
Similarly, the equations for the helical piles with different numbers of plates are obtained by reducing the above equation accordingly. The results obtained using this equation have good agreement with the results from experimental work, but it is still required to verify them with field investigation results [22]. Later in this paper, the above equation is used to estimate the lateral capacity of a helical pile and is compared with the numerical results for validating purposes.
# A Method for Modeling and Testing Near-Real-Time System Scenarios
## 4 Modeling the System Scenarios with Finite-State Machines
### System Dynamics Modeling with Communicating Extended Finite-State Machines  
Communicating extended finite-state machines are finite-state machines often used to model a communications protocol because they can detect major protocol design flaws, including constraints and deadlocks.  
CEFSMs can be more powerful than finite-state machines in situations where several messages can be transmitted simultaneously. CEFSMs are multiple EFSMs with communication channels between them. This structure gives the capability of modeling safety-critical systems that consist of multiple components modeled as EFSMs. A CEFSM is defined as a tuple \(Q=(S,s_{0},E,P,T,A,M,V,C)\) ([PERSON] and [PERSON] [30]), where the tuple's elements are:  
\(S\): a finite set of states;  
\(s_{0}\): an initial state;  
\(E\): a set of events;  
\(P\): a set of predicates;  
\(T:SxPx\to SAxxM\): a set of transition functions;  
\(A\): a set of actions;  
\(M\): a set of communicating messages;  
\(V\): a set of variables;  
\(C\): a set of input/output communication channels.  
A predicate is presented as \(P=(e,[conditions],a,m)\), where the condition is constructed using variables, where \(e\in E,a\in A,m\in M\).  
CEFSM communication channels correspond to the orthogonal states of state machines in the UML language, hence the analogy between these models is obvious. When modeling the system using CEFSM machines, a transformation to the EFSM model should be performed for the description of orthogonal states. For the EFSM model, coverage can be easily determined using path-coverage tests. This article presents a method of transforming state machines in the UML format to EFSM machines, using an intermediate stage based on modeling using sequence diagrams.
# Polynomial Cancellation Coded DFT-s-OFDM for Low-PAPR Uplink Signaling
## 3 Analysis of PCC-DFT-s-OFDM  
### Time-Domain Aspect  
Applying the moving average to the output of OFDM at transmitters is a simple and effective method for reducing the envelope fluctuation of OFDM signals (e.g., [27]). However, similar to other time-domain-oriented schemes, this causes severe inter-carrier-interference (ICI) and out-of-band radiation that degrades the performance of the BER and causes an adjacent channel leakage ratio because of the loss of orthogonality. In other words, a typical moving average is an exceptionally good smoothing filter, but an exceptionally poor low-pass filter. Despite this, PCC-DFT-s-OFDM can be introduced as a moving average-like technique while maintaining well frequency localization owing to its differential property [23]. To demonstrate this innovation in the time domain, we substituted (1) into (3) and obtained the following equation:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}x_{n}&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{M}}\sum\limits_{m=0}^{M-1}\!\!\!\!\! \!
# Effective Monoaural Speech Separation through Convolutional Top-Down Multi-View Network
## 3 Presented Method: ESC-MASD-Net  
With SuDoRM-RF++ as the archetype, this study proposes a new speech separation framework, ESC-MASD-Net; the flowchart is depicted in Figure 2. Comparing Figure 2 with Figure 1a, ESC-MASD-Net modifies SUDORM-RF++ in two distinct stages in the separator: first, it substitutes the point-wise convolution after the GLN process with a residual conformer (ResCon) block; second, it adds a multi-view attention (MA) block after the serial U-ConvBlocks. In the following, we introduce the operations of ResCon and MA blocks, which are two fundamental blocks of MANNER [14], a highly-effective speech enhancement framework.  
Figure 2: Flowchart of effective speaker separation through convolutional multi-view attention and SuDoRM-RF network (ESC-MASD-Net).