## 2 Materials and Methods
### Load Profile  
The estimation of the loads was performed through the census of the plants and laboratory machineries. The evaluations were made by acquiring data on the occupation of laboratories and offices by students and teachers. In Italy, a law regulates the periods in which the heating systems are turned on, dividing the country into climatic zones. Palermo is inserted in climate zone B [26]; therefore, heating is guaranteed from 1 December to 31 March. Furthermore, since the department is destined for scientific studies, the consumption of refrigerators, machinery and heating and cooling systems were evaluated. In particular, the heating and cooling plant is currently active 24 h a day for a period of 6 months; in the case of the zoology museum, the plant is active during the entire year [27]. Customizing modelling tools for recent buildings involves oversimplification, neglecting elements of the architectural language of the past, such as footings, cornices, portals, cornices and the shape of the windows; this affects the thermal results by underestimating the non-negligible thermal bridge effects, or by introducing errors in the interpretation of the results. Among the most significant intrinsic limitations are those related to heat and mass transfer processes. Furthermore, very often the collection of stratigraphic data can be difficult and various hypotheses must be made. The integration of the energy model must therefore be carried out through data collected on site. In this research work the on-site detection of thermal conductance was carried out by using the progressive average method in order to compare the values between actual performance and simulations. Analysis of the Building Envelope: On-Site Detection of Thermal Conductance Using the Progressive Average Method  
A thermal conductance test was carried out on the wall of the building corresponding to the addition of 1952-1953. The measurement of the thermal transmittance in situ with the heat flow meter is a standardized procedure applied to the opaque surfaces of a building. It is based on the analysis of the thermal flow that passes through the architectural structure as well as the internal and external surface temperatures (UNI EN 9869-1:2015) [28]. In the preliminary phase, an area of the building was identified far from heat sources, shafts and any thermal bridges for intermittent use; for this reason, the corridor on the second floor was chosen as a suitable place for the test. The analysis was carried out by placing two probes on the internal surface of the perimeter infill under investigation, and a second pair of probes outside the structure. These instruments, connected to an internal plate, are used to calculate the internal and external surface temperature (see Figure 5). Figure 5: Temperature variations in the survey period. Data were collected for 17,636 steps per hour. In the analysis period, barring sporadic exceptions, the range of variation in the external surface temperature overlaps that of the internal surface temperature, as shown in the graph below. This circumstance has a very negative impact on the success of the test. The graph also shows a relative stability of the temperature (especially internal) before exceeding eight thousand readings. For this reason, subsequent data have been discarded. The data corresponding to the first days of the survey were also discarded, because the calculation of the conductance recorded excessive peaks, due to the overlap between the two temperature values. Taking these observations into account, 6336 steps were analyzed, corresponding to twenty-two days of measurements (since the measurements were recorded every five minutes). The conductance was calculated using the progressive average method (paragraph 7.1 of the UNI EN 9869-1:2015 standard). Considering the last calculation value, the conductance is \(\Lambda\) = 1.27 W m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K \({}^{-1}\) (R = 0.79 m\({}^{2}\cdot\)K\(\cdot\)W\({}^{-1}\)).