esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
In order to achieve accurate prediction of subsurface damage (SSD) in ultra-precision grinding of high-performance ultra-violet laser-irradiated fused silica optics, the paper combines damage precursor multimodal measurement technology with magnetorheological finishing spot method detection. Various methods such as photothermal weak absorption and fluorescence confocal imaging are used for measuring the surface roughness and subsurface damage depth of a series of fused silica samples prepared under different ultra-precision grinding parameters. The correlation between surface roughness and subsurface damage depth in ultra-precision grinding based on laser damage performance is established using curve fitting. The results indicate that there is a metamorphic layer below the subsurface crack layer, which can cause additional photothermal absorption. Subsurface damage is constituted of the subsurface crack layer and metamorphic layer. Under ultra-precision grinding conditions, the maximum depth of subsurface damage is generally 2.00-4.22 times the depth of the subsurface damage cluster. The roughness Ra and the subsurface damage cluster depth correspond to \(\text{SSD}_{\text{(cluster)}}=195\times\text{Ra}-0.13\). The maximum depth of subsurface damage can be predicted by measuring the Ra value, by which accurate prediction of defect depth in ultra-precision grinding and guiding the high-performance manufacturing of ultra-violet laser-irradiated fused silica optics can be achieved. ultra-precision grinding; subsurface damage; fused silica; damage precursor multimodal measurement 2024  
T1  
damage through surface roughness [7]. [PERSON] et al. analyzed the PV linear relationship between subsurface damage depth and surface roughness based on indentation fracture mechanics theory [8; 9]. [PERSON], [PERSON] and, [PERSON] et al., have established empirical formulas for the linear proportional ratio of subsurface damage depth and surface roughness based on experimental data [10; 11]. On the basis of [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. established a theoretical nonlinear model to predict the depth of subsurface damage and studied the subsurface crack depth and surface roughness of BK7 glass after grinding and lapping, verifying the accuracy of the nonlinear model [10; 12]. [PERSON] et al. established a nonlinear relationship model between subsurface damage depth and surface roughness Rz during BK7 grinding, which can not only evaluate the subsurface damage depth, but also guide the optimization of grinding parameters to reduce subsurface damage [13]. Researchers have carried out extensive and profound research on the relationship model between subsurface damage and surface roughness, and subsurface damage depth is well predicted in coarse grinding and even in finish grinding [14; 15; 16; 17]. With the progress of grinding technology [18; 19], however, the removal mechanism of grinding materials has gradually changed [20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25], and the removal mechanism of fused silica in ultra-precision grinding is at the stage of plastic embrittlement transition.
# Reconstruction of Missing Data in Weather Radar Image Sequences Using Deep Neuron Networks
## 5 Conclusions and Discussion
(2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Strong Spatiotemporal Radar Echo Nowcasting Combining 3 DCNN and Bi-Directional Convolutional LSTM. _Atmosphere_**2020**, _11_, 569. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Bidirectional Convolutional LSTM Neural Network for Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution. _Remote Sens._**2019**, _11_, 2333. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2016) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] Fast optical flow using dense inverse search. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 8-16 October 2016; pp. 471-488. * [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2004) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Development of a precipitation nowcasting algorithm based upon optical flow techniques. _J. Hydrol._**2004**, _288_, 74-91. [CrossRef]
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* [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2015) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Adam: A method for Stochastic Optimization. In Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference for Learning Representations, San Diego, CA, USA, 7-9 May 2015. * [PERSON] (1976) [PERSON] The Evaluation of Yes/No Forecasts for Scientific and Administrative Purposes. _Mon. Weather Rev._**1976**, _104_, 1209-1214. [CrossRef]
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* [PERSON] (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON] Temporal Interpolation of Geostationary Satellite Imagery with Task Specific Optical Flow. In Proceedings of the 1 st ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Deep Learning for Spatiotemporal Data, Applications, and Systems (DeepSpatial '20), Virtual Conference, 24 August 2020. * [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] DeepCloud: An Investigation of Geostationary Satellite Imagery Frame Interpolation for Improved Temporal Resolution. In Proceedings of the 19 th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing, Zakopane, Poland, 12-14 October 2020. * [PERSON] et al. (2020) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Small and slim deep convolutional neural network for mobile device. _IEEE Access_**2020**, \(8\), 125210-125222. [CrossRef]
* [PERSON] et al. (2017) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] MemNet: A Persistent Memory Network for Image Restoration. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy, 22-29 October 2017; pp. 4549-4557. * [PERSON] et al. (2018) [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Deep Residual Network with Sparse Feedback for Image Restoration. _Appl. Sci._**2018**, \(8\), 2417. [CrossRef]
# Direct-Write Spray Coating of a Full-Duplex Antenna for E-Textile Applications
## 1 Introduction
A recent textile antenna made of screen-printed nonwoven fabrics laminated with a TPU web was reported, and a novel dual-port design was used to improve the isolation with enhanced bandwidths [23]. The antenna showed a low profile and an SAR \(<\) 0.37 W/kg [23]. However, there is still room for improvement regarding the flexibility of these antennas. Current literature focuses on the metallic layers in textile-based antennas rather than the substrate itself. The essential dielectric layers in textile-based antennas play a big role in the antennas' performance. Since the inherent porous structure of textiles limits the ability to achieve a high dielectric constant, it is necessary to reduce the surface wave losses and improve the antenna's bandwidth [24]. A higher substrate dielectric constant is also needed for the downsizing of antennas [7]. Although knit fabrics constructed with yarn loops and large air voids are widely used in daily clothing due to their flexibility and comfort, they typically have very low dielectric constants due to the highly porous structure [25]. This characteristic limits their application as substrates for wearable antennas. In this work, a multifunctional full-duplex textile-based antenna is introduced with dual ports and a highly flexible nonwoven and knit composite antenna substrate. The antenna is fabricated with a screen-printed patch and ground on a nonwoven fabric and sandwiched onto knit fabrics with a spray-coated dielectric layer. Spray coating is a high-throughput direct-write method that can drive film deposition on a printed substrate to change its dielectric properties. It has been widely used due to its high speed (up to 200 mm/s). Additionally, inks with a wide range of viscosities from 0.7 to 2500 mPa s can be printed [26; 27]. To overcome the low dielectric constant of the knit fabric, a dielectric-particle-loaded ink was applied to the fabric by spray coating. The measurement results show that the radiation performance of the fabricated antenna is robust to structural deformation and agrees with the simulated results. By employing a new fabrication process and material system, a much more flexible antenna substrate can be achieved while, at the same time, its equivalent relative permittivity is increased. As a consequence, for the same design area, the effective wavelength is larger compared to our previously published work [23]. The fabricated antenna exhibits a 79 MHz bandwidth at a center frequency of 2.3 GHz with a remarkable 30 dB isolation between ports, which represents a 15 dB improvement in isolation compared to [23], and a relatively high gain of 9.12 dB compared with other textile antennas [22; 28; 29; 30; 31].
# On the Finite Element Modeling of the Lumbar Spine: A Schematic Review
## 3 Results
### Boundary-Loading Conditions and Validation  
With respect to boundary conditions, the inferior surface of the L5 vertebra or S1 level is blocked, preventing it from moving vertically along the loading direction while being left free to rotate in other directions [14; 15; 21; 24; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62].  
Concerning the loading conditions, a compression pre-loading conditions is often applied [13; 14; 15; 21; 24; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 57; 58; 59; 60; 61; 62]. The pre-load is usually a follower pre-load, though it can be a compressive load as well, mimicking the natural compressive load condition during upright standing. Other approaches to loading involve lateral bending and the extension or flexion moments. A downward vertical displacement setting may be used to simulate the effect of compression, and thereby the effect on intradiscal pressure. Torsion is applied as well.  
The action of the muscular trunk is schematized through the follower load generated by the spine. The path for the follower load can be created as a force passing through the instantaneous centers of spinal rotation. In a different way, it can be ensured that the force path follows the curvature of the spine; the follower force may be ignored for specific applications where this does not need to be simulated.  
The validation process of FE simulations generally follows the results obtained experimentally from samples of human vertebrae, though tests involving animal specimens can be a viable option as well. The experiments used for validation differ widely among different studies according to their specific testing characteristics and available in-house options. A number of experiments concern loading conditions on the spinal column based on the action of muscle forces. Other experiments involve the effects that a given loading condition has on the IDP or facet joints, while other allow for full investigate of the biomechanical response and stiffness of the seven main spinal ligaments and the collagen fibers of the intervertebral disc.  
Figure 4 shows several of the principal loading conditions to which the spine is subjected.
###### Abstract  
Background: Although elevation of the sinus can be considered a predictable procedure, it is nonetheless not free of complications, for which reason there is a constant search for new tools and techniques that may reduce these complications. The present study focused on maxillary sinus lifts performed on pig heads cadavers, using a new device with the balloon technique. **Materials and Methods**: Fifteen ex vivo adult pig heads were used in this experimental study. Sinus floor elevation was performed using the new balloon elevation control system, which consists of a syringe containing latex and serum as well as a system of burs for membrane access and control. Each lift was performed within a 3 min time frame while constant pressure was applied to allow the tissue to adapt to the tension. **Results**: In 100% of cases, perforations do not occur during aperture or in the elevation of the wall. In the global sample, there was histological elevation in 73.33% compared to 26.66% non-elevation (\(p=0.0268\)). **Conclusions**: Within the limits of this study, the maxillary sinus lifts employing the new device and the balloon technique were minimally invasive procedures. The elevations achieved proved sufficient to allow future placement of implants of varying lengths and diameters without risk of perforating the membranes, even in the presence of crests of less than 1 mm.  
balloon elevation; sinus floor elevation; schneiderian membrane; pigs head; ex vivo Article
## 1 Introduction
### Motivation  
A reliable and energy-efficient routing is one important research area. The link in LLNs is unreliable, but it is used to transmit valuable data. The data become vital in some conditions. Considering scenarios such as the healthcare sector, the physiological condition of the patients is monitored round the clock, especially in critical care units. Any little variation in their physiological health parameters would be critical. In that scenario, the communication needs to be reliable and in real time. Any delay in the communication would endanger life. Another environment would be safety, security and surveillance systems, where any behavioral anomaly has to be reported immediately to avoid serious damage. While the objective is to improve the reliability, other QoS parameters must also be satisfied. Those parameters are packet delivery ratio, throughput, convergence time, lifetime, energy consumption and so on. There are many researches focusing on this area, still, the optimum has not yet been achieved.  
* Contribution
* The RPL due to its wide usage and popularity has become the de facto standard routing protocol for LLNs in IoT. A wide range of research is going on to enhance the RPL for various environments.
* The enhancement methods are based on various components of RPL. The research work in this article is based on energy hole rectification-based transmission enhancement and energy-efficiency improvement mechanism for RPL.  
The main focus of research is on enhancement for reliability in critical environments. A study on the research gap also suggests this as one of the focus areas of research.
* To formulate a grid across the network and generate clusters in the area of grids formed in the network.
* To select CH, a bio-inspired approach is introduced; a Graph-Grid-based Convolution clustered neural network with fish swarm optimization (GG-Conv_Clus-FSO) is utilized.  
The rest of the research work is arranged as follows: the related mechanism in energy hole detection and their drawbacks are reviewed in Section 2; the proposed grid-based clustering with FSO for the detection of energy holes is illustrated in Section 3; simulation results are illustrated in Section 4; the research is concluded in Section 5.
# Radiation-Hardened 16T SRAM Cell with Improved Read and Write Stability for Space Applications
## 3 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Area Comparison  
To evaluate performance better, it is necessary to measure and compare the area of the cells. Hence, in this paper, the layouts for all comparison cells were reconstructed and the area comparison for all cells is presented in Table 1 along with other performance metrics. Furthermore, the layout of the proposed RHHS16T cell is shown in Figure 3. As can be seen from Table 1, the proposed RHHS16T occupies a larger area compared to other comparison cells due to the use of more transistors and the larger width of the pull-down and access transistors to improve read and write performance. However, despite the area consumption, the proposed RHHS16T cell demonstrates superior radiation robustness performance and provides higher reliability for the stored data by performing read and write operations that are more stable than the comparison cells.
## 3 Indoor Experiment
### Indoor Experimental Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location Estimation Method** & **MAE** & \begin{tabular}{c} **X-Change** \\ **Section** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **X-Y Change** \\ **Section** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **X-Z Change** \\ **Section** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Y-Change** \\ **Section** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IMU + Encoder Sensors} & X MAE (m) & 0.11 & 0.19 & 0.28 & 0.36 \\ \cline{2-6}  & X MAE (m) & 0.10 & 0.14 & 0.19 & 0.20 \\ \hline LiDAR + Encoder & X MAE (m) & 0.03 & 0.43 & 0.46 & 2.66 \\ \cline{2-6} Sensors & Y MAE (m) & 0.03 & 0.31 & 0.35 & 2.12 \\ \hline IMU + LiDAR + Encoder & X MAE (m) & 0.03 & 0.08 & 0.11 & 0.13 \\ \cline{2-6} Sensors & Y MAE (m) & 0.03 & 0.05 & 0.06 & 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Experiment results of the autonomous robot’s indoor location estimation at each section. was a straight road in all areas of the X-Y-change and Y-change sections, as well as some areas of the X-Z-change and Z-change sections. In the longitudinal/lateral velocity graph from Figure 9c,d, the IMU + LiDAR + encoder sensors showed a similar flow to the LiDAR + encoder sensors in the X-change section, and showed a similar flow to the IMU + encoder sensors in the steering change section. The LiDAR + encoder sensors showed relatively little change in lateral and longitudinal velocity compared to the other two methods. In particular, in the Y-change section, the lateral velocity should be higher than the longitudinal velocity  
Figure 8: Comparison of the pathways estimated by the IMU + encoder sensors and the actual driving path of the autonomous driving robot in the Z-axis terrain. Figure 9: Comparison of the longitudinal and lateral absolute errors ((**a**) and (**b**)) and the longitudinal and lateral velocities ((**c**) and (**d**)) between the three (LiDAR + encoder, IMU + encoder, and IMU + LiDAR + encoder sensors) location estimation methods. because the robot is driven along the Y axis after rotating approximately 90\({}^{\circ}\), but the LiDAR + encoder sensors drive at an almost constant speed in all sections. It is assumed that the LiDAR sensor cannot recognize that the robot is driving after it turns at a large angle. On the other hand, for the IMU sensors, the robot's rotation can be recognized to confirm that the longitudinal speed is reduced and the lateral speed is increased.
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions
Vertical-to-horizontal UHS ratios were also calculated and compared to Eurocode 8 recommendations and two sets of empirical GMPEs that were developed by other authors for California [15] and former Yugoslavia [16]. These two sets of GMPEs were the only ones we could find that considered the effects of both local soil and deep geology on vertical spectral amplitudes. While our results are in good accordance with those of two other GMPEs, it was shown that the vertical to horizontal \(PSA\) ratios for all the vibration periods are underestimated by Eurocode 8 Type 2 spectra. The biggest divergence may be seen at \(T=2.0\) s, where the empirical ratios were 2.6 to 3.0 times higher than what Eurocode 8 predicted. The usage of Eurocode 8 Type 1 spectra, on the other hand, would result in an overestimation of vertical spectra. This overestimation would be twice the empirical ratios for \(T=0.05\) s.  
All the results of this study indicate that the vertical design spectra should be defined directly as uniform hazard spectra calculated by using the empirical GMPEs for vertical ground motion. Even though the number of ground motion accelerograms recorded at deep soil sites in the north-western Balkans is not large, the results that are presented in this paper can be considered a first step toward defining more accurate \(PSA_{vert}\) estimates for the case study area of Osijek. As more strong motion data for the vertical direction becomes available, it will be simple to update the GMPEs and recalculate the seismic hazard. Conceptualization, B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; methodology, B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; validation B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; formal analysis B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; investigation: B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; resources B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; writing--original draft preparation: B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. ; final writing--review and editing: B.D.B., M.H.-N. and G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Monitoring and Detection Technology of SF\({}_{6}\) and Its Decomposition Components
### Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS)
#### 3.2.1 Microphone Photoacoustic Spectroscopy  
If the minimum detection limit of SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) and SOF\({}_{2}\) can reach 2 ppmv, then the detection accuracy of GIS can be achieved. [PERSON] et al. [25] used the MIR (mid-infrared spectroscopy) distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) and electronic microphone, and a steel resonant optical sound unit (PAC) was designed and manufactured. SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) and SOF\({}_{2}\) were measured at 6648 nm and 7463 nm. The minimum detection limitation of SO\({}_{2}\)F\({}_{2}\) and SOF\({}_{2}\) is 0.22 ppmv and 0.28 ppmv, respectively, which can meet the precise requirements required for GIS gas detection.  
Carbon monoxide (CO), as a trace characteristic component, is usually used to identify superheated insulation defects in GIS equipment. Since leaked SF\({}_{6}\) gas and various by-products may be cross-absorbed in the mid-infrared (MIR) region, making it difficult to distinguish, which interferes with the monitoring results and affects identification accuracy. In this case, the accuracy of the detection results does not meet the <1 ppmv detection requirements of the SF\({}_{6}\) gas insulation equipment [26; 27]. [PERSON] et al. [28] demonstrated the SF\({}_{6}\)-enhanced vibration-translational relaxation process in the near-infrared region based on PAS and realized that the minimum detection limit of CO is 467.5 ppb. [PERSON] et al. [16] fabricated a multi-component gas sensor by the near-infrared (NIR) or ultraviolet (UV) spectral region emitting excitation sources and resonant photoacoustic unit (PAC) for online monitoring (Figure 3a), and CO, H\({}_{2}\)S, and SO\({}_{2}\) were detected and quantitatively measured by time-division multiplexing (TDM) methods. The minimum detection limits for CO, H\({}_{2}\)S, and SO\({}_{2}\) were 435 ppb, 89 ppbv, and 115 ppbv, respectively.