## 3 Results
The geometry of the left ventricle models that mimic (**a**) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and (**b**) dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cases. Geometric parameters of the base and connecting part, along with valves (mitral and aortic), are notated. (**c**) Diagram of prescribed inlet velocity at the mitral valve cross-section and outlet velocity at the aortic valve cross-section. (**d**) Helical muscle fibres inside a solid wall. Left ventricular pressure-volume (PV) loops can be significant indicators of different systolic or diastolic dysfunctions or valve diseases. The PV diagram is generated by plotting the left ventricle pressure (LVP) against the left ventricle volume (LV Vol) within the cardiac cycle. The change in pressure and volume is measured in the base zone of the parametric LV model. Additional indicators that are commonly used are (a) stroke volume, represented as the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one cardiac cycle, and (b) the ejection fraction (EF), the proportion of the blood ejected by the heart. The EF is usually calculated using the equation (EDV-ESV)/EDV, where EDV is the end-diastolic volume (EDV), while ESV is the minimum left point as the end-systolic volume [33]. To show the applicability of the model, hypothetic scenarios are assumed using triangular, parabolic, and steep Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration functions as shown in Figure 5a. Additionally, shifted and wider parabolic Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration profiles are shown in Figure 5b. The effects of hypothetic triangular, parabolic, and steep Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration functions on the PV diagram for the HCM model are shown in Figure 6a, while the effect of shifted and wider parabolic Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration profiles on the PV diagrams are shown in Figure 6b. Since digoxin can increase myocardial contractility, while Entresto can affect the elasticity and stiffness of the walls of the blood vessels and heart chambers, we also examine the influence of wall stiffness on the cardiac cycle. The nominal wall stiffness of  
Figure 5: (**a**) Triangular, parabolic, and steep Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration change diagrams. (**b**) Shifted and wider parabolic Ca\({}^{2+}\) change. Figure 6: Effects of concentration profiles on PV diagrams in the HCM model for (**a**) triangular, parabolic, and steep Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentrations, and (**b**) shifted and wider parabolic Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentrations. Effects of different (**c**) wall stiffnesses and (**d**) velocities in HCM model on PV diagrams. the heart myocardium is represented by the average constitutive curves in Figure 2a,b. In the case of the HCM model, the PV diagrams for 50%, 80%, 120%, and 130% of the nominal wall stiffness are shown in Figure 6c. Disopyramide can affect the LV ejection flow, while digoxin can affect the blood pressure. These conditions can be simulated by changing the values of the inlet and outlet velocities at the mitral and aortic valves. The nominal inlet and outlet velocity functions that are prescribed at the mitral and aortic cross-section are already shown in Figure 3a. We investigated the effects on the PV diagram of 120% and 75% of the nominal inlet velocities while keeping the outlet velocity unchanged (Figure 3a--outlet velocity), and the effects of 120% and 75% of the nominal outlet velocity with unchanged nominal inlet velocity values (Figure 3a--inlet velocity). The influence of the velocity variations on the PV diagrams, in the case of the HCM model, is shown in Figure 6d. The same analysis is performed for the DCM model from Figure 3b. The effects of triangular, parabolic, and steep Ca\({}^{2+}\) inlet concentration functions on the PV diagrams are shown in Figure 7a. In the case of a shifted and wider parabolic Ca\({}^{2+}\) concentration (Figure 6c), the PV diagrams are shown in Figure 7b. The PV diagrams for 50%, 80%, 120%, and 130% of nominal wall stiffness are shown in Figure 7c (nominal value shown in Figure 4). In Figure 7d, we present the influence of changes in the inlet and outlet velocities on the PV diagrams.