## 3 Results
### Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in SF and SSF Extracts in Different Solvents  
All biological organisms, from plants to marine algae, produce reactive oxygen species that induce oxidative stress during the process of electron transfer, and thus they possess a variety of defense components to remove such species and for self-protection. These include antioxidants such as glutathione and ascorbic acid as well as antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and APX [63,64]. The SOD, CAT, and APX activities were measured for the SF and SSF extracts. The SOD activity of SF and SSF methanol extracts was 3.12 unit/mg and 9.95 unit/mg, respectively, which was higher than that of the other extracts (Figure 2a). In all extraction solvents, the SOD activity was higher for SSF than that for SF, with 3.6-fold, 3.2-fold, and 1.4-fold higher activity in SSF ethanol, methanol, and water extracts compared to that of respective SF extracts. The CAT activity showed a similar trend as the SOD activity (Figure 2b). The CAT activity was higher in methanol extracts of both SF and SSF compared to that of their ethanol and water extracts. The CAT activities in SSF methanol (1.84 unit/mg) and ethanol extracts were 2.9-fold and 1.7-fold higher, respectively, than that of corresponding SF extracts. On the contrary, the CAT activities in SF and SSF water extracts were 0.05 unit/mg and 0.02 unit/mg, respectively, indicating a markedly lower level than that of ethanol and methanol extracts. The APX activity, similar to SOD and CAT activities, was the highest in methanol extracts. The APX activity levels in SF extracts decreased according to the extraction solvent in the order methanol, ethanol, and water (2.38, 1.56, 1.54 unit/mg, respectively), whereas that for SSF extracts decreased in the solvent order methanol, water, and ethanol (5.01, 2.05, 1.63 unit/mg, respectively). Notably, the highest APX activity (5.01 unit/mg) was shown by the SSF methanol extract at a 2.1-fold higher level than theSF methanol extract (Figure 2c). The APX activity in SSF ethanol extract was 1.3-fold higher than that of SF ethanol extract, whereas the activity did not significantly vary between their water extracts. Seaweed is considered a rich source of several types of protein and protein derivatives, such as enzymes, peptides, glycoproteins, lectins, and mycosporine-like amino acids [65]. The chemical composition of seaweed depends on the seaweed species and can be altered according to the extraction method, such as heat treatment, and extraction time [66]. Temperature is a major factor that has to be taken into consideration during the extraction of seaweed protein as it affects enzyme activity, protein integrity, and solubility of cellular components, including cell wall polysaccharides [67]. High temperatures can also lead to the degradation or formation of compounds, protein denaturation, and catalysis of reactions, including the hydrolysis of polysaccharides and proteins into smaller molecules [68]. In this study, although protein denaturation in SF and SSF water extracts was a possibility, the results of quantifying SOD, CAT, and APX activities suggested that numerous antioxidants in both extracts contributed to the removal of active oxygen. [PERSON] et al. [69] examined SOD-like activity in ethanol extracts _of Codonopsis lancolata_ subjected to different numbers of steaming processes and found the highest activity at 72.2% in the sample after seven processes compared to that of the control; based on these findings, the elution level of bioactive substances in _Codonopsis lancolata_ was considered to be influenced by steaming. In addition, [PERSON] et al.