# Clinical Applications of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Dentistry
## 7 Conclusions and Prospect
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**Field of Employment** & **Targets** & **The Parameter of LIPUS** & **Effect** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{ECM protein in hPDLSCs} & osteoblasts, cells in periodontal ligament and gingival epithelium & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for four weeks & periodontal wound healing and bone repair & [PERSON], [PERSON] [129] \\  & & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 30 min/day in a 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C water bath & Promote the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and induce the periodontal ligament & [PERSON], [PERSON] [14] \\ \cline{2-5}  & unfolded protein reaction (UFR) in PDLSCs & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 30 min/day & Enhance the osteogenic ability of PDLSCs and reduce the inflammatory response & [PERSON], [PERSON] [17] \\ \cline{2-5}  & NF-kB pathway & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30, 60, 90 mM/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 15 min/day for 7 days & Facilitate the immunogenicity and osteogenic ability of hPDLSCs & [PERSON], [PERSON] [26] \\ \cline{2-5}  & TWIST1/SDF-1 signaling pathway & Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 30 min/day & Promote PDLSCs migration & [PERSON], [PERSON] [29] \\ \cline{2-5}  & P38 MAPK pathway & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 6 h & Contribute to PDLs osteogenic differentiation & [PERSON], [PERSON] [34] \\ \cline{2-5}  & bone morphogenetic protein-smad signaling & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day & Accelerate PDLCs osteogenic differentiation & [PERSON], [PERSON] [36] \\ \cline{2-5}  & miR-182 & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 90 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 30 min/day & Enhance PDLCs osteogenic differentiation & [PERSON], [PERSON] [39] \\ \cline{2-5}  & HGF & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 5 min/day of 10 min/day for 1–4 weeks & Promote HGF differentiation & [PERSON], [PERSON] [43] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{OTM} & HGF/Runc2/BMP- signaling pathway & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day & Accelerate OTM and alveolar bone remodeling & [PERSON], [PERSON] [59] \\ \cline{2-5}  & OITR & OPG, RANKL, Cox-2 Intensity: 30\% \(\pm\) 30\% mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 30\% & Pulse frequency: 1.5% \(\pm\) 5\% MHz Intensity: 30\% \(\pm\) 30\% mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 4 weeks & OITR inhibition and repair & [PERSON], [PERSON] [68] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Dental implant} & \multirow{2}{*}{local neuronal} & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 14 or 28 days & Facilitate peri-implant osseometization & [PERSON], [PERSON] [83] \\ \cline{2-5}  & Sos9, Collagen II, Aggrecan, VEGF & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 45 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 3 days & Promote the recovery of injury chondrocytes & [PERSON], [PERSON] [97] \\ \cline{2-5}  & HIF pathway & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 45 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 4 weeks & Reduce chondrocytes injury & [PERSON], [PERSON] [98] \\ \cline{2-5} TMJ-OA & \multirow{2}{*}{ZNT-9} & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 100 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 5 days a week & Protect chondrocytes & [PERSON], [PERSON] [99] \\ \cline{2-5}  & TGF-\(\beta\)1/Smad3 pathway & Pulse frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 6 weeks & Reduce inflammatory response & [PERSON], [PERSON] [101] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mandible fracture} & \multirow{2}{*}{BMP} & Pulse frequency: 15 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 4, 8, 14, 20 days & Promote bone repair & [PERSON], [PERSON] [115] \\ \cline{2-5}  & TGF-\(\beta\)1 and Smad 2, 3 & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days & Dentin-pulp-repair after injury & [PERSON], [PERSON] [122] \\ \cline{2-5}  & calcium transport-related proteins & Pulse frequency: 1.5 MHz Intensity: 30 mW/cm\({}^{2}\) Time: 20 min/day for 1, 3, 7, 14 days & Accelerate the formation of tertiary dentin & [PERSON], [PERSON] [123] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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