## 3 Research in Right-of-Way
### Measurement with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle  
Photogrammetric measurement with the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle consisted in taking a series of photos, which were then processed using a specialized program. A point cloud was generated, where each tracked point in the field received x, y and z coordinates. The raid was carried out using a quadcopter weighing over 1.3 kg. The equipment had a camera with a 1-inch 20 MP sensor. A mission with the following flight settings was planned over the area of revealed discontinuous deformations:  
- Flight trajectory (double grid) usually dedicated to 3D models;  
- Flight altitude of 60 m, which translates into a 1.5 cm field pixel;  
- Speed of 4 m/s;  
- Camera angle of 80 degrees;  
- Lateral and longitudinal coverage of photos of 80%. Figure 13: Graph of point ordinates for the observed measurement line with the division into the measurement methods used. The mission lasted about 18 min, during which 233 photos were taken. The photogrammetric processing began with the alignment of the photos and the identification of ground control points (previously measured with a GNSS). This stage allowed for the generation of a dense point cloud. Due to the limitations of the processing equipment, the process was performed at medium precision settings. The obtained 3D model of the zone of linear discontinuous deformations on the tested road surface is shown in Figure 14.  
At the post-processing stage, a hypsometric map was also created (Figure 15) using the following color scale--from dark green (representing the lowest area) to orange (for the highest area). Following the location of the observation line, the course of the longitudinal profile was determined, starting from 1.1 km at point 23 to 1.35 km, represented by point 28. The elevation of the terrain with the marked area of deformation is shown in Figure 16.  
Figure 14: Three-dimensional visualization obtained as a result of the UAV flight over the zone of linear discontinuous deformations on the road surface. Figure 15: DEM model with a defined course of the longitudinal profile. Analysis of the Grade Line in the Identification of Discontinuities--The Use of Data from the UAV Raid  
The analysis of the identification of discontinuous deformations was started with the compaction of the measurement points, for which the location was obtained as a result of processing data from the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) flight. In the first stage, it was necessary to determine the optimal distance between the measurement points. As the stabilized field points were located at a distance of 50 m, it was decided to compact the measurement points starting from a distance of 20 m (point group \"a\") and then stepwise reduce the distance between the points--15 m (point group \"b\"), 10 m (point group \"c\") and 5 m (point group \"d\"). For each group of generated measurement points, the pavement surface heights (Figure 17a-d), the slope of the pavement surface (Figure 18a-d) and the curvature of the pavement surface of the measurement sections (Figure 19a-d) were determined. The heights of the pavement surface at individual points (groups from \"a\" to \"d\") were read from the hyposometric map (Figure 15). The next parameters describing the shape of the pavement surface were calculated on the basis of the read ordinates and the distance between the points, i.e., the slope according to Relation (1), and the curvature according to Relation (2), according to [7]. \[T=\frac{\Delta w_{AB}}{d_{AB}} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(T\)--slope/tilt between two points, \(A\) and \(B\);  
\(\Delta w\)--difference in subsidence between two points, \(A\) and \(B\);  
\(d\)--distance between two points, \(A\) and \(B\);  
\(A\), \(B\), \(C\)... --consecutive points forming the measurement line. \[K=\frac{T_{BC}-T_{AB}}{d_{av}} \tag{2}\]  
where:  
Figure 16: Longitudinal profile of the section shown in Figure 15 together with the marked section of the deformed road surface.