# Conceptual Design of an Extended Reality Exercise Game for the Elderly
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Existing VR Rowing Games  
Many existing commercial VR games serve younger users, and there are few products for the elderly. These games cover many topics, with virtual sports accounting for a large proportion, such as boxing, cycling, and ball sports. Although commercial VR rowing exercise games for the elderly were not found, a few studies have designed VR rowing  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Classify** & **Activities** & **Tasks** & **Targeting Parts** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[31]} & Physical & Ball sports & Handball & Upper body \\  & & & Football & Lower body \\  & & Gatekeeping & Whole body \\  & & Cognitive training & Elephant Feeding/Feather & \\  & & (local amusement park games) & Duster Throwing/Coin Tossing & \\  & & Cognitive training & Identify the appropriate items & \\  & & (’Home Items Locating’) & in the corresponding rooms & \\  & & Cognitive training & \\  & & (’Seven Must-Dos Before & Awareness safety training & Community- living skills \\  & & Leaving Home’) & \\  & & Cognitive training & \\  & & (’Hong Kong Footprint’) & Travelling & Reality orientation \\  & & Cognitive training & Taking public transport and & \\  & & (’MTR GO GO GO’) & going to different places & \\  & & Relaxing scenery experiences & Interacting with objects & \\  & & & and relaxing scenes & Mind and body \\ \hline
[43] & Physical & Dumbbell stretching exercise & Lifting the VR dumbbells & Upper body \\ \hline
[30] & Physical & Bowling & Bowling & Whole body \\ \hline
[44] & Physical & Balance training & Identify shape and colour in billboards & Whole body \\  & Mental & & and change orientations & Attention/working \\  & & & Actions to feed animals & memory/reasoning \\ \hline
[45] & Physical & Resistance exercise/ aerobic exercise/ flexibility exercise & Following actions & Whole body \\ \hline
[40] & Physical & Cycling & Cycling & Lower body \\  & Mental & Spatial navigation training & Spatial navigation by landmarks & Spatial navigation \\ \hline
[46] & Physical & Cycling & Cycling & Lower body \\  & Mental & Cognitive training & Recognizing objects or animals & Cognitive \\  & & Social communication & Collaborating/competing & Reducing the risk \\  & & & with other players & of social isolation \\ \hline
[47] & Physical & Cycling & Cycling & \\  & Mental & Cognitive training & Recognizing objects or animals & \\ \hline
[36] & Physical & Cycling & Cycling & Lower body \\ \hline
[48] & Physical & Cycling & Cycling & Lower body \\ \hline
[49] & Physical & Arm activity & Using arm movement to control & \\  & & & an unmanned aircraft & Upper body \\ \hline
[5] & Physical & Cycling (recumbent tricycle) & Cycling & Lower body \\  & & Planning route/finding & \\  & Mental & Cognitive training & landmarks/guessing & Cognitive \\  & & city name & Travelling & Memory \\ \hline
[50] & Physical & Balance training & Following objects/dodging & Lower body \\  & & & objects & \\ \hline
[3] & Physical & Falling risk assess & Following actions & Lower body \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Cont.  
training games for professional athletes. A VR game for the elderly with Alzheimer's and cognitive impairment involves rowing scenes [51]. The VR rowing games aimed at professional training have a few things in common: (1) a rowing machine is used as an external device to simulate the real rowing movement; (2) the use of posture and movement parts are relatively fixed, for full-body movement in a seated position (except the study by [PERSON] et al., for stance [52]); (3) the real-time monitoring of biofeedback data to analyse and adjust training, such as breathing [53] and heart rate [7; 54]; (4) no definite presentation device preference, immersive VR (HMD or CAVE) [6; 55] and non-immersive VR (large screen) are mentioned [7]; (5) the cooperative and competitive relationships in real rowing games are designed in VR rowing games [52].