## 1 Introduction  
There are numerous impacts of chemical fertilizer application on the environment [1]. They include the leaching of nutrients, soil acidification, salinity, and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the accumulation of chemical residues [2, 3]. However, there is a need to ensure the appropriate use of fertilizers during crop production in order to limit the environmental impacts of conventional farming practices [4]. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria can be found in the roots of most grain legumes, such as soybeans (_Glycine max_) and wheat (_Triticum aestivum_). Hence, fewer amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers are required to produce such crops [5]. However, certain cash crops, such as maize, require large amounts of N based on their energy, which differs by genotype. Studies have found that advanced cultivars that achieve optimum growth in nutrient-rich conditions but are exposed to chemical treatments and irrigation processes may not achieve an optimum yield with changes in environmental conditions [6; 7] and may also adapt to changes in environmental factors. In this respect, the challenge is to find a technology that can enhance crops with optimum productivity and fewer environmental impacts. Laser technology, among many other techniques, could be a viable option if incorporated into agricultural production systems [8]. Laser radiation has found applications in all spheres of engineering because of its essential characteristics, such as coherence, monochromatic, polarization, and power density [9]. However, these attributes also made it applicable in the biology and agriculture sectors. Upon exposure to laser radiation, specific changes occur in the physiological state of plants and seeds; depending on the type of laser radiation used, such changes can either encourage or inhibit the development of the seed or plant, as well as its intensity and wavelength [10]. The bioeffects of low laser power in pre-planted seeds, seedlings, or plants were confirmed by numerous studies using the seeds of various crops [3; 9; 11; 12]. These studies harmonically agreed on the positive effect that laser irradiation has on seed germination (such as corn and wheat), which is crucial in implementing a technology that is, first and foremost, efficient. [PERSON] [10] found that exposing maize seeds to blue laser light prior to sowing as a form of pre-treatment greatly increased the seedlings' emergence rate and seed emergence uniformity. Additionally, the radicle fresh weight, plumule length, fresh and dry weight, germination % rate, and seed vigor were all positively affected by laser irradiation [11]. The study AlSalhi [9] showed that low-powered argon and He-Ne lasers improved the growth and germination of wheat seeds while affecting their physiological and biochemical properties. Under conventional farming practices, higher agricultural yields are achieved through the extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery. These practices have been associated with severe environmental effects such as eutrophication [13; 14]. The LCA method is used to assess the environmental impacts because of its focus on the entire crop production process, from the source of the raw materials to the consumption of the product and disposal or recovery of the associated waste. LCA quantifies all the resources used in producing a product and the associated emissions or discharges to the environment [15]. This end is achieved by assessing two primary components: resource utilization and the level of pollutant emission or discharge [16; 17; 18]. A better benchmark for developing emission reduction strategies can be obtained by analyzing the environmental impacts of these cropping systems. The farm materials used and the path of N losses significantly differ depending on the crop management process employed. The reduction of pollutant discharge demand that future efforts be geared toward developing processes and techniques that optimize the use of chemical fertilizers without adverse impacts on crop yield and soil fertility.