## 4 Proposed Lightweight Authentication Based on Multi-Factor Hash Chain with T-OTP in VMF
### Configuration of Experimental Environments and Related Variables Based on VMF-Based CNR Networks
The VMF-based CNR networks are largely classified into an FM radio-based communication type and an All-IP-oriented non-FM radio-based communication type. The FM radio environment includes a hierarchical star cluster network such as \"brigade-battalion-company-platoon,\" and each commander-specific communication uses different frequency bands. The All-IP-based non-FM radio environment includes a ring-type network, determines upper, lower, and unmanned swarming communication based on WAN-LAN, and uses different frequency bands for each operation or set of military occupational skills (MOS). Therefore, by applying all these aspects, isolated closed radio networks within VMF-based CNRs and related ad hoc networks should be constructed. 4. The communication nodes are physically separated from the network, and only commander nodes, such as the brigade commander, battalion commander, company commander and platoon commander, can perform hierarchical sequential communication. In other words, in the FM radio environment, commander nodes other than the rank of platoon commander use two static radio channels instead of one, and squad members can communicate only to commanders in the same squad networks. Commander nodes in an All-IP-based non-FM radio environment have two IP classes themselves, such that they can simultaneously configure closed or open radio channels. All radio channels or IP addresses in FM and non-FM radio environments are not dynamically assigned, but are statically injected and maintained until the end of the operation. In addition, when an arbitrary commander node belonging to the lower cluster network requests communication from the upper commander, the lower node must directly join the upper network and change to the frequency of the upper cluster network. Therefore, all these aspects should be considered and applied. 5. The authentication variable values related to the LSH-based multi-factor hash chain with the T-OTP system are obtained in a form that is injected before the start of the tactical operation. In addition, wireless communication authentication in the cell-planning areas based on corps ground and air control stations is similarly considered. Therefore, all these aspects should be considered and applied. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Description** \\ \hline Number of static cells & 1–7 & Number of cell clusters with center \\ Number of nodes & 8–1200 & Number of participating nodes in CNRs \\ Execution time (s) & 120–259,200 (3 days) & Operation time in VMF-based CNRs \\ Join nodes & 0–200 & Number of join nodes in ad hoc \\ Withdrawal nodes & 0–30 & Number of withdrawal nodes in ad hoc \\ Bandwidth (kbps) & 2.4–192 & Frequency band size \\ Frequency & Declared according to bandwidth & Frequency band \\ Power (w) & 0.01–0.2 & Transmit and receiver power \\ Coverage & Declared according to power & Device communication coverage \\ Distance (m) & 1–3000 & Distance of transmission \\ Number of channels & 1–3 & Number of sessions for communication \\ Modulation & BPSK, QPSK & Modulation method \\ Data rate (bps) & 2400–7200 & Data transfer rate \\ MTT & 0.0–0.02 & Maximum transmit time \\ PER & 0.0–0.1 & Packet error rate \\ BER & 0.0–0.1 & Bit error rate \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Examples of communication parameters in physical layer-related VMF standards.