## 2 Food Safety Management Systems around the World
### Managerial Systematic Approach to Food Safety
#### 2.1.7 Constraints and Benefits: Third-Party Food Safety Schemes  
Globally, third-party food safety schemes are growing in popularity because they enable food businesses to demonstrate their commitment to food safety to customers, regulators, and other stakeholders. In implementing and complying with third-party food \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Examples of Micro-Organisms, Parasites, Toxins and Metabolites** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Raw meat: Carcasses of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses} & _Salmonella_ spp., _Escherichia coli, E.coli O157:H7, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacterohere jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum and C. perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus_ \\  & Parasites: _Toxoplasma, Trichinella, Taenia_ and _Sarcocystis_ \\  & Mycotoxins: Obtained from the animal through animal feed \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Carcasses of broilers and turkeys} & _Salmonella_ spp., _Escherichia coli, Campylobacterohere_ spp., _Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum_ and C. perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Milk and dairy products} & _Salmonella_ spp., _Escherichia coli, E.coli O157:H7, Campylobacterohere_ spp., _Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella spp._ \\  & Mycotoxins (aflatoxins M\({}_{1}\) and M\({}_{2}\)), toxins from _S. aureus_ and _C. botulinum_ (mainly from yogurt containing fruits or nuts) shelfish \\ \hline Egg products & _Enterobacteriaceae_ (mainly _Salmonela_ spp.), _L. monocytogenes_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fishery products} & _Staphylococcus_ spp., _Clostidium botulinum, Vibrio spp., Vibrio parahaemyolticus_, histamine-producing bacteria (_Proteus morgani_), _Enterobacter_ spp., _Citrobacter_ spp., _Salmonella_ spp., _Erysipelothrix rhusipotantiae_ \\  & Parasites: _Diphyllobothrium latatum, Clonorchis sinensis, Pseudoteranova_ spp. \\  & Toxins: _Sombrotoxin, Cigutera and Histamine_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{shellfish} & _Escherichia coli,_ \\  & Toxins: _Amnesic shelfish toxin_ (ASP), _Diarrhoetic shelfish toxin_ (DSP), _Neurotoxic shellfish toxin_ (NSP), _Paralytic shelfish toxin_ (PSP), _Cigutera_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Vegetables, fruits, and products thereof} & _Escherichia coli, Salmonella_ spp., _Shigella_ spp., _Listeria_ spp., _Staphylococcus_ spp. \\  & (mainly in mushrooms) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Toxins: _Mycotoxins_ (Patulin mainly in apples and apple juice, pears and peaches), _aflatoxins_ (mainly in figs), toxins from _Clostridium botulinum_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Cereals and nuts} & _Salmonella_ spp., _B. cereus, S. aureus_ \\  & _Mycotoxins_ (aflatoxins) \\ \hline Milk powder \& powdered infant formula, fruit, vegetables, cereals, starches, dry food \& Cronobacter_ spp. \\ \cline{1-1} meat products & \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Examples of Micro-organisms, Parasite, Toxins, and Metabolites [6]. safety schemes, however, both developing and developed nations face challenges and opportunities. Constraints: Implementing third-party food safety programs can be expensive, particularly for small-scale and low-income food businesses. Investing in infrastructure, training, audits, and certification may be necessary. Some third-party food safety schemes may have excessively stringent requirements, making it difficult for small and medium-sized businesses to comply. Complexity: Third-party food safety schemes may have complex requirements, and a lack of technical knowledge among businesses may impede their implementation and compliance. Access: Access to third-party food safety schemes may be limited in some regions due to transportation or geographical barriers, particularly in developing nations. Accrediting Bodies: Businesses and regulatory authorities may have little assurance of quality and consistency if certification bodies in different nations lack transparency, trust, and harmonization.