## 3 Health Benefits
### Antioxidant Activity
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Botanic** & **Experiment Design** & **Results** & **Ref.** \\ \cline{3-5}  & **Part** & & \(\downarrow\) ALT and AST & \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & Application of artichoke leaf extract (1.5 g/kg bw) in & \(\uparrow\) GSH and NO levels & [94] \\  & & paracetamol-induced Sprague–Dawley rats for 14 days & \(\uparrow\) SOD, GST and GR & \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & Utilization of artichoke leaf extract (300 mg/kg bw) male Wistar & \(\downarrow\) ALT, AST, LDH, ALP and CK & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & rats after hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury & \(\uparrow\) SOD, CAT and GPx & [95] \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & Application of hydroethanolic leaf extract of artichoke & \(\downarrow\) ALT, AST and ALP & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & (300 mg/kg bw; 6 weeks) in rats after induction of toxicity & \(\downarrow\) TG, VLDL-C and MDA & [96] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & with Pb & \(\downarrow\) Serum ALT, AST, GGT and ALP & \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Head} & Type 2 diabetes and NAFLD adults received 300 mg of artichoke & \(\uparrow\) GPx and SOD levels & [97] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & extract daily for 16 weeks & Improvement in RHI and Frhi & \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Head} & Adults with NAFLD treated with leaf artichoke extract & \(\downarrow\) Serum ALT and AST & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & (six tablets of 2700 mg) daily for 8 weeks & \(\downarrow\) TG and TC & [98] \\ \hline \multirow{3-5}{*}{Clinical trial} & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & Application of 600 mg artichoke extract in NAFLD adults for & \(\downarrow\) ALT and AST & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & 8 weeks & \(\downarrow\) TG and TC, HDL-C and LDL-C & [99] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\downarrow\) Total bilirubin, portal vein & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & diameter and liver size & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Prebiotic and anti-inflammatory effect} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{Head} & Short-term colonic fermentation analysis after application of & \(\uparrow\) Acetate, propionate and total & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\downarrow\) SCFA production & [100] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\uparrow\) _Lactobacillus_ spp. levels & \\ \hline \multirow{3-5}{*}{In vitro products} & By- & SCFA and lactic acid production after in vitro fermentation by & \(\uparrow\) Acetate, propionate and total & \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{products} & human fecal microbiota with artichoke by-products for 72 h & \(\uparrow\) Consumption of 54.6\% of substrate & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & by the fecal bacteria & \\ \hline \multirow{3-5}{*}{In vitro} & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & Application of artichoke leaf extract on Caco-2 cells (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/mL; 16 h) after in vitro colonic fermentations & \(\uparrow\) Hil-1\(\beta\) and TNF-\(\alpha\) & [102] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\uparrow\) Antioxidant capacity & \\ \hline \multirow{3-5}{*}{In vivo} & \multirow{2}{*}{Leaf} & TNBS-induced CD-1 mice treated with an intraperitoneal administration of artichoke leaf extract once per day for 4 days & \(\downarrow\) TNF-\(\alpha\) and ICAM & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & two doses (40 and 80 mg/kg bw) for 15 days & \(\downarrow\) HI-1\(\beta\) and IL-6 & \\ \hline \multirow{3-5}{*}{Clinical trial} & \multirow{2}{*}{Head} & \multirow{2}{*}{Very-long-chain inulin extracted from globe artichoke (10 g/d) on healthy adults for 3 weeks} & \(\downarrow\) _Bifidobacteria_, _Lactobacillus_ and & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & _Bacteroides–Prerotella_ & [105] \\ \cline{3-5}  & & on healthy adults for 3 weeks & No differences in fecal & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & SCFA production & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Hypoglycemic action} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{} \\ \cline{3-5}  & \multirow{2}{*}{In vivo Leaf} & Leaf aqueous extract (200 and 400 mg/kg bw) on & \(\downarrow\) Serum glucose & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\downarrow\) TC, TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C & \\ \cline{3-5}  & & & \(\downarrow\) Plasma MDA & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._