# Progress on the Application of Nanomaterial Expansion in Oil Displacement
## 4 Prospects of Nano-Expansion Technology  
Although nanomaterials have shown significant potential in the field of enhanced oil recovery, their application still faces multiple challenges: the current nano-oil displacement system has stability bottlenecks, such as interface deactivation, phase separation, and mechanical degradation in extreme reservoir environments, and the interface activity and emulsion stability of ordinary nanoparticles are insufficient. At the same time, the multi-scale transmission law and interface interaction mechanism of nanofluids in porous media have not been fully clarified, and the lack of intelligent optimization models restricts the precise regulation of engineering applications. In addition, biodegradability, low-cost preparation, and recycling technology for environmentally friendly nanomaterials still need to be achieved. These shortcomings need to be solved by material structure innovation,multidisciplinary cross-integration, and engineering verification system improvement. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following prospects. Discussion of Scalability, Economic Feasibility, and Practical Implementation: Nanomaterials enhance oil recovery by altering rock wettability, reducing interfacial tension, and improving foam stability, making them adaptable to various reservoir conditions. Furthermore, nanomaterials can be combined with traditional chemical agents to form nano-composite fluids, further optimizing oil displacement efficiency. However, their application is constrained by the need to match the diverse morphologies of nanomaterials with reservoir complexity. Future research should further evaluate the compatibility mechanisms between nanomaterials and reservoir conditions. Simultaneously, the low-cost and high-surface-area characteristics of nanomaterials provide cost advantages, but significant resources are still required for large-scale preparation and characterization techniques. Additionally, the stability issues of nanomaterials under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, and high salinity, increase development costs. Although some studies propose reducing complexity through simple material modifications, practical applications still require balancing performance with cost. The main challenges in the practical application of nanomaterials lie in their controllability, environmental impact, and long-term effectiveness assessment. Moreover, the risks of environmental release and the long-term ecological impacts of nanomaterials are not yet fully understood. Future research needs to focus on green synthesis methods, the design of smart-responsive materials, and field trial validation to advance the commercial-scale application of nano-EOR technology. Multi-Physics Coupling Seepage Mechanisms and Intelligent Prediction Model Development: It is critical to advance research on the cross-scale transport dynamics of nano-flooding systems in porous media. By integrating microfluidic experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and reservoir-scale numerical modeling, the dynamic transport characteristics of nanoparticles in heterogeneous pore networks and their interfacial interaction mechanisms can be systematically elucidated. Incorporating artificial intelligence algorithms to develop intelligent decision-making systems will enable dynamic optimization of key parameters such as nanofluid concentration gradients and injection rates, achieving visualized prediction and adaptive control of the displacement process. Development of Stable Nano-Systems for Extreme Reservoir Environments: To address the challenges of deep and ultra-deep reservoir development, there is an urgent need to design nano-flooding systems with high-temperature resistance (>150 \({}^{\circ}\)C), salt tolerance (TDS > 30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) mg/L), and high-pressure stability (>70 MPa).