## 3 Review Results
### Diffusion of Innovation Theory and ChatGPT Adoption in Higher Education  
The Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) Theory, developed by [PERSON] (1962), and the Technology Adoption Theory provide comprehensive frameworks for understanding how new technologies spread and are adopted within a population. These theories are particularly relevant in ChatGPT adoption in higher education as they offer insights into the various factors and stages that influence the uptake of innovative technologies among students and educators. This section reviews the confirmed and unconfirmed factors identified in empirical studies that apply these theories to adopting ChatGPT [41; 42]. The following paragraphs provide an in-depth discussion of the factors highlighted in previous research. **Relative Advantage:**  
Relative advantage refers to the degree to which ChatGPT is perceived as better than its predecessors or current alternatives. Studies have consistently shown that users are more likely to adopt the technology when they perceive a significant relative advantage in using ChatGPT, such as improved learning outcomes or efficiency in completing tasks. This factor highlights the importance of demonstrating clear benefits of ChatGPT to potential users. Educators and developers can drive the adoption rates by showcasing how ChatGPT can enhance academic performance, streamline processes, and provide superior support compared to the existing tools. The perceived superiority of ChatGPT in delivering tangible benefits plays a crucial role in its acceptance and integration in educational settings [43]. This underscores the need to communicate ChatGPT's advantages to encourage widespread use effectively. **Compatibility:**  
Compatibility is the extent to which ChatGPT aligns with the existing values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters. Empirical research has confirmed that higher compatibility with users' educational practices and goals positively influences the adoption of ChatGPT. When ChatGPT is perceived as fitting well within the current educational framework and meeting user expectations, its adoption is facilitated. The more seamlessly ChatGPT integrates into the established teaching and learning processes, the more likely educators and students are to embrace it. Ensuring that ChatGPT aligns with the curriculum, pedagogical methods, and institutional goals can significantly enhance its acceptance and usage in educational settings [21; 43]. The perceived alignment with the existing practices underscores the importance of designing and promoting ChatGPT to complement and enhance the current educational systems. **Complexity:**  
Complexity refers to the degree of difficulty in understanding and using ChatGPT. Studies have found that lower perceived complexity (i.e., higher ease of use) significantly enhances the likelihood of adoption. Users are more inclined to adopt ChatGPT if they find it easy to understand and integrate into their daily academic activities. Simplifying the interface and functionality of ChatGPT can make it more accessible and user-friendly, encouraging wider acceptance among students and educators. By reducing its complexity, developers can ensure that users can quickly grasp how to use ChatGPT effectively, promoting more frequent and confident use of the technology in educational settings [43]. This emphasizes the critical role of user-friendly designs in driving the adoption of innovative educational tools. **Trialability:**  
Trialability is the extent to which ChatGPT can be experimented with a limited basis before fully committing. Empirical evidence suggests that allowing users to try ChatGPT on a trial basis positively impacts their adoption decisions. This factor underscores the importance of providing opportunities for users to test and familiarize themselves with the technology [43]. **Observability:**  
Observability is the degree to which the results of using ChatGPT are visible to others.