esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Perceived Accessibility: Impact of Social Factors and Travel Modes in Melbourne's West
## 3 Results
### Perceived Safety  
As indicated earlier, this study adopted the whole-trip approach [28] to explore perceived safety in different circumstances while travelling to or waiting at stations/stops and while on board. For data parsimony, a PCA was conducted, yielding four components of perceived safety. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy measure (0.792) and [PERSON]'s test of sphericity (\(X^{2}\) = 1348.145, df = 91, \(p\) < 0.001) confirmed the suitability of the PCA (see Appendix A.3). As shown in Table 6, component 1 was about night-time safety, which was explained by three variables: safety when walking to/waiting at stations/stops and using public transport at night (B2, B4, B10). Component 2 reflected feelings of safety with surveillance and was measured by five items assessing safety in police presence, CCTV, and proper lighting (B5, B8, B13-B15). Component 3 related to accidents and crime safety  
Figure 3: Disagreement on perceived accessibility between younger and older adults.  
(B7, B11-B12), whereas component 4 focused on daytime safety (B1, B3, B9). The scores of each perceived safety component were derived by the arithmetic mean of the constituent variables and used for the subsequent analysis.  
The findings indicate that respondents had the highest safety perceptions under surveillance (i.e., CCTV, proper lighting and police presence, with a mean score of 4.2 out of 5), followed by daytime safety (4.0) with night-time safety being the most concerning for them, as shown by the lowest mean score of 2.8 (Table 6).
## 4 Multihoming and Interworking
### GLI-Split with Classic IPv6 Nodes  
The description of GLI-Split in Section 3 requires upgraded networking stacks for GLI-nodes. This is a major obstacle for its initial deployment. Upgrading the nodes can easily be achieved through system updates, which are frequently available for new equipment. However, it is hard to upgrade legacy equipment for which updates are not offered anymore. Thus, for incremental deployability of GLI-Split within GLI-domains, it is important to also accommodate classic IPv6 nodes without upgraded networking stacks. We describe additions to GLI-Split for that purpose. We show how the missing functionality of the classic IPv6 stacks can be compensated by modified behavior of the local DNS server and enhanced behavior of the GLI-gateways. We present an alternative mechanism for GAP based on stateful NAT, which is used for interworking with the non-GLI Internet in the multihomed case. Furthermore, we propose a method to handle local traffic that mistakenly uses global GLI-addresses, which may happen when a global GLI-address was obtained for the destination from a DNS server outside the GLI-domain.
# Wideband Circularly Polarized Filtering Hybrid Antenna
## 2 Antenna Configuration and Design  
Figure 1 shows the geometry of the proposed filtering CP antenna. It consists of a rectangular PVC container, four inverted L-shaped metals and a ground plane with a cross-feeding slot. Liquid ethyl acetate is contained in the container, and the properties of the liquid can be queried on the website [15]. Liquid ethyl acetate is a kind of organic solution with relatively stable radiation characteristics. The relative permittivity of ethyl acetate is about 6.6, and the loss tangent is about 0.02 in our working band. The transparent PVC container with size of 58 \(\times\) 58 \(\times\) 40 mm\({}^{3}\) has the thickness of 2 mm. The ethyl acetate as a transparent DR is placed on the middle of the substrate. When the antenna is not working, the liquid can be drawn out, which improves the stealthiness and reduces the radar cross section (RCS) of the antenna. The size and thickness of the substrate are 150 \(\times\) 150 mm\({}^{2}\) and 0.813 mm, respectively. The detailed configuration of the feeding network is shown in Figure 1c. The stepped feedline is used to flexibly adjust impedance matching. A U-shaped slot is etched on the first part of the feedline, and a C-shaped stub is loaded on the second part of the feedline to realize a band-pass property.
# A Review of Photothermal Detection Techniques for Gas Sensing Applications
## 6 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Configuration** & **Detected Gas** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pump Laser Type;_ \\ **Wavelength** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} _Pump Laser_ \\ **Power** \\ \end{tabular} & **NEC** & **Reference** \\ \hline Bulk-optics based HeNe & & & & & \\ Mach-Zehnder interferometer & CH3 OH & CO2 laser, 9.64 μm & 20 W & 3 ppbv & [18] \\ \hline Unfolded Jamin HeNe & & & & & \\ interferometer & NH3 & CO2 laser, 9.22 μm & 7 W & 250 ppbv & [22] \\ \hline Open-path fiber-based & & & & & \\ Mach-Zehnder interferometer & CO2 & & & & \\ \hline Fiber-based multipass-assisted & & & & & \\ Mach-Zehnder interferometer & CH4 & QCL, 7.2 μm & 50 mW & 10 ppmv & [32] \\ \hline HC-PCF-based Mach-Zehnder & & & & & \\ interferometer & C2H2 & & & & \\ \hline HC-PCF-based pulsed PT & & & & & \\ sensor with Sagnac loop & & & & & \\ interferometer & & & & & \\ \hline Intracavity PT sensor based on & & & & & \\ a HeNe laser & & & & & \\ \hline PT sensor with intracavity & & & & & \\ _pump_ signal enhancement & & & & & \\ \hline PT gas sensor in a intracavity & & & & & \\ mode-locked fiber laser & & & & & \\ configuration & & & & & \\ \hline Fabry-Perot & & & & & \\ interferometer-based PT gas & & & & & \\ sensor & & & & & \\ \hline Balanced detection & & & & & \\ Fabry-Perot & & & & & \\ interferometer-based PT gas & & & & & \\ sensor & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summarized sensitivities of PT gas sensors described in this review.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### SEM Images of the Welding Joints
The fibers at the boundary region are melted differently, which means that the heat caused by ultrasonic vibration varied along the edges. However, other defects are not seen in the welding area. Figure 9b,c shows the edge region between the welding area and the base fabric. The fibers on the left side are compressed, melted, and bond together clearly. On the other hand, the fibers on the right side still retain their shape and structure. Similar to the view from the front side view, the fibers in the edge region are not broken. Therefore, they can form the high strength of the welding joints. Figure 10 shows SEM images at a cross-section of the welding joints. At magnification \(\times\)100 (Figure 10a), the concave shape caused by the roller engraving of the upper fabric can be clearly observed. The curvature between the surface of the upper fabric and the surface of the welding area can be seen. This structure increases the linkage between the fibers of the upper fabric and the fibers of the welding region. In the welding area, some fibers are totally melted and solidified into a uniform medium, while the others are compressed and partially melted, as indicated in Figure 10b. In addition, the solidified region can be clearly seen with larger magnification (Figure 10c).
## 5 Parametric Analysis
### Relaxation Time of Maxwell Model  
The time-history curves of the radial deformation on the rock-lining interface (\(u_{\rm i}(\tau)\)) and the normalized supporting pressure provided by the lining (\(Q(\tau)/P_{0}\)) with respect to the relaxation time of the Maxwell model (\(t_{\rm m}\)) are shown in Figure 11. When \(t_{\rm m}\) increases from 0.025 \(t_{\rm m}\) to 0.100 \(t_{\rm m}\), both \(u_{\rm i}(\tau)\) and \(Q(\tau)/P_{0}\) decrease.
## 2 Materials and Methodology
### Evaluation of Leakage Management Efficiency and Determination of Formulation of Leakage
#### 2.3.1 Multiple Regression Analysis  
Multiple Regression Analysis is a type of regression analysis that estimates the relationship between variables using a statistical method. In regression analysis, there is an independent variable that is a cause and a dependent variable that is an effect. In this case, multiple regression analysis is a method of performing analysis on a regression model in which there is one dependent variable and two or more independent variables [14].  
In this study, the increase in the flow rate and the decrease in the leakage rate according to the data classification criteria were classified according to four input indicators (PR, MR, LR, LD), and the target formulation was derived according to the increase in the flow rate and the decrease in the leakage rate for the derived input indicators.
# Efficient Argan Tree Deforestation Detection Using Sentinel-2 Time Series and Machine Learning
## 3 Results
### Statistics and Analysis
#### 3.1.1 Optimizing Models and S2 Data Level to Identify the Best Time for Argan Tree Detection

Table 10: Results of the machine learning models for detecting Argan trees in 2022/2023. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Data Level** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Overall** \\ **Accuracy** \\ \end{tabular} & **Argan Precision** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Non-Argan** \\ **Precision** \\ \end{tabular} & **Kappa** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Support Vector Machine} & 1C & 0.964 & 0.96 & 0.97 & 0.928 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.957 & 0.97 & 0.94 & 0.913 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Decision Tree} & 1C & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Random Forest} & 1C & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**LightGBM**} & **1C** & **0.986** & **0.97** & **1.00** & **0.971** \\ \cline{2-6}  & **2A** & **0.986** & **0.97** & **1.00** & **0.971** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Decision Tree} & 1C & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.971 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Random Forest} & 1C & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.957 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**LightGBM**} & **1C** & **0.986** & **0.97** & **1.00** & **0.971** \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.978 & 0.96 & 1.00 & 0.971 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{XGBoost} & 1C & 0.971 & 0.96 & 0.99 & 0.942 \\ \cline{2-6}  & 2A & 0.964 & 0.96 & 0.97 & 0.928 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Results of the machine learning models for detecting argan trees in 2017/2018.
# Linear Plasma Device for the Study of Plasma-Surface Interactions
## 4 Results and Discussion
At the same time, the primary role in changing the relief is played by the sputtering of the surface with helium ions. It is known that in the case of irradiation of metals and alloys with ions and plasma of inert gases at temperatures above the annealing temperature of elementary defects created by irradiation, the formation of  
Figure 4: Diffractograms of tungsten before and after helium plasma irradiation at T = 1300 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
reliefs occurs primarily due to surface sputtering, due to the kinetic energy of ions arising through a cascade mechanism. The assessment of surface erosion rate based on the loss of sample mass during irradiation is a commonly used technique in materials science. In this study, the weights of the samples were measured before and after irradiation, and the dependencies of the mass losses of the samples on the irradiation temperatures were obtained (Figure 6b). From Figure 6b, it is evident that the mass loss of tungsten increases with the rise in irradiation temperature. Moreover, the mass loss is negligible after irradiation at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 900 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The degree of erosion increases after irradiation at 1300 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is entirely expected. At high temperatures, tungsten atoms in the target undergo more thermal vibrations, making them more mobile. This increased mobility can influence the sputter yield and the behavior of sputtered atoms. The surface roughness of the coatings' Ra was evaluated using a profilometer, model 130 (JSC \"Plant PROTON\", Moscow, Russia). The Ra value, which represents the arithmetical mean deviation of the profile, was chosen as the main parameter for evaluating the coatings' surface roughness. The obtained results have shown that as the target temperature increases, the degree of surface erosion also increases. However, within the studied temperature range, the degree of tungsten surface erosion is insignificant. Due to its thermophysical  
Figure 5: Hardness and elastic modulus of tungsten samples before and after irradiation with helium plasma. Figure 6: Roughness (**a**) and mass loss (**b**) of tungsten samples before and after irradiation with helium plasma. properties, noticeable erosion of tungsten from plasma exposure simulating steady-state plasma conditions only occurs at higher irradiation temperatures.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of the Adsorbents
#### 4.2.3 Raman Analysis  
The graphitic nature of the samples was determined using Raman spectroscopy, and the results are shown in Figure 3. The spectra show typical peaks for samples with carbon. The peaks can be assigned to the disordered (D) and graphitic (G) bands around 1350 and 1600 cm\({}^{-1}\), respectively, for all samples. The G band was clearly pronounced, which indicates the graphitic structure of the samples. This also indicates the presence of sp\({}^{2}\) hybridized orbitals in the carbon structure. It can also be observed that the G band is a doublet for the activated samples (APWH, APWN, and APWP) but a singlet for CPW. The D-band indicates the defects in the carbon structure, which originate from sp\({}^{3}\) hybridized orbitals.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**adsorbent**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**BET**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**pH(PZC)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**EXD (Weight \%)**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & **Surface Area (m\({}^{2}\)/g)** & **Pore Volume (cm\({}^{3}\)/g)** & & **Carbon (C)** & **Oxygen (O)** & **Calcium (Ca)** \\ \hline CPW & 18.6 & 0.032 & 9.6 & 40.20 & 54.99 & 4.81 \\ APWH & 21.9 & 0.050 & 10 & 38.27 & 60.03 & 1.70 \\ APWN & 34.8 & 0.061 & 7.8 & 38.40 & 60.58 & 1.02 \\ APWP & 26.2 & 0.047 & 6.4 & 32.05 & 66.24 & 1.71 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Physicochemical characterization of the paper waste-based adsorbents.  
Figure 1: FTIR spectra for CPW, APWH, APWN, and APWP.  
Figure 2: SEM analysis for (**a**) CPW, (**b**) APWH, (**c**) APWN, and (**d**) APWP.
## 2 Extraction and Clean-Up of PPCPs in Water
### SPE Disk  
The disks are a variant of cartridges that follow the same principle to retain an elute PPCPs. The disks have a higher diameter (commonly ca. 45 mm) and low height (a few millimeters). This format attempts to address several disadvantages of the cartridges, such as plugging due to the suspended particulate matter, high back-pressure that reduces flow rates, and improve retention kinetics of the analytes by using lower particle size. Generally, it was used with higher volumes of samples than SPE. The passage of the sample was much quicker (up to 100 mL/min). Moreover, the use of disks was advantageous for handling dirty samples. Only four studies used this approach (Table 1). There are disposable disks of many types of sorbents: C18, hydrophilic divinylbenzene (DVB), HLB or carbon.  
Hydrophilic divinylbenzene (DVB) disks have been compared with Oasis HLB cartridges. Although the most apolar analytes (LogP \(\geq\) 4) attained higher process efficiencies following Speedisk extraction, it could be noticed that in general, process efficiency was lower than for Oasis HLB extraction: 16 versus 59 analytes having a process efficiency >60% for Speedisk and Oasis HLB, respectively [71]. However, this study did not compare the same type of sorbent in both formats. [PERSON] et al. [103] did compare both formats using HLB sorbent. The method using disk SPE was better in terms of recovery, sensitivity, rapidness, and matrix effect, compared to the cartridge method.  
The combination of different disks in order to improve recoveries has also been tested for GC-MS amenable analytes using, in sequence, a glass microfiber disk (GMF 150, 47 mm, Whatman), a styrene-divinylbenzene disk (Emporo(tm) SDB-XD, 47 mm), and an active carbon disk (Emporo(tm) AC, 47 mm) [99]. However, the same study recommended the use PS-2 and AC-2 Sep-Pak short cartridges for compounds analyzed by HPLC-MS.  
The main disadvantages, as evidenced in the studies, are related with highest waste of samples and reagents used to active, wash and elute the sorbent.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Macroscopic Visual Inspection  
After a detailed macroscopic visual inspection, it was concluded that the main type of wear on the double disc cutter is normal abrasive wear. The profiles of both disc cutter rings are evenly worn and have the same cross-section. There is also evidence of some localized damage to the steel material, known as cutter chipping. Two of these chips are medium-sized and have sharp edges. One is about 25 mm long and 1 mm deep (bottom cutter ring) and the other is about 15 mm long and 2 mm deep (top cutter ring). The medium-sized localized damage is shown in Figure 10. A similar chipping of cutters, referred to as a \"brittle fracture\", has been found in studies from other researchers [12; 38; 59]. The reason for a brittle fracture can be excessive overloading of the tool or material imperfections caused by the steel manufacturing process. The effect of brittle material removal can be reduced by increasing the toughness of the steel. However, this would lead to a higher wear rate as hardness generally decreases with increasing toughness. The material properties must therefore be adapted with regard to the prevailing wear mechanism [34]. There are also some examples of minor localized damage on both cutter rings of double disc cutter, measuring up to a length of about 5 mm and a depth of 1 mm.  
Figure 10: Local damages on the lower (bottom) and upper (top) cutter ring surface. **(a)** Area of localized damage on the bottom cutter ring of the double disc cutter, **(b)** enlarged view of the damage between profiles 5–5 and 6–6, **(c)** area of localized damage on the upper (top) cutter ring of the double disc cutter, and **(d)** enlarged view of the damage between profiles 16–16 and 17–17.  
Thus, the worn disc cutter examined in this study exhibits both normal and special types of wear, according to the classification published by [PERSON] et al. [34]. However, it should be mentioned that most of the wear belongs to the normal type of wear, i.e., abrasive wear. This type of wear is considered optimal for tunneling with TBM technology as it allows one to predict possible wear and, consequently, the maintenance and schedule of tunnel construction.
## 4 Experiment and Discussion
### Simulation
Thanks to the proper state trajectory planning generated by the TD, there is almost no overshoot in the control of any states even when the reference of roll angle is a rectangular wave changing back and forth. At the same time, no obvious coupling phenomenon is observed. As shown in Figure 8b, the adaptive parameters fluctuate frequently, because both positive and negative changes in attitude will cause the vehicle's velocity to change back and forth. As a result, the air resistance the FMAV encounters will also change positively and negatively, causing a fluctuation in the bias torque's adaptation. It can be inferred that the adaptive process of parameters can well reflect the variation trend of the bias torque. Since the references of the states change constantly, the RMS error of the attitude over the entire process is considered as the index to quantify the control accuracy. For altitude control, since there is a big gap between the desired altitude and the altitude in the initial state, the RMS error will be calculated when the height is close to the set value, that is, 5 s after taking off. The RMS state errors with both controllers are listed in Table 2. Obviously, the RMS error of the adaptive controller in all axes is smaller than that of the PID controller. Figure 8: Simulation results of the adaptive attitude and altitude controller. The dashed lines are the control references. (**a**) Simulation results of attitude control. (**b**) The adaptation of bias torque. (**c**) Simulation results of altitude control. (**d**) The adaptation of mass. It can be concluded that the adaptive controller is significantly better than the PID controller in tracking performance.
## 3 Results and Discussion
In addition, there are several proposals to improve the image quality with fused visualization methods [31; 32; 33; 34; 35] which combines two different images, such as a three-dimensional ultrasonic image and an X-ray CT image, into a single image. Presenting the NRF-CT technique in three dimensions for the first time leads to the widespread usage of that technique in the nuclear safeguards. Furthermore, it helps to propose the quantification of hidden isotopes within the SNMs, especially by improving the obtained image quality.
# Resource Allocation and Offloading Strategy for UAV-Assisted LEO Satellite Edge Computing
## 3 System Model and Problem Description
### Architecture  
Current terrestrial communication networks are prone to interruptions in the event of serious natural disasters. Instead, low earth orbiting satellites can provide communication guarantees for the emergency response to natural disasters or post-disaster relief. As communication networks continue to evolve, the integration of satellite and terrestrial networks, making full utilisation of the benefits of satellite networks to provide network support for emergency scenarios, is becoming one of the important topics.  
In an emergency scenario, a multi-layered LEO satellite-UAV-ground network-integrated air-space-sky architecture is proposed in this paper, in which the ground-based communication facilities are damaged and unable to provide network services. IoT devices (search and rescue tools, rescue vehicles, etc.) are evenly distributed on the ground and UAVs are hovering over the affected area. It is assumed that the UAV has no on-board processing capability, providing relay services to ground equipment to assist in task offload. The ground equipment communicates with the UAV via a wireless channel and then offloads the task to the UAV. The ultra-dense multi-layer LEO topology ensures that seamless service coverage can be provided by multiple satellites for ground devices. The UAV selects service satellites based on satellite resources and computational tasks, forwards the tasks to be processed by the LEO satellites, and provides computational services to ground devices. The proposed task offload architecture fully exploits the resources, combines the advantages of UAVs and LEO satellites to meet the needs of ground emergency response, and provides a new solution for the ground computing task offload in emergency scenarios. The specific scenario is shown in Figure 1.