esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Short-Term Mobile Network Traffic Forecasting Using Seasonal ARIMA and Holt-Winters Models
###### Abstract  
Fifth-generation (5G) networks require efficient radio resource management (RRM) which should dynamically adapt to the current network load and user needs. Monitoring and forecasting network performance requirements and metrics helps with this task. One of the parameters that highly influences radio resource management is the profile of user traffic generated by various 5G applications. Forecasting such mobile network profiles helps with numerous RRM tasks such as network slicing and load balancing. In this paper, we analyze a dataset from a mobile network operator in Portugal that contains information about volumes of traffic in download and upload directions in one-hour time slots. We apply two statistical models for forecasting download and upload traffic profiles, namely, seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) and Holt-Winters models. We demonstrate that both models are suitable for forecasting mobile network traffic. Nevertheless, the SARIMA model is more appropriate for download traffic (e.g., MAPE [mean absolute percentage error] of 11.2% vs. 15% for Holt-Winters), while the Holt-Winters model is better suited for upload traffic (e.g., MAPE of 4.17% vs. 9.9% for SARIMA and Holt-Winters, respectively).  
5G; mobile network traffic; download; upload; forecasting; time series; ARIMA; SARIMA; Holt-Winters +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Article_  
Short-Term Mobile Network Traffic Forecasting Using Seasonal ARIMA and Holt-Winters Models
# Development of a Multi-Sensor GNSS-IoT System for Precise Water Surface Elevation Measurement
## 5 Discussion
### System Performance in Extreme Weather Events  
Figure 16 presents daily rainfall data from the Googong climate station (no. 570818), 1.18 km from the pontoon, with a maximum recorded rainfall of 29.5 mm on 6 April 2024 [40], and several days with greater than 10 mm rainfall. Figure 16 also shows the system QC flags, with most days marked as best quality (QC flag 1, STD < 3 cm) and a few days with compromised quality (QC flag 2, 3 cm \(\leq\) STD < 3 cm). Two moderate-quality (QC flag 5, 5 cm \(\leq\) STD < 10 cm) solutions were observed on 7 February 2024 and 18 May 2024. With more than 10 mm of rainfall, only 6 April 2024 had a system QC flag of 2, while the other rainy days had a QC flag of 1. This suggests that rainfall below 20 mm does not significantly impact system data quality. The bottom panel illustrates the absolute difference between the system and reference data, showing that the differences on days with more than 10 mm of rainfall were less than 1 cm, further indicating that rainfall does not significantly affect system solutions.  
For the solution on 18 May 2024, the lower quality of system epoch solutions has been attributed to strong winds, as mentioned previously. Figure 17 shows the system device's APC easting and northing positions during the experiment, clearly indicating that the pontoon's location shifted about 11 m away from the original position after 18 May 2024.  
Figure 16: Site rainfall data and system 6 h averaged solution QC flag. **Top**: Daily rainfall data. **Middle**: System QC flag. **Bottom**: Absolute difference between system and reference data.
# Charge Carrier Distribution in Low-Voltage Dual-Gate Organic Thin-Film Transistors
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, we successfully fabricated low-voltage BG, TG, DG organic transistors by employing thin parylene dielectrics. The DG devices exhibited better switching characteristics than the single-gate devices. To elucidate this reason, charge carrier distribution and channel potential in BG, TG, DG devices were successfully simulated based on a FEM simulation. It was clear that the DG system produces a dual-channel, and that it has excellent control of charge carrier density in an organic semiconducting layer, which leads to higher \(I_{\rm ON}\) and steeper \(SS\) than the single-gate devices. The conclusions also would apply to OTFTs that employ other organic semiconductor materials.  
Figure 5: Simulation of the potential in source, channel, drain region as a function of \(x\)-axis at (**a**) \(V_{\rm GS}\) = 1 V and (**b**) \(V_{\rm GS}\) = \(-\)2 V. Channel-width-normalized (**c**) channel resistance (\(R_{\rm ch}W\)), (**d**) source/channel contact resistance (\(R_{\rm s}W\)) and (**e**) channel/drain contact resistance (\(R_{\rm d}W\)) as a function of \(V_{\rm GS}\).  
These results can be significant information for the better understanding of a low-voltage DG device operation, as well as for the realization of the high-performance and robust organic electronics.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] designed the research and experiments. T.M. prepared and supplied the polymer semiconductor material. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] performed fabrication and characterization of the organic transistors. [PERSON] and [PERSON] carried out the device simulation. Each of the authors prepared figures and helped write the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18J10982, JSPS LEADER program, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 18H01855, JST COI program, and JST OPERA program.  
**Acknowledgments:** The polymer semiconductor material was provided by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
_Article_  
Characterization of Gait and Postural Regulation in Late-Onset Pompe Disease  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 3, [PERSON] 4, [PERSON] 5 and [PERSON] 3,*()  
Clinic St. Georg, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.-S.D.)  
Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
University Clinic and Policlinic of Radiology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +49-345-557-1317; Fax: +49-345-557-4899 check for updates  
Received: 11 September 2020; Accepted: 7 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020  
**Featured Application: Pompe disease is a neurological disease with significant impacts on gait and balance. Therefore, it is important to measure these characteristics in a functional, valid and reliable manner. This investigation used a cross-sectional study design utilizing gait analysis and posturography to quantify the difference between patients with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) and matched asymptomatic subjects. These results may be useful to develop more specific and efficient rehabilitation programs depending on the individual abilities of the patients.**  
Pompe disease is a multisystemic disorder with the hallmark of progressive skeletal muscle weakness that often results in difficulties in walking and balance. However, detailed characterization of gait and postural regulation with this disease is lacking. The objective of this investigation was to determine if differences exist between the gait and postural regulation of LOPD patients and a matched control group. The gaits of 16 patients with LOPD were assessed using a gait analysis mobile system (RehaGait) and a dynamometric treadmill (FDM-T 1.8). The Interactive Balance System (IBS) was used to evaluate postural regulation and stability. All measures were compared to individual reference data. Demographic (age, gender), morphological (body height, body mass) and clinical data (muscle strength according to the Medical Research Council Scale (MRC Scale), as well as the 6-min walking test and a 10-m fast walk) were also recorded. Compared to individual reference data, LOPD patients presented with reduced gait velocity, cadence and time in single stand. A total of 87% of LOPD patients had abnormalities during posturographic analysis presenting with differences in postural subsystems. This study provides objective data demonstrating impaired gait and posture in LOPD patients. For follow-up analysis and as outcome measurements during medical or physiotherapeutic interventions, the findings of this investigation may be useful.  
**Keywords:** glycogenosis type II; acid maltase deficiency; enzyme replacement therapy; posturography; balance
# Investigation on Numerical Simulation of VIV of Deep-Sea Flexible Risers
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Description of the Problem  
Based on the quasi-3D numerical model verified above, riser models with slenderness ratios (L/D) of 400, 550 and 700 were established for numerical simulation of the VIV. The main parameters of the quasi-3D numerical model are summarized in Table 3. In this paper, simulations were performed for six different test cases, namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6, as displayed in Table 4.  
When the vortex shedding frequency of the riser approaches a certain order of natural frequency, resonance occurs, resulting in an increase in amplitude. The outer drainage basin surrounding the riser was established using the modal analysis module in ANSYS Workbench to conduct modal analysis on the riser model. Table 5 provides the first six natural frequencies of the riser in still water.  
Figure 11: Comparison of the riser response envelopes in CF direction. (**a**) Simulation results. (**b**) Experimental results [31].  
Figure 12: Displacement–time history curves in the CF direction.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Microbial Focus
_Other species_  
With respect to systemic human infections, two papers tested AMPs on (carbapenem-resistant) _A. baumannii_, which is a major threat to immunocompromised patients, especially patients in intensive care. The AMP cecropin Cec4 not only inhibits biofilm formation but also eradicates established biofilms of (carbapenem-resistant) _A. baumannii_ by disrupting their structure, exhibiting a minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of 64-128 ug/mL and a minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of 256-512 ug/mL [90]. [PERSON] et al. screened 58 AMPs for activity against _A. baumannii_ and found two derivatives of the TP4 peptide, i.e., dN4 and dC4, to have therapeutic activity in vivo in mice with _A. baumannii_ pneumonia and to eliminate _A. baumannii_ biofilms [91]. [PERSON] et al. investigated a variety of natural and synthetic AMPs including Mag2, NK2A, and seven synthesized Mag2-derived AMPs (Mag2-17 base, 17 base-Aib, 17 base-Acc, 17 base-Hybrid, Block, Stripe, and Random). Three synthesized AMPs, i.e., 17 base-Acc, 17 base-Hybrid, and Block, had activity against _Mycoplasma pneumoniae_[92]. The screening of derivatives from the AMP D51 against _Bacillus cereus_ (a food poisoning bacterium) highlighted the peptides D51-P11G and D51-P11K for their anti-spore germination and anti-biofilm activities, which they instigated via membrane lysis [93]. Peptide variants of BmKn-2 from scorpion venom exhibited anti-biofilm activity against _Salmonella_ isolates [94]. With respect to oral health, [PERSON] et al. showed that AMP DP7 inhibited planktonic and biofilm forms of _Porphyomonas gingivalis_[95]. MPX, an AMP from wasp venom, was shown to be effective against _Actinobacillus pleupneumonia_, a highly contagious pathogen causing significant economic loss to the pig industry [96]. The antibacterial activity was not affected by high temperature or low pH, and the AMP protected mice from a lethal dose of _A. pleupneumonia_. Notably, this same AMP was also active against _S. aureus_[65]. Associated with the food industry, [PERSON] et al. generated a chimeric peptide (cLFchimera) that included the peptides lactoferricin and lactoferrampin. This AMP was recombinantly introduced into a food-grade strain of _Lactococcus lactis_, with the expressed cLFchimera peptide showing weak (_E. coli_) and strong (_E. faecalis_, _P. aeruginosa_, and _S. aureus_) activity in inhibiting biofilm formation (although the activity was described as'moderate' against _E. faecalis_ and _E. coli_ in the Discussion) [97]. Finally, B-AMP is a freely available, curated 3D structural and functional repository of biofilm-relevant AMPs. As an example, [PERSON] et al. demonstrated the use of the repository for developing in silico molecular docking models for the Sortase C Protein of the emerging pathogen _Corynebacterium striatum_[98].
# Sensory Acceptance and Characterisation of Turmeric- and Black-Pepper-Enriched Ice Cream
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Consumer Acceptance of Turmeric-Flavoured Ice Cream
#### 3.2.1 Sensory Acceptability
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ice cream**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Sensory Attributes**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Overall Liking**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{4-6}  & **Appearance** & & & & \\ \hline C & 4.69 \(\pm\) 0.54  & 4.61 \(\pm\) 0.65  & 4.74 \(\pm\) 0.59  & 4.46 \(\pm\) 0.62  & 4.37 \(\pm\) 0.77  \\ \hline T0 & 4.27 \(\pm\) 1.08  & 4.71 \(\pm\) 0.54  & 4.66 \(\pm\) 0.59  & 4.06 \(\pm\) 1.05  & 4.26 \(\pm\) 0.85  & 6.90 \(\pm\) 1.70  \\ T1 & 4.18 \(\pm\) 1.02  & 4.62 \(\pm\) 0.67  & 4.53 \(\pm\) 0.65  & 3.76 \(\pm\) 1.22  & 3.92 \(\pm\) 1.06  & 6.32 \(\pm\) 1.97  \\ T2 & 3.99 \(\pm\) 1.07  & 4.50 \(\pm\) 0.79  & 3.90 \(\pm\) 1.05  & 2.99 \(\pm\) 1.22  & 3.50 \(\pm\) 1.07  & 5.31 \(\pm\) 2.06  \\ \hline T0p & 4.48 \(\pm\) 0.88  & 4.60 \(\pm\) 0.75  & 4.58 \(\pm\) 0.72  & 4.28 \(\pm\) 0.91  & 4.29 \(\pm\) 0.90  & 6.94 \(\pm\) 1.85  \\ T1p & 4.37 \(\pm\) 0.95  & 4.52 \(\pm\) 0.78  & 4.28 \(\pm\) 0.92  & 3.54 \(\pm\) 1.22  & 3.94 \(\pm\) 1.06  & 6.32 \(\pm\) 2.03  \\ T2p & 3.85 \(\pm\) 1.22  & 4.35 \(\pm\) 0.89  & 3.73 \(\pm\) 1.21  & 2.86 \(\pm\) 1.18  & 3.25 \(\pm\) 1.19  & 4.82 \(\pm\) 2.33  \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values are means \(\pm\) SD (\(n=103\)); values in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different using the Tukey HSD test (\(p<0.05\)). C—control sample; T0, T1, T2—samples with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% of turmeric; p—samples with added 0.02% black pepper.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Consumer liking scores for sensory attributes and overall acceptance of the ice cream samples. correlation with redness value and yellowness index (\(-0.820\), and \(-0.776\), respectively). This means that consumers preferred lighter ice creams with fewer red and yellow shades. An inverse correlation was found for scoopability scores and overrun value (\(-0.821\)), which is due to higher air incorporation in ice creams, and therefore less hardness of the product. Although increased viscosity may affect the improvement of sensory properties [68], such a correlation was not observed for ice creams with turmeric and black pepper addition. In these samples, the increased viscosity is due to the addition of spices, which influenced the decrease in sensory ratings.
## 3 Proposed QoS_mPCD Scheme Procedure
### Step 3: Application of SDN-Based eICIC  
If interference exceeds the predefined threshold, it can be managed by SDN-based, centrally controlled eICIC. By employing eICIC, the data signal is not transmitted during the ABS. It means transmission of the ABS from the BS can play a vital role in controlling the interference. If there is no ABS transmission, then users offloaded to the mPC will receive high transmission power from the BS. That causes more interference in the CRE. So, when eNBs transmit an ABS, it will be beneficial for low-power mPCs, because they are able to schedule offloaded PS users efficiently. This accomplishes a further reduction in interference, hence, boosting system performance in terms of throughput, interference, and outages. We follow the same procedure mentioned in [13] for the implementation of Step 3 in our proposed scenario.
## 3 Problem Formulation
### Offloading Model
#### 3.3.2 Energy Consumption  
Since this paper discusses the task offloading method balancing delay and energy consumption, establishing a reasonable energy consumption model is crucial. We can also divide energy consumption into two parts as the delay model: the energy consumption of users sending tasks and the energy consumption required for task offloading computation.  
Regarding the energy consumption for tasks sent by users, we can also follow a similar discussion pattern as that for latency, addressing two scenarios:  
Firstly, when \(i=y\), which means the user offloads the task to the local server, we can sum up the energy consumption required for transmitting each task of the users:  
\[e_{j,tran1}=\sum_{k=1}^{z}d_{j}^{k}*p_{tran}/R_{j} \tag{10}\]  
However, when \(i\) is not equal to \(y\), indicating that the local server is busy and the task needs to be sent to another server, we must take into account the energy consumption for transmission between servers:  
\[e_{j,tran2}=\sum_{k=1}^{z}d_{j}^{k}*p_{tran}/R_{j}+d_{j}^{k}*p_{tran}/R_{y,i} \tag{11}\]  
In summary, our total transmission energy consumption can be summarized as:  
\[e_{tran}=\begin{cases}e_{tran1},&\text{if }i=y\\ e_{tran2},&\text{if }i\
eq y\end{cases} \tag{12}\]  
Similarly, for the computation energy consumption of task offloading, we can also perform a summation:  
\[e_{j,com}=\sum_{k=1}^{z}\sum_{i=1}^{m}C_{j}^{k}*p_{i,com}*(X_{j,k}^{i})/p_{i} \tag{13}\]  
In summary, our energy consumption optimization model can combine the two parts of energy consumption to represent the total energy consumption of each user processing tasks:  
\[e_{j}=e_{j,tran}+e_{j,com} \tag{14}\]
Remote Sens._**2015**, \(7\), 12654-12679; doi:10.3390/rs71012654  
_remote sensing_  
**ISSN 2072-4292**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing  
_Article_  
**Accuracy Optimization for High Resolution Object-Based Change Detection: An Example Mapping Regional Urbanization with 1-m Aerial Imagery**  
**[PERSON].**  
WA Department of Fish and Wildlife, Habitat Science Division, 1111 Washington St SE, Olympia, WA 98501, USA; E-Mail: [PERSON] Tel.: +1-360-902-2564;  
Fax: +1-360-902-2946  
Academic Editors: [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
_Received: 14 May 2015 / Accepted: 18 September 2015 / Published: 25 September 2015_  
**Abstract:** The utility of land-cover change data is often derived from the intersection with other information, such as riparian buffers zones or other areas of conservation concern. In order to avoid error propagation, we wanted to optimize our change maps to have very low error rates. Our accuracy optimization methods doubled the number of total change locations mapped, and also increased the area of development related mapped change by 93%. The ratio of mapped to estimated change was increased from 76.3% to 86.6%. To achieve this, we used object-based change detection to assign a probability of change for each landscape unit derived from two dates of 1 m US National Agriculture Imagery Program data. We developed a rapid assessment tool to reduce analyst review time such that thousands of locations can be reviewed per day. We reviewed all change locations with probabilities above a series of thresholds to assess commission errors and the relative cost of decreasing acceptance thresholds. The resultant change maps had only change locations verified to be changed, thus eliminating commission error. This tool facilitated efficient development of large training sets in addition to greatly reducing the effort required to manually verify all predicted change locations. The efficiency gain allowed us to review locations with less than a 50% probability of change without inflating commission errors and, thus, increased our change detection rates while eliminating both commission errors and locations that would have been omission errors among the reviewed lower probability change locations.  
keywords:land-use/land-cover change; high resolution imagery; accuracy assessment; random forests; confusion matrix
## 3 Experiments for Jason-3 Attitude Modes and Receiver PCVs Calibration
### Effect of Jason-3 Attitude Modes on Receiver PCO and POD
#### 3.2.2 External Orbits Validation  
The Jason-3 orbits provided by CNES were used as the reference orbits. Table 3 show the comparisons of the orbital external validation results with and without receiver PCVs in radial (R), along-track (T), cross-track (N) directions and 3D position. Compared with CNES orbits, the radial accuracies with and without PCVs are approximately 11.3 mm, which seems no obvious improvement. The accuracy improvements of 6 mm and 2 mm are obtained in the T and N direction; the mean 3D-RMS position difference has an improvement of approximately 5.7 mm. The accuracy of external validation by introducing PCVs map has the millimeter-level improvement.
# Laplacian Controllability and Observability of Multi-Agent Systems: Recent Advances in Tree Graphs
## 2 Problem Setting and Preliminary Results
### Problem Statement  
Inspired by the applications discussed in the previous paragraph, we are now ready to state the problem that we address in the rest of this paper. However, considering the discussion in the previous Section 1.1 regarding paper contributions, we provide two problem statements that are equivalent between themselves, considering the two facets (mathematical/engineering) of the same investigation. Here, we offer the genuine statement as it is presented in [12]. After a brief discussion on the spectral methods for the analysis of reachability and observability, we rephrase the problem in a mathematical fashion, which is related to the eigenstructure investigation afforded in [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34].  
**Problem Statement 1**.: _Given a Laplacian-based multi-agent dynamical system as in Equation (2) with \(\mathcal{G}\) being a starlike tree graph \(\mathcal{S}(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n})\), we find a set of control nodes \(\mathcal{V}_{i}\) such that (3) is completely controllable, or equivalently a set of measured nodes \(\mathcal{V}_{o}\) such that (4) is completely observable._Considering the significance of the above properties in the analysis of dynamical systems, several results and technical tools have been developed to obtain an accurate and thorough investigation of a dynamical system. Among the others, the Popov-Belevich-Hautus polynomial approach is one of the most adopted methods for its effectiveness [4]. Its use in the context of Laplacian-based multi-agent system provides fundamental tools for such analysis.  
In view of the investigation based on spectral methods reported in Appendix A.1 the previous Problem Statement can be equivalently rephrased in terms of zero pattern of each eigenvector, thus translating the problem in a more mathematical fashion. More precisely, the controllability and observability condition is equivalent to solving the following problem.  
**Problem Statement 2**.: _Given a starlike tree graph \(\mathcal{S}(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n})\), we provide a complete characterization of the zero-nonzero pattern of each eigenvector of the Laplacian matrix of \(\mathcal{S}(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n})\), together with the multiplicity \(m_{g}(\lambda)\) for each \(\lambda\in\Lambda_{\mathcal{S}(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n})}\)._