# Antioxidant Activity of _Panax ginseng_ to Regulate ROS in Various Chronic Diseases
## 8 Discussion  
Mitochondria are collectively known as the power houses of eukaryotic cells. The major roles of mitochondria are cell metabolism and regulating pathways related to energy generation. Furthermore, mitochondria are the main source of ROS which play a significant role in the cellular redox biology and are influenced by their generation and accumulation [207,209]. ROS are highly reactive due to their unpaired electron that can interact with several macromolecules in the cell such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, and change their molecular functions. This redox state control is essential for maintaining the functions of the organ, cell viability, cell activity, and cell proliferation. An oversupply of ROS from various sources (both internal and external) has been shown cellular biomolecular damages and mitochondrial dysfunction and trigger mitochondrial \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Compounds** & **Nano-Formulations** & **Benefits** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Ginsenoside Rg3} & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Increases drug absorption in cancer cells and} \\  & Mixed micelles containing & & boosts baicalin solubility. \\  & baicalin copolymer P123. & & Inhibits the growth of \\  & G-Rg3 conjugated with & & hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and prevents \\  & nanoparticle. & & lung metastasis. \\  & G-Rg3 with CNC & & Enhances antioxidant activity. \\  & nanocomposite. & & Antitumor activity is greater than free \\  & Liposomes of G-Rg3 & & formulation. \\  & & & Increases uptake, sustains release, bioavailability, \\  & & & and enhances cytotoxicity in cancer cells. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Ginsenoside Rg5} & \multirow{2}{*}{Liposomes of G-Rg5} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Inhibits tumor growth,} \\  & & & tumor targeting. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ginsenoside Rh2} & \multirow{4}{*}{Micelles} & Enhances water solubility \\  & & & and drug uptake. \\  & & & Elongates drug retention. \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mesoporous silicas & & Excellent biocompatibility \\  & & & to normal cell (Hacat cell). \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Curcumin} & \multirow{4}{*}{PLA polymer, } & Enhances cellular uptake, \\  & & & and antioxidant and \\  & chitosan, gum arabic & anticancer activities. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & Increases antioxidant activity. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Quercetin} & \multirow{4}{*}{PLA} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Induces self-life.} \\  & & & Enhances stability, solubility, and \\  & & & antioxidant activity. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & Chitosan-pluronic F-127-STPP & Wound healing. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Resveratrol} & \multirow{2}{*}{PLGA-PEG} & Improves nonvascular effects. & [206] \\ \cline{2-5}  & & Lecithin/chitosan & Promotes anti-inflammatory effects. & [207] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Ferulic acid} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Ferulic acid polymer} \\  & & & nanoparticles \\ \cline{2-5}  & & Nanoparticles of poly ferulic & \\ \cline{2-5}  & & acid & Improved colon cancer treatment. & [208] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Nano-formulations of active components. biogenesis, which is the main reason for several chronic diseases such as neurogenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic diseases, cancer, etc. However, antioxidants act as an essential role in the scavenging and inducing of free radicals. Natural antioxidants, for example, polyphenols, flavonoids, acid polysaccharides, amino acids, phytosterol, and carbohydrates, found in food and plants have remarkable efficacy to protect the healthcare system from oxidative stress [208]. These compounds diminish ROS production and increase mitochondrial biogenesis as well as improve the function of mitochondria [207]. Among the thousands of antioxidant-rich sources, _P. ginseng_ is the most lexical source of antioxidants that is traditionally used to prevent and treat diseases, which has been discussed in this review in Section 6. _P.