# A Quantum-Inspired Predator-Prey Algorithm for Real-Parameter Optimization
## 4 Empirical Evaluation
### Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Function** & **QPPA** & **PSO** & **GA** & **GSA** & **SCA** & **Jaya** & **GWO** & **MA** & **LSA** \\ \hline
**F1** & **1.73E\(-\)304** & 2.77E\(+\)05 & 1.63E\(+\)03 & 1.13E\(+\)04 & 1.59E\(+\)05 & 1.64E\(+\)11 & 7.18E\(+\)04 & 1.07E\(+\)05 & 1.30E\(+\)05 \\
**F2** & **9.80E\(+\)01** & 2.61E\(+\)03 & 9.41E\(+\)05 & 1.61E\(+\)03 & 3.95E\(+\)05 & 1.55E\(+\)07 & 9.82E\(+\)01 & 9.69E\(+\)01 & 7.07E\(+\)02 \\
**F3** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 4.45E\(+\)01 & 3.46E\(+\)01 & 1.79E\(+\)01 & 4.14E\(+\)01 & 4.85E\(+\)01 & 2.22E\(+\)01 & 3.21E\(+\)01 & 3.96E\(+\)01 \\
**F4** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 2.68E\(+\)02 & 1.62E\(+\)03 & 1.43E\(+\)03 & 9.31E\(+\)03 & 2.73E\(+\)05 & 4.55E\(-\)13 & 1.27E\(+\)03 & 2.56E\(+\)02 \\
**F5** & **1.14E\(+\)01** & 9.19E\(+\)01 & 2.95E\(+\)02 & 2.22E\(+\)01 & 9.01E\(+\)02 & 7.67E\(+\)03 & 2.29E\(+\)01 & 4.34E\(+\)01 & 4.70E\(+\)02 \\
**F6** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 3.49E\(+\)07 & 7.16E\(+\)08 & 7.68E\(+\)08 & 6.91E\(+\)08 & 2.92E\(+\)11 & 2.75E\(-\)24 & 8.26E\(+\)00 & 1.94E\(+\)06 \\
**F7** & **4.99E\(-\)01** & 8.57E\(-\)01 & 7.21E\(+\)02 & 7.04E\(-\)01 & 5.12E\(-\)01 & 4.53E\(+\)01 & 7.70E\(-\)01 & 1.55E\(-\)06 & 4.28E\(-\)01 \\
**F8** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 3.09E\(+\)05 & 2.54E\(+\)07 & 4.53E\(+\)09 & 3.69E\(+\)07 & 4.91E\(+\)11 & 2.38E\(-\)05 & 1.47E\(+\)07 & 4.20E\(+\)05 \\
**F9** & 6.16E\(-\)01 & 6.15E\(+\)00 & 3.07E\(-\)01 & 5.61E\(-\)01 & 2.94E\(+\)00 & 3.26E\(+\)02 & 5.96E\(-\)01 & **5.58E\(-\)01** & 5.36E\(-\)01 \\
**F10** & **1.27E\(-\)03** & 5.19E\(+\)00 & 9.25E\(+\)01 & 8.20E\(+\)00 & 1.15E\(+\)02 & 8.22E\(+\)03 & 1.27E\(-\)03 & 1.27E\(-\)03 & 6.14E\(-\)03 \\
**F11** & **4.44E\(-\)16** & 3.31E\(+\)00 & 9.83E\(+\)00 & 4.56E\(+\)00 & 2.06E\(+\)01 & 1.99E\(+\)01 & 2.10E\(-\)13 & 8.06E\(+\)00 & 1.94E\(+\)01 \\
**F12** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 3.52E\(+\)01 & 1.10E\(+\)03 & 3.55E\(+\)03 & 3.18E\(+\)03 & 4.58E\(+\)06 & 1.07E\(-\)29 & 6.70E\(-\)01 & 3.70E\(+\)01 \\
**F13** & **0.00E\(+\)00** & 3.94E\(-\)01 & 1.18E\(+\)00 & 2.36E\(+\)02 & 0.35E\(+\)00 & 1.17E\(+\)00 & 0.1E\(+\)00 & 5.01E\(-\)08 & 1.8E\(-\)03 \\
**F14** & **1.93E\(-\)91** & 9.53E\(-\)02 & 3.67E\(+\)00 & 5.36E\(-\)02 & 1.16E\(+\)00 & 2.63E\(-\)04 & 9.13E\(-\)04 & 4.15E\(-\)03 & 5.34E\(-\)02 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Results of optimization algorithms on objective functions in Setting 2 (\(D=100\)). We highlight the best results in bold. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Function** & **PSO** & **GA** & **GSA** & **SCA** & **Jaya** & **GWO** & **MA** & **LSA** \\ \hline
**F1** & 2.61E\(-\)05 & 1.12E\(-\)19 & 1.33E\(-\)16 & 3.87E\(-\)21 & 4.23E\(-\)05 & 3.35E\(-\)108 & 2.19E\(-\)103 & 1.80E\(-\)82 \\
**F2** & 1.03E\(-\)06 & 1.80E\(-\)02 & 1.19E\(-\)02 & 1.56E\(-\)02 & 4.33E\(-\)01 & 1.45E\(-\)02 & 1.88E\(-\)01 & 2.13E\(-\)02 \\
**F3** & 8.87E\(-\)01 & 1.01E\(-\)01 & 4.74E\(-\)01 & 1.12E\(-\)01 & 7.46E\(-\)01 & 1.03E\(-\)01 & 3.29E\(-\)01 & 3.09E\(-\)01 \\
**F4** & 1.27E\(-\)05 & 0.00E\(+\)00 & 7.44E\(-\)02 & 9.27E\(-\)01 & 1.33E\(-\)01 & 4.03E\(-\)02 & 1.97E\(-\)01 & 3.29E\(-\)02 \\
**F5** & 2.61E\(-\)03 & 1.66E\(-\)01 & 8.70E\(-\)18 & 7.24E\(-\)01 & 7.45E\(-\)02 & 7.00E\(-\)06 & 6.16E\(-\)29 & 8.89E\(-\)01 \\
**F6** & 8.58E\(-\)10 & 5.17E\(-\)16 & 6.35E\(-\)03 & 3.69E\(-\)20 & 2.12E\(-\)06 & 1.98E\(-\)111 & 1.87E\(-\)110 & 8.30E\(-\)105 \\
**F7** & 7.22E\(-\)01 & 8.65E\(-\)01 & 9.63E\(-\)02 & 4.49E\(-\)01 & 4.41E\(-\)01 & 1.86E\(-\)01 & 9.21E\(-\)01 & 2.36E\(-\)01 \\
**F8** & 2.28E\(-\)10 & 8.63E\(-\)17 & 3.44E\(-\)07 & 1.38E\(-\)20 & 4.09E\(-\)07 & 3.35E\(-\)112 & 5.34E\(-\Table 6 presents the iteration-wise outcomes of QPPA across the 14 objective functions, maintaining consistent parameters with Setting 2. We provide the results for every 10 th percent of 1000 iterations. This detailed breakdown provides insights into the convergence behavior of QPPA. Additionally, for a comprehensive comparative analysis, we include results for PSO under identical settings, detailed in Table 7.