# Plant Exosomal Vesicles: Perspective Information Nanocarriers in Biomedicine
## 12 Conclusions  
In the last two decades, there has been an exponential increase in the number of studies devoted to the biological characterization of nanovesicles (the most important carriers of biological information) but significant interest in plant-derived nanovesicles has only appeared in recent years. The endogenous nature of plant nanovesicles formation is their natural and unique advantage for intercellular communication and a wide range of biological activity. Nanovesicles can be taken up selectively by both nearby and distant cells, reprogramming them with their biologically active contents, primarily due to the proteins and ribonucleic acids.  
The regulated formation of nanovesicles, the possibility of imparting to them specific biological activity and cell targeting, as well as the potential of their scale production, are of great interest for practical use. Along with the fact that the use of human exosomes in some cases is on a par with stem cell therapy in terms of its effectiveness, there are already a number of successful examples of medical application of plant nanovesicles. However, since the properties and composition of nanovesicles from many plant species remain incompletely understood, further studies are required to standardize protocols for their isolation and characterization, to develop storage technologies and efficient loading, and to improve the targeting to certain cell types.  
Currently, new information about the biogenesis of exosomes of the plant origin is required due to the relative lack of knowledge of the processes underlying their formation in different species. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of nanovesicles formation in plants, as well as environmental factors affecting their number and the content of their biologically active molecules, is necessary to optimize the production of drugs based on plant exosomes. Further study of regulation of the plant nanovesicles properties, using the methods of metabolic and genetic engineering of the plant producers, is of particular relevance, in view of the possibility of controlling the amount and composition of such natural components of exosomes as low-molecular-weight biologically active substances and small RNAs. Since the oral administration of exosomes would require huge amounts of purified preparation, the technology for the production of various types of exosome preparations should be optimized as much as possible. For the same reasons, it is extremely important to confirm the stability and safety of natural nanovesicles in numerous experiments when using them as delivery vehicles in various food matrices.  
In general, the plant vesicles are characterized by low immunogenicity, lack of cytotoxicity, natural anti-inflammatory activity, and high biocompatibility. All together, these qualities will enable the plant-derived nanovesicles to make important contributions to the development of nanomedicine therapeutics.  
Conceptualization, Y.S. and T.R.; methodology, Z.T.; software, A.D.; validation, Y.S., A.D. and Y.Y.; formal analysis, L.B.; investigation, Y.S.; resources, Y.Y.; data curation,Y.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.T.; writing--review and editing, Y.S.; visualization, A.D.; supervision, V.B.; project administration, Y.S.; funding acquisition, T.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant number 22-24-00091 ([PERSON]).  
Financial support was provided by the Russian Science Foundation, Grant no. 22-24-00091 ([PERSON]). The experiments described in this work were performed using equipment from the Instrumental Centre for Biotechnology and Gene Engineering at the Federal Scientific Centre of East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.