## 3 Results and Discussion
### Performance Analysis of Volume Rendering  
Several experiments were conducted in this section to evaluate the performance of the proposed WebGPU-based volume rendering framework. During the experiments, the maximum memory usage of our framework was approximately 700 MB, which is within an acceptable range for most modern hardware configurations. As this work is an enhancement of our previous research [27], the first experiment aims to compare the performance of the visualization solution proposed in this study with the one proposed in our previous work, which was based on the Plotly.js graphic library, with the texture slicing algorithm applied to render the volume data as translucent image stacks. It is important to emphasize that the number of temperature data points used in the visualization solution proposed in this study is approximately three times that of the one proposed in our previous work. Similarly, for the acoustic propagation loss data, the number of data points is approximately 1.3 times that of the previous visualization solution. Figure 6 shows the rendering time for the volume data using different visualization solutions, respectively.  
As observed during the experiment, there is a noticeable difference in the rendering time of both visualization solutions. As illustrated in Figure 6, the proposed visualization solution renders the volume data significantly faster than the one in our previous work. The visualization solution developed in our previous work presents limitations in processing large datasets and may suffer from slow responses during interactive operations. In contrast, the visualization solution proposed in this study significantly improves the loading speed of volume rendering, reducing the rendering time by approximately 11.7 times for the temperature data and 5.7 times for the acoustic propagation loss data. The experiment demonstrates that the visualization solution based on Babylon.js and WebGPU proposed in this study can enable efficient three-dimensional visualization and responsive real-time interactions, and it is a feasible solution for visualizing and analyzing large-scale gridded data in a web environment.  
To further evaluate the performance advantages of WebGPU, a WebGL-based volume rendering framework is developed with Babylon.js and the same ray casting algorithm, offering the same functionalities as the WebGPU version for comparative analysis. In the second experiment, we compare both versions' frame rate and GPU utilization using the same rendering parameters and data, as shown in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Rendering time comparison of volume rendering of the temperature and acoustic propagation loss data between the visualization solution proposed in this study and the one proposed in our previous work.  
Figure 7a shows an increase in the frame rate with approximately 40 frames per second (fps) when rendering the temperature data (5,487,685 data points) with the WebGPU version. For rendering the acoustic propagation loss data (56,700,000 data points), the improvement is approximately 25 fps. The results suggest that the WebGPU version achieves a higher frame rate than the WebGL version, indicating that the WebGPU-based visualization solution provides a smoother visualization experience than the WebGL-based one. In Figure 7b, it is evident that the GPU utilization of the WebGPU version is higher than that of the WebGL version during the rendering process, suggesting that WebGPU has the ability to utilize the power of the GPU more effectively. Thus, the WebGPU-based volume rendering framework can ensure immediate feedback in a web environment. The experimental results further confirm the performance advantages and excellent potential of WebGPU in large-scale three-dimensional data visualization, especially in visualization tasks requiring high real-time performance and interactivity. We can conclude that visualization solutions based on WebGPU are expected to play an important role in the field of three-dimensional visualization.