# Energy Transition on Sifnos: An Approach to Economic and Social Transition and Development
## 1 Introduction
### The Sifnos Island
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **Annual Final Energy** & **Percentage** & **Annual Primary Energy** & **CO\({}_{2}\) Annual** \\  & **Consumption (MWh)** & **Contribution (\%)** & **Consumption (MWh)** & **Emissions (tn)** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Electricity consumption} \\ \hline Municipal and public buildings & 1571 & 9.0 & 4557 & 3558 \\ Residential sector & 4365 & 25.0 & 12,659 & 9883 \\ Primary sector & 175 & 1.0 & 506 & 395 \\ Industry & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ Tertiary sector & 10,477 & 60.0 & 30,382 & 23,720 \\ Municipal facilities & 873 & 5.0 & 2532 & 1977 \\ Total & 17,461 & 100.0 & 50,637 & 39,533 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Transportations on the island} \\ \hline LPG & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ Diesel oil & 8813 & 51.0 & 9695 & 2559 \\ Gasoline & 8468 & 49.0 & 9314 & 2329 \\ Total & 17,281 & 100.0 & 19,009 & 4888 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Transportations from and to the island} \\ \hline Heavy fuel & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ Diesel oil & 529,733 & 100.0 & 582,706 & 153,834 \\ Kerosene (aviation) & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ Total & 529,733 & 100.0 & 582,706 & 153,834 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Heat} \\ \hline Oil heaters & 2800 & 81.7 & 3.080 & 813 \\ Wood/biomass & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ LPG & 0 & 0.0 & 0 & 0 \\ Solar collectors & 628 & 18.3 & 0 & 0 \\ Total & 3428 & 100.0 & 3.080 & 813 \\ \hline Totals & 567.903 & & 655.432 & 199.068 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Analysis of annual energy consumptions on Sifnos. Regarding the onshore energy consumption, Sifnos almost totally depends on imported fossil fuels for onshore transportation and electricity production. Electricity production is mainly based on the island's autonomous power plant (APP), equipped with nine diesel generators of 1.1 MW nominal power each. All of these generators are powered by diesel oil, with an average procurement price above EUR 950/kL. The total levelized electricity production cost on Sifnos was configured at EUR 344.07/MWh in 2015 [8]. This total cost was formulated by the variable cost, calculated at EUR 222.62/MWh, and the fixed cost, calculated at EUR 121.45/MWh [8]. At the same time, the levelized electricity production cost in the mainland electricity system in Greece was formulated at EUR 58.099/MWh on average in 2020 [9]. This comparison reveals the extremely high production cost on Sifnos, which is due to the consumption of expensive diesel oil and the necessity for spinning reserve maintenance, which requires the diesel generators' operation with partial loads, leading to reduced efficiency [10]. Apart from the aforementioned thermal APP, power is supplementarily produced on Sifnos by means of 335 kW of small, decentralized photovoltaic stations and a small wind park of two wind turbines with a total nominal power of 1.26 MW, installed and connected to the local grid in 2019. The strong dependence of the economic activity on Sifnos on tourism inevitably leads to annual power demand fluctuation, presented in Figure 4 for 2015. As seen in this figure, the power demand is almost three times higher in summer (tourist season) than in winter, revealing the power demand's seasonality on the island. The annual peak demand was configured at 5.90 MW in August. The peak demand during the winter period did not exceed 2.5 MW, excluding the Easter period, during which a sudden and short demand increase close to 4 MW is observed. The minimum demand is found in the winter months at slightly lower than 1.0 MW. The annual electricity consumption in 2015 was 17,461 MWh. Figure 3: Annual contribution of final energy uses to the total energy consumption on Sifnos (**a**) and annual contribution of different sectors to the electricity consumption in the island (**b**).