esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Role of Fucoidan in Controlling _Listeria monocytogenes_ Biofilms on Seafood-Contact Surfaces
## 3 Results
### Anti-Biofilm Activity of Fucoidan on Food-Contact Surfaces Against L. monocytogenes  
Fucoidan demonstrated significant anti-biofilm activity hostile to _L. monocytogenes_ on HG, SR, and SS, as illustrated in Figures 1-3. A concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm formation was observed, with higher fucoidan concentrations yielding greater inhibitory effects. On HG surfaces, biofilm formation was reduced by 0.50, 1.07, and 2.91 log CFU/cm\({}^{2}\) at different concentrations corresponding to 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 of the MIC, respectively (Figure 1). Likewise, biofilm inhibition on SR surfaces reached 0.24, 1.16, and 2.45 log CFU/cm\({}^{2}\) at the same respective concentrations (Figure 2). On SS surfaces, biofilm inhibition values of 0.53, 1.18, and 2.11 log CFU/cm\({}^{2}\) were recorded at concentrations of 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 MIC, respectively (Figure 3).  
Figure 1: Biofilm development of _Listeria monocytogenes_ on HG surfaces. Data are shown as mean \(\pm\) standard error of the mean (SEM) based on replicates (\(n=3\)). Distinct letters (a–c) denote statistically significant differences at (\(p<0.05\)).  
Figure 2: Formation of _Listeria monocytogenes_ biofilm on SR surfaces. Values represent the mean \(\pm\) standard error of the mean (SEM) from three independent replicates (\(n=3\)). Different lowercase letters (a–c) indicate significant differences (\(p<0.05\)).
# Assessment of IRNSS-Only Data Processing: Availability, Single-Frequency SPP and Short-Baseline RTK
###### Abstract
The IRNSS constellation has eight in-orbit satellites at present, and can offer users preliminary positioning, navigation, and timing services over the service regions. This contribution analyzes the current performance of IRNSS-only single-frequency SPP and short-baseline RTK positioning based on the datasets from 14 MGEX stations located in the IRNSS service areas on seven consecutive days. For completeness, the availability of IRNSS constellation (including the visible satellite number, service rate, and PDOP value) is also studied. For comparative analysis, the results of GPS single-system and GPS/IRNSS dual-system combination cases are also provided. In addition, the inter-system bias (ISB) between IRNSS and GPS in the dual-system combined SPP, which was rarely covered by the existing studies, is rigorously analyzed. The paper starts with a description of the constellation and signal of IRNSS. Next, the mathematical model of SPP and RTK is presented. Subsequently, the employed datasets are detailed. Then, the derived results are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the main conclusions are summarized.
###### Abstract  
Despite having some fluctuations and the impact of the COVID-19 crisis, the demand for flights had a general growing trend for the past years. As the airspace is limited, efforts to better manage the total number of flights are noteworthy. In addition, volatility (i.e., unpredicted changes) in the number of flights has been observed to be increasing. Efforts to improve flight forecasting are thus necessary to improve air traffic efficiency and reduce costs. In this study, volatility in the number of flights is estimated based on past trends, and the outcomes are used to project future levels. This enables risk situations such as having to manage unexpectedly high numbers of flights to be predicted. The methodological approach analyses the Functional Airspace Block of Central Europe (FABEC). Based on the number of flights for 2015-2019, the following are calculated: historic mean, variance, volatility, 95 th percentile, flights per hour and flights per day of the week in different time zones in six countries. Due to the nature of air traffic and the overdispersion observed, this study uses counting data models such as negative binomial regressions. This makes it possible to calculate risk measures including expected shortfall (ES) and value at risk (VaR), showing for each hour that the number of flights can exceed planned levels by a certain number. The study finds that in Germany and Belgium at 13:00 h there is a 5% worst-case possibility of having averages of 683 and 246 flights, respectively. The method proposed is useful for planning under uncertainties. It is conducive to efficient airspace management, so risk indicators help Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) to plan for low-probability situations in which there may be large numbers of flights.  
air traffic management; number of flights; uncertainty; negative binomial regression; risk measures; risk of airspace saturation
## 2 Data Description and Preprocessing
### Data Mile-Point Alignment
Due to the initial alignment, the remaining deviation is small. After trial calculation, k is set to 4. Taking the left longitudinal level irregularity (LLLI) of 8 January 2017 as the reference sequence, the CA-DTW method is performed on the inspections of low-temperature and high-temperature months, as shown in Figure 5. It can be seen intuitively that the data mileage deviations of different inspections are well corrected. To analyze the effect of the algorithm further, we use the sum of absolute deviations per kilometer \(E\) and correlation coefficient \(\rho\) to quantify the deviations of sequences, as shown in Table 1. We can observe that after alignment, \(E\) of each inspection is reduced, and \(\rho\) is improved, which shows the feasibility of the algorithm. Moreover, comparing the statistics of aligned inspections, we can find that the values of statistics are related to slab arching. There is a larger deviation and a smaller correlation between the sequence with arching and the reference sequence. Figure 5: The inspection data before and after alignment. (**a**) The data before alignment; (**b**) The data after alignment.
# Prediction of Pile Axial Bearing Capacity Using Artificial Neural Network and Random Forest
## 3 Data Collection and Preparation  
### Experimental Measurement of Bearing Capacity  
In this work, pile load tests were conducted on 2314 reinforced concrete piles at the test site in Ha Nam province--Vietnam, where the location is shown in Figure 1a. Pre-cast square section piles with closed tips were driven to the ground by hydraulic pile presses machine with a constant rate of penetration. The piles were assembled from 1 to 3 pile segments, connected by welding through intermediate steel plates and fixed steel plates at the top of each pile segment. The pile top was driven into the ground to the pile top elevation design by the use of the guide pile segment. These pile load tests started at least 7 days after piles were driven, and the experimental layout could be depicted in Figure 1b-d. In each pile test, the load increased progressively. If, after one hour of monitoring, the settlement of the pile top was less than 0.20 mm, the load was increased to a new level. Depending on the design requirements, piles could load up to 200% of the design load. The time required for 100%, 150%, and 200% of load could last for more than 6 h to 12 h or 24 h, respectively. The determination of the bearing capacity of piles were conducted as follows:  
1. (i) If the settlement of pile top at a given load level was 5 times higher than the settlement of pile top at the previous load level, or the settlement of the pile top at a given load level increased continuously while the load did not increase, the pile bearing capacity was determined based on that given failure load. The number of piles corresponded to this situation was 688, representing about 30% of the samples. An example of this situation is given in Appendix A (Figure 11).
2. When the pile load capacity was too large to be able to test by the destructive load, the load curve (P)- settlement (S) was plotted in log(P)-log(S). The intersection point of two lines was considered as a result of failure and taken as the pile bearing capacity, according to [PERSON] (1968) [47]. The number of piles corresponded to this situation was 1225 piles (accounting for more than 50% of the samples). An example of this situation is given in Appendix A (Figures 11 and 12).
3. For the remaining samples, when the log(P)-log(S) relationship is linear, which could not find the intersection point compared with the previous case. The determination of the pile bearing capacity was taken at the load level when the settlement of the pile top exceeded 10% of the pile diameter.
# Concurrent vs. Exclusive Reading in Parallel Decoding of LZ-Compressed Files +
## 3 Decoding LZC-Compressed Files in Parallel  
The most popular text compressors are based on Lempel-Ziv string complexity [1]. Zip compressors apply the Lempel-Ziv sliding window method [2; 12; 13], while other applications use the LZW (Lempel, Ziv, and Welch) compressor [3; 5], also called LZC [6] when implemented as the command line \"compress\" does on Unix and Linux platforms. LZC compression is less effective but faster than the zipping applications. Zip compressors are based on a string factorization process, where each factor is independent from the others since it extends by one character the longest match with a substring to its left in the input string. On the other hand, the LZC compressor is based on a factorization, where each factor is the extension by one character of the longest match with one of the previous factors. This computational difference implies that while the zipping applications have theoretical parallelizations, LZC compression is hard to parallelize. On the other hand, parallel decompression is possible for both approaches.  
Zipping and unzipping files in parallel requires a logarithmic number of global computation steps, even if concurrent reading is allowed. On the other hand, the LZC encoder/decoder pair presents an asymmetry, since the decoder has a very efficient parallelization requiring much less than ten iterations on the CREW PRAM. As mentioned above, this makes LZC more attractive than Zip in those cases (which are the most common in practice) where compression is performed very rarely while the frequent reading of raw data needs fast decompression. Finally, we show that this advantage is lost if the LZC decoder is implemented on the EREW PRAM.
## 3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in AAI-Induced Kidney Diseases
### Investigation Methods of Mitochondrial Function
#### 3.2.6 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)  
Aristolochic Acid I (AAI) has been shown to reduce complex I activities of the respiratory chain, encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), in a dose-dependent manner without affecting complex II activities, encoded by the nuclear DNA (nDNA). The low mtDNA content in the kidneys of the AAI-treated animals suggests that AAI impairs its replication and suppresses oxidative phosphorylation inducing nephrotoxicity (Figure 1). This effect explains the sensitivity of the proximal tubule to AAI toxicity, as this segment exhibits the highest densities of mitochondria in the kidney. mtDNA may be more susceptible than nDNA to AAI-induced damage due to the absence of DNA repair mechanisms in mitochondria. mtDNA damage and respiratory chain defects occur in the kidney following acute AAI exposure, and these are considered possible mechanisms for AAI-induced acute nephrotoxicity [12]. AAI-induced renal toxicity in rats was linked to mtDNA depletion and respiratory chain defects. AAI decreases the respiratory control ratio (RCR), indicating respiratory and mitochondrial dysfunction, by suppressing ATP synthesis in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with AAI in HK-2 cells [20].
# Enterprise Security for the Internet of Things (IoT): Lightweight Bootstrapping with EAP-NOOB
## 6 Contiki-NG
### Events and Timers  
Events in Contiki-NG can be triggered by either internal or external reasons. Internal events, such as the expiration of timers, are caused within the system itself, whereas external events, such as user actions, are caused by actors outside of it. Each event is either synchronous or asynchronous. A synchronous event is created for a specific process and dispatched immediately after being created. It will typically cause the posting process to hand over control of the CPU instantly and then suspend until the receiver has completed processing the event. Asynchronous events, on the other hand, are queued up and dispatched by the kernel in an unspecified order following the round-robin principle. Unlike synchronous events, asynchronous events can also be broadcast, which causes them to be dispatched to all processes.  
Besides waiting for events to trigger actions, many applications typically rely on time-based tasks, such as re-transmitting lost network packets or performing tasks at intervals. In Contiki-NG, the system time is accessed through the clock module. In addition to providing libraries for monitoring time, Contiki-NG also allows processes to delay the CPU for a number of clock ticks. Based on the clock module, Contiki-NG provides a set of timer libraries. These libraries can be used by both the OS itself and by the applications running on top of it. Besides application-specific tasks and scheduling processes, timers can also be used to, for example, wake up the system from an idle low power mode after a certain time period has elapsed [47].  
Out of the five currently implemented timer libraries, two are simple clock-timers, one is used for real-time task scheduling, and the remaining two for scheduling events and function calls, respectively. The two libraries most relevant for event-driven programming are the event timer (etimer) and the real-time task scheduler (rtimer). When an etimer is initialized, it is given a time interval that specifies when it expires. Once this interval has elapsed, the timer generates an event and sends it to the process that created it. By either discarding or resetting the timer after receiving the event, processes can utilize this library for sleeping or performing tasks at intervals. The trimer library works in a similar way, but also includes a callback function. An rtimer uses its own clock module to ensure higher clock resolution when compared to other timers. Furthermore, it uses the Interrupts Service Routine (ISR) to prevent interrupts from affecting its normal operation. It also pre-empts the scheduler before running the real-time task [47].  
Because etimers use events to communicate expiration of timers, system interrupts or polled events can affect its accuracy. This sacrifice of accuracy however ensures that the normal operation of the application is not affected. On the other hand, rtimers communicate expiration through interrupts. While we obtain more precision with rtimers, we also risk interrupting the execution of a critical process.
# A Smart Approach to Electric Vehicle Optimization via IoT-Enabled Recommender Systems
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussion
### Efficiency and Power Analysis  
Equation (10) gives the Input power equation \(P_{input}\) in which \(P_{output}\) denote the output power, and power losses associated with diode, capacitor, and inductor are represented by \(P_{diode}\), \(P_{capacitor}\) and \(P_{inductor}\), respectively. From Tables 2 and 3, it is observed the improvements in efficiency and reductions in power losses, highlight the positive impact of increasing the number of phases on overall performance. The efficiency of the models is calculated using Equation (11). Tables 4 and 5 provide detailed insights into the total power loss and efficiency corresponding to input voltages of 20 V and 200 V, respectively. It is evident that when the phase increases, there is a decrease in power loss and an improvement in % efficiency. With less power loss than the four phases of the model, the six-phase model achieves efficiencies of 94% and 96%, respectively, whether the input voltage is 20 V or 200 V. Lower power losses accompany this compared to the four-phase model. Equation (11) reveals that increasing phases decreases capacitor and inductor values. Compared to the three-phase, four-phase, and two-phase Interleaved Boost Converters (IBCs), the six-phase IBC demonstrates significantly reduced inductor and capacitor values. Consequently, this produces a substantially smaller physical size for both the inductor and capacitor components.  
\[P_{input}=P_{output}+P_{diode}+P_{capacitor}+P_{inductor}+P_{diode} \tag{10}\]  
\[Efficiency\ \eta\ (\%)=\left(\frac{P_{output}}{P_{input}}\right)*100 \tag{11}\]  
A comparison with the current converters, like BC and IBC, is performed to verify the results produced by the model. Passive parts like the capacitor and inductor are made to work with all the converters used as references. The six-phase converter is compared with the standard BC and IBC parameters. Table 5 clearly shows how the model provides a  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**No. of Phases** & **Voltage (V)** & **Current (A)** & **Power (W)** \\ \hline
2 & 435 & 13.8 & 5.9 \\ \hline
3 & 436 & 13.5 & 6 \\ \hline
4 & 437 & 14 & 6.2 \\ \hline
6 & 438 & 14.8 & 6 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Output parameter value (i/p voltage 200 V).  
higher output voltage and power. The output voltage and capacity are 500 V and 34.38 kW, respectively. A 26.92% reduction in inductor current occurs. Significantly lower values of capacitors and inductors are achieved using the proposed model. For the six-phase model, the importance of the inductor and capacitor are 168 F and 66.67 H, respectively. As a result, it is concluded that the six-phase model is better than the existing converter. The proposed converter is contrasted with the one currently being used to validate the six phases. The comparative result shows that the suggested converter's efficiency is greater than the current converter's at 98.6%. Table 6 presents this comparison in full, along with additional factors.
# A Design of a Time Synchronization Protocol Based on Dynamic Route and Forwarding Certification
## 5 Analysis of the Simulation and Test
### Simulation in NS2  
#### 5.1.1 Analysis of the Reference Node Optimization  
Parameter settings in the simulation are shown in Table 1. In this simulation, 300 nodes with a long enough \(T_{ref}\) value (5 ms) were tested, which ensured that all reference candidates' synchronization packets could be received. The performance of the accumulation error is shown in Figure 5. As can be seen, DRFC-TSP costed 17 hops for synchronizing the whole network, but DMTS without reference optimizing costed 27 hops. Moreover, the synchronization error of the edge node of DMTS was almost three times greater than that of DRFC-TSP. After six hops, the error of DMTS grew faster than that of DRFC-TSP. The simulation in NS2 shows that the hop number of a node achieving synchronization was smaller; that is, less energy was consumed in the time synchronization process in DRFC-TSP with reference node optimization. As is well known, the energy consumption of WSN was mainly in communication. Since DRFC-TSP can obtain more precise time by less hops than DMTS, several evaluations for the proposed protocol was performed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Node number & 60/100/300/600/900/1500 \\ \hline Average distance of nodes & 10 m \\ \hline Wireless communication radius & 20 m \\ \hline Clock frequency & \(\pm\)50 ppm \\ \hline Synchronization period & 30 s \\ \hline Simulation time & 3000 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Simulation parameters in NS2.
## 3 Camino Architecture for V2X Communication
### Direct Short-Range Communication  
Two wireless standards are currently being used for direct short-range communication in the dedicated 5.9 GHz ITS frequency bands: the ETSI ITS-5G standard and the cellular based C-V2X PC5 technology (Figure 1). The CAMINO framework assumes that, for each technology, the actual transmission and reception is handled by a dedicated commercial module. The lower layers of the ETSI ITS stack, such as the Basic Transport Protocol (BTP), Geonetworking and radio layers, are managed by the V2X wireless modules, while the facility layer is managed by CAMINO-Core. The radio parameters (e.g., channel, transmission power, transmission diversity, etc.) are configured in the commercial modules.
# Cellular-V2X Communications for Platooning: Design and Evaluation
## 1 Introduction
Results have been provided in a multi-platoon scenario under a wide range of settings. The impact of different scheduling schemes (sequential vs. simultaneous) and resource allocation policies (based on channel quality feedbacks; with and without frequency reuse) is evaluated in a stepwise manner to better understand how each parameter affects the reliability and latency performance of the CAM exchange within a platoon and in multiple platoons. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the platooning concept, whereas the main pillars of C-V2X technology are discussed in Section 3. The proposed scheduling schemes are presented in Section 4. Section 5 reports on the theoretical bounds for preliminary comparison between the sequential and the simultaneous modes. Section 6 reports details about the enhancements of the simulator and the simulation settings. Section 7 discusses the main achieved results, by describing avenues for future research, before conclusions in Section 8.
# Plasma-Activated Tap Water Production and Its Application in Atomization Disinfection
## 2 Experimental Setup  
### DBD-Based PAW Device  
An overall structure diagram of the DBD-based PAW is shown in Figure 1, showing in particular 4 DBD devices in a water tank. The voltage of discharge was measured by a voltage probe (Tektronix P6015A, USA), and the current was measured by a current probe (Tektronix TCP312A, USA). The homemade kHz AC power supply was used to drive the discharge. The optical emission spectrum of the plasma was measured by a spectrometer (Princeton Instruments Acton SpectraHub 2500i, USA).  
The DBD device consisted of a metal rod electrode, an inner glass wall, and an outer glass wall from the inside to the outside (Figure 2). The metal rod electrode was closely attached to the inner glass wall and was directly connected to the high-voltage pole of the power supply. There are air inlets and outlet holes on the outer glass wall. When the air flow rate was 10 L/min (provided by an air pump), a discharge environment of pure air was formed under the water surface, thereby generating a DBD discharge between the metal rod electrode, and the water, which was used as the ground electrode. The glass tube's length and diameter were 150 mm and 11 mm, respectively. The diameter of the metal rod electrode was 4 mm. The thickness of the glass wall was 1 mm. The diameter of the air inlet on the outer glass wall was 6 mm, the diameter of the air outlet hole was 2 mm, and the distance between the inner and outer glass wall was 2 mm.
# Parallel Extreme Learning Machines Based on Frequency Multiplexing
###### Abstract  
In a recent work, we reported on an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) implemented in a photonic system based on frequency multiplexing, where each wavelength of the light encodes a different neuron state. In the present work, we experimentally demonstrate the parallelization potentialities of this approach. We show that multiple frequency combs centered on different frequencies can copropagate in the same system, resulting in either multiple independent ELMs executed in parallel on the same substrate or a single ELM with an increased number of neurons. We experimentally tested the performances of both these operation modes on several classification tasks, employing up to three different light sources, each of which generates an independent frequency comb. We also numerically evaluated the performances of the system in configurations containing up to 15 different light sources.  
Keywords:Extreme Learning Machine; randomized neural network; photonic neural network; frequency comb +
Footnote †: journal: 2022, 12, 214. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010214](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010214)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010214](https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010214))