## 1 Introduction
During the vacuum distillation to produce the raw material for bitumen, as well as the oxidation process with hot air, the bitumen material deposited on heating parts undergoes partial thermal cracking; this results in the formation of unsaturated and aromatic compounds such as carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, water vapor, etc. [23]. These compounds undergo further transformations, yielding different volatile compounds as well as ketones, aldehydes, organic acids, phenols and phenol derivatives, and organosulfur and organointrogen compounds. A part of the produced volatile compounds is removed from the reactor using hot air, yielding exhaust gases, which undergo depruation in an alkaline aqueous solution or absorption in wash oil [24; 25]. The residual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the bitumen material are emitted during storage [26; 27; 28; 29], transport [30], manufacture of mineral-bitumen mixtures [31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36], roof impregnation [33; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41], and road paving [42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49; 50; 51; 52; 53; 54]. They can also be released from the post-oxidative effluents [55]. The typical compounds found in asphalt fumes include VOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organosulfur and organointrogen compounds (VSCs and VNCs), nitrogen oxides (NOOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), CO\({}_{2}\) and carbon monoxide (CO), particulates, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (O-VOCs). O-VOCs, involving alcohols,ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers, phenols, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives are very malodorous and toxic [23; 56; 57]. Strict environmental regulations imposed on refineries have led to a rising number of analytical procedures, allowing detailed identification of groups of compounds released into the atmosphere [56]. However, relatively little is known in detail about the presence of VOCs and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in asphalt fumes because their content depends on crude oil and asphalt composition [23]. Furthermore, there is no standardized methodology for capturing and analyzing VOCs and SVOCs in asphalt fumes. Classical analysis techniques have been used for compound identification, such as gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), depending on the analyte. [PERSON] et al. [58] evaluated the emission of VOCs and SVOCs from hot asphalt mixtures by HPLC and GC/MS. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene as the most prevalent compounds. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and saturated carbon chains from 10 to 18 atoms were identified by gas-liquid chromatography (GC). [PERSON] et al. [59] captured toxic fumes from asphalt preparations by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and later identified the compounds desorbed by GC/MS, such as PAHs, fluorene (5.8 ng/uL), phenanthrene (12.9 ng/uL), 2-methyl-phenanthrene (10.1 ng/uL), and 9-methylphenanthrene (10.4 ng/uL), etc. [PERSON] et al. [34] characterized toxic fumes by GC/MS and evaluated the effect of the emission temperature. The authors tracked characteristic fragments of compound families, reporting naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and anthracene, among others. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [60] identified PAHs in asphalt fumes by GC/MS, such as naphthalene (1.15 ng/m\({}^{3}\)), acenaphthylene (6.93 ng/m\({}^{3}\)), and 2-bromonaphthalene (22.02 ng/m\({}^{3}\)), etc. A recent study reported the reduction of airborne emissions and the identification of more than 200 volatile compounds by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) from WMA manufactured using organic waves [8]. During the production of bitumens, large volumes of strongly toxic post-oxidative effluents are generated; these have to be treated and the content of individual groups of pollutants monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment [55].