# Classifying Breast Density from Mammogram with Pretrained CNNs and Weighted Average Ensembles
## 2 Related Works
Meanwhile, in [36], a deep learning model based on vgg16 was proposed to predict breast density class. The central idea of this work is to compute the amount of fibroglandular tissue in each image. The dataset consists of 1602 images, 70% of which were used for training, and 30% for testing. The accuracy of the model 79.6%. In [37], a deep CNN based on ResNet-18 was applied. The experiment was performed on a dataset with 41,479 digital screening mammograms for training and 8677 mammograms for testing. The accuracy of dense or non-dense classification was 86.88%. On the other hand, the accuracy of classification into the four BI-RADS categories was 76.78%. The authors in [38] used another deep learning-based approach for fully automated breast density classification. This approach comprised three main stages. In the first stage, the breast area is isolated from the mammogram by removing the background and pectoral muscles. In the second stage, a binary mask containing the dense tissue is created by a generative adversarial network (GGAN). Then, in the third stage, breast density is classified by feeding the binary mask into a multi-class CNN. The INbreast dataset was used for training and testing. The overall accuracy of density classification was 98.75%. In [39], a range of deep CNN architectures with different numbers of filters, layers, dropout rates, and epochs were evaluated. The database used included 20,578 images, which were then reduced to 12,932 images to avoid over-representing ACR densities B and C, before being divided into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The chosen CNN architecture consists of 13 convolutional layers followed by max-pooling and dropout at a rate of 50%. The number of epochs was 120 and the patch size was 40. The performance was measured for MLO and CC views separately and the ACR classification accuracy was 90.9% and 90.1%, respectively. Authors in [40], meanwhile, proposed a multi-path deep convolutional neural network (multi-path DCNN) in order to classify breast density. The proposed DCNN takes four inputs including subsamples of digital mammograms, largest square region of interest, a mask of dense area, and the percentage of breast density. They used ten-fold cross validation, resulting in an overall accuracy of 80.7%. In [41; 42], a residual neural network was used to classify breast density according to two classes (fatty and dense), and BI-RADS classification. The collected dataset in this work consists of 7848 images. After excluding badly exposed images and cases involving one breast, the total number of images was reduced to 1962. The proposed model consists of 41 convolutional layers. The model was tested with different image sizes and the size \(250\times 250\) gave the highest accuracy with BI-RADS classification. The obtained accuracy for two classes classification and BI-RADS classification was 86.3% and 76.0%, respectively. In [43], the author proposed an artificial neural net- work called DualViewNet as a means to classifying breast density. The structure of this model was based on MobileNetV2. In this model, a joint classification on MLO and CC mammograms corresponding to the same breast was performed. They used CBIS-DDSM and applied image enhancement techniques and image augmentation during the preprocessing stage. Moreover, they excluded the images with suspect labels. The performance measurement was carried out by computing AUC equal to 0.9882. In [44], the authors collected a dataset from 33 different clinics. The aim of this study was to test deep learning in classifying breast density from a large mammogram dataset that was collected from a range of multi-institutions. The dataset consists of 108,230 images. They used VGG16, ResNet, InceptionV3, and DenseNet121. The overall accuracy of the model was 66.7%. Authors in [45], employed federated learning (FL) to classify breast density across seven clinical institutions. They applied a pre-trained model based on DensNet12, achieving an overall accuracy of 77%.