# Designing Procedure Execution Tools with Emerging Technologies for Future Astronauts
## 1 Introduction
### Training and Task Execution Research
Despite these challenges, VR has been used onboard the ISS when astronauts are planning for complicated spacewalks or conducting tasks with the robotic arms. Until recently, researchers have noted that the computational limits of the hardware used in these VR and AR experiments have reduced their effectiveness. Recent advances in hardware allow for fully mobile, head mounted augmented reality solutions which may ultimately prove to be more useful. The integration of additional task execution data has the potential to increase the efficiency of training. Internet of Things sensors have the potential to provide additional sources of data about interactions with objects in the environment which can then be provided back to the trainee in real-time or after the task is complete. These sensors and feedback strategies can similarly be used by astronauts during task execution in lieu of real-time communications with MCC. The recent integration of augmented reality and the Internet of Things has led to a large number of publications in the past decade, often between fields of research that had previously had little interaction before (see reviews by [PERSON] et al. [11] and [PERSON] [12]). The Internet of Things is a term which describes a \"network of sensors and actuators within or attached to real-world objects\" [13]. IoT sensors rarely have built-in displays to provide their information, but \"AR has... been touted as one of the ideal interfaces for IoT\" [14]. This prediction has manifested with a diverse collection of uses which include many topics essential to future space operations such as city planning and monitoring [15], precision farming [16], robotic movement planning and execution [17], and maintenance procedures for monitoring and safety systems [18]. While this breadth of research shows ongoing interest in the union of AR and IoT, many usability questions remain which have yet to be addressed in the literature. Evaluating the usability of early prototypes is an essential part of the design and implementation of new tools. Low fidelity prototypes are usually required when considering features and capabilities of future software and hardware tools which have yet to be developed, and their evaluation can lead to meaningful requirements for these future systems. While some studies have found that higher fidelity prototypes offer benefits over lower fidelity prototypes, the majority of studies show that reduced fidelity prototypes provide equivalent results to their high-fidelity counterpoints [19]. As lower fidelity prototypesare easier to create, evaluate, and iterate on, they can provide a useful tool for designing future systems. These benefits can prove particularly valuable early in the design process, when the designer is trying to \"find the manifestation that, in its simplest form, will filter the qualities in which the designer is interested without distorting the understanding of the whole\" [20]. This fundamental prototyping principle is valuable for evaluation and testing, especially when investigating complex user interactions with new technology.