## 4 Results
### Stress Distribution Results  
The maximum stresses of each ligament and meniscus recorded (Figure 8) at the initial touchdown positions of foot internal rotation, neutral, and external rotation during lateral translation were as follows: the maximum stresses of ACL were 20.658 MPa, 24.036 MPa, and 26.043 MPa, respectively, and the distribution of the stresses of the ACL was mainly centered in the femoral and tibial attachment regions. The maximum stresses in the posterior cruciate ligament were 24.162 MPa, 17.491 MPa, and 21.983 MPa; the maximum  
Figure 7: Description of lower extremity muscle force and muscle co-activation results for three different side-cutting tasks. (**A**) Results of toe-in muscle force. (**B**) Results of toe-neutral muscle force (**C**) Results of toe-out muscle force (note: VM, vastus medialis; BF, biceps femoris; TA, tibialis anterior; SOL, soleus; MG, medial gastrocnemius; RF, rectus femoris). (**D**) Results of muscle co-activation (note: H/Q, hamstrings-to-quadriceps). stresses in the lateral meniscus were 10.365 MPa, 14.505 MPa, and 15.566 MPa; and the maximum stresses in the medial meniscus were 12.859 MPa, 10.209 MPa, and 9.1899 MPa, respectively (Figure 8A-D and Figure 9A). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Muscle Force Parameters (BW)**} & **Toe-In** & **Toe-Neutral** & **Toe-Out** & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**F**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**ES**} \\  & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & & \\ \hline Semitendinosus & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.292 & 1.31 & 0.128 \\ Biceps femoris & 0.88 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.96 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.019 * & 4.971 & 0.356 \\ Rectus femoris & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.20 & \textless{0.001 }* & 14.43 & 0.432 \\ Vastus medialis & 0.67 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.72 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.003 * & 7.956 & 0.469 \\ Tribalis anterior & 1.23 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.004 * & 7.662 & 0.46 \\ Medial gastrocnemius & 0.98 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 1.40 \(\pm\) 0.19 & \textless{0.001 }* & 19.96 & 0.632 \\ Soleus & 0.74 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.73 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.007 * & 9.239 & 0.329 \\ Vastus lateralis & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.81 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.011 * & 5.925 & 0.397 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: \({}^{***}\) means significance with \(p\) \(<\) 0.05.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Detailed results of peak joint angles and moments during the cutting maneuver. Figure 8: Visualization of von Mises stress distribution for three different lateral cutting tasks (from left to right: toe-neutral, toe-medial, and toe-out). (**A**) Results of ACL stress. (**B**) Results of posterior cruciate ligament stress. (**C**) Results of lateral meniscus stress. (**D**) Results of medial meniscus stress. During cutting maneuvers, the maximum stresses in each ligament and cartilage (Figure 10) at the initial touchdown positions of the foot in internal rotation, neutral, and external rotation were as follows: the maximum stresses in the medial collateral ligament were 7.052 MPa, 8.3994 MPa, and 8.8569 MPa; the maximum stresses in the lateral collateral ligament were 10.658 MPa, 12.225 MPa, and 8.073 MPa; the maximum stress in the medial tibial cartilage was 9.0452 MPa, 6.6304 MPa, and 7.6644 MPa; and the maximum stress in the lateral tibial cartilage was 5.9317 MPa, 7.0499 MPa, and 7.9956 MPa, respectively (Figure 10A-D and Figure 9B). Figure 9: (**A**) Illustration of the maximum von Mises stress results of ACL, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus (MM), and lateral meniscus (LM) during side-cutting at different toe angles (\(20^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\), and \(-20^{\circ}\)).