# Popular Biochar as an Alternative Substrate for Curly Endive Cultivated in a Soilless System
## 3 Results
### Yield Traits  
Data on yield are reported in Table 3.  
ANOVA for yield traits revealed a significant effect of the treatments. The combination of biochar at 70% and pyrolysis temperature of 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C had the highest values in terms of head fresh weight, followed by the combinations having the same biochar percentage and a pyrolysis temperature of either 450 or 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which, in turn, showed higher head fresh weight values than biochar 40%_450 growing substrate. Data acquired on head height, stem diameter, number of leaves and root dry matter content supported the tendency established for head fresh weight.  
The growing substrate combinations with biochar 40%_700 and biochar 70%_700 \({}^{\circ}\)C had the highest head dry matter content, followed by the combination biochar 70%_450. Whereas, the lowest values were obtained in the growing substrate containing 100% peat.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatments**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Head Fresh**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Head Height (cm)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Steem Diameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number of**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Head Dry Matter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Root Dry Matter**} \\  & **Weight (kg m\({}^{-2}\))** & **Head Height (cm)** & **(mm)** & **Leaves (no.)** & **Content (\%)** & **Content (\%)** & **Content (\%)** \\ \hline Peat & \(2.3\pm 0.1\) & e & \(23.7\pm 0.8\) & f & \(24.7\pm 0.6\) & e & \(45.3\pm 2.5\) & f & \(8.6\pm 0.1\) & g & \(2.0\pm 0.2\) & f \\ Biochar 20\%\_450 & \(2.4\pm 0.1\) & de & \(25.7\pm 0.4\) & de & \(25.7\pm 0.6\) & de & \(55.2\pm 2.3\) & e & \(9.2\pm 0.3\) & f & \(2.2\pm 0.1\) & de \\ Biochar 20\%\_00 & \(2.6\pm 0.1\) & cd & \(26.6\pm 0.2\) & de & \(27.3\pm 0.6\) & cd & \(57.8\pm 2.3\) & e & \(9.8\pm 0.1\) & e & \(2.4\pm 0.1\) & cd \\ Biochar 40\%\_450 & \(2.6\pm 0.1\) & c & \(27.2\pm 0.3\) & c & \(27.7\pm 0.6\) & bc & \(51.3\pm 1.1\) & d & \(10.3\pm 0.1\) & cd & \(2.4\pm 0.1\) & cd \\ Biochar 40\%\_700 & \(2.9\pm 0.1\) & b & \(27.7\pm 0.3\) & bc & \(28.3\pm 0.6\) & abc & \(68.1\pm 1.0\) & bc & \(10.9\pm 0.1\) & a & \(2.5\pm 0.1\) & bc \\ Biochar 70\%\_450 & \(3.0\pm 0.1\) & b & \(28.5\pm 0.4\) & ab & \(29.3\pm 0.6\) & ab & \(71.4\pm 1.2\) & b & \(10.5\pm 0.1\) & bc & \(2.7\pm 0.1\) & ab \\ Biochar 70\%\_700 & \(3.3\pm 0.1\) & a & \(29.6\pm 0.6\) & a & \(30.0\pm 0.6\) & a & \(81.9\pm 2.7\) & a & \(10.9\pm 0.2\) & a & \(2.8\pm 0.1\) & a \\ Biochar 100\%\_450 & \(2.4\pm 0.1\) & e & \(25.6\pm 0.6\) & e & \(25.3\pm 0.6\) & e & \(58.9\pm 1.2\) & de & \(10.0\pm 0.2\) & de & \(2.2\pm 0.1\) & e \\ Biochar 100\%\_700 & \(2.6\pm 0.1\) & cd & \(26.9\pm 0.1\) & cd & \(27.7\pm 1.2\) & bc & \(63.0\pm 2.0\) & cd & \(10.4\pm 0.1\) & c & \(2.4\pm 0.1\) & cde \\ \hline Significance & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} The same letter within a column identifies data (mean \(\pm\) standard deviation) not significantly different (\(p\leq 0.05\) Tukey HSD Test). Asterisks (**) are designated for the significance (\(p\)-value \(\leq 0.001\)).  
\end{table}
Table 3: ANOVA analysis and means comparisons for head fresh weight, head height, stem diameter, number of leaves, head dry matter content and root dry matter content of curly entire cultivated on different growing substrates in a protected environment.