esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Model-Based Assessment of Energy Efficiency in Industrial Pump Systems: A Case Study Approach
## 7 Discussion
### Straightforward Inclusion of Speed-Efficiency Correction for Low Speeds  
A major disadvantage of the affinity laws is that they assume a constant pump efficiency regardless of changes in speed [54].  
\[\frac{\eta_{1}}{\eta_{2}}=\frac{\rho gH_{1}Q_{1}}{\omega_{1}M_{1}}\cdot\frac{ \omega_{2}M_{2}}{\rho gH_{2}Q_{2}}=\frac{Q_{1}}{Q_{2}}\cdot\frac{H_{1}}{H_{2}} \cdot\frac{M_{2}}{M_{1}}\cdot\frac{n_{2}}{n_{1}}=1 \tag{19}\]  
where \(\omega M\) is the input power. This is a major limitation when using affinity laws, as the actual pump performance typically shows a decrease in efficiency at reduced speed. For example, the mechanical losses in bearings and shaft seals do not follow the cubic dependence on speed as assumed in the affinity laws. Instead, these losses are more accurately represented by the relationship \(P_{\text{mech}}\sim\)\(n^{x}\), where \(x\) is between 1.3 and 1.8 [53].  
A frequently used correction that describes the influence of speed variation on pump efficiency can be found in [55]:  
\[\eta_{2}=1-(1-\eta_{1})\bigg{(}\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}\bigg{)}^{0.1} \tag{20}\]  
Another approach, proposed in [56], suggests a speed-adjusted efficiency curve that remains consistent and independent of the original efficiency, regardless of pump size:  
\[\eta_{2}=\bigg{[}\bigg{(}\frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}}-1\bigg{)}^{3}+1\bigg{]}\eta_{1} \tag{21}\]  
In this method, the speed-dependent efficiency is slightly taken into account. Within the operating range covered by the curves provided by the manufacturer, speed-dependent efficiency is inherently included. If a new curve is determined for low speeds, the corresponding efficiency can be recalculated simply by multiplying the polynomial (11) by the corresponding correction factor (20) or (21).
## 4 Discussion
persica_ displayed greater reproduction on the plants which were coinfected with the non-persistent transmitted viruses (_Sweet potato feathery mottle virus_ (SPFMV), _Sweet potato virus G_, and _Sweet potato virus 2_) [34]. On the other hand, populations of _A. gossypii_ and _M. persica_ were significantly reduced on the CMV-infected cucumber plants compared to those on healthy or mock-inoculated plants [14]. Also, compared to aphids on non-infected _Ipomoea hederacea_ plants, the intrinsic rate of increase of _M. persica_ was significantly lower on SPFMV-infected plants, possibly due to an altered quality of infected plants [34]. In our study, the reduced population growth rate of _M. persica_ reared on the MMWV-infected plants indicates that MMWV-infected _M. micrantha_ plants were also less suitable hosts. Under such a scenario, the negative effect of virus-infected plantsmay prompt vectors to depart and search for healthy, better-suited plants after landing and probing virus-infected plants. Dispersal of vectors would lead to the enhanced spread of MMWV. Invasions of exotic species have become one of the major threats to ecosystem functioning and global biodiversity [35]. Some viruses have been suggested to be used to control of the invasive species [4; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43]. For example, _Solenopsis invica_ virus 3 (SINV-3), _Tobacco mild green mosaic virus_ (TMGMV) have been suggested to as a control agent for invasive species _Solenopsis invica_[38; 40] and _Impatiens glandulifera_[37; 41], respectively. Although MMWV is not lethal for _M. micrantha_, it is the only virus that has been found to inhibit the growth and reproduction of _M. micrantha_[2; 4]. Of course, extensive studies are needed to understand its natural reservoirs, host range, persistence in natural conditions, and the potential effects on crops and other plant species before considering MMWV as a candidate biocontrol tool for _M. micrantha_. Such detailed investigation is particularly important for non-persistently-transmitted viruses (e.g., MMWV) that can be transmitted by a potential vector landing on non-host plants and then starting its host selection behavior. Taken together, this study provides more insight into virus-host plant-insect vector interactions. Future research should focus on the biological, chemical, or physiological processes and molecular mechanisms underlying MMWV-_M. micrantha-M. persicae_ interactions. Conceptualization, R.-L.W., K.Z.-S. and J.-E.Z. ; Data curation, R.-L.W. ; Formal analysis, R.-L.W., K.Z.-S., M.E.A.E., Q.-Q.H., S.C., Z.-H.M. and S.-W.L. ; Funding acquisition, R.-L.W. ; Methodology, R.-L.W., Z.-H.M. and S.-W.L. ; Writing--original draft, R.-L.W., K.Z.-S., M.E.A.E. and J.-E.Z. ; Writing--review & editing, R.-L.W., K.Z.-S., M.E.A.E., Q.-Q.H., S.C., Z.-H.M., S.-W.L. and J.-E.Z. This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31470576) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2017A030313188). The authors declare no conflict of interest exists.
###### Abstract  
During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the development of efficient serological tests for monitoring the dynamics of the disease as well as the immune response after illness or vaccination was critical. In this regard, low-cost and fast production of immunogenic antigens is essential for the rapid development of diagnostic serological kits. This study assessed the plant-based production of nucleoprotein (N) of SARS-CoV-2 and chimeric receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 presented by hepatitis E virus capsid (HEV/RBD) and validation of the plant-derived proteins as diagnostic antigens for serological tests. The target proteins were expressed in and purified from _Nicotiana benthamiana_ plants. The resulting yield of chimeric HEV/RBD protein reached 100 mg/kg fresh weight and 30 mg/kg fresh weight for N protein. The purified N protein and HEV/RBD protein were used to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for the detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in human sera. To validate the iELISA tests, a panel of 84 sera from patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was used, and the results were compared to those obtained by another commercially available ELISA kit (Dia.Pro D. B., Sesto San Giovanni, Italy). The performance of an HEV/RBD in-house ELISA showed a sensitivity of 89.58% (95% Cl: 75.23-95.37) and a specificity of 94.44% (95% Cl: 76.94-98.2). Double Recognition iELISA based on HEV/RBD and N protein is characterized by a lower sensitivity of 85.42% (95% Cl: 72.24-93.93) and specificity of 94.44% (95% Cl: 81.34-99.32) at cut-off = 0.154, compared with iELISA based on HEV/RBD. Our study confirms that N and fusion HEV/RBD proteins, which are transiently expressed in plants, can be used to detect responses to SARS-CoV-2 in human sera reliably. Ourresearch validates the commercial potential of using plants as an expression system for recombinant protein production and their application as diagnostic reagents for serological detection of infectious diseases, hence lowering the cost of diagnostic kits.  
S SARS-CoV-2; receptor-binding domain (RBD); nucleoprotein (N); hepatitis E virus capsid protein; detection of serum antibodies; transient expression; plant molecular farming; diagnostic antigen
## 1 Introduction
[15] highlighted the effectiveness of SVMs along with other techniques in developing data-driven models for predicting wear based on operational parameters, particularly the TBM advance rate. [PERSON] et al. [16] found that their proposed one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) established a strong correlation between machine parameters and the wear index of the disc cutter during tunneling in soft soils. It is important to point out that the use of machine learning models is often associated with problems such as overfitting, the need for large data sets for training, the complexity of calculations, and the interpretability of models. Several authors [7; 11; 12; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21] have noted that monitoring the wear condition of disc cutters and implementing predictive maintenance strategies are crucial to operational efficiency and cost management. Detailed discussions of wear measurement methods can be found in the following chapters, in which each method is examined in depth. This article explains the factors that influence the wear of disc cutters during the operation of TBMs. This study discusses the relationship between various parameters of disc cutters--such as diameter, material composition, and design features--and their performance. By investigating the interplay between the parameters of disc cutters and their performance, including their wear behavior in different tunneling scenarios, important insights are gained for the optimal monitoring or selection of wear measurement methods. The focus of this study is on methods used for measuring and evaluating the wear of disc cutters. Although general measurement techniques are discussed, the focus is on the methods used in the case study of disc cutter wear. These techniques include various approaches such as close-range photogrammetry, profile analysis, weighing, and visual macroscopic inspection. Of particular importance is the application of close-range photogrammetry, a novel method for quantifying the wear of disc cutters. This innovative approach involves photogrammetric processing to generate a dense point cloud and a three-dimensional model. The point cloud serves as a basis for comparing worn disc profiles with reference profiles derived from disc production plans. In addition, the 3D model facilitates the comparison of volume and mass losses to gain a comprehensive insight into the extent of wear of the disc cutter. The knowledge gained about the wear characteristics of disc cutters and the methods through which wear can be best observed, combined with the innovative approach to wear measurement used in this study, will enable engineers and operators to make informed decisions about monitoring the wear of disc cutters. Ultimately, this knowledge can drive the optimization of TBM tunneling processes and lead to improved productivity and cost-efficient project execution.
## 1 Introduction  
Motor downsizing and rotor up-speeding can be observed as a general trend in many applications of engineering, in fields ranging from electric mobility to turbo machinery. Rotors are increasingly being operated at extremely high rim speeds in order to fully exploit material strength and allow light-weight engineering. This trend, however, results in severe centripetal stresses and a potential safety threat in case of rotor failure. Another example, in which high speed rotors play an important role, are flywheel energy storage systems (FESS), where the stored kinetic energy is a function of the rotor speed squared. Compared to chemical energy storage (e.g., batteries) FESS can reach extremely high cycle life because of the absence of chemical aging. This unique property, in combination with high specific power, has caused this millennia-old energy storage principle to experience a renaissance due to its suitability to store renewable energy [1], improve grid stability [2], and recuperate braking energy in (hybrid-)vehicles [3; 4]. Even though there are many different architectures of FESS the most common topology--a non-integrated electromechanical system is sketched out in Figure 1 to illustrate how this energy storage principle works.  
In order to gain high specific energy contents in FESS, rotor speeds must be increased (compare Formula (1) in Section 2.1) and the strength of the rotor material must be fully exploited by operating at highest permissible centripetal stress. In this context, burst containments/housings are safety-critical parts and, even if reliable numerical methods were available, the designs need to be validated via experimental tests. However, empirical investigation (so called 'burst' or 'over-speed tests') of rotors in conjunction with the respective burst containments require significant financial and engineering effort (compare Section 3.2). This is why--if at all--usually only one single test is performed to validate one specific rotor-containment combination.  
Data related to the performance of burst containments for high-speed rotating machinery--such as flywheels, turbines, or electric motors--is scarce because the developers usually consider it a company secret. Never the less, optimized development of burst containment structures requires statistically significant data, which stresses the importance of low-cost test methods as a strategic development tool. Consequently, a small-scale, low-cost test rig for the investigation of burst containments was designed with the goal to investigate the performance of different containment structures and materials, as well as the failure mechanisms and interactions with different rotors. The gathered data (i.e., burst speed, acceleration, temperature, ambient pressure, etc.) in combination with a post-mortem analysis (as presented in Section 5) was used to draw an energy balance and hence allows for the assessment of the effectiveness of the burst containment.
## 8 Conclusions  
In this paper, a novel hesitant fuzzy entropy-based opportunistic clustering and data fusion scheme is proposed, utilizing the OCRG theory. Our proposed scheme, HFECS, achieves two levels of hierarchy in the network and energy heterogeneity is characterized using three levels of energy in sensor nodes. Self-organizing HFECS uses multiple attributes in terms of the local information of sensor nodes to measure hesitant fuzzy entropy and its corresponding weight coefficients for CH election procedure and reliable data fusion at CH to reduce the redundant information flow from CH to BS, which in turn improves the energy utilization and increases the network lifetime of sensor nodes. The performance of HFECS is evaluated against existing energy-efficient and entropy-based heterogeneous clustering schemes for parameters such as half-life period, stability period, average residual energy, network lifetime (FND and HND), and PDR. Our simulation results clearly show that HFECS performs better than the existing benchmarks for larger network sizes. Possible future work could include HFE-based ring routing in WSNs, HFE-based heterogeneous clustering supporting sink mobility, HFE based on Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSN) etc. In addition to this, the proposed scheme can be applied to ring routing [49], big data systems [50], data compression [51] and blockchain technology [52] in terms of reliable data fusion.  
Conceptualization, J.A. and T.G.R.B.; Methodology, J.A., T.G.R.B. and B.G.L.; Formal analysis, J.A. and S.B.; Investigation, J.A. and S.B.; Resources, H.-C.Z.; supervision, H.-C.Z. and B.G.L.; project administration, H.-C.Z. and B.G.L.; software, J.A. and T.G.R.B.; validation, H.-C.Z. and B.G.L.; writing--original draft, J.A., T.G.R.B.; writing--review and editing, J.A., H.-C.Z. and B.G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The research was funded by [National Natural Science Foundation of China] grant number [51776050] and grant number [51536001].  
The authors would like to appreciate all reviewers for their insightful comments and deliberate suggestions for improving the quality of this paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Applying Automatic Translation for Optical Music Recognition's Encoding Step
## 2 Methodology
### The Statistical Approach  
This approach is based on the family of techniques known as statistical machine translation (SMT) [21]. SMT is a data-driven approach to MT in which several independent models are combined to produce a translation from a text in the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). The basic models in an SMT system are:  
* The translation model: this model is learned from a parallel corpus, i.e., a set of sequences in the SL with their translations in the TL, and is used to obtain, given a phrase (i.e., a word \(n\)-gram) in the SL, the most probable equivalent phrases in the TL.
* The language model: this model is automatically learned from a TL monolingual corpus, and is used to obtain the probability that a predicted segment belongs to the TL.  
In addition to the translation model and the language model, modern SMT approaches integrate additional models, such as a distortion model (to reordering words during translation) or a length penalty. All these models are integrated through a log-linear combination; the weight of each model in this combination is set by a simplex-type algorithm that optimizes an automatic quality score on a development set.  
The combination of all these models allows SMT systems to provide balanced translations in terms of translation accuracy and TL fluency. However, it should be noted that the context available during translation is determined by the sizes of the sentences and the order of the language model. This is a clear disadvantage compared to neural approaches that deal with context in a more sophisticated way (see Section 2.3). Therefore, we hypothesize that, when translating from the agnostic encoding of a musical work that includes a clef other than the most repeated one, or having a key signature with a number of flats or sharps, SMT methods may lack information to correctly handle the pitch of notes that are not near the beginning of the staff. In order to confirm this hypothesis, we have createda modified version of the agnostic representation, named contextual agnostic encoding. This new notation extends the standard agnostic notation by concatenating to each symbol the clef and key signature context. The clef is encoded with a suffix equal to the agnostic clef sign. The key signature is encoded as the number of contiguous sharps or flats it is made of (see Figure 2).
## 3 Data and Methodology  
### Study Area, Time Span, and Dependent Variables  
This study focuses on Haikou, a major city in southeastern China. As the capital of Hainan Province, Haikou serves as a key economic, cultural, and transportation hub in the region. According to the 2017 governmental statistical report [89], the city's annual GDP was approximately USD 20.585 billion, and it had a population of about 2.2721 million. The ride-hailing dataset used in this research originates from the Didi Chuxing platform and covers all travel orders in Haikou during 2017. Each record includes various fields, such as order ID, service type (e.g., express or premium), pick-up and drop-off coordinates, departure and arrival times, as well as the distance between origins and destinations, with all data referenced to the WGS4 coordinate system. Administratively, Haikou is divided into sub-districts and towns. Sub-districts are typically located in urban areas, whereas towns lie farther from the city center. To ensure the representativeness of the data, this study selected travel orders from October 2017 as a case sample, encompassing all 21 sub-districts in Haikou, primarily within Meilan District, covering approximately 19\({}^{\circ}\)56\({}^{\circ}\)-20\({}^{\circ}\)6\({}^{\circ}\) N and 110\({}^{\circ}\)15\({}^{\circ}\)-110\({}^{\circ}\)25\({}^{\circ}\) E. During data preprocessing, we excluded all trips whose pick-up or drop-off points were outside the study area, as well as trips lasting under five minutes or over 120 min, resulting in a final set of 1,732,629 valid records. To facilitate the integration of multiple data sources and enhance the spatial resolution of the analysis, the entire study area was divided into 611 grid cells of 500 m \(\times\) 500 m each (Figure 1), with each cell roughly corresponding to one neighborhood [81; 88].  
In this study, ride-hailing usage was calculated separately for workdays and holidays, resulting in data from 17 workdays and 14 holidays. To further examine how built-environment factors influence demand across different times and dates, this study divides daily travel into five time slots: morning peak (7:00-10:00), daytime (10:00-17:00), evening peak (17:00-20:00), night (20:00-24:00), and overnight (24:00-7:00). Unlike previous research that aggregates demand to the daily level [60; 90], we separately summarize average hourly demand for each time slot within each grid cell, yielding ten dependent variables in total.
## 2 Methodology
### Diffusion Properties  
The mean square displacement (MSD) of n-decane and CH\({}_{4}\) of the binary system at various pressures was computed to study the diffusion properties of n-decane and the impact of CH\({}_{4}\) on diffusion properties. As shown in Figure 10, the diffusion rate of n-decane gradually increases as CH\({}_{4}\) solubility increases. At the same time, as the pressure increases, the influence of the interaction force between n-decane and CH\({}_{4}\) becomes more robust, and more and more n-decane molecules will occupy the adsorption sites of methane molecules. This behavior reduces the space available for CH\({}_{4}\) molecules to move freely, and more collisions between CH\({}_{4}\) molecules increase the spatial site resistance, ultimately leading to a rapid decrease in diffusion rate.  
The radial distribution functions of CH\({}_{4}\) and n-decane in the binary system under different pressures were analyzed to understand further the effect of microstructural changes on the diffusion of n-decane after the dissolution of CH\({}_{4}\), as shown in Figure 11. As the system pressure rises, the amount of n-decane surrounding the n-decane gradually decreases while CH\({}_{4}\) increases, indicating that more and more CH\({}_{4}\) molecules are dissolved into n-decane. The ability of n-decane to diffuse is also enhanced because CH\({}_{4}\) has a higher intrinsic diffusion coefficient than n-decane.  
Figure 10: MSD of n-decane/CH\({}_{4}\) at different pressures at 313.3 K. (a) N-decane; (b) CH\({}_{4}\).  
Figure 9: IFT of different component systems at 313.3 K.  
Figure 12 shows the radial distribution function between n-decane-CH\({}_{4}\) and n-decane-CO\({}_{2}\) at 313.3 K and 11.14 MPa. N-decane interacts with CO\({}_{2}\) more potently than CH\({}_{4}\), resulting in a large number of CO\({}_{2}\) molecules gathering around n-decane, limiting CH\({}_{4}\) flow and decreasing the diffusion capacity of CH\({}_{4}\) molecules. This result indicates that the interaction of carbon dioxide with n-decane is greater than that of CH\({}_{4}\).  
In order to investigate further into the molecular distribution of CH\({}_{4}\) and the various crude oil components, the radial distribution functions of the various alkanes were calculated. In Figure 13a, the peak of the radial distribution function decreases as the number of alkane carbon atoms increases. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 13b, the peak of the n-decane-n-hexane curve is higher than the peak of the n-decane-n-nonadecane curve, indicating that n-hexane is more prone to weakening the interactions between n-decane molecules and thus aggregation around n-decane. It is further inferred that the light components aggregate more easily with each other and are more conducive to reaching a miscible state.  
Figure 11: Radial distribution function of n-decane/CH\({}_{4}\) (313.3K). (**a**) N-decane-n-decane; (**b**) n-decane-CH\({}_{4}\).  
Figure 12: Radial distribution function between n-decane-CH\({}_{4}\) and n-decane-CO\({}_{2}\). in the system at 313.3 K, 11.14 MPa.