## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Building Descriptions  
Measurements were conducted in individual spaces within an actual residential building to determine occupancy status and location. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the characteristics of the target building, a high-rise apartment located in Seoul, South Korea, with a typical floor plan and composition. The sole occupant was a 23-year-old male college student.  
As depicted in Figure 2, the physical properties and composition of the building, including the thickness, length, and structure of exterior walls, windows, and floors, were generated based on architectural drawings and building equipment documentation to construct a suitable heating control simulator for the occupancy environment. The results are summarized in Table 1.  
To determine occupancy status and location, the space was divided as shown in Figure 1. Zone 1, where the desk is located, was designated for general study and office work. Zone 2, housing the bed, was primarily used for sleep. Zone 3 encompassed areas for other movement and standing activities.  
The heating system in the building is a hydronic radiant panel system, which utilizes hot water circulated through coils embedded in the floor to provide radiant heat. The district heating network supplied hot water to the entire building, and the amount of hot water supplied to individual panels was controlled by thermostats installed in each space.  
Figure 1: Target space condition and occupied zone condition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Values or Description**} \\ \hline Residential unit total area & 108 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Target room area & 12.52 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline Exterior wall area & 9.18 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Exterior wall construction} & Concrete (200 mm), k = 1.32 W/m-K \\  & Porous insulation (120 mm), k = 0.32 W/m-K \\  & Gypsum board (24 mm), k = 1.07 W/m-K \\  & Overall heat transfer coefficient = 0.20 W/m\({}^{2}\)-K \\ \hline Interior wall area & 32 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Interior wall construction} & Porous insulation (120 mm), k = 0.32 W/m-K \\  & Gypsum board (24 mm), k = 1.07 W/m-K \\  & Glass wool insulation (50 mm), k = 0.32 W/m-K \\  & Gypsum board (24 mm), k = 1.07 W/m-K \\  & Overall heat transfer coefficient = 1.35 W/m\({}^{2}\)-K \\ \hline Window-Wall-Ratio & 45\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Window System} & Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) frame with double pane glass (12 mm clear glass + 24 mm air + 12 mm low emissivity glass) \\  & (U-value = 1.25 W/m\({}^{2}\)-K, Solar heat gain coefficient = 0.43) \\ \hline Infiltration & 0.3 Air change per hour (ACH) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Floor construction} & Concrete (250 mm), k = 1.32 W/m-K \\  & Sound isolation pad (20 mm), k = 1.02 W/m-K \\  & Autoclaved light concrete (40 mm), k = 0.13 W/m-K \\  & Cement mortar layer embedded hydronic radiant tubes (40 mm), k = 1.21 W/m-K \\  & Wood finishing (8 mm), k = 0.05 W/m-K \\ \hline Heating system & Radiant heating system with hot water from district heating network \\ \hline Cooling system & Packaged direct expansion (DX) coil air conditioner \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{k: thermal conductivity.} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Residential building and target room specifications.  
Figure 2: Sectional plan of target space.