## 5 Concluding Remarks
These convincing results indicated that the platform performed well and robustly in these two domains. Yet, these KPIs can indirectly influence the human performance of the ATCOs as latency and data loss might result in a lack of situational awareness, particularly the shared situational awareness with pilots. Hence, one should avoid compromising safety, and further enhancement can be made to mitigate and minimise the undesired consequences via synchronisation of refresh rate. Despite the current research supporting the feasibility of deploying collaborative decision-making training, the platform is offline and delinked from real-time air traffic. Therefore, as there is only one flight simulator connected with one set of flight crews operating the simulator, the effect of communication among pilots from other flights cannot currently be realised. In other words, there is a lack of pseudo pilots that can communicate with ATCO trainees/subjects regarding the motion of other nonuser aircraft shown on the radar map. As the environment is offline, controlled, and simulated, such limitations are inevitable. Thus, it is suggested to connect real-time flight data and a pseudo pilot's voice to further raise the fidelity of the platform. Further developments can be built on the current architecture for enhancing the performance and the fidelity of the platform via commercial simulators and advanced networking/telecommunication systems. Lastly, if the pseudo pilots can be further developed using artificial intelligence with the ability to respond to ATCOs effectively, the digital twin can be improved to further reduce the human factors involved in aviation operations. C.Y.Y., conceptualisation, methodology, software, data curation, formal analysis, validation, investigation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing; K.K.H.N., conceptualisation, validation, resources, writing--review and editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition; C.-H.L., writing--review and editing and supervision; C.T.C., investigation and writing--review and editing; T.C.C., investigation and writing--review and editing; K.C.L., investigation and writing--review and editing; K.Y.W., investigation and writing--review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** The research was funded by the Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (Project code: UALL, AAE07) and the Undergraduate Research and Innovation Scheme (URIS) of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Project code: TA20). Not applicable. The research was supported by the Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR and the Undergraduate Research and Innovation Scheme (URIS) of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Our gratitude is also extended to the Research Committee of the Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for support of the project (UALL) and the capstone project 2021/22 (AAE07), as well as the Office of Undergraduate Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University for the support of the URIS project (TA20). The authors declare no conflict of interest. Figure 12: The boxplots of \(t_{1,2}\) during right-time setting. Figure A3: The boxplots of \(t_{2,3}\) during daytime setting. Figure A4: The boxplots of \(t_{2,3}\) during night-time setting. Figure A5: The boxplots of \(t_{total}\) during daytime setting.