## 2 Materials and Methods
### Growth Kinetics  
Growth kinetics of individual strains were measured in TSB and BPW (Difco). Single colonies were inoculated into 4 mL of TSB or BPW and incubated with shaking for 16 h-18 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. A portion (1.0-1.5 mL) of the resulting culture was centrifuged at 13,000\(\times\) g in a microfuge for 3-5 min, and the cell pellets were resuspended in PBS to an A\({}_{600}\) of 0.05-0.1. This cell suspension (35 \(\mu\)L) was used to inoculate 35 mL of fresh, room-temperature medium, resulting in a starting cell concentration of approximately \(10^{5}\) CFU/mL. The TSB and BPW cultures were incubated with shaking at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Turbidity was monitored by measuring A\({}_{600}\) at regular intervals. Cell density was monitored by making serial dilutions of cultures in PBS and plating onto TSA. Plates were incubated for 18 h-24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the colonies were counted to calculate the CFU/mL. These values were log-transformed, and the data were plotted as log CFU/mL.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Strain ID** & **Serovar** & **Sequence Type** & **Source, Year** \\ \hline RM18465 *.1 & Give & 654 & Water/sediment, 2014 \\ RM20875 * & Give & 158 & Water/sediment, 2013 \\ RM15596 * & Enteritidis & 814 & Water/sediment, 2011 \\ RM15890 & Enteritidis & ND 2 & Water/sediment, 2011 \\ RM16950 & Enteritidis & ND & Water/sediment, 2011 \\ RM18433 * & Enteritidis & 11 & Water/sediment, 2013 \\ RM20787 & Enteritidis & ND & Water/sediment, 2015 \\ RM1316 & Kentucky & ND & Ground beef, 1997 \\ RM7890 & Kentucky & ND & Ground chicken, 2008 \\ RM17366 * & Kentucky & 152 & Water/sediment, 2013 \\ RM19068 * & Kentucky & 198 & Water/sediment, 2015 \\ RM17930 & Typhimurium & ND & Water/sediment, 2013 \\ RM16783 & Typhimurium & ND & Water/sediment, 2012 \\ RM18411 * & Typhimurium & 19 3  & Water/sediment, 2014 \\ RM18387 * & Typhimurium & 19  & Water/sediment, 2014 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: _Salmonella_ strains used in this study.  
Growth kinetics were modeled with a modified Gompertz equation using Prism 9.5 (GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA) [39]. Growth curves were generated, and non-linear regression was performed using the Gompertz option in Prism. Best-fit values were derived from the curves in Prism according to Equation (1):  
\[\mathrm{Y=Y_{M}\times(Y_{0}/Y_{M})^{\mathrm{*}}exp(-K\times X)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(Y_{0}\) is the starting population, \(Y_{M}\) is the maximum population level, K determines the lag time, and \(1/K\) is the X value of the curve inflection point. Therefore, the \(1/K\) value represents the duration of lag phase. Generation time was calculated during lag phase using the following equation:  
\[\mathrm{g=t/n} \tag{2}\]  
where g is generation time, t represents the time interval, and n is the number of generations within the time interval. The number of generations within a time interval calculated from the growth curves using the following equation:  
\[\mathrm{N_{t}=N_{o}\times 2^{n}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(\mathrm{N_{t}}\) is the cfu/mL at time t, \(\mathrm{N_{o}}\) is the cfu/mL at time 0, and n is the number of generations during the time interval.