## 1 Introduction  
In recent times, there has been a growing recognition of the environmental challenges posed by various factors such as climate change, water contamination, finite natural resources, and their implications for human well-being [1]. Consequently, there has been an increased emphasis on developing eco-conscious products and processes. In line with this perspective, researchers have been actively exploring various approaches to enhance the production of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using more sustainable technologies [2]. Utilizing biological substrates for the synthesis of nanostructured metal and metal oxides is an intriguing approach that has gained significant attention as a potential alternative to conventional methods prevalent across various industries [3]. The use of medicinal plants is seen as a promising link between economic development, accessible healthcare, and the conservation of vital biodiversity [4]. As [PERSON] and [PERSON] [5] argue, \"Millions of people rely on medicinal plants to meet some or all of their healthcare needs\". Thousands of plant species are utilized, with medicinal applications potentially being the most widespread form of biodiversity utilization. Focusing on the challenge of fostering sustainable economic growth in remote areas, medicinal plants offer marginalized rural communities a viable avenue for income generation [6]. Leaves are extensively used in traditional medicine as well as for culinary and tea enhancements. The development of environmentally friendly processes for nanoparticle synthesis is emerging as a prominent field within nanotechnology [7; 8]. Green nanotechnology aims to enable the production of commercially viable, environmentally friendly, and safer products based on nanotechnology. This area is currently receiving increased attention, particularly in the \"green synthesis\" of metal nanoparticles, which exhibit unique optical, chemical, photochemical, and electrical properties [9]. Eco-friendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles is gaining traction in response to the demand for environmentally conscious material synthesis [10; 11; 12]. Over the past decade, there has been a notable surge in interest in nanoparticles due to their increasing use in electronics, micronutrients for plants and biofertilizers, and environmental remediation [13]. The growing use of nanoparticles highlights the importance of understanding their environmental impact [14]. Compared to microorganisms, plants offer advantages in terms of the speed and stability of nanoparticle synthesis. Additionally, plant-based synthesis yields nanoparticles with a wider range of sizes and shapes compared to those produced by other organisms. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms of metal ion uptake, bioreduction by plants, and potential pathways for metal nanoparticle formation within plants, driven by the benefits of using plants and plant-derived materials for the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles [15; 16; 17; 18]. The reproducibility of nanoparticles synthesis using plant extracts is influenced by various factors such as the presence of phytochemicals in the extracts acting as stabilizing and reducing agents, the type of plant species used, and the optimization of reaction conditions [19; 20; 21]. Plant extracts contain biomolecules like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins that aid in reducing metal ions and creating nanoparticles, leading to a single-step synthesis process [20; 22]. Studies have shown that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using _mangosteen pericarp_ ethanolic extract resulted in reproducible nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 7 to 38 nm, showcasing the potential for consistent synthesis outcomes [22]. The green synthesis approach using plant extracts offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for nanoparticle production, highlighting the reproducibility and reliability of this technique in creating nanoparticles for various applications [20; 21].