# Multi-Objective Real-Time Planning of Evacuation Routes for Underground Mine Fires
###### Abstract
Through monitoring and active reporting, knowledge of the location of underground fires, the type of combustible materials, the development of the fire, and the assessment of the impact of high-temperature smoke streams, CO, and other toxic gases generated by the fire can help reduce and avoid the threat to the health and safety of underground fire [6]. Self-rescuers and refuges ensure the survival and mobility of personnel in the event of a fire, when they have to enter a fire-affected hazardous area, or when it is difficult for them to escape to the surface. Currently, more and more countries have realized the importance of underground emergency evacuation systems and have put forward standards and requirements for the construction of underground emergency evacuation systems. For example, in 2010, China proposed to build six underground emergency evacuation systems, including monitoring and surveillance systems, emergency evacuation systems, compressed air self-rescue systems, water supply and rescue systems, personnel positioning systems, and communication systems, which greatly improved the emergency rescue capabilities when disasters occur in underground mines. What is more, the United States, Australia, South Africa, and other countries have also stipulated the relevant requirements for underground safety evacuation in the form of laws [7]. Underground safety systems make it possible to identify hazards at an early stage of a disaster and to quickly communicate with personnel and respond to the disaster. When a disaster cannot be controlled in time and personnel need to be evacuated from the well, the system provides guidance on evacuation information, ensures that current evacuation routes are feasible, and revises evacuation routes in real time in response to developments in the disaster. In addition, many researchers have studied different aspects of underground refuge systems, such as fire monitoring and identification methods, parameters of underground refuge chambers, and layout methods [8]. [PERSON] conducted a study on the dynamic coupled heat transfer characteristics between rock and air within refuge chambers under ventilated conditions [9]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the physiological and psychological responses of individuals to high temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide concentration within refuge chambers [10]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a pre-emptive training program aimed at helping miners acclimate to the environmental conditions of refuge chambers, thereby preparing them to cope with the physical and psychological stresses that may arise during an emergency [11]. While these studies have significantly contributed to the understanding of the safety of refuge facilities, human-environment interactions, and emergency preparedness training, there remains a lack of comprehensive research that integrates both the performance of refuge facilities and human responses into disaster management decision-making. The current research on disaster avoidance route planning tends to focus on the simulation of disasters and route planning before the occurrence of a disaster, the auxiliary escape decision making in the event of a disaster is not fully considered, and the research on the multi-objective route planning problem, which takes into account the efficiency of the path and the safety factors, is not in-depth enough. Therefore, our proposed method utilizes real-time fire sensor data from underground during a disaster to assist in path planning, incorporating both safety and access efficiency. Drawing from the experience of actual projects, we have developed path selection criteria to determine the disaster avoidance routes that best align with the practical needs of evacuation and rescue operations. Our approach is exemplified by applying it to a case study of an underground metal mine fire, where we generate a roadway accessibility network based on real-time sensor data.