# Application of Artificial Intelligence in Wind Power Systems
## 1 Introduction  
The issue of climate change and the security of electricity supply from conventional fueled power stations have led to renewable energy sources being prioritized. In this context, we observe that the installed capacity of wind turbines around the world is constantly increasing. According to the World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) Annual Report 2023 [1], the global installed capacity of wind turbines at the end of 2023 was around 1047 GW and the annual electricity production from wind turbines was around 2310 TWh (Figure 1). However, it is important to realize that electricity generation from wind turbines is highly variable throughout the day and month in certain areas, as the wind is stochastic in nature. Equally important is the fact that the demand for electricity also varies throughout the day and month. The situation is similar for solar PV power plants, which, together with wind power plants, make up the largest share of renewable energy capacity (excluding hydropower plants). Although electricity generation from PV solar power plants and wind power plants will only account for 15% of total electricity generation worldwide in 2024, the planned share in 2028 is 25% [2]. Most of the remaining production comes from hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants and fossil fuel power plants. In 2023, renewable energy sources were the largest source of electricity in the EU. Their share was 44.7%, while the share of electricity from fossil thermal power plants was around 32% and that from nuclear power plants around 23%. Renewable energy sources are a strategic choice, but in December and January, when solar energy and thus electricity generation from PV power plants is at its lowest and electricity consumption is high due to the cold, significant problems can arise. On the German mainland there is often winter fog without wind, and on the wind farms in the North Sea there is often a strong wind, so that the wind farms have to be put into standby mode. In such situations, the individual countries have to increase the import of energy from the European energy market. The European electricity market is physically highly interconnected and institutionally coordinated, but the laws of supply and demand lead to price instability. This is a minor problem for households, which generally have a long-term agreed price, but a serious problem for industry, which pays for electricity at the current market price. The European electricity grid is also of the utmost importance to the European Commission: it is the only way to reduce Europe's dependence on energy imports and achieve the European Green Deal's goal of achieving a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 relative to 1990 levels. All of this will become even more important with the increasing number of electric cars that are supplied with electricity from the grid. It should also be pointed out that the conventional electricity grid is not designed to cope with the integration of renewable energy sources. The variable nature of renewables results in variable and unstable loads on the grid, which makes maintaining grid performance within specified power, voltage and frequency tolerances a challenge. As mentioned earlier, in some relatively short periods there is a surplus of energy in the grid and in others there is a shortage. Therefore, the need for efficient management of energy flows in the electricity grid is becoming increasingly clear [3]. On the one hand, the lack of energy production from wind turbines and PV solar power plants should be compensated by increased production from other sources or by utilizing energy from energy storage systems, and excess energy in the grid should be efficiently stored in energy storage systems. However, the shutdown or reduction of electricity generation from conventional power plants cannot be achieved immediately or in a short time due to the nature of the energy conversion process in the power plant.