# Implementing and Evaluating a Font Recommendation System Through Emotion-Based Content-Font Mapping
## 3 Emotion Keywords Encapsulated in Fonts  
To define the emotions associated with the images conveyed by fonts, we conducted crowdsourcing to classify the relevance of fonts and keywords among various individuals [8]. This method was employed to confirm the general atmosphere or emotions expressed by fonts. The emotions defined for fonts were later used in emotion keyword-based font recommendations after quantification.  
First, the selection of emotion keywords was based on [PERSON] research, which used various vocabulary to express the impressions of Korean fonts [12]. [PERSON] study defined the impressions of fonts using 37 keywords for English fonts, as shown in Table 1.  
However, these keywords were originally defined for English fonts and merely represent form-based impressions of fonts, rather than human emotions. Therefore, some of the keywords that were difficult to apply to Korean fonts or those that only expressed the appearance of fonts were removed. Additionally, we included three distinctive keywords for Korean fonts, namely 'determined', 'harmonious', and'stiff', resulting in an extended list of 41 keywords [17].  
This process was carried out through a questionnaire-based survey in two phases. In the first phase, respondents were asked to select all the keywords that suited fonts from the 41 available. As a result, 29 keywords were selected. In the second phase, respondents were asked to determine whether each of the 29 keywords was closer to shape representation or emotional expression. Eventually, 19 emotion keywords, including angular, attention-grabbing, boring, calm, delicate, disorderly, dramatic, formal, friendly, gentle, graceful, modern, playful, strong, technical, warm, determined, harmonious, and stiff, were identified as the emotions that can be perceived in fonts [6].  
To define the emotions associated with fonts, we had 61 users assess the impressions of each font based on the 19 emotion keywords. We measured the degree of each font's association with the emotions in a pool of around 200 Korean fonts. For example, the survey results for the DOS Gothic font are shown in Table 2. The impression of 'angular' for the DOS Gothic font was perceived as strong by 20 respondents, moderate by 32 respondents, and weak by 9 respondents.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & & & \\ \hline Angular & Artistic & Attention-Grabbing & Attractive & Bad & Boring & Clam \\ Capitals & Charming & Clumsy & Complex & Cursive & Delicate & Disorderly \\ Display & Dramatic & Formal & Fresh & Friendly & Gentle & Graceful \\ Happy & Italic & Legible & Modern & Monospace & Playful & Pretentious \\ Serif & Sharp & Soft & Strong & Technical & Thin & Warm \\ Wide & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The impressions of fonts are defined in [PERSON]’s study.  
Using the data collected in this manner, we determined the emotional attributes of fonts based on respondent numbers and weighed them accordingly. This process is illustrated in Equation (1). In this equation, \(F\) represents the font, \(k\) denotes the keyword, and \(F_{k}\) represents the keyword value of the font. \(f_{kh}\), \(f_{km}\) and \(f_{kl}\) represent the number of respondents who rated the keyword as high, medium, and low for each font. \(n\) represents the total number of respondents [6].  
\[F_{k}=\frac{(f_{kh}\times 1)+(f_{km}\times 0.5)+(f_{kl}\ \times 1)}{n} \tag{1}\]