# Conscious Mobility for Urban Spaces: Case Studies Review and Indicator Framework Design
## 1 Introduction  
Transportation systems are important elements to take into account when trying to improve the quality of life in cities, as they structure many of the social and economic interactions that take place every day in urban areas. When transport systems are efficient, they provide economic and social opportunities and benefits that result in positive multipliereffects such as better accessibility to markets, employment, and additional investments [1]. However, as cities become more attractive, new residents arrive, compromising the design capacity of road infrastructure and public transportation. Moreover, urban population growth leads to new housing development, which, in turn, could result in urban sprawl. The pace of urban expansion is expected to increase in the next decades, and this represents a challenge for the delivery of urban passenger transport services facing a projected growth of 60-70% by 2050 [2; 3], at the same time, motorized transport is expected to increase 94% between 2015 and 2050 [2]. This path leads to a 26% global increase in Co2 emissions by urban activity alone [2]. These problematic projections are driven by a combination of insufficient sustainability considerations in urban mobility plans, and not taking enough advantage of novel technologies (e.g., digitization, data mining, artificial intelligence and optimization, etc.) that hampers the level of understanding of urban communities transportation needs and quality of life aspirations. The identification of these issues has encouraged the public and private sectors to pursue new mobility strategies, such as sustainable and smart mobility, where the objective is to make all transport modes more sustainable, make sustainable alternatives widely available in a multi-modal transport system, and put in place the right incentives to drive this transition [4]. According to [5; 6; 7], smart mobility, plans to implement actions and reduce pollution and waste while increasing transport efficiency [8]. Therefore, smart mobility is deeply connected to the performance of sustainable mobility, contributing to improving the quality of life [9]. Smart mobility is an integrated system comprised of several projects and actions, all aimed at sustainability in urban development [10]. Therefore, even though the smart mobility concept is evolving, sustainability should be considered as inherent to it, thus any new transport modes that seek to be called \"smart\", must be resource efficient, balancing environmental needs with those of the economy and the community. In general, smarter communities are those that adopt novel digital and clean technologies for urban and transport infrastructure systems problem solving through business, policy and social innovations that aim to enhance quality of life for all [11]. New mobility modes are desired to enhance and better integrate intermodal urban transport systems. In the past decade, smart mobility has started to emerge as an innovative approach vis-a-vis traditional transport modes, example assisted/self-driving, intelligent, logistics, smart parking, and sharing economy (ride-/car-/bike-sharing) [12]. Besides development in new power source technologies, such as compressed natural gas (CNG), hybrid electric, and full electric, represent the near future of road passenger transport. Replacing diesel buses with CNG buses in urban transport was part of the first attempts from urban planners and decision makers, as it reduces the emission of toxic substances and greenhouse gases and contributes to reducing the negative impact from the transportation sector on the environment [13]. However, based on the UK data, results showed that HydrogenFuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) will come to dominate, but only in the very long run (after 2030), while biofuels and ICE(Internal Combustion Engine)-electric hybrids will be the main alternatives to the regime in the next 10-30 years, because (a) they are already developed and (b) they fit better into current infrastructures [14].