# Wildfire Monitoring Based on Energy Efficient Clustering Approach for FANETS
## 2 Literature Review
Musicians attempt to choose better notes so that their music may be heard more clearly, and this is the primary premise behind the presentation of the harmony fitness function. In other words, the most suited group of nodes is picked as CHs. The authors suggested a TPSO-CR protocol [12], a two-layered PSO protocol for clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks. While calculating the fitness function of the clustering, three factors were considered: network coverage, residual energy of the nodes, and link communication quality (all of which were utilized simultaneously) [37]. The two criteria applied in the fitness function for clustering are energy efficiency and connection communication quality. The novel method was applied for clustering, an updated HSAwas used for multi-hop routing in WSNs in [13], and the cuckoo approach was used for clustering and routing of nodes. One of the most critical issues in this area is uniform energy consumption in the clustering and routing of large-scale wireless sensor networks since nodes near the sink spend considerable energy owing to high traffic loads. This study also contains criteria for the fitness function, including energy, node degree, cluster intra-distance, and coverage ratio. Author [14] developed an enhanced version of LEACH, dubbed LEACH-B (LEACH-Balanced), in which the number of CHs is kept as close to ideal levels as possible. It is a decentralized technique for cluster creation [14] that involves increasing election CHs to maximize the number of clusters formed while maintaining the lowest possible energy consumption by nodes during the set-up stage. The LEACH-B protocol comprises three primary stages: selecting the CH, the construction of clusters, and the transmission of data. LEACH-ME (Mobile Enhanced-LEACH) is a protocol suggested by the authors of [15] as an enhancement to the LEACH-M protocol. LEACH-ME is intended to alleviate the shortcomings of LEACH-M. As CHs, it selects nodes with the least mobility than their neighbors. Each node contains all the CH transitions performed throughout the steady-state while transferring information. [15] Nodes use TDMA slots to send several transitions to their CH [16]. The primary goal of LEACH-ME is to ensure that the mobility of CHs is kept to a bare minimum in comparison to other nodes in the network, with the result that when clusters move and change locations, the disruption caused by the movement of CHs will be kept to a bare minimum to the greatest extent possible. The authors have proposed a strategy for transmitting messages to a WSN-aided opportunistic network (WAON) under catastrophe situations [23]. In this scenario, the forwarding method is referred to as net spray. Disaster messaging services are provided and support static-to-mobile, mobile-to-mobile, mobile-to-static, and static-to-static operations and mobile-to-static operations. The message forwarding to a WSN-assisted opportunistic network ensures that messages are delivered with the least possible delay in catastrophe circumstances and that storage is better managed [38]. A G.9959-based IPv6 packet delivery mechanism for industrial IoT via WSN has been proposed in [24] by the authors. G.9959 is an industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) protocol. IPv6 retains very high Internet users, allowing for a high degree of scalability. Packet delivery speed and energy efficiency are strong points of the IPv6 energy-efficient system. According to the authors' paper [25], loss of transmission reduction by inspired ant colony optimization (ACO) with a Monte Carlo Markov chain in an underwater WSN environment was achieved using a Monte Carlo Markov chain [39]. In this paper, they describe ACO routing, which includes the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique for capturing transmission loss on the MCMC strategy, as well as the channel status information (CSI) forecast prediction (FP) algorithm, which is proposed in the literature.