esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Improved Ensemble-Learning Algorithm for Predictive Maintenance in the Manufacturing Process
## 3 IIoT-Based PdM-Related Studies
### IIoT-Based PdM-Related Studies  
This study surveyed 986 relevant studies from 2015 to 2020 and analyzed the time trend and disciplinary distribution of emerging IIoT-based PdM-related topics. Initially, we used the academic publishing analytics software-\"Publish or Perish\" (PoP) to obtain related papers and analyze them. PoP uses benchmark data sources such as Google Scholar to obtain the papers' citation information, then analyzes the obtained information, and presents academic estimate scores (e.g., h-index). We reviewed the obtained results manually and then filtered on the basis of citations. Table 1 lists the top 20 citations and provides detailed descriptions. We included keywords from the top-cited articles in this study to present the current technology trends. The findings of these studies suggest that data-driven technologies, cyber-physical systems, and real-time communication are the core problems that drive research associated with IIoT-based PdM. Critical review, data analytics, and system design are among the primary research topics. \"Industry 4.0\", \"Smart manufacturing\", \"Cloud computing\", and \"Data analytics\" are high-frequency keywords for IIoT-PdM-related topics. Table 1 demonstrates that papers that were published earlier have more citations than other, later-published articles; e.g., articles [15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. However, the citation analytics in the most recent five years may be limited by the publishing time window. The earlier published articles have a larger window than the later published article. The later published article may have fewer citations than the earlier published articles. In this study, the citation analytics may be biased toward articles published in earlier years.  
Figure 3: Global market size of PdM-related applications reported by various consulting firms.  
[PERSON] proposed an IIoT-based predictive maintenance application for predicting the remaining lifespan of equipment [33]. [PERSON] indicated that the IIoT incorporates data storage, processing, and analytics technologies [2]. [PERSON] used time-series data to predict IIoT performance. He used an autoregressive integrated moving average model to predict possible failures and quality defects in a slitting machine [35]. Some researchers have proposed that the concentric model [2] and data mining model [35] support a learner model to access and process data; thus, in a different field, such as the edge-cloud environment, the maintenance strategy can be predicted.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Projectile Nose Shape  
Figure 8 presents schematic diagrams of various projectile nose shapes (i.e., flat-nosed, ogival-nosed, and hemispheric-nosed), commonly utilized in experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies. Notably, all projectile types share identical diameter, mass, and density values, resulting in slight variations in their lengths.  
Figure 9 shows the numerically predicted cross-section as well as rear surface damage patterns for the FMLs (based on a PP/PP composite) struck transversely by the 12.7 mm diameter, 46.7 g projectiles at 300 m/s with different nose shapes. The total thickness of the panel is 5.73 mm and its other parameters are consistent with the target plate introduced in Section 3. SDV7 is defined as the damage variable, with a value of zero indicating that the material remains intact and undamaged, and a value of one indicating complete destruction. When subjected to impact by a flat-nosed projectile, the target plate primarily experiences tensile and shear deformation, with the damage localized around the perforation area, as shown in Figure 9a. However, when impacted by hemispheric- and ogival-nosed bullets, the rear surface of the target plate shows a tearing failure pattern, with damage concentrated in the tearing regions, allowing the target plate to absorb more energy through this type of deformation.  
Figure 8: Schematic diagrams of different types of projectile nose shapes: (**a**) flat-nosed, (**b**) ogival-nosed, (**c**) hemispheric-nosed.  
Figure 10 shows numerically the predicted residual velocity for FMLs (based on a PP/PP composite) struck transversely by the 12.7 mm diameter, 46.7 g projectiles at 300 m/s with different nose shapes. It is clear from Figure 10 that the residual velocity is greatest for the flat-nosed projectile, measuring 270 m/s, in comparison to the residual velocities of both the ogival-nosed and hemispheric-nosed projectiles, as the tearing damage induced by the latter enables the target plate to absorb a greater amount of energy.
# PS-CARA: Context-Aware Resource Allocation Scheme for Mobile Public Safety Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper presents the public safety priority-based context-aware resource allocation (PS-CARA) scheme for interference reduction in the PS-LTE system. This scheme takes care of the context-information and mPC mobility while allocating resources among users. From the simulation results, we found that PS-CARA with power control is the best possible solution for PS scenario as we have around 67% less interference as compared to PS-CARA without using power control. Moreover, we also found that by giving priority to the PS users, the call blocking is reduced significantly as compared with the C-SRA scheme. Similarly, we notice that by deploying a greater number of mPC in PS scenario, we can increase the mean and edge throughput of the users. In the future, we have a plan to check the performance of the PS-CARA scheme by introducing the energy consumption constraint because energy consumption is one of the important constraints in the PS scenario.  
[PERSON] proposed the idea, performed simulations, and wrote paper. [PERSON] and [PERSON] draw the Figures in the manuscript. [PERSON] helps to gather different parameters related to simulations. [PERSON] supervised and proof read this work.  
**Funding:** This research was supported in part by the the U.K. Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under Grant EP/P019374/1 and Newton Prize 2017.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 9: Call blocking probability of the proposed PS-CARA scheme.
# Design of Two Compact Wideband Monopoles Through Loading with Linear Approximated Lumped Components
###### Abstract  
In this paper, two ultra-wideband monopoles in a colinear structure are presented for application in remote terrestrial communication systems. The antennas consist of a loaded monopole with a hat and an elevated loaded monopole located in the upper position. All lumped loads are modeled as linear frequency-dependent components to approximate the practical component property for achieving ultra-wideband characteristics, since the constant value property of a component is only present in a relatively narrow band. The antennas are simulated by the method of moments (MoM) with asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) to speed up frequency sweep across a wide bandwidth. For proper simulation with the AWE process, the parallel RLC load with linear frequency-dependent components is modeled in a corresponding impedance function. With the optimized load parameters, one antenna covers 30-750 MHz with a VSWR \(<\) 3.5 and the other one covers 800 MHz-3000 MHz with a VSWR \(<\) 2.5, which are promising results for terrestrial omnidirectional applications.  
load antenna; wideband monopoles; colinear structure 2024151477
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Synthesis and Characterization of SeNPs-CV  
A total of 5 mL of CV (10 mg/mL) was added drop wise to 5 mL (10 mg/mL) Na\({}_{2}\)SeO\({}_{3}\) and was stirred for 24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The reaction mixture was periodically examined for any color changes and subjected to a UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The produced SeNPs were collected by centrifuging the reaction mixture at 1500\(\times\)\(g\) after the completion of the reaction. A Zetasizer was used to examine the SeNPs-CV's size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to determine the molecular constitution of SeNPs (FTIR; PerkinElmer, Hopkinton, MA, USA). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the morphology of SeNPs-CV (TEM, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Imaging was done at a 100 kV accelerating voltage after a drop of nanoparticle solution was put on a copper mesh that had been coated with carbon. Metal nanoparticles of selenium (SeNPs) were synthesized based on the previous study of our research group [17]. Briefly, sodium selenite was reduced with glutathione in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the size of the obtained NPs was in the range of 10 to 80 nm.
# Perspectives on Cathodes for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells
## 2 Mixed Proton-Electron-Conducting Cathodes
[32] recently investigated Fe-substituted BaZr\({}_{0.8}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) (BZY20) as cathode material, reporting an electrode polarisation resistance (R\({}_{\rm p}\)) of 0.28 \(\Omega\cdot\)cm\({}^{2}\) and a peak power density of 0.322 W\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\) at 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C for the composition BaZr\({}_{0.2}\)Fe\({}_{0.6}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) (Figure 2). Fe doping in the BaCe\({}_{0.7\cdot\text{x}}\)Zr\({}_{0.2}\)Y\({}_{0.1}\)Fe\({}_{\text{x}}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) series is reported to enhance transport properties (R\({}_{\rm p}\) = 0.21 \(\Omega\cdot\)cm\({}^{2}\) at 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C), but thermal expansion also increases substantially with increasing Fe content [33]. Cobalt is documented to have a moderate solid-solution limit in the series BaZr\({}_{1\cdot\text{x}}\)Co\({}_{\text{x}}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) but a promising electrode polarisation of 0.19 \(\Omega\cdot\)cm\({}^{2}\) at 700 \({}^{\circ}\)C was achieved for the x = 0.4 composition [31]. Other attempts at doping proton conductors for cathode applications include substituting Ce with mixed-valence Bi in the series BaCe\({}_{1\cdot\text{x}}\)Bi\({}_{\text{x}}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) (0 \(\leq\) x \(\leq\) 0.5), which enhances total and electron conductivities but decreases proton conductivity [34]. Strategies other than cation doping have generally been employed for the development of cathodes for cells based on the LaNbO\({}_{4}\) scheelite-type proton conductor [35]. However, [PERSON] and [PERSON] observed enhanced p-type transport on doping the La site with Pr, suggesting that the Pr-doped material may form the basis of a composite cathode [36]. Figure 2: Microstructure of a BaZr\({}_{0.8\cdot\text{x}}\)Fe\({}_{\text{x}}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) (x = 0.6) cathode over a BaCe\({}_{0.7}\)Zr\({}_{0.1}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) electrolyte in an anode-supported cell (**a**); Arrhenius dependence of the electrode polarisation resistance for different Fe contents in the BaZr\({}_{0.8\cdot\text{x}}\)Fe\({}_{\text{x}}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) series (**b**); current–voltage curves and current–power density curves for single cells with BaZr\({}_{0.2}\)Fe\({}_{0.6}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) (**c**) and BaFe\({}_{0.8}\)Y\({}_{0.2}\)O\({}_{3-\delta}\) cathodes (**d**). Copyright 2020 by Elsevier [32]. With the exception of some noted examples, it is generally the case that the doping of proton-conducting oxides to enhance mixed conductivity has not been met with broad success due to the limited electronic or protonic conductivity of the doped materials, limited solid-solution ranges for the doped materials, and stability issues for high dopant concentrations. Nevertheless, there is much scope for the greater employment of proton-conducting phases, which are doped to enhance the electronic component of composite cathodes [29; 36].
###### Abstract  
Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is a key enabling technology for industrial internet of things (IIoT)-empowered industrial networks, where machines communicate with one another for collaborative automation and intelligent optimisation. This new industrial computing paradigm features high-quality connectivity, ubiquitous messaging, and interoperable interactions between machines. However, manufacturing IIoT applications have specificities that distinguish them from many other internet of things (IoT) scenarios in machine communications. By highlighting the key requirements and the major technical gaps of M2M in industrial applications, this article describes a collaboration-oriented M2M (CoM2M) messaging mechanism focusing on flexible connectivity and discovery, ubiquitous messaging, and semantic interoperability that are well suited for the production line-scale interoperability of manufacturing applications. The designs toward machine collaboration and data interoperability at both the communication and semantic level are presented. Then, the application scenarios of the presented methods are illustrated with a proof-of-concept implementation in the PicknPack food packaging line. Eventually, the advantages and some potential issues are discussed based on the PicknPack practice.  
machine-to-machine (M2M); industrial internet of things (IIoT); industrial network; collaborative automation; interoperability +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we propose a haze-removal method using a normalised pixel-wise DCP method. We also propose a fast transmission map estimation by down-sampling and robust atmospheric-light estimation using a coarse-to-fine search strategy. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve haze removal with acceptable accuracy and greater efficiency than can conventional methods. The advantage of the proposed method is its fast computation with acceptable visual quality compared with state-of-the-art-methods. On the other hand, its disadvantage is that the user must set an appropriate \(\gamma\) manually for each different haze scene. How to systematically determine the appropriate \(\gamma\) value from the distribution of haze in the scene is our future work. In addition, we are going to apply the method to real applications, such as automatic-driving, underwater-robot and remotely sensed imaging [25].  
Figure 10: Comparison of computation time for each image size and each method.  
Figure 9: Comparison of haze-removal results by our proposed method with conventional methods applied to actual haze images. (**a**) Haze image, (**b**) [PERSON] et al. [6], (**c**) [PERSON] et al. [5], (**d**) [PERSON] et al. [10], (**e**) Pixel-wise DCP without normalisation, (**f**) Proposed method (\(\gamma=0.5\)).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, methodology, software and analysis, Y.I.; investigation and software, N.H.; Conceptualization and validation, Y.-W.C. All authors have read and agree to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
###### Abstract  
This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the content of carnoscic acid (CA), 12-O-methyl-carnoscic acid (12 MCA), carnosol (CS), rosamanol (RO) and 7-O-methyl-_epi_-rosmanol (7 MER) in 61 Lamiaceae plants growing in Greece, using \({}^{1}\)H-qNMR spectroscopy as a simple, rapid and direct method without sample deterioration. For this purpose, methanol extracts from 18 genera (e.g., _Salvia_, _Mentha_, _Melissa_, _Ocimum_) were analyzed using isolated and fully characterized metabolites, previously identified by our group, as standards. At least one of the target compounds was detected in 22 species, predominantly belonging to the genus _Salvia_. Notably, 7 MER and RO were not detected in any extract. CA, CS and 12 MCA were exclusively found in _Salvia_ species, with _S. somalensis_, _S. officinalis_ and _S. fruticosa_ emerging as the richest sources of these diterpenes. Among them, _S. somalensis_ showed the highest concentration of CA (>30 mg/g), while 12 MCA was most abundant in _S. microphylla_. These results highlight _Salvia_ as the most promising genus for the accumulation of bioactive abietane-type diterpenes. The implementation of \({}^{1}\)H-qNMR for such chemical profiling provides a reliable approach toward the phytochemical standardization of plant extracts, supporting their further use in nutraceuticaltical or pharmaceutical formulations.  
Lamiaceae; abietane-type diterpenes; \({}^{1}\)H-qNMR; carnoscic acid; carnosol
# Development of Dual-Axis MEMS Accelerometers for Machine Tools Vibration Monitoring
## 3 Calibration Methods and Performance Testing  
### Back-to-Back Calibration Method  
According to ISO-16063-21 [17], comparison methods typically entail performing back-to-back measurements according to a reference standard for determining sensitivity, linearity, and frequency response. The testing MEMS sensor is mounted in a back-to-back arrangement with a standard reference PZT accelerometer, as shown in Figure 5. Because the motion inputs are the same for both devices, the ratio of their outputs is also the ratio of their sensitivities; thus, the sensitivity of the MEMS accelerometer can be calculated. Both sensors can be mounted on an electrodynamic shaker driven by sinusoidal vibration sweeping through the desired range of frequencies, to generate a frequency response curve for the MEMS accelerometer.
## 2 System Model  
We consider the uplink of a cell-free mm-Wave massive MIMO system, where \(M\) APs and \(K\) single-antenna UEs are randomly distributed in the coverage area. Fronthaul links are also utilized to connect the APs to the CPU, with each AP having \(N_{r}\) receive antennas and \(N(\geq K)\) RF chains as shown in Figure 1. For simplicity, we assume that each AP utilizes exactly (\(K=N\)) available RF chains to jointly serve \(K\) UEs, as in [11,14]. The received signal at the \(m_{th}\) AP is distributed to multiple RF chains via a power splitter. In addition, a network of switches and CPSs are denoted by \(\mathcal{Z}_{k,m}\) and \(N_{Q}\) CPSs, respectively. \(N_{Q}\) can be used to connect \(k_{th}\) RF chain to \(\mathcal{Z}_{k,m}\) out of \(N_{r}\) antennas at \(m_{th}\) AP. A power combiner before the RF chain combines the signals of \(\mathcal{Z}_{k,m}\). Each antenna can be connected to the \(N_{Q}\) CPSs when the switch is activated.  
The CPU coordinates communication between the \(M\) APs and the \(K\) UEs utilizing a half-duplex time division duplexing (TDD) protocol in which each frame is divided into three main phases: uplink training, uplink data transmission, and downlink data transmission. In this work, we focus on the uplink cell-free mm-Wave massive MIMO system, and then all UEs transmit their pilot signals to the APs in the coverage area during the uplink training phase, allowing the APs to estimate the channels to each UE. The signals transmitted by the UEs in the uplink data transmission phase are subsequently detected using channel estimations. The length of the uplink training, represented by \(\tau_{p}\), should not exceed the channel's coherence time/bandwidth interval, denoted by \(\tau_{c}\).
## 2 Slope Survey and Monitoring
### Analysis of Monitoring Data  
This slope began to slide again in September 2020 due to rainfall. After installing and debugging the monitoring equipment, data collection commenced in October 2020. To avoid the impact of on-site construction on the monitoring data, this study used data collected from October 2020 to June 2021, before the start of construction, for analysis.  
This slope has five survey lines, with DF4-DF4' being the main sliding direction survey line. This survey line includes four monitoring boreholes: JCK05, JCK06, JCK07, and JCK17. Additionally, JCK08 is a monitoring borehole along the road. Based on the monitoring data, significant changes were observed at these five monitoring points. Therefore, the data from  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Monitoring Project** & **Point Number** & **Hole Depth (m)** & **Total (m)** \\ \hline \hline  & JCK01 & 28 & \\  & JCK02 & 16 & \\  & JCK03 & 33 & \\  & JCK04 & 33 & \\  & JCK05 & 29.5 & \\ Deep displacement monitoring & JCK06 & 50 & 312.5 \\  & JCK07 & 35 & \\  & JCK08 & 29.5 & \\  & JCK09 & 30 & \\  & JCK17 & 28.5 & \\ Surface displacement monitoring & 1 set of surface pull-wire intelligent displacement meter & 1 & \\ Rainfall monitoring & & & \\ Surface patrol & & & rainy season \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Summary of planned monitoring workload.  
Figure 4: Schematic monitoring floor plan of the Yama Line, China, landslide [42].  
JCK05 exhibits an inflection point only in the monitoring curve for the B0 direction, with no significant changes in the other two curves. For JCK06, the displacement inflection points occur at two depths, namely 15.5 and 34 m. However, the inflection point at 34 m is not prominent. Considering the monitoring curves of the other points, the 34 m depth may correspond to the location of a localized sliding surface.  
A comprehensive analysis of the monitoring data reveals that from late October 2020 to early June 2021, the landslide experienced a slow deformation phase due to continuous heavy rainfall. However, from May 2021 to June 2021, there was an increase in the displacement rate, indicating an acceleration in the deformation of the landslide. This suggests a possibility that the landslide may subsequently enter an accelerated deformation phase.  
Figure 8: Monitoring curve results for JCK08 monitoring hole.  
Figure 7: Monitoring curve results for JCK07 monitoring hole.
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Result Analysis
#### 4.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Feature Importance  
In this experiment, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the previous feature selection results. By systematically perturbing the features--removing certain features or adding noise to simulate real-world variability--the impact of each feature on the model's forecasting accuracy was evaluated, and model performance changes were measured using evaluation metrics.  
Table 5 presents the results of the feature analysis, validating the effectiveness of the previous feature selection. The seasonal feature and holiday feature have a significant impact on model accuracy, with all evaluation metrics increasing when these features are modified. In contrast, the packaging type has a relatively small effect on model performance, further validating its insignificance in prediction and supporting the decision to discard it during the feature selection phase.
###### Abstract  
Herein, we report on the possibility of ultrashort laser pulse generation in the broadband spectral range using a saturable absorber based on free-standing metallic carbon nanotube thin film. Erbium, thulium, and holmium-doped all-fiber lasers were mode-locked with a single saturable absorber containing a 300 nm thick material layer. Subpicosecond pulses were generated at 1559, 1938, and 2082 nm. Our work validates the broadband operation of metallic carbon nanotube-based saturable absorbers and highlights the suitable performance of nanomatematerial for ultrafast photonic applications.  
fiber laser; mode-locking; carbon nanotubes; saturable absorber; holmium-doped fiber; thulium-doped fiber; erbium-doped fiber