Does Exercise Testing with Arm Crank Ergometer Substitute for Cycle Ergometer to Evaluate Exercise Capacity? [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.I. ); [PERSON]DDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.I. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.T. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.I. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.I. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.O.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi 558-8585, Osaka, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.D. ); d20 [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS]. Modes such as cycle ergometer (CE) and treadmill are widely used in such exercise testing [7; 8]. However, these exercise modalities cannot be applied to individuals with lower extremity injuries or with disabilities in their lower limbs due to spinal cord injury and amputation. In such cases, exercise testing with an arm crank ergometer (ACE) can be a useful option. To date, several reports have shown that exercise testing with ACE has good reliability and validity in measuring aerobic capacity and is a suitable tool for assessing individual physical fitness and training effectiveness in healthy people [9] and in those with cardiovascular disease [10]. However, the method of applying the loading during exercise testing with ACE varies depending on the studies and no clear exercise test protocol with ACE has been fully established. It is reported that maximal oxygen uptake (VO\({}_{2\text{max}}\)) attained in exercise testing with ACE corresponded to about 60-70% of those attained in exercise testing with CE or treadmill walking [11; 12; 13; 14].