## 2 Research Area and Data  
### Hyperspectral Data Source for the Research Area  
(1) Salinas: The Salinas dataset, acquired via the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) in 1998, is a well-known hyperspectral dataset. Comprising initially 224 spectral bands spanning from 400 to 2500 nm, it was reduced to 204 bands after excluding water absorption frequencies. The dataset's spatial dimensions are 512 pixels in height by 217 pixels in width. It includes 54,129 labeled instances across 16 separate object categories, which range from diverse crop species to bare earth and various forms of vegetation. The Salinas dataset is extensively employed within the remote sensing sector for research and as a benchmark, especially for applications like hyperspectral image categorization and land use mapping. Its high spectral resolution, coupled with the availability of labeled samples, renders it a valuable asset for advancing algorithms in hyperspectral imagery analysis. It serves as a comprehensive informational resource for scholars investigating the efficacy of machine learning and deep learning methods in the precise classification and interpretation of hyperspectral data. This dataset is shown in Table 1 below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**No.** & **Name** & **Train.** & **Val.** & **Test.** \\ \hline
1 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Brocoli\_green\_weeds\_1 \\ \end{tabular} & 100 & 101 & 1808 \\
2 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Brocoli\_green\_weeds\_2 \\ \end{tabular} & 186 & 186 & 3354 \\
3 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Fallow \\ Fallow\_rough\_plow \\ \end{tabular} & 98 & 99 & 1779 \\
4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Fallow\_smooth \\ \end{tabular} & 70 & 69 & 1255 \\
5 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Fallow\_smooth \\ \end{tabular} & 134 & 134 & 2410 \\
6 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Stubble \\ \end{tabular} & 198 & 198 & 3563 \\
7 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Celery \\ \end{tabular} & 179 & 179 & 3221 \\
8 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Grapes\_untrained \\ \end{tabular} & 564 & 563 & 10,144 \\
9 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Soil\_vinylard\_develop \\ \end{tabular} & 310 & 310 & 5583 \\
10 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Corn\_senesed\_green\_weeds \\ \end{tabular} & 164 & 164 & 2950 \\
11 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lettuce\_romaine\_4 wk \\ \end{tabular} & 53 & 54 & 961 \\
12 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lettuce\_romaine\_5 wk \\ \end{tabular} & 97 & 96 & 1734 \\
13 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lettuce\_romaine\_6 wk \\ \end{tabular} & 46 & 45 & 825 \\
14 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Lettuce\_romaine\_7 wk \\ \end{tabular} & 53 & 54 & 963 \\
15 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Vinyard\_untrained \\ \end{tabular} & 363 & 364 & 6541 \\
16 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Vinyard\_vertical\_trellis \\ \end{tabular} & 91 & 90 & 1626 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Total & 2706 & 2706 & 48,717 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Detailed division of label samples in the Salinas dataset. (In this article, the sample data color refers to the classified color). (2) HyRANK-Loukia: The HyRANK-Loukia dataset encompasses 176 spectral channels, spanning a broad spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared regions, with a total image dimension of 249 by 945 pixels. It features 13,503 pixels that have been meticulously labeled, representing 14 distinct categories of land cover. This dataset is shown in Table 2 below. (3) Pavia University: The Pavia University dataset was captured by the ROSIS sensor as part of a remote sensing campaign in 2003 on the campus of the University of Pavia, Italy. This dataset presents an image with dimensions of 610 by 340 pixels, where each pixel corresponds to a ground sampling distance of 1.3 m. It covers a spectral range from 430 to 860 nm. Initially comprising 115 spectral bands, it includes 22 bands affected by water vapor absorption. Following the exclusion of these, the dataset is reduced to 93 bands. This dataset is shown in Table 3 below.