# A Review of Biochar Properties and Their Utilization in Crop Agriculture and Livestock Production
## 5 Biochar as a Feed Additive
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Feedstock** \\ **Material** \\ \end{tabular} & **Biochar Dose** & **Effect** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [50]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Oakwood} & 1\% to 10\% by mass of chicken & - Up to 7\% better feed conversion ratio \\  & & broilers’ and laying hens’ feed & - Up to 23\% increase in body weight gain \\  & & & - Up to 65\% reduction in the number of cracked eggs \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [51]} & Activated & 1\% of goats daily dry matter & - 76\% reduction in excretion of aflat \\  & charcoal & intake & - Milk composition was not influenced \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [52]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Bamboo} & 0.5 and 1.0 g of BC & - 17\% increased daily body mass gain \\  & & per kg of goat body weight & - 61\% reduced nitrogen content in urine \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [53]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Canarium seed Maize cob} & \multirow{3}{*}{Up to 1\% by mass of chicken broilers’ feed} & - Up to 17\% increase in body weight gain \\  & & & - Up to 120\% increase in pancreas weight \\  & & & - Up to 20\% increase in intestine density \\  & & & - Up to 86\% increase in creatinine level \\  & & & - Up to 28\% reduction in gizzard mass \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [54]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Charcoal} & \multirow{3}{*}{Up to \(\
eg 1\) g of charcoal daily per cov} & - Up to 30\% reduction in C. botulinum antibody levels \\  & & & - 7\% of BC by mass of chicken broilers’ feed & - 8\% higher feed intake \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [55]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Poultry litter} & -7\% of BC by mass of chicken broilers’ feed & - 2\% decrease in body weight gain \\  & & & - 11\% worse feed conversion ratio \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [56]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Poultry litter} & 2\% and 4\% by mass of chicken broilers’ feed & - 7\% better feed conversion ratio \\  & & & - 9\% decrease in body weight gain \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [57]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Jarrah wood} & BC-molasses mixed at a ratio 3:1, & - Toxin sorption \\  & & fed daily to cows & - Easier transfer of nutrients from cow’s gut and \\  & & & - dung to the soil \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [58]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Woody green waste} & \multirow{3}{*}{4\% by mass of laying hens’ feed} & - 1.2\% increase in eggs productivity \\  & & & - 3\% increase in eggs weight \\  & & & - 8\% better feed conversion ratio \\  & & & - 2\% lower feed intake \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [59]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Woody green waste} & \multirow{3}{*}{1\% to 4\% by mass of laying hens’ feed} & - Up to 5\% increase in eggs weight \\  & & & - Up to 13\% increase in eggs yield \\  & & & - Up to 7\% lower feed intake \\  & & feed & - Up to 14\% better feed conversion ratio \\  & & & - Up to 19\% increase in shell breaking strength \\  & & & - Up to 26\% reduction of N content in excreta \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [60]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Woody green waste} & \multirow{3}{*}{1\% to 4\% by mass of laying hens’ feed} & - The decreased water content of laying hens excreta \\  & & & - Up to 27\% reduction in excreta N content \\  & & & - Up to 45\% higher C content in excreta \\  & & & - Up to 47\% higher NH\({}_{3}\) emission \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [61]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Whole pine trees} & \multirow{3}{*}{0.8\% and 3\% by mass of feed} & - Improved digestion \\  & & & - Up to 18.4\% reduction in CH\({}_{4}\) emission \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & - Up to 9.7\% reduction in CO\({}_{2}\) emission \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of selected data on biochar application to animal feed. A broad review article on biochar in animal feeding has been published very recently by [PERSON] et al. [62], summarizing the state of knowledge in the matter. Also, after digestion, BC-feed mixtures can become effective manure-BC mixed fertilizers.