# Benefits of Advanced Air Mobility for Society and Environment: A Case Study of Ohio
## 2 Literature Review
### Cost-Benefit Analysis of Transportation Systems  
CBA is a quantitative and systematic procedure of evaluating a project's worth, which has become a preferred method in transportation projects for evaluating the impacts of travel time saving, safety increase, greenhouse gas reduction, improved air quality, etc. [20]. It assesses the effectiveness of transportation policies based on the monetary and non-monetary benefit factors. Policymakers have advanced a variety of arguments, and that is why they are optimistic about the incorporation of CBA, mainly in the planning phase regarding transportation projects [21]. According to NASA's market study, UAM has an economic viability for quicker transportation of people and packages [22]. CBA was done for the Amazon Prime Air delivery system for utilizing drone technology to deliver items directly to consumers' doorsteps [23]. This article examined how the benefits of labor-saving technology and speedier delivery outweigh the expenses of running the drone system. UAV offers a form of transportation that allows for moving air freight more cheaply and efficiently, and a CBA was performed to check its feasibility [24]. A methodology for migrating ATM operations to cloud computing to achieve cost savings and performance and efficiency benefits was developed by [25]. An ideal but realistic assessment for cost-effective research could be used to comprehend the pluses and minuses of the upcoming air transportation system and to evaluate the installation of an air corridor within the Japanese airspace [26]. The project, presented in [27], seeks to provide a framework to analyze investments in high-speed rail and hub-and-spoke legacy airlines, including their impacts on transport equilibrium, and how the investments will impact the quality of life of the public. The merits of integrating electric automobiles into urban mobility were examined to determine its monetary viability [28]. CBA can be used in transport planning to focus on travel time saving, which is essential in the evaluation of transportation projects because of their significance in reducing trip time [29]. This analysis also can be done for air quality improvement reducing fuel consumption [30]. Due to the rapid growth of the AAM and UAS industries, Ohio currently has lots of new possibilities and projects. Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) aims to implement AAM to ensure that people and cargo are transported safely, efficiently, and fairly across the state. A study was performed by the Crown team to analyze the economic impact of AAM in Ohio's major urban centers [31]. In this study, they analyzed some monetary benefit factors, such as GDP growth, tax revenue, passenger and cargo revenues.  
After analyzing the literature, it can be said that CBA performs a significant role in the transportation field. Furthermore, the AAM infrastructure will be the next transportation system opening plenty of demands and opportunities. Though economic analyses were implemented in traditional transportation fields, it is not implemented for AAM with respect to non-monetary benefits like travel time savings, delivery delay reduction, reduction in carbon footprint, etc. Non-monetary benefit factors are equally important as the monetary factors but more difficult to evaluate. Typical studies applied CBA focusing on one factor, for example, UAS for safer bridge inspection quantifying its cost and benefit [32]; but not covering the possible factors as much as possible in a study to get an overview of AAM's net positive gain. To address this research gap, we conducted a thorough data-driven quantitative cost-benefit analysis of AAM from the perspective of the state government to identify and estimate the most relevant and significant benefit and cost factors of AAM for society and environment.