## 3 Results and Discussion
### Benefits and Limitations of Lean Tools in Design
#### 3.3.2 Benefits and Limitations of Last Planner System  
MEP professionals collectively recognize the key advantages of LPS highlighted in Table 11, particularly valuing its ability to facilitate precise planning that leads to real and timely results while reducing costs through effective time management. They also agree on the importance of defining phases and deliverables from the early stages of the project, contributing to maintaining order and clarity in the design process. Regarding disadvantages, they acknowledge that a mindset shift is necessary to successfully adopt LPS and emphasize the need to improve the data integration process, which is currently performed manually. They also stress the importance of gradually adapting projects to the tool for effective and sustainable implementation. Architects recognize several key advantages of LPS, especially its usefulness in improving control and anticipating planning issues. However, there are discrepancies regarding certain advantages attributed to this tool, such as the reliability of information on team per formance, effective cost control through indicators, and the timely delivery of results; some professionals believe that LPS does not necessarily guarantee these aspects. Regarding disadvantages, they agree on the need for a mindset shift, the incorporation of planning levels, and the discipline required for effective implementation. There are differing opinions on whether the manual data integration process is a disadvantage; some consider it beneficial as it allows for planning review and error detection. They also reject that LPS only applies on-site, as they have also used it in the design phase. Finally, they highlight the importance of having a coordinator to lead and oversee planning to ensure that the mentioned benefits are effectively achieved. In the real estate sector, professionals involved in adopting LPS show a consensus on its benefits, although they differ in their perception of the tool's implementation. Regarding advantages, all recognize LPS's potential to improve project management, though some question its ability to provide reliable information on team performance or guarantee timely results. While some professionals emphasize the need for a mindset shift and manual processes for data collection, others believe that implementation should be less complicated with proper training and expert guidance. There is agreement on the importance of coordination and discipline in executing the system, though opinions vary regarding the complexity of its adoption. When analyzing LPS, structural engineers express diverse opinions regarding its ability to ensure work quality and meet deadlines, as these results are not always consistently achieved. While some consider that this methodology does not guarantee quality or precise timelines due to the influence of external variables and reliance on the people involved, others highlight its advantages, such as tracking team commitments and optimizing planning. There is a consensus on the need for training and discipline for an effective LPS implementation, although opinions differ regarding the difficulty of integrating this methodology into different types of projects. Among professionals from the five consulted fields, several advantages of LPS are recognized, such as commitment control, milestone tracking, and overall project management, facilitating proper progress monitoring. Most professionals emphasize LPS's ability to detect issues early, though they point out that it does not allow for predicting all potential problems. However, there are discrepancies regarding the reliability of information on team performance and the feasibility of certain aspects, such as the manual data integration process. Despite these differences, all agree on the importance of gradually adapting projects to this methodology for a successful and sustainable implementation.