## 2 Results
### Effect on Secondary Metabolite  
The fungus had no effect on the total polyphenol content. Alkaloids were not detected (Table 4). A wide range of volatile compounds were detected in the grapevine plants in both treatments (Table 5). Remarkably, a markedly higher (\(X^{2}\) = 5.1; \(p\) = 0.02) number of volatile constituents that have been previously reported to have anti-insect activities were detected among fungus treated plants (nine) compared to control plants (five); some of the well-known insect repellents included Limonene, Beta pinene, Naphthalene and gamma-Terpinene (Tables 5 and 6).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Anti-Insect Compound** & **Reference** & **Area Ratio** & **Area Ratio** \\  & & **Control** & **Fungus** \\ \hline Benzaldehyde & [PERSON] et al. [18] & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.1a & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.04a \\ Limonene & [PERSON] et al. [19] & 4.5 \(\pm\) 1.2a & 2.4 \(\pm\) 1.3a \\ [PERSON] & [PERSON] [20] & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.04a & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.05a \\ Geraynolactone & Maia and Moore [20] & - & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.1a \\ gamma-Terpinene & [PERSON] et al. [22] & - & 1.48 \(\pm\) 0.4a \\ beta-Pinene & [PERSON] et al. [23] & 0.94 \(\pm\) 0.21a & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.25a \\ [PERSON] & Daisy et al. [24] & - & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.02a \\ M-Cymene & Chang et al. [25] & - & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1a \\ Citral & Oyedele et al [26] & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.03a & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.06a \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{No. of compounds} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{5} & 9 * \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Selected well-known and published anti-insect volatiles that were also detected in _Vitis vinifera_ in this study and their relative area ratios following gas chromatography-linked mass spectrometry analysis of control and fungus-treated plants.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Control** & **Fungus** \\ \hline CIS–3–Hexenol & CIS–3–Hexenol \\ CIS–3–Hexenyl Caproate * & CIS–3–Hexenyl alpha. Methyl butyrate * \\ CIS–3–Hexenyl ISO–Butyrate * & CIS–3–hexenyl Valerate * \\ Citral & Citral \\ Cyclododecane * & Cyclohexsiloxane \\ Cyclohexadecane * & Cyclooctateraene * \\ Cyclohexsiloxane & Cyclopentasiloxane * \\ Decanal * & Cyclotetrasiloxane * \\ Dodecanoic acid & delta–cadinene * \\ Farnesene * & E–3–hexenyl hexanoate * \\ gamma–Bisabolene * & Ethyl phthalate * \\ gamma–Terpinene & Ethylidenecyclohexane * \\ Gerainol & Farnesyl acetone * \\ Geranylacetone & gamma–Terpinene \\ Heptadecanoic acid * & Geraial * \\ Hexadecanoic acid * & Geraiol \\ Hexanal & Geranylacetone * \\ Limonene & Heptadecene * \\ Linoleic acid * & Hexanal \\ Muskolactone * & Limonene \\ Myrcene & m–Cymene * \\ Myrsitic acid * & Myrcene \\ Octadecanoic acid * & Naphthalene * \\ Octanal & Nerolidol * \\ Oleic acid * & Octanal \\ p–Cymene * & Pentanoic acid * \\ Pentadecanoic acid * & Phenylethyl alcohol* \\ Pentenal * & Styrene \\ Squalene * & Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane \\ Styrene & Trans 2–Hexenoic acid * \\ Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane & Trans,Trans–2,4–Heptudenial * \\ Thiosulfuric acid * & Trans–beta–Ocimene * \\ Trans–2–Hexenal * & Trans–Geraiol * \\ Z–3–hexenyl 2–methylbutanoate * & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
*: A compound in Table 5 that was only detected in either the control or fungus treated plant(s).  
\end{table}
Table 5: _Cont._