## 4 Discussion
In addition, we found that whole-body suits were effective for improving speed performance, and lower-body suits enhanced endurance performances. Both upper and lower-body suits were effective for functional motor performances. These findings tentatively suggest that supporting upper and lower extremities with whole-body suits may be suitable for some exercise protocols required for speed-related motor functions because of the potential contributions of properties of upper and lower limbs to increasing speed performances such as sprint velocity [80; 81]. Similarly, given that functional motor performance tasks in this meta-analysis consisted of either upper or lower limb movements, both upper- and lower-body suits might be effective. Not surprisingly, the findings on endurance performances indicated that lower-body suits may be an option whereas the effects of whole-body suits from a small sample size (i.e., four comparisons) were insignificant. Presumably, the included studies estimated endurance performances using running and cycling tasks requiring repetitive and continuous lower limb movements, so that wearing lower-body suits including (e.g., hip-thigh, calf-ankle, and knee joint sleeves) may provide physiological and biomechanical benefits for improving endurance capabilities. Although our comprehensive meta-analysis identified potential effects of compression sportswear on exercise performances, these findings are necessary to be cautiously interpreted. Importantly, significant effects of compression garments on exercise performances were relatively small (e.g., most values of effect size less than 0.3) so wearing compression garments seems to be insufficient to expect greater improvements in exercise performances based on the current meta-analytic findings. Second, small changes in exercise performances in this meta-analysis were the immediate effects of compression garments. For power and strength and athletic performances, we failed to identify significant effects. Presumably, wearing compression garments without repetitive practices may be insufficient to immediately increase muscle strength as well as highly skilled movements. Thus, future studies can investigate the long-term effects of repetitive training protocolswith compression garments on exercise performances. Perhaps, long-term training with compression garments may prevent the overuse of muscles and joints and athletic injuries presumably facilitating the efficacy of training programs [82]. Further, despite the potential advantages of compression garments with respect to neurophysiological, biomechanical, or perceptual components, how these improvements in the motor system support specific exercise performances is still inconclusive. Thus, more studies will be necessary to identify potential mechanisms underlying the treatment effects of compression garments on the execution of various motor actions. In conclusion, the current meta-analytic approaches found that wearing compression garments revealed small positive effects on exercise performances including speed, endurance, and functional motor performances. Moreover, these positive effects were observed for speed performances of athletes and endurance and functional motor performances for moderately trained adults. Wearing whole-body suits was effective for improving speed and lower-body suits improved endurance capabilities. For functional motor performances, both upper- and lower-body suits were effective. These findings provided some practical implications for improving exercise performance. First, wearing compression garments can reveal acute effects depending on the characteristics of performers (e.g., physical capabilities) and types of exercise performances. Further, these positive effects may be additionally affected by certain types of garments. For example, for athletes engaging in explosive movements such as sprints, whole-body suits may be suitable, and moderately trained adults may select lower-body suits for improving long-distance running.