esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Influence of Crowd Participation Features on Mobile Edge Computing
## 3 Opportunistic Transmission
### Data Plane: How to Select the Desired Relay?  
Another important issue in opportunistic transmission is the selection of the desired relays, so as to deliver the packets as quickly as possible. Considering the crowd feature in mobile edge systems, many social-based ORPs have been proposed, such as the PeopleRank [27] and Bubble [25]. They choose nodes with global centralities in the network to forward packets, neglecting the local importance of the nodes in different groups. By analyzing the real datasets KAISTand NCSU, we observed that people have different mean numbers of contacts in different social groups. The same person could be sociable in one clique and have many contacts, while being taciturn in another clique. Such crowd behaviors have also been found in social networks, where family members or friends contact frequently, while people accidentally encounter strangers. If one tries to characterize such dynamics by using the statistics of the average contact number of a person, we would be missing the important network features including the epidemics dynamics, leading to a biased understanding of human mobility behavior [28]. Figure 5 shows the roles of two different social features (i.e., global centrality and relative importance) in packet diffusion, by gradually removing the same number of the two kinds of nodes. Two important phenomena are observed. The first one is that relatively important nodes play a big role in the mean delivery delay. The transmission delay increases by almost 25% if removing the relatively important nodes. This finding contradicts the results in previous works [29]. The second one is that there exists a sudden sharp increase in the transmission delay if the source and destination belong to a community. When 25%-30% of the relatively important nodes are removed, the transmission delay increases suddenly. Meanwhile, removing the popular nodes alone causes a relatively stable increase in the transmission delay. As a result, the relative importance metric reveals fine-grained relations among nodes. Therefore, it is helpful to make smart forwarding decisions (e.g., if a node shows a high relative importance to the destination's community partners, it is a desired relay). Based on the results, we employ the graph spectrum theory to calculate the relative importance metric. We then design a packet forwarding algorithm by integrating both the relative importance and the community structure, so as to improve the routing efficiency.
# Prosody-Based Measures for Automatic Severity Assessment of Dysarthrie Speech
###### Abstract  
One of the first cues for many neurological disorders are impairments in speech. The traditional method of diagnosing speech disorders such as dysarthria involves a perceptual evaluation from a trained speech therapist. However, this approach is known to be difficult to use for assessing speech impairments due to the subjective nature of the task. As prosodic impairments are one of the earliest cues of dysarthria, the current study presents an automatic method of assessing dysarthria in a range of severity levels using prosody-based measures. We extract prosodic measures related to pitch, speech rate, and rhythm from speakers with dysarthria and healthy controls in English and Korean datasets, despite the fact that these two languages differ in terms of prosodic characteristics. These prosody-based measures are then used as inputs to random forest, support vector machine and neural network classifiers to automatically assess different severity levels of dysarthria. Compared to baseline MFCC features, 18.13% and 11.22% relative accuracy improvement are achieved for English and Korean datasets, respectively, when including prosody-based features. Furthermore, most improvements are obtained with a better classification of mild dysarthric utterances: a recall improvement from 42.42% to 83.34% for English speakers with mild dysarthria and a recall improvement from 36.73% to 80.00% for Korean speakers with mild dysarthria.  
dysarthria; acoustics; prosody; detection; machine learning; support vector machine, random forest; neural network; feature selection +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 6 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020
# An Innovative Internal Calibration Strategy and Implementation for LT-1 Bistatic Spaceborne SAR
## 2 Internal Calibration System  
Based on the LT-1 bistatic internal calibration requirements and noninterrupted phase synchronization technology, the hardware design of the radar instrument was completed. Furthermore, the design of the internal calibration loops was proposed, which includes non-delay calibration and delay calibration. The echo reception compensation was then derived by synthesizing the transfer functions of the calibration loops. Finally, the internal calibration strategy of the BiSAR system was proposed, clarifying the tasks to be completed during the pre-flight phase and the in-orbit operation phase.
# Evolution of Hybrid LiFi-WiFi Networks: A Survey
## 7 Implementing HWLNets
### Application Layer Integration  
Different applications impose various data rate and latency requirements, which require high flexibility in networks. HWLNets are ideal for this due to their natural coherence between LiFi and WiFi. Network convergence in a hybrid environment can be accomplished over all layers, thus increasing its reliability, security, and consistency. Convergence for standalone networks is well examined in studies [103], however for hybrid networks, novel approaches are yet to be determined. One of the challenges faced by HWLNets is ensuring a smooth handover between the two technologies. Application layer integration plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges. This integration can be achieved through the use of SDN and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies [104]. In this model,SDN allows for centralized network control, which can be used to manage the handover process between LiFi and WiFi. NFV, on the other hand, enables the virtualization of network functions, allowing for the creation of flexible and scalable network architecture.  
The use of application layer integration in HWLNets also facilitates the integration of IoT devices such as autonomous delivery vehicles in a factory or warehouse using the above-mentioned integration techniques with a higher degree of security and lower implementation cost. VLC spectrum provides additional protection at low power consumption, thus making it ideal for autonomous devices such as delivery vehicles [102]. HWLNets can support a high number of devices with widespread connectivity and resiliency, which is important for IoT devices. Another possibility is to implement HWLNets in specialized environments such as factories or mines where LiFi APs with the use of SDN applications can supplement WiFi APs in areas with low or impossible coverage. Future research in this field includes finding optimal resource description, compatible MAC protocol, prioritized packet routing, and usage of machine learning to realize intelligent network management.
# Blockchain Based Delay and Energy Harvest Aware Healthcare Monitoring System in WBAN Environment
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Comparative Analysis
#### 5.2.6 Success Rate  
This parameter represents the success rate of data transmission over time. Due to collision and malicious node involvement, packet transmission is changed and fewer packets are successfully reached to the destination. In this work, we compute the performance of the success rate for the proposed B-DEAH and the existing works. Due to BAN mobility, the success rate is often changed. fall into a lower level. To address this issue, proper network design is an important part of any kind of network. A successful transmission shows no collision, no attackers and no interference in channels. Mathematically, the success rate is computed as follows.  
\[\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centering\centcentering\centcentering\cent  
As per the route selected, packets are transmitted to the CH, and packet typewise communication is established to the sink nodes via PBA. In the emergency sink, packets are forwarded without any waiting delay. In previous works, a single sink-based packet transmission decreased the success rate. In blockchain-based security and _QoS_ provisioning addresses, all the research challenges, such as packet tampering and authorization via weak credentials, are eliminated. From Figures 18 and 19, it is perceived that the proposed B-DEAH succeeded with a higher success rate, and previous works obtained a 40% lower success rate.
## 4 Simulation Results
### Performance Evaluation
#### 4.3.2 Robustness Evaluation  
To further establish the robustness of the proposed model, a comparative experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of parameter mismatch on the total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output current. The robustness of the proposed TD3-VSG was assessed by varying the input inductance value and input resistance value of the MMC arguments as illustrated in Figure 17. The assessment involved applying a 2 to 3 mH (0.8\(L_{i}\) to 1.2\(L_{i}\)) parameter mismatch for AC load inductance and 0.04 to 0.06 \(\Omega\) (0.8\(R_{i}\) to 1.2\(R_{i}\)) mismatch for resistance, while utilizing the MMC parameters listed in Table 3 throughout the robustness evaluation.  
The assessment interval was 10 percent for both parts. Figure 17c shows that the performance of the fixed MMC-VSG approach degraded significantly as the load inductance decreased from 2.5 to 2 mH (\(L_{i}\) to 0.8\(L_{i}\)) due to its inaccuracy accompanied by parameter changes. Conversely, the proposed TD3-based solution was capable of mitigating performance degradation caused by parametric uncertainties without requiring a physical or mathematical model of the system, in contrast to vector control MMC and fixed MMC-VSG control schemes. Furthermore, according to Figure 17, the TD3 control technique's performance was minimally affected by both incremental and decremental changes in the MMC parameters.  
This indicates that the proposed module is capable of maintaining acceptable output current, voltage, and power levels while following their set-up values under parameter variations with restricted steady and transient errors. Thus, based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that our test proves that the raising prototype is robust under both dynamic and steady operating situations, thereby demonstrating the applicability of our proposal and its ability to tolerate an extensive range of uncertainties while retaining excellent performance.  
Figure 16: Voltage and current change. (**a**) TD3-VSG. (**b**) DDPG-VSG. (**c**) Fixed VSG. (**d**) Vector MMC.
problems like the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) and Job Scheduling; as such, a solution to mTSP can be used to answer these problems as well.  
In this paper, Colored Petri Nets (CPN)--a formal mathematical modeling language--is used to model the asymmetric Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem. The presented transformation of mTSP to CPN always guarantees a feasible solution and is flexible enough to solve the mTSP problem with either an asymmetric or a symmetric cost matrix. In addition, it can also be used to solve Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), which is a special instance of mTSP with m = 1.  
The paper first presents a mechanism to map the concepts of city, depo, salesman, and time from Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem onto the constructs of place and transition in a Colored Petri Net. Employing these mappings, an algorithm is then presented which transforms any given asymmetric Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem into a Colored Petri Net model. The transformed model in CPN is simulated in CPNTools [3] to calculate different optimization objectives and is formally verified through reachability analysis to ensure that various properties hold true for the complete state space of the model.  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the technical background and the existing literature. The proposed mapping is described in Section 3 while a case study based on the proposed mapping is presented in Section 4 along with the formal technique of verification. A qualitative comparison of the proposed algorithm with other approaches is presented in Section 5 and finally, Section 6 concludes the paper and provides the future research directions.
## 1 Introduction
### Radial Stiffness Analysis of the Laminated Membrane Coupling and the Lamination Group  
In this section, the pre-tightening force of connecting bolts between the driving and driven flanges are set to 15,000 N. After fixing the driven flange, a radial displacement of 0.5 mm is applied on the active flange. Then the sub-step method, which is divided into five sub-steps, is applied to analyze the radial stiffness of the laminated membrane coupling and the lamination group.  
In the software, the cylindrical surfaces of the three bolts connected with the driven flange are set as fixed support constraints, the loading process is divided into two load steps, the first step is to set the bolt preload of 15 kN, and the second step is to set the lock. The cylindrical surfaces of the three bolts connected with the active flange are subjected to a displacement load in the X direction, and use tabular data to load, the first step is set to 0, the second step is set to 5 mm displacement load, and five sub-steps are set, the loads of the five sub-steps are 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm respectively.  
From the structure of the laminated membrane coupling, it can be seen that the effect of the radial displacement in the X and Z direction on the coupling is different, so the same displacement constraint is also applied in the Z- direction for analysis.  
Through the simulation analysis, the corresponding reaction force of laminated membrane coupling and the lamination group for the radial displacement of 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm are obtained. Then the radial stiffness \(K_{r}\) of the laminated membrane coupling and the lamination group can be calculated as the following:  
\[K_{r}=\frac{\mathrm{d}F}{\mathrm{d}L}\approx\frac{\Delta F}{\Delta L} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 16 shows the reaction force and the corresponding stiffness of the radial displacement along the X- and Z- directions of the laminated membrane coupling and the coupling lamination group in each load sub-step.  
Figure 16 demonstrates that for small displacements (i.e., radial displacements within the range of 0-0.5 mm), there is a nonlinear correlation between the radial force and displacement of the laminated membrane coupling along X- and Z-directions. The same is true for the coupling lamination group. Moreover, it is observed that the radial stiffness along the X-direction is slightly less than that along the Z-direction. In other words, for the laminated membrane coupling, the radial stiffness along the X-direction is about \(8.92\times 10^{8}\) N/m, while the radial stiffness along the Z-direction is about \(8.98\times 10^{8}\) N/m. For the coupling lamination group, the stiffness along the X-direction varies within the range of \(9.14\times 10^{8}\)-\(9.26\times 10^{8}\) N/m, while that along the Z-direction varies within the range of  
\(9.16\times 10^{8}\)-\(9.26\times 10^{8}\) N/m. In a word, both stiffness values are large so that the laminated membrane coupling along the radial direction can be considered as a rigid component.
# User Experience in VR Fashion Product Shopping: Focusing on Tangible Interactions
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Effects of Tangible Interaction  
A multiple regression analysis was performed to analyze the tangible interaction item affecting the UX factors of fashion product shopping in the VR environment, which was RQ3. The equation used for the multiple regression analysis was as follows (1). This explained the relationship between the three explanatory variables, X1, X2, and X3, TM, SI, and ER, and the six UX factor Yn dependent variables. \[\text{Y}_{\text{n}}=\text{b}_{0}+\text{b}_{1\times 1}+\text{b}_{2\times 2}+\text{ b}_{3}\text{X}_{3} \tag{1}\]  
First, the results of analyzing the influence of tangible interaction among fashion product shopping UX factors in an immersive VR environment were as follows. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze the factors of a tangible interaction influencing the user experience of fashion product shopping in an immersive VR environment (Table 7). Tangible manipulation (B = 0.279, \(p\) < 0.05) and spatial interaction (B = 0.603, \(p\) < 0.001) had a significant effect on interactivity. The explanatory power was 73.0%, and the regression model was found to be suitable (F = 23.477, \(p\) < 0.001). The tangible interaction had an effect on playfulness and telepresence, and the expressive representation (B = 0.507, \(p\) < 0.05) had a significant effect on playfulness, and the explanatory power was 35.6%. It was found that tangible interaction (B = 0.335, \(p\) < 0.05), spatial interaction (B = 0.324, \(p\) < 0.05), and expressive representation (B = 0.435, \(p\) < 0.05) all had a significant effect on telepresence. The explanatory power was 64.9%, and the regression model was found to be a suitable model (F = 15.992, \(p\) < 0.001). Tangible interaction did not significantly affect intention to use, sharpness, and usability. Therefore, H3, based on all tangible interaction factors (TM, SI, ER) that will affect the UX of fashion product shopping in the VR environment, was rejected. As factors influencing telepresence, it was confirmed that tangible manipulation, spatial interaction, and an expressive representation are all related, which can be judged as experiencing telepresence in an immersive VR shopping environment through complex sensory interaction experiences. Interaction experiences can be interpreted as being influenced by factors of spatial interaction and tangible manipulations formed by hand and body movements rather than visual-oriented expressive representations. In terms of playfulness, only an expressive representation was found to be an influencing factor, which can be judged as the realistic visual experience in an immersive HMD-wearing VR environment, being a factor that induces the entertainment experience. The results of analyzing the effect of a tangible interaction that affects the UX during fashion product shopping in a non-immersive VR environment are as follows (Table 8).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Temperature Oscillation Due to the Harmonic Heating Term  
In the following, the oscillating term in Equation (15) is considered. Extended to the complex space, the distributed oscillating heat source can be written as  
\[q_{ac}=\frac{{H_{0}}^{2}}{\delta^{2}\sigma}\exp(-\frac{2\pi}{\delta})\exp(-i \frac{2\pi}{\delta})\exp(-i\frac{\pi}{2})\exp(i2\omega t). \tag{22}\]  
Figure 2: Temperature rise \(\Delta T\) as a function of the normalised time \(t_{n}\) calculated based on Equation (17).  
There is some similarity to a Beer-type absorption law, but there is an additional phase delay with increasing depth \(z\). The thermal diffusion equation to be solved for the temperature oscillation \(\vartheta\) is  
\[\rho c\frac{\partial\vartheta}{\partial t}-\lambda\frac{\partial^{2}\vartheta}{ \partial z^{2}}=\frac{H_{0}{}^{2}}{\delta^{2}\sigma}\exp(-\frac{2z}{\delta}) \exp(-i\frac{2z}{\delta})\exp(-i\frac{\pi}{2})\exp(i2\omega t) \tag{23}\]  
The solution is obtained similar to the proceeding in [24]. After separation of time, a sum of two terms decaying exponentially with depth is assumed for the temperature oscillation. Using an adiabatic surface condition, one can calculate the complex temperature at the frequency \(2\omega\):  
\[\vartheta(z)=\frac{H_{0}{}^{2}}{\lambda\sigma}\frac{\exp(-\frac{2z}{\delta})} {2+i(\frac{\delta}{\mu_{2\omega}})^{2}}(i\exp(-\frac{2 iz}{\delta})+\frac{\mu_ {2\omega}}{\delta}(1-i)\exp(-(1+i)\frac{z}{\mu_{2\omega}})) \tag{24}\]  
where  
\[\mu_{2\omega}=\sqrt{\frac{2\lambda}{\rho c2\omega}} \tag{25}\]  
is the thermal diffusion length of the material at the frequency \(2\omega\) of heating due to the induction currents, not to be confused with the thermal penetration depth \(\mu_{T}\) defined in the last section.  
The result for the temperature oscillation at the surface \(z\) = 0 is  
\[\vartheta(0)=\frac{H_{0}{}^{2}}{2\lambda\sigma}\frac{i+\frac{\mu_{2\omega}}{ \delta}(1-i)}{2+i(\frac{\delta}{\mu_{2\omega}})^{2}} \tag{26}\]  
and depends strongly on the ratio of the thermal diffusion length to the skin depth. The ratio is  
\[\frac{\mu_{2\omega}}{\delta}=\sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}\mu_{0}\mu_{R}\sigma}, \tag{27}\]  
which is independent of the induction frequency. Values are given in Table 1. For all common materials, the ratio is much smaller than one. In this case (\(\mu_{2\omega}/\delta<<1\)), the surface temperature oscillation at the frequency \(2\omega\) can be approximated from Equation (26) as  
\[\vartheta(0)=\frac{H_{0}{}^{2}}{\rho c}\frac{1}{4}\mu_{0}\mu_{R} \tag{28}\]  
It is real and independent on the induction frequency. For the parameters of cast iron in Table 1 and \(H_{0}\) = 1.59 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) A/m corresponding to \(B_{0}\) = 0.02 T in air, the temperature amplitude is 4.8 mK. For most nonmagnetic materials, the temperature amplitude is two orders of magnitude smaller and probably not detectable or detectable only by using averaging or lock-in techniques.
# Analysis and Experimental Test of Electrical Characteristics on Bonding Wire
## 5 Conclusions  
This article adopted the method of electromagnetic field simulation analysis and actual experiment test. In addition, the electrical properties of gold bonding wire in WB package were studied. According to EIA/JEDEC97 standard, this paper establishes the electromagnetic structure model of gold bonding wire. The equivalent circuit model of bonding wire was proposed and discussed. The effect of bonding wire on signal transmission was analyzed by an eye diagram as well. Although it was difficult to obtain accurate mathematical relations between the electrical parameters and geometries and materials of bonding wire, the reasonable parameter select method and general rules can be obtained after qualitative analysis in this paper. The platform length, diameter, span, bonding height parameters and the influence of three kinds of loops on the S parameters of bonding wire were discussed. The results showed that: (1) the transmission performance of the bonding wire with high diameter, short span and arch height is good; (2) the flat length ratio only in a specific value, its signal transmission performance is good; (3) S-type arc signal transmission performance is the best, Q-type the second, M-type the worst. Furthermore, the design rules were derived from the simulation data. Meanwhile, based on RF circuit theory analysis and test method, gold bonding wire design and measurement experiments were implemented. The original measurement data was compared with the simulation model data and the error was analyzed. At last, the data of five frequency points were processed to eliminate the fixture error as much as possible based on port embedding theory. The measurement results using port extension method were compared with the original measurement data and electromagnetic field simulation data, which proves the correctness of the simulation results and design rules.  
[PERSON] guided other authors to complete this paper. He also supplied the latest supporting material. [PERSON] wrote the paper. [PERSON] helped to revise the grammar of literature.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61176130), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo city of China (2016A610030).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.