## 9 Discussion
### Cyber Security Risks and Safety Concerns of EIAVs  
Emotionally intelligent autonomous vehicles (EIAVs) represent an innovative integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning. These vehicles are designed with the capability to understand and adapt to human emotions, thereby promising a transformative shift in the transportation sector. However, alongside the innovative possibilities, they also introduce considerable cyber security risks and safety challenges, which necessitate comprehensive research and strategic intervention. Several crucial points have been identified for the successful deployment of EIAVs:  
_Cyber security threats:_  
* Sensor and communication security: EIAVs rely heavily on components such as camera sensors, global positioning systems (GPS), and V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication protocols. These are potential targets for cyber attacks. Therefore, robust protective measures can be instituted to secure these crucial components, as presented in [91].
* Onboard unit (OBU) security: The OBU functions as the central processing unit of an autonomous vehicle and can be subjected to cyber exploitations, facing significant threats to the vehicle's safety and functionality. Strengthening the cyber security defenses of the OBU is an essential aspect of protecting EIAVs, as highlighted in [91].  
Systemic vulnerabilities: The systemic complexity that is present in EIAVs expands the potential surfaces for cyber attacks. Comprehensive cyber security strategies are essential to ensure that all points of potential intrusion are secured, as described in [172].
* Interconnected system vulnerabilities: The interconnected and interoperative nature of systems within EIAVs can introduce unintended security gaps. Early identification and rectification of these vulnerabilities are critical to a robust and secure approach [172].
* Proprietary system risks: Proprietary systems or integrated systems that lack optimal interaction with other systems could present additional security challenges. The development and implementation of standardized protocols ensuring seamless interoperability are necessary to alleviate these risks [173].
* Edge computing concerns: The incorporation of edge computing and localized nodes in EIAVs can lead to severe privacy and security issues. Addressing these requires a thorough evaluation and subsequent enhancement of existing security protocols, as mentioned in [174].  
_Safety concerns:_
* Risk mitigation technologies: To maintain safety standards, concurrent advancements in risk mitigation technologies are indispensable in the progression of autonomous vehicles [125].
* Object detection and V2X privacy: The establishment of rigorous safety standards for object detection and V2X privacy is integral to the reliable operation of EIAVs. The formulation of these norms remains a significant area of research [125].
* Evaluation of autonomous technology: A comprehensive analysis of the potential benefits and risks of autonomous technology is required for its effective integration into conventional transport systems. This objective evaluation must be coupled with robust risk mitigation strategies [125].
* Intelligent navigation capabilities: The ability of EIAVs to intelligently interact with and navigate safely among other road users is fundamental to their operational viability. Enhancing these capabilities forms a crucial part of improving the overall safety of EIAVs [125].