esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# From Femtoseconds to Hours--Measuring Dynamics over 18 Orders of Magnitude with Coherent X-rays
## 6 Conclusions  
The investigation of sample dynamics by the coherent X-ray scattering techniques XPCS and XSVS has experienced an exceptional gain of performance during its short history. While first experiments in the early 1990s obtained dynamics with time resolutions of several 10 seconds, sub-ms are routinely studied nowadays at modern synchrotron radiation sources. The development of new detector generations already demonstrated access to \(\upmu\)s and below. On the other hand, the rise of FEL sources paved the way to ultrafast dynamics between femto- and nanoseconds. Dedicated beamlines at the next generation of storage rings such as ESRF-EBS and PETRA IV will close the time gap, enabling access to more than 18 order of magnitude in time. This will further extend the fields of application of XPCS and XSVS to, e.g., weakly scattering systems, such as biological samples. Furthermore, equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics will uniquely become accessible on their intrinsic length scales, from several \(\upmu\)m down to atomic dimensions, thus complementing many spectroscopy and microscopy methods.  
Conceptualization, F.L., W.R. and G.G.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, F.L.; Writing--Review & Editing, F.L., W.R. and G.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by the Cluster of Excellence 'Advanced Imaging of Matter' of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)-EXC 2056-project ID 390715994.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study in Sections 2 and 5 are available on request from the corresponding author. No further new data were created or analyzed in this study.  
We acknowledge [PERSON] and [PERSON] for feedback and provision of original figures.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Discussion
We observed relatively higher vital bone regeneration without statistical differences in the rhBMP-2/DDM group (39.09 \(\pm\) 15.30%) and DBBC (22.00 \(\pm\) 11.01%) and DDM only (32.88 \(\pm\) 14.48%) groups (\(p\) > 0.05). In a previous study, it was reported that newly formed bone was obtained in 35.00% of the DBBC group and 31.24% in the DDM group after 6 months of ridge preservation [14]. In this study, core biopsy was performed 4 months later, so the results of the two studies were slightly different. However, the proportions of newly formed bone, soft tissue, and grafted area between the two studies were similar in the DDM group. Dentin and bone have similar compositions, consisting of 18% collagen, 70% hydroxyapatite, and 2% noncollagenous protein [24]. Besides the type I collagens in dentin, microporous dentinal tubules can seize BMP solution and widen the contact area with proteins which can facilitate the continuous binding and release of BMPs [19; 44]. Several studies have reported the use of rhBMP-2/collagen [46], TCP [47], deproteinized bovine bone [48], and other materials, such as enamel matrix derivatives [48], in ridge preservation techniques. However, the use of autogenous tooth materials with rhBMP-2 in human studies is rare, and only a few animal studies have demonstrated histologic assessment of rhBMP-2/DDM. In the present histologic result, DDM particles were well-incorporated and surrounded by newly formed bone, and a greater area of newly formed bone (39.09%) was reported in the rhBMP-2/DDM group. This present study provides clinical, volumetric, radiologic, and histomorphometric evidence to suggest that DDM with/without rhBMP-2 might be a favorable alternative to conventional bone biomaterials used in the ridge preservation technique. However, the limitations of this study are that the study was not performed on the same tooth and was performed on various teeth, including anterior and posterior teeth. In addition, this study lacks appropriate negative controls, and the sample size was insufficient to support the clinical application of DDM and rhBMP-2. Further research is required to investigate the precise mechanism of rhBMP release from DDM, and studies of the same tooth are needed. In addition, more clinical and histomorphometric data are required to determine the effectiveness and sustainability of this novel material in the context of the ridge preservation technique.
## 4 Conclusions  
The power-generating performance of a hybrid wave energy converter was evaluated experimentally through hydraulic model testing at a scale ratio of 0.3 in a two-dimensional wave tank using direct conversion by a dynamo PTO system. The dynamic power-generation characteristics of the hybrid wave energy converter were measured in real time and analyzed for regular and irregular wave conditions of the incident wave. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
(1) The horizontal cylinder and the swing plate applied in the hybrid wave energy converter could perform stable conversion of the potential energy (wave height) and cyclic kinetic energy (period) of the incident wave into electric energy.  
(2) The clutch gears enabling to combine efficiently and continuously the two powers generated by the horizontal cylinder and the swing plate were very effective in improving the CWR of the hybrid wave energy converter.  
(3) Compared with the regular wave conditions, the hybrid wave energy converter exhibited a CWR improved by about 1.46 times in irregular wave conditions and without sharp reduction in the generated mean power, even for a longer period of the incident wave. This indicated the potential of the hybrid wave energy converter for very stable power generation in a real marine environment.  
(4) Considering that most wave conditions occurring in a marine environment at depths smaller than 5 m would present short periods, the proposed hybrid wave energy converter appeared to be very suitable for nearshore installation.  
(5) The characteristics of the real-time generated power and the distribution of the power generation acquired through the dynamo PTO system provided precious data, such as the number of rotations, the torque and the electric voltage and current necessary for the design of generators and converters optimized for wave energy generation systems.  
Conceptualization and methodology, M.-S.P.; PTO system, S.-H.L. and S.-C.K.; experimental tests, M.-S.P. and S.-H.L.; validation and formal analysis, M.-S.P. and S.-C.K.; data curation, S.-H.L. and S.-C.K.; writing--original draft preparation, M.-S.P. and S.-H.L.; writing--review and editing, M.-S.P.; supervision, M.-S.P.; project administration, M.-S.P.; funding acquisition, M.-S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Research for this paper was carried out under the KICT Research Program (project no. 20190493-001, Experimental test of wave energy system for shallow water) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.  
Figure 14: Real-time generated power and distribution of IRE 1 case.  
**Acknowledgments:** This study was supported by the Yeosu Gwangyang Port Authority of South Korea, Project No: 20210772-001 (Planning research for application of mobile wave energy converter for upcycling of used batteries).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Impact of Sentence Representation Matching in Neural Machine Translation
## 2 Background  
Since 2014, there has been a surge of applying recurrent neural networks with long short term memory (LSTM) [5] to machine translation after the possibility of a learning end-to-end translation model was reported [6]. After intensive development across more than two years, this approach became the state-of-the-art of machine translation and was called NMT. The remarkable research which improved the performance of NMT included the bidirectional LSTM using both forward and backward sequences [6; 7; 8], attention model to learn explicit alignment models [9; 10], rare word modeling to estimate unknown words by an explicit model and alignment model [11], and argumentation methods to overcome a lack of data [12; 13].  
Those works have been made more rigorous by adopting many advanced methods such as batch normalization [14], ensemble, beam search, input feature specialization, and input feeding. Those techniques are aggregated in Google's NMT report [15].  
In 2017, transformer, a feed-forward model with a self-attention mechanism, was suggested and had a remarkable performance which was better than LSTM [16]. More recently, the very deep transformer model demonstrated higher performance than the vanilla transformer [17], and the pre-trained model also demonstrated remarkable performance [18; 19; 20].  
Direct mapping of semantic vectors between two languages has been studied in various research directions, but the vector distribution is complex in translation tasks, so simple and successful direct mapping models have not been proposed so far. Using recently used complex NMT frameworks, the model-based approach was able to manage most of the complex relations between words. However, the direct mapping approach is still useful to understand the macroscopic similarity between two concepts. In word-level mapping models [21; 22; 23], the similarity between semantic vectors has been used as a dictionary to determine the most semantically related words, even though the mapping is still ambiguous for words used for various purposes. The direct mapping models can be understood as an extremely regularized model for translation, compared to current NMT frameworks, which are particularly difficult to regularize because of the high sensitivity of the parameters in the recurrent networks [24]. In this paper, we propose a safe method to use the macroscopic information to guide current NMT frameworks.  
A pointer generator network is a model which uses sentence-level semantic matching [25]; it refines the probability vector to select a class from the information of the distributed representation. This network has shown promising improvement, but it is designed only for enhancing performance rather than guiding the internal hypotheses of NMT to a more natural translation model. In this paper, we focus on injecting the information of the direct mapping model involving knowledge of regularizing and also guiding the NMT.
## 4 Discussion  
### Adequacy of Model Structure in Representing Processes  
The understanding of the processes involved in GPP is fundamental to building a reliable GPP model. For example, we found that a failed incorporation of the effect of clouds on GPP in some existing models significantly underestimated GPP in areas with frequent cloudy cover (Figure A1). Under clear sky conditions, the upper canopy leaves are close to light saturation, while the lower canopy leaves are shaded and have limited light [51]. In contrast, under cloudy conditions, a higher proportion of the light in the form of diffuse radiation can reach the lower parts of the canopy, thus increasing the total photosynthetic use of PAR by vegetation [31]. Some studies indicated that a 1% increase in diffuse radiation induces a 0.94% increase in GPP [27; 28]. In addition, many studies have shown that CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization has a significant effect on vegetation production, a dominant factor contributing to the 31% increase in global GPP since 1990 [52; 53]. Nevertheless, many LUE models have not explicitly accounted for the effect of increasing atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration [6; 31]. In our study, after incorporating the impacts of both cloud cover and CO\({}_{2}\), the performance of the LUE-EF and LUE-NDWI models improved compared with the original EC-LUE model: R\({}^{2}\) improved from 0.61 to 0.68 for LUE-NDWI and from 0.61 to 0.74 for LUE-EF, respectively.  
Water availability is an important factor that affects GPP [13]. In this study, we adopted two alternative structural expressions to represent the impact of water stress on GPP. First, the evaporative fraction (EF) of total energy, closely related to the Bowen ratio, was used in the LUE-EF model. The relevance of LUE-EF is grounded in the fact that less energy used for ecosystem evaporation (i.e., smaller evaporative fraction) implies a stronger water limitation [33], which has largely been verified using flux tower measurements [54]. Nevertheless, the application of the LUE-EF model is hindered by the derivation of EF that required multiple steps and input data layers and is therefore prone to error propagation [55]. In order to get a direct measure of water stress and therefore minimize error propagation, from satellite observations we replaced the EF using NDWI in the LUE-NDWI model, based on the evidence that NDWI is closely related to the plant water content and thus a good proxy for plant water stress [56]. The direct use of NDWI in the LUE-NDWI model makes it ideal for mapping GPP on regional to global scales.
## 5 Discussion
### Comparison with Other Mapping Methods  
To demonstrate the advantage of the reconstructed time series high spatial resolution data in the application of crop mapping, crops were mapped using multi-temporal Landsat NDVI data using the maximum likelihood method with the same AOIs used in the crop classification with time series high spatial resolution data. Table 11 shows the Landsat data used in the mapping of crops in Bole and Luntai. The mapping accuracy was evaluated using field survey data in Bole and Luntai (Table 12). A comparison between Tables 8 and 12 shows the crop maps classified using the reconstructed time series high spatial resolution data have a higher accuracy than those classified using the time series Landsat NDVI data. The overall accuracy of crop maps classified using the reconstructed time series high spatial resolution data are 0.91 in Luntai and
# Low-Carbon Operation Strategy of Park-Level Integrated Energy System with Firefly Algorithm
## 4 Operational Strategy Optimization Model  
The primary objective of the low-carbon energy system in the park is to ensure energy supply-demand balance while meeting economic, low-carbon, and energy efficiency goals according to the requirements of various stakeholders. This entails achieving a harmonious balance among diverse objectives to realize comprehensive goals, including technological, economic, low-carbon, and efficiency targets. The economic viability, environmental compatibility, and energy efficiency of the low-carbon energy system in the park exhibit interdependence and mutual contradictions. Considering this as an optimization problem, a specific optimization model is employed utilizing the method of weighted sums, as outlined below.  
\[obj=\min(\alpha F_{eco}/F^{\prime}_{eco}+\beta F_{carbon}/F^{\prime}_{carbon}+ \gamma P_{\mathrm{int}}/P^{\prime}_{\mathrm{int}}) \tag{11}\]  
In this equation, \(\mathrm{F_{eco}}\) represents the operational management cost of the energy system, yuan; \(\mathrm{F_{carbon}}\) denotes the total greenhouse gas emissions of the energy system, t/CO\({}_{2}\); and \(\mathrm{P_{int}}\) signifies the power interacting with the distribution grid, kWh. Additionally, \(\alpha\), \(\beta\), and \(\gamma\) are the weighting coefficients (0.4, 0.3, 0.3) corresponding to the low-carbon integrated energy system's operational costs, greenhouse gas emissions, and power interaction with the grid in the industrial park, respectively. \(F^{\prime}_{eco},F^{\prime}_{carbon},P^{\prime}_{\mathrm{int}}\) are the results of operating mode before the optimization.
# Identification of Factors Influencing Fluoride Content in Tea Infusions: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Main Study Outcomes
#### 3.3.2 Fluoride Content by Tea Type and Geographic Origin  
The included studies demonstrate substantial variability in fluoride concentrations across tea infusions, even when the same plant species and similar brewing conditions are used. This variability appears to be primarily influenced by the type of tea, country of origin, processing methods, and brand. For example, [PERSON] et al. [58] reported fluoride levels in black tea ranging from 1.057 mg/L (Sri Lanka) to 6.68 mg/L (India), while [PERSON] et al. [19] also identified black tea as having the highest fluoride concentrations among tested varieties. [PERSON] et al. [47] observed concentrations as high as 7.25 mg/L in Chinese green teas, consistent with findings by [PERSON] et al. [51] for black tea bags.  
Figure 3: Variability in fluoride levels among tea samples reported in selected studies ([PERSON] et al. [68], [PERSON] et al. [62], [PERSON] et al. [22], [PERSON] et al. [48], [PERSON] [49], [PERSON] et al. [31], [PERSON] et al. [50], [PERSON] et al [51], [PERSON] et al. [52], [PERSON] et al. [66], [PERSON] et al. [53] [PERSON] et al. [54], [PERSON] et al [32], [PERSON] et al. [70], [PERSON] et al. [55], [PERSON] et al. [56], [PERSON] et al. [34], [PERSON] et al. [57], [PERSON] et al. [59], [PERSON] et al. [19], [PERSON] et al. [63], [PERSON] et al. [28], [PERSON] et al. [60]).  
Although average values often fall within safe consumption limits [19; 20; 28], [PERSON] et al. [52] highlighted that consuming 1 L of certain teas could provide up to 150% of the recommended daily fluoride intake. [PERSON] et al. [70] reported excessive fluoride exposure among Tibetans consuming up to 3.2 L of tea daily. Other studies [22; 55] confirmed that chronic tea consumption can contribute to dental or skeletal fluorosis, particularly among vulnerable populations. [PERSON] et al. [49] even recommended that children already affected by fluorosis should avoid black and green teas.  
For studies on black tea in bag form brewed for 3-5 min, fluoride concentrations vary significantly across tea samples of different geographic origins. The highest fluoride content was observed in India (Assam Nr. 4) with a maximum level nearing 4.8 mg/L, followed by Sri Lankan blends such as Ceylon-Assam Mischung and Ceylon-Indien Mischung, both exceeding 3 mg/L in mean values. Teas from the Azores (Portugal) and Kenya also exhibited relatively high fluoride levels, with mean concentrations above 2.5 mg/L. Moderate fluoride levels were noted in samples from Sri Lanka (Ceylon Hochland), Lipton--Best English (Sri Lanka), and India (general samples), typically around 2.3-2.5 mg/L. Lower fluoride concentrations were recorded in teas from China, Sri Lanka (Embiale), and Ethiopia, ranging between 1.3 and 1.9 mg/L, while the lowest levels were found in the Sri Lanka (Darjeeling, Messmer) sample, which remained under 1 mg/L across all measures (min, mean, and max) (see Figure 4).
# Channel Measurement and Modeling for 5G Urban Microcellular Scenarios
## 4 Evaluations
### Distance Dependence of the Delay Spread
Overall, it can be concluded that the RMS DS tendentially increases with distance for all measured UMi scenarios and the distance dependence is well predicted by the ray tracer. The potential of a steeper gradient is increased for propagation environments that yield high DS values.
## 4 Analysis and Discussion
### PUF-Based Authentication Challenges and Solutions
#### 4.4.7 Challenge 7: Black Box Adversaries  
PUFs can simply be treated as black boxes with the challenge considered as an input of the transfer function and the response considered as the output of the transfer function. To detect these adversaries, sensors are used, and the solution to avoid this adversary is physical protection [115].  
4.4.8. Challenge 8: Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attack  
A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to disturb the regular traffic flow of a particular server by overcrowding the infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic. The SOM algorithm with the addition of the packet-per-flow feature can be the answer to the various weaknesses of other methods [116].  
4.4.9. Challenge 9: Secret Key Two-Pair CRPs and ID for Devices Stored in Memory  
Regarding spoofing and splicing/relocation attacks, a partial solution was provided in [79; 82] via authentication of the protocol without CRPs. A stored key method was used in conjunction with encryption methods such as hash functions and Advanced 5.9 Encryption Standard (AES) [11].  
4.4.10. Challenge 10: Limited Encryption Methods  
Several works [16; 19; 26; 79; 117] have emphasized that PUF authentication protocols still require lightweight and strong methods, i.e., less power and less memory usage are required. However, all protocols used are still vulnerable to cyberattacks, as they use the hash function and some notations like the concatenation of a random number generator. The solution to this existing problem is the usage of a neural network method for encryption, which is lightweight.  
4.4.11. Challenge 11: Noise  
PUFs offer a lightweight replacement for high-cost encryption methods and secure key storage. Noise can flip one or more of the PUF output bits, which means the server will not accept a valid client. This is called a \"false negative authentication\". Environmental effects such as temperature, voltage variation, and temporal effects (aging) can introduce noise. Machine learning and artificial intelligence can play a role in overcoming noise issues in PUFs.  
5. Proposed Framework of IoT-Enabled Authentication PUF  
Our framework adopts the IoT layer shown in Figure 9, which consists of five layers that fit into the model attack; we explain each layer and the significant components related to the layer.  
Figure 9: Framework of IoT-enabled authentication PUF.
# Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on CNN-BILSTM with Multicomponent Information
## 3 Methods
### BILSTM Model
#### 3.2.2 BILSTM Model  
During the processing of historical data, the single-layer LSTM model evaluates the prediction of the succeeding instance. Accordingly, the output value is related only to the information of the previous instance. In the actual traffic information, the target value to be predicted is not only related to the information of the previous instance, but also influenced by that of the future instance. Therefore, we executed the BILSTM model for prediction. The BILSTM structure comprises two unidirectional LSTM, stacked up and down. The input at time \(t\) is predicted based on the forward and reverse propagation, and the output is jointly determined by the two LSTMs [31], which improves the stability of the network during the processing of the short-term traffic flow time series in both directions. The structure diagram is illustrated in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: LSTM model structure diagram.
# An Overview of the IberSpeech-RTVE 2022 Challenges on Speech Technologies
## 2 IberSpeech-RTVE 2022 Evaluation Databases
### The Basque Parliament Dataset  
For the second task of the Text-and-Speech Alignment Challenge (TaSAC-BP), the audio data and the paired texts were extracted from a plenary session of the Basque Parliament (BP), including sections in two languages (Spanish and Basque). The paired texts were extracted from session minutes and included only sections in Spanish. The task focused on Spanish because most of the research groups aiming to participate in this evaluation would have ASR technology and resources for Spanish, but few would have them available for Basque.