## 4 Data and Methods  
The data comprise SAR images acquired in C-band (5.6 cm wavelength) and vertical co-polarization (VV) by the Sentinel-1A/B twin satellites in Interferometric Wide Swath (IW) mode. Each image can cover an area of around 250 km \(\times\) 200 km, with a ground resolution of \(\sim\)4 m \(\times\) 14 m in range (perpendicular to orbit) and azimuth (parallel to orbit) directions, respectively. Each satellite  
Figure 4: Maps of (**a**) bedrock geology, (**b**) superficial deposits, and (**c**) vegetation land-cover in AOI-1. Boundary data in parts (**a**) and (**b**) are modified from the GSI 1:100,000 bedrock and Quaternary digital geological map series. Data in part (**c**) are modified from the CORINE 2012 land-cover inventory. The base image is a shaded relief map derived from the 30 m Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). Figure 5: Maps of (**a**) bedrock geology, (**b**) superficial deposits and (**c**) vegetation land-cover in AOI-2. The black polygon shows the simplified subsurface extent of the Navan orebody (after [46]). ‘TSF’ is the Tailing Storage Facility. The base image is a shaded relief map derived from the 30 m Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). Boundary data in parts (**a**) and (**b**) are modified from the GSI 1:100,000 bedrock and Quaternary digital geological map series. Note that the assignment here of the Carboniferous formations into ‘lower’ and ‘upper’ groups is informed by the works of [47] and [48] and is based on local mining convention (i.e., is not a regional stratigraphic division). Data in part (**c**) are modified from the CORINE 2012 land-cover inventory. has a revisit time of 12 days, and an effective repeat cycle of six days is possible by combining both satellites. For the AOI-1, we used 124 images (track 96, descending orbit) covering the period 4 May 2015-1 March 2018. For AOI-2, we used 117 images (track 125, descending orbit) acquired from 6 May 2015 to 26 January 2018. The interferometric processing of the SAR images was carried out with the PS-InSAR approach as implemented in the SARscape software package. The principle of the PS approach is to identify point targets represented as individual image pixels, named Permanent Scatterers (PSs), that maintain high radar signal reflectivity over time. This approach relies on a stack of multi-temporal SAR acquisitions to improve the accuracy of displacement measurements and to reduce errors related to transient atmospheric effects. For each point, a displacement time series and a mean velocity rate are calculated. In detail, the PS interferometric processing chain adopted in this work is based on that of [1; 49] and consists of the following steps:  
1. Image importation: the Single Look Complex (SLC) images comprising radar amplitude and phase information in vertical co-polarization (VV) are imported; the corrections related to the satellites position are made by using precise orbit files (Precise Orbit State Vectors for ENVISAT and Precise Orbit Ephemerides for Sentinel-1, both provided by the European Space Agency (ESA). 2. Connection graph generation: all the images are connected to a master image (selected to minimize the spatial and temporal baselines across the dataset) (Figure 6) in order to obtain the pairs that will be analyzed in the next steps. 3. Interferometric processing: the images are co-registered to the geometry of the master image; the interferograms are then generated by pixel-wise subtraction of the phase information in each image. The phase difference due to the topography is removed by using the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) (1 arc second, \(\sim\)30 m \(\times\) 30 m resolution) [50]. The remaining phase difference predominantly relates to ground displacement and atmospheric effects. 4.