# Securing the Future of Web-Enabled IoT: A Critical Analysis of Web of Things Security
## 7 Discussion of the Analysis  
Below, we summarize our conclusions after evaluating a variety of publications on these technologies. In Section 3, we have categorized threats to allow the analysis of several threat enumeration articles. This classification is original and based on making the concepts used to describe threats precise. In Section 4, we have also surveyed threat enumerations from several articles for the WoT environment. We found that authors often confuse vulnerabilities with threats and threats with misuses, which can lead to ineffective defenses. For instance, the authors in [83] classify MitM and eavesdropping events as threats; however, they are considered attacks. Also, ref. [48] enumerate many threats including eavesdropping, DoS, and tampering; however, they are considered attacks, not threats. We also found that it is important to find precise threats; threat types are too coarse to identify specific attacks and to find effective defenses. Further, we have developed a UML model of the WoT environment. Figure 3 is a UML interpretation of block diagrams found in the WoT architecture, as shown in Figure 2.  
This model is an abstraction of the detailed modeling of the WoT and can be the basis of patterns, which emphasize the fundamental properties of systems and not their details. Building on this foundational modeling, we introduced a sequence diagram for the UC1, adjust irrigation, demonstrating how an IoT moisture sensor monitors soil moisture levels and activates an irrigation system through a smart ecosystem. The sequence diagram illustrated the interaction between the various components in the WoT architecture, highlighting the process from data collection to action execution. The purpose of this diagram was to showcase a typical use case in the WoT, emphasizing the flow of information and control within the system. We then extended our modeling efforts to include an attack scenario by introducing a use case UC2, MitM attack, in the same adjust irrigation use case. The sequence diagram for this attack modeled how an attacker could intercept and manipulate communication between the IoT sensor and the node, leading to a failure in the irrigation system's activation. This attack modeling approach allowed us to visualize the steps an attacker might take and understand the specific points where the attack can be carried out. This way of modeling attacks is crucial in understanding how they are executed and what vulnerabilities they exploit. It serves as the first step in building a secure architecture for WoT, enabling us to design systems that are resilient against such threats. Further, in Section 5, we proposed a series of security measures that address the identified threats. Each defense was mapped to its correlated threat and associated attacks, ensuring that our proposed measures directly target the specific vulnerabilities identified in the WoT environment. The security measures can be developed and implemented as security patterns that mitigate the identifies threats [33]. For example, strong authentication mechanisms are critical for mitigating unauthorized access and privilege escalation threats, while data encryption is essential for protecting against confidentiality threats and data breaches. Similarly, secure firmware updates and physical security measures are vital in preventing firmware tampering and physical attacks. By systematically mapping each defense to its correlated threat and associated attacks, we provided a clear and structured approach to enhancing WoT security. This mapping ensures that system designers can implement the most effective security measures, tailored to the specific risks present in their WoT deployments. We believe that our comprehensive analysis and detailed defense recommendations offer a robust framework for securing the WoT against emerging threats. While we can say that WoT environments have a variety of defenses, due to their complexity and the fact that they are still evolving, there are still several unclear aspects that need more study.