## 4 Health Benefits and Composition of Kiwi By-Products
### Kiwi Bioactives: From the Fruit's Bio-Waste to Functional Products Promoting Wellness
Anti-inflammatory properties are obtained mainly through ethanol-water extracts, which are intended to be used in medical procedures. The temperatures during the extraction process vary, as extraction can happen at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a longer extraction time. If fast rates are required, boiling is not prohibited. Acetone and methanol or ethanol solutions, as well as separate solvents, are used to recover compounds from kiwi peel with antimicrobial activity at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C [11; 12; 34]. Overview of Kiwi's Rich Content in Phenolics and Novel Protein Discoveries Associated with ITS Antioxidant Health Benefits  
Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted on the antioxidant activities of kiwi bioactives. The majority of the in vitro studies have demonstrated that kiwi, particularly gold kiwi, exhibits strong antioxidant effects, due to its ability to inhibit lipid oxidation, eliminate hydrogen peroxide (H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)), mimic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and exhibit peroxyl radical scavenging activity. These effects are attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, supported by in vivo experiments. In a clinical trial involving healthy volunteers, kiwi consumption was suggested to decrease oxidative stress markers, such as 8-OHdG and hexanoyl-lysine adduct (HEL) in urine, indicating potential benefits for reducing oxidative stress and preventing associated diseases [49; 50]. Kiwi berries, highlighted for their rich vitamin C content and diverse phytochemicals, including polyphenols, offer additional antioxidant benefits. Notably, the skin of kiwi berries, with its smooth texture and high phytochemical content, presents an opportunity for consumption without removal [51]. Moreover, kiwi berry extracts are implicated in regulating the VIP-cAMP-PKA-AQP3 signaling pathway, improving gut microbial composition and enhancing intestinal health. Additionally, fermented beverages derived from kiwi exhibit antioxidant capacity and stability, with potential benefits for nematode health [52]. In the realm of pharmaceutical applications, kiwi fruit-derived extracellular vesicles (KEVs) show promise as drug carriers for liver cancer treatment, demonstrating hepatic targeting and enhanced drug bioavailability in regard to their uptake by HepG2 cells [53]. Building upon the investigation into KEVs for liver cancer treatment, the subsequent characterization of these vesicles, particularly STAT3/EKEVs, reveals their potential in advancing therapeutic approaches for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study revealed the favorable properties of KEVs, including good colloidal stability, an average particle size of 198 nm, and a negative surface charge. They exhibited excellent serum stability and biocompatibility, outperforming cationic liposomes in terms of cytotoxicity. Further characterization of STAT3/EKEVs highlighted their stability, smaller size (\(\sim\)187 nm), and efficient internalization in cancer cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity of STAT3/EKEVs, leading to significant inhibition of tumor growth and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. In vivo biodistribution studies have confirmed the targeted accumulation of STAT3/EKEVs at tumor sites, resulting in substantial tumor growth inhibition, without evident toxicity to blood cells or organs. These findings suggest that STAT3/EKEVs have potential for NSCLC treatment, offering a safe and effective therapeutic option, with little toxicity. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to explore the full therapeutic possibilities [54]. Meanwhile, animal studies in diabetic mice hint at kiwi's potential in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) and related complications by alleviating hyperglycemia, improving insulin resistance, and preventing cardiovascular complications.