## 3 Results
### Chemical Properties of Soils
The lowest pH value, of approximately 6.15, was recorded for TM fertilization, whereas the highest pH, of 6.73, was observed in the soil with the addition of ZM-d. The use of vermicompost (VC) also contributed to the increase in pH, reaching a value of 6.48. Analyzing the P content, control soil samples had the highest levels of phosphorus, whereas the soil fertilized with mealworm frass (TM) showed the lowest concentration of this component (Table 2, Figure 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Treatment** & **Ntotal** & **NH\({}_{4}\)N** & **NO\({}_{3}\)-N** & **P** & **K** & & **Mg** & **Ca** & **pH** & **NDVI** & **Yield** & \\ \hline Control & 3.31 & e & 203.58 & c & 949.01 & c & 167.50 & a & 3750.00 & bc & 1800.00 & a & 7375.00 & a & 6.28 & c & 0.60 & 21.91 & b \\ VC & 3.54 & d & 2.24 & d & 6.81 & d & 85.00 & bc & 4525.00 & a & 1550.00 & ab & 6275.00 & b & 6.48 & b & 5.99 & 27.02 & a \\ TM & 3.73 & c & 299.21 & b & 1168.50 & b & 60.00 & c & 3500.00 & c & 1312.50 & b & 5600.00 & b & 6.15 & c & 0.62 & 27.91 & a \\ ZM-w & 4.39 & b & 2832.9 & b & 1249.82 & ab & 113.75 & b & 4287.50 & a & 762.50 & c & 3062.50 & c & 6.20 & 25.27 & a \\ ZM-d & 5.63 & a & 336.38 & a & 1341.80 & a & 150.00 & a & 3925.00 & b & 1600.00 & ab & 6250.00 & ab & 6.73 & a & 0.61 & 26.54 & a \\ \hline F & 674.84 & 157.73 & & 227.93 & & 44.87 & & 32.87 & & 21.27 & & 55.57 & & 29.77 & & 0.54 & 10.89 \\ \(p\) & 0.00 & 0.00 & & 0.00 & & 0.00 & & 0.00 & & 0.00 & & 0.00 & & 0.71 & 0.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Means in columns followed by the same letter do not differ ([PERSON]’s HSD test). The abbreviations in the table represent: VC for vermicompost, TM for _Tenebrio molitor_ frass, ZM-w for wet _Zolphous morio_ frass, and ZM-d for dry _Zolphous morio_ frass.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Analysis of the impacts of different fertilization treatments on soil properties and the NDVI index of plants. Figure 1: Hierarchical dendrogram presenting differences between microbiomes; variants whose branches are located below the threshold line and are marked with the same color do not show significant differences (**A**); non-metric multidimensional scaling (**B**). The statistical analysis ANOVA (analysis of variance) showed that, for all nutrients tested, there were significant differences between the groups (\(p<0.05\)). For total nitrogen (Ntotal), the F value was 674.84, indicating a very high statistical significance of differences between the means. Similarly high F values for ammonium nitrogen (NH\({}_{4}\)-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO\({}_{3}\)-N) confirm the significant impacts of fertilization on these parameters (Table 2). The statistical significance of differences, marked with asterisk symbols on the  
Figure 2: The chemical parameters (macro- and microelements) of the rhizosphere after 60 days of beet cultivation, and Bray–Curtis hierarchical clustering and nMDS showing dissimilarity between treatments. Significance levels are denoted by asterisk as follows: *\(p<0.01\), ***\(p<0.001\). charts, highlights which differences in the concentrations of chemical components are significant, enabling a more precise assessment of the effectiveness of the fertilization methods used, in the context of their impact on soil chemistry (Figure 2). Analyzing the dendrogram showing the differences in the impacts of different fertilization methods on the chemical properties of the soil (Figure 2), the formation of two main groups was observed. The first group includes only the control (no fertilization), and the second group consists of all types of fertilization used, i.e., VC, TM, ZM-d, and ZM-w. The analysis shows that the control soil and the soil supplemented with vermicompost (VC) are the most chemically distinct. The closest in terms of chemical similarity are the dry (ZM-d) and wet (ZM-w) soils with mass. The soil with the addition of mealworm (TM) is positioned between the superworm frass and VC groups. Based on the results of hierarchical grouping, the treatments were divided into two groups of differences.