esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Setting of the Boundary Conditions  
### Boundary Setting in the Original Paper  
In Reference [27], the first error is that the boundary conditions were set as peripheral fixed support when FE simulation was performed on the atomizing sheet.  
Figure 5 (Figure 3 in the original paper [27]) shows the setting of the boundary conditions during the FE analysis of the circular thin plate in the original paper. From the figure, the degree of freedom of the circular thin plate is 0, and it cannot move in the \(x,y\), and \(z\) directions, which belongs to the support mode of peripheral fixation.  
In addition, Figure 6 is a screenshot of Table 1 in Appendix A of the original paper [27]. It clearly indicates that in the FE analysis, the boundary constraint conditions for the thin plates were set as \(u_{x}=u_{y}=u_{z}=0\), confirming that the atomizing sheet model was fixed in the peripheral support.  
Figure 5: Clamped circular plate used in the FE method study in the original paper [27].  
Figure 6: Screenshot of the FE analysis steps in Appendix A of the original paper [27].  
However, the support mode of the peripheral support is inconsistent with the actual situation. In practical applications, the edge of the atomizing sheet is adhered to the piezoelectric ceramic ring, and they are placed together in the elastic rubber ring. Finally, the atomizing sheet, rubber ring, and piezoelectric ceramic are fixed by the clamping device, as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7a,b shows the schematic and photo of the actual support mode of the atomizing sheet, respectively.  
Given the peripheral fixation in Reference [27], the edge of the atomizing sheet should have zero degrees of freedom. However, in the actual situation, it can move in the \(x,y,\) and \(z\) directions because it is placed in an elastic rubber ring. The atomizing sheet is an important part of the vibration transmission. When the degree of freedom is 0, the vibration cannot be transmitted and the whole device cannot operate. Therefore, the boundary conditions set as the peripheral fixed support in the simulation setting by [PERSON] et al. are inappropriate.
## 2 Experimental Investigation
### Tests Conducted  
In order to represent in the present test rig the typical excitation of erosive cavitation in hydraulic turbines, different excitation patterns were applied to the disk using the PZT. In this case, a pseudorandom excitation in three different ranges of frequency was selected [36]: in the band 1-2 kHz (PS1), in the band 10-11 kHz (PS2), and in the band 20-21 kHz (PS3). Moreover, each one of these pseudorandom excitations was multiplied by a given low-frequency value in order to represent the low-frequency hydraulic phenomena in hydraulic machines. The low frequencies selected were \(f_{1}=22.1\) Hz (see Equation (1)), which represents the RSI in the hydraulic turbine, and \(f_{2}=1.4\) Hz (see Equation (2)) which represents the vortex rope phenomenon. These values were selected of the same order of those that usually appear in hydraulic turbines, and non-multiple or harmonics of the rotating frequency of the disk. For every pseudorandom excitation, three different tests were conducted: one with only the pseudorandom excitation, one with the pseudorandom excitation and the \(f_{1}\), and another one with the pseudorandom excitation and the \(f_{1}\) and \(f_{2}\) frequencies (see Table 1 and Figure 3):  
\[Envelope1\ =\ \cos(\pi\cdot f_{1}\cdot t) \tag{1}\]  
\[Envelope2\ =\ \cos(\pi\cdot f_{2}\cdot t+\theta) \tag{2}\]  
where \(\theta\) is an arbitrary phase between \(Envelope1\) and \(Envelope2\).  
Therefore, a total of nine different types of excitations were applied to the disk (see Table 1). These nine excitations were applied to four different configurations: (1) the disk in air without rotation; (2) the disk in water without rotation; (3) the disk in air with rotation (\(f_{\rm f}=4.1\) Hz); and (4) the disk in water with rotation (\(f_{\rm f}=4.1\) Hz). In this way, the influence of the water and the rotation could be evaluated for the different excitations applied.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Excitation Name** & **Excitation Characteristics** \\ \hline Exc-1-2 kHz-0 & PS1 \\ Exc2-1-2 kHz-1 & PS1*_Envelope1_ \\ Exc3-1-2 kHz-2 & PS1*_Envelope1*_Envelope2_ \\ Exc-10-11 kHz-0 & PS2 \\ Exc-10-11 kHz-1 & PS2*_Envelope1_ \\ Exc-10-11 kHz-2 & PS2*_Envelope1*_Envelope2_ \\ Exc-20-21 kHz-0 & PS3 \\ Exc-20-21 kHz-1 & PS3*_Envelope1_ \\ Exc-20-21 kHz-2 & PS3*_Envelope1*_Envelope2_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Excitation patterns applied to the disk using the PZT (piezoelectric patch).  
Figure 3: Example of the different excitations used.
###### Abstract  
Tensile stresses and cracks in concrete slabs induced by a hogging moment have always been a disadvantage of steel-concrete composite structures and key issue of concern in the design of such structures. To reduce the tensile stress and control the crack width of the reinforced concrete (RC) slab, a new type of connector, called the uplift-restricted and slip-permitted (URSP) connector has been proposed and successfully applied in the area subjected to a negative bending moment in steel-concrete composite bridges. The feasibility of the URSP connector in steel-concrete composite frame buildings is investigated in this study based on a comprehensive parametric analysis. The effects of URSP connectors on the cracking behavior, as well as the stiffness and strength of composite frames, are systematically analyzed using an elaborate finite element model, which resembles a typical composite beam-column joint subjected to both lateral loads and vertical loads. In addition, an optimized arrangement length of URSP connectors is proposed for practical design. The research findings indicate that the application of URSP connectors greatly improves the crack resistance of RC slabs without an obvious reduction of the ultimate capacity and lateral stiffness of the composite frame. It is recommended that the distribution length of URSP connectors at each beam end should be 20-25% of the frame beam length.  
steel-concrete composite frame; uplift-restricted and slip-permitted connector; finite element analysis; cracking performance; distribution length +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Boosting Second Harmonic Radiation from AlGaAs Nanoantennas with Epsilon-Near-Zero Materials
###### Abstract  
Enhancing the second harmonic conversion efficiency at the nanoscale is a critical challenge in nonlinear optics. Here we propose the use of epsilon-near-zero materials to boost the nonlinear radiation in the far field. Here, a comparison of the second harmonic behavior of a cylindrical AlGaAs nanoantenna placed over different semi-infinite layers is presented. In particular, we observed that the second harmonic generation is strongly enhanced and redirected by the simultaneous presence of a resonance at the fundamental wavelength and a low-permittivity condition in the substrate at the harmonic wavelength. Our results pave the way for a novel approach to enhance optical nonlinearities at the nanoscale.  
optical nanoantennas; linear and nonlinear nanoantennas; epsilon-near-zero materials +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Performance Evaluation of Direct-Link Backhaul for UAV-Aided Emergency Networks
## 4 Methodology
### Emergency Network  
Under normal conditions during the day, 260 concurrent users are possible at the maximum traffic at 5 pm in the city of Ghent, according to real data from a Belgian mobile operator [5]. For this study, we assumed a worst-case scenario where the entire land-based network was down in the city center of Ghent (6.85 km\({}^{2}\)), Belgium. This means that the UABSs will support all the communications and all the users' traffic will go through this network architecture. Figure 2 shows the city center of Ghentwith the 260 users uniformly distributed in red circles with indoor and outdoor locations having the same probability. Users inside buildings are positioned at half of the building height.  
The traffic distribution is essential to define the traffic model that each UABS has to serve in the access network and consequently, in the backhaul network. For these scenarios, only voice (64 kbps) and data (1 Mbps) traffic was used, and its distribution was based on information from the operator. New active users will be able to connect once an active user goes idle. Hence, 260 voice/data connections will have to remain active during the whole intervention, which is one hour. However, the connectivity of a user and the activation of a UABS will depend on the available capacity of the backhaul network. When the emergency occurs, a facility truck with the UABS goes to the center of the emergency area and deploys the UABS. They will fly to its defined location and then start to serve ground users. Finally, handover procedures and inter-cell interference in the access network are assumed too. In Table 1, the simulation configuration for the scenarios is presented.
# GNSS Real-Time ZTD/PWV Retrieval Based on PPP with Broadcast Ephemerides
## 3 Results and Discussion  
The experiments are divided into two parts in this section. In the first part, using GPS/Galileo observations, we processed 80 stations from the IGS for 30 days in 2022 to assess the performance of the real-time ZTD solution based on BE-PPP and RT-PPP. In the second part, we processed 20 stations' GPS/Galileo observations from the EPN for 30 days in 2022 to assess the performance of the real-time PWV solution based on BE-PPP and RT-PPP. The EAR5 and RDS data were used to validate the PWV data. We used the mean bias and the standard deviation (STD) as the accuracy indexes. Compared with the mean bias, the STD, an indicator of the stability of the ZTD valuation, is more important, which is a measure of the suitability of the ZTD valuation for NWP forecasting [38].
## 2 Experimental Methods
### Testing Machines  
Pre-test UCS evaluation was performed on cylindrical specimens using a INSTRON 1346 universal materials testing machine (Interstrand Company, Cardiff, UK) to establish baseline loading parameters (Figure 5a). The testing system features a 2000 kN load capacity and maintains \(\pm\)0.5% force measurement precision across its full operational range. The results were used to determine the subsequent loading scheme.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Density** & **P-Wave** & **Uniaxial** & & **Young’s** & **Rockburst** \\
**(kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Propagation** & **Compressive** & **Poisson’s Ratio** & **(GPa)** & **Tendency** \\
2451 & 3034 & 98.39 & 0.21 & 18.60 & moderate \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Material parameters of tested sandstone specimens.  
Figure 5: Testing machines: (**a**) INSTRON 1346 Universal Materials Testing Machine; (**b**) true triaxial loading system; (**c**) TRW-3000 Rock True Triaxial Current Servo Mutagenesis (Disturbance) Test System.  
To more accurately simulate deep mining stress paths, true triaxial testing was conducted on cubic specimens using the TRW 3000 Rock True Triaxial Current Servo Mutagenesis (Disturbance) Test System. The testing system demonstrates exceptional loading capacity (3000 kN axial, 1500 kN lateral) and measurement precision (\(\pm\)0.001 mm displacement, \(\pm\)0.5% FS force), enabling comprehensive rock mechanics characterization under high-pressure conditions. Its hybrid actuation system combines electromechanical and hydraulic components to deliver independent triaxial loading with precise stress-state control. The integrated control platform supports multiple loading protocols (constant strain rate, step loading, etc.) through real-time monitoring and parameter adjustment capabilities (Figure 5b).  
During testing, the PCI-2 Acoustic Emission (AE) system monitored the AE signals generated by crack formation and propagation around the rectangular hole. Additionally, the real-time visualization of the rock failure process was achieved through an industrial-grade HD camera integrated within the X-axis loading platen (Figure 5c).
## 4 Discussion
### SBR Promotes Unique Microbial Communities  
Sediments containing SBR had few measured functional changes, with only an increase in sediment nitrate uptake. However, this treatment had the greatest alteration in potential microbial function, with enhanced sulfate respiration/respiration of sulfur compounds, hydrocarbon degradation, methanomorph, methylotrophy, fermentation, and anaerobic chemoheterotrophy (Figure 5). These results suggest a substantial shift in community structure, likely prompted by a change in organic and inorganic substrates. Our additives analysis revealed that the SBR used in this study features 12 branched hydrocarbons, and 12 long straight changed hydrocarbons; other hydrocarbons may be present but not detected with the methods used here. This enrichment of sediments with hydrocarbons may explain the enhanced hydrocarbon degradation. Several genera of microbes are known hydrocarbon degraders, including _Acinetobacter_, _Pseudomonas_, [125; 126; 127] and _Claocibacterium_ are among the dominant hydrocarbon degraders found in aquatic systems, including freshwater [126]. Analysis at the phylum level (Supplemental Information, Figure S5) identified a greater presence of Firmicutes in sediments containing SBR, which may be attributed to the enhanced fermentation of hydrocarbons (Figure 5). There is growing evidence and concern surrounding the environmental impacts of SBR and similar rubbers used in turf fields and tire manufacturing [128; 129; 130; 131; 132]. Many of the additives present in materials like SBR are hazardous to aquatic life, particularly quinones [133; 134; 135; 136]. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), especially pyrenes, are also common chemicals released from rubbers [137]. Pyrene may enhance methylotrophy and methanol oxidation, and suppress nitrogen fixation and ammonia oxidation in soils [55]. We observed enhanced methylotrophy and uptake of nitrate by sediments perhaps promoted by suppressed ammonia oxidation. Pyrene may also suppress rare microbes [55], leading to the compression of the diversity illustrated by [PERSON]'s PD (Figure 4). Further, many rubbers are vulcanized with sulfur to enhance elasticity. Microbes have long been investigated as a potential mechanism for the desulfurization of tire waste to promote reuse and recycling (e.g., [138]), and this enhancement of sulfur availability may also explain the impacts on sulfur and nitrogen cycling.
# Anti-Fouling Properties of Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Coatings in the Marine Environment
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Microbiology Testing  
Escherichia coli (K12) (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus Epidermidis (Gram-positive) were cultured and received from the School of Biological Science, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.  
Antibacterial activity was investigated by examining Escherichia coli (K12) and Staphylococcus-lococcus epidermidis biofilm formation over the PILs. A single bacteria colony was incubated overnight in Luria Bertani (LB) broth. The optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of each bacterium was determined and a solution of 0.1 OD was prepared in LB. This was the stock solution for the testing.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Formulation** & **[P44V][AOT]** & **[P448][AOT]** & **DVB** & **Photoinitiator** & **CuO** \\  & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** \\ \hline P44[88,10,0] & 88.10 & 10.03 & 1.27 & 0.60 & 0 \\ P44[82,15,0] & 81.96 & 14.50 & 2.35 & 1.19 & 0 \\ P44[77,21,0] & 76.78 & 20.86 & 1.18 & 1.18 & 0 \\ P44[67,32,0] & 66.50 & 31.5 & 1.25 & 0.75 & 0 \\ P44[59,39,0] & 59.19 & 38.78 & 1.03 & 1.00 & 0 \\ P44[49,48,0] & 49.00 & 48.00 & 2.00 & 1.00 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The formulation for tributylphosphine used is denoted as P444[a,b,c], where ’a’ represents the percentage of the polymerizing group, ’b’ represents the percentage of free ionic liquid, and ’c’ represents the percentage of copper oxide used in the formulation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Formulation** & **[P88V][AOT]** & **[P88A1[AOT]** & **DVB (WT\%)** & **Photoinitiator** & **CuO** \\  & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** & **(WT\%)** \\ \hline P88[93,0,0] & 93.24 & 0 & 4.40 & 2.36 & 0 \\ P88[84,10,0] & 84.02 & 9.56 & 2.93 & 3.49 & 0 \\ P88[86,528,0] & 65.40 & 28.50 & 3.31 & 2.79 & 0 \\ P88[48,48,0] & 47.72 & 47.73 & 2.06 & 2.52 & 0 \\ P88[61,0,2] & 61.10 & 0 & 24.87 & 12.03 & 2.00 \\ P88[59,13,2] & 58.69 & 13.06 & 13.19 & 12.97 & 2.09 \\ P88[49,28,2] & 48.99 & 28.48 & 9.77 & 10.76 & 2.00 \\ P88[39,39,2] & 38.66 & 38.92 & 11.76 & 8.31 & 2.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The formulation of trioctylphosphine is indicated by the label P888[a,b,c], where ’a’ represents the percentage of the polymerizing group, ’b’ represents the percentage of free ionic liquid, and ’c’ represents the percentage of copper oxide used in the formulation.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Profile of Volatile Aroma Compounds in Raw and Dried B. edulis Mushrooms by HS-ITEX/GC-MS Analysis
The statistical analysis indicates a strong positive correlation of these volatile compounds with C18 unsaturated fatty acids, oleic, linoleic, and \(\alpha\)-linoleic acids, R = 0.8837, \(p\) < 0.05. Low amounts of new volatile compounds, such as cryophyllene and D-limonene were detected in HAD-dried samples, and D-limonene, dimethyl disulfide, and 2-\(n\)-pentyl-furan in CVD-dried samples. The new volatile generated compound, dimethyl disulfide, might be a degradation product of the amino acid methionine [42]. Dimethyl disulfide has been previously identified at different extents in wild edible mushrooms, air-dried at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h, e.g., _B. edulis_ from the Salaj region of Romania (11.56 \(\pm\) 0.48%) and _Calvatia gigantea_ from Louisville Kentucky, USA (trace amounts) [21]. New volatile compounds such as hydrocarbons, furans, carbonyls (benzene acetaldehyde, heptanal, 2-heptanone) or sulfur compounds may be the result of fatty acid decomposition or amino acid degradation due to the thermal treatment applied to mushrooms. Further, 1-octen-3-ol was the major contributor to the volatile composition of dried mushrooms, whose content increased to mean relative peak area values of 91.25-91.71%, as shown in Table 3. These results correlate with the increase of linoleic acid in _B. edulis_ samples during the drying process (Table 2), this PUFA being considered the oxidation precursor for the enzymatic formation of 1-octen-3-ol [43]. Such synthesis has been commercialized for the production of 1-octen-3-ol, used as a food additive approved by the US FDA due to its low odor threshold [11]. However, the high concentration of 1-octen-3-ol may cause significant off-flavors in some food products [11]. Several important aldehyde aroma contributors in raw _B. edulis_ [2-methyl-2-butenal, (E)-2-Octenal] and other minor aldehydes (dodecanal, 2-ethyl-_trans_-2-butenal, 2-methyl-2-hexneal, nonanal) were not identified in the dried samples, probably due to their thermal-oxidative degradation during the drying process. Other authors reported lower levels of a rarely detected aroma compound (3-methylbutanal) in dried porcini [10]. We have noticed a total loss with drying of some aroma C8 ketones identified in the raw sample, 1-octen-3-one and 3-octanone, but a new 2-heptanone is generated in dried samples. A decrease of aldehydes and ketones with drying has been frequently reported for different edible mushrooms, e.g., _B. edulis_, _Flammulina velitpes_[6; 10].
# Implicit Algorithm of the SBSP-R Model for Predicting the Non-Unique Critical State of Soils
## 3 Implicit Algorithm of SBSP-R Model
### Plastic Correction
\begin{array}{c}\left(\frac{\partial\overline{f}}{\partial p_{0}}\right)^{ n+1}=-M^{2}(\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}+p_{s}^{n+1})\left(\vartheta+(1-\vartheta)\frac{ \rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}+\overline{p}_{s}^{n+1}}{\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1}}\right)^{2}+ \\ -2M^{2}(1-\vartheta)(\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}-\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1})(\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1 }+p_{s}^{n+1})^{2}\frac{1}{(\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1})^{2}}\left(\vartheta+(1- \vartheta)\frac{\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}+\overline{p}_{s}^{n+1}}{\overline{p}_{0}^{n +1}}\right)\\ \\ \left(\frac{\partial\overline{f}}{\partial p_{s}}\right)^{n+1}=M^{2}(\rho^{n+1} p^{n+1}-\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1})\left(\vartheta+(1-\vartheta)\frac{\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1 }+p_{s}^{n+1}}{\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1}}\right)^{2}+\\ 2M^{2}(1-\vartheta)(\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}-p_{0}^{n+1})(\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}+p_{s}^{n+1 })\frac{1}{\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1}}\left(\vartheta+(1-\vartheta)\frac{\rho^{n +1}p^{n+1}+\overline{p}_{s}^{n+1}}{\overline{p}_{0}^{n+1}}\right)\\ \\ \left(\frac{\partial\overline{\delta}}{\partial\overline{p}}\right)^{n+1}=M^{2} (\rho^{n+1}p^{n+1}+p_{s}^{n+1})-\rho^{n+1}\frac{(q^{n+1})^{2}}{p^{n+1}}\\ \\ \left(\frac{\partial\overline{\delta}}{\partial\overline{q}}\right)^{n+1}=2 \rho^{n+1}q^{n+1}\end{array}  \tag{35}\]  
It is noteworthy that the controlling Equation (32) is essential for plastic correction because calculated stress paths will not pass the critical state line if the controlling equation is not suitable. If the plastic hardening modulus related to current stress \(H_{l}\) is replaced with a function \(A\) multiplies \(H_{b}\), the expression of \(k_{p}^{n+1}\) in Equation (32) is \(1/(1+A)\). This should be avoided because it will cause the calculated deviatoric stress increment to be zero if the stress state comes to the CSL.
# Adaptive PI + VPI Harmonic Current Compensation Strategy under Weak Grid Conditions
## 5 Simulation Analysis and Experiment
### Verification of APF Compensation Performance under Weak Grid Conditions
Figure 19b  
Figure 19: Load mutation experiment of the proposed compensation strategy: (**a**) A three-phase grid voltage waveform; (**b**) a three-phase load current waveform; (**c**) the APF output compensation current waveform; (**d**) the compensated grid-side current waveform; (**e**) APF DC side voltage waveform. shows a three-phase load current waveform. After another load with the same parameter is cut in at the virtual line moment, the load current dynamically increases to 2 times the original. Figure 19c shows the APF output compensation current waveform. After the load is doubled, it enters the steady state again after approximately 2.5 fundamental cycles. The amplitude of the compensation current in the steady-state compensation reaches 2 times the original. The amplitude of the current in the dynamic transition process is larger, mainly because the sudden load causes the DC side voltage to drop. The system needs to charge the DC side through the active current. Figure 19d shows the compensated grid-side current waveform, which can maintain a good sine waveform before and after the dynamic change of the load. Figure 19e shows the waveform of the APF DC side voltage. After the load side is suddenly loaded, the voltage decreases, but it returns to the set value again after approximately 2.5 fundamental cycles. The above experimental data show that the APF system based on the proposed compensation strategy has better dynamic harmonic compensation performance.