# Analysis and Prediction of Universities' Buildings' Renovation Costs Using a Regression Model
## 2 Literature Review  
To provide high-quality school facilities for healthy and supportive teaching and learning environments, building maintenance strategies must be properly chosen. According to [4], a poor quality of facilities' maintenance management practices exists in large public educational buildings. The authors prepared a survey questionnaire, which was sent to 320 school facilities' managers from 4 major metropolitan areas in Texas. According to the results of the study, only 64% of the schools have a well-conceived maintenance plan that guides facility improvement, 90% of the schools have a long-term plan, and 72% of the schools periodically update that plan. The functions of facilities according to facility management activities in the educational environment are presented in [5]. Research shows that facility management added value is the customers' perceived trade-off between the effects of the use of facility services on the outcome of their processes, the costs, and the risks. On this basis, a typology of facility services was constructed around their level of fixity and their influence on the learning outcome. An optimization analysis of the maintenance and operational costs based on the example of a public building has been shown in [6]. The developed optimization model minimizes building operational costs by integrating various sustainability measures, including energy-efficient measures, such as LED and fluorescent lighting, HVAC systems, ground-source heat pumps, hand dryers, vending machines, refrigerators, and water heaters, renewable energy systems such as solar panels, and water-saving plumbing fixtures such as efficient faucets, urinals, and toilets. Within the European building stock, 90% were constructed before 1990 [7]. Developing a cost-effective multi-year maintenance program is a difficult task for facility managers because it must assess not only maintenance requirements and maintenance costs [8] but also costs based on prior experience and historical data [9; 10; 11]. There also exist more model types to calculate the maintenance costs of a public building [12]. Moreover, the facility management affects not only the operation, maintenance, and monitoring of buildings, but it also affects the occupants. Buildings of educational purpose significantly affect students and researchers [13; 14]. Another argument to properly prepare the maintenance plans is that according to [15], the degradation of the building incurred by aging leads not only to excessive repair costs, but it also affects its usability. The aesthetic and historic value is also not insignificant [16]. Due to all these facts, properly chosen maintenance strategies are vital to keep these buildings in a good condition and optimize the maintenance costs as well as extend the lifecycle of the buildings. The very first effort for managing a building should entail careful estimation of the maintenance cost of its components, because it is possible to establish proactive measures for maintenance by allocating the predicted cost to the budget for the building's maintenance [17]. The ISO standard 15686-5:2017 \"Buildings and constructed assets--Service life planning Part 5: lifecycle costs\" [18], and the European standard EN 13306:2017 \"Maintenance--Maintenance terminology\" [19], characterize the two most common maintenance types, preventive and corrective maintenance. Other maintenance types can be found proposed by different authors in the literature. These include, e.g., planned and unplanned maintenance [20], or predictive and emergency maintenance [21]. The maintenance division into levels concerning the period when certain repairs need to be performed is listed in [22]. Many studies indicate that the wrong approach to the maintenance of buildings results in incurring additional, unnecessary costs [23; 24; 25; 26]. In [27; 28; 29], the use of lean mentality in building maintenance has been proposed.