## 3 Results
In terms of IADLs, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in their abilities to shop (paired t = \(-\)3.50, \(p\) = 0.002), participate in outdoor activities (paired t = \(-\)2.68, \(p\) = 0.012), and manage medications (paired t = \(-\)4.35, \(p\) = 0.001) after the intervention compared with before the intervention. Furthermore, regarding cognitive function, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in attention (paired t = \(-\)7.84, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001), calculation ability (paired t = \(-\)1.42, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001), and memory (paired t = \(-\)5.30, \(p\)\(<\) 0.001) after the intervention compared with before the intervention. Finally, regarding sleep quality, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in sleep latency (paired t = 2.68, \(p\) = 0.012) and sleep duration (paired t = 4.06, \(p\) = 0.001) after the intervention compared with before the intervention. By contrast, no significant differences in physical or cognitive function or sleep quality were noted in the control group after the intervention compared with before the intervention (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Experimental Group (n = 29)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Control Group (n = 29)**} \\  & & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Paired t** & \(p\)**-Value** & **Mean \(\pm\) SD** & **Paired t** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline Physical & & & & & & & \\ Function & & & & & & & \\ Grip strength & & & & & & & \\ \multirow{4}{*}{IADL} & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} & \multirow{4}{*}{Pre-test} & 24.84 \(\pm\) 4.48 & \(-\)1.252 & \(<\)0.001 *** & 24.70 \(\pm\) 4.49 & 1.603 & 0.060 \\  & & Post-test & 26.62 \(\pm\) 4.53 & & & & 25.67 \(\pm\) 4.75 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Pre-test & 22.42 \(\pm\) 3.82 & \(-\)1.225 & \(<\)0.001 *** & 22.94 \(\pm\) 3.91 & 0.500 & 0.090 \\  & & Post-test & 25.40 \(\pm\) 4.58 & & & 23.17 \(\pm\) 4.77 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.69 & \(-\)3.50 & & & 23.17 \(\pm\) 4.77 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.69 & \(-\)3.50 & & & 2.164 \(\pm\) 0.58 & 3.06 & 0.045 \\  & & Post-test & 2.13 \(\pm\) 0.50 & & & & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.56 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.83 & \(-\)2.68 & & & 1.64 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 1.72 & 0.096 \\  & & Post-test & 2.00 \(\pm\) 0.82 & & & & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.65 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 2.40 & & & 2.23 & 1.58 \(\pm\) 0.67 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.90 \(\pm\) 0.60 & & & & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.60 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.74 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 3.59 & & & 1.59 \(\pm\) 0.67 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 2.19 \(\pm\) 0.75 & & & & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.70 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.59 & 2.40 & & & 1.55 \(\pm\) 0.57 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.87 \(\pm\) 0.50 & & & & 1.51 \(\pm\) 0.48 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Pre-test & 1.81 \(\pm\) 0.56 & & & & 2.16 \(\pm\) 0.56 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.94 \(\pm\) 0.51 & & & & 1.67 \(\pm\) 0.50 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Pre-test & 1.65 \(\pm\) 0.49 & \(-\)4.35 & & & 1.61 \(\pm\) 0.50 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.61 & & & & 1.03 \(\pm\) 0.55 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Pre-test & 1.95 \(\pm\) 0.51 & 3.50 & & & 1.36 \(\pm\) 0.49 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\  & & Post-test & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.58 & & & & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.56 & \multirow{4}{*}{Shopping Outdoors} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Preintervention–postintervention differences in physical function, cognitive function, and sleep quality in the experimental and control groups (n = 58).