esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
[24] used molecular dynamics simulations to show that WCO disperses among asphaltene molecules, disrupting their aggregation and improving binder dispersion in aged SBS asphalt, although it does not reverse oxidative aging. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [25] demonstrated that bone glue significantly improves fatigue life, stiffness, and creep compliance of asphalt binders, with minimal changes to viscosity and processing temperatures. Collectively, these studies highlight the complementary effects of SBS for elasticity, WCO for flexibility and rejuvenation, and bone-derived additives for structural reinforcement, offering a promising approach to sustainable and high-performance asphalt binder design. By systematically evaluating their separate effects using consistent rheological methods, this study provides critical insights into the comparative effectiveness of conventional and sustainable modifiers. The findings serve as a foundation for future research on potential multi-additive systems, guiding the development of optimized, durable, and environmentally friendly bitumen formulations. This research is notable for its environmental emphasis, utilizing external waste materials such as animal bone ash and used cooking oil--byproducts from other industries--which support sustainability goals and promote their valorization within road construction applications. The rheological assessments, particularly the frequency and amplitude sweep analyses, provide rigorous insights into the performance characteristics of these modifiers, setting a foundation for future applications in high-stress infrastructure. Through this study, the integration of sustainable additives in bitumen modification is highlighted as a path toward greener, longer-lasting, and adaptable pavement solutions. In conclusion, this study identifies 5% SBS as the most effective modifier for enhancing bitumen's rheological performance under various loading conditions, while 6% animal bone ash provides the greatest improvement in stiffness, and 4% waste cooking oil offersa balanced enhancement in flexibility. These findings offer valuable insights into the development of high-performance, eco-friendly pavement materials.
## 3 Conclusions  
In this paper, we analyzed the target detection performance of air-to-air airborne radars using long-range propagation simulations involving a novel quad-linear refractivity model under abnormal atmospheric effects. The radar propagation characteristics and the target detection performances were simulated using the AREPS software. In relation to the AREPS simulation conditions, the quad-linear refractivity model as well as the altitude, the antenna radiation pattern, and the DTED were considered as inputs to obtain the path loss of the wave propagation. The quad-linear modeling result well agreed with the actual refractivity data when compared with the conventional trilinear model, with the root-mean-square deviations of the refractivity being 7.2 M-unit for the quad-linear model and 60.2 M-unit for the trilinear model. The radiation pattern of the \(32\times 32\) triangular array antenna had an HPBW of \(2.85^{\circ}\) and an SLL of \(-13.5\) dB, which were used as inputs for the simulation parameters. In terms of the AREPS simulations, the resulting path losses when using the quad-linear model and the actual data exhibited similar propagation characteristic trends. To examine the effects of the abnormal atmosphere, the DPMA maps at airborne radar heights of 3 km and 5 km were provided according to the duct height \(h_{1}\) and thickness \(\Delta h\), where the minimum DPMA values were 0.65 at an \(h_{1}\) of 3 km and 0.69 at an \(h_{1}\) of 5 km. To verify the feasibility of using the DPMA map, two representative elevated duct conditions (Case 1 and Case 2) were analyzed in more detail. According to the simulation results,  
Figure 10: Two actual abnormal cases in the DPMA map with tri- and quad-linear modeling: (**a**) refractivity of Case 1; (**b**) DPMA according to \(h_{s}\) for Case 1; (**c**) refractivity of Case 2; (**d**) DPMA according to \(h_{s}\) for Case 2.  
the lowest DPMA values of 0.87 and 0.93 were obtained for Case 1 and Case 2, respectively, when the radar height \(h_{\text{s}}\) was close to the elevated duct height \(h_{1}\). These results confirmed that the proposed analysis could intuitively determine the target detection performances of air-to-air airborne radars under abnormal atmospheric conditions.  
Conceptualization, T.H.L. and H.C.; methodology, T.H.L. and H.C.; software, T.H.L.; validation, T.H.L., M.G., C.S. and H.C.; formal analysis, T.H.L. and H.C.; investigation, T.H.L., M.G., C.S. and H.C.; resources, T.H.L., M.G., C.S. and H.C.; data curation, T.H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, T.H.L. and H.C.; writing--review and editing, T.H.L. and H.C.; visualization, T.H.L.; supervision, H.C.; project administration, C.S. and H.C.; funding acquisition, M.G., C.S. and H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by a grant-in-aid of HANWHA SYSTEMS, the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2015R1A6A1A03031833), and the NRF grant funded by the Korea government (No. NRF-2017R1A5A1015 596).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction  
Dental trauma is a significant problem in young people. It has been reported that most dental traumatic injuries involve anterior teeth [1]. These traumatic injuries can cause irreparable damage to the young permanent teeth, not only at the time of accident, but also during the post-treatment period. Maintaining the vitality of the dentin-pulp complex is a high priority in cases of traumatic pulp exposures, since vital functioning pulp is capable of initiating several defence mechanisms to protect the body from bacterial invasion. Once pulpal tissue is exposed to the oral environment, among many other processes, repair or regeneration might occur, which is achieved by encouraging the formation of a \"dentin bridge\", using direct pulp capping (DPC) procedures. These involve the medical or addressing material application upon exposed tissue. Several prior studies indicated calcium hydroxide as gold standard for pulp capping [2, 3, 4]. However, performed studieshave also reported disadvantages using calcium hydroxide such as dentin barrier tunnels, obliteration of the pulp chamber caused by extensive dentin formation, high oral fluid solubility, and a lack of degradation and adhesion after acid etching [5; 6; 7; 8]. Mineral trioxide aggregate is one commonly used pulp capping agent, which was first evaluated by [PERSON] et al. in monkey's teeth, showing a superior performance of MTA compared with calcium hydroxide [9].  
MTA has several advantages over calcium hydroxide, such as lower solubility, improved mechanical strength, better marginal adaptation, and sealing ability [10]. However, ProRoot MTA has disadvantages such as long setting time and causes discoloration of teeth [11; 12]. Hence, several MTA-like materials have been developed with improved physical properties. Recently, RetroMTA (BioMTA, Seoul, Korea), consisting of a hydraulic calcium zirconia complex, was introduced for pulp capping, pulpotomy, perforation repair, and as a base material [13; 14]. The complex is a mixture of calcium carbonate, aluminium oxide, silicone dioxide, and zirconium oxide.  
In RetroMTA, similar components are present as in ProRoot MTA but less heavy metal contents than ProRoot MTA (Table 1).  
Also, zirconium oxide has been added as an alternative radiopacifier to bismuth oxide to prevent discoloration [15]. It has been stated that RetroMTA has good biocompatibility, strong antibacterial effect, good sealing ability, fast setting (2.5 min) and no wash out. [PERSON] et al. reported RetroMTA to have similar effects as ProRoot MTA on human pulp cells and can be used as pulp capping material. Only few clinical studies compared the efficacy of RetroMTA and ProRoot MTA as direct pulp capping material. Therefore, the aim of this clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of RetroMTA and ProRoot MTA in human dental pulp tissue healing when used as direct capping agent. The null hypothesis was there is no significant difference in hard tissue formation and inflammatory pulp response with RetroMTA and ProRoot MTA when evaluated after 30 or 60 days of application.
## 3 Research Content and Methodology
### Index Selection  
The selection of commercial outlet indicators surrounding rail transit stations from 2016 to 2020 was guided by several criteria:  
1. Adherence to the theoretical framework established in this research;
2. Consideration of the actual built environment conditions in the Chengguan District of Lanzhou;
3. Availability of data;
4. Alignment with relevant scholarly literature.  
This study encompasses a four-year period, necessitating a comparative analysis of the factors exhibiting the most significant fluctuations during this timeframe. Consequently, the catering segment of commercial points of interest (POIs) was ultimately chosen, as this category demonstrates considerable mobility and notable annual variations, thereby effectively reflecting the impact of urban rail transit development. As shown in Table 1.  
The POI indicators incorporated into the station gravity model were integrated with data from the Baidu Heatmap, focusing on the concentrated points of regional activities during the voluntary travel period of residents on weekdays (specifically at 8 p.m. on a working day). These concentrated points typically exhibit greater urban vitality compared to other locations in the vicinity and serve as a more accurate representation of the attraction exerted by urban rail transit stations on surrounding POIs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Category** & **Type Description** & **Counting** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{2016} & Public Service POIs (PCS) & Educational facilities/Transportation facilities services & 1852 \\ \cline{2-4}  & Business Office POIs (PCS) & Company business office facilities/Financial and insurance services/Securities facilities & 4833 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Commercial POIs (PCS) & Accommodation services/Shopping services/Catering services & 11,566 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-4}  & Catering POIs (PCS) & Catering services & 8402 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: POI Types and Numbers.  
The indicators employed in the regression analysis of this study are derived from those examined in the gravity model pertaining to the area surrounding the rail transit station. These include metro station passenger flow, the number of high-traffic commercial POIs, total POI heat, and the total number of catering POIs in the surrounding area.
# Review of Satellite Remote Sensing of Carbon Dioxide Inversion and Assimilation
## 2 CO2 Observation, Datasets, Global Related Research
### Citespace-Based Global Research  
In this section, Citespace [41, 42] software v6.2.4 is used to analyze and visualize literature on global carbon inversion assimilation, focusing on keyword mapping and author contributions, etc. The goal is to outline research activities and trends over the past 20 years in this field. The analysis, based on a Web of Science search with keywords such as satellite remote sensing, carbon inversion, data assimilation, and XCO2, covers the period from 2005 to 2023 with yearly time slices. Approximately 2000 significant articles were exported for this study. The results include plotted and analyzed data on publication numbers, keywords, national institutions, and research topics.  
Figure 7 illustrates the annual number of publications on satellite remote sensing CO2 and inverse assimilation from 2005 to mid-2023. The blue line shows the yearly publication count, peaking in 2022, while the red bar graph represents the cumulative number of publications, indicating an upward trend. This figure highlights the increasing investment and attention in carbon remote sensing research.  
Figure 7: The number of communications issued in a year.  
Figure 8 presents a keyword heat map based on approximately 2000 paper articles. The size of the circles corresponds to the frequency of keyword appearance, and the connecting lines indicate relationships between different keywords. Notably large circles for \"atmospheric CO2\", \"satellite remote sensing\", \"inverse assimilation\", and \"modeling\" highlight their prominence. This indicates a strong link between CO2 inversion and satellite remote sensing. Additionally, recent trends include emerging technologies such as satellite inversion, machine learning, and data assimilation, reflecting current hot topics in carbon remote sensing.  
Figure 9 displays a map showing the number of publications on satellite-based carbon dioxide remote sensing by national institutions. In this map, larger circles represent higher publication frequencies and greater contributions. Nodes highlighted in red indicate areas of significant attention in the field. The graph reveals that prominent institutions and laboratories from the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Germany have made substantial contributions to this research area.  
This paper employs the Pycharts module in Python to create a flat world map illustrating contributions from different countries to carbon remote sensing research. Figure 10 uses various colors to represent the level of contributions, with grey indicating no contributions from certain regions among around 2000 papers. The map shows that the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Germany are leading in this fi  
Figure 8: Keyword heat map.  
Figure 9: Map of relevant national institutions.  
emerging, and increased attention and investment in carbon neutrality are expected to accelerate global progress.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Finite Element Modelling  
#### 2.4.1 Geometries  
MRI (Skyra Fit, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) data with a voxel size of 1.5 mm were used as the basis for the 3D reconstruction of the subject foot and skeleton geometry. The foot was positioned perpendicular at a 90-degree angle to the thigh against a plate during the MRI. Segmentation of the geometries was performed using Amira software (version 5.4.1, Zuse Institute Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). To simplify the FE model, the relative motions of the individual bones to each other were neglected. For this purpose, the joints were merged so that the skeleton finally consisted of a single geometry. In order to ensure an exact alignment of the foot skeleton within the foot surface, the outer foot surface was also segmented from the MRI images. Further processing and creation of a solid model were performed in Geomagic Studio 2013 (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA) according to an established workflow [49]. The foot geometry was trimmed parallel to the body transverse plane so that the talus was exposed when the foot and skeletal geometry were merged. This allows the force to be applied to the talus bone in the FE model.  
All geometries and the calcaneus coordinate system were imported into Abaqus (version 6.14, Dassault Systemes Simulia Corp., Providence, RI, USA). In addition, another geometry, the shoe sole with a thickness of 20 mm (approximately the height of the sole of the diabetic shoe model), was constructed. The foot skeleton and foot surface were merged and the insole was tied to the shoe sole (Figure 3).
## 5 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Motor Rotary Velocity Regulation Performance Analysis
#### 5.1.2 Based on PID-Bang-Bang Compound Algorithm  
Figure 16 presents the law for the motor rotary velocity change with different target rotary velocities when the PID-bang-bang compound algorithm was applied to the motor rotary velocity control system. Overall, the rise time and peak time of the rotary velocity regulation process were short, but the regulation time was long, and the motor rotary velocity fluctuated significantly. The specific law was that, by increasing the target rotary velocity, the rise time, peak time, and regulation time of the motor rotary velocity regulation gradually increased with an approximately linear growth trend. Meanwhile, the maximum overshoot gradually increased with a nonlinear increasing trend: when the target rotary velocity was lower than 2000 rpm, the increasing trend was large; when the target rotary velocity was higher than 2000 rpm, the change tended to be gentle.  
Figure 14: Schematic diagram of co-simulation platform.  
Figure 15: Rotary velocity regulation effect of PID algorithm under different target rotary velocities.
# Real-Time Flood Monitoring with Computer Vision through Edge Computing-Based Internet of Things
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Bandwidth Consumption  
During the experimental period, an evaluation of the bandwidth usage was also conducted in order to compare the bandwidth requirements between cloud-based and edge-based processing technique. The total bandwidth consumed over the course of a single testing day for both computing models are presented in Figures 13 and 14. The bandwidth capacity required for uploading the data to the cloud was approximately 50,000 kilobits per second (Kbps) whereas uploading processed edge information to the dashboard maxed out at just over 12 Kbps.  
Figure 13: Bandwidth consumed uploading ROS bag files to a cloud storage (in the order of tens of Mbps).  
The results demonstrated the difference in bandwidth consumed for each of the computing strategies; the edge computing strategy proved to be more bandwidth efficient. The total data usage to upload edge data to the dashboard over a 24 h period was approximately 0.92 Mb whereas it took 11,106 Mb to upload raw data to cloud storage. The experiment showed that uploading uncompressed information to the cloud required approximately 12,072 times more data usage than uploading the processed data to the cloud dashboard. There was a massive data and bandwidth reduction in the edge pipeline, especially when the application involved real-time monitoring using image and video data. By utilising edge computing, the bandwidth consumption was greatly reduced thus alleviating stress off the network [48]. This is beneficial for installing real-time monitoring applications in rural areas where network bandwidth is a major concern for IoT devices.
## 1 Introduction
Numerous studies have demonstrated that incorporating VR technology in different educational and learning settings can offer multiple benefits to students, such as enhancing engagement, providing greater flexibility and control over the learning process, supporting self-directed learning, improving knowledge transfer, and deepening understanding of previously learned concepts [10; 11; 33; 34]. However, to date, these learning outcomes have been insufficiently explored in maritime higher education (e.g., [12]). Furthermore, studies suggest that users' (e.g., students) perceptions of the adoption and perceived benefits of VR technology in education and learning are influenced not only by its technical features (e.g., fidelity) but also by its level of intuitiveness and simplicity to use [35; 36]. The term perceived ease of use denotes the extent to which an individual perceives an innovation as being easy to comprehend or/and utilize [37; 38]. To date, the results of different studies that have explored the user's experience with VR technology in the field of industry and education have highlighted that PEU may have direct or indirect positive impacts on user engagement in VR-based learning [20; 36], its acceptance, and intention for future use [21; 27]. Despite the considerable attention given to understanding how the PEU of VR technology influences users' attitudes towards its educational benefits and their willingness to adopt it in the future, this relationship has not been thoroughly explored within the context of maritime higher education. By focusing specifically on maritime students, the main motivation of this study is to address this gap by exploring relationships between PEU and (i) the perceived benefits of using a VR engine room simulator in maritime learning and education, (ii) the intention to use it in the future, and (iii) the overall experience. To gain deeper insights, the study employs segmentation analysis using PEU as a segmentation basis. By categorizing students into different segments, the study intends to delve deeper into the specific dynamics at play within each group, offering novelty in the understanding of mutual relationships between PEU and the aforementioned constructs.
## 4 Results
### Algorithms
#### 4.2.1 Q-Learning  
Introduced in 1989, Q-learning is an outdated Model-Free RL made to choose the best action for the given observation. Each possible action for each observation has its Q-value, which stands for the quality of the given act [10]. The Q-learning algorithm updates the Q-function at each time step using the following equation:  
\[Q(s,a)\gets Q(s,a)+\alpha\Big{(}r+\gamma*\max_{\alpha}Q(s_{t+1},a)-Q(s_{t},a_{t})\Big{)} \tag{1}\]  
where \(s\) is the current state, \(a\) is the chosen action, \(r\) is the observed reward, \(s_{t}\) is the next state, and \(a_{t}\) is the next action. \(\alpha\) is the learning rate that controls how much the Q-value is updated and \(\gamma\) is the discount factor that discounts the future rewards. The algorithm continues until the Q-function converges to the optimal Q-function.  
Q-learning works well when the state space is small or has a low dimensionality, as it can learn and update Q-values for each state-action pair. In addition, when the environment is simple and its dynamics are known, it can learn optimal policies when the transition probabilities and rewards are well-defined.
# Neural Graph Similarity Computation with Contrastive Learning
## 3 Methodology
### Graph Similarity Prediction Network
#### 3.2.4 Loss Function  
Finally, to train a network that can accurately compute the similarity between two graphs, we utilize the mean squared error (MSE) loss to minimize the difference between the predicted similarity score \(s\) and the ground-truth one \(s^{t}\). The loss function is denoted as \(L_{s}\).
## 3 Materials and Methods  
### The Position of the Measurement Point  
There are three in situ stress measurement points in the study area, namely, Nanshankou, Xiaogangou and Xidatan. The measurement point at Nanshankou is situated within the annex of the Nanshankou pumped storage power station, approximately 35 km south of Golmud City. In July and December 2022, hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurements were conducted at this location, involving one vertical surface borehole and two vertical underground boreholes. The horizontal spacing between these three boreholes is approximately 100 m. Specifically, the first borehole, designated as Surface Borehole No. 1, has a depth of 351.00 m and a water level of 85.50 m. Boreholes No. 2 and No. 3, both located in a tunnel approximately 272 m below ground level, have depths of 180.00 m each. Borehole No. 2 has a water level of 145.30 m, while Borehole No. 3 has a water level of 61.50 m.  
The Xiaogangou measurement point is situated approximately 46 km south of Golmud City, adjacent to the Hot Spring pumped storage power station. In August 2024, a hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement was conducted at a vertical borehole with a depth of 621.00 m and a water level of 290.00 m.  
The measurement point at Xidatan is situated on the granite on the northern side of Jingxiangukou within the Xidatan fault valley. The rock within the borehole is predominantly intact, albeit with some localized fracture zones. In situ stress measurements were performed in a vertical borehole with a depth of 181.83 m and a water level of 14.50 m.