## 1 Introduction  
The total world's consumption of marketed energy is expected to expand from 549 quadrillion Btu in 2012 to 629 quadrillion Btu in 2020, and to 815 quadrillion Btu in 2040. In other words, the total world energy consumption is projected to increase by approximately 48% from 2012 to 2040 [1]. Fossil fuels remain the main sources in the global energy mix, and they are associated with the increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) can play a critical role in reducing both (CO2) emissions and fossil fuel dependency [2]. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources is being emphasized around the world for sustainable and green energy production to meet the energy demands [3]. Renewable energy is the world's fastest-growing source of energy (an average increase of 2.6%/year), owing to government policies and incentives promoting the use of non-fossil energy sources in many countries [1]. Among all of the renewable resources, solar energy is the most abundant, inexhaustible, and clean source [4]. Photovoltaics technology is an elegant technology that is available for the efficient use of solar power [5]. The energy consumed in the building sector consists of residential and commercial end users and accounts for 20.1% of the total delivered energy consumed worldwide. The delivered energy consumption in buildings worldwide is predicted to increase by an average of 1.5%/year between 2012 and 2040 [1]. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology aims to transform buildings from energy consumers to energy producers [6]. Recently, market research forecasted the rapid expansion of the BIPV and photovoltaics (PV) market. The world PV market is expected to increase the total global installed solar capacity from 229 GW in 2015 to 600 GW in 2020. The installed capacity of BIPV was 0.3 GW in 2012 and the market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.70% per year, which will result in a capacity of 1.2 GW in 2019 [7]. BIPVs are defined as PV modules that can be integrated in a building envelope (into the roof or facade) by replacing conventional building materials (e.g., tiles) [8]. As the height of the building to which a BIPV system can be applied is increased, most of the areas where modules can be installed are at the elevations of buildings. The installation of a BIPV system at an elevation means that it cannot be installed at the optimal installation angle. In addition, there is a high likelihood of performance degradation due to various factors, such as adjacent buildings, barriers, and IAMs (incident angle modifiers). Therefore, in the case of a BIPV system, there is a need to investigate the performance loss factors and their characteristics. Various studies have been conducted on the performance loss factors of PV and BIPV systems. Recent studies of module temperature have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the temperature coefficient and rear ventilation condition, or to propose and verify a method for predicting the module temperatures. Experimental studies on module temperature focus on the power generation performance of the module according to the rear ventilation condition [9], and the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltages of various kinds of commercial crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules [10]. The theoretical research on module temperature looks at the development of a platform for module temperature prediction using computational fluid dynamics [11]. In addition, there was a paper that reviewed the proposed methods for reducing the prediction error of the single diode method, which is mainly used in the performance prediction of PV systems [12]. A prior study compared the temperature coefficients measured under ambient conditions with those under STC (standard test conditions) [13], and another study developed a method to reduce the module temperatures by modifying the module shape using a simulation program [14].