# Exploring the Impact of Thermal Environment on Student Well-Being in Sustainable Campus Settings
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this study investigates the influence of abaya color, landscape site, and time of day on various psychological factors in Al Ain, UAE. The analysis of abaya colors (black, white, light brown) during the summer reveals notable trends: wearers of white abayas reported the highest mean ranks in body fatigue (16.06), eye fatigue (11.39), and unproductivity (16.44), suggesting elevated levels of discomfort and fatigue. In contrast, light brown abayas consistently demonstrated the lowest mean ranks across several psychological factors, such as body fatigue (12.56) and unproductivity (10.22), indicating a comparatively favorable experience. While Kruskal-Wallis tests showed no statistically significant differences in psychological factors by abaya color, the rank analysis highlights a potential trend favoring lighter shades like light brown for comfort. These findings align with research suggesting that clothing colors may have a psychological impact in hot climates [24; 28]. The analysis of landscape sites (naturally shaded, artificially shaded, unshaded) indicates that unshaded areas resulted in higher mean ranks for factors like body fatigue (16.06) and skin dryness (19.22), signifying increased discomfort, while naturally shaded sites had lower mean ranks in eye fatigue (9.33) and skin dryness (10.72). Statistically significant differences were observed for eye fatigue (H(2) = 6.904, \(p\) = 0.032) and skin dryness (H(2) = 6.290, \(p\) = 0.043), supporting the hypothesis that natural shade provides psychological benefits by reducing fatigue and discomfort. This is consistent with findings from similar studies that highlight the restorative effects of natural landscapes on mental and physical well-being [8; 30; 31]. Time-of-day analysis further emphasizes the afternoon (1:30 pm to 2:30 pm) as a period associated with high discomfort levels, as evidenced by elevated ranks in body heat (17.78), skin dryness (19.22), and thermal discomfort (18.72). In contrast, evening hours (8:00 pm to 9:00 pm) registered lower mean ranks across these factors, suggesting a more comfortable and productive time frame. Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed significant differences in body heat (H(2) = 6.163, \(p\) = 0.046), skin dryness (H(2) = 7.367, \(p\) = 0.025), and thermal discomfort \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Sample 1–Sample 2**} & **Test Statistic** & **Std. Error** & **Std. Test Statistic** & **Sig.** & **Adj. Sig. * \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sig.**} & Evening-Morning & 6.667 & 3.602 & 1.851 & 0.064 & 0.193 \\  & Evening-Afternoon & 11.667 & 3.602 & 3.239 & 0.001 & 0.004 \\  & Morning–Afternoon & \(-\)5.000 & 3.602 & \(-\)1.388 & 0.165 & 0.495 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sig.**} & Evening-Morning & 9.278 & 3.613 & 2.568 & 0.010 & 0.031 \\  & Evening-Afternoon & 12.222 & 3.613 & 3.383 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.002 \\  & Morning–Afternoon & \(-\)2.944 & 3.613 & \(-\)0.815 & 0.415 & 1.000 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sig.**} & Evening-Morning & 3.389 & 3.629 & 0.934 & 0.350 & 1.000 \\  & Evening-Afternoon & 9.444 & 3.629 & 2.603 & 0.009 & 0.028 \\  & Morning–Afternoon & \(-\)6.056 & 3.629 & \(-\)1.669 & 0.095 & 0.285 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sig.**} & Evening-Morning & 6.944 & 3.567 & 1.947 & 0.052 & 0.155 \\  & Evening–Afternoon & 12.222 & 3.567 & 3.427 & \(<\)0.001 & 0.002 \\  & Morning–Afternoon & \(-\)5.278 & 3.567 & \(-\)1.480 & 0.139 & 0.417 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sig.**} & Evening-Morning & 4.500 & 3.624 & 1.242 & 0.214 & 0.643 \\  & Evening–Afternoon & 11.883 & 3.624 & 3.265 & 0.001 & 0.003 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Morning–Afternoon & \(-\)7.333 & 3.624 & \(-\)2.024 & 0.043 & 0.129 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Each row tests the null hypothesis that the Sample 1 and Sample 2 distributions are the same. Asymptotic significances (2-sided tests) are displayed. The significance level is 0.050. \({}^{a}\). Significance values have been adjusted by the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests.  
\end{table}