## 4 Glyphosate and AMPA in Foods
Additionally, GLYP has been detected in processed food products worldwide, for instance, in fruit juice concentrate (4.2-38 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Canada [6], as well as in yam (68% detection frequency, <120 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Ghana [76] and frozen vegetables, fruit juice, and baby fruit puree (15-18% detection frequency, 3-10 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from the USA [66]. Regarding cereal-based products, GLYP has been detected in breakfast cereal (<1-291 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), wheat snacks (<1-421 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), bread (<1-45.8 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), wheat flour (<1-133 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), and pseudo cereals (<1 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Switzerland. Additionally, AMPA was identified in breakfast cereals (2.5-10 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg). The detection frequency in these product categories ranged from 28 to 80% [60]. Furthermore, GLYP has been identified in one sample of wheat seeds (243,000 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Italy [68] and pasta (5-1400 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Canada [6]. In France, GLYP has been detected in two breakfast cereal samples (6-34 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) [69]. It has been reported that some grains, rice, flour, bread, and cereal-based products for infants contained GLYP (19% detection frequency, 10-267 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) [69]. In Australia, GLYP was detected in 26 samples of wheat flour [71]. In Lebanon, 164 samples of bread and wheat flour were analyzed, in which GLYP (14-52 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) was detected in 80 and 100% of the samples, respectively [70]. In the USA, GLYP (0.04-1.1 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) was reported in 310 oat products [72]. For its part, a study conducted in China reported the presence of GLYP (40-290 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) in fresh maize and soybean (240 samples) with a detection frequency of 11 to 18% [74]. Also, a study conducted in South Africa detected GLYP in maize pasta (47-62 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), maize rice (28-65 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), soymilk (32-142 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg), and texturized soy protein (195-2257 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) [73]. Moreover, in Brazil, GLYP (30-1080 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) and AMPA (20-170 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) were detected in soy-based infant formula [78]. Additionally, GLYP has been detected in meat and fish (<1-4.9 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/kg) from Switzerland [60] and fish (\(\downarrow\)ADI and \(\downarrow\)MRL) from Nigeria [79]. Furthermore, according to the most recent EFSA report in 2022 [77], 144,563 food samples were analyzed for glyphosate and its derivatives across European countries, wherein 98% of samples showed no detectable GLYP, 1.7% exhibited values above the limit of quantification (LOQ) but below MRL values and 0.3% of samples exceeded MRL values. Additionally, AMPA was quantified in 0.097% of the samples, predominantly in soybeans. Furthermore, the presence of GLYP in alcoholic beverages such as wine (21 samples, 100% detection frequency, 0.6-18.9 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/L) and beer (15 samples, 13.3% detection frequency, <0.5-6.8 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/L) has been reported in Switzerland [60], while in the Latvian market, it has been reported in beer (100 samples, 92% detection frequency, <0.5-150 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/L) [80]. Although most studies suggest that GLYP and AMPA remain within the maximum residue limits, the global detection frequency of these compounds in samples is notably high, ranging from 15 to 100%. This prevalence may result in exceeding the acceptable daily intake or \"safe GLYP and AMPA doses\" for consumers due to prolonged dietary exposure, even within ADI thresholds.