# Adaptive Node Clustering Technique for Smart Ocean under Water Sensor Network (SOSNET)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Y.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.M.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Y.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.M.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Y.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.M.) [PERSON]  
1 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock 43600, Pakistan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.Y.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.T.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.A. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.M.) [PERSON]  
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea  
2 Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea  
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea  
2 Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea  
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea  
2 Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea  
relate to research on underwater sensor networks. A brief introduction regarding the same is given in the following. Underwater sensor networks (UWSN) have been a focus of research for many years. They have gained significance in oceanic research and provided data for many applications, such as ocean surface monitoring, disaster prevention, habitat monitoring, and surveillance [5]. In comparison to the terrestrial counterparts, the sensors in UWSN are equipped with an acoustic modem, designed to work in an underwater environment, an antenna for transmission, a pressure gauge, and a bladder apparatus for controlling the depth. These sensors form a sensor equipped aquatic swarm (SEAS), which coordinates with sink nodes at the sea surface. Sensor nodes perform monitoring of the underwater data and send critical data to the sink nodes in a multi-hop fashion. The sink nodes are armed with acoustic and radio communication abilities to receive the data from under water sensors and relay them to the outer world. Like any other sensor network, routing is a critical problem for UWSN [6]. Earlier attempts to develop routing protocols for UWSN were inspired by their terrestrial counterparts. Although similar in nature, the UWSN do have some significant variations from wireless sensor networks (WSN), which make it difficult for the routing protocols developed for WSN to be used as they are in UWSN. One of the main reasons is that the WSN routing protocols are designed for radio frequency (RF) waves, which attenuate significantly under water; hence, RF based sensors are ineffective in UWSN. Sensors in UWSN are equipped with acoustic modems that are tailored to work in underwater environments [7]. Early routing protocols proposed for UWSN were following the classical layered protocol architecture, i.e., the protocols developed for different layers, e.g., transport layer and network layer. However, performance of these protocols was dependent on parameters related to the specific layer. However, these protocols provided poor performance overall. The basic reason for the poor performance of these so called non-cross layer protocols is that they did not consider the energy levels, joint optimization, and other factors that are important in overall performance. Hence the focus of recent research is cross layer routing protocols, which use the information received from various layers [8]. In addition to the above-mentioned problems, there are other significant issues that need to be considered for designing an efficient routing protocol for UWSN. One such issue is high propagation delay.