## 1 Introduction  
Over the past several years, emphasis has been placed on optimizing advanced electronic systems, which depend on reliable and efficient power supplies. To achieve these objectives, optimization methods are used in the design of power converters [1]. The voltage ratings of the various components in electrical and electronic devices differ. DC-DC converters are electronic circuits that generate the appropriate voltage for a specific element [2]. In general, these are categorized into buck, boost, buck-boost, and Cuk converters. The DC-DC converters are power electronics-based circuits that are capable of varying and regulating the voltage level from input to output. These converters have been used in a wide variety of applications, such as automatic control systems, renewable energy systems [3, 4], photovoltaic generation, fuel cell generation, and electric vehicles [2, 5] because of their high efficiency, small size, and simple structure. The converters produce waves with many harmonics. This is an important characteristic. A filter is placed at the output of the converter to reduce these harmonics. It is complex and expensive to filter the output voltage or current of a converter that delivers a square voltage or current by alternation. The pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique has been demonstrated to be the most suitable for a controlled converter. In addition, it effectively neutralizes the output wave [6]. In [6], the authors presented various techniques using controlled PWM. Three PWM strategies with different vertical and horizontal combinations were evaluated in [7]. Thereby, their output harmonics were measured. Many scholars have recently applied and implemented metaheuristic techniques in the context of complex optimization problems [8, 9]. Several metaheuristic algorithmshave been developed. These include DE [10], GA [11], and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [12]. These methods are reliable, straightforward, and simple to implement. Consequently, these are among the preferred approaches [13]. Metaheuristics have been applied in several practical applications [14], and some are used in optimizing relevant problems. These include an improved interlaced boost converter [15]. Problems with power converters have been solved using the PSO algorithm [15; 16; 17]. In [15], an interleaved boost converter (IBC) using an optimal Type-III controller is described. In order to design the controller parameters, the classical \"k-factor\" strategy was employed, followed by the development of an optimal Type-III controller based on PSO. In the paper [16], the authors introduced an optimization method for a proportional-integral PI controller for four-phase interleaved boost converters. The PSO algorithm was used to find the optimal gains for PI controllers [16]. By using the chaos PSO algorithm, the paper [17] simulated and analyzed a boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). In [18], a GA was utilized to perform constrained optimization of a DC-DC converter for uninterruptible power supply applications. In [19], the design of a PID controller for controlling a DC-DC boost converter in PV systems was discussed. Here, three controller parameters were adjusted using the GA. A method that optimizes the duty cycle based on a pre-calculated duty cycle by using the GA for a non-inverting buck-boost converter was proposed in [20]. Furthermore, the duty cycles were estimated using a discrete model. An optimization method for synchronized buck converters using discrete variables was presented in [21]. The DE algorithm was used in [22] to design high-power millimeter-wave mode converters. In [23], a variation in the DE algorithm was developed to determine the switching angles of a programmed pulse-width modulation (PPWM)controlled inverter. In [24], a differential evolution strategy was used to solve the optimal switching angle problem in an harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation (HE-PWM).