esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
### Related Works  
#### 1.3.1 GIS and BIM Applications in the Civil Engineering Industry  
The current database solutions are accessible via a standard web interface, thus ensuring their accessibility for all construction participants. The possibilities of integrating GIS and BIM are discussed in the research paper [10]. A comprehensive, systematic review on data-level BIM/GIS integration from the perspective of information flow is described in [11]. The main outcomes and findings of this review are as follows. (1) A unified framework that incorporates all data processing tasks for BIM/GIS data integration was developed. (2) Most problems regarding BIM-to-GIS data conversion have been solved, which enables application-level BIM/GIS integration, while those unsolved problems are mainly related to representation transformation and semantics mapping. (3) To ensure a fluent information flow, BIM models should be more reliable, the conversion paths should be more robust and efficient, and a more flexible data model on the GIS side is in need. In [12], it is presented systematic investigation into these two technologies, trying to propose the proper one for BIM/GIS data integration In Civil Engineering. The purpose of paper [13] is to provide an insight regarding the information lifecycle during Design & Construction in the Rail Infrastructure project and investigate the impact of current information management processes--and in particular Standards such as IFC,--on BIM-GIS interoperability and lifecycle management of an asset. The study [14] investigates the topic of BIM/GIS integration with the adoption of ontologies and metamodels, providing a critical analysis of the existing literature. Ontologies and metamodels share several similarities and could be combined for potential solutions to address BIM/GIS integration for complex tasks, such as asset management, where heterogeneous sources of data are involved. Algorithms to interpret the commonly used profiles of swept solid for the transformation of IFC into shapefile are developed. A bridge model is used to validate the proposed method, and a Web GIS-based bridge management system is developed to demonstrate a possible usage of the transformed shapefile model [15].
# A Testbed for GNSS-Based Positioning and Navigation Technologies in Smart Cities:
## 6 Test Campaigns and Results
### SNAP Positioning
#### 6.1.1 Material and Experimental Setup  
A prototype hardware sensor based on a Raspberri Pi(tm) Zero W and a RTL-SDR RF front end was used, controlled by the SNAApp routines to manage the signal capture and transmission to the processing platform.  
Live GPS L1 signals were gathered using a Cirocomm 580 GPS L1 antenna incorporated into the hardware sensor, and the RF front end was configured at a 2.8 MHz bandwidth. The location of the ground truth position was surrounded by middle height buildings so that the live signal captures could be representative of a middle-size city. The snapshot length of the recorded GPS L1 signal was 20 ms. Cellular signals were simulated using the embedded 4G simulator of the SNAP service in order to circumvent the limitations of existing live cellular signals. Namely, the lack of precise knowledge on the base station (BS) positions, which becomes sensitive information that telecom operators are reluctant to release, as well as the lack of precise synchronisation between different BS. Note that BS are typically synchronised in cellular deployments to prevent inter-cell interference and to implement power-control mechanisms. However, this synchronisation is not perfect and small errors appear from one BS to another. These errors, being much smaller than in a purely asynchronous network, are accounted for into the embedded 4G simulator so that realistic results can be obtained.  
A virtual deployment of four 4G BS was configured in the SNAP cellular simulator, which were all set in the surroundings of the user's true reference position at 500 m of inter BS separation. A urban macro (UMa) scenario was considered with 4G Positioning Reference Signals (PRS) of a 20 MHz bandwidth that were used by the simulator to provide OTDoA observables (one per BS and per position fix). The LOS conditions were determined based on the distance-dependent LOS probability as specified in TR 38.855 [58] while the SNR of each observable was computed with a 3 GPP-like link budget [59]. Then the cellular ranging observables were generated following a physical-layer abstraction [60] using as input the LOS conditions and the SNR level. Finally, a 50 ns synchronisation error was also considered to emulate a synchronised (but not perfectly) network of 4G base stations.
## 1 Introduction  
### Background  
Algal blooms, including some toxic or \"harmful\" algal blooms (HABs), are increasing and affecting inland rivers, lakes and reservoirs, many of which are used as a source of drinking water [1; 2]. HABs are often associated with prokaryotic cyanobacteria (i.e., blue-green algae (BGA)) [1]. These HABs have made the development of satellite reflectance algorithms for the estimation of the chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phyocyanin (PC) pigments associated with cyanobacterial biomass a high research priority for monitoring and warning efforts [3; 4; 5; 6]. Chlorophyll-a is less specific to cyanobacterial blooms than phyocyanin because it occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic phytoplankton, although Chl-a is more easily sensed by a variety of current and near-future satellite imaging systems because most current electro-optical satellite imaging systems are also designed to sense Chl-a in land plants [5].  
Phyocyanin is a spectrally active accessory pigment specific to cyanobacteria that is commonly used as a proxy for cyanobacterial (BGA) biomass [4; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. Phyocyanin pigment is therefore a key indicator of water quality [11; 16]. Phyocyanin is more specific to cyanobacteria but is more difficult to sense because its spectral features are subtler and overlap with Chlorophyll-a, b and c as well as other pigments and water quality parameters [24]. Satellite reflectance algorithms for estimating BGA values with algorithms focused on phyocyanin reflectance signatures in temperate inland water bodies have been reviewed and evaluated by many researchers [10; 11; 14; 16; 22]. The large amount of previous BGA algorithm research has resulted in numerous algorithm options for algal bloom monitoring.
# Interference Avoidance through Periodic UAV Scheduling in RIS-Aided UAV Cluster Communications
## 3 UAV Scheduling to Avoid Interference
### Complexity Analysis  
Based on the UAV scheduling graph and the aforementioned parameters, the number of destination nodes is in the order of \(\prod T_{k},k=1,\ldots,M_{max}N_{c}\), which is the complexity order of an exhaustive search. The LIM algorithm determines the initial time slot for one UAV in every stage. Then its complexity is \(O(N_{c}M_{max}T_{max})\), where \(M_{max}\) and \(T_{max}\) denote the maximum number of UAVs in one cluster and the maximum periods of all UAVs, respectively. The RIM algorithm, on the other hand, employs the LIM algorithm to select a node in a maximum of \(T_{max}\) iterations, resulting in a complexity of \(O\big{(}N_{c}^{2}M_{max}^{2}T_{max}^{2}\big{)}\).
## 2 Related Work
### FAIR Principles  
The FAIR principles, firstly introduced by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] et al., represent four basic guidelines for the improvement of scientific data management [16]. One driver of the FAIR data principles is the GO FAIR ([[https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/](https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/)]([https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/](https://www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/)), accessed on 18 February 2022) initiative, which creates and coordinates so-called implementation networks (IN) to foster the establishment of these guidelines. As the acronym might suggest, these principles consist of the following four core pillars:  
* Findable: To make data usage possible, researchers should be able to find digital assets. Each data object should have a persistent and unique identifier and should include rich metadata. Additionally, the metadata--or the identifier, respectively--should be stored in searchable resources.
* Accessible: Open, free, and universal communication protocols should make data objects accessible by their identifier. Further, metadata should be archivable and available even when the corresponding data is not available.
* Interoperable: Data should be interoperable with other data assets. This can be achieved by using formal, accessible, shared, and broadly applicable languages or vocabularies. Additionally, data should be referenceable from other data.
* Reusable: To enable reusability, data should be equipped with usage licenses and detailed provenance and meet community standards.  
Besides data, the authors have emphasised that these principles also constitute characteristics for data resources, tools, vocabularies, or infrastructures, and thus, they are not limited to data objects.  
Recently, much efforts have been devoted to establishing these guidelines in the scientific landscape [17; 18]. For example, [PERSON] et al. has presented a seven-step FAIRification workflow for generic data [17]. The authors have divided the workflow into a pre-processing, the actual FAIRification, and a post-processing phase, which are even further subdivided into several processing steps. As this workflow focuses on the FAIRification of generic data, [PERSON] et al. developed a more specific workflow for healthcare data [18].  
These works have been an inspiration for our on-boarding service development, paving the way for making institutions especially findable and also accessible for DA use cases. DA and its concepts will be presented in the next section.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, it is crucial to find a method to improve the collimation of the electron spatial radiation and to increase the number of high harmonics. However, most of the existing work ignores the effect of nonlinear Thomson scattering on the electrons by various parameters of the incident tightly focused laser pulse in the presence of an applied magnetic field, which is one of our main aims. In this paper, the kinetic, spatially radiated power and spectral properties of electrons in a circularly polarized tightly focused laser field subjected to a magnetic field are studied for the first time. The effects of different pulse widths on the kinetic properties, spatially radiated power and spectral properties of electrons are analyzed for a fixed peak amplitude, beam waist radius and magnetic field size. The effects of a circularly polarized tightly focused laser field with the same parameters on the kinetic, spatially radiated power and spectral properties of the electrons in the presence of an applied magnetic field are also compared. In the presence of an applied magnetic field, the radiative collimation of electrons is higher and more powerful compared to the unapplied magnetic field. [18] The superiority of the method is demonstrated. First, our parameters are described below. The laser wavelength \(\lambda_{0}=1\)\(\upmu\)m. \(\mathrm{p}=\upgamma\)u is the electron momentum normalized by mc, u is the electron velocity normalized by the  
Figure 1: The schematic diagram of nonlinear Thomson scattering. speed of light c, \(\gamma\) is the relativistic factor of the electron, and the time and space coordinates are normalized by \(\omega^{-1}\) and k\({}^{-1}\), respectively. \(\omega=2\pi\)c/\(\lambda_{0}\) is the circular frequency of the incident laser, k = \(2\pi/\lambda_{0}\) is the wave number of the laser in the vacuum, and c is the speed of light (the description of normalization below will be omitted). It is found that as the pulse width L increases from \(\lambda_{0}\) to \(6\lambda_{0}\), the collimation of its spatial radiation keeps improving, the stability of the trajectory of the electron motion keeps increasing, and the wave number of the higher harmonics keeps increasing. When pulse width L is increased to \(6\lambda_{0}\), the kinetic properties of the electrons, the spatial radiation power, and the spectral properties tend to stabilize, and increasing the pulse width can enhance the benefits of decreasing--that is, to reach the saturation state.
## 4 Methodology
### The Workflow for Real-Time UI/UX Adaptation in AI-MDD-UX
#### 4.3.2 KMeans++ Based User Behavior Clustering  
Users' behavioral feature vectors are clustered to ensure personalized UI adaptations, improved engagement, and optimized user experience based on their interaction patterns through the unsupervised K-means++ technique.  
* K-means++ technique [15]: Grouping users into clusters based on their similar interaction patterns, such as using checkout behavior. It allows the system to generate tailored UI designs dynamically.
* Improve convergence and accuracy: Enhancing the traditional K-Means algorithm by optimizing centroid initialization, leading to faster convergence and more accurate clustering.
* Persona-based Adaptation: Allowing the generative AI models to handle UI experiences according to user persona.  
The K-Means++ algorithm iteratively refines clusters, ensuring that users within the same cluster exhibit highly similar behaviors while maintaining distinct group separations.  
Figure 3: The workflow of AI-MDD-UX.  
Each user is dynamically assigned to the most relevant cluster based on their behavioral features, and persona profiles are continuously updated until optimal grouping is achieved.  
Despite its improved efficiency, K-Means++ relies on Euclidean distance, which may limit its ability to capture complex spatial patterns, particularly in irregular or non-linear temporal distributions of user interactions. Nonetheless, it remains a computationally efficient and scalable approach for user segmentation. Future research could explore alternative clustering techniques, such as Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) [16] or hierarchical clustering, to better accommodate non-linear behavioral patterns.  
The steps of K-means++ algorithm are detailed in Algorithm 1.  
```
\(U_{I}\): Collected User Interaction Data; \(U_{f}\): Extracted features (e.g., clicks, page views, product preferences), n: number of users \(Groups\) G = {\(G_{1}\), \(G_{2}\), \(\ldots\), \(G_{L}\)} // Groups of similar user behaviors \(Centroids\) C = {\(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), \(\ldots\), \(C_{L}\)} // Representative points of each group Begin (1) : Initialize \(k\) cluster centers using K-Means++. (2) : Repeat (3) : Assign each user (U) to the nearest cluster based on Euclidean distance. (4) : Update each center by averaging the feature values of assigned users. (5) : Until no significant change in cluster assignments. (6) : Foreach user (U) in a cluster Do (7) : IF (moving U to a different cluster improves grouping quality) Then (8) : Reassign U and update cluster centers. (9) : End IF (10) : UntilStability of centroids (11) : Return final clusters (G) and centroids (C). End
```  
**Algorithm 1** Enhanced K-Means++ Clustering for User Behavior Algorithm
## 4 Conclusions  
This study investigated the possibility of generating and controlling denser self-healing materials through the control of the polymorph formation in cement-based composite materials. The study focused on crystals of CaCO\({}_{3}\) generated in the self-healing process of cement-paste test bodies; CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\) ions and nanoscale ultrafine CO\({}_{2}\) bubbles flowed from a Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) solution into the cracks in hardened cement paste as the temperature and pH of the solution were controlled. The results of the investigation into more effective self-healing and optimum self-healing conditions are summarized as follows:  
(1) Under the self-healing conditions provided by a saturated Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) solution with a supply of CO\({}_{2}\) microbubbles and nanobubbles, the additional supply of Ca\({}^{2+}\) ions and CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\) ions to the cracked section of hardened cement paste is believed to have further promoted the reaction that generated CaCO\({}_{3}\). The use of the cement material alone was confirmed to enable more effective self-healing inside and outside relatively large cracks with widths above 0.1 mm.  
(2) According to the TG-DTA and SEM analysis results, the temperature had a bigger impact than the pH on the change from calcite to vaterite among the CaCO\({}_{3}\) crystals.  
(3) By controlling the water temperature at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the pH at 9.0, as well as suppling ultrafine nanoscale bubbles (average particle diameter of 50 nm) together with CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\) ions in a saturated Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) solution, it was possible to generate vaterite, thus enabling densification of the cement matrix as the voids were filled. These optimized self-healing conditions also allowed the control of the formation of vaterite.  
This research was supported by the young researcher program through the LIXIL 2016 of Japan funded by LIXIL.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived and designed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] performed the experiments; [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] analyzed the data. All authors contributed in manuscript preparation and participated in revising the article critically for important intellectual content.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 18: SEM images of self-healing precipitates generated at different pH values (9.0, 10.5, and 12.0) and a constant temperature of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
# Silver Nanoparticles-Loaded Exfoliated Graphite and Its Anti-Bacterial Performance
###### Abstract  
One antibacterial material was prepared from exfoliated graphite (EG) decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The EG was prepared by the graphite intercalated compound process, AgNPs were prepared by chemical reduction of AgNO\({}_{3}\) in the presence of NaBH\({}_{4}\). The AgNPs-loaded EG (Ag-EG) composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial effect of the Ag-EG was evaluated by using the zone of inhibition method. The loaded AgNPs were highly dispersed on EG sheets and most of them have a size less than 10 nm. The Ag loading slightly increased the surface area of EG. It is shown that the Ag-EG had antibacterial activity and anti-adhesion properties against _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ and _Staphylococcus aureus_. It suggests that Ag-EG composites could be used in a variety of industrial applications that require an antibacterial effect.  
exfoliated graphite; GICs; Ag nanoparticles; Ag-EG composites; antibacterial activity; _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ Article  
Silver Nanoparticles-Loaded Exfoliated Graphite and Its Anti-Bacterial Performance  
[PERSON] _et al._ (2017), 7, 852; doi:10.3390/app7080852
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cell Localization and Cellular Metabolism  
The cell distribution and localization within the scaffold was tracked using cell tracker staining of the live cells until day 10. Hep G2 and HUVEC live cells were stained with green CMFDA dye (CellTrackerTM Invitrogen, C2925) and orange CMRA dye (CellTrackerTM Invitrogen, C34551), respectively, and seeded into the scaffold. The fluorescent images of live cells were observed under confocal microscope (FV3000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) after day 10 of culture under perfusion. The excitation/emission wavelength of green CMFDA was 492/517 nm and orange CMRA dye was 548/576 nm. Images were processed using the cellSens dimension software suite (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). In parallel, the cell attachment was also observed under SEM. The samples were prepared by fixing with 4% PFA followed by series of dehydration in different concentration ethanol, namely 25%, 50%, 70%, and 95%, and drying at room temperature for 3 h prior to observation under SEM (TM3030, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).  
Additionally, the cellular metabolism of glucose consumption was analyzed using a BD-7D bioanalyzer (Oji Scientific, Tokyo, Japan). Furthermore, albumin production by Hep G2 were also assessed from the collected culture supernatant using sandwich-type enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) with goat antihuman albumin and HRP-conjugated goat antihuman albumin (Bethyl Laboratories, Montgomery, USA). The measurement was carried out using microplate reader (Wallac ArvoTM 5X) at 490/620 nm wavelength.
## 5 Discussion
These demands necessitate disruptive circuit-level innovations and smarter, more resilient hardware paradigms. Realizing the full potential of the Future Internet and 6G wireless networks demands a paradigm shift from incremental progress to a holistic, interdisciplinary approach that addresses performance, scalability, and sustainability simultaneously. This entails developing integrated solutions that balance system complexity with operational efficiency, enabling intelligent, adaptive, and energy-aware communication across all network layers. Overcoming the outlined challenges will require advances in hardware, cross-layer optimization, and machine learning-driven control, along with seamless integration of diverse technologies into a unified framework. The path to 6G will be shaped by the convergence of these technologies into a cohesive, resilient, and scalable infrastructure capable of supporting the stringent demands of future wireless ecosystems.
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Electrochemical Properties
**AP9** with thiophene spacers extending conjugation between the quinoxaline and TPA groups was found to have the lowest energy \(E_{\text{(S+/S)}}\) value of \(-\)0.73 V in DCM. The removal of the thiophene groups gave dye **AP8** an \(E_{\text{(S+/S)}}\) value of \(-\)1.04 V. **AP12** with the planarized acceptor region gave the second lowest energy \(E_{\text{(S+/S)}}\) value of \(-\)0.83 V, which was significantly lower than that of the non-planarized **AP6** (\(-\)1.33 V). Because film energetic values are more relevant to DSC devices, each of the dyes were energetically analyzed on TiO\({}_{2}\) films. On the TiO\({}_{2}\) films, the \(E_{\text{(S+/S)}}\) values for **AP8** and **AP9** both upshifted significantly by \(\geq\)240 mV. This was likely due to the spacing of the dual anchors resulting in a dramatically different conformation on TiO\({}_{2}\) than in solution. Based on the energetic changes, a significant twist angle was introduced between the carboxylic acid and quinoxaline groups for these dyes on film relative to in solution. After this change in **AP9** energetics on TiO\({}_{2}\) compared with the solution measurements, **AP12** had the lowest energy excited-state on films, as no change was observed when solution and TiO\({}_{2}\) excited-states were compared. The modest-to-no change in excited-states for **AP6** and **AP12** on films compared with solution suggests a similar conformation in both environments indicating solution measurements were a reasonable approximation of energy levels for this dual anchor spacing in DSC devices. This observation has also been reported for thienopyrazine-based dual anchor DSC dyes with similar carboxylic acid anchor spacings, where the phenyl spacer-based systems showed similar solution and film energetics, while the dyes with  
Figure 3: Energy level diagram for **AP6**, **AP8**, **AP9**, and **AP12** in DCM (solid bars) and on TiO\({}_{2}\) (dashed bars). The S+/S values change by \(<\)0.02 V on TiO\({}_{2}\) when compared with the solution values shown in the figure. no phenyl spacer showed significantly altered energetics on the TiO\({}_{2}\) films [26]. In all cases, the dye thermodynamics on film indicated that a facile electron transfer event to TiO\({}_{2}\) is possible.