## 1 Introduction  
As the world's population continues to grow, the demand for various raw materials and finished products is increasing rapidly. This trend has been driven by global economic growth and industrial revolutions, which have led to a phase of rapid industrialization. Due to this rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization, water pollution is a top priority concern globally [1]. Approximately 2.3 million individuals lose their lives every year due to water pollution-related diseases, including typhoid, diarrhea, cholera, hepatitis, and cancer, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2]. Per annum, around 100,000 various dyes are used, and approximately 10-15% of these dyes are discharged directly or indirectly into the environment, resulting in detrimental consequences for ecosystems and living organisms [3]. The presence of nitrogenous chemicals in the environment can have detrimental effects on human health, including an increased risk of cancer and the potential development of conditions such as blue baby syndrome [4]. Additionally, exposure to water contaminants during pregnancy can lead to elevated rates of low birth weight, negatively impacting fetal health [5]. Water pollution poses significant threats to marine life, including seaweed, mollusks, birds, fish, and crustaceans, all of which serve as crucial food sources for humans. Moreover, the accumulation of insecticides such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) in the food chain poses hazards to human health [6]. To keep up with the latest technological advances, synthetic dyes are widely used in various industries due to their significant structural diversity [7; 8]. The textile industry annually uses a substantial quantity of carcinogenic organic dyes such as azo dyes, volatile organic chemicals (formaldehyde), lead, and chromium, that ultimately find their way into aquatic ecosystems [9]. Therefore, it is crucial to eliminate these particles before discharging them into rivers and lakes to prevent health risks. Most of these dyes are toxic to the plants, microbes, and protozoa in the water and are resistant to discoloration and degradation, making it necessary to take action [10; 11]. The presence of certain dyes in water, such as methylene blue, malachite green, direct black 38, rhodamine blue, and orange II, can impede the passage of light, which can negatively impact the development and viability of aquatic plants and algae [12; 13]. This, in turn, can disrupt the oxygen levels in the water and cause harm to aquatic animals [14]. Furthermore, dyes have the potential to influence the pH and temperature of water, which may elevate concentrations of suspended solids, chlorides, nitrates, and various metals, including manganese, sodium, lead, copper, chromium, and iron. Moreover, they contribute to higher levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), ultimately affecting water quality and exerting effects on the behavior, reproductive success, and survival of aquatic organisms [15]. In some cases, dyes can accumulate in the tissues of these organisms, resulting in the buildup of harmful levels of the dye in the food chain and ultimately causing the death of affected organisms [16]. Humans who consume contaminated marine life can also be adversely affected by these toxic substances [17; 18; 19]. A sustainability plan based on green chemistry is being scrutinized for its potential to protect and preserve the environment and its inhabitants. One of the dyes that is known to be toxic to aquatic organisms is methylene blue (MB). It is also known as [7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazzin-3-ylidene]dimethylxanium chloride, an organic dye with a positive charge that finds widespread use in dyeing various items such as paper, clothes, office supplies, and leather [20]. Most of the MB produced, around 10-15%, is typically discharged into the environment through industrial wastewater [21].