## 1 Introduction  
Increased consciousness about the significance of human activities has led to increased awareness of renewable energy sources in the 21 st century. Solar energy has drawn incredible interest as a possible substitute for conventional energy sources because of its intrinsic advantages, such as its clean nature, lack of moving parts, and sustainability [1; 2; 3]. Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. The first-generation photovoltaic cell materials are based on monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and gallium arsenide (GaAs) technologies. The second generation includes amorphous silicon and thin microcrystalline silicon films, cadmium sulfide or telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide based solar cells. The third and fourth generations incorporate nanocrystalline films and stacked multilayers of inorganics based on III-V materials, such as GaAs/GaInP, organic-based (polymer) nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes), graphene, and their derivatives [4]. The monocrystalline Si cells are manufactured using the Czochralski process [5]. In this process Si ingots are grown from small monocrystalline silicon seeds and cut to yield Si wafers. This produces Si crystals with diameters ranging from 10 to 300 mm and lengths from 50 cm to 2 m. Polycrystalline Si is obtained using the Siemens process [6]. This process consists of gasification of metallurgical grade Si, distillation, and finally deposition to yield ultrapure silicon. The production of GaAs can be condensed into four stages: growth of ingots, wafer processing, epitaxy, and the manufacturing of devices [7]. The traditional production of second-generation photovoltaic cells follows the roll-to-roll process [8]. First, a cylindrical sheet is unfurled (as superficial deposition) and the sheet is washed and printed with an insulating layer. Si is subsequently deposited on the reflector, and the transparent conductive oxide is put on the silicon layer. The third generation (dye-sensitized solar cell) consists of low-cost solar cells in the form of thin films [9]. They are based on the formation of a semiconductor between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte. Fourth-generation photovoltaic cells, such as organic photovoltaic cells, exploit conductive organic polymers or small organic molecules for light absorption. Perovskite solar cells are comprised of a light-harvesting active layer and a designed perovskite compound (hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide). It is placed between the electron-transport (mesoporous material or TiO\({}_{2}\)) and hole-transport layers [10, 11]. The grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) converters need to be designed for high efficiency, small size, and low cost and weight [12]. These converters use line-frequency transformers to provide galvanic isolation, which makes the overall system bulky. However, few PV converters use high-frequency converters for galvanic isolation [12]. The high-frequency isolation transformers are smaller than line-frequency transformers, but high-frequency transformer-based power converters have many power stages, which increase the system's complexity and reduce the system's efficiency. Currently, the transformerless PV converters are extensively used in low-power distributed PV generation by imposing DIN VDE 0126-1-1 standards [13]. Due to the removal of transformers, the leakage current appears in the system because of changes in common-mode voltage (CMV) across the parasitic capacitance, which appears between the PV module and the ground [12]. Moreover, the leakage current leads to safety issues in the system, power losses, harmonic distortion in grid current, and electromagnetic interference issues. Therefore, they must be limited within a utilitarian boundary [13]. Solar modules are typically connected to PV converters, which convert variable DC output to AC (line frequency) for commercial grid applications.