# A Survey of Game Theoretic Approaches to Modelling Decision-Making in Information Warfare Scenarios
## 2 Information Warfare
### Types of Information Warfare Operations
#### 2.4.1 Offensive Operations
Whilst the military still maintains separate tactical communication systems, many commercial enterprises have opted for increased integration. One example is the use of the Internet for voice communications. Integrated network systems are considered more vulnerable to attack [26]. As integration can be applied across wide area, mobile and ad hoc networks, all such networks have potential vulnerabilities. Economic information warfare attempts to control the flow of information between competing nations and societies. Economic information warfare shares some of the characteristics of electronic warfare operations, but has a focus on economic rather than military targets. It also share properties with [PERSON]'s [9] category of global information warfare, because of its focus on national level conflict. Sub-types of economic information warfare include information blockade and information imperialism. An information blockade attempts to prevent the real-time transfer of information by methods such as jamming and destruction of equipment. Information imperialism occurs when knowledge-intensive industries become geographically concentrated, because this can disadvantage those without access to the region. Silicon Valley is an example of information imperialism according to this definition [25]. Information Attack and Hacker Warfare  
Information attack is an action taken to manipulate or destroy enemy information without visibly changing the physical entity on which it resides [34]. Other similar terms include 'computer network attack' and 'hacker warfare'. This category is arguably the fastest growing in today's climate of smart devices. [PERSON] [24] defines information attack as involving the use of computer technology to electronically shut down, degrade, corrupt, or destroy an enemy's information systems. Viruses, logic bombs, and sniffers are three of the \"information munitions\" used in such attacks. [PERSON] [25]describes a similar concept of'semantic attacks', in which computer systems are given seemingly valid information that causes them to produce undetectably incorrect output. [PERSON] [25] also describes a concept of hacker warfare. Hacker warfare consists of attacks against civilian computer networks and systems. The non-military target in this case differentiates hacker warfare from command and control warfare. The aims of hacker warfare include the temporary or permanent shut-down of computer systems, the introduction of errors into data, the theft of information or services, and the injection of false message traffic. Attacks on internet and social networking sites are examples of the use of hacking as an information warfare operation to disrupt communications and promote political ideologies. While such operations may not directly impact military operations, their effects on the civilian population may reduce public or political support for military operations. Attacks that lead to economic losses can also undermine a national will or a nation's capability to wage war. Hacker warfare also includes information warfare types proposed by [PERSON] [9], in particular personal and corporate information warfare. Personal information warfare targets individuals' personal details stored in electronic databases. [PERSON] [9] refers particularly to data stored by third party companies and government agencies, which individuals cannot directly protect. However, with the increasing use of mobile devices and internet enabled home devices such as televisions and game consoles, there is an increased opportunity for personal information warfare attacks directly on individuals [26]. It is these kinds of attacks that have lead to the definition of new terms such as cyber-crime and cyber-bullying discussed previously. In corporate information warfare, companies rather than individuals are targeted, typically by their competitors. [PERSON] [9] describes industrial espionage, spreading disinformation, leaking confidential information and damaging a company's information systems as examples.