# Resource-Based Quality Performance Estimation Method for Construction Operations
## 2 Status of Quality Estimation and Simulation Methods in Construction Management  
### Quality Performance Management, Measurement, and Quantification  
Technologies used in the manufacturing industry (e.g., total quality management, lean construction, just-in-time production, re-engineering, etc.) have been applied to the construction arena. In the construction industry, however, there is no standardized content for quality management, and it is difficult to apply to construction projects because various participants are involved in a single project [6]. In order to apply the quality management used in the manufacturing industry to the construction industry, the principles and application methods of quality management must be modified and applied to the construction industry [7]. The Construction Industry Institute proposed the general concept of the process for determining factors to be used in a construction project quality performance measurement system [8]. The overall quality performance measurement system has been developed starting from the initial quality quantification. Details on the application procedure and major quality metrics (Customer focus, Leadership, Delivery, Employee Empowerment, etc.) of this quality performance system are presented in detail in [9]. General quality performance measurement is performed according to the below process. 1. Setting business objectives defined by the owner;
2. Forming a business management team representing individual organizations at major stages of the project;
3. Creating a model for each project stage required for quality performance measurement;
4. Translating the business objectives into specific project goals; 4.1. Analyzing the key factors influencing goals. 4.2. Deciding which factors must be measured; 4.3. Determining major input/outputs/customer-supplier relationships for each project phase; 4.4. Deciding when and how to measure;
5. Selecting critical measurement metrics with key elements that influence the project objectives and defining targets or criteria for all measurement areas;
6. Creating the project management team (PMT), communicating all the information generated, breaking down the objectives and developing measurements, and identifying responsibility and frequency of measurement;
7. Creating the technical and craft teams to perform the same process. On the other hand, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] proposed a method (called quality variable technique) to quantify and evaluate the quality performance of highways in the following procedure:  
1. Select End Product;
2. Determine Measurable Indicators of Quality Performance;
3. Determine the Best Measurement Method of Each Indicator;
4. Select the Best Indicator of Quality for the End Product. The quality variable technique helps contractors to improve construction quality in future projects. A variety of end products are used in construction projects. These end products can be various such as hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement, Portland cement concrete pavement, pavement marking, bridge painting, etc. In order to measure the quality of these finished products, methods such as laboratory testing, visual inspection, or on-site measurements may be used (refer to Table 1). Estimating and quantifying a particular resource combination's quality performance at the construction process or activity level is a more difficult process than estimating the duration and cost of the activity. It is not easy to measure and quantify the impact on quality performance by various resource combination alternatives in construction activities [11; 12; 13; 14]. For example, in certain construction activities, it is a more challenging task to estimate the quality performance of the resources than to estimate the cost and the expected productivity [11]. In order to estimate the quality of construction activities, a measurable quality performance indicator must be considered for individual activity within the project. These quality performance indicators are obtained from a performance-based model (refer to Table 1).