# Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects
## 1 Introduction
The working principle of pure electric vehicle utilizes use of an electric machine (electric motor) utilizing an energy source (battery) by replacing the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the associated fuel tank, and the energy source of the vehicle gets recharged as they are used to regain their energy source [32, 33, 34, 35]. Different subsystems combine in EVs like that of internal combustion engine powered vehicles keeping the fossil fuel engine and tail pipe aside. Interaction and connection of these subsystems makes the EV work, and multiple technologies can be employed to operate the subsystems. Basically, two different approach are followed while producing electric vehicles--most EVs get converted from existing designs based upon traditional ICE vehicles styling [36, 37, 38]. Engineers have the freedom to coordinate and integrate various EV subsystems so that the subsystem can work together efficiently when the EVs are developed using ground up design methodology [39]. As the packaging requirements of an electric car are different because of an empty space that can be used as baggage storage. This overall body system could be analyzed to improve the outcome of the electric car design process. To make mass appeal that an EV is really different from as an ICE vehicle, the elements in the vehicle body should be designed as per the 'EV technology' that has been used and with the progressive development, further improvement should be expressed in the formal design [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45]. The overall performance of EVs can be improved by utilizing design concepts like light weight body structure, low drag aerodynamic body design, and lower rolling resistance. The vehicle weight has a direct impact on the range and gradeability performance. Lightweight materials like aluminum, fiberglass, or carbon fiber can be utilized to body and chassis structure so as to reduce the curb weight of the vehicle. Improving the body aerodynamic by optimizing the airflow of the vehicle body can helps to reduce the aerodynamic resistance. Tires with lower rolling resistance help in reducing running resistance and help in dynamic modeling to size the power train and extend the range of EVs in driving. Pure electric vehicles are dependent on their stored energy inside the battery packs, so their driving range depends upon the size of their battery pack. Typically, pure electric vehicles can cover 100-250 km on a single charge depending upon the design of the vehicles, whereas the models with heavy battery pack can have a driving range from 300 km to 500 km [46]. Driving range of a pure electric vehicles depends on driving behaviors, vehicle architecture, conditions of the roads, climate, types of the battery used, and vehicle's age. Once depleted, charging the battery pack takes quite a lot of time compared to refueling a conventional ICE vehicle. The recharging time for electric vehicles depends upon their size of battery pack ranging from 8 h overnight to some more hours [47; 48], the fast charging electric vehicles are also getting hit in the market. New electric vehicle with fast charging, ultra-fast facilities can charge the 80% of their battery vehicle as short as within 15 min [49; 50]. However, a major barrier that the present electric vehicle is facing is social acceptance. Their low running cost becomes less prominent with their higher capital cost. 'Range anxiety' is also an important barrier to be considered as the driving range of electric vehicles are lower compared to ICE vehicles, and so is their charging time. Also, the insufficient charging infrastructure aggravates range anxiety [51; 52; 53]. Moreover, new research and development models have come forward to solve the problems related to its disadvantages and also different policies have been assigned for their development support [54]. This paper analyzes the recent powertrain technology of pure electric vehicles.