## 1 Introduction  
The evolution of next-generation wireless cellular networks has seen a rapid increase in development of novel algorithms and network architectures for evolving applications. This can be attributed to a rapid increase in the difference between service requirements and new service categories as defined by International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) [1], whereas previous generations focused on spectrally efficient and bandwidth-hungry applications. Fifth-generation (5G) networks are foreseen to experience challenges including increased user capacity and spectrum shortage, energy starvation, and dense deployments as a result of diverse service demands.  
The provision of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) along with ultra-reliable low latency communication (uRLLC) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) demands complex network architecture with dynamic service structure for diverse user applications. MTC is defined as a communication design in which user devices produce, exchange, and analyze data without any human devices or intervention. MTC is broadly categorized as either mMTC or uRLLC [2] given the specific quality of service (QoS) constraints. mMTC usually supports a denser user environment characterized by low complexity and power requirements with varying QoS. Examples of the use of such devices include surveillance systems, smart agriculture, smart metering, sensor networks, remote control and diagnostics [3; 4]. In contrast, uRLLC devices are highly sensitive to end-to-end latency and require high reliability with comparatively moderate service rates. Autonomous vehicles/drones, remote healthcare, automated cyber-physical systems and traffic management, are some examples of uRLLC applications [4].  
The 3 GPP and IEEE have defined specific features for MTC such as time-dependent, infrequent transmission and low mobility [3; 4; 5] to facilitate network design. The resource and traffic requirements of MTC devices are usually distinct from those of human type communication (HTC) devices. The traffic requirements of MTC and HTC devices are distinct and an advanced remodeling of the infrastructure of deployed networks is required to accommodate extensive demands of MTC devices (MTCDs) in terms of low latency and reliability as well as massive connectivity. By 2024, the number of MTCDs is expected to reach 4.1 billion [6], presenting a motivation for research and development of MTC traffic trends in future networks. A distributed resource management approach would suit a dense MTC network to avoid network overload in terms of processing and traffic demands. Key targets for a distributed design include the ability to accommodate the scalability, random deployment of devices, minimal signaling overhead and limited energy supply, inhomogeneity amongst devices and the availability of incomplete information. The need for a coexisting cellular network is becoming a reality with evolved services being offered to cellular subscribers. The primary aim of HTC devices is to improve data throughput with services such as HD video, telepresence and virtual reality. A spectrally efficient service architecture with high energy consumption is required to improve the data rates of user devices [7]. Remote sensing MTC devices need efficient design and power consumption control to enhance their battery life expectancy. The absence of a recharging option for MTCDs necessitates the design of an energy efficient power control scheme for these devices.