## 3 Results and Discussion
### Overall Results on Emotion Perception
#### 3.1.1. In-Group Perception Results (Spanish)  
Certainly, the perception results by Spanish subjects (refer to Table 1) should be higher than other ethnic groups due to the in-group advantage [10]. However, results obtained by [PERSON] et al. (2012) showed that Spanish subjects--the in-group listeners--could only identify two emotions more accurately: sadness at 78.10% and anger at 71.20%. Though Spanish listeners in our study could recognize _neutral_ state with good accuracy (76.30%), Vietnamese listeners could identify the _neutral_ state better at 84.00%. The fact that some groups from different Spanish regions express emotions more or less intensely [32] may explain the lower perception accuracies. For example, Spanish persons from Castilla are often thought to be more \"serious\" and \"dramatic\" whereas those from other regions may rarely use neutral tones as that is thought to be too serious [33]. Therefore, significant differences in results might be projected when subjects from different regions are asked to categorize the emotions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline  & & _Anger_ & _Happy_ & _Neutral_ & _Sad_ & _Surprise_ \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Anger**} & **Spanish** & * **71.20\%** & 0.00\% & 7.30\% & 3.60\% & 7.30\% \\  & **Japanese** & **22.00\%** & 2.50\% & 58.70\% & 12.00\% & 4.80\% \\  & **Chinese** & **43.20\%** & 5.50\% & 35.80\% & 10.50\% & 5.00\% \\  & **Vietnamese** & **27.50\%** & 1.80\% & 49.80\% & 15.50\% & 5.30\% \\  & **Malaysian** & **48.00\%** & 9.20\% & 29.80\% & 4.80\% & 8.20\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Happy**} & **Spanish** & 10.90\% & **32.70\%** & 10.90\% & 12.70\% & 25.50\% \\  & **Japanese** & 25.30\% & **33.00\%** & 20.70\% & 4.00\% & 17.00\% \\  & **Chinese** & 26.30\% & *** 38.20\%** & 18.20\% & 4.00\% & 13.30\% \\  & Vietnamese & 27.30\% & **35.70\%** & 20.20\% & 1.70\% & 15.20\% \\  & **Malaysian** & 31.30\% & **34.00\%** & 18.00\% & 3.70\% & 13.00\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Neutral**} & **Spanish** & 7.30\% & 1.80\% & **76.30\%** & 1.80\% & 14.60\% \\  & **Japanese** & 9.50\% & 1.50\% & **73.50\%** & 14.50\% & 1.00\% \\  & **Chinese** & 4.50\% & 3.00\% & **77.00\%** & 11.00\% & 4.50\% \\  & **Vietnamese** & 2.50\% & 0.50\% & *** 84.00\%** & 9.00\% & 4.00\% \\  & **Malaysian** & 7.50\% & 5.00\% & **75.00\%** & 7.50\% & 5.00\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Sad**} & **Spanish** & 0.00\% & 0.00\% & 16.40\% & * **78.10\%** & 3.60\% \\  & **Japanese** & 3.30\% & 2.20\% & 21.30\% & **71.00\%** & 2.20\% \\  & **Chinese** & 2.20\% & 3.20\% & 19.30\% & **72.70\%** & 2.70\% \\  & **Vietnamese** & 1.50\% & 0.80\% & 27.80\% & **67.70\%** & 2.20\% \\  & **Malaysian** & 3.30\% & 3.50\% & 20.30\% & **70.20\%** & 2.70\% \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Surprise**} & **Spanish** & 14.60\% & 30.90\% & 9.10\% & 3.60\% & **38.10\%** \\  & **Japanese** & 11.00\% & 24.20\% & 28.30\% & 1.70\% & **34.80\%** \\ \cline{1-1}  & **Chinese** & 13.20\% & 29.50\% & 21.30\% & 2.80\% & **33.20\%** \\ \cline{1-1}  & **Vietnamese** & 11.20\% & 20.20\% & 25.20\% & 1.50\% & **42.00\%** \\ \cline{1-1}  & **Malaysian** & 11.00\% & 15.50\% & 23.80\% & 3.80\% & * **45.80\%** \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Denotes the highest percentage of recognition rate among ethnic groups.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Confusion Matrix—Actual Emotion Against Perceived Emotion by Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese and Malaysian Subjects (based on the listening test using the SEV Corpus). The results also showed some level of confusion among Spanish listeners when classifying _happiness_ and _surprise_ emotions, which were identified with much lower recognition rates at 32.70% and 38.10%, respectively. This could be due to the limitations of the synthetic speech, that produced a single joint emotion for happy surprise emotions where the Spanish listeners might have thought to be listening to happy surprised voices [30]. Attributes of both the emotions are high-pitched and lay closely in the valence-arousal emotional space, which may have caused the confusion [34].