## 4 Conclusions  
Overall, it could be concluded that harvest timing affects growth pattern, phytochemicals content, and even antioxidant activities of _Lamiaceae_ species including _Agastache rugosa_ (AR), _Melissa officinalis_ (MO), _Ocimum basilicum Purpurascens_ (OBP), and _Salvia officinalis_ (SO). Due to the high proportion of rosmarinic acid (RA) in the plants of Lamiaceae, it has been revealed as a significant factor contributing to antioxidant activities through statistical analysis among phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the pattern of RA content varied depending on whether they had flowered or not. In the case of flowering species (AR and OBP), RAC increased dramatically when transitioning from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. Meanwhile, the non-flowering species did not show a rapid increase in TPC and RAC. In terms of VOCs, significant differences were observed in components following the species. For AR and MO, there was a specific compound group that accounted for the largest portion, phenylpropene (estragole) and monoterpenes (citrals and methyl gernaiate). In OBP and SO, various component groups constituted the emitted VOCs. Terpenoids including (Z)-thujone, camphor, and humulene distributed to the flavor of SO. Changes in the combination of phenylpropenes (eugenol and methyl eugenol) and terpene alcohol (linalool) determined the flavor of OBP. Although the component composition and ratio were different, the highest content fragrance components were common in all plants at the time of transition from S1 to S2. In conclusion, it is recommended to utilize the pre-flowering stage to obtain a high content of RA and post-germination plants for VOCs. Figure 7: Heatmap illustrating the correlation analysis of (**A**) AR, (**B**) MO, (**C**) OBP, and (**D**) SO generated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (_r_) between phenolic relative factors, antioxidant activities, and VOCs. TPC, total phenolics content; RAC, rosmarinic acid content; DPPH, DPPH radical scavenging activity at 100 \(\mu\)g/mL; ABTS, ABTS radical scavenging activity at 50 \(\mu\)g/mL; VOCs-Etc, VOCs content excluding main components. **Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox12111909/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox12111909/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox12111909/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/antiox12111909/s1)). Figure S1: Environmental conditions including (A) temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C), (B) relative humidity (%), and (C) CO\({}_{2}\) concentration (ppm) during the cultivation period. Figure S2: Picture of OBP at 90 DAS. Figure S3: Proportions of volatile organic compound groups' (aldehyde, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, phenylpropene, terpene alcohol, and others) metabolites in each plant of (A) AR, (B) MO, (C) OBP, and (D) SO at elevated days after sowing (DAS). **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, D.-H.R. ; visualization, J.-Y.C. ; methodology, D.-H.R. and J.-Y.C. ; investigation, D.-H.R. and J.-Y.C. ; writing--original draft preparation, D.-H.R. ; writing--review and editing, H.-Y.K. and S.-H.Y. ; supervision, H.-Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by an Intramural Grant (2Z06831) from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); The Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS), Korea, under the \"Regional Specialized Industry Development Program (R&D, Grant number S3368932)\" supervised by the Korea Technology and Information Promotion Agency for SMEs (TIPA); This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program (NRF-2021R1C1C1009743) and by the Korea Health Technology R&D Project (HU21C0161) through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI) and Korea Dementia Research Center (KDRC). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.