# LoRaWAN Behaviour Analysis through Dataset Traffic Investigation
## 2 LoRaWAN in a Nutshell
### LoRa Applications and Related Research  
By using sensor devices with LoRa chipsets having a LoRaWAN connection, we can accommodate a vast range of IoT applications. Thanks to its flexibility, low cost, and robust modulation, the LoRa technology can be used in many different cases, such as smart agriculture, smart cities, industrial IoT (IIoT), smart environment, smart homes and buildings, smart utilities and metering, and smart supply chain and logistics [7].  
One big challenge is to use LoRaWAN devices to build the next generation cities. In order to build a smart city there are at least four fields where LoRaWAN sensors may be employed: water and energy management, smart homes, indoor/outdoor asset tracking, and smart lighting [8].  
To improve the water management in a city LoRaWAN sensors may be deployed in the existing water infrastructure to rapidly detect anomalies (e.g., water leaks) and reduce the waste of water. Since installation, the city of Lyon, France has identified and repaired 1200 water leaks, achieved an 8% increase in water network efficiency and saves an average of 1 million cubic meters of water annually [8].  
On the other side, using LoRaWAN in a smart home allows to connect all the devices of the home, indoor and outdoor ones, using one network. We can think to a house with a garden, in this case a Wi-Fi network does not guarantee to connect all the devices of the home. By using LoRaWAN-enabled devices, we have a higher probability of accomplishing this,  
Figure 5: Structure of LoRa packet represented in a hierarchical schema. The CRC field in the radio physical layer is present only in uplink packets.  
ensuring a smart home ecosystem with the highest degree of interoperability. To achieve the asset tracking goal the idea is to equip vehicles, products and trucks with LoRaWAN sensors in order to automatically locate, track, and monitor physical assets. The LoRa Edge [9] platform delivers one of the IoT industry's lowest power and most affordable geolocation capabilities than traditional GPS technologies. The Yabby Edge features advanced Cloud-based location calculations, significantly reducing power consumption and extending battery life for up to 12 years. Location data can be easily forwarded to any customer platform or system for simple integration and device settings can be configured to fit any tracking application.  
Moreover, LoRaWAN is already used in some cities to monitoring the resource consumption, such as light, gas, and water. OrionM2M is one of the first Kazakhstan developers and manufacturers of wireless data transmission systems to integrate Semtech's LoRaWAN devices and the LoRaWAN standard into its smart metering solutions to monitor water, gas, and electricity usage data, as well as smart lighting solutions to deliver operations management and service reliability, with up to 30% reduction in technical losses.  
OrionM2M also exploits LoRaWAN to monitor COVID-19 storage and transportation in the last two years [10]. The monitoring system is based on six main points: (i) real-time monitoring of refrigeration chamber temperature parameters, (ii) automatic notification when temperature changes above the set threshold, (iii) logging of events both at the device level with a deep archive and in the system itself, (iv) analytics throughout the network for the required period with the formation and unloading of reports, (v) accounting for operating time and downtime of refrigeration equipment, and (vi) locations map of refrigeration chambers. The temperature and the humidity control is performed 24 h per 7 days and the detected values are stored hourly in a cloud archive. In case of anomalies a notification is sent to the distributor. There are some advantages in using LoRaWAN technologies in this case, the most relevant are the high reliability and availability of server applications backup, short terms of implementation and return of investment, scalability of the system and the ease to add and connect new devices to the network.