# Logistics Service Provider Lifecycle Model in Industry 4.0: A Review
## 5 Discussion and Future Work  
This review originated from logistics service characteristics, such as logistics service provider, logistics operation, smart logistics operation, and the concept of lifecycle management, namely, PLM, PSS, and SLM. SLR is a research methodology to gather and analyze secondary databases to answer the objective of searching in Scopus, which is a limitation of the literature review. Moreover, the author evaluated the journals, conference papers, and books as having a low, medium, or high impact. From 288 documents in total, 81 documents had a high impact. Smart Logistics or Logistics 4.0 are applied in the model for quick responses and agility in logistics services. The eight steps of LSLM are generated to cover fulfilling not only customers but also operating the efficiency of logistics performance in LSPs. LSLM is characterized by three phases, eight criteria, and seventeen sub-criteria. The criterion of the BOL and EOL phases can be applied by disruptive economics to challenge global logistics companies.  
The BOL phase, which involves creating innovation, design, and testing, is connected to the state of evaluation and re-design criteria in the EOL phase, which includes improving the effectiveness of logistics operations and increasing the added value for their customers. Regarding the whole LSP lifecycle phases, these need to be coordinated to realize LSPs' client enhancements. Although LSLM covers all levels of party logistics for the main activities, some limitations exist. A lack of logistics activities can be found in LSLM; the suggestion of LSLM is to create separate models for small, medium, and large logistics companies. LSLM can be adapted for each logistics service, for example, LSLM-Small LSP, LSLM-Medium LSP, and Large LSLM LSP. Also, the LSLM can be combined with sustainability, which concerns three parts, namely, social, economic, and environmental, to fulfil the environmental trends of customer requirements. The economic factor can be identified and used to evaluate logistics services, showing the success or failure of a logistics company. Estimating economics will help the company understand market trends, specifying the logistics service lifecycle management strategy. Economic factors, which consist of the MOL and the EOL phases, are implemented into the risk management criteria and evaluation of the whole lifecycle criteria to manage the fundamental economic markets concerning the innovation of logistics services. Economic trends can estimate the scope of investment to invest appropriately in new or re-designed logistics services.  
Lastly, future research will include other databases to increase several impact factors in each LSLM stage. LSLM will identify the level of LSP, which involves five levels, 1 PL, 2 PL, 3 PL, 4 PL, and 6 PL of LSP, and select the tools, machines, or applications to improve each stage to move to the next stage. Overall, it can increase the operations and services in the whole stage of the LSP lifecycle of each service and product, which can help LSP companies to sustain in the logistics industry.  
Conceptualization, S.T. and S.R.; methodology, S.T. and M.W.; validation S.R. and K.Y.T.; formal analysis, S.T.; writing original draft preparation, S.T. and S.R.; writing--review and editing, S.R., M.W. and K.Y.T.; visualization, M.W. and S.T.; supervision, M.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research belongs to the project \"SME 5.0--A Strategic Roadmap Towards the Next Level of Intelligent, Sustainable and Human-Centred SMEs\" (funded in the European Union's Horizon MSCA 2021 programme under the [PERSON] grant agreement No. 10108648).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.