# Review of Some Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Technology in the Resource-Rich Country
## 2 Prerequisites for Using the UAVs in Some Spheres of Economy  
### Precision Agriculture (PA)  
Precision agriculture is a fundamental component of the third wave of modern agricultural revolutions. The first agricultural revolution took place during the strengthening the mechanization from 1900 to 1930. Throughout this period, each farmer produced enough food to feed about 26 people. In the 1990s, there was the Green Revolution with new genetic modification methods, which resulted in each farmer can feed about 155 people. The world population is expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 [16], and to meet demand, food production must double from current levels. Precision agriculture is a system of crop productivity management based on complex aerospace, information, and communication technologies [17]. It provides irrigation and fertilization only for those fields that need it and chemical treatment for only diseased plants. This involves carrying out all agro-technical activities at the optimum time, depending on the specific conditions, etc., which allows obtaining savings of 10% to 50% [18]. Precision agriculture involves multiple elements and three main steps; the order of applying them is presented in Figure 2:  
* Collecting comprehensive information on the farm, field, culture, and region;
* Analysis of the received information to plan agro-technological events and the development of solutions;
* Implementation of decision-holding various agro-technological events (application of fertilizers, herbicides, biophages). UAVs make it possible to use the potential of precision agriculture at full scale, not only at the stage of information gathering (the creation of accurate field maps with all their characteristics and features, determination of soil moisture, identification of pests [19], etc. ), but also at the stage of implementation of decisions (for example, spot treatment with pesticides) [20] (see Figure 3). The figure shows the main agricultural activities on the cultivation of crops during the year (left) and the possible participation of UAVS in solving the tasks of PA (right). Figure 2: IUAVT as a component of precision agriculture. Source: Generated by the authors. The UAV can be equipped with different sensors, but most often they use GPS, a multi/hyperspectral camera, a humidity sensor, and a barometer [20]. In particular, it is important to have a camera covering the visible and near-infrared (NIR) range, since multispectral camera recording is used to determine the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); it has become one of the most reliable tools for easy and rapid remote assessment of plant and crop conditions since 1973. \[\text{NDVI}=(\text{NIR}-\text{Red})/(\text{NIR}+\text{Red})\]  
To this day, the NDVI is the most common vegetation index used in agriculture. NDVI allows agronomists and farmers to see fading crops in the field two weeks before the human eye can detect them. Diseased plants can be identified more quickly in the infrared range than with the unaided eye, so farmers can identify potential problems, such as diseases, pests, fungi, or arid zones, and solve the problems faster and without serious consequences. Kazakhstan implements the precision agriculture on test sites. These test sites demonstrate 20-40% savings and a significant increase in the yield [21,22]. Nevertheless, there are no complex solutions with a wide use of mobile data collection platforms in the market of Kazakhstan. It creates the certain lag with the global trends. As a result, the competitiveness of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan is significantly reduced [23]. At the same time, the application of new methods based on UAV suggests a substantial increase in yields and efficiency. The results will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic market for agricultural UAVs, and can also be used for the development of agricultural drones' solutions abroad.