# Developing a Hybrid Morphological Analyzer for Low-Resource Languages
## 3 Methodology
### Dataset Creation
#### 3.1.3 Paradigm Generation
Nouns are segregated by genders--masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender details are assigned manually to nouns, and the description for the same is shown in Table 10. A total of 29 paradigms are formed for nouns and 42 for verbs. In addition to the nouns and verbs, 12 pronoun stems and their paradigms for cases are coded manually. The details describing the stems and their genders are shown in Table 11.

The generated sample output from the developed model is as follows:

\(xeviyalli:xevi<n><sg><loc><f>\)

\(uliyiwu:uli<verb><singular><neut><past><third_person>\)

\(awwa:awwa<avg>\)

\(eVMtu<snk>\)

\(kliRta:kliRta<guna>\)

\(Iwanalli:Iwa<pn><sg><loc><m>\)

The sample outputs generated from the rule-based part of the morphological analyzer, with details of their analysis, are shown in Table 12. The noun _xeviyalli_ is correctly categorized as a noun that is singular, locative, and feminine. Similarly, words in the other POS categories are also correctly analyzed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Gender** & **Stems** & **Inflections** \\ \hline Noun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Masculine} & 673 & 15,333 \\ Noun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Feminine} & 110 & 2398 \\ Noun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Neuter} & 7090 & 156,009 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Nouns segregated by gender with the count of stems and generated inflections. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type** & **Gender** & **Stems** & **Inflections** \\ \hline Pronoun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Masculine} & 4 & 40 \\ Pronoun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Feminine} & 4 & 40 \\ Pronoun & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Neuter} & 4 & 64 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Pronouns segregated by gender with the count of stems and generated inflections. The word _aNNa_ can follow the paradigm for _huduga_ following an ending letter that is the same. But the proper paradigm is to create a new exception paradigm for _aNNa_. The incorrect usage is shown in Table 13 for the plural forms corresponding to the paradigm _huduga_, and the correct usages are the ones mentioned under the column of the exception paradigm. There are a total of 35 words that are exceptions to the paradigms defined manually and added to the exceptions list with a separate paradigm. The proposed work covers all the vowel (_svara_) ending nouns, verbs, numbers, adjectives (_guNavAcaka_), and indeclinables (_avyaya_) in the Kannada dictionary by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [37], along with manually identified pronouns. The generated analysis can be used in machine translation to enhance the quality of translated text, which is a possibility that needs to be explored. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{_huduga Paradigm_} & **Exception Paradigm** \\
**Class** & **Singular** & **Plural** & **Singular** & **Plural** \\ \hline Nominative & _aNNa/aNNanu_ & _aNNaru_ & _aNNa/aNNanu_ & _aNNaMxiru_ \\ Accusative & _aNNanannu_ & _aNNarannu_ & _aNNanannu_ & _aNNaMxiruAnu_ \\ Instrumental & _aNNantiMxa_ & _aNNariMxa_ & _aNNaniMxa_ & _aNNaMxiriMxa_ \\  & _aNNanigeV_ & _aNNanigeV_ & _aNNanigeV_ & _aNNaMxirigeV_ \\ Dative & _aNNanigAgi_ & _aNNarigAgi_ & _aNNanigAgi_ & _aNNaMxirigAgi_ \\  & _aNNanigoskara_ & _aNNarigoskara_ & _aNNanigoskara_ & _aNNaMxirigoskara_ \\ Ablative & _aNNana deVseVyiMxa_ & _aNNara deVseVyiMxa_ & _aNNaMxira_ \\ Genitive & _aNNana_ & _aNNara_ & _aNNana_ & _aNNaMxira_ \\ Locative & _aNNanalli_ & _aNNaralli_ & _aNNanalli_ & _aNNaMxirailli_ \\ Vocative & _aNNane/aNNA_ & _aNNare_ & _aNNane/aNNA_ & _aNNaMxire_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Inflection for word _aNNa_ using the general paradigm, _huduga,_ and the exception paradigm.