esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Conclusions  
We analysed the electromyographic activity of lower limb and lumbar muscles during the SBWS with knees flexed at 45\({}^{\circ}\) by manipulating three different variables: horizontal distance of the ankles from the wall; scapular or pelvic location of the centre of pressure of the force exerted by the wall on the back; rearfoot or forefoot location of the centre of pressure of the ground reaction force. The exercise configurations that maximise the activity of each muscle were identified, together with the corresponding level of maximum muscle activity. The study results highlight that the SBWS leads to quadriceps, tibialis anterior, and lumbar muscles activation levels that can improve muscle strength in the early phase of rehabilitation interventions as soon as the patient can tolerate partial weight-bearing. Therefore, we suggest that the exercise could be suitable for patients having low back pain, with limited lumbar muscle endurance or quadriceps weakness and inhibition secondary to a knee injury.  
Conceptualisation, A.B., C.V.D., R.P. and S.C.; methodology, A.B., R.L. and S.C.; software, A.B. and R.L.; validation, A.B., C.V.D., R.P. and S.C.; formal analysis, A.B., R.P. and S.C.; investigation, A.B. and R.L.; resources, A.B.; data curation, A.B. and R.L.; writing--original draft preparation, A.B.; writing--review and editing, C.V.D., R.P. and S.C.; visualisation, A.B.; supervision, A.B., C.V.D., R.P. and S.C.; project administration, A.B. and R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Perugia (Protocol Code n.3/2022, 15 February 2022).  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# An Emerging Role of Long Noncoding RNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Metastasis
## 7 Conclusions
### Limitations and Challenges  
One of the primary challenges in lncRNA research is the incomplete understanding of their diverse functional mechanisms. Although numerous lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and NEAT1, have been linked to BC metastasis, the detailed molecular pathways through which they exert their effects remain only partially elucidated. This knowledge gap hinders the development of targeted therapies and precise diagnostic tools. For example, while HOTAIR's role in promoting tumor progression through chromatin remodeling and gene silencing is well documented, the full spectrum of its interactions and regulatory mechanisms needs further exploration [110].  
Another considerable hurdle is the variability in lncRNA expression across different patient populations and BC subtypes. This heterogeneity complicates the identification of universal lncRNA biomarkers. Variations in genetic background, environmental influences, and tumor microenvironment factors can lead to inconsistent lncRNA expression profiles. Furthermore, discrepancies in experimental methodologies, such as RNA extraction and analysis techniques contribute to the variability in research findings, making standardization and reproducibility a concern [111].  
The stability and detectability of lncRNAs in biological samples also present difficulties. While some lncRNAs are stable and detectable in blood, others degrade rapidly or exist at low concentrations, complicating reliable detection and quantification [34; 41; 58; 80]. This issue is particularly pertinent for developing non-invasive diagnostic tests, which are crucial for early detection and monitoring of metastasis.  
Moreover, the diverse functions of lncRNAs adds another layer of complexity. Some lncRNAs, such as H19 and GAS5, can play varying roles in different cellular contexts, sometimes exhibiting opposing effects depending on the disease state and molecular subtype [58; 64]. This duality complicates the interpretation of their functions and potential as therapeutic targets. For instance, in TNBC, the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 amplification necessitates a unique approach to leveraging lncRNA profiles for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes [107].
# Synthesis of Silicon Carbide Powders from Methyl-Modified Silica Aerogels
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation  
To measure tap density, 0.2 g of the silica aerogel powder was placed in a 5 mL cylinder (9 mm in diameter) and tapped 1000 times using a tapping density tester (TAP-2S, Logan Instruments Co., Somerset, NJ, USA). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (FTS-165, Bio-Rad, Hercules CA, USA) was used to confirm the surface chemical structure of the aerogels in the wave number range of 400-4000 cm\({}^{-1}\). The powder was mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) and pressed to form a sample disk for FT-IR measurements. The phases of the obtained powders were identified using XRD (D/MAX 2200V/PC, RIGAKU Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with Ni-filtered CuK\(\alpha\) radiation. The thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) (Diamond TG/DTA Lab System, Perkin Elmer) was performed in air up to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a heating rate of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C \(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\) to investigate the thermal behavior of the silica aerogel powder. The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen contents in the starting silica aerogel and synthesized SiC powders were determined using an elemental analyzer (EA, Thermo EA1112, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and an oxygen-nitrogen analyzer (EMGA-920, Horiba, Japan), respectively. The surface area, pore volume, and mean pore size of the starting silica aerogel powder were measured using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equipment (0.01 \(<\) p/p0 \(<\) 1; ASAP 2010; Micrometrics, Norcross, GA, USA). The equipment is used to measure the amount of nitrogen that is adsorbed as the pressure changes. Before N\({}_{2}\) adsorption, the powder sample was degassed at 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The microstructures of the obtained powder samples were examined using field-emission SEM (FESEM, S-4300, Hitachi, Japan).
# Study on Dicyandiamide-Imprinted Polymers with Computer-Aided Design
Moreover, the choice of cross-linker is also of vital importance. The strengths of the interactions between the templates and the cross-linkers should be weak, and that between the functional monomers and the cross-linkers should be strong. Otherwise, the cross-linkers may compete with the monomers, which may result in poor recognition properties of the MIPs for the targeted molecules. Therefore, to choose an appropriate cross-linker, the binding energies between the cross-linkers and the templates/functional monomers should be calculated. In 2013, it was reported that dicyandiamide (DCD, see Figure 1), which is toxic to human beings and especially to infants and children, had been detected in the milk produced in New Zealand. One reason for the utilization of DCD in agriculture is that DCD may decrease nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions in irrigated land [18; 19]. Recently, more and more researchers have devoted their efforts to developing the molecular imprinting technology for recognizing DCD. For example, [PERSON] et al. have synthesized MIPs by involvement of both DCD and melamine as co-templates [20]. [PERSON] et al. have developed a turn-off optosensing approach for DCD detection in milk samples on the basis of quantum dots labeled on the surface of MIP [21]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on design and preparation of the MIPs with specific adsorption properties for DCD, with the aid of theoretical calculations. Figure 1: Structure of DCD. In this manuscript, with the aim of obtaining MIPs with the property of selectively adsorbing DCD, theoretical calculations were carried out to provide key information for design and preparation of the MIPs. Herein, DCD was used as the template. Acrylamide (AM), methacrylic acid (MAA), \(N\),\(N^{*}\)-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), and itaconic acid (IA) were considered as the functional monomers. Divinylbenzene (DVB), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TRIM), and pentaerythitol triacrylate (PETA) were regarded as the candidates of the cross-linkers. The DFT with long range correction method was used for calculating the bonding sites, bonding situations, binding energies, and the mechanism of the interactions between DCD and the functional monomers. Based on the calculated results, the appropriate functional monomer, imprinted molar ratio, and cross-linker were confirmed. Then, a series of MIPs were prepared via the precipitation polymerization using acetonitrile as the dispersion solvent at 333 K. The adsorption capacities of DCD on the MIPs were also investigated.
## 2 Ground Motions Considered
### Numerical Simulations and Results
On average and in terms of distribution, the increase in damping forces (or energy dissipation capability) or the decrease in sloping angles will lead to a decrease in horizontal isolation displacement but an increase in residual displacement, even though most of the residual displacement responses of all the SRB models subjected to ground motions of Group 2, i.e., far-field ground motions, were very limited (an order of \(10^{-4}\) to \(10^{-3}\) m) and practically acceptable. The satisfactory self-centering performances revealed by SRB-6 and SRB-8 is no surprise since their calculated values of \(F_{SRB}^{C}\) after excitations as per Equation (6) were larger than their designed damping forces. Their higher potential energy compared with SRB-3 and SRB-4 when at the same horizontal displacement response can also be physically understood. Taking SRB-8, under the 1987 American Superstition, Parachute Test Site (225) as an example for an insight into the details, as shown in Figure 8, the displacement response at the end of the ground motion and the final residual displacement response after free vibration were 573.20 mm and 0.54 mm, respectively. For SRB-3 and SRB-4, in some cases, when the magnitudes of \(\ddot{u}_{g}\) at the end of ground motions were sufficiently large to overcome their designed damping forces, their self-centering performances were still acceptable but not as good as the performances of SRB-6 and SRB-8. In brief, an excessive damping force for SRBs will cause the sticking phase occurring more frequently during motion and thus generally has an adverse effect on the self-centering capability of SRBs.
## 3 Results
### Surface Roughness and Profile Roughness
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample Number** & **S\({}_{\text{a}}\)(\(\upmu\)m)** & **V\({}_{\text{mp}}\) (mL/m\({}^{2}\))** & **V\({}_{\text{mc}}\) (mL/m\({}^{2}\))** & **V\({}_{\text{vv}}\) (mL/m\({}^{2}\))** & **R\({}_{\text{a}}\)(nm)** \\ \hline Before Corrosion & 3.3984 & 0.1914 & 3.7594 & 0.3698 & 131.9685 \\ A1 & 7.4325 & 0.5562 & 8.1134 & 0.5903 & 234.0398 \\ A2 & 8.3968 & 0.3755 & 9.1289 & 0.5769 & 117.2709 \\ A3 & 8.4291 & 0.5501 & 9.8871 & 0.408 & 109.5201 \\ B1 & 6.4986 & 0.2549 & 7.6842 & 0.5426 & 108.5177 \\ B2 & 8.2364 & 0.4605 & 9.5185 & 0.6602 & 241.608 \\ B3 & 9.2522 & 0.5572 & 10.403 & 0.4405 & 245.7435 \\ C1 & 3.4676 & 0.3517 & 3.8541 & 0.2111 & 70.1792 \\ C2 & 7.0254 & 0.7044 & 7.4242 & 0.4545 & 312.4567 \\ C3 & 7.7112 & 1.1774 & 7.8804 & 0.7421 & 63.16683 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Roughness Data. V\({}_{\rm mp}\) depicts the corrosion product, V\({}_{\rm mc}\) depicts the core base metal, and V\({}_{\rm vv}\) depicts the pit formed on the surface of the metal. For the no corrosion condition, the V\({}_{\rm mp}\) value is about 0.2 mL/m\({}^{2}\), which then increases as the corrosion rate increases. From Table 2, we observed that the highest corrosion rate is for C3, and, from Table 5, we can see that the highest V\({}_{\rm mp}\) and V\({}_{\rm vv}\) are for C3, which shows that the corrosion product formation and pit formation is the highest for C3. The same explanation given for S\({}_{\rm a}\) follows here as there is no correlation between cases when there is a magnetic field applied.
## 2 Research Background  
Localization is known as location estimation of ordinary sensor nodes in a network. Most localization schemes need the location of some nodes to be known. These location-aware nodes are known as anchor or beacon nodes [4]. There are different methods to prepare location information for the anchors such as placed at fix location or using special hardware like Global Positioning System (GPS) [10]. A typical localization process comprises the following steps [9]:  
* Range measurement
* Location estimation
* Calibration  
In terms of range measurement, the localization schemes can be classified into two categories: range-based and range-free. In range-based schemes, precise estimations of distance or angle are made to estimate the location of nodes [11]. Different techniques are available to calculate distances to other nodes like: Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA) or Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), while range-free localization schemes do not use range or bearing information. In contrast, range-free location estimation methods are based on connectivity information instead of distance or angle measurements [11].  
In the second step, for estimating the location of an unknown node, two well-known range-based localization techniques include angulation and lateration utilizing bearing and distance information, respectively [10]. Range-based methods provide fine-grained location estimation. Moreover, in UWSNs, acoustic channels are naturally employed and range measurement using acoustic signals are much more accurate than using radio [12, 13]. However, range-free schemes only provide a coarse estimate of a node's location, but the advantage of these schemes lies in their simplicity. Range-free localization techniques are classified into hop count-based and area-based methods [4].  
In step three, the estimated location is refined via measurements from various iterations, measurement error models, mobility models, _etc._[9].
# A Novel Perceptual Hash Algorithm for Multispectral Image Authentication
## 3 Our Perceptual Hash Algorithm Design
### Data Compaction Based on Self-Adaptive PCA  
Since the hash value has to be as compact as possible in order to keep the content-preserving ones robust, we apply principal component analysis (PCA) on the fused feature fusion matrix \(FM_{wh}\) for noise reduction and data compaction. The PCA algorithm reduces the large dimensionality of image data in order to reduce the dimensionality of independent feature space. It is widely used in data reduction and data compression, as it is able to discover the relationships among the variables [23; 24]. By using PCA on matrix \(FM_{wh}\), the linear correlation of the matrix element can be removed. This means that the noise can be effectively removed and the extracted feature achieves data compression.  
The grid's principal components are then standardized in order to obtain the fixed-length string which is then encrypted by using a cryptographic encryption algorithm that takes RC4 as an example to enhance the security. The encrypted string is the hash value of the grid denoted as \(PH_{w,j}^{k}\).  
All of the grid's perceptual hash values \(PH_{w,j}^{k}\) are put together as the hash value of the clustering, denoted as \(PH^{k}\):  
\[PH^{k}=PH_{0,0}||PH_{0,1}||\ldots||PH_{w,h} \tag{8}\]  
Finally, the hash value of the original multispectral is denoted \(PH\) as follows.  
\[PH=\left\{PH^{1},PH^{2},...,PH^{N}\right\} \tag{9}\]  
where \(N\) is the number of band clusters. Clearly, the hash length depends on band clusters and grid division.
# Electromagnetic Field Distribution and Data Characteristics of SUTEM of Multilayer Aquifers
## 4 Electromagnetic Field Diffusion Characteristics Study of SUTEM  
The receiving point of the SUTEM is located inside a tunnel or borehole, so the diffusion law of the electromagnetic field in the underground space and its data characteristics have guiding significance for the interpretation of SUTEM. The coal-bearing strata belong to sedimentary strata and usually contain one or more aquifers. When there exist multiple aquifers, the response sensitivity of ground TEM to deep aquifers is reduced due to the influence of the shallow aquifers. Based on these considerations, we first construct a uniform half-space model, a single-aquifer model, and a double-aquifer model, as shown in Figure 7. Then, the above forward modeling program is used to perform the simulation. The transient electromagnetic field diffusion law and the characteristics of the SUTEM data are thus analyzed. The size of the transmitting loop is \(500\times 500\) m, and the center point of the transmitting loop is the coordinate origin. Because the resistivity of mine water is between 1 and 10 \(\Omega\cdot\)m [32], we set the resistivity of the aquifer to 10 \(\Omega\cdot\)m. Usually, the EMF (\(\partial B/\partial t\)) is observed in underground space. Due to the symmetry of the \(x\) and \(y\) directions of the layered model when the square loop is emitted, we mainly analyze the diffusion trend of \(x\) and \(z\) components of \(\partial B/\partial t\) in the pink plane of Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Comparison of the LMF and LI Jianhui programs for H-type and K-type geoelectric models. Here, (**a**) shows the decay curves; (**b**) is the relative error curves between the LMF and LI Jianhui programs.  
Figure 7: Model diagram. Here, (**a**) shows the uniform half-space model, (**b**) is the single-aquifer model, and (**c**) is the double-aquifer model.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### In Situ Data  
Currently the improved downscaling algorithm [14] has been tested for validation purposes over three areas: Brazil (CEMADEN), Spain (REMEDHUS) and Australia (OzNet), where there are in situ SM networks. Due to the reduced number of collocations over REMEDHUS and OzNET, only CEMADEM data is used. These area is described below.  
CEMADEN is located in the Brazilian semiarid region covering an area of 969,589.4 km\({}^{2}\) and comprising 1135 municipalities in nine states of Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Paraiba,  
Figure 5: Sample 1 km L4 downscaled average SM maps over (**a**) Europe (6/2011), and (**b**) Australia (6/2015).  
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe. Considering the territorial dimension of each State, 92.97% of the territory of Rio Grande do Norte is in the semiarid portion, 87.60% of Pernambuco, 86.74% of Ceara, 86.20% of Paraiba, 69.31% of Bahia, 59.41% of Piaui, 50.67% of Sergipe, 45.28% of Alagoas and 17.49% of Minas Gerais. According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), there are over 22 million people living in the region, representing 11.85% of the Brazilian population, and 42.57% of the Northeastern population. Furthermore, this region includes a wide variety of agricultural systems with different soil types, topography, and rainfall patterns [15].  
Figure 6 shows the CEMADEN stations, which are accessible in real time. At every single Data Collection Platform (DCP) location, the rain volumes for the last 4, 24 h, and the accumulated precipitation for the last seven days can be found. Approximately 500 automatic stations called DCP-Acqua are operating at the Brazilian semiarid region. These stations are composed of one cabinet for the data logger, GPS and other functional units, one rain gauge, sensors to monitoring soil moisture at two distinct depths (10 and 20 cm), plus a GSM/GPRS communication link, one solar power module. Besides these, other 95 automatic stations called DCP-Agro, composed of one cabinet for the data logger, GPS and other functional units [16] have been installed.
# Barrel Shifter Physical Unclonable Function Based Encryption
###### Abstract  
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are designed to extract physical randomness from the underlying silicon. This randomness depends on the manufacturing process. It differs for each device. This enables chip-level authentication and key generation applications. We present an encryption protocol using PUFs as primary encryption/decryption functions. Each party has a PUF used for encryption and decryption. This PUF is constrained to be invertible and commutative. The focus of the paper is an evaluation of an invertible and commutative PUF based on a primitive shifting permutation network--a barrel shifter. Barrel shifter (BS) PUF captures the delay of different shift paths. This delay is entangled with message bits before they are sent across an insecure channel. BS-PUF is implemented using transmission gates for physical commutativity. Post-layout simulations of a common centroid layout 8-level barrel shifter in 0.13 \(\upmu\)m technology assess uniqueness, stability, randomness and commutativity properties. BS-PUFs pass all selected NIST statistical randomness tests. Stability similar to Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs under environmental variation is shown. Logistic regression of 100,000 plaintext-ciphertext pairs (PCPs) fails to successfully model BS-PUF behavior.  
Keywords:barrel shifter; physical unclonable function (PUF); encryption +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 29 August 2018; Published: 31 August 2018