## 3 Review Results
### Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) and ChatGPT Adoption in Higher Education  
The Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) emphasizes the role of intrinsic motivations, such as enjoyment and pleasure, in adopting information systems [48]. Developed to complement the traditional utilitarian perspectives, the HMSAM provides insights into how hedonic factors influence users' attitudes and intentions toward technology adoption [48]. In the context of ChatGPT adoption in higher education, the HMSAM highlights the importance of emotional and psychological factors that drive the use of this technology among students and educators. This section reviews the confirmed and unconfirmed factors identified in empirical studies that apply the HMSAM to adopting ChatGPT [17]. The following paragraphs explore the factors examined in the previous studies.  
**Perceived Enjoyment:**  
Perceived enjoyment is a core component of the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM), referring to the fun and pleasure derived from ChatGPT. Empirical studies have confirmed that perceived enjoyment significantly influences users' attitudes towards ChatGPT. When students and educators find interactions with ChatGPT enjoyable, they are more likely to adopt and use the technology. This finding underscores the importance of designing engaging and enjoyable user experiences to promote the adoption and sustained use of ChatGPT in educational and other settings [17].  
**Focused Immersion:**  
Focused immersion, defined as the degree to which users become fully absorbed in their interaction with ChatGPT, has been identified as a significant factor in studies utilizing the Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM). When users experience a deep level of immersion, characterized by losing track of time and becoming engrossed in the interaction, they are more likely to develop positive attitudes toward ChatGPT. This intense engagement fosters a stronger intention to use the technology regularly. Empirical evidence suggests that creating highly immersive and engaging user experiences can significantly enhance the likelihood of ChatGPT adoption. This finding underscores the importance of designing interfaces and interactions that captivate users' attention and provide a seamless, engaging experience, thereby promoting sustained use and integration of ChatGPT in various contexts, especially in educational and professional settings [17].  
The Hedonic Motivation System Adoption Model (HMSAM) provides a valuable framework for understanding the adoption of ChatGPT in higher education, emphasizing the role of intrinsic motivations and enjoyment. Confirmed factors such as perceived enjoyment, focused immersion, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social influence play significant roles in influencing adoption. However, unconfirmed factors like external motivations, perceived risk, technology readiness, cost considerations, and effort expectancy highlight the complexity and variability regarding the technology adoption processes.  
By incorporating the HMSAM, researchers can capture the emotional and psychological drivers that facilitate or hinder the adoption of ChatGPT in educational settings. Future research should continue exploring these factors and validating their relevance in diverse educational contexts, ensuring that institutions can effectively leverage ChatGPT to enhance learning outcomes and support educational innovation.