## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, two major problems facing the planet have been the energy crisis and the food crisis, due to the growth of the world's population by 30%, to almost 10 billion by 2050, up from 7.9 billion [1], thus leading to an increase in food demand, even in a modest economic growth scenario, by roughly 50% as compared to the 2013 agricultural output [2]. To solve the two major crises, both in the short and long term, Agriculture 4.0 [3] proposes the use of the same land both for solar cells and plant culture. This mixed-use approach has been called \"agrivoltaics\" or \"solar farming\" [4]. Agrivoltaic systems may alleviate land competition or other spatial constraints for solar power development, creating a significant opportunity for future energy sustainability. In this context, greenhouse technology is relevant to the worldwide demand for increased production, as it provides the right microclimate for plants, thus facilitating optimal plant growth and high production at a better quality than other traditional methods [5]. Several studies have highlighted that the integration of photovoltaic panels (PV) in greenhouses has many advantages, such as the following: (i) diminishing the cost of production by partially or totally reducing the energy consumption of conventional sources [6]; (ii) partially decreasing irrigation water consumption by reducing the rate of evapotranspiration [7]; and (iii) optimally using land for food and energy production [8; 9]. The global solar radiation that flows into the interior space of a greenhouse consists of ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), which is essential for the growth and photosynthesis of plants (400-700 nm), and near-infrared (NIR) [10]. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, having two important absorption peaks corresponding to chlorophyll a and b located in the red and blue regions, especially from 625 nm to 675 nm and from 430 nm to 475 nm, respectively [11]. Therefore, it is extremely important to strike a balance between maximizing the flow of the PAR component into the greenhouse by reducing the shading effect of the PV panels [12] and further enhancing the production of energy, which increases along with the increase in size of the opaque surface of the panels [13]. Thus, the roof coverage using a crystalline silicon module was estimated not to exceed 30% [14; 15], but for crops with a high economic value, such as tomatoes, or in cases where food yield is considered a priority, a value of <10% was indicated [8]. Due to the major disadvantages of conventional PV installations on greenhouses such as opacity, which prevents light transmission and hampers plant growth and crop productivity, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have also been recently proposed as an ideal candidate for greenhouse application, due to their cost effectiveness, simple manufacturing process, scalability, efficient use of materials, and minimal light sensitivity, but mainly for their ability to vary in both colour and transparency [16; 17; 18; 19; 20]. From the perspective of greenhouse applications, DSSC cells are still in the research stage; the few studies available have focused only on the visible dye sensitization of the DSSC tiles [21]. [PERSON] et al. used visible dye-sensitized solar modules as a shading device for a mini greenhouse and found out that DSSC shading lowered the interior heat by 1.47 \({}^{\circ}\)C and increased the relative humidity by 10.91% compared with the unshaded greenhouse and under normal ventilation [22; 23]. In another study, [PERSON] et al., using the same mini greenhouse configuration and the same DSSC modules sensitized with visible absorption dye, concluded that the temperature at the bottom surface of the DSSC is higher than that at the upper surface of the DSSC [24]. The sensitiizer D35 (DN-F04) was also used in module fabrication for greenhouse applications, but no information about the temperature difference was provided [25].