## 4 Results and Discussion
### Potential Health Hazards Assessment
#### 4.3.1 Radium Equivalent Activity \(\mathrm{Ra_{eq}}\)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ra\({}_{\text{eq}}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**I\({}_{\alpha}\)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**I\({}_{\gamma}\)**} & **AGDR** & **IYEGD** & **ELCR** & **RER** & **IRC** & **IVAD\({}_{\text{Rn}}\)** \\  & **(Bq/kg)** & & & **(nGy/h)** & **(mSv/y)** & \(\times\)**10\({}^{-3}\)** & **(Bq/m\({}^{2}\) h)** & **(Bq/m\({}^{3}\))** & **(mSv/y)** \\ \hline S1 & 180.42 & 0.27 & 0.68 & 20.72 & 0.10 & 0.34 & 7.12 & 132.38 & 3.34 \\ S2 & 138.61 & 0.15 & 0.53 & 15.81 & 0.08 & 0.26 & 3.96 & 73.63 & 1.86 \\ S3 & 135.13 & 0.14 & 0.52 & 15.62 & 0.08 & 0.25 & 3.81 & 70.89 & 1.79 \\ S4 & 159.56 & 0.23 & 0.59 & 18.05 & 0.09 & 0.29 & 6.09 & 113.16 & 2.86 \\ S5 & 112.48 & 0.10 & 0.44 & 13.09 & 0.06 & 0.21 & 2.54 & 47.27 & 1.19 \\ S6 & 134.31 & 0.15 & 0.51 & 15.38 & 0.08 & 0.25 & 3.99 & 74.12 & 1.87 \\ S7 & 121.47 & 0.11 & 0.47 & 14.11 & 0.07 & 0.23 & 3.06 & 56.88 & 1.44 \\ S8 & 118.17 & 0.08 & 0.47 & 13.76 & 0.07 & 0.22 & 2.25 & 41.88 & 1.06 \\ S9 & 139.19 & 0.16 & 0.53 & 16.03 & 0.08 & 0.26 & 4.18 & 77.61 & 1.96 \\ S10 & 149.71 & 0.14 & 0.57 & 17.04 & 0.08 & 0.28 & 3.71 & 68.91 & 1.74 \\ S11 & 156.15 & 0.17 & 0.59 & 17.69 & 0.09 & 0.29 & 4.66 & 86.66 & 2.19 \\ S12 & 155.75 & 0.18 & 0.60 & 17.97 & 0.09 & 0.29 & 4.87 & 90.44 & 2.28 \\ S13 & 198.97 & 0.28 & 0.74 & 22.52 & 0.11 & 0.36 & 7.50 & 139.40 & 3.52 \\ S14 & 214.57 & 0.36 & 0.79 & 24.39 & 0.12 & 0.40 & 9.60 & 178.50 & 4.51 \\ S15 & 238.25 & 0.33 & 0.88 & 26.72 & 0.13 & 0.43 & 8.67 & 161.15 & 4.07 \\ S16 & 123.17 & 0.14 & 0.48 & 14.35 & 0.07 & 0.23 & 3.72 & 69.13 & 1.75 \\ S17 & 141.10 & 0.17 & 0.55 & 16.43 & 0.08 & 0.27 & 4.55 & 84.52 & 2.13 \\ S18 & 159.74 & 0.22 & 0.61 & 18.36 & 0.09 & 0.30 & 5.74 & 106.70 & 2.69 \\ S19 & 213.06 & 0.25 & 0.80 & 24.11 & 0.12 & 0.39 & 6.70 & 124.52 & 3.14 \\ S20 & 203.46 & 0.25 & 0.77 & 23.09 & 0.11 & 0.37 & 6.58 & 122.37 & 3.09 \\ Min & 112.48 & 0.08 & 0.44 & 13.09 & 0.06 & 0.21 & 2.25 & 41.88 & 1.06 \\ Max & 238.25 & 0.36 & 0.88 & 26.72 & 0.13 & 0.43 & 9.60 & 178.50 & 4.51 \\ AV & 159.66 & 0.19 & 0.61 & 18.26 & 0.09 & 0.30 & 5.17 & 96.01 & 2.42 \\ SE & 8.15 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.89 & 0.004 & 0.01 & 0.45 & 8.38 & 0.21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The radiological parameters of EISbiai- Abu EITiyur granites. Figure 7: Ra\({}_{\text{eq}}\) values variation of the investigated samples. The gamma index (I\({}_{\gamma}\)) for building materials resulting in external gamma irradiation [20] of a dose boundary of 1 mSv/y is computed as follows:  
\[\text{I}_{\gamma}=\frac{\text{AC}_{\text{Ra}}}{300}+\frac{\text{AC}_{\text{Th}}}{ 200}+\frac{\text{AC}_{\text{K}}}{3000} \tag{4}\]  
As per the European Commission European Commission [20], the yearly effective gamma dose (YEGD) rates originate from building materials used in floors and surfaces (granites and other materials) of limited use (ornamental). If I\({}_{\gamma}\leq 2\), it meets an increase in the YEGD dose \(\leq\) 0.3 mSv/y (exemption level of building materials from all limitations about their radioactivity), when 2 < I\({}_{\gamma}\leq 6\) means it matches the YEGD \(\leq\) 1 mSv/y (recommended action level). Concerning the characterization of the excess alpha radiation exhaled from granite (as a building material in dwellings), the alpha index (I\({}_{\alpha}\)) has been calculated [63] using the following equation:  
\[\text{I}_{\alpha}=\frac{\text{AC}_{\text{Ra}}}{200\text{ Bq kg}^{-1}}\leq 1 \tag{5}\]  
The alpha index (I\({}_{\alpha}\)) reflects the concentration of \({}^{226}\)Ra activity that should not be more than 200 Bq/kg, otherwise will lead to health risks. \(\text{AC}_{\text{Ra}}\) should be less than or equal to 200 Bq/kg, i.e., the suggested activity limit for \({}^{226}\)Ra in the appropriate building material (I\({}_{\alpha}\leq 1\)) by ICRP and European Commission [9; 58; 60]. The mean value of the gamma index (I\({}_{\gamma}\)) for the examined samples exceeds the alpha index (I\({}_{\alpha}\)) by a factor of three (Figure 8 and Table 4).