## 4 Effect of PS on Cardiovascular Diseases Linked to MetS
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Researcher** & **Study Design** & **Findings** \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Hypertension} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [101]} & Animals: 24 male spontaneously hypertensive rats & \(\downarrow\) SBP and DBP compared to negative control (8–12 weeks old; 250–300 g) & \(\uparrow\) serum NO levels compared to negative \\  & Mode of disease induction: spontaneous hypertension & control \\  & Treatment: 500 mg/kg/day of AEPS for 28 days & \(\downarrow\) plasma ADMA levels compared to negative \\  & Control: & control \\  & Negative: no treatment & \(\leftrightarrow\) plasma arginine levels compared to \\  & Positive: perindopril (3 mg/kg/day) for 28 days & negative control \\  & Animals: 32 male spontaneously hypertensive rats & \(\downarrow\) SBP, DBP, and MABP from week 2–5 \\  & (10 weeks old) & compared to positive control \\  & Mode of disease induction: spontaneous hypertension & \(\leftrightarrow\) HR, CPK, and LDH compared to positive \\  & Treatment: 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg/day of AEPS for 28 days & control \\  & Control: & \(\uparrow\) NO and \(\downarrow\) MDA in serum compared to \\  & Negative: Normotensive male Wistar rats (250 \(\pm\) 10 g) & positive control \\  & Positive: no treatment & \(\downarrow\) serum cholesterol at 1 mg/kg compared to \\  & & positive control \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{ Dyslipidaemia} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [68]} & Animals: 40 male Wistar rats (180–200 g) & \(\downarrow\) Plasma LDL, TC, TG, and HMGCR \\  & Mode of disease induction: fructose-induced MetS & compared to positive and negative control \\  & Treatment: 125 mg/kg/day of MEPS for 4 weeks & \(\downarrow\) HMGCR enzyme bioactivity compared to \\  & Control: & positive and negative control \\  & Negative: no treatment & \(\uparrow\) Plasma HDL. compared to positive and \\  & Positive: 100 mg/kg/day of naringin for 4 weeks & negative control \\  & Animals: 40 female Sprague Dawley rats (180–200 g) & \(\downarrow\) Plasma LDL, TC, TG, and HMGCR at \\  & Mode of disease induction: ovariectomy-induced & 3 and 5 months compared to negative control \\  & obesity & \(\downarrow\) HMGCR enzyme bioactivity at \\  & Treatment: 125 mg/kg/day of AEPS for 3 and 5 months & 3 and 5 months compared to negative control \\  & Control: & \(\uparrow\) Plasma HDL. at 3 and 5 months compared to negative control \\  & Negative: no treatment & to negative control \\  & Positive: 120 mg/kg/day of GCA for 3 and 5 months & \(\downarrow\) LDL, TC, and TG compared to negative \\  & Animals: 30 male Sprague Dawley rats (180–200 g) & \(\downarrow\) LDL, TC, and TG compared to negative \\  & Mode of disease induction: dexamethasone-induced & control \\  & hyperlipidaemia & \(\leftrightarrow\) HDL compared to negative control \\  & Treatment: 500 mg/kg/day of AEPS for 28 days & \\  & Control: & \\  & Negative: no treatment & \\  & Positive: 40 mg/kg/day of captopril for 28 days & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: \(\uparrow\), increase; \(\downarrow\), decrease; \(\leftrightarrow\), no change; L-NAME, No-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; MDA, malondialdehydedehyde; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; NO, nitric oxide; AEPS, aqueous extract of _Piper sarmetensum_; PS, _Piper sarmetensum_; MEPS, methanolic extract of _Piper sarmetensum_; ET-1, endothelin-1; FBS, fasting blood serum; HR, heart rate; CPK, creatinine phosphokinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ADMA, asymmetric dimethyl arginine; STZ, streptozotocino, eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; 11 BHSD-1, 11B-Hydroxy dehydrogenase type 1; GCA, glycrhizic acid; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HMGCR, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)due to endothelium damage in the early stages of atherosclerosis development [134].