# Molecular Population Genetics of Aspen Mosaic-Associated Virus in Finland and Sweden
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Population Genetic Parameters  
The estimated nucleotide diversity parameters for AsMaV populations in Finland and Sweden, including RNA3, RNA4, and partial RNA1 are represented in Table 3. As shown in Table 3, the AsMaV population from Finland had higher numbers of segregating sites compared to those from Sweden in the sequenced regions of the virus genome. This suggests that Finnish isolates are more genetically diverse than those in Sweden. The nucleotide diversity parameters show significant differences between RNA3 and RNA4 and partial RNA1 in both populations. In general, RNA4 (\(\theta_{W}=0.031979\) and \(\text{P}_{\text{T}}=0.02738\)) has a lower level of nucleotide diversity than RNA3 (\(\theta_{W}=0.05876\) and \(\text{P}_{\text{T}}=0.04994\)) and partial RNA1 (\(\theta_{W}=0.07509\) and \(\text{P}_{\text{T}}=0.07777\)). These results also indicate that RNA3 and partial RNA1 populations are more diverse than RNA4 in both Finnish and Swedish populations.  
For RNA3, [PERSON]'s D values were negative for both Sweden (\(-0.961799\)) and Finland (\(-0.961799\)), with the total also having a negative value (\(-0.579852\)). Fu and Li's D* values were also negative. This suggests a recent population bottleneck or purifying selection, indicating an excess of rare isolates, which could be due to population subdivision or selection.  
For RNA4, the population genetic parameters show relatively low levels of genetic diversity in both Swedish and Finnish populations. Again, the values of Theta (\(\theta_{W}\)) and \(\text{P}_{\text{T}}\) are relatively low (0.02633 to 0.03198), indicating that there is not much genetic variation within these populations based on this region. The [PERSON]'s D value for Swedish isolates was positive, but it was not confirmed with negative values of [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s D test. The [PERSON]'s D value and [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s D test value for the Finnish population were both negative, indicating an excess of low-frequency isolates as a result of recent population expansion or purifying selection (Table 3).  
For partial RNA1, the population genetic parameters show relatively high levels of genetic diversity in samples obtained from both countries, Sweden and Finland, with higher values of Theta (\(\theta_{W}\) was 0.05930 to 0.07777) and PiT (0.04447 to 0.08018) than in the other two genomic regions (Table 3). For partial RNA1, [PERSON]'s D values were negative for the Swedish population and positive for the Finnish population, with the total having a positive value. This suggests balancing selection or a recent population expansion. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s D* values were positive for Finnish isolates and negative for Swedish isolates and the total, indicating a possible selective sweep or population subdivision.  
Overall, the population genetic parameters suggest that the genetic diversity in these populations was relatively low to moderate, with evidence of an excess of low-frequency isolates in some cases. These patterns could be due to recent population expansion or purifying selection. Additionally, natural selection may be acting to preserve protein function, as suggested by the low dn/ds ratio in some populations.