## 2 Materials and Methods
### Turnips Field and Experimental Design
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Soil Properties** & **Sewage Sludge** & **Chicken Manure** & **Horse Manure** & **Vermi-Compost** & **Native Soil** \\ \hline Soil-Water pH & 5.67 b & 6.20 a & 5.64 b & 5.71 b & 6.1 a \\ N-NO\({}_{3}\) mgkg\({}^{-1}\) & 20.1 c & 18.3 d & 25.0 b & 37.3 a & 20.7 c \\ N-NH\({}_{4}\) mgkg\({}^{-1}\) & 29.7 b & 66.7 a & 3.33 c & 3.67 c & 5.67 c \\ P, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 100.3 a & 89.3 a & 116.00 a & 87.67 a & 95.83 a \\ K, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 327.5 d & 483.8 b & 365.5 cd & 557.3 a & 336.2 d \\ C, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 1050.0 c & 1160.8 b & 1067.2 c & 1230.2 a & 1091.7 c \\ EC, \(\mu\)S cm\({}^{-1}\) & 106.4 ab & 95.83 b & 89.3 b & 122.3 a & 94.4 b \\ Cd, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 0.043 a & 0.043 a & 0.042 a & 0.040 a & 0.041 a \\ Cr, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 0.04 a & 0.04 a & 0.04 a & 0.04 a & 0.04 a \\ Cu, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 1.93 a & 2.01 a & 1.89 a & 2.0 a & 1.95 a \\ Zn, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 2.27 a & 1.96 a & 2.04 a & 4.18 a & 1.98 a \\ Pb, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 2.21 a & 2.18 a & 2.14 a & 2.11 a & 2.15 a \\ As, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 8.62 a & 8.84 a & 8.22 a & 8.34 a & 8.35 a \\ Ni, mg kg\({}^{-1}\) & 0.699 a & 0.675 a & 0.680 a & 0.683 a & 0.666 a \\ Urease 1 & 956.3 b & 993 b & 805.8 c & 1105. a & 911.8 b \\ Invertase 2 & 3696.9 a & 3736 a & 3610 a & 3970.3 a & 3234.2 b \\ Acid Phosphatase 3 & 1435.4 a & 1158.3 b & 1197.3 b & 1413.6 a & 1354.9 a \\ Alkaline Phosphatase 4 & 389.3 c & 524.43 a & 400.67 b & 309.4 c & 427.62 b \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Soil urease activity was calculated as \(\mu\)g NH\({}_{4}\)-N released g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. 2
* Invertase activity was determined as \(\mu\)g glucose released g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. 3 Acid and 4 alkaline phosphatases activity were determined as \(\mu\)g \(p\)-nitrophen from g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. Statistical comparisons among animal manures were conducted using ANOVA procedure. Values with the same letter(s) indicate no significant (\(p\geq 0.05\)) differences.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Properties and composition of soil amended with animal manures used for growing turnips, arugula, and mustard under field conditions (Lexington, Kentucky, USA). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Soil Amendment** & **Nitrogen (\% N)** & **Phosphorus (\% P)** & **Potassium (\% K)** \\ \hline Sewage Sludge & 5.00 & 3.00 & 0.00 \\ Chicken Manure & 1.10 & 0.80 & 0.50 \\ Horse Manure & 0.70 & 0.30 & 0.60 \\ Vermicompost & 1.50 & 0.75 & 1.50 \\ Organic Fertilizer & 10.00 & 2.00 & 8.00 \\ Inorganic Fertilizer & 20.00 & 20.00 & 20.00 \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Amounts of Soil Amendments Added in kg/ha**} \\
**Soil Amendment** & **Nitrogen (N)** & **Phosphorus (P)** & **Potassium (K)** \\ \hline Sewage Sludge & 2241.70 & 3736.17 & 0.00 \\ Chicken Manure & 10,189.62 & 14,010.64 & 22,417.02 \\ Horse Manure & 16,012.15 & 37,361.70 & 18,680.86 \\ Vermicompost & 7472.34 & 14,944.68 & 7472.34 \\ Organic Fertilizer & 1120.85 & 5604.26 & 1401.06 \\ Inorganic Fertilizer & 560.43 & 560.43 & 560.43 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Soil urease activity was calculated as \(\mu\)g NH\({}_{4}\)-N released g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. 2
* Invertase activity was determined as \(\mu\)g glucose released g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. 3 Acid and 4 alkaline phosphatases activity were determined as \(\mu\)g \(p\)-nitrophen from g\({}^{-1}\) dry soil. Statistical comparisons among animal manures were conducted using ANOVA procedure. Values with the same letter(s) indicate no significant (\(p\geq 0.05\)) differences.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Concentrations of total N, P, and K (NPK) in soil amendments (SA) and amounts of SA mixed with native soil used for cultivation of three varieties of field-grown turnips, arugula, and mustard at the University of Kentucky Horticulture Research Farm (Lexington, KY, USA).