esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Brief Review of Recent Developments in Fiber Lasers
## 6 Fiber Laser Applications
### Quantum Applications  
Quantum optics is based on lasers as light sources. Fiber lasers can be used as pump sources in single-photon emitters and in waveguide quantum electrodynamics [108]. Fiber lasers are actively engaged in the manipulation and readout of quantum bits. They are used widely in the trapping and cooling of atoms and ions as well as in quantum sensing and metrology.
## 4 Conclusions  
The development of the HSI system in the spectral range of 1000-1550 nm for rapid and nondestructive prediction of the MC, pH and SSC of intact tomatoes was investigated. The quantitative PLS regression model with appropriate preprocessed technique was established using full wavelengths and showed reasonable performance with \(r_{prad}\) of 0.81, 0.69, 0.74, and RMSEP of 0.63%, 0.06%, and 0.33% Brix. By applying beta coefficients yielded by the best PLS regression model, prediction maps were generated to visualize the levels of MC, pH and SSC to each pixel in the image. This pixel-wise chemical map was useful for interpreting the distribution of MS, pH and SSC in intact tomatoes in a simple and easy way. These findings indicate that the HSI technique combined with PLS regression has the potential to predict the chemical components of intact tomatoes. Although this result is promising, further study is needed to develop a robust model that is more broadly based on a wider range of different conditions such as sizes, storage, different maturity stages, seasons, etc.  
This research was supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ01125602), Rural Development Administration, Korea.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]-K.C. conceived the structure of the paper; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] collected the data; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the data; [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] collected the references and wrote the paper.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Design of an SVM Classifier Assisted Intelligent Receiver for Reliable Optical Camera Communication
## 3 OCC System Overview
### FSOOK Modulation  
It is a modulation scheme that encodes bit '1' and bit '0' with two different frequencies known as mark and space frequency, respectively [26]. The header and foot are appended at the beginning and ending of data bits respectively to identify the data packets. In order to create distinctions among header, footer, and data bits, we use the synchronization bit pattern '111' as the header and footer. Due to the rolling shutter effect, we get a sequence of bit patterns in each data packet depicted in Figure 4.
# Measurement-Driven Synthesis of Female Digital Mannequin Using Convex Sub-Volumes
## 2 Literature Review
### Non-Convex Example-Based Modeling  
The most common approach found in the literature for the parametric modeling of human bodies is non-convex example-based modeling. For this general approach, researchers mainly extract _features_ (e.g., cross sections, anatomical landmarks, and patches) from 3D-scanned point-clouds, digital template models, or images. Afterwards, they determine the relation between measurements and features in order to either deform a template model or interpolate multiple examples.  
In general, these approaches present the following limitations: (1) The synthesized model is a non-convex mesh or point-cloud. (2) The resulting model needs further processing to be used for simulations concerning collision detection. (3) They requires the use of expensive algorithms for feature extraction, deformation, ensuring surface continuity, and surface-fitting. (4) Re-computation/deformation of non-convex surfaces is needed in order to define new poses. (5) This method is dependent on hardware and/or a large database of examples. A summary of the different approaches found for this particular category is presented next, where each particular reference is discussed in further detail.
## 4 Discussion
Generally, genes can be screened for research based on this, but the specific functions and regulation mechanisms of genes need further experimental verification. In experiments involving the overexpression of _DcTPSb1_ in _N. benthamiana_, the anticipated increase in the production of the three monoterrenes products encoded by the DcTPSb1 protein was not observed. Instead, the relative contents of the terpenoids were up-regulated, consistent with the expected outcomes. Notably, among the terpenoids, \(\alpha\)-pinene, (1S)-(-)-\(\alpha\)-pinene, and (1R)-(+)-\(\alpha\)-pinene exhibited significant up-regulation, while the three monoterrenes produced by DcTPSb1 remained mostly unchanged. This finding contrasts with LiTPS2 from _Lilium longiflorum 'Siberia'_ in transgenic tobacco plants, where the overexpression facilitates the release of its product, linalool [49]. However, it aligns with the results observed for PbTPS5 and PbTPS10 (_Phalanopsis bellina_) ectopically overexpressed in _N. tabacum_, which did not produce linalool or geraniol [14]. These observations suggest that the terpene synthesis pathway may undergo different processes in vivo and in vitro. As a model organism, tobacco may exhibit significant differences from the actual terpene synthase source plants, potentially lacking other related genes necessary for terpene biosynthesis, thus impeding the desired product's production. The observed disparities in terpene compound changes may arise from various factors, underscoring the necessity for further experimental investigations to confirm these findings while controlling for potential confounding variables. Moreover, the presence of transcription factors, enzymes, and other essential factors is crucial for the biosynthesis of terpene, which may be absent in _N. tabacum_ or other non-native plants. Conversely, the presence of repressors in non-native plants could inhibit terpene biosynthesis, even if the required transcription factors and key enzymes are provided.
# Application of Augmented Reality in Waterway Traffic Management Using Sparse Spatiotemporal Data
## 4 Methodology
### Ship Target Detection Under Low Visibility Conditions  
The enhanced single-stage object detection algorithm effectively captures the visual information of waterway vessels. However, in real-world vessel detection, varying weather conditions significantly degrade image quality and reduce detection accuracy. To improve robustness under adverse weather conditions, we apply image enhancement techniques to vessel images affected by heavy fog and low-light environments, followed by object recognition.
## 4 Experiment
### Ablation Study  
For this section, further ablation studies were carried out to verify the effectiveness of each module in RAG-TCGCN, and the results are shown in Table 6. The SynGCN (syntactic graph convolutional network) model represents the syntactic feature channel network; the semGCN (semantic graph convolutional network) model represents the semantic feature channel network; the common model represents the public information channel network; the TCGCN (three-channel graph convolutional network) represents the three-channel graph convolutional network.  
It can be seen from Table 6 that, firstly, on the Restaurant and Laptop datasets, the syntax-based SynGCN model performed better than the semantics-based SemGCN model, suggesting that a rich knowledge of grammar can reduce dependent parsing errors. SemGCN models performed better than SynGCN models on Twitter data, mainly because there are more comments with obscure syntax structure in the Twitter dataset compared with the Restaurant and Laptop datasets. Secondly, on the three datasets, the performance of a single SynGCN, SynGCN, or Comom model is lower than that of a three-channel graph convolution network (TCGCN). The main reason is that, due to the complexity of sentences, each sentence has a different sensitivity to semantics and syntax. Therefore, it is difficult for a single-channel network to adaptively extract important information according to the characteristics of sentences. However, compared with our model, the performance of the three-channel graph convolution neural network (TCGCN) is still insufficient, mainly because the TCGCN model over-refines features, leading to the loss of some important original information, resulting in poor performance. Our model adds a residual attention  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Models**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Restaurant**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Laptop**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Twitter**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Accuracy** & **Macro-F1** & **Accuracy** & **Macro-F1** & **Accuracy** & **Macro-F1** \\ \hline SynGCN & 82.57 & 75.06 & 76.90 & 72.60 & 74.59 & 73.13 \\ SemGCN & 82.48 & 73.12 & 76.42 & 72.19 & 75.18 & 73.87 \\ Comom & 81.50 & 71.99 & 77.22 & 73.14 & 74.45 & 73.39 \\ TCGCN & 82.84 & 74.70 & 77.85 & 73.97 & 75.78 & 74.59 \\ RAG-TCGCN & 84.09 & 77.02 & 78.80 & 75.04 & 76.66 & 75.41 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Experimental results of ablation study.  
gating mechanism to reduce the loss of important original information. Overall, our model achieved the best performance.
They found that the microstructures, with an average grain dimension (AGD) of about 65-85 \(\upmu\)m and average shape factor (ASF) of about 0.74-0.79, can be obtained by the optimum process parameters, with the isothermal temperature of 600-610 \({}^{\circ}\)C and the holding time of 10-15 min. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [45] used the semi-solid material combing the extrusion forming process to successfully produce the 7075 aluminum alloy deep-cavity cylinder with a tensile strength of 315.26 MPa. [PERSON] et al. [46] prepared semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy blanks through a modified strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process, which includes equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) deformation and IHT. They reported that the AGD of the prepared blank enlarged when the process temperature was elevated or with a decrease in the deformation pass. Moreover, the tensile strength of the semi-solid samples was improved by increasing the deformation pass of ECAP. [PERSON] et al. [47] applied repetitive upsetting extrusion (RUE) in the recrystallization and partial remelting (RAP) process to obtain a semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy blank. They found that the AGD can be reduced by increasing the RUE cycles and, therefore, improve the grain spheroidization degree. The thixoetrusion process was adopted by [PERSON] et al. [48] to form a complex 7075 aluminum alloy elbow part. In their work, the effect of the second phase on the performance of the part was analyzed. [PERSON] et al. [49] demonstrated that the parallel tubular channel angular pressing process can produce a semi-solid 7075 aluminum tube with an excellent metallographic structure. Though the SSFM process has received extensive attention from many researchers, the 7075 aluminum alloy connecting rod for the HICE formed by the semi-solid forging forming (SSFF) process has not been reported. A novel SFF process, including radial forging plastic deformation (RFPD), isothermal heating treatment (IHT), and forging forming, is proposed to produce the 7075 aluminum alloy connecting rod (AACR) for the HICE in this work in order to solve the shortages of the existing connecting-rod manufacturing process. The effect of process parameters, such as forging ratio (FR), sustaining temperature (ST), and duration time (DT), on the microstructures of 7075 aluminum alloy is investigated. The macroscopic morphology, metallographic structure, and physical properties of the AACR formed by the SSFF and solid forging forming (SFF) processes were compared and analyzed. This work can provide a feasible new process for manufacturing 7075 AACRs for HICE.
# Damping Assessment of Lightweight Timber Floors Under Human Walking Excitations
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fundamental Damping Ratios
As stated before, the ranges of damping ratios reported by other studies were between 0.52% and 4.78% for laboratory floors [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8] and between 0.47% and 9.10% for in-situ floors [9; 10; 11; 12]. These values contrast to some extent with the ranges reported in the present study, which were between 1.9% and 4.9% for laboratory floors and from 4.3% to 14.8% for in-situ floors. However, these differences are logical and could be explained by the fact that the vibrations induced by people walking have a higher amplitude than the ambient-, impact-, or shaker-induced vibrations used by the rest of the investigations. Therefore, it is likely that vibrations of a higher amplitude activate more energy dissipation mechanisms between the components of the floors and consequently increase their damping ratios. Another essential aspect to consider that explains the increase in damping is the human-structure interaction (HSI). In this context, HSI could be explained as the continuous reciprocal dynamic vertical effects of a human and floor on each other, which acts in a feedback loop, as long as the floor and human on it are in contact [26]. One of the HSI categories involves the effects of the human body, considered as a mass-spring-damper system (dynamic system), on the dynamic properties of the floor (mass, stiffness, and damping). In the case of human walking, a set of floor reaction forces are generated due to the self-propelling body motion [27]. These interaction forces have components proportional to acceleration, velocity, and displacement, as well as autonomous components. Therefore, they could be evidenced as shifts in the modal frequency and damping of the empty floor. As reported by [27], when two people walked together across a post-tensioned concrete footbridge, the damping ratio associated with the first resonant mode increased 1.5 times in relation to the empty footbridge. On timber floors, it is also expected that this physical phenomenon occurs; however, new numerical-experimental investigations should be developed to quantify this effect adequately. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Series** & **EFDD** & **SSI-UPC** \\ \hline Lab-2.1-W & (3.01; 3.80) & (2.65; 4.53) \\ Lab-2.1-S & (2.32; 4.07) & (3.67; 4.46) \\ Lab-2.4-W & (3.11; 3.43) & (3.47; 4.62) \\ Lab-2.4-S & (2.22; 3.31) & (2.99; 4.52) \\ Lab-2.7-W & (2.98; 3.38) & (3.62; 4.82) \\ Lab-2.7-S & (2.55; 3.72) & (3.05; 4.25) \\ Lab-3.0-W & (2.60; 3.22) & (2.52; 3.49) \\ Lab-3.0-S & (2.44; 3.56) & (3.25; 4.77) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Confidence intervals (95%) for the fundamental damping ratios (%) of laboratory floors.
## 2 System and Signal Characterization
### System and Signal Model for the Receivers  
A very efficient receiver commonly associated with SC-FDE schemes [18] is the IB-DFE. Such an iterative receiver uses feedforward and feedback coefficients to process the signals in the frequency domain, reaching a performance typically much better than that of a non-iterative receiver. IB-DFE can be viewed as turbo equalization [8,19].  
The ZF receiver tends to be complex because it requires the computation of the pseudo-inverse of the channel matrix, for each frequency component. This article avoids this complexity by implementing the m-MIMO using MRC and EGC receivers, simplifying its processing. Furthermore, these receivers are iterative, being, in this study, associated with SC-FDE transmissions.  
Assuming a non-iterative receiver, the estimated frequency-domain data symbols \(\widetilde{\mathbf{X}}_{k}=\left[\widetilde{X}_{k}^{(1)},\ldots,\widetilde{ X}_{k}^{(R)}\right]^{T}\) comes:  
\[\widetilde{\mathbf{X}}_{k}=\mathbf{B}_{k}\mathbf{Y}_{k} \tag{3}\]  
Depending on the algorithm, \(\mathbf{B}_{k}\) can be computed as \(\mathbf{B}_{k}=\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\left(\mathbf{H}_{k}\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H} \right)^{-1}\) for the ZF, as \(\mathbf{B}_{k}=\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\) for the MRC, and as \(\mathbf{B}_{k}=\exp\{j\ \arg\left(\mathbf{H}_{k}^{H}\right)\}\) for the EGC [20].  
As described, the ZF receiver is a linear algorithm that applies the pseudo-inverse of the channel's frequency response, for each frequency component of the channel. Therefore, the level of complexity and computation is very high, which also translates to high battery consumption. Moreover, the ZF is very efficient in removing the intersymbol interference but has the disadvantage of presenting noise enhancement when utilized in post-processing. Therefore, it tends to degrade the performance for average to high noise levels. On the other hand, the MRC and EGC tend to mitigate these limitations due to their simplicity but generate some residual interference generated in the decoding process, especially for  
Figure 1: Block diagram of an m-MIMO system associated with SC-FDE signals.  
moderate values of \(T/R\). This can be mitigated by employing an iterative receiver that implements the following function [20]:  
\[\widetilde{\mathbf{X}}_{k}=\mathbf{B}_{k}^{H}\mathbf{Y}_{k}-\mathbf{C}_{k}^{-} \widetilde{\mathbf{X}}_{k}, \tag{4}\]  
where the interference cancelation matrix \(\mathbf{C}_{k}\) can be computed as [20]:  
\[\mathbf{C}_{k}=\mathbf{A}_{k}^{H}\mathbf{H}_{k}-\mathbf{I}, \tag{5}\]  
and where \(\mathbf{I}\) is an \(R\times R\) identity matrix and where the \((i,i^{\prime})\)th elements of the matrix \(\mathbf{A}\) are defined as \([\mathbf{A}]_{i,i^{\prime}}=\left[\mathbf{H}\right]_{i,i^{\prime}}^{H}\) for the MRC and \([\mathbf{A}]_{i,i^{\prime}}=\exp\left(\text{jarg}\left(\left[\mathbf{H}\right] _{i,i^{\prime}}\right)\right)\) for the EGC (i.e., they have absolute value 1 and phase identical to the corresponding element of the matrix \(\mathbf{H}\)).
## 4 Analytical Model and Evaluation
### Analytical Evaluation  
With the model being devised, we can determine the probability of packet loss when changing the model parameters. With higher standard deviation in the RSSI measurements, it is expected that link quality fluctuations are observed more often and the probability of individual links being broken increases. As illustrated in Figure 5(a),b, \(P_{Loss}(t)\) increases with \(\sigma\) since it is the summation of availability of individual links according to Equation (11). In Figure 5(c) it can be seen that with increased velocity (2 m/s), \(P_{Loss}(t)\) increases compared to the case with 1 m/s and the same \(\sigma\) depicted in Figure 5(a). We can also calculate the expected probability of packet loss over the entire period (\(E(P_{Loss})\)) as depicted in Figure 6(a) to better see the increasing trend as a function of path loss variance.  
On the other hand, a vital parameter in the model is the expected instant of time when the route-projection packet is received (\(T_{rx}\)). Here we assume that once the route-projection packet is received, the nodes omit the old routing state from its neighbor table and insert the new one with negligible delay. We assume that \(T_{rx}\) follows a normal distribution and its mean value is interpreted as Mean Handoff Time. \(P_{Loss}\) for increasing Mean Handoff Time is illustrated in Figure 6(b). This figure shows that scheduling the handoff either too early or too late increases the probability of packet loss and the best time for receiving the route-injection packet is when the mobile node is placed at an equal distance from both SNs.
## 1 Introduction  
In the automatic welding process, the penetration state of the weld is the main factor that affects the quality of the welded joint. A large number of studies have shown that the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool reflects the penetration state of the weld [1,2]. Therefore, research on the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool in the S-GMAW is of great significance for the automated weld quality. A large number of scholars have conducted research on the characteristics of the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool, most of which are based on the gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) [3, 4, 5]. Reference [6] shows that the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool in GTAW has stable frequency characteristics, and the weld pool has two oscillation modes: one is the axisymmetric vibration of the geometric center of the weld, and the other is asymmetric vibration. Reference [7] found that the change of the weld pool penetration state could cause a sudden change in the oscillation mode, and the natural oscillation frequency of the weld pool has a direct physical relationship with the weld pool volume.  
The research on the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool in the GMAW process is still relatively rare, while research on the GTAW has gradually matured. Reference [8] studied the oscillation phenomenon of the P-GMAW weld pool, based on welding high-speed photography equipment. The standing wave oscillation mode of the GTAW weld pool was not found in pulse gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW). At present, there is still a lot of controversy in the research on the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool in S-GMAW. Reference [9] pointed out that, although the droplet transition phenomenon of S-GMAW triggers the oscillation of the weld pool, it leads to a significant increase in the aspect ratio of the weld pool and also interferes with the oscillation phenomenon. Due to the randomness of the impact of electric explosions, the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool is -weld pool does not have a stable frequency characteristic. However, Reference [10] proved that the oscillation phenomenon of the weld pool in the S-GMAW process has specific natural oscillation frequency characteristics.  
The oscillating phenomenon of the GMAW weld pool contains enough information to infer the penetration state of the weld. Therefore, the research on the oscillating phenomenon of the S-GMAW weld pool is particularly important to realize the fine control of the S-GMAW welding process.
###### Abstract  
With the development of 5G, Internet of Things, and smart home technologies, miniaturized and compact multi-antenna systems and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna arrays have attracted increasing attention. Reducing the coupling between antenna elements is essential to improving the performance of such MIMO antenna system. In this work, we proposed a graphene-assembled, as an alternative material rather than metal, film-based MIMO antenna array with high isolation for 5G application. The isolation of the antenna element is improved by a graphene assembly film (GAF) frequency selective surface and isolation strip. It is shown that the GAF antenna element operated at 3.5 GHz has the realized gain of 2.87 dBi. The addition of the decoupling structure improves the isolation of the MIMO antenna array to more than 10 dB and corrects the antenna radiation pattern and operating frequency. The isolation between antenna elements with an interval of 0.4\(\lambda\) is above 25 dB. All experimental results show that the GAF antenna and decoupling structure are efficient devices for 5G mobile communication.  
graphene-assembled film; high isolation; MIMO antenna array; 5G; graphene antenna +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Benchmarking Against State-of-the-Art Models  
To rigorously evaluate the performance and generalizability of our proposed framework, we conducted comprehensive benchmarking experiments on two external datasets: L-HSAB and OSACT4. The purpose of selecting these datasets was to cover a wide range of different linguistic features and areas and, therefore, provide a rather challenging test for the model proposed herein. The findings of these experiments are shown in Table 9.