## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experiment Conditions  
To verify the proposed VCMS, an MV2000 EVO5 ventilator (MEK-ICS, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) and an MP1300 patient monitor (MEK-ICS, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) were used. The MV2000 EVO5 supports 16 ventilation modes, including volume-assisted controlled ventilation (V-ACV), pressure-based assisted controlled ventilation (P-ACV), high-flow nasal therapy (O2 stream), bi-level positive airway pressure (bi-level), and spontaneous ventilation (SPONT). The corresponding modes can be adjusted using 41 parameters. The adjustment range and alarm values for the 12 representative ventilator parameters are summarized in Table 1. It offers a 15\({}^{\prime\prime}\) color TFT (resolution: 1024 \(\times\) 768 pixels), touchscreen, and knob HDMI for individual displays. The MP1300 also provides a total of 75 parameters for 12 items, such as wave, electrocardiogram, SpO2, non-invasive blood pressure (NBP), and invasive blood pressure (IBP); the upper/lower limits and alarm settings of 10 representative parameters are summarized in Table 2. The MP1300 has a 12.1\({}^{\prime\prime}\) color TFT touch screen, an encoder, and a +12 V mobile DC input. The hardware interface of the VCMS server operates under the following specifications: OS: Ubuntu 20.04 64 bit, CPU: Intel(r) Core(tm) i7-9700 3.60 GHz, 8 Cores, GPU: NVDIA GeForce RTX 2080, RAM:32 GB, HDD:1 TB, SSD:512 GB, and RJ-48 network supported. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & **Low Dimension** & **High Dimension** \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Range (Alarm)** & **Range (Alarm)** \\ \hline VE Trial & 0–2500 (200) mL & 51–2500 (600) mL \\ VE min & 0–49.9 (2.0) lpm & 0.1–50.0 (10.0) lpm \\ RESPR & 2–179 (5) lpm & 3–180 (30) lpm \\ Ppeak & 0–119 (10) cmH\({}_{2}\)O & 1–120 (60) cmH\({}_{2}\)O \\ O\({}_{2}\) & 18–100 (18)\% & 19–100 (80)\% \\ Air leak & - & 50–500 (500) mL \\ APNEA & - & 2–60 (28) s \\ SpO\({}_{2}\) & 51–99 (90)\% & 52–100 (100)\% \\ PR & 25–245 (50) bpm & 30–250 (120) bpm \\ EiCO\({}_{2}\) & 0–14.9 (4.0)\% & 0–15.0 (10.0)\% \\ FiCO\({}_{2}\) & 0–14.9 (0.1)\% & 0–15.0 (5.0)\% \\ RESP & 1–179 (5) bpm & 2–180 (30) bpm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: VE, exhaled minute volume; RESPR, respiratory resistance; Ppeak, peak pressure; PR, pulse rate; ECO\({}_{2}\), end tidal carbon dioxide; FiCO\({}_{2}\), fractional concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired gas; RESP, respiration.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Representative ventilator parameters and dimensions. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameters**} & **Low Dimension** & **High Dimension** \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Range (Alarm)** & **Range (Alarm)** \\ \hline Heart rate & 20–290 (50) bpm & 30–300 (120) bpm \\ ST segment & \(-0.99\) to \(-0.01\) (\(-0.50\)) mm & 0.01–0.99 (0.50) mm \\ SpO\({}_{2}\) & 51–99 (90)\% & 52–100 (100)\% \\ RESP & 2-145 (5) ppm & 10–150 (30) bpm \\ Temperature & 10–34 (32)\({}^{\circ}\)C & 20–38 (37)\({}^{\circ}\)C \\ APNEA & 10–120 (60) s \\ NBP & 5–300 (80/70/60) \({}^{\star}\) mmHg & 5–300 (150/130/120) \({}^{\star}\) mmHg \\ IBP & 5–300 (80/70/60) \({}^{\star}\) mmHg & 5–300 (150/130/120) \({}^{\star}\) mmHg \\ EiCO\({}_{2}\) & 0–14.9 (4.0)\% & 0–15.0 (10.0)\% \\ FiCO\({}_{2}\) & 0–14.9 (0.1)\% & 0–15.0 (5.0)\% \\ FiCO\({}_{2}\) & 0–14.9 (0.1)\% & 0–15.0 (5.0)\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: SpO\({}_{2}\), oxygen saturation; NBP, non-invasive blood pressure; IBP, invasive blood pressure; EtCO\({}_{2}\), end tidal carbon dioxide; FiCO\({}_{2}\), fractional concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired gas; \({}^{\star}\) hypertension/normal blood pressure/hypotension.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Representative patient monitor parameters and dimensions. In addition, the hardware interface of the client in the VCMS is as follows: OS: Windows 7 32/64 bit, CPU: Intel(r) Core(tm) i3-4150 3.50 GHz, RAM: 4 GB, and RJ-48 network and wireless support. The display monitor for the VCMS has a resolution of 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels and a size of 23''.