esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Multi-Objective Approach for Optimizing Virtual Machine Placement Using ILP and Tabu Search
###### Abstract
For instance, while reducing energy consumption is crucial for sustainability and cost savings, it may inadvertently lead to performance degradation if not balanced with latency or QoS requirements. Moreover, traditional approaches struggle to handle the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of modern cloud applications, such as cloud-native applications and serverless computing, which demand highly adaptive and resource-efficient placements. These challenges underscore the limitations of existing methods and highlight the need for more sophisticated, multi-objective strategies. In this context, this study introduces and compares two innovative methods that tackle the VMPP by considering multiple conflicting objectives simultaneously:  
* The first approach is a Multi-Objective Integer Linear Programming (MOILP) model that optimizes three key objectives: maximizing the number of hosted VMs, minimizing resource wastage, and reducing power consumption. This model integrates objectives that are crucial for cloud data center operators--increasing revenue, enhancing client satisfaction, and reducing operational expenditures (OPEX). By considering these objectives together, the MOILP approach offers a novel framework that seeks to strike a balance between OPEF and cost-effectiveness. * The second method explored is a Tabu Search (TS) algorithm, which offers a meta-heuristic solution to the same multi-objective problem. Unlike traditional heuristics, the TS algorithm is designed to optimize multiple objectives simultaneously, providing a practical solution to the computational challenges associated with the MOILP model. The TS algorithm excels in navigating large-scale problem spaces, offering high-quality solutions within reasonable computation times, making it particularly suitable for real-time cloud management scenarios. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the development and comparison of two distinct yet complementary methods--a precise optimization model and a meta-heuristic approach--both tailored to solve the complex, multi-objective nature of the VMPP. This dual approach contributes significantly to the current literature by addressing the shortcomings of traditional methods and offering practical, scalable solutions for optimizing VM Placement (VMP) in modern cloud data centers. The findings from this study provide a solid foundation for further research and hold great potential for improving OPEF in cloud computing infrastructures. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 provides a comprehensive description of the problem addressed in this study and a review of the current state of the art, highlighting relevant research and methodologies. Section 3 presents the proposed solutions, offering in-depth insights into their development and implementation. Section 4 discusses the simulation results, evaluating the performance of the proposed approaches. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the main findings and suggests potential avenues for future research.
## Nomenclature  
\(A_{col}\)Cross-section area of column  
\(A_{f,eq}\)Equivalent area of FRP area on the joint  
\(b_{c}\)Width of column  
\(b_{f}\)Width of the FRP sheet  
\(\hat{C}_{L,D}\)Initial damage's numerical coefficient  
\(C_{A.M.}\)Mechanical anchorage's numerical coefficient  
\(d_{b}\)Internal lever arm of beam  
\(E_{f}\)Modulus of elasticity of FRP fibers  
\(f_{a}\)Axial stress of column  
\(f_{c}\)Mean cylinder compressive strength of concrete  
\(h_{b}\)Height of beam  
\(h_{c}\)Height of column  
\begin{tabular}{l l} _jd_ & Distance from the tension and compression resultants in the beam at the beam \\  & joint interface \\ \(l_{b}\) & Length of beam measured from the column face \\ \(l_{c}\) & Entire test set-up height (i.e., from the bottom column pin to the top column pin) \\ \(M_{b1}\) & Bending moment of beam due to \(P_{b1}\) \\ \(M_{bi}\) & Moment in the beam at the beam-joint interface \\ \(N\) & Axial load on column \\ \(n_{s}\) & Number of sides of joint strengthened with FRP systems in shear in the line \\  & of action of load \\ \(n_{l}\) & Number of FRP layers \\ \(n_{str}\) & Number of strips on the joint panel \\ \(P_{b1}\) & Maximum tip load at the end of the beam taken from experimental test results \\ \(p_{c}\) & Principal compression stress of joint core \\ \(p_{t}\) & Joint panel principal tensile stress \\ \(P_{t,c}\) & Contribution of concrete to principal tensile stress of joint core \\ \(P_{c}\) & Maximum tip load at the end of the column taken from Experimental test results \\ \(P_{t,f}\) & FRP contribution to joint panel principal tensile stress \\ \(P_{t,tot}\) & Joint panel total principal tensile stress \\ \(t_{f}\) & Equivalent thickness of the FRP reinforcement (dry fibers only) \\ \(T_{s1}\), \(T_{s2}\) & Forces in the longitudinal steel of the beam \\ \(T_{fi}\) & Total force of FRP fibers in the generic direction \\ \(V_{b}\) & Beam shear \\ \(V_{c}\) & Column shear \\ \(V_{jh}\) & Horizontal joint shear \\ \(v_{jh}\) & Horizontal joint shear stress \\ \(V_{cal}\) & Shear force in column \\ \(V_{jp}\) & Vertical joint shear \\ \(w_{f}\) & Strip width \\ \(b\) & Inclination of joint panel FRP fibers \\ \(W_{b}\) & Whole set-up width \\ \(e_{fe}\) & Effective FRP strain \\ \(\theta\) & Angle corresponding to concrete's compressive strut, considered equal to joint \\  & cracks' inclination \\ \(\theta_{varying}\) & Varying direction of the principal compressive stress \\ \(\theta_{constant}\) & Constant direction of the principal compressive stress \\ \(v_{jh}^{exp}\) & Experimental joint horizontal shear stress \\ \(\beta\) & Inclination of fibers with beam axis \\ \(\sigma_{c}\) & Axial compressive stress \\ \(\epsilon_{f,e}^{exp}\) & Effective FRP strain from experimental data \\ \(\theta^{exp}\) & Experimentally determined principal compressive stress inclination \\ \end{tabular}
# A Study on the Super Resolution Combining Spatial Attention and Channel Attention
## 3 Proposed Method
### Upsampling  
Deconvolution was used to extend feature maps in the existing super resolution process. However, the deconvolution process causes checkerboard artifact problems due to redundant calculations. To solve this effectively, the feature map was extended using sub-pixel convolution. Afterwards, RGB super resolution images were created through residual blocks and three-channel convolution. Figure 12 is an extension process image for each feature map extension.  
\[F_{up}=Up([F_{s}(H(I_{lr}),\ F_{D}(H(I_{lr}))]), \tag{16}\]  
Equation (16) is an equation for extending the feature map, \(F_{up}\) is an extended feature map, UP is a sub-pixel convolution, \(F_{s}\) is a three-depth feature, \(F_{D}\) is a 10-depth feature, \(I_{lr}\) is input LR image, and \(H\) is a convolution. The traditional upsampling method using deconvolution can suffer from the checkerboard artifact problem, which has been addressed by using small strides and large kernel sizes. However, this approach requires a significant number of parameters and computations, which can cause performance degradation. The proposed network expands feature maps using sub-pixel convolution, which avoids the need for a large number of parameters and computations. Sub-pixel convolution was used differently depending on the scale factor to minimize the loss generated in the parameter and expansion process and reduce the amount of computation. Two and three times were extended using one sub-pixel convolution, and in the case of four times, they were extended using two times the sub-pixel convolution.
## 3 Results  
### Air Temperature Monitoring  
The use of the micrometeorological network for air temperature monitoring allowed us to understand the thermal patterns inside the urban canyon. Hobos 1 and 2 recorded air temperatures in the east/west orientation and although both devices were placed near to each other, the values registered in Hobo 1 represent better the behavior of temperatures in areas that are not exposed to the dominant wind direction in Lisbon (north/south). The highest air temperatures were registered along the south facade (the values were registered by Hobo 1), and Hobo 2, although was located in the east/west orientation, presented air temperatures similar to those observed with the Hobos placed along the north/south-orientated area, most probably due to the influence of ventilation from the predominant north wind direction.  
Hobos 3, 4, 5, and 6, which were placed along the north/south oriented urban canyon, showed similar values during the four months (April to June 2018). However, Hobo 5, which was located in the northern, always recorded the highest temperatures. This can be explained by the fact that, of the three instruments placed in this orientation, Hobo 5 was closer to the west facade than the other two, which were in the center of the urban canyon and more exposed to heat and radiation fluxes from the facades.  
Figure 7 shows the hourly air temperatures of the of the instruments installed on the street with east/west and north/south orientation. The highest hourly temperatures were always registered in the instruments placed in the area with east/west orientation when compared with those installed in the area with north/south exposure. The highest differences were recorded in all the studied period, between 9:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. when the urban canyon received direct solar radiation.  
Figure 7: Average air temperatures (°C) in the two areas of the urban canyon with opposite exposure in April (**a**), May (**b**), June (**c**), and July (**d**) of 2018.
## 2 Proposed Conference/Meeting Minute Generation System
### Google Speech Recognition  
The Google speech recognition system has excellent speech recognition capabilities and includes the following features: speech modification, domain-specific modeling, and streaming speech recognition. Therefore, this study uses the streaming speech recognition of Google-Speech-to-Text API to accomplish the speech recognition function. In this study, we used a microphone to capture the voice and uploaded the stream to Google Cloud to quickly obtain the speech recognition result. During the experiment, the recognized language is set to Chinese, and the recognized Chinese recognition results are concatenated to obtain the text content of the meeting.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Learning Rate** & **Epoch** & **Iteration** & **Validation Accuracy** \\ \hline
0.005 & 10 & 5950 & 97.56\% \\
0.001 & 10 & 5950 & 97.83\% \\
0.0005 & 10 & 5950 & 97.65\% \\
0.0001 & 10 & 5950 & 98.89\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparisons of the accuracy of Speaker YAMNet validation set with different learning rates.  
Figure 3: Speaker YAMNet training trajectory with a learning rate of 0.0001, where the orange color denotes the training loss.  
In order to evaluate the performance of Google API speech recognition, Chinese Mandarin speech can be represented by word error rate (WER), given in Equation (3) as follows:  
\[WER\%=\frac{S+D+I}{N}.100\% \tag{3}\]  
where \(S\), \(D\), \(I\), and \(N\) denote the word numbers of substitution, deletion, insertion, and total testing, respectively.  
As shown in Equation (3), the speech recognition error arose from the substitution, deletion, and insertion. The smaller the value of WER, the better the speech recognition performance. The WER can reach 0% in the experiments for some short utterances. The average WER is 4.5%.  
Google Speech-to-Text API is trained with millions of hours of speech data and billions of sentences to recognize multiple languages and accents. This model can accurately recognize speech content for general language sentences and specific topics due to the rich training vocabulary.
# An Experimental Study of Turbulent Structures in a Flat-Crested Weir-Type Fishway
## 4 Conclusions  
Through the experimental study of turbulent structures in the flat-crested weir-type fishway, we can draw some conclusions as follows:  
Distribution of longitudinal time-averaged velocity was characterized by topology, which constituted considerable vertical vortex. The vertical vortex got prolate when flow rate increased, and impingement region of weir flow deepened to delay formation of surface skimming flow. Vertical time-averaged velocity close to the impingement region of upstream baffle being higher, and its distribution along the pool depth was basically uniform at the same cross-section. Weir flow exhibited a skimming flow in the fishway pool. One part of the skimming flow discharged into the downstream pool, and the other part formed a vertical vortex on the longitudinal profile in the pool because of a block of the downstream baffle, which contributed to fish rest during anadromous migration. Longitudinal turbulence intensity in the surface layer was larger than that in the lower layer, and reached the maximum value in impingement region of weir flow. Peak-value range of longitudinal turbulence intensity existed and then reduced along flow direction. Vertical turbulence intensity was larger in the surface layer of impingement region and decreased with an increase in the depth. The amplitude of variation in Reynolds stress in surface layer reached the maximum, which provided a hydraulic condition for fish that favor jumping near the surface layer. The amplitude of variation below surface layer was smaller, but it enlarged with an increase in flow rate.  
In the past, the hydraulic design of most of fishways focused merely on mean velocity due to a limit of test means and ignoring turbulence characteristics in fishways. However, the engineering practice showed that many fishways failed to allow fish species to pass. Actually, fish species are in the three-dimensional flow fields, the flow structures are complicated, including interaction among different turbulent jets such as free jet, wall jet, impinging jet, and multi-jet in a confined space, also accompanying intense horizontal and vertical vortices. How do fish species to react to the complicated turbulent structures? It is valuable to conduct fish tests based on the experimental study of turbulent structures, and to develop the relation between fish species and the turbulent structures.  
Introduction, Z.G. and Z.D.; experimental facility and methodology, Z.G. and Z.D.; time-averaged velocity distribution, Z.G. and X.S.; vertical vortex in the pool, X.S. and Z.G.; figures and tables, Z.G. and X.S.; data curation, Z.G., Z.D., and X.S.; writing--original draft preparation, Z.G. and Z.D.; writing--review and editing, Z.G. and X.S.  
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Grant Number 51779225.  
Figure 11: Vertical distribution of Reynolds stress on the \(x\alpha z\) plane. (**a**) \(Q_{1}=20.79\) L/s; (**b**) \(Q_{2}=30.04\) L/s.
## 4 Discussion
Additionally, this field test recorded significant time consumption on data verification and editing processes, which is expected to be reduced with field workers becoming more accustomed with scan-compatible form and related processes. Likewise, one of the data field workers also mentioned the practice aspect of the time reduction during an interview. On one hand, viewing and verifying all processed data values is beneficial for ensuring data quality, but on the other hand this requires the field worker to spend more time finalizing the scanned record after correcting Scan's errors. Therefore, more errors in the machine-readable data fields resulted in the frustration of field workers. Furthermore, lower recognition accuracy of the number boxes indicates a need for additional application engineering work to make ODK Scan more practical and workable solution. However, it is also an essential consideration for an implementing organization to include as many machine-readable data fields as required [38]. Additionally, the opinion of the field workers must be included during the form design process, so that the workload is anticipated and subsequently accepted by them and only important data fields are chosen for the ODK scan paper-to-digital system. Complexity of the mHealth interventions requires change management considerations, including changes in the behavior of healthcare providers and professionals, and systems and processes in delivering care [39; 40]. Considering the short duration of the ODK Scan pilot phase, its impact on the TB case management aspects and treatment outcomes could not be measured. After feedback-informed technology enhancements, its expansion plan in the TB control program of Pakistan will be prepared. In current mHealth domain, a key challenge is to make strong evidence available for advocating the proliferation of mHealth use in improving health outcomes. Therefore, in future studies, we aim to measure ODK Scan's effectiveness in ensuring fidelity to treatment protocols and improving treatment outcomes.
## 1 Introduction
The intensity and wavelength changes in reflected and transmitted light can also provide information about the superficial characteristics and internal structure of the sample. When using diffuse reflection and diffuse transmission methods for spectral acquisition, the mechanisms of light interaction with the sample differ, leading to variations in sensitivity and accuracy in capturing and reflecting sample characteristics, which can result in differing final detection outcomes. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is well-suited to the rough surface of fruits, providing uniform light scattering information and making it ideal for non-destructive testing. However, its penetration depth is shallow, primarily reflecting surface characteristics. In contrast, diffuse transmittance spectroscopy can penetrate deeper into the fruit, detecting internal features such as moisture and sugar content. Nevertheless, its light penetration efficiency is limited by the fruit thickness and color. [PERSON] [23] compared reflectance, interactance, and transmittance in visible-NIR (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy for predicting the internal quality of yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. The results indicated that NIR spectroscopy is an effective tool for the rapid, non-destructive assessment of internal fruit quality, with the interactance mode outperforming the other two. Reflectance is suitable for surface detection but requires a smooth surface, while transmittance is limited in thicker or darker fruits. The interactance mode captures both surface and partial internal information, making it ideal for rapid online detection, though it is less precise than diffuse reflectance and diffuse transmittance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of diffuse reflection and diffuse transmission spectral acquisition methods on the accuracy of kiwifruit SSC prediction. Optimal prediction models were built using different preprocessing methods and effective wavelength selection approaches, and the acquisition method providing better prediction performance was evaluated. Bycomparing these two different spectral acquisition methods, we aim to identify a superior approach for developing a portable device for predicting SSC in kiwifruit.
## 4 Discussion
### Temporal Stability of ECIs During Key Vegetation Growth Periods  
Following data curation, key indicators were selected for the primary vegetation growth season (April-October) to evaluate the impact of ECIs during the peak growth period. The analysis reveals that, under global warming, temperature variation and drought are the main drivers of GPP reductions in the HDMs, whereas higher temperatures and increased precipitation benefit the GPP. These indices exhibit greater temporal stability during the vegetation season compared to the summer, likely due to increased productivity in response to spring warming in high-altitude regions. This warming enhances evapotranspiration, leading to soil moisture deficits in summer [69], which reduces photosynthetic efficiency, offsetting the positive effects of high temperatures [45] and resulting in reduced stability during the summer.  
The influence of extreme climates on the NDVI in the SCB is complex. Higher temperatures increase photorespiration (primarily in C3 plants) [70], leading to metabolic dysfunction and oxidative damage to chloroplasts [71], resulting in poorer plant growth, as reflected in the NDVI. Some studies suggest that anthropogenic activities contribute to approximately 40% of alterations in the NDVI [72]. Moreover, sudden disasters and their lag effects might have a greater influence than global warming. Within ecological thresholds, sustained impacts can enhance ecosystem resilience, which allows for them to withstand more intense climate effects [73; 74]. For instance, in the Amazon rainforest, increased precipitation can lead to greater tree cover and resilience by promoting the adaptability of vegetation traits [74]. There is a significant positive correlation between plants' responses to drought and total precipitation [75; 76]. The extreme drought in the SWC during 2009-2010 was a \"once in a century\" event, with farmlands experiencing the most severe suppression, yet their recovery was stronger compared to other vegetation types [77]. Over 80% of drought-stricken areas observed NDVI recovery within five months, whereas the GPP required a longer period [77]. Therefore, vegetation in the SCB exhibits an unstable response to ECIs, showing weaker resilience in the face of sudden catastrophic events, and requiring longer recovery times compared to the effects of sustained extreme climate events.  
The YGP's karst topography, with its thin soil layer and significant limestone coverage, makes vegetation highly vulnerable to fluctuations in water availability [78]. This contrasts with the more resilient ecosystems in the SCB, where human interventions such as reforestation and natural forest conservation have enhanced the stability of vegetation despite the challenging climatic conditions [79]. Since 2000, Yunnan and Guizhou have been pilot regions for the \"Grain for Green\" project, and, influenced by human activities, these regions have experienced increased vegetation cover. This has resulted in enhanced soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, affecting soil enzyme activity and promoting increased vegetative growth [79; 80].