Remote Sens._**2015**, \(7\), 13586-13605; doi:10.3390/rs71013586  
_remote sensing_  
**ISSN 2072-4292**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing  
_Article_  
Using High-Resolution Hyperspectral and Thermal Airborne Imagery to Assess Physiological Condition in the Context of Wheat Phenotyping  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1,***  
* Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient ficas (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.G.-D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.H.)
* Agrovegetal S.A., Demetrio de los Rios 15, 41003 Sevilla, Spain; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* Author to whom correspondence should be ssed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +34-957-499-280; Fax: +34-957-499-252.  
Academic Editors: [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON]  
_Received: 28 July 2015 / Accepted: 1 October 2015 / Published: 19 October 2015_  
There is a growing need for developing high-throughput tools for crop phenotyping that would increase the rate of genetic improvement. In most cases, the indicators used for this purpose are related with canopy structure (often acquired with RGB cameras and multispectral sensors allowing the calculation of NDVI), but using approaches related with the crop physiology are rare. High-resolution hyperspectral remote sensing imagery provides optical indices related to physiological condition through the quantification of photosynthetic pigment and chlorophyll fluorescence emission. This study demonstrates the use of narrow-band indicators of stress as a potential tool for phenotyping under rainfed conditions using two airborne datasets acquired over a wheat experiment with 150 plots comprising two species and 50 varieties (bread and durum wheat). The flights were performed at the early stem elongation stage and during the milking stage. Physiological measurements made at the time of flights demonstrated that the second flight was made during the terminal stress, known to largely determine final yield under rainfed conditions. The hyperspectral imagery enabled the extraction of thermal, radiance, and reflectance spectra from 260 spectral bands from each plot for the calculation of indices related to photosynthetic pigment absorption in the visible and red-edge regions, the quantification of chlorophyll fluorescence emission, as well as structural indices related to canopy structure. Under the conditions of this study, the structural indices (_i.e._, NDVI) did not show a good performance at predicting yield, probably because of the large effects of terminal water stress. Thermal indices, indices related to chlorophyll fluorescence (calculated using the FLD method), and carotenoids pigment indices (PRI and CAR) demonstrated to be better suited for screening complex traits such as crop yield. The study concludes that the indicators derived from high-resolution thermal and hyperspectral airborne imagery are efficient tools for field-based phenotyping providing additional information to standard NDVI imagery currently used.  
Keywords:hyperspectral; water stress; field-based phenotyping; chlorophyll fluorescence; thermal imaging +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of the American Statistical Association