# Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy
## 2 Information and Communication Technology Solutions for the Circular Economy
### Data Collection and Internet of Things  
Various data collection and IoT technologies were reviewed for the purposes of this paper, spanning asset tagging, building information modeling (BIM), satellite imaging, GIS, SCADA, and others. The following paragraphs explain how these technologies act as enablers for CE. Among the most widely used technologies are smart tags and radio-frequency identification (RFID). Smart tags are small devices combining memory, data processing and communication capabilities. They come in different shapes and sizes and can be used for various applications (e.g., object or animal identification, manufacturing, personnel security, goods transportation) [59]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrate the use of smart tags technology for the unique identification of items and the tracking of the environmental conditions in which a product is maintained. Such a technology offers improved handling of resources and facilitates decision-making [60]. RFID tags, which have a small microchip on board, are very popular tools for the identification of objects, using electromagnetic fields [61]. [PERSON] et al. support that the development of an automotive recycling information management system (IMS), based on RFID and IoT technologies, would substantially improve the recycling/recovery rate [62]. Building information modeling (BIM) is another enabler of CE. BIM is a technology that creates an accurate virtual model of a building. Such a model visualizes what is to be built, enabling the identification of potential design, construction, or operational issues [63]. [PERSON] et al. underline the role of RFID and BIM technologies in making building elements more traceable, adaptable and reusable in new designs [64]. [PERSON] et al. analyze a disassembly and deconstruction analytics system for ensuring efficient materials recovery as well as for checking if building designs are compliant with the concepts of CE [65]. One of the major technological pillars of CE is IoT. IoT is a global network of interconnected objects which have unique addresses and can communicate using standard protocols [66]. Among other waste management solutions, [PERSON] et al. describe an IoT-based smart solar powered waste compacting bin, contributing to the optimization of the collection routes and the reduction of unnecessary clean-up costs [67]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrate an affordable IoT solution for video makers, which optimizesresource use by enabling users to transform traditional video equipment into smart objects and shoot through a mobile application [68]. Industrial internet of things (IIoT) encompasses various disciplines including energy production, manufacturing, agriculture, healthcare, retail, transportation, logistics, aviation, space travel, etc. [69]. [PERSON] et al. analyze an IIoT system for upstream management and improvement in the oil and gas industry. The specific system offered financially and environmentally beneficial results [70]. Another important technological pillar of CE is the geographic information system (GIS). GIS refers to computer systems which store, manage, analyze and display geospatial data [71]. [PERSON] et al. describe a new information strategy framework for sustainable manufacturing, based on the integration of GIS technologies with the current product lifecycle management (PLM) [72]. [PERSON] et al. describe an example where the satellite infrastructure was utilized. In this example, WorldView-2 satellite images were used to map Typha grass in Hadeja valley irrigation scheme, contributing to the control of this plant as well as to the sustainable use of it for the production of biogas [73]. The use of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems is also key in some CE applications. SCADA does not refer to a full control system, but rather to a supervisory software package, positioned on top of hardware and using interfaces via programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or other commercial hardware modules [74]. [PERSON] et al.