## 1 Aquaculture Production  
### Global Aquaculture Production  
According to the FAO [1], global aquaculture production nearly tripled from 34 MT in 1997 to 82 MT in 2020 (Table 1). Freshwater fish production accounts for 62% of total production. Globally, total fish production, compared to 1997, increased by 40%. However, the majority of global fish production remains limited to only 22 of the 425 farmed species (Table 1) [2]. The main producers of salmonids (excluding Asia) are Norway and Chile, which account for approximately 2% of global production (primarily Atlantic salmon (_Salmo salar_)). In 2019, global trout production stood at 940,000 tonnes [1]. The main farmed species is rainbow trout, which accounted for 97% of the total volume. In 2019, trout production increased by 21% in volume compared to 2015. Over the past decade, total annual fish catches have shown wide variations, while aquaculture production has increased steadily [1] (Table 2). Over the period 2001-2020, aquaculture production grew by an average of 5.3% per year. According to a recent study, global investments in the aquaculture sector are expected to significantly increase in the coming years [3]. In Western countries, fish farming is mainly based on one or two species using a single production system. In recent decades, the fish farming sector has taken advantage of significant improvements in the genetic and nutrition fields. Aquaculture growth has been stimulated by the strong expansion of global trade, fish availability in freshwater streams and lakes, competitive product prices, rising personal incomes, and increased urbanisation. Asia remains the largest producer of fish products, accounting for 92% of the total production by volume. The largest producers of Atlantic salmon are Norway, Chile, and Scotland, and those of rainbow trout are Norway, Chile, and Turkey (Figure 1). In Asia, the recent increase in freshwater aquaculture production is due to the higher demand for fish in urban areas and a reduction in inland and rural fishing activities. The process of globalisation has been very rapid, with widespread increases in household incomes and the expansion of markets, especially in developing countries (which have grown more rapidly than developed countries). According to the FAO, global fish production in 2020 was 178 MT [1]. However, aquaculture production is unevenly distributed. China leads in both fisheries and aquaculture, with a total production of 66.8 MT, followed by Indonesia, India, Vietnam, and the United States [1]. China is the world's largest exporter, followed by Norway, Vietnam, the United States, Thailand, and Turkey (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Species** & **Production (\(\times\)1000 t)** & **\% of Total** \\ \hline Grass carp, _Cronpharyngadion idellus_ & 5791.5 & 11.8 \\ Silver carp, _Hypophthalmichtys molitrix_ & 4896.6 & 10 \\ Nile tilapia, _Oreochromis niloticus_ & 4407.2 & 9 \\ Common carp, _Cypritus carpio_ & 4236.3 & 8.6 \\ Catala, _Catala calta_ & 3540.3 & 7.2 \\ Bighead carp, _Hypophthalmichtys mobilis_ & 3187.2 & 6.5 \\ _Carrassius spp_ & 2748.6 & 5.6 \\ Stripped catfish, _Pangasimandon hypophthalmus_ & 2520.4 & 5.1 \\ Roho labeo, _Labue nulata_ & 2484.8 & 5.1 \\ Clarias cafishes, _Clarias spp_ & 1249.0 & 2.5 \\ Tiliapas El, _Oreochromis spp_ & 1069.9 & 2.2 \\ Wuchang bream, _Magolokrama amblycephalus_ & 781.7 & 1.6 \\ Rainbow trout, _Oroochromis mydasis_ & 739.5 & 1.5 \\ Black carp, _MyMypharyngadorn piccus_ & 695.5 & 1.4 \\ Largemouth black bass, _Micropters salmonites_ & 621.3 & 1.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Inland world aquaculture production of major species.