## 3 Experimental Data and Results  
### Usefulness of Camera-Based Optical Communications in the Detection Process  
In the case of image sensors, they cannot have high-performance features or extraordinary image quality, and their behavior varies depending on different smartphones. Even the sampling rate of a room can vary from extremely low to very high. In terms of OCC performance, data transfer rate or distance are features that often depend on how the measurements were made and the quality or parameters of the smartphone cameras. There are rooms with much better sampling rates that can offer much higher efficiency, but these types of rooms increase the costs compared to the standard ones. Therefore, the frame rate is the number of individual frames that comprise every second of a video. In the case of shutter speed, this is identified by the period time for each frame that is exposed to light. Shutter speed is always represented by fractions of a second. In the case of the frame rate per second, cameras that are rated at more than 200 fps are classified as HFR (high-frame-rate) cameras, and those with less than 50-60 fps are classified as LFR (low-frame-rate) cameras. Promises for HFR cameras have extremely high data rates, but most cameras on smartphones are LFRs with about 20-30 fps in video recording mode. In an OCC system, there is a light source, an LED used to transmit data depending on the type of modulation used. Camera-type sensors are also used to receive data for individual frame processing. Thus, the frames that contain data from the LED light are captured and processed following the processing algorithm but also by supplementing with information from the front area of the smartphone, where photoresistors are found. To avoid interference and parasitic factors, each frame is exposed to light only for a short time, and the camera shutter performs the control, as is the case with the photoreceptor, which in many cases saturates and has a much slower response time. Addressing, in particular, the field of road and pedestrian safety, many accidents with loss of life occur between 15:00 and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Article** & **Direction** & **Method** & **Results** \\ \hline
[67] & PC-to-PC connection and transfer text, images using visible light communications. & Transfer information (the encrypted data through visible light, and receiver identifies and descriptors the information). & The study was successful in sending the text and image text with accuracy of 100\% and image 99\% at a rate of 9600 kbps. \\ \hline
[68] & Vehicle-to-vehicle distance estimation using low-resolution camera based on visible light communications. & The work developed a high-speed and long-distance communication using VLC system and blue light LD. & The real-time transmission was 1.445 Gbit/s optical OFDM signal in 4.8 m underwater channel. The error vector magnitude was approximately 10\%. \\ \hline
[69] & Transfer text and image, reception text and image using light from LEDs and a light sensor. & This work transferred the image and text to bit with Raspberry Pi platform and Python. & They successfully transferred one line of text with image 80\% received. \\ \hline
[70] & Study that was based on communication using GaN micro-LEDs with E-O bandwidth (1.3 GHz for multi-gigabit visible light communications). & Based on the high-speed micro-LED, they demonstrated that a transfer rate of 2 Gbps and a BET of 1.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) & The results include a 4 Gbps system with multiplexing and orthogonal division in frequency and phase shift in quadrature and with a BER of 3.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Results obtained in the integration of mobile telephony in visible light communications. 24:00 when in low-light areas reflections of light are formed that disturb visibility. The first phase of the analysis and simulations was performed in a controlled environment; later, the tests were extended in a dynamic outdoor environment.