## 3 Results
### Land Use and Land Cover Distribution  
#### 3.2.1 Study Sites  
The land use and land cover (LULC) distribution in Table 6 reveals distinct patterns and changes across the two study sites, Manaus (Figure A3) and Porto Velho (Figure A4), over the six years from 2018 to 2023. Terra-Firme Forest dominated both areas, covering 67.8% (774,477 ha) of Manaus and 48.9% (451,876 ha) of Porto Velho by 2023. The second most prevalent land cover differed between sites, with Water Bodies accounting for 13.3% (151,598 ha) in Manaus and Agriculture/Pastureland comprising 31.0% (286,038 ha) in Porto Velho. Burned Areas were the least common in both locations, occupying only 0.1% (1582 ha) in Manaus and 0.4% (3787 ha) in Porto Velho by the final year. Changes in the total class area between 2018 and 2023 highlighted significant losses in Terra-Firme Forest for both sites (\(-\)17,354 ha in Manaus and \(-\)23,788 ha in Porto Velho), followed by Floodplain Forests (\(-\)5231 ha in Manaus and \(-\)8841 ha in Porto Velho). Conversely, Secondary Forest showed the largest gain in Manaus (22,362 ha), while Agriculture/Pastureland expanded most significantly in Porto Velho (29,080 ha). Development Areas in Manaus and Secondary Forests in Porto Velho also exhibited notable increases. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Manaus** & **2018** & **2019** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2020**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2021**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2022**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2023**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Change**} \\ \hline
**LULC class** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** \\ \hline Terra-Firme Forest & 791,830 & 69.3 & 790,320 & 69.2 & 785,773 & 66.8 & 774,476 & 67.8 & 797,447 & 69.8 & 774,477 & 67.8 & \(-\)17,354 \\ Floodplain Forest & 76,104 & 6.7 & 77,398 & 6.2 & 751,813 & 6.6 & 76,369 & 6.7 & 59,723 & 5.2 & 70,873 & 6.2 & \(-\)5231 \\ Secondary Forest & 50,992 & 4.5 & 69,364 & 6.1 & 63,300 & 5.5 & 70,255 & 6.2 & 59,788 & 5.2 & 73,835 & 6.4 & \(+\)22,362 \\ Agriculture/Pastureland & 45,170 & 4.0 & 37,533 & 3.3 & 41,619 & 3.6 & 40,800 & 3.6 & 46,229 & 4.0 & 44,983 & 3.9 & \(-\)187 \\ Burned Areas & 995 & 0.1 & 470 & 0.0 & 1096 & 0.1 & 974 & 0.1 & 824 & 0.1 & 1582 & 0.1 & \(+\)587 \\ Barren Land & 7300 & 0.6 & 3042 & 0.3 & 4900 & 0.4 & 6739 & 0.6 & 5686 & 0.5 & 6811 & 0.6 & \(-\)489 \\ Development Areas & 16,922 & 1.5 & 17,789 & 1.6 & 17,259 & 1.5 & 17,065 & 1.5 & 17,575 & 1.5 & 18,527 & 1.6 & \(+\)1605 \\ Water Bodies & 152,891 & 13.4 & 15,289 & 13.4 & 152,446 & 13.3 & 155,536 & 13.6 & 154,937 & 13.6 & 151,598 & 13.3 & \(-\)1293 \\ \hline
**Porto Velho** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** & **2022** & **2023** & **Change** \\ \hline
**LULC class** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** & **\%** & **ha** \\ \hline Terra-Firme Forest & 475,664 & 51.5 & 474,948 & 51.4 & 485,278 & 52.6 & 466,465 & 50.5 & 455,205 & 49.3 & 451,876 & 48.9 & \(-\)23,788 \\ Floodplain Forest & 42,071 & 4.6 & 30,209 & 3.3 & 25,310 & 2.7 & 28,840 & 3.1 & 40,302 & 4.4 & 33,230 & 3.6 & \(-\)8841 \\ Secondary Forest & 76,203 & 8.3 & 83,906 & 9.1 & 74,260 & 8.0 & 78,123 & 8.5 & 79,118 & 8.6 & 83,327 & 8.9 & \(+\)6123 \\ Agriculture/Pastureland & 256,949 & 27.8 & 259,923 & 28.1 & 262,154 & 28.4 & 278,745 & 30.2 & 281,053 & 30.4 & 286,038 & 31.0 & \(+\)29,088 \\ Burned Areas & 3968 & 0.4 & 5204 & 0.6 & 6458 & 0.7 & 7209 & 0.8 & 4021 & 0.4 & 3787 & 0.4 & \(-\)181 \\ Barren Land & 19,783 & 2.1 & 22,242 & 2.4 & 22,059 & 2.4 & 14,205 & 1.5 & 13,3900 & 1.5 & 16,276 & \(+\)18 & \(-\)306 \\ Development Areas & 9314 & 1.0 & 8595 & 0.9 & 7283 & 0.8 & 9456 & 1.0 & 7737 & 0.8 & 7865 & 0.9 & \(-\)1448 \\ Water Bodies & 32,074 & 3.5 & 31,965 & 3.5 & 32,594 & 3.5 & 32,226 & 3.5 & 32,729 & 3.5 & 31,952 & 3.5 & \(-\)122 \\ Savanna & 7398 & 0.8 & 6433 & 0.7 & 8029 & 0.9 & 8155 & 0.9 & 9864 & 1.1 & 10,074 & 1.1 & \(+\)2675 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}