## 2 Materials and Methods
### Analyses  
Particle size distribution: The particle size distribution (PSD) properties of the CIWE were determined using a Malvern Mastersizer MS20 (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, England). In all cases, the analysis was carried out in quadruplicates using a 2-mW He-Ne laser beam (633 nm) and a 45-mm focus lens. The PSD, mean particle diameter (d\({}_{3.2}\) um, volume/surface mean, also called the Sauter mean), and the specific surface area (SSA m\({}^{2}\)/mL) were recorded. Surface excess: The amount of protein that was adsorbed or directly engaged per unit surface area at the O/W interface in the investigated CIWE (\(\Gamma\), mg/m\({}^{2}\)) was investigated using the procedure that had been previously reported [30]. Using a series of three successive \"washing and separation\" steps, the procedure allowed removing \"entrapped\" or loosely engaged\" proteins from the O/W interface of the investigated CIWE, thus leaving only proteins that are either truly adsorbed at the O/W interface or are tightly bound to proteins that are adsorbed at the O/W interface. In all cases, the \"washed cream\" that was obtained after the third \"washing and separation\" step was collected and its protein and fat content was determined. The total protein content (N \(\times\) 6.25) of \"washed creams\" was determined, in quadruplicates, according to the Macro-Kjeldahl procedure [50; 51]. Total oil content of separated washed creams was determined, in quadruplicates, while using a modification of the Roese-Gottlieb method [31]. Using the results of protein and fat analyses, SSA of the investigated CIWE, and 0.915 g/mL as the density of soy oil at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the surface excess (\(\Gamma\)) of the investigated CIWEs was calculated as previously described [30], according to Equation (1). \[\Gamma=\frac{\mathrm{P}}{\frac{\mathrm{O}}{0.916}\times\mathrm{SSA}} \tag{1}\]  
where: \(\Gamma\) is surface excess (mg/m\({}^{2}\)), P and O are protein and oil content in washed cream (mg/g), respectively, and SSA is the specific surface area of CIWE (m\({}^{2}\)/mL). _Core content_: Total core (oil) content of the spray-dried (SD) microcapsules (OMC) was determined, in quadruplicates, according to a modification of the Roese-Gottlieb procedure [31; 34]. Briefly, a sample (1 g) of SD microcapsules was reconstituted in 9 mL of de-ionized water and the resulted emulsion was treated with 1.25 mL of ammonium hydroxide. After adding 10 mL of ethanol, the lipids constituents of this emulsion were extracted (three successive times) with a mixture of ethyl ether and petroleum ether. The analysis was carried out in quadruplicate. _Core retention_: The parameter core retention during spray drying (CR) was defined as the ratio (expressed in %) of core content that was included in 100 g of moisture-free SD microcapsules to that in 100 g of moisture-free CIWE solids [30; 31] and it was calculated according to Equation (2). \[\mathrm{CR}(\%)=\frac{\mathrm{OMC}}{\mathrm{OE}}\;\times\;100 \tag{2}\]  
where: CR is core retention, OMC and OE are core (oil) content per unit mass of moisture-free SD microcapsules and CIWE solids, respectively. _Extractable oil_: The parameter extractable oil EO(t) was defined as the proportion of encapsulated core that could be extracted by petroleum ether from SD microcapsules during t minutes at standard extraction conditions. The extractable oil was determined as previously reported [30; 31]. In short, 1 g, of SD microcapsule was placed in a 50 mL Quorpak glass bottle (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and it was dispersed in 25 mL of petroleum ether (analytical grade, bp 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA)). After capping with Teflon-lined closures, the bottle was placed on a Model 360 Garver shaker (Garver Mfg., Union City, IN, USA) and the extraction was carried out for 2.5, 5.0, 15, or 30 min at a gentle shaking condition (to avoid damaging the microcapsules).