To further improve system performance, we implement Kerberos using AES-128 encryption instead of the original Data Encryption Standard 77 (DES77) [17] aiming to reduce authentication time. Then, we assess the feasibility of blockchain technology for VANET authentication scenarios using Ethereum and simulate the process with Omnet++. To evaluate its effectiveness, we have designed three distinct scenarios. The first scenario involves simulating the system in a suburban environment within the Tsushima Campus area at Okayama University, Japan. This simulation involves 100 vehicles and one Trusted Authority Server (TAS). The second scenario involves an urban environment in the Okayama Station area, featuring a higher vehicle density with 200 vehicles and one TAS. Then, the third scenario is a variation of the second but includes an additional TAS, totaling two TASs. In our evaluation, we focus on network performance metrics such as authentication delay, handover delay, and end-to-end delay. Additionally, we assess \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Reference/Year** & **Security Methods** & **Blockchain Utilization** & **Simulation Environment** & **Evaluation Area** & **Evaluated Parameters** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [10]/2020 & CA decentralization and biological-password-based and group-based authentication algorithm & No & One (Opportunistic Networking Environment) and ProVerif & Urban area (ring road of Beijing) & Performance evaluation including authentication overhead and certificate updating overhead \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [11]/2021 & Pseudonym-based and group-based authentication algorithm & No & ns3, Sumo, and MIRACL & Urban area (Guilin city) & The study analyzes RSU computation and service capabilities, and v2v authentication \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [12]/2021 & Honeylist technique, SHA-256, and XOR operation & No & NS3 & not indicated & It considers factors such as end-to-end delay, throughput, computation cost, and communication cost, and energy consumption cost \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [13]/2023 & AES, TKIP, and CCMP encryption blockchain & Yes & Hyperledger fabric and apache |J Meter & Not indicated & Evaluated performance based on authentication time \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14]/2023 & ECC and blockchain & Yes & Hyperledger Fabric & Not indicated & It evaluates the performance of BDRA, including simulation parameter setting, theoretical computation time cost, and stability validation \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [15]/2022 & Blockchain and ECC & Yes & NS3 and BAN logic & not indicated & The performance analysis considers computational cost, end-to-end delay, and throughput \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [16]/2023 & Blockchain and ECC & Yes & NS2 & not indicated & It considers computational overhead, authentication delay, and gas consumption \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [Proposed]/2024 & Kerberos authentication, AES encryption, and blockchain & Yes & Omnet++, Sumo, Truffle, and Ganache & Suburban and urban area & It considers authentication delay, handover delay, end-to-end delay, gas consumption, and memory size of the blockchain \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparative study of proposed literature with some existing authentication for VANET literatures. blockchain performance by measuring factors such as gas usage and the memory size of the blocks. The contributions of this paper are listed below:  
* It proposes a system that enhances the effectiveness of the authentication protocol by storing the authentication message from Kerberos authentication in the blockchain system. * It reduces the authentication delay by utilizing blockchain to access the authentication message, which can make the re-authentication process simpler than the initial authentication process. * It evaluates the authentication delay, handover delay, and end-to-end delay to compute the performance of the system and investigate the effects of TAS on these delays.