# Home-Based Lower Limb Exercises for Individuals with Diabetes: A Scoping Review
## 3 Results
### Results of Retrieved Articles
Safety was rated 3 (IQR: 3–5), with no adverse events. Exercise progression peaked at session 11, with 90\% standing on both legs and 10\% on one. By the final sessions, most exercised on one leg, averaging 25 \(\pm\) 4.5 repetitions. & Clinical and Biomechanical Outcomes: \\  & At baseline, both groups were similar in characteristics and outcomes. After 8 weeks, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in DPN severity, an increase in hallux relative to forefoot (first metatarsal joint) RoM, and a reduction in maximum forefoot-to-hindfoot dorsifical choring gait. There was also a trend toward increased maximum hallux dorsifical relative to the forefoot, though this was not statistically significant. & \\  & & There were significant differences in ulcer recurrence between groups: \\ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study/** & & \\
**Country/** & **Measure Devices** & **Outcome Measures and Follow-Up/** \\
**Type of Study** & & **Results** \\ \hline  & Primary Outcomes: & \\  & \(\bullet\) & DPN symptoms: Measured using the Brazilian version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) questionnaire (score range: 0–13, higher scores indicate worse DPN). & \\  & \(\bullet\) & DPN Severity—Assessed using the Decision Support System for Classification of Diabetic Polynetropathy (score range: 0–10, higher values indicate more severe DPN). & \\  & Secondary Outcomes & \\  & Clinical Variables: & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Tactile sensitivity—Evaluated using a 10 g monofilament at four plantar areas. & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Vibration perception—Measured with a 128 Hz running fork at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Toes and hallmark strength—Measured isometrically using a pressure plate (Emed q-100; Novel GmbH). & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Plantar pressure parameters—Assessed using a pressure plate (100 Hz). & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Gait kinematics and kinetics: Motion Capture System—42 reflective markers placed on lower limbs (Plug-In Gait and Oxford Foot Model), tracked by 8 cameras (100 Hz; Vicon Motion System). Ground Reaction Forces: force platform (AMTI OR-6-1000, 1 kHz). & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Gait speed—Checked at baseline, and 8 and 16 weeks, using two photocells (Model Speed Test Fit Cefise, Brazil). & \\  & Primary Outcomes: & \\  & \(\bullet\) & DPN symptoms: Assessed using the Brazilian version of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (scores: 0–13, higher = worse symptoms). & \\  & \(\bullet\) & DPN severity: Measured by the Decision Support System for Classification of Diabetic Polynetropathy (scores: 0–10, higher = more severe). & \\  & Secondary Outcomes: & \\  & Secondary Outcomes: & \\  & \(\bullet\) & DPN-related outcomes: Tactile sensitivity, measured at four plantar areas, using a 10 g monofilament. & \\  & Randomized controlled trial FOCA I (SOPeD intervention) & \(\bullet\) & Vibration perception: Assessed at the first metatarsophalangeal joint with a 128 Hz tuning fork. & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Functional outcomes: Foot health, evaluated by the Brazilian Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), including foot pain, function, health, and shoe fit (score: 0–100, higher = better). & \\  & Muscle strength: Toes and hallmark strength measured via a pressure plate. & \\  & Balance: Functional reach test. & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Foot-ankle kinematics and kinetics: Measured using Vicon Motion Capture and force plates. & \\  & \(\bullet\) & Plantar pressure: an Embed-q pressure plate. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._In other research, RoM was assessed by using manual goniometers, and dynamic walking assessments were performed on pressure platforms. These studies found significant improvements in the ankle and first metatarsophalangeal joint RoM following exercise interventions. Additionally, reductions in peak plantar pressures were observed across various foot areas, indicating that exercises effectively reduced pressure in the forefoot and hindfoot [15].