## 4 Materials and Methods  
The ALBP was analyzed using the MTM time standard. This is a widely used method for scheduling production processes because it assumes that individual basic movements in the correct sequence are more time-efficient and can be executed with fewer errors. Due to the cycle times in the observed assembly line, the use of the MTM Universal Analysis System (MTM-UAS) was recommended. This method of predetermined motion time system was described in the last review article [64] as state-of-the-art in practice. The Work-Factor (WF) system and the Methods-Time Measurement (MTM) system are well known approaches from a group of predetermined times. Both systems have some benefits and obstacles and have undergone many changes and variants over time. The MTM system was first described by [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [65] for production process planning. Both approaches, WF and MTM, are based on the assumption that individual basic movements can be performed in the correct sequence more time efficiently and with fewer errors. The time units used are referred to as TMUs (Time Management Units). The components of the process follow each other in a linear sequence, which is reflected in their sequential process. The basic concept of MTM is to decompose a task into its basic human activities, use basic times for them from tables, and combine them into a basic time for the entire task. Several variants of MTM have been developed, differing in their focus. Because of the length of the process time, the MTM Universal Analysis System (MTM-UAS) was chosen in this study (Figure 3). MTM-UAS, which assigns a pre-determined time standard to specific individual process steps, was created to meet manufacturers' demands for productivity improvement in batch production. Today, it is widely used in the automotive industry [66]. The categorization MTM-UAS aims for serial production and minimization of the time units used. Sequences of movements and tasks occur regularly and in rapid succession. [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the ideal workflow from the point of view of efficiency. In addition to the personal skills and abilities of the workers, they emphasized the sequence of work steps as particularly important [67]. The cycle times of the observed production line range from 60 to 120 s, and the detailed MTM analysis with all the required steps was extensive. To illustrate the application of MTM analysis, a brief example based on a laboratory demonstration of a workstation was prepared and is shown in Figure 4. The example shows 7 assembly operations consisting of 14 assembly steps. For each movement that is performed, the starting position of the worker must be known. Code is then developed based on factors such as the difficulty of grasping and positioning the object, which depend on the size, weight, and type of packaging of the object. Accurately measuring the length of the movement is critical to determining the specific code for each step. Additionally, codes for body motion, including side steps, are used in this example. MTM-UAS allows for the creation of building blocks that represent operations that are repeated in the assembly process. It is recommended that these building blocks are used to avoid discrepancies in the different phases of the timing analysis. Originally, the analysis was divided into seven parts. Splitting the timing analysis is recommended when the results show that the output is not achieved and realignment of the assembly line is required. The split parts were later combined into one workstation for presentation purposes [58]. The sum of all steps in the example in Figure 4 results in a base time of 21.96 s. The base time represents the cycle time of the workstation. In our analysis, the European Assembly Worksheet (EAWS) was used to assess workers' posture and movements. EAWS was originally developed for the assessment of assembly work in the automotive industry, where work is performed in short cyclic segments.