## 3 Results  
For SEM analysis, images of the disks were obtained at \(\times\)150, \(\times\)1000, and \(\times\)5000 based on secondary electrons (SEs). The SEM images show different topography of the surfaces after wear for each group. At low magnification (\(\times\)150), the wear produced a uniform and even surface in all groups. However, at higher magnifications (\(\times\)1000 and \(\times\)5000), it was possible to observe large irregularities in the form of the non-uniform sulcus, and, in some places, poorly cut spikes of titanium, in comparison with the disks of the CON group (which showed a uniform distribution of the sulcus). In these images at greater magnification, the TCB and CGB groups showed greater irregularities compared to the TB and FGB groups. Figure 4 shows representative SEM images of the magnifications proposed for each group. With regard to the roughness analysis of the surfaces of the groups, the obtained values for the roughness parameters evaluated for Ra and Rz are presented in Table 1. In the comparison among all groups, the one-way ANOVA statistical test showed differences among them: \(p\) = 0.0035 for Ra and \(p\) = 0.0010 for Rz. The AFM images of the surface morphology showed different irregularities of the surfaces after implantoplasty (instrumentation) procedures for the groups (Figure 5). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Roughness** & \multirow{2}{*}{**CON Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**TB Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**TCB Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**CGB Group**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**FGB Group**} \\
**Parameters** & & & & & \\ \hline Ra & 0.77 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 0.45 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 0.75 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.83 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 0.51 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ Rz & 4.32 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 3.68 \(\pm\) 0.64 & 5.61 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 6.03 \(\pm\) 0.71 & 3.98 \(\pm\) 0.67 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The mean and standard deviation of the measured values (in \(\upmu\)m) of surface roughness parameters analyzed (Ra and Rz) for each group. Figure 4: Representative SEM images of the magnifications proposed for each group: \(\times\)150, \(\times\)1000, and \(\times\)5000 magnifications. To evaluate the influence of different surfaces on the growth of cells, a fibroblast-like cell line was used in an in vitro experiment where, after culturing for 24 h, fibroblast mitochondrial activity was evaluated through MTT assay. The groups showed an important statistical difference among them (\(p=0.0032\)). However, we compared the four groups with wear on the disks, and no significant differences were found among these groups (\(p=0.3916\)). The bar graph of Figure 6 shows the comparison among the groups. The [PERSON]'s multiple comparison test between the groups is presented in Table 2.  
Adherence of fibroblast cells with red phenotype to the five surface groups was investigated. The number of adherent cells remaining on the surface of the worn titanium disks was quantified and calculated as a percentage of the initial cell number deposited on \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group Comparison** & **Mean of Diff.** & \(p\)**-Value** & **95\% CI** \\ \hline CON vs. TB & 0.2768 & 0.0022 \({}^{*}\) & 0.2262 to 0.3274 \\ CON vs. TCB & 0.2892 & 0.0022 \({}^{*}\) & 0.2385 to 0.3398 \\ CON vs. CGB & 0.2708 & 0.0022 \({}^{*}\) & 0.2201 to 0.3214 \\ CON vs. FCB & 0.2906 & 0.0022 \({}^{*}\) & 0.2400 to 0.3412 \\ TB vs. TCB & 0.01238 & 0.2403 & \(-\)0.03825 to 0.06302 \\ TB vs. CGB & \(-\)0.006019 & 0.6991 & \(-\)0.05666 to 0.04462 \\ TB vs. FCB & 0.01382 & 0.4848 & \(-\)0.03682 to 0.06446 \\ TCB vs. CGB & \(-\)0.01840 & 0.1727 & \(-\)0.06904 to 0.03223 \\ TCB vs. FCB & 0.001436 & 0.6884 & \(-\)0.04920 to 0.05207 \\ CGB vs. FCB & 0.01984 & 0.3939 & \(-\)0.03080 to 0.07048 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Diff. = differences; \({}^{*}p\)-value summary for \(p<0.05\); CI = confidence interval.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: [PERSON]’s multiple comparison test to compare the growth of cells between the groups. Figure 5: AFM 3D images of the surface morphology of each group.