## 3 Results and Discussion
### LC-MS Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Culinary Spices and Herbs
#### 3.5.1 Flavonoids

Table 5: _Cont._Flavanols  
A subclass of flavonoids known as flavanols is present in a variety of plant-based foods, particularly spices and other herbs. They are renowned for their antioxidant properties and have been associated with various health benefits, such as improving heart health and cognitive function. Flavanols are also found in herbs and spices such as cinnamon, parsley, and thyme [44]. Moreover, (+)-gallocatechin (compound **3**) and (+)-Catechin (compound **2**) are the most abundant flavanols in nature [45]. All compounds from **1** to **5** are detected in negative modes of ionization ([M\(-\)H]\({}^{-}\)). Compound **1** (epigallocatechin-3'-glucuronide, C\({}_{21}\)H\({}_{22}\)O\({}_{13}\)) was tentatively recognized at \(m/z\) 481.0987 in basil and fenugreek leaves, which was confirmed through MS [46]. Epigallocatechin-3'-glucuronide has been shown to increase beneficial gut bacteria while reducing harmful bacteria, improving gut health and potentially reducing the risk of diseases, for instance, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer [47]. It also has anti-cancer as well as anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and potentially preventing certain types of cancer. While primarily found in green tea [48; 49], (+)-gallocatechin (compound **3**, C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{14}\)O\({}_{7}\)) was putatively characterized in coriander seeds and basil leaves at \(m/z\) 305.0659 and 305.0667. (+)-gallocatechin is a flavonoid that aids in shielding cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage, which can contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, as well as neurodegenerative disorders [50]. Additionally, research has suggested that (+)-gallocatechin may have anti-cancer along with anti-inflammatory properties [48]. Compound **2** was characterized as catechin having chemical formula C\({}_{15}\)H\({}_{14}\)O\({}_{6}\) at \(m/z\) 289.0701 in basil, coriander, fenugreek, and mint leaves. Catechin is a flavonoid compound found in various herbs and spices extensively studied for its potential health-promoting effects. This compound possesses potent antioxidant properties that aid in shielding cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage [51]. Additionally, catechin has been observed to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and may also enhance cognitive function and positively impact brain health [52]. Procyanidin dimer B2 and trimer C1 are tannins that may protect the heart and cardiovascular system due to their significant antioxidant potential [53]. Compound **4** was putatively identified in basil, fennel, and mint leaves at \(m/z\) 865.1972 and designated as procyanidin trimer C1. Procyanidin dimer B2 (compound **5**, C\({}_{30}\)H\({}_{26}\)O\({}_{12}\)) was tentatively known at \(m/z\) 577.1313 in negative ionization mode in basil, fenugreek, and mint leaves [54]. Flavanones  
Compounds **6**-**9** were also detected with the negative mode of ionization. Compound **6** (Hesperidin, C\({}_{28}\)H\({}_{34}\)O\({}_{15}\)) was found at \(m/z\) 609.1805 in basil, mint, coriander and fennel leaves extract [55]. In addition to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, hesperidin has anti-allergic effects that can help reduce symptoms of allergies [56]. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that hesperidin may positively impact cognitive function, have beneficial neuro-pharmacogical effects, and have potential benefits for cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving blood flow [57]. Compound **7** was identified at \(m/z\) 595.1629 in negative mode and putatively categorized as neoeriocitrin in mint, fenugreek, and basil leaves. In addition to research on its potent antioxidant properties, neoeriocitrin also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, making it a potential natural remedy for conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and arthritis [58]. This compound has also been shown to positively affect cardiovascular health, reducing blood pressure and cholesterol levels.