esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
The use of low-orbit satellite Internet has enabled the use of VANET even in sparsely populated and hard-to-reach areas of the Far North. However, the use of satellite data links has led to an increase in the number of cyberattacks on satellite IoV. To solve this problem, it has been proposed to use a zero-knowledge authentication protocol based on a redundant MPPC. The conducted research has shown that the use of a parallel modular code, on the one hand, reduces the time cost of authentication and, on the other hand, provides the effective operation of the authentication system of a satellite RSU. To evaluate the effectiveness of the ZKAP based on an MPPC, a prototype of the satellite authentication system using FPGA was developed. The results showed that by using an MPPC with six-bit bases, the authentication time was 1565 ns, which is 2.33 times shorter than that of the single-module ZKAP [65]. Also, comparative analysis showed that at a signal-to-noise ratio of 8 dB, an authentication system without the use of a noise-resistant code provides a bit error rate equal to \(BER_{1}=2\times 10^{-4}\). The use of BCH codes provides a bit error rate (BER) equal to \(BER_{2}=2\times 10^{-5}\). The application of the developed algorithm of error correction in an MPPC allows for reducing the BER down to \(BER_{3}=2\times 10^{-6}\). Thus, the application of the developed authentication protocol based on a redundant MPPC allows for increasing the level of cybersecurity of satellite IoV.  
Conceptualization, I.A.K.; Data curation, A.A.O. and N.V.K.; Formal analysis, A.A.O.; Investigation, A.A.O. and T.A.P.; Methodology, I.A.K.; Project administration, I.A.K.; Software, D.V.D. and N.K.C.; Supervision, I.A.K.; Validation, N.V.K. and T.A.P.; Visualization, N.I.K.; Writing--original draft, I.A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number 23-21-00036.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# PSO-Based Voltage Control Strategy for Loadability Enhancement in Smart Power Grids
## 6 Numerical Examples and Results
### IEEE 118-Bus
#### 6.2.1 Effects of Different Pilot-Bus Selections  
To illustrate the effect of different pilot-bus selections on control performance, a series of simulations has been performed. Some selected cases are listed in Table 2. The simulation results are depicted in Figure 10, showing that \(y^{RMS}\) and \(VSM\) are considerably enhanced after the proposed control algorithm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Case** & **Load Level 1** & **Load Pattern** & **Load Variation** & **Pilot-Bus Selection** \\ \hline
1 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.3\) & Single & 15\% & Pilot\_One 2 \\
2 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.6\) & Single & 15\% & Pilot\_One 2 \\
3 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.9\) & Single & 15\% & Pilot\_One 2 \\
4 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.3\) & Several & 25\% & Pilot\_Even 3 \\
5 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.6\) & Several & 25\% & Pilot\_Even 3 \\
6 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.9\) & Several & 25\% & Pilot\_Even 3 \\
7 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.3\) & All & 35\% & Pilot\_Odd 4 \\
8 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.6\) & All & 35\% & Pilot\_Odd 4 \\
9 & \(\lambda_{0}=0.9\) & All & 35\% & Pilot\_Odd 4 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Load Level: \(\lambda_{0}\) denotes initial load level; 2 Pilot\_One: Given the pilot bus at a specific load bus; 3 Pilot\_Even: Given the pilot buses at even load buses; 4 Pilot\_Odd: Given the pilot buses at odd load buses.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Selected scenarios for IEEE 118-bus.  
Figure 9: Load bus voltage profile of Case 2 for IEEE 118-bus.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Distribution
Owing to its lipophilicity, persistence and extensive use, tonalide has been detected in water bodies, sediments and biota, including humans [28]. Tonalide concentrations are relatively high in the environment and biota, and are especially high in wastewater treatment plants [28]. Caffeine is an alkaloid that occurs in more than 60 plant species (e.g., in the seeds of the coffee, cacao and cola tree and in the leaves of the tea tree). It is a constituent in a variety of beverages (coffee, tea, caffeinated soft drinks) and in numerous food products (chocolate, pastries, dairy desserts). The global average consumption is about 70 mg per person per day but varies in the different countries [29]. This makes it a pollutant that can be found in wastewater effluents, in surface waters [30] and even in groundwater [31]. Caffeine has been proposed as an indicator of wastewater pollution [32; 33]. The domestic insecticides, chlorfenvinfos isomers (2/112; 1.8%) and diazinon (1/112; 0.9%), the fragrance compound musk ketona (1/112; 0.9%) and triclosan (2/112; 1.8%), a disinfectant used in body care products, were detected only in the area affected by urban wastewaters (site 2575); at this site, the more frequent EDCs were tonalide (8/112; 7.1%) and piperonyl butoxide (13/112; 11.6%), an ingredient in insecticides to control pests in households, in food-handling establishments and for human and veterinary applications against ectoparasites. This suggests that the source is also linked to urban wastewaters. The banned pesticides dinocap (1/112; 0.9%) and tetramethin (1/112; 0.9%), the authorized fungicide flutolanil, and the degradation products of triazine herbicides desethyl-atriazine (6/112; 5.4%) and desethyl-terbuthylazine (5/112; 4.5%) were identified only in springs and streams draining agricultural areas. Finally, the banned biocides mevinphos (1/112; 0.9%) and propoxur (7/112; 6.2%) were detected only in lake water samples. In the areas of the lake receiving return flows from agriculture, such as points 2649 and 2652, we identified atrazine (7/112; 6.2%), propoxur, boscalid (8/112; 7.1%), cyprodinil, methomyl (7/112; 6.2%) and tebuconazole (8/112; 7.1%). Cyprodinil, O-phenylphenol, butylated hydroxanisole (8/112; 7.1%), fluoranthene, fluorene (27/112; 24.1%), piperonyl butoxide and tonalide were identified in all sampling points.
## 6 Conclusions  
Fish and plants were grown on an aquaponics standard testbed and a vermiponics testbed for three months without water replenishment and the next three months with water replenishment. Both systems were monitored using sensors and IoT devices. The plants' attributes selected were plant length, leaf length, stem size and leaf size, whereas the fish attributes chosen were fish weight and fish length. The main observation from this study was that there was better fish and plant growth as well as clear productivity improvement in the yields produced, with water replenishment. The changes observed with the water replenishment were statistically significant. Under the current investigation conditions, adding earthworms in the growbed enhances productivity as water replenishment resulted in 2.83% and 5.54% overall productivity improvement for the standard aquaponics and vermiponics systems, respectively. This research will be further explored with the growth-stage classification of the Swiss chords using machine vision and machine learning. Plant harvest time prediction is another prospective topic for investigation as the growth rate of the two systems were slightly different.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.C. and F.T.-M.; methodology, P.C. and F.T.-M.; software, P.C. and A.G.; validation, P.C., F.T.-M., A.G. and L.N.; formal analysis, P.C., F.T.-M., A.G. and L.N.; investigation, P.C.; resources, P.C.; data curation, P.C.; writing--original draft preparation, P.C.; writing--review and editing, P.C., F.T.-M., A.G. and L.N.; visualization, P.C.; supervision, F.T.-M. and A.G.; project administration, A.G. and F.T.-M.; funding acquisition, F.T.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This project has been partially internally funded by the School of Engineering, Computing, and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Wolverhampton and supported by the EU Horizon 2020 MSCA RISE Project ReACTIVE Too, Grant Agreement No 871163.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** This animal study was approved by the Faculty of Science and Engineering ethics committee (LSEC/202122/ AA/147), University of Wolverhampton. This study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.  
**Abbreviations**  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} IOT & Internet of Things \\ ML & Machine Learning \\ APS & Aquaponics Systems \\ TAN & Total Ammonia and Nitrogen \\ pH & Potential Hydrogen \\ TDSs & Total Dissolved Solids \\ DO & Dissolved Oxygen \\ \end{tabular}
## 2 Materials and Methods
### WorldCover Product  
We used the European Space Agency (ESA) WorldCover land cover product to prepare the cropland basemap (Figure 5a). This product was the first global land cover product at 10 m resolution based on both Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data. The WorldCover 2021 product [30] represents the global land cover for 2021 and is the successive version of the initial product obtained for 2020. It was generated with an improved algorithm (v200 vs. v100), leading to an overall improved retrieval and an increased accuracy (76.6% vs. 74.7%). As shown in Figure 5a, extensive croplands in Shaanxi are predominantly situated within the Guanzhong Plain, characterized by the prevalence of moderate- and large-sized crop  
Figure 4: Distributions of total observations (**a**–**c**) and good-quality observations (**d**–**f**) in data from various sensors during 2021 in Shaanxi Province.  
fields. Conversely, the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, as well as the Qinba mountainous area of southern Shaanxi, exhibit small-sized crop fields.  
The Third National Land Survey (TNLS) data of Shaanxi Province, released in 2022, served as the benchmark for evaluating the derived cropland basemap. This dataset resulted from tremendous efforts integrating field surveying, drones, and satellite imagery with a resolution of less than or equal to one meter [31]. By collecting the cropland area figures from the TNLS result for each city, ranging from 85.6 Kha to 926 Kha, we assessed the accuracy of the WorldCover cropland product. To achieve this, we calculated the cropland area for each city using the cropland basemap and compared it with the TNLS data, employing linear regression for analysis.  
For cropland area at the city level, the derived cropland map from the WorldCover product exhibited reasonably good agreement with the TNLS dataset. The correlation coefficient between these two datasets was 0.85, and the regression line closely approximated the 1:1 line, as depicted in Figure 5b. For most cities, the data points were near to the 1:1 line. As a whole, the cropland area estimated from the WorldCover product was higher than the area from the TNLS dataset by about 354 Kha. Consequently, the WorldCover product shows promise as a reliable source for generating a land use map for Shaanxi, particularly for extracting the distribution of cropland.
# A Dynamic-Routing Algorithm Based on a Virtual Quantum Key Distribution Network
###### Abstract  
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an encrypted communication technique based on the principles of quantum mechanics that ensures communication security by exploiting the properties of quantum states. Currently, the transmission efficiency of the QKD system is low. Trusted relay technology is used to solve this problem and achieve long-distance transmission. However, trusted relaying alone cannot decrypt the issues of poor link stability and the low utilization of key resources. To further optimize the system performance, we propose a dynamic routing algorithm. One of the improvement schemes includes the following: firstly, an adjustable-size quantum key pool (QKP) is designed, which can dynamically adjust the size of the refreshing pool according to the actual demand. Secondly, the utilization of key resources is improved by using the residual quantum key model to dynamically obtain the remaining key amount in the QKP and set the key amount threshold. We calculate the link-blocking probability and track the blocking intensity and blocking entry by combining the Poisson process, thus realizing the evaluation of the link stability. Finally, the number of remaining keys in the QKP and the link-blocking probability combine with the random wandering model as the basis of the route selection for the QKD dynamic routing algorithm to achieve efficient key path selection. We validated the algorithm by comparing it with other algorithms on the Mininet simulation platform, and the algorithm proved to have a better performance in terms of congestion avoidance, delay reduction, and improved QKD efficiency. This scheme provides a novel and efficient way to solve the problems in existing QKD systems. It effectively improves the transmission efficiency and strengthens the system's security by dynamically obtaining the critical volume, accurately evaluating the link state, and selecting the optimal critical path.  
quantum key distribution; adjustable-size key pool; remaining key quantity; link-blocking probability; dynamic routing algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
18 June 2023  
Revised: 19 July 2023  
Accepted: 21 July 2023  
Published: 27 July 2023
## 4 Discussion  
In this chapter, the results described in Section 3 are compared with previous results existing in the literature for the same case study. Such results are illustrated in detail in terms of the plastic or fractured zone developed around the tunnel in [34]. The comparable results pertain only to the case of hydrostatic in situ stress conditions. The paper refers to the use of three different methods:  
* the Damage Initiation-Spalling Limit (DISL) approach [16], which is a composite envelope describing different rock behaviour depending on the level of confinement,
* the Cohesion Weakening and Frictional Strengthening (CWFS) approach [12], which assumes that cohesive and frictional resistances are not mobilised at the same time and
* the FDEM method, adopting the Y-Geo code [20].  
The comparison can be seen in Figure 13: the picture referred to the present study shows as background colours the velocity magnitude of the elements. All numerical results reproduce spalling behaviour in a qualitatively comparable way, as the fractured (for the FDEM methods) or yielded (for the continuum FEM and FDM methods) area develops in all cases uniformly around the cavity. Beyond the shape, the spalling depth is also rather similar and is included between 2.5 and 5.2 m for the current study. The higher values refer to elements with lower velocity that may be considered partially detached from the surrounding rock mass.  
Figure 12: Principal maximum stress in the lining after the tunnel excavation.  
Figure 13: Comparison of previous results from [34] with the FDEM results of the current study (hydrostatic conditions).  
It has to be noted that, compared to a continuum model, where plane-strain conditions effectively simulate deformations around a long tunnel, 2D FDEM models represent the crack growth only in the plane considered and might slightly differ from the results of a 3D model because it depends on the fracturing which is better captured in 3D. However, in this case, the rock mass is highly massive and 2D models are therefore suitable to effectively reproduce fracturing.
# Resource Allocation for Relay-Based OFDMA Power Line Communication System
## 4 Numerical Results  
In this section, we show the numerical results of the proposed resource allocation strategy in the practical PLC environment. Assume the relay lies in the middle of the source and users, and we use the following parameters: The frequency band is \(0-20\) MHz, the subcarrier band is \(\Delta f=62.5\) KHz. The total subcarrier number is \(N=128\). Substituting the OFDM symbol interval \(\Delta T=\frac{1}{\Delta f}\) into (9) to obtain the normalized interference power \(\eta_{n}\) between channel \(n\) and channel \(m\). With the proposed dynamic resource allocation algorithm, we can obtain the interference coefficient, interference power and optimal transmit power, as shown in Figure 2. It can be seen that the subcarrier \((1,3,6,7)\) has a large interference coefficient, and no power allocated on these subcarriers. Meanwhile, the subcarrier \((9,10,11,17)\) has small interference coefficient (\(\eta_{17}=0.011\)) and more power is allocated for signal transmission, that is, as the interference increases, the power gradually decreases, and vice versa. In addition, the PLC channel status can also affect the power allocation result, we can see that the interference coefficient \(\theta_{18}=0.023<\theta_{14}=0.036\). However, the optimal transmit power allocated on 14 is larger than 18. Similary, due to the PLC channel status, the subcarrier \((12,13,15)\) did not assign power to transmit signals. Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that the optimal power allocation is affected by both the interference coefficient and the channel status.  
Figure 3 depicts the PLC system throughput with the growth of the interference threshold \(I_{tol}\) under different transmit powers. It is obvious that when the interference threshold \(I_{tol}\) takes a smaller value, the system throughput increases with the growth of \(I_{tol}\) no matter the value of transmit power. With the further increase of \(I_{tol}\), the system throughput is constrained by the transmit power and the larger power the higher throughput. In addition, the throughput under different transmit power \(P_{s}\) no longer increases till the accordingly points of \(I_{tol}\), since with the growth of \(I_{tol}\), the interference constraint ineffective to the resource allocation.  
In Figure 4, the system throughput is curved with the growth of interference threshold \(I_{tol}\), and the transmit power is \(P_{s}=10\) dBW. Different resource allocation strategies have been shown in Figure 4, including the subcarrier pre-assignment method of FDMA and the optimal subcarrier allocation scheme (Opt. subcarrier), and the power control policy (Opt.PA and Equal PA). It can be seen that the proposed scheme achieves the maximum system throughput comparing with all the other schemes.  
Figure 3: The PLC system throughput with the interference threshold \(I_{tol}\) under different transmit power.  
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of PLC system interference coefficient, optimal interference power value and optimal power allocation value.
# Energy Efficiency of IoT Networks for Environmental Parameters of Bulgarian Cities
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Standard** & **Range** & **Topology** & **Frequency** & **Speed** & **Energy Consumption** & **Practical Implementation** \\ \hline IEEE 802.15.1 & & & & & & \\ WPAN (Bluetooth) & 100 m & Star, Mesh & 2.4 GHz & 1–24 Mb/s & Low & Sensor data transfer \\ \hline IEEE 802.15.4 & & & & & & \\ LRWPAN (ZigBee) & 100 m & Star, Tree, Mesh & 2.4 GHz & 250 Kb/s & Low & Sensor data transfer \\ \hline
2G/3G & 10 km & Star & Cellular network & 10 Mb/s & High & Mobile, Data transfer \\ \hline
4G/5G & 10 km & Star & \begin{tabular}{c} 5G–28 GHz; \\ 4G-700-2500 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & Up to 10 Gb/s & High & Mobile, IoT \\ \hline Sigfox (0G) & 10 km & Star & \begin{tabular}{c} 868–869 MHz, \\ 902–928 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & Up to 0.6 Kbit/s & Medium & \begin{tabular}{c} Sensor data \\ transfer \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline IEEE 802.11 & 1.5 km & Star & 2.4, 3.6, 4.9, 5 GHz & \begin{tabular}{c} 11 Mb/s–1 \\ Gb/s \\ \end{tabular} & Medium & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Mobile, Data \\ transfer \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline LoRa & 15 km & Star & 433, 868, 915 MHz & 27 Kb/s & Very low &
\begin{tabular}{c} Sensor data \\ transfer, IoT \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Standards for wireless data transmission. The main contributions that can be summarized are: a comparative analysis of WSN for six cities in Bulgaria; when designing a WSN, it is necessary to take into account the number of nodes, their location and the size of the network as a whole; the performance of wireless sensor networks can be optimized by applying appropriate routing protocols, which are proposed in the available literature; the proposed analyses of wireless sensor networks can be used for IoT scenarios to determine environmental parameters. The article is structured as follows: An analysis of available literature sources has been made (Section 2). Six cities in Bulgaria have been selected (Section 3). WSN topologies have been created, depending on the regulations for each city. A numerical analysis of wireless sensor networks in terms of their energy efficiency was performed, and the obtained results are compared with those of the available literature (Section 4). Summaries and conclusions have been made (Section 5).
## 4 Application and Results
### CSE Corpus Building
#### 4.1.3 Dialogues Enrichment  
As mentioned earlier, corpus can be small in size, and this can have a negative influence on ML/NLP algorithms' efficiency. To enrich the collected dialogues, we parsed and created a list of 200 critical nouns belonging to one of the three sensitive data categories. Afterwards, for each noun, ten new sentences were added where the noun identified as critical was substituted by a similar word. Thus, the dialogues were enriched by 2000 new sentences. The discovery of similar words was based on the Word Embeddings technique [25], that is used to capture the meaning of the words using a dense vector representation. Each point in the embedding space represents a word and, based on the surrounding words of the target word, these points are learned and moved around. We used a pre-trained word2 vec model to discover the synonyms based on the _distributional hypothesis_ that linguistic items, e.g., words with similar distributions in a specific context (dialogue/document), have a similar meaning. This way, a segregation of the different domain words is being created using their vector values. Words with similar meanings were grouped due to their similar distribution on the dialogues. We created a vector space where each unique word in a dialogue is assigned a corresponding vector. Hence, the vector space is a vector representation of the words in the collected dialogues.  
The individual dimensions of these vectors have no inherent meaning. However, it is the overall patterns of location and distance between vectors that ML/NLP algorithms take advantage of. For example, the application of word embedding technique in order to locate the ten most similar words to the word 'password' gave us the list illustrated in Figure 3:  
One can notice that the word 'password' and the word 'logon have a Euclidean distance of 0.632 while the word 'password' and the word 'passphrases' have a smaller Euclidean distance of 0.602.