# Understanding and Predicting the Usage of Shared Electric Scooter Services on University Campuses
## 4 Results
### Policy Recommendation  
In line with the intentions of the Malaysian government to develop green university campuses in the country, a number of universities in Malaysia have begun carrying out different green practices in an effort to improve sustainability. Accordingly, Malaysian academic centers, especially those at the higher education level, are dedicated to supporting the 40% reduction of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) emissions vowed by the government at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio [57]. Nevertheless, scholars such as [58] argue that, in Malaysian university management, practitioners and stakeholders are oblivious to green campus paradigms, which has caused most universities to ignore green practices. Currently, research on sustainability is initiated and socially certified by experts in higher education institutions [59]. However, there is still a lack of a proper method for interdisciplinary communication and cooperation among these sustainability practitioners to compile integrated data gleaned based on green indicators, which should be considered when achieving sustainability within Malaysian university campuses [60; 61]. Nowadays, various sustainability practitioners in different areas of expertise work collaboratively to reach sustainability in the context of universities. However, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration is still absent among sustainability practitioners at higher education levels [62; 63]. As [64] put, there is an urgent need for an interdisciplinary approach that is able to provide higher education institutions with a green campus paradigm toward accomplishing socio-economic and environmental sustainability. This is echoed by [65], who declared that there was insufficient harmonization and cooperation among practitioners from dissimilar domains that work jointly to obtain sustainability. The green campus concept aims to introduce engineering features including waste treatment, water treatment, and air pollution control, alongside personal aspects, such as promoting a laissez-faire outlook. To develop a green campus, it is essential to assess the present data, information, and reports while focusing on enhancement. Generally, the aspects assessed in terms of green campus valuation instruments for higher education covers site and planning management, waste management, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, water efficiency and  
Figure 8: Impact of road features on the perceptions of respondents who believed safety was an extremely preventative factor for riding an e-scooter. conservation, indoor environmental quality, material and resource management, green education, and green innovation. In this regard, electricity, waste generation, and transportation were chosen as targets considering their higher influences on CO\({}_{2}\) emission. Promoting active and novel modes of transportation can be an effective approach to reduce carbon emissions, as future transport will probably be dominated by electric vehicles (EVs). These vehicles offer several environmental benefits, which can lead to sustainability in urban transportation. More specifically, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are gaining worldwide popularity. With their light weight, they could be well integrated into urban transport systems. Electric scooters are emergent vehicles that could be used as an alternate transportation mode in campus and urban areas. These scooters have the potential to improve mobility and can be used in place of short car and ride-hail journeys. On the other hand, scooters have introduced some new challenges, which include safety, negative effects on disabled people, walkway clutter, etc. It is important for cities to evaluate the benefits that may be gained by using Shared Free-Floating Electric Scooter (SFFES) systems.