# Short-Range Transportation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) during Disasters in Japan
## 3 Results  
The wind speed was below 7 m/s all day and there was no rainfall. All flights were stable with no unusual vibrations. No resonance or other abnormal vibrations occurred between the cargo and the aircraft due to the length of the hanging loops. The UAV hovered while positioning the transporter goods at the narrow destination point, without any impact, before landing safely at the endpoint. The trials are summarized in Table 3, showing successful transport of DMAT equipment, AED transport, insulin transport, and emergency food transport. The results for the transport trials are presented in detail in this section. When transporting DMAT rucksacks with a load of 17 kg to their destination, an assistant's guidance was utilized (Figure 1a,b). With regard to the transportation of foodstuffs, alpha rice and dried bread were safely transported with no impact. For the transportation of insulin injections, a simple blood glucose meter, drug-integrated insulin syringes, a set of needles, and disinfect cotton were transported via stable flights. A cold storage flight carrying insulin in a simple refrigerator also took place without problems. However, the temperature in the refrigerator was 12 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the beginning of the experiment and 16 \({}^{\circ}\)C at the end of the experiment due to the intense heat in Japan. As a maximum outside temperature of 36 \({}^{\circ}\)C was measured immediately after the flight, this means that insulin was transported at a temperature 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C lower than the outside temperature. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Trial**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Outdoor Conditions**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Flight Information**} & \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Elevation (m)** & **Weather** & **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & **Time (m-s)** & **Transport Goods** & **Loading** & **Set up the Weight (kg)** & **Control** & **Auxiliary Transport Goods** \\ \hline
1 & 1110 & Cloudy & 24.6 & 2.21 & DMAT Rucksack & 17 & Hung & Manual & Support \\
2 & 1060 & Cloudy & 24.1 & Not recorded & DMAT Rucksack & 17 & Hung & Manual & Auxiliary Support \\
3 & 35 & Sunny & 32.0 & Not recorded & DMAT Rucksack & 17 & Hung & Manual & Support \\
4 & 35 & Sunny & 32.0 & Not recorded & DMAT Rucksack & 17 & Hung & Manual & Auxiliary Support \\
5 & 35 & Sunny & 27.1 & 1.40 & Insulin plus glucomer & \textless{}1 & Attached & Manual & No support \\
6 & 35 & Sunny & 36.2 & 11.7 & Insulin in a refrigerator & \textless{}1 & Attached & Automatic & No support \\
7 & 1060 & Sunny & 17.4 & 2.22 & Insulin in a refrigerator & \textless{}1 & Attached & Automatic & No support \\
8 & 1060 & Sunny & -2.3 & 3.30 & Hardtack & 6.8 & Hung & Manual & Auxiliary \\
9 & 1060 & Sunny & -4.2 & 2.28 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Pregelatinized \\ rice \\ \end{tabular} & 13.8 & Hung & Manual &
\begin{tabular}{c} Manual \\ Support \\ Auxiliary \\ Support \\ Support \\ Support \\ Support \\ \end{tabular} \\
10 & 1060 & Sunny & 12.3 & 3.35 & Hardtack & 6.8 & Hung & Manual & Support \\
11 & 1060 & Sunny & 18.4 & 1.43 & AED & 3.7 & Hung & Manual & Support \\
12 & 1060 & Sunny & 18.4 & 1.22 & AED & 3.7 & Hung & Manual & Support \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: m, minutes; s, seconds; AED, automatic external defibrillator; DMAT, Disaster Medical Assistance Team.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight trials (conditions and flight information). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Transported Good** & **Trial No.** & **Result** & **Comment** \\ \hline DMAT equipment & 1, 2, 3, 4 & Proven & No problem. \\ Insulin & 5, 6, 7 & Proven & Not able to control the temperature perfectly; \\  & & & & however, this was not a problem for use. \\ Foodstuffs & 8, 9, 10 & Proven & Three types of emergency foods typical in Japan. \\ AED & 11, 12 & Proven & It swayed in the wind to an extent that was not a problem. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Short-range transportation of unmanned aerial vehicles.