# From Bottom of Sea to Space: Quo Vadis IoT? So What About Security?
## 3 Security Challenges and Mechanisms
### IoT on the Ground
#### 3.2.2 Extensions with Applications in Transportation
The challenges are broken into four categories including privacy of information, privacy of multi-party, trust, and consent of information sharing. Privacy of information must take into account the large volume of personal information being shared in the network. To create privacy the system implemented must use minimal amounts of information as an attack could leave this information vulnerable. The concern of multi-party privacy is taken into account as third party services can be breached and expose large amounts of personal data. Trust must be managed to allow nodes to safely share data with each other. The trust management system needs to be real-time to prevent bottlenecks in many systems. Lastly, consent to share information should be given by users when using these systems. Each of these categories is vital to the creation of a more secure system but may also have some trade-offs in terms of speed and efficiency in the network. The networks proposed below each take a different stance on what is important in these systems and how it should be approached. Trust management is a tool used in networks that prevents malicious nodes from gaining access to sensitive information. In a study conducted in [123], the authors propose a novel hybrid trust management scheme. The scheme uses two steps to evaluate the trustworthiness of a node. The first step analyzes the trust of the node in the transport layer. The second step evaluates the trust of the node in the application layer. Through testing, the authors have concluded that the proposed scheme has a trust level of 75%, which is a notable improvement compared with state-of-the-art trust methods. As more infrastructure and vehicles are being connected, the networks of communications are becoming more complex which makes it more difficult for messages to be reliable. The authors of [124] propose a trust management system that uses blockchain along with a reputation value scheme to gauge the probability that a message is accurate. Credibility and the ability of a vehicle to be able to influence the system is based on the reputation value. A value is decreased when the system receives false messages. The performance of the system is tested through simulations and proven to be accurate at detecting and limiting malicious vehicles. Through the use of the blockchain-based method, the authors have created a secure way of storing data. Video surveillance has been an increasing technology in IoV. The issue is that transmitting such large amounts of video data is strenuous on the resource limited systems in IoV. As a vehicle does not need to communicate directly to a server but can send video data to a much closer edge node, the use of edge computing can be used to resolve the issue. Many of these systems have trust-related issues during communication that can reveal sensitive data. In [125] the authors propose a trust-aware task offloading method designed to improve edge computing methods. This method is used to balance the load on edge nodes through the use of the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2), which minimizes response time and increases layers of privacy. In experimental testing, the scheme was proven to be time efficient and has a high level of trust. Trust management is important to the safety of people who use IoVs. One malicious user is capable of putting many lives in danger. There are many issues with current trust management systems, and they may cause failure in current schemes, including the lack of scalability, single points of failure, reduced quality in the system, and lack of availability. These systems can also inhibit real-time accuracy. The authors of [126] propose a method of blockchain-based adaptive trust management through the use of smart contracts that is able to combat the current issues in traditional trust management systems. The blockchain is used to securely manage the trust network and an incentive algorithm is employed to convince users to perform well.