# Challenges of Using Blockchain in the Education Sector: A Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Challenges of Blockchain in Education
#### 3.2.1 Technological Barriers
In addition, an API is used to make it easier to integrate with other platforms, such as Moodle. New technologies have recently been established that allow legacy systems to integrate into the blockchain infrastructure. One such alternative is the Modex blockchain database, a product created to support users without a technical background, to gain access to the advantages of blockchain technology while preventing the risks posed by data loss [64]. 3. _Challenge 3: Security Issues_ Despite blockchain being known for its security and the community's efforts to make the platform stable and secure, security remains a challenging issue [16]. Since some educational institutions throughout the world have begun to use distributed ledger technology (DSLT), security must be prioritized and blockchain security and vulnerabilities must be considered. Eight of the reviewed articles [16; 23; 24; 25; 41; 42; 43; 44] highlighted different types of security attacks on the blockchain that could affect educational applications. External attacks on platforms such as Bitcoin and Ethereum are constant, attempting to exploit the existing and anticipated vulnerabilities [40]. Storing academic material in blockchain poses a risk because errors in the application, platform, or data input can occur. After all, participants do not adequately protect their private keys [42]. In addition, data leakages that could pose a security risk can occur as a result of frequent upgrades and the addition of new features. [PERSON] et al. [65] argued that while blockchain technology provides privacy and security, malicious attacks and data leakage pose a threat, making it difficult for educational institutions to trust the system. In addition, the lack of standardization in blockchain affects its security as there is no central expert, authority, or organization that can be called upon to make a decision [16]. [PERSON] et al. [44] reviewed various blockchain security attacks, such as the 51% rule regarding attacks that happen when a user in a blockchain gains control of a blockchain's mining power. In theory, data information may only be leaked or altered if more than 51% of nodes are targeted and hijacked by attackers at the same moment. Therefore, the attackers will have over 50% of mining power and will be able to mine at a higher level than everyone else. Malicious actors can then modify segments of a blockchain and roll back transactions [44]. This attack causes a delay in the new transactions, which leads to a failure in the network. Another potential attack reported by [PERSON] et al. [44] is known as the Eclipse attack. As a distributed blockchain network does not enable all computers to connect to all other computers in the network at the same time, attackers may be able to create connections by inserting malicious code. In this way, the attackers isolate a certain user or users instead of mounting an attack on the entire network [66]. Despite advancements in mathematics, encryption, and computing technology, it is difficult to ensure that algorithms will not be broken in the future, resulting in the leaking of information from learners and educators [66]. In addition, all transactions are open and transparent, and all information can be tracked and queried at any time. In this way, certain conclusions can be drawn or the state and behavior of educators and learners can be predicted, which is inconsistent with protecting their privacy. Therefore, it is vital to be aware of how data can be accessed and securely used while still protecting privacy [40]. Despite identities being protected by both private and public keys in blockchain systems, transactional privacy is not ensured because public keys are visible [23; 24; 25]. Furthermore, if students lose the private key information required to establish ownership, they may lose their academic diplomas [34].