## 2 Literature Review
Malaysia is one example of an Asian country that has faced urban and suburban sprawl due to the high rate of urban population growth and modernization [25]. Herat, Afghanistan experienced dramatic growth of the city, and with it sprawl in all directions, after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 and the American invasion in 2002 [26]. She noted that Herat expanded from 47 km\({}^{2}\) to 99 km\({}^{2}\) in just ten years, between 2002 and 2012 [26]. There is a small body of literature on the relationship between street connectivity and travel patterns among emerging markets. In particular, the link between link-node ratio and mobility behavior is becoming a new topic among developing countries. Studies on urban sprawl literature in emerging markets and developing countries concentrate on the intensity and direction of sprawled expansion rather than the different characteristics of it. The various components of street networks, including street-length density, intersection density, and link-node ratio, have been studied rarely and superficially, if at all. Moststudies that have investigated urban sprawl as a societal and environmental phenomenon and assessed its association with urban travel patterns have done so in developed countries. The literature emphasizes proof sprawl; and assesses the nature of it and impacts of urban sprawl in developing and emerging nations. The urban form attributes that characterize sprawled areas and their correlations to urban mobility are less studied topics in this context. The relationship between the street network system and the urban form of Baghdad has been explored using a multiple centrality assessment [27; 28]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) found a positive correlation between the variables of street connectivity and walking time in Rasht, Iran [28]. [PERSON] et al. (2020) looked at two differently-sized cities in Iran and showed correlations of urban sprawl and street-length density with travel behavior [29]. [PERSON] (2020) investigated the spatial structure of urban forms and its relationship with travel patterns in metropolitan areas of Kumasi, Ghana; the result showed a strong relationship between urban forms (compact vs. sprawled) and the use of active modes of transport in commuting trips [30]. Hence, there is still a need to investigate the characteristics of urban sprawl and its relationship to mobility in the context of the developing world. A few investigations have paid attention to urban travel behavior in Pakistani cities recently. [PERSON] et al. (2021) analyzed the impacts of COVID-19 on urban mobility and the attitudes of residents in Pakistani cities [31]. The desire and attitude of residents to use public transportation during COVID-19 were studied in Lahore by employing regression models. The reduction tendency in using public transit was seen during the pandemic in Lahore [32]. The association of urban transportation and urban pollution was studied and compared before and after Coronavirus Pandemic in Pakistan by using the general regression model and Kruskal-Wallis H tests [33]. One of the main objectives of this paper is to cover the above-mentioned gap in the context of Pakistani cities as an example of South Asia. South Asian cities, such as those on the Indian Subcontinent, have also experienced urban sprawl in recent years. The unprecedented growth and high rate of migration has driven this urban sprawl in Indian cities. Particularly, land use has changed in the vicinity of these cities or along transit corridors and highways [34]. Economic growth and the transformation from an agricultural economy to a service-based economy have influenced urbanization and discontinuous developments on the outskirts of cities on the Indian Subcontinent [25; 35]. Investigating the development of Pakistani cities is important because urbanization in this country has been affected by huge internal and international migration trends.