## 3 Proposed Method
### Hybrid Protocol-Based Path Selection
Figure 4: Experimental simulation scenario. #### 4.2.1 Number of Vehicles vs. Throughput

Throughput refers to the capacity of a transportation system to move vehicles through a given area. The concept of the number of vehicles vs. throughput can be defined using the following equation:

\[Q=f(N,\ C,\ T,\ M) \tag{33}\]

where Q denotes the throughput (measured in message per unit time), N denotes the number of vehicles in VANETs, \(C\) denotes various cluster-related parameters, such as the cluster size or density, T denotes technology-related parameters, like the Edge-RUS density and 5G network capacity, and M denotes the message characteristics, such as the message size and urgency. Figure 5 shows the performance of the network throughput where the x-axis is assigned with the number of vehicles and the y-axis denotes the throughput value in kbps. The throughput for fuzzy broadcast is 3.3 kbps, while RSBP-RF achieves a throughput of 3.4 kbps. In contrast, the proposed method achieves a higher throughput of 3.9 kbps. #### 4.2.2 Vehicle Density vs. End-to-End Delay

The time taken by EMs to travel in a VANET model from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle is influenced by the vehicle speeds. At lower speeds, fewer vehicles carry data, resulting in higher end-to-end latency, as follows:

\[D=A\times(1/V_{d})+B \tag{34}\]

D denotes the end-to-end delay (ms);

\(V_{d}\) represents the vehicle density;

A and B are constants that depend on the specific network. Figure 6 illustrates the performance of the network. In this figure, as vehicle density increases, the end-to-end delay tends to decrease, which means that EMs can be transmitted more quickly in denser traffic conditions. The end-to-end delay for multi-lane mmWave is 90 ms, whereas RSBP-RF achieves an end-to-end delay of 87 ms. In contrast, the proposed method demonstrates a significantly lower end-to-end delay, at just 70 ms.

Figure 5: Number of vehicles vs. throughput. #### 4.2.3 Vehicle Density vs. Coverage

Vehicle density and coverage are two important factors in transportation and urban planning that have a significant impact on the traffic flow, accessibility, and overall efficiency of transportation systems. Figure 7 shows the correlation between vehicle coverage and density. Increasing the vehicle density leads to a shorter connection distance (d = \(\lambda-1\)). Multi-lane mmWave technology achieves a coverage rate of 59%, RSBP-RF technology offers a coverage rate of 70%, and our proposed method stands out with an impressive coverage rate of 90%, showcasing its potential to significantly enhance network coverage and performance. #### 4.2.4 Vehicle Density vs. Packet Delivery Ratio

The packet delivery ratio is a metric used to measure the effectiveness of the data transmission system in VANET. The packet delivery ratio can be obtained by dividing the total number of packets arriving at the destination by the total number of packets sent from the destination. \[PDR=\frac{Num\ of\ packets\ arrived\ at\ destination}{Total\ data\ packets\ sent\ from\ source} \tag{35}\]

Figure 8 illustrates the performance of the packet delivery ratio in the network. The packet delivery ratio in the fuzzy broadcast is 78%, the packet delivery ratio in RSBP-RF is 81%, and the proposed method's packet delivery ratio is 98%. A high packet delivery

Figure 6: Vehicle density vs. end-to-end delay. Figure 7: Vehicle density vs. coverage (%). ratio indicates a more reliable network, which is essential for applications and services that require dependable data transfers. #### 4.2.5 Number of Vehicles vs. Packet Relivery ratio (%)

The packet received refers to the successful reception or delivery of a data packet within a communication system. When a packet is transmitted from a sender to a receiver, it goes through various network devices and communication channels. A packet received event occurs when the recipient successfully receives and processes the incoming packet without any errors or loss of data.