## 1 Introduction  
Global warming has far-reaching effects on housing, agriculture, livestock, and industrial activities as well as changes to natural ecosystems and human health [1]. Global warming increasingly impacts extreme weather events, including the drought through Europe from 1988 to 1992, the extreme drought of 1995 in northern England, and the prolonged drought in 2019 in the Pantanal region of South America in one of the world's largest wetlands [2, 3, 4]. Due to extreme weather events, droughs have occurred on the Korean Peninsula every year, either nationwide or regionally, since the 2000s. The Chungnam region in Korea has consistently had less precipitation than average since 2015 and the water level at Boryeong Dam dropped to an all-time low in June 2017, resulting in a water resource shortage [5]. According to the 2015 and 2020 Census of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries in Korea, the number of farm households decreased by 53,325 (4.9%) in five years, from 1,088,518 in 2015 to 1,035,193 in 2020. The farm household population decreased by 255,323 (9.9%), from 2,569,387 in 2015 to 2,314,064 in 2020. In addition, over the last 17 years, Korea has rapidly shifted from an aging society with an aged population ratio of 7.3% in 2000 to an aged society with an aged population ratio of 14.2% in 2017. It is predicted to be a super-aged society by 2025. The proportion of the agricultural population aged 65 and over has also increased, to 38.4% in 2015 and 42.5% in 2020. In addition to the natural decline of the agricultural population, productivity has rapidly declined due to the rapid aging of the agricultural population [6; 7]. To address these issues, irrigation automation technology that combines sensors and data with information and communications technology (ICT) has been actively researched. Water productivity and fruit quality were improved by applying an automatic irrigation system using subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) method with date palms for optimal water use due to a lack of water resources [8]. A \"smart\" irrigation system using internet of things (IoT) technology provided acknowledgment messages about the status of jobs (e.g., the humidity level of soil, temperature of the surrounding environment, and status of the motor regarding the main power supply or solar power) and also saved water and electric power [9]. A low-cost intelligent smart irrigation system was developed for functions such as irrigation scheduling, decision-making, and remote monitoring using IoT [10]. An irrigation system with embedded controlled technology as a complete intelligent irrigation system enhanced the agricultural produce, improved the soil health, used water efficiently, and automated all aspects [11]. As such, automatic irrigation technology has developed in combination with IoT and ICT, for example. Intermittent irrigation is one of the irrigation techniques that can save water, increase the crop yield, and reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by irrigating crops several times at regular intervals [12; 13; 14]. The effects of an intermittent flow, a dual-lateral drip system, and a physical barrier were evaluated on subsurface drip-irrigated tomatoes. The application of an intermittent flow maintained the wetting pattern at high moisture levels for a longer period of time and could be recommended to improve the quality of tomatoes [15]. A study was conducted to determine the effect of intermittent irrigation to mitigate climate damage whilst maintaining the crop yield. It was found that GHG emissions were alleviated without reducing the grain yield [16; 17]. In this study, an automatic irrigation system with intermittent irrigation was developed and empirical field experiments were conducted, as more farms have been applying intermittent irrigation and adopting automatic irrigation systems to manage water shortages, prevent decreases in crop yields, and reduce GHG emissions.