## 1 Introduction  
Sustainable development has gained significant global attention due to population growth and economic development [1]. Due to overconsumption, fossil fuels are no longer capable of meeting the demands of human social development [2]. A renewable-energy-dominated clean energy system has become an unavoidable necessity in the present era [3]. As the most abundant renewable energy source, solar energy is absorbed by the Earth in the form of heat and light, and its development and utilization can yield substantial social and economic benefits [4, 5]. The photovoltaic power generation system leverages the photovoltaic effect to directly convert solar radiation into electrical energy, which is subsequently integrated into the power grid for societal use [6]. The photovoltaic power generation system offers advantages such as low cost, zero pollution, renewable, and broad application scenarios [7]. As of March 2022, 1 TW of photovoltaic modules were installed worldwide [8], and it is projected that this capacity will reach 14 TW by 2050 [9], establishing a huge industrial scale involving industries such as agriculture, fisheries,forestry, and construction (Figure 1). Therefore, the safe operation of photovoltaic power generation systems is particularly important. The photovoltaic power generation system is primarily composed of photovoltaic panels and supports. Photovoltaic panels are mounted on these supports, with the arrangement and angles of the components adjusted to maximize power generation efficiency. Emerging technologies, such as tracking photovoltaic supports and flexible photovoltaic supports, offer distinct advantages [10; 11]. However, fixed photovoltaic supports remain among the most widely used forms of reinforcement due to its better stability [12]. In recent years, advancements in photovoltaic module technology have significantly enhanced photovoltaic conversion efficiency, reduced investment costs [13], and accelerated the rapid growth of the photovoltaic industry. Nevertheless, safety concerns related to photovoltaic supports have become increasingly prominent [14; 15]. The main reasons for the safety issues encountered in practical engineering are design defects in photovoltaic supports, which will be explained in detail below. Currently, thin-walled steel structures are widely used for photovoltaic supports worldwide [16], and their design primarily follows general design specifications [17; 18], such as _Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures_ (ASCE/SEI 7-10 [19]), _North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members_ (AISC-S100-16 [20]), _Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures, Part 1-4: General Actions, Wind Actions_ (BS EN 1991-1-4 [21]), _Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1-1_ (BS EN 1993-1-1 [22]), _Load Code for the Design of Building Structures_ (GB 50009-2012 [23]), and _Standard for Design of Steel Structures_ (GB 50017-2017 [24]). Due to their relatively lightweight nature, photovoltaic supports are primarily governed by wind load [25]. While wind load values, in general, have design specifications that are well suited for civil buildings, the distinct structural systems and mechanical properties of photovoltaic supports necessitate further research to establish appropriate wind load values for their design [26]. Figure 1: Development modes of photovoltaic industry. (**a**) Fishery and photovoltaic complementation. (**b**) Agriculture and photovoltaic complementation. (**c**) Forestry and photovoltaic complementation. (**d**) Building and photovoltaic complementation. Additionally, connection measures are critical factors influencing the safety of photovoltaic supports [27]. Overly conservative connection measures may result in excessive design and high installation costs, whereas less conservative measures can compromise the structural integrity of photovoltaic systems and pose risks to the surrounding structures.