# Design Considerations and Performance Evaluation of Gossi Routing in LoRa-Based Linear Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we evaluated the performance of LoRa-based linear networks using a novel approach to contention management. Introducing an additional offset in LoRa-based relay networks can significantly improve performance. The proposed design approach was tested in real scenarios along with various relay widths (one, two, and three). Our results showed that this approach achieved high performance of up to 98% successful delivery of packets. This approach can be applied in such applications that are based on thin linear networks without maintaining the routing overhead at the relay nodes. The proposed approach has advantages over traditional delay-based approaches in terms of network throughput. Lastly, We explored the performance using gossip routing.  
Gossip-based routing can be considered an effective solution, especially in decentralised and resource-constrained environments. We thoroughly examined the performance of gossip routing across a range of probabilistic distributions (\(T_{prob}\) = 0.90, \(T_{prob}\) = 0.80, \(T_{prob}\) = 0.70...\(T_{prob}\) = 0.40) using two and three relay widths, respectively. In our experiments, we observed that, with a relay width of two, there was approximately a 10% reduction in transmission overhead at \(T_{prob}\) = 0.90, while the average performance remained consistently high at 98%. However, as we decreased the transmission probability, the performance declined, reaching 62.8% at \(T_{prob}\) = 0.40. Interestingly, when we introduced an additional relay node, widening the relay width to 3, we noticed an improvement in performance across various \(T_{prob}\) settings compared to the relay width of 2. The experimental results indicated that, in the presence of an additional relay node, particularly at T = 0.40, the performance reached approximately 73.77%.  
To further assess the implications of our findings, we conducted a performance comparison of gossip routing, considering different relay widths. Based on our experiments, it was clear that, at \(T_{prob}\) = 0.90 and \(T_{prob}\) = 0.80, we could achieve nearly identical outcomes as at \(T_{prob}\) = 1.00, when employing two and three active relay nodes, respectively. This not only enables the efficient utilisation of radio resources, but also leads to reduced energy consumption compared to traditional broadcasting. With these insights, we can contemplate extending the use of gossip routing to longer linear networks, aiming for power savings and minimising transmission overhead to achieve optimal performance.  
The presented design approach may not be equally effective for thicker networks and higher spreading factors. Reducing the transmission probabilities can significantly reduce the transmission overhead, but it can increase the communication delay. Future work will consist of quantifying the effectiveness of the gossip-based probabilistic approach in thicker and much-longer LoRa-based relay nodes.  
Conceptualization, R.M.L., P.B. and J.B.; Methodology, R.M.L., P.B. and J.B.; Validation, R.M.L.; Formal analysis, R.M.L.; Investigation, R.M.L.; Resources, R.M.L.; Data curation, R.M.L.; Writing--original draft, R.M.L.; Writing--review & editing, P.B. and J.B.; Visualization, R.M.L., P.B. and J.B.; Supervision, P.B. and J.B.. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability StatementData are contained within the article.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Arduino Boards** & **LoRa Shields** & **RSSI** & **SNR** \\ \hline Node 1 & Arduino UNO & SX 1276 & \(-\)35 (via 1 to 3) & 5 (via 1 to 3) \\ Node 2 & Arduino UNO & SX 1276 & \(-\)60 (via 1 to 3) & 5 (via 2 to 3) \\ Node 3 & Arduino UNO & SX 1276 & \(-\)65 (via 1 to 3) & 5 (via 1 to 2) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Impact of hardware imperfection on the RSSI and SNR using the same manufacturer.