## 5 Results

Table 1: Empirical studies: general information. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Country** & **Educ. Stages** & **Focus Area** & **Develop. Category** & **Sample** & **Aims** \\ \hline
[148] & Taiwan & Secondary education & Health education & Cognitive & 52 high school students & To discuss the effectiveness of integrating augmented reality into board games to increase learning motivation and acceptance. \\ \hline
[149] & Portugal & Higher education & Culinary & Cognitive & n/a & To present the benefits of using gamification and immersive technologies in the learning process to motivate self-learning and continuous improvement. \\ \hline
[150] & Malaysia & Primary education & Science & Cognitive & 20 public primary school students & To investigate the impact of utilizing augmented reality on students’ learning of the solar system. \\ \hline
[151] & Canada & Higher education & Language learning (French) & Cognitive & 58 university students & To analyze students’ viewpoints regarding their learning experiences and their collaboration in immersive learning environments. \\ \hline
[152] & Greece & Primary education & Language (English) & Cognitive & 20 first-grade primary school students & To investigate how augmented reality and gamified activities can enrich students’ vocabulary in foreign language learning. \\ \hline
[153] & Brazil & Secondary education & Entomology & Cognitive & 21 middle school students & To examine how gamified augmented reality experiences impact students’ comprehension of emotional nomenclature and concepts and the development of skills that make them more focused on details. \\ \hline
[154] & Spain & Primary education & Mathematics & Cognitive & 37 primary school students & To showcase that gamified augmented reality applications can make multiplication table learning more enjoyable and less monotonous for primary school students. \\ \hline
[155] & Japan & Higher education & Language learning (Japanese) & Cognitive & 18 university students & To examine how using gamification and augmented reality can affect beginner language learners of Japanese and assist them in preparing for disastrous encounters. \\ \hline
[156] & Hong Kong & Higher education & Chemistry & Cognitive & 46 university students with 37 valid responses & Showcase the potential of using augmented reality along with gamification to support Chemistry learning in flipped classrooms. \\ \hline
[157] & Greece & Primary education & Language learning (Greek) & Cognitive & Primary school teachers and students & To utilize a game-based learning and augmented reality approach to raise students’ awareness regarding recycling and COVID-19 and simultaneously enhance their related to the topic vocabulary. \\ \hline
[158] & Greece & Primary education & Computer science (Programming) & Cognitive & 15 primary school students & To examine whether primary school students could understand the concept of intelligent environments and their programmable features through a gamified augmented reality application. \\ \hline
[159] & Spain & Higher education & Computer science (Distributed architectures) & Cognitive & University students & To create a fun and playful experience to motivate students to review their acquired knowledge on given subjects through an augmented reality serious game. \\ \hline
[160] & Sri Lanka & Higher education & Biology & n/a & n/a & To introduce an augmented reality application that utilizes real-time image processing and recognition to support Biology learning. \\ \hline
[161] & China & Higher education & Language learning (English) & Cognitive & 50 vocational college students & To study how gamified augmented reality learning experiences can affect students’ learning motivation and collaboration in English courses. \\ \hline
[162] & United Kingdom & Secondary education & Geometry & Cognitive & 120 middle school students & To analyze the motivational effects that various gamification elements have on educational augmented reality applications. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}