## 4 Results
### GHG Emission Reduction Results  
#### 4.2.1 Substitute Structures  
The questionnaire shows that among the samples for Pattern 1, nearly 80% of the respondents' ride FFBS after abandoning non-motorized modes, buses, and metros, as shown in Figure 3a. The average intervals of Nanjing metro station and bus station is about 1.5 and 1 km, respectively. Therefore, some respondents for Pattern 1 will choose to replace public transport, because the flexibility and accessibility of FFBS are better than public transport in short-distance trips. At the same time, compared with the impact of bike sharing in other countries around the world on modal shift, it is found that due to the short-distance characteristics of bikes, the proportion of bike sharing replacing the original car trip is very low but that replacing original public transport and walking trips is more than 80% [49; 50; 51]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Trip Purpose**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Income Per Year**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Personally Owned** \\ **Means of Transport** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Mode of Transport** \\ **Connected to FFBS** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline Commuting trip & 49.90\% & \textless{}80,000 & 49.10\% & private bike & 40.36\% & Bus & 25.45\% \\ Leisure trip & 28.50\% & 80,000–160,000 & 42.93\% & electric bike & 69.92\% & metro & 74.55\% \\ Return trip & 8.70\% & \textgreater{}160,000 & 7.97\% & private car & 74.81\% & & \\ Elasticity trip & 12.90\% & & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Use frequency per week**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cycling distance using** \\ **free-floating bike sharing** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Trip time using bus or**} \\ \hline
12–18 & 2.06\% & Less than once & 29.82\% & \textless{}1 km & 12.60\% & \textless{}5 min & 2.06\% \\
19–26 & 45.76\% & Once & 15.94\% & 1–2 km & 60.41\% & 5–10 min & 18.25\% \\
27–34 & 33.93\% & 2 to 3 times & 35.22\% & 2–5 km & 26.22\% & 10–20 min & 33.42\% \\
34–44 & 13.88\% & Four to five times & 10.03\% & 5–10 km & 0.77\% & 20–30 min & 26.99\% \\
45–60 & 4.11\% & More than 5 times & 9.00\% & \textgreater{}10 km & 0.00\% & 30–40 min & 13.11\% \\ \textgreater{}60 & 0.26\% & & & & & 40–50 min & 4.11\% \\  & & & & & & 50–60 min & 1.54\% \\  & & & & & & \textgreater{}60 min & 0.51\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Demographics and usage characteristics of sample for Pattern 2. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Trip Purpose**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Income Per Year**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Personally Owned Means of** \\ **Transport** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline Commuting trip & 34.20\% & \textless{}80,000 & 63.44\% & private bike & 29.48\% \\ Leisure trip & 31.20\% & 80,000–160,000 & 31.37\% & electric bicycle & 61.08\% \\ Return trip & 6.80\% & \textgreater{}160,000 & 5.19\% & private car & 57.78\% \\ Elasticity trip & 27.80\% & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Use frequency per week**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Cycling distance using free-floating** \\ **bike sharing** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline
12–18 & 9.20\% & Less than once & 56.84\% & \textless{}1 km & 29.25\% \\
19–26 & 38.68\% & Once & 14.15\% & 1–2 km & 32.31\% \\
27–34 & 23.35\% & Two to three & 16.98\% & 2–5 km & 31.37\% \\  & & & & 6.84\% & 5–10 km & 6.60\% \\
45–60 & 9.67\% & More than 5 times & 5.19\% & \textgreater{}10 km & 0.47\% \\ \textgreater{}60 & 0.00\% & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Demographics and usage characteristics of sample for Pattern 1. In the sample of Pattern 2, more than 1/3 of the users choose to use walking to connect bus/metro if FFBS connecting public transport is not available, but 43.20% of the users choose motor vehicles or motor vehicles to connect public transport. FFBS connecting public transport has a stronger substitution effect on motor traffic.