# Development of Prediction Method for Dimensional Stability of 3D-Printed Objects  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.-E.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (U.-W.J)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.-E.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (U.-W.J)  
[PERSON]  
2 Welding and Joining R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 156 Getboel-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Inchen 21999, Republic of Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.-E.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (U.-W.J)  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.-E.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (U.-W.J)  
Footnote 1: email: {[PERSON], 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,  
technique. The vat photopolymerization process uses stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP). SLA uses a UV radiation beam to solidify photo resin layers on a vat of liquid resin. DLP uses light projectors below the resin and projects an entire layer at a time using an array of micrometer-sized mirrors. SLA and DLP are resin-based 3D printings as well, and UV-curable resins, waxes, and resins with photo-active monomers, such as ABS, acrylics, epoxides, polycaprolactone, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, etc., are used. The power bed fusion process applies the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique that uses a laser beam or sintering to solidify polymer powder particles layer by layer. Compacted fine powders or thermoplastics materials, such as nylon, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactide, etc., are used. The material extrusion process uses the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, and a molten material via a nozzle, such as a polymer, is deposited layer by layer to create a 3D product. Thermoplastics and polymers, such as ABS, polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene, nylon, etc., are used [4; 5; 8; 15]. FDM technology is a representative technique of material extrusion. It melts thermoplastics and extrudes melted material via a nozzle. FDM is becoming more attractive for 3D printing with increasing applicable material in various fields. FDM parts exhibit good layer adhesion and strength, making them suitable for functional prototypes and end-use parts. The technology also offers design flexibility, allowing for the creation of complex geometries and the integration of features like threads and hinges. Additionally, FDM is known for its speed in producing larger parts. Along with the increase in the use of FDM, the result prediction, such as dimensional accuracy and surface quality, is also gaining a lot of attention. FDM can easily be applied for all of these; however, predicting the printing result is one of the main challenges in FDM because the printing parameters and the conditions are enormous. For example, various printing parameters, such as inclination angle, layer thickness, support spacing, and raster angle, should be considered before printing as well as printing conditions like printing temperature, printing speed, and fill density [4; 5; 8; 16; 17]. Researchers have introduced and released the dimensional accuracy of parts based on polymer materials extracted using FDM. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] investigated the accuracy of an FDM model with various elements of transmission machinery and differing filament diameter. Therefore, they considered profile error and extruding apertures as two substantial quality factors. An original image measurement method for investigating profile error using a series of standard cylinders laid on the contour of the part was proposed, and the effects of extruding apertures on model accuracies, such as contour width, contour depth, part raster width, and raster angle, were analyzed using the Taguchi method.