## 1 Introduction
By carefully analyzing these technical variables, operators can ensure that their network will provide adequate coverage and service quality across targeted geographic regions, ultimately enhancing user experience and operational reliability. The impetus behind this proposal arises from two crucial factors that significantly impact the development of communication models in Indian metropolitan cities: (i) the current lack of a comprehensive generalized model that encompasses all urban environments within these cities; (ii) the necessity for a singular model that effectively captures the interplay between essential elements of UAV communication such as polarization, altitude, elevation, and frequency. In light of the absence of established models that address low-altitude UAV links--particularly those influenced by shadowing loss components--this proposal aims to introduce a generalized channel model for UAV communication. Thisinitiative is especially pertinent for Indian metropolitan cities, which need advanced communication infrastructures to support the rollout of 5G technology. The urban fabric of Indian metropolitan cities can be distinctly categorized into four environmental scenarios: (i) the suburban environment, which encompasses the extended city peripheries that have characteristics akin to rural areas; (ii) the urban environment, representing any typical area within the city; (iii) the dense urban environment, characterized by closely clustered buildings and limited open spaces; and (iv) the high-rise urban environment, highlighting newly developed regions featuring skyscraper-style architecture. These varied urban settings necessitate the development of a channel model to accurately assess path loss and shadowing variations at different heights. Presently, established generalized models relying on statistical parameters from ITU-R P.1410-5 fall short of addressing low altitudes below 500 m, requiring many applications associated with 5G communication. Deploying low-altitude systems ensures that devices stay within close range, leading to more reliable data connections. This proximity enhances connection quality, allowing for stable transmissions and seamless connectivity, even in densely populated areas where device saturation is an issue. A robust and comprehensive channel model is essential for integrating UAVs as aerial base stations into the existing ground station infrastructure. This model should consider diverse scenarios, frequency ranges, and altitudes pertinent to urban communication. This paper focuses on constructing a model that reflects the four identified scenarios within Indian metropolitan cities while aligning with the frequency and altitude requirements specific to 5G technology. The key contributions of this paper are multifaceted:  
1. A statistical model is proposed to predict the link between the UAV (transmitter) and the end users (receivers). 2. The proposed model is based on ITU-R statistical parameters for city layout and the uniform theory of diffraction to account for additional path loss. 3. The additional path loss is mapped with a normal distribution, and distribution parameters are assessed. 4. The model's formulation depends on the elevation angle, and its parameters are computed for different frequencies and altitudes, considering both vertical and horizontal polarization. 5. The proposed model is compared with existing models for validation. 6. The impact of variation in frequency and UAV altitude on path loss is discussed. Through this comprehensive approach, we aim to provide a significant contribution to the field of urban communication infrastructure, enabling better integration of UAV technology within the context of 5G networks in India. This paper's propagation model is established on simulations conducted in a randomly generated urban environment. This paper is structured as follows: Section 2 overviews air-to-ground channel modelling. Section 3 presents a simulation of a city featuring four environments, which represent Indian metropolitan cities.