## 3 Results
### Net Primary Production in Intact and Logged Peat Swamp Forests  
The NPP of intact peat forests (13.2 Mg C ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\)) was significantly greater than any other cover type (\(p=0.05\); [23]). The ecosystem NPP of LPSF was 11.1 Mg C ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\), compared to 10.8 Mg C ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) for ES and 3.7 Mg C ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\) for OP (Figure 4).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Soil Respiration**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Dry Months (August to October)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Wet Months (November to July)**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Site** & **Heterotrophic** & **Autotrophic** & **Total** & **Heterotrophic** & **Autotrophic** & **Total** \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**–Mg CO\({}_{2}\) ha\({}^{-1}\) yr\({}^{-1}\)**} \\ \hline Peat swamp forest 1 & 41.2 \(\pm\) 6.3 & 9.9 \(\pm\) 4.2 & 51.1 \(\pm\) 6.5 & 39.2 \(\pm\) 5.9 & 3.0 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 42.2 \(\pm\) 5.0 \\ Peat swamp forest 2 & 40.2 \(\pm\) 5.3 & 18.9 \(\pm\) 5.1 & 59.2 \(\pm\) 7.4 & 40.1 \(\pm\) 5.6 & 10.2 \(\pm\) 3.2 & 50.3 \(\pm\) 4.6 \\ Peat swamp forest 3 & 35.5 \(\pm\) 4.2 & 14.5 \(\pm\) 3.5 & 50.0 \(\pm\) 3.5 & 31.0 \(\pm\) 4.9 & 11.5 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 42.5 \(\pm\) 4.9 \\ Peat swamp forest mean & 39.0 \(\pm\) 10.1 & 14.4 \(\pm\) 8.3 & 53.4 \(\pm\) 11.5 & 36.7 \(\pm\) 10.8 & 8.3 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 45.0 \(\pm\) 9.4 \\ \hline Logged peat swamp forest 1 & 42.4 \(\pm\) 2.9 & 17.9 \(\pm\) 6.3 & 60.2 \(\pm\) 5.3 & 43.5 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 5.9 \(\pm\) 2.5 & 49.4 \(\pm\) 5.3 \\ Logged peat swamp forest 2 & 36.7 \(\pm\) 2.4 & 14.3 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 51.0 \(\pm\) 5.7 & 41.6 \(\pm\) 6.6 & 0.2 \(\pm\) 3.2 & 41.8 \(\pm\) 4.4 \\ Logged peat swamp forest 3 & 36.2 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 16.8 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 53.0 \(\pm\) 6.8 & 41.7 \(\pm\) 5.4 & 7.9 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 49.5 \(\pm\) 4.7 \\ Logged peat swamp forest & 38.4 \(\pm\) 4.9 & 16.3 \(\pm\) 9.9 & 54.7 \(\pm\) 11.3 & 42.2 \(\pm\) 12.1 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 5.0 & 46.9 \(\pm\) 9.4 \\ \hline Early seal 1 & 27.5 \(\pm\) 3.3 & 13.6 \(\pm\) 6.2 & 37.9 \(\pm\) 5.8 & 25.0 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 15.9 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 40.9 \(\pm\) 3.4 \\ Early seal 2 & 30.8 \(\pm\) 4.8 & 8.4 \(\pm\) 1.2 & 39.2 \(\pm\) 4.9 & 31.8 \(\pm\) 3.6 & 4.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 & 36.2 \(\pm\) 4.1 \\ Early seal 3 & 37.6 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 15.8 \(\pm\) 9.1 & 53.4 \(\pm\) 8.3 & 32.4 \(\pm\) 1.9 & 7.0 \(\pm\) 2.0 & 39.4 \(\pm\) 2.7 \\ Early seal mean & 31.9 \(\pm\) 7.1 & 12.6 \(\pm\) 12 & 43.5 \(\pm\) 12.7 & 29.7 \(\pm\) 5.4 & 9.1 \(\pm\) 4.5 & 38.8 \(\pm\) 6.6 \\ \hline Oil palm estate 1 & 30.1 \(\pm\) 2.1 & 18.7 \(\pm\) 4.3 & 45.3 \(\pm\) 3.6 & 50.8 \(\pm\) 8.3 & 1.4 \(\pm\) 5.4 & 52.2 \(\pm\) 4.8 \\ Oil palm estate 2 & 31.1 \(\pm\) 3.0 & 10.4 \(\pm\) 4.3 & 41.5 \(\pm\) 4.7 & 43.8 \(\pm\) 2.6 & 2.7 \(\pm\) 2.0 & 46.5 \(\pm\) 2.5 \\ Oil palm estate 3 & 25.3 \(\pm\) 2.9 & 24.4 \(\pm\) 7.0 & 49.7 \(\pm\) 7.8 & 42.6 \(\pm\) 2.5 & 5.4 \(\pm\) 4.2 & 48.0 \(\pm\) 2.1 \\ Oil palm estate mean & 28.8 \(\pm\) 5.2 & 17.8 \(\pm\) 10.5 & 45.5 \(\pm\) 10.6 & 45.7 \(\pm\) 10.1 & 3.2 \(\pm\) 7.9 & 48.9 \(\pm\) 6.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Heterotrophic, autotrophic, and total respiration during dry and wet months in intact forest, logged peat forest, early seal, and oil palm estate. Data are mean \(\pm\) one standard error.  
Figure 4: Primary production of belowground biomass, aboveground biomass and litterfall (NPP) in intact and logged peat forest, early serial sites (ES), and oil palm estates (OP). Production of biomass and litterfall (NPP) reported as a mean value. Error bars show \(\pm\) standard error (SE) of the production. PSF represents intact peat forests, and LPSF means partially logged forests. Lower case letters represent statistical significance in production. Adapted by permission from [Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH]: [Springer Nature)] [Mitigation & Adaptation Strategies for Global Change] (Land cover changes reduce net primary production in tropical coastal peatlands of West Kalimantan, Indonesia, [PERSON] et al.), [COPYRIGHT] (2018) [23].