## 3 Results and Discussion
### Advanced Technologies for Removal of Anticancer Drugs  
Advanced oxidation treatment [84], membrane treatment [85], and hybrid treatment of adsorption with ozonation and/or UV [86] are representative treatments, which can be effectively used to solve the water pollution problems and ensure the safety of the water environment. Examples of these treatments applied to CP, one of the target anticancer drugs discussed in this article, are listed in Table 7.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Category**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Technology**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Treatment**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Source**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Initial**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Temperature** (\({}^{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{\text{ \text{      }}}}}}}}}}}}\)C) & \multirow{2}{*}{**\% Removal**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} \\  & & & & & & (pH) & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Physico-chemical} & \multirow{8}{*}{MBR} & Supplemented & \multirow{2}{*}{25–32 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & 60\% & [PERSON] et al., 2016 [87] \\  & & & & mg/L & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & Membrane & \multirow{2}{*}{NF} & & & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & –60\% & [PERSON] et al., 2009 [88] \\  & separation & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{RO} & MBR-effluent & 1.513 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\)/L & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 92.0–96.9\% & [PERSON] et al., 2009 [88] \\  & & & & 1.382 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\)/L & 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 92.5–96.7\% & [PERSON] et al., 2009 [88] \\ \cline{2-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{PAC} & MBR-permeable & \multirow{2}{*}{0.185 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\)/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{27–28 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & 41\% & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [89] \\  & & & & 43 mg/L & & & 73\% & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{AC} & Effluent & \multirow{2}{*}{2 mg/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{27–28 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & \multirow{2}{*}{28\%} & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [86] \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{AC} & Surface water & \multirow{2}{*}{2 mg/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{12 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & \multirow{2}{*}{<95\%} & [PERSON] et al., 2009 [89] \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{O\({}_{3}\)} & MBR-effluent & \multirow{2}{*}{0.64 (g/g DOC)} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.185 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\)/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{27–28 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & 33\% & [PERSON] et al., 2013 [86] \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{1.08} & & & & & 57\% & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{O\({}_{3}\)\(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro}\)/L} & Hospital & \multirow{2}{*}{20 mg/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{20 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & 100\% (pH11) & \multirow{2}{*}{20 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & [PERSON] et al., 2015 [90] \\  & wastewater & & & & & 61.2\% (pH5.6) & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & Artificial & \multirow{2}{*}{0\({}_{3}\)(10 mg/L)} & \multirow{2}{*}{10 mg /L} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{42\% (120 min)} & [PERSON] et al., 2015 [91] \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{O\({}_{3}\)(1 mg/mg  DOC)} & Wastewater & \multirow{2}{*}{5 mg/L} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{ca. 70\%} & [PERSON] et al., 2016 [92] \\  & & effluent & (100 mg/L) & (pH 7.2) & & & 2016 [92] \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{O\({}_{3}\)(43.9 g/m\({}^{-3}\))} & Hospital & \multirow{2}{*}{(pH 8.1–8.2)} & \multirow{2}{*}{20 \({}^{\circ}\)C} & 97\% & [PERSON] et al., 2016 [93] \\  & & & wastewater & & & 99\% & [93] \\ \cline{3-8}  & & \multirow{2}{*}{(0.10 mg/L, O\({}_{3}\); 44 m/cm\({}^{2}\), 4 m/cm\({}^{2 Ozonation is one of the techniques known as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which use HO- generated from ozone (O\({}_{3}\)). HO- is the second strongest oxidant, after fluorine. Combined techniques with UV (O\({}_{3}\)/UV), H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) (O\({}_{3}\)/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)), and both (O\({}_{3}\)/UV/H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\)) were also developed and applied to remove CP. UV and H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) are known to increase the rate of HO- formation [89].