# Sorbets as Functional Food Products, Unexplored Food Matrices, Their Challenges, and Advancements
## 4 Overcoming Absorption Issues  
### Nanoencapsulation  
Various factors could potentially alter the integrity of ingested functional food compounds. For instance, the compounds with low stability in high pH environments may have reduced dispersion, digestion and absorption into the body when exposed to high \begin{table}
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**Type of Interaction** & **Compounds** & **Type of Study** & **Finding** & **Reference** \\ \hline Drug-food & Cyclosporine and grapefruit juice & Systematic review and meta-analysis & Seven studies (\(n=98\)) indicated that administration of grapefruit juice increased the plasma concentrations of cyclosporine. & [65] \\ Drug-food & St John’s Wort and indinavir & Clinical trial & Fifteen-day oral administration of St John’s Wort significantly reduced plasma indinavir levels in male Wistar Rats. & [66] \\ Drug-food & Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and potassium & Review & Foods high in potassium must be considered by physicians prescribing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to reduce the incidence of hyperkaliemia. & [67] \\ Drug-food & Rupatadidine and high-fat breakfast & Clinical trial & peripheral antihistamine H1 activity, in combination with food increased puratables bioavailability. & [68] \\ Food–food & Coffee and iron & Cross-sectional study & Examination Survey (\(n=27\),071) indicated that increased coffee intake was strongly associated with decreased serum ferritin concentrations. & [69] \\ Food–food & Vitamin C and iron & Review & Vitamin C consumption aids in regulating iron metabolism by increasing transferrin and non-transferrin uptake and decreases cellular iron efflux. & [70] \\ Food–food & Vitamin D and calcium & Systematic review & However, the use of vitamin D in association with calcium shows inconsistent findings regarding health outcomes such as bone health, cardiovascular disease and cancer outcomes. & [71] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 2: Interactions between commonly consumed endogenous or exogenous compounds. \begin{table}
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**Vitamin/Mineral** & **Drug** & **Type of Study** & **Finding** & **Reference** \\ \hline Vitamin C & Protein pump Inhibitors & Literature review & Vitamin C bioavailability is decreased when taken alongside protein pump inhibitors such as enzymezole. & [62] \\ Vitamin A & Neomycin & Clinical trial & The single dose (2 g) neomycin sulphate in combination with 30,000 i.u. Vitamin A decreased plasma retinol levels 4 h post-food consumption. & [60] \\ Vitamin K & Warfarin & Clinical trial & Patients with lower vitamin K status showed greater sensitivity to warfarin than those with high vitamin K status. & [61] \\ Vitamin D & Cholesteramine & Clinical trial & Adolescents with familial hypercholesterolemia & \\  & & & consuming cholestaryamine 8 g/day for one year showed significant decreases in serum & [63] \\ Vitamin B9 (folate) & Phenytoin & Systematic review & The administration of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin showed significant decreases in serum folate levels in epileptic patients. & [64] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 3: Interactions between vitamins and commonly prescribed medications. pH conditions such as those experienced in the small intestine (Figure 1) [72]. As a result, residual amounts of compounds that remain post-consumption may become insufficient to produce desirable, beneficial effects in a pH environment not suited to the specific compounds' pH stability range [73]. Nanoencapsulation is one of the methods that is used to overcome this potential issue. Nanoencapsulation works by the principle of entrapping the active ingredients in a core surrounded by secondary materials (proteins, minerals) to form a nano-sized-capsule, protecting the core from the environment.