# Multicriteria Analysis of Alternative Marine Fuels in Sustainable Coastal Marine Traffic
## 2 Alternative Marine Fuel Selection Problem
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fuel** & **Description/Characteristics** & **Flash Point (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Autoignition** \\ **Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)C)** \\ **in Air)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Flammability** \\ **Limits (Volume \%** \\ **Price \({}^{\ast}\)** \\ **Price \({}^{\ast}\)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **National Average** \\ **Price \({}^{\ast}\)** \\ **Price \({}^{\ast}\)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Biofuels** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Derived from primary \\ biomass or biomass residues \\ that are converted into liquid \\ or gaseous fuels. The most \\ promising biofects for ships \\ biodiesel (e.g., \\ HVO-hydrotreated \\ vegetable oil, \\ BIT-l— biomass-to-liquids, \\ FAME-fatty acid methyl \\ ester), and LBG (liquid \\ biogas, which primarily \\ consist of methane). \\ \hline
**LNG** & \begin{tabular}{c} The hydro-carbon fuel with \\ the lowest carbon content \\ and highest potential for \\ reduction of CO2. Main \\ component: methane (CH4). \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} For HVO: \\ \(>\)61 \\ \end{tabular} & 204 & Approx. 0.6-7.5 & Not toxic &
\begin{tabular}{c} ** Biodiesel (B20): \\ 2.29 \%/gallon \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
**Hydroogen** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Hydroogen (H2) can be \\ produced in several different \\ ways, for example by \\ electrolysis of renewable \\ matter or by reforming \\ natural gas. The production \\ of hydroge through \\ electrolysis could be \\ combined with the growing \\ renewable energy sector \\ which delivers, by its nature, \\ intermittent power only. \\ \end{tabular} & Not defined & 500 & 4-74.2 & Not toxic & n/a \\ \hline
**LPG** & \begin{tabular}{c} Liqued petroleum gas \\ (LPG) is by definition any \\ mixture of propane and \\ butane in liquid form. \\ Mixing butane and propane \\ enables specific saturation \\ pressure and temperature \\ characteristics. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(-\)104 \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 410–580 (depending \\ on the composition) \\ \end{tabular} & 1.8–10.1 & Not toxic & \({}^{\ast}\) 0.65 \%/per liter \\ \hline
**Batteries** &
\begin{tabular}{c} Batteries provide the ability \\ to directly store electrical \\ energy for propulsion, \\ opening up many other \\ opportunities to optimize the \\ power system. \\ \end{tabular} & n/a & n/a & n/a & n/a & \({}^{\ast}\) 0.124 \%/kWh \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{\({}^{\ast}\) Prices on 15 February 2021. Global Petrol Prices [19]. ** Prices according the Alternative Fuel Price Report (average prices between October 1 and 15) [20]. Sources: Prepared by authors using [19; 20; 21; 22].} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Overview of the alternative fuel characteristics analyzed in research. alternative, the data about its performance is required in order to perform the relative ranking of the alternatives. However, if the data about the particular performance is not available, the only solution is to rely on the stakeholders' evaluation of the alternatives. Once the data about the performance of each alternative is collected, the final ranking of alternatives is performed, completing the fuel selection process. Despite the fact that alternative fuels are widely considered as a feasible option for mitigation of environmental impact, wider implementation in coastal liner transportation is still missing. Furthermore, the list of alternative fuels analyzed in the reviewed literature [15; 16; 17; 18] is slightly different from the alternatives encompassed in the Croatian Act on the establishment of alternative fuel infrastructure [24]. Considering the research on environmental impact from shipping in Croatia, [PERSON] et al. [26] provided  
Figure 1: Alternative marine fuel selection problem. a study concerning the sustainability of coastal traffic in Croatia, which analyzed the advantages of short sea shipping (SSS) in Croatia as well as the environmental concerns related to shipping in general and short sea shipping in particular.