## 3 Communication Technologies and Wireless Sensors Networks
### Standards and Protocols
#### 3.2.1 Standardization Organizations  
In alignment with their philosophy, standardization organizations operate extensively across various developed nations, spanning a broad spectrum of scientific domains. * IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): On 1 January 1963, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) joined forces to establish the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Initially, IEEE boasted 150,000 members, with 140,000 based in the United States. As the early 21 st century unfolded, IEEE's influence spanned 39 societies, 130 journals, and over 300 annual conferences, with a focus on diverse areas like nanotechnologies, bioengineering, and robotics. From jet cockbits to medical imaging, electronics have become omnipresent. As of 2020, IEEE's membership exceeded 395,000 across 160 countries, solidifying its status as the largest global technical professional organization through a network of units, publications, and conferences [27]. * ISO (International Organization for Standardization): In 1946, a gathering of 65 representatives from 25 nations convened to deliberate on the future of international standardization. This culminated in the official establishment of ISO in 1947, comprising 67 technical committees. Since its inception, ISO has regularly disseminated information on its technical committees and published standards and organizational updates. Functioning as an independent non-governmental international entity, ISO boasts a membership of 169 national standardization bodies. Through collaborative expertise, ISO facilitates the development of voluntary, consensus-driven, and globally pertinent international standards, fostering innovation and delivering solutions to worldwide challenges [28]. * CEN (European Committee for Standardization): CEN, the European Committee for Standardization, serves as a consortium uniting national standardization bodies from 34 European nations. This collaborative platform is dedicated to formulating European standards and technical documents across diverse products, materials, services, and processes. Recognized by the European Union and the European Free Trade Association, CEN, along with CENELEC and ETSI, is entrusted with the task of devising voluntary standards at the European level. In the interest of international and European standardization, CEN collaborates with CIE, aiming to leverage the knowledge and expertise within each organization through a formalized agreement [29]. * IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission): In 1906, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) was established in London after a proposal at the 1904 International Electrical Congress. The congress recognized that the diversity in electrical systems worldwide was hindering progress. The IEC's inaugural meeting included representatives from multiple countries, with Lord [PERSON] elected as the first president. Today, the IEC, a global non-profit organization, unites over 170 countries and oversees 20,000 experts worldwide. Celebrating its centenary in 2006, the IEC has adapted to 21 st-century technological advancements, establishing new technical committees for areas like fuel cells, assessment methods for human exposure to electric and electromagnetic fields (including 5G), avionics, electronic displays, nanotechnology, marine energy generation, solar thermal electric plants, printed electronics, electrical energy storage systems, wearable electronic devices, personal e-transporters, and more. This reflects the IEC's commitment to staying current with evolving technologies and fostering standardization in diverse fields [30]. * IPC (Institute of Printed Circuits): Founded in the autumn of 1957, the Institute of Printed Circuits, or IPC, has remained committed to eliminating supply chain challenges, establishing industry standards, and fostering industry progress.