# Smart Intravenous Infusion Dosing System
## 2 State of the Art
### Wireless Communication Systems  
This subsection presents wireless communication between (i) the sensor for detecting the fluid level in the IV bottle/bag and the controller that receives the data from the sensor, (ii) the controller that receives the data from the sensor and the user interface on the computer in the nurse room, and (iii) the controller that receives data from sensors and the user interfaces on medical staff smartphones. The Internet of Things (IoT) system for monitoring IV infusion using an ultrasound and temperature sensor to detect fluid levels in the IV bag, as well as an IR sensor to count liquid drops from the IV bag through the drip chamber, is shown in [20]. The sensors send information to the microcontroller, which, via Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), sends SMS messages, i.e., alarms to medical staff. Monitoring of infusion fluid levels using a humidity sensor is shown in [21]. The humidity sensor, together with sensors for detecting the patient's temperature and pulse via a microcontroller and Bluetooth connection, sends real-time data to medical staff mobile devices. The IoT infusion monitoring system which comprises a temperature sensor for infusion flow detection, a microcontroller, and a Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) module is presented in [22]. Liquid level data is transmitted wirelessly from the microcontroller to the IoT cloud, the mobile application, and to the medical staff mobile phones. The use of a wireless flexible capacitive sensor to detect fluid levels in the IV bag by changing the capacitance when the fluid level in the bag decreases is shown in [23]. The sensor communicates wirelessly with a microcontroller that produces an alarm at the appropriate time. A system which involves an optical sensor with a lens for measuring the number of drops of liquid through the drip chamber is presented in [24]. The LED emits light of a predetermined light length and color through different lenses. The electrical signal, which indicates the passage of the droplet, is sent via Bluetooth communication to the microcontroller, and then to the medical staff. The IoT system for monitoring IV infusion, based on the load sensor--detection of the liquid level of the IV bag by measuring its weight--and the IR sensor--counting liquid drips through the drip chamber--is shown in [25]. When the IV bag is emptied, the controller produces an audible and visual alarm to the patient, and the data about this are collected on a server that wirelessly forwards the information to the medical staff. The detection of IV bag weight change using a load cell sensor is shown in [26]. If the IV bag empties, the microcontroller sends the data to the mobile application and medical staff mobile phones via Wi-Fi connection. An infusion monitoring system using artificial intelligence is presented in [27]. It is based on an IR sensor for measuring the number of infusion drops, and the system is designed to monitor the patient's temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration parameters. These data, along with infusion fluid flow data, are sent to a central processing unit (CPU) that forwards the data to the cloud. A system for monitoring IV infusion flow using two electrodes above and below the drip chamber, used for counting drops of liquid sends signals to the microcontroller, while the display shows the remaining liquid level in the IV bag as a percentage, as is shown in [28]. In addition, data from the microcontroller are forwarded to the nurse room via a Bluetooth module. The use of weight sensors for monitoring the emptiness of the IV bag--measuring the weight of the IV liquid--is shown in [29]. When the fluid level is low, the processor activates an alarm and sends the data to the server and personal digital assistants (PDAs) located in the patient monitoring room. In addition, the authors suggest the use of a bar code or radio-frequency identification (RFID) to generate patient data, IV infusion, etc.