## 1 Introduction  
Nature's remarkable adaptability has long inspired the development of stimuli-responsive materials. For example, the Venus flytrap's rapid leaf closure (\(\leq\)100 ms) to capture insects, triggered by mechanosensory hairs on its surface, exemplifies the potential of materials to respond dynamically to external stimuli [1]. Similarly, shape-memory polymers (SMPs) represent a fascinating class of smart materials that have garnered significant attention in recent years for their exceptional responsiveness to environmental triggers [2, 3]. These materials can undergo changes in both their physical and chemical structure when exposed to external stimuli such as temperature variation [4, 5], light exposure [6, 7, 8], mechanical force [9], magnetism [10, 11], electric fields [12, 13], and pH of the solution [14, 15]. Compared to shape-memory alloys (SMAs) and ceramics (SMCs), SMPs offer several advantages, including highly recoverable strain, programmability and controllability of recovery behavior, low mass density, low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradability, ease of processing, and tailoring of properties [16; 17; 18]. Despite offering these wide varieties of potential advantages, significant drawbacks of SMPs are associated with their relatively low tensile strength and stiffness, low recovery stress due to the low rubbery modulus, and actuation restricted primarily to heat-related treatment [19]. During actuation in the field of high-performance applications, the low recovery times are often responsible for their low thermal conductivity and inertness to electrical, light, and electromagnetic stimuli [20; 21]. Furthermore, spatial or remotely controlled actuations are needed for specific applications, where SMPs fall short of satisfying the necessity of particular demand because their activation method largely depends on direct heating. The external heat sources are usually used to activate the thermally-induced SMPs directly, which is difficult to control due to low heat transfer and responsiveness. By considering the challenges associated with SMPs, researchers introduced various types of functional fillers to develop a classical composite approach to mitigate these issues [3]. Numerous nanostructures, including nanoparticles (NPs), nanorods (NRs), nanotubes (NTs), nanocrystals (NCs), and nanofibers, along with microscale fillers and fibers, are commonly employed to enhance the properties of SMPs. Among these functional fillers, nanoarchitecture-embedded SMPs exhibit outstanding mechanical properties, including elevated elastic stiffness and high strength. These capabilities are attributed to the significant surface area-to-volume ratios of the nano additives, which surpass those of micro and macro additives [22]. The extensive surface area of the nanofillers ensures a strong interfacial interaction with the polymer matrix, promoting enhanced composite properties. Researchers found that the establishment of interfacial covalent bonds improves the uniform dispersion of the nanofiller due to adhesive forces between the polymeric matrix and the nanostructures [23]. This elevated dispersion, along with better interfacial interactions, not only facilitates favorable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties but also enhances the stimulation of the nanocomposite materials, yielding a robust shape-memory effect (SME) with various actuation modes [20; 24; 25]. Incorporating nanofillers into SMPs has expanded their application domains, allowing nanotechnology to enhance adaptability to meet specific application requirements across various fields [24]. For instance, in biomedical technology, the addition of nanofillers with good electrical, magnetic, or luminous properties contributes to stimulation processes, which has led to the fabrication of various parts with shape-memory polymer composites (SMPCs) for endovascular thrombectomy devices, cardiovascular stents, artificial muscles, smart surgical tools, and laser-activated SMP microactuators for clot removal in blood vessels [18; 26; 27; 28].