esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Simulation Analysis of Support Effectiveness
### Analysis of the Damage to the Roadway Perimeter Rock  
The distribution range of the plastic zone directly reflects the damage degree of surrounding rock, which is an important index for evaluating the stability of the roadway. Figure 10 shows the distribution of the plastic zone of the surrounding rock under different support conditions.  
In the unsupported condition, the plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the roadway has a large range. The maximum depth of the plastic zone in the top slab is 2.74 m, which is mainly concentrated in the middle of the top slab, indicating that the surrounding rock in this area has undergone significant plastic deformation and there is a high risk of damage. The maximum depth of the plastic zone in the bottom plate is 3.0 m, which is slightly larger than that of the top plate, indicating that the surrounding rock of the bottom plate has undergone a wide range of plastic damage under the condition of no support. The maximum depth of the plastic zone in the gang section is 1.6 m, which is mainly concentrated in the middle and upper part of the gang section, indicating that the surrounding rock in this area has insufficient bearing capacity and is prone to plastic deformation. These data show that the plastic zone of the tunnel peripheral rock in the unsupported condition is large, and there is a high risk of instability.  
After adopting the anchor net spraying support, the range of the plastic zone of the roadway surrounding rock was significantly reduced. The depth of the plastic zone of the top slab was reduced from 2.74 m to 1.20 m, which was reduced by about 56.0%, indicating that the support system had significantly suppressed the plastic deformation of the surrounding rock of the top slab. The depth of the plastic zone in the base plate  
Figure 10: Comparison of the plastic zone in the unsupported condition and the spray anchor network supported condition of the enclosing rock. (**a**) Unsupported state of the surrounding rock, (**b**) supporting state of surrounding rock.  
is reduced from 3.00 m to 2.80 m, with a reduction of about 6.7%, indicating that the supporting measures also have a certain effect on the plastic deformation of the base plate surrounding rock. The depth of the plastic zone in the gang section is reduced from 1.60 m to 1.30 m, which is about 19.0%, indicating that the support system can effectively enhance the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock in the gang section and reduce the range of plastic damage.  
By comparing the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone under the two conditions, it can be found that the anchor mesh spraying support significantly reduces the range of the plastic zone of the tunnel surrounding rock, especially the plastic zone of the roof plate, which has the largest reduction, indicating that the support measures can effectively enhance the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and reduce the risk of plastic damage, so as to improve the long-term stability of the tunnel.
## 4 Results
### Evolution of RIP
#### 4.1.2 Wearability and Mobility  
Continuous monitoring of respiration is crucial for detecting and anticipating high-risk situations, and appropriate monitoring techniques may prove vital for the life-saving management of conditions. The implementation of RIP in a wearable form allows PFT and breathing pattern (BP) monitoring of the user in a completely unrestrained environment, allowing the measurement of data while the individual carries on with their daily activities. The mobility of RIP devices is also advantageous in ambulatory situations, where PFT and BP are critical measurements. Having such a system embedded in an ambulance might help diagnose patients and provide critical reports for medics. A remote monitoring system to analyze and determine breathing patterns was proposed in [31] for consultation purposes. The system can identify the differences between regular breathing, somewhat irregular breathing due to smoking, and irregular breathing caused by cough and cold.  
Researchers have also contributed to investigating the best implementation of RIP sensors. The authors of [27] scrutinized three different attachment options for RIP devices: (i) an RIP belt secured using tension only; (ii) an RIP belt held in place by adhesive and tension; (iii) an RIP belt sewn into a T-shirt. From the findings over 24 h, the method with the RIP belt stitched inside a T-shirt demonstrated the highest performance. This approach has been proven to be more resistant to abnormalities induced by body movement. The RIP device has only to be removed during showering, and participants in the trial were instructed to go about their everyday routines. The calibration coefficients of the system based merely on the belt or the belt + adhesive became unreliable over time. This happened as a result of their being unreliable and inconvenient when the participants were performing day-to-day activities. It was observed that the lowest measurement error occurred with the belt + shirt combination (RMS error <0.1 L), while the belt-only and the belt + adhesive configurations produced noticeable errors in all three subjects (RMS errors ranging from 0.039 L to 0.495 L).  
Carre Technologies in Canada offers wearable shirts with integrated sensors designed to monitor vital signs, such as blood pressure. The Hexoskin Smart Shirt (HX) was designed with activity sensors specifically for use in sports and medical treatment environments [9; 34; 35; 36]. This sort of wearable shirt can also be highly beneficial in other disciplines of research, such as cigarette smoking monitoring [57; 58]. Some other commercially available wearable RIP systems are available, and a few selected systems have been addressed and analyzed in the results synthesis in this work.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### PCB data set
The prediction accuracies of external validation set are given in Table 9. The prediction accuracy without unknown is the prediction accuracy calculated by the external validation set excluding the congeners that contain 0, 1, 9 and 10 chlorine atoms. The total prediction accuracy is the prediction accuracy calculated by the complete external validation set. Because the prediction set contained low quality spectra that make the data set more difficult to classify, the result is generally worse than BLP validation. The SVM, BNN, and RF method obtained better results than other methods. The RBFCCN models yielded average prediction accuracy of 81.7% without unknown, which was ranked fifth among all the seven methods. Both the RBFCCN and SCRBFN models correctly indentified most of the unknown objects. The BNN and RBFN models were capable of classifying the test objects, but they can hardly identify the unknown objects. This result is consistent with the result from the synthetic novel class data set. As a result, the BNN and PLS models yielded total prediction accuracies lower than 65%. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cl number** & **Total** & **BNN** & **SCRBFN** & **RBFN** & **RBFCCN** \\ \hline
2 & 10 & 10 & \(8.3\pm 0.5\) & \(8.0\pm 0.8\) & 10 \\
3 & 12 & 12 & \(11.1\pm 0.8\) & \(11.0\pm 0.7\) & 12 \\
4 & 28 & 28 & \(26.3\pm 1.5\) & \(26.1\pm 1.6\) & 28 \\
5 & 29 & \(28.9\pm 0.1\) & \(27.1\pm 1.5\) & \(26.6\pm 1.6\) & 28 \\
6 & 24 & 24 & \(23.3\pm 0.9\) & \(22.8\pm 1.4\) & 24 \\
7 & 18 & 18 & \(17.0\pm 1.0\) & \(17.1\pm 1.0\) & 18 \\
8 & 10 & 10 & \(9.0\pm 0.7\) & \(9.4\pm 0.6\) & 10 \\ \hline Prediction & & \(99.9\pm 0.1\) & \(93.2\pm 4.6\) & \(92.4\pm 5.5\) & 99.2 \\ accuracy (\%) & & & & & \\ \hline \hline
**Cl number** & **Total** & **PLS-DA** & **SVM** & **RF** & \\ \hline
2 & 10 & \(9.9\pm 0.1\) & 10 & 10 & \\
3 & 12 & \(11.9\pm 0.1\) & 12 & \(11.9\pm 0.1\) & \\
4 & 28 & \(27.5\pm 0.3\) & 28 & 28 & \\
5 & 29 & \(26.2\pm 0.5\) & 29 & 29 & \\
6 &
# Proxy Re-Encryption Scheme for Decentralized Storage Networks
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a PRE scheme satisfying the PoRep scenario. Since the PoRep is the key algorithm for a decentralized storage network, the proposed PRE would be an important candidate for a future blockchain storage network. In a decentralizedstorage network, access control must be cryptography-based. Meanwhile, the decentralized storage network suffers from outsourcing attacks. Proof-of-replication helps to convince users that their content is kept by the dedicated storage resource. The proposed PRE scheme is suited for proof-of-replication, which does not generate the extra ciphertext. The scheme reduces the cost of cryptographic access control. Moreover, our PRE scheme is CCA-secure and only requires one key pair. With the practical implementation, it is reasonably fast to use in applications.  
Nowadays, users become used to placing their data on the public cloud. Although the data access is permission-controlled, it might be transparent to cloud storage providers. Employing the PRE scheme will bring true privacy to user data, even if the service provider is semi-trusted.  
Due to the computation efficiency, symmetry encryption is widely used for encryption. However, the key management for symmetry encryption is complex, leading to more privacy issues. With the maturity of the PRE scheme, it can bring more flexibility to data storage and access control. Asymmetry encryption will play a more important role in blockchain-based systems.
# A Computation Offloading Strategy in LEO Constellation Edge Cloud Network
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed the concept of the LEO constellation edge cloud network (LEO-ECN), established the system model of LEO-ECN, and gave the offloading mechanism of LEO-ECN. In this model, the computational offloading problem of energy consumption and load balancing combined optimization is studied from the system point of view. Especially for energy consumption modeling, considering the characteristics of multi-hop network of low orbit constellation, the energy consumption cost model combining computing and network is given, and the load balance of the whole constellation computing resources is also considered. Finally, we solved the problems, and conducted a series of simulation experiments. In different constellation scales, the proposed offloading strategy was compared with access satellite offloading, neighbor satellite offloading, random offloading and first fit offloading. The experimental results showed that our proposed offloading strategy has higher satellite resource utilization and better performance.  
Conceptualization, C.S., Y.Z. and F.D.; methodology, T.H. and F.D.; software and validation, F.D.; resources, T.H. and F.D.; data curation, C.L.;writing original draft preparation, F.D.; supervision, C.S.; project administration, Y.Z.; funding acquisition, T.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 62171046.  
The data presented in this research are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} LEO & Low Earth Orbit \\ IoT & Internet of Thing \\ LEO-ECN & LEO Constellation Edge Cloud Network \\
5G & 5 th Generation Mobile Networks \\
6G & 6 th Generation Mobile Networks \\ VR/AR & Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality \\ ADMM & Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers \\ TDMA & Time Division Multiple Access \\ MEC & Mobile Edge Computing \\ CPU & Central Processing Unit \\ \end{tabular}  
Figure 16: Joint optimization cost of all offloading strategies varies with the number of tasks.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Localization of the Human Operator
#### 2.2.1 User Portable Device and GNSS Receivers Specifications  
The user portable device (UPD) is a tablet PC with remote control functions for the RHEA intelligent vehicles. Due to the challenges encountered in an outdoor environment, a rugged tablet PC (IP 65) was selected as the implementation platform, equipped with an Intel Atom Z530 1.6 GHz processor, 2 GB of DDR2 RAM, and 64 GB of SSD disk space. This device has a 7\" touch screen, an 802.11b/g/n wireless adapter and an integrated GPS receiver and runs the Windows 7 operating system.  
Internal and external GNSS receiver modules were used to determine the two-dimensional (2D) position (_i.e._, the latitude and longitude) of a user during localization tests. The internal GNSS module (model FV-M9, San Jose Technology, Inc., Tucheng, Taiwan) supports four types of differential correction signals: WAAS within North America, EGNOS within Europe, GAGAN in South Asia and MSAS within Japan and Southeast Asia. It communicates with the appropriate geostationary satellites, which provide a regional correction signal and determine the location of the user in the field. According to its specifications, its position accuracy is approximately 3.3 m. The external DGNSS module (model AgGPS 162, Trimble Navigation Ltd., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is a combined antenna and GNSS L1 receiver capable of satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) navigation using WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS. The combination of a rugged housing and SBAS accuracy make this equipment suitable and economical for a wide range of agricultural applications, such as yield monitoring, field mapping and guidance systems.
# Integration of LTE 230 and LTE 1800 in Power Wireless Private Networks
## 4 Integration of the Access Network
### Performance of the Integrated Network  
Figures 12 and 13 show the transmission data rate comparisons between LTE 230 and LTE 1800. The simulation parameters were as follows: the transmitting power of the LTE 230 base station was 37 dBm, the transmitting power of the LTE 1800 base station was 49 dBm, the transmitting power of the device was 23 dBm, the system bandwidth was 1 MHz for LTE 230 and 20 MHz for LTE 1800, the height of the base station antenna was 45 m, the height of the device antenna was 1.5 m, the noise power spectrum density was -174 dBm/Hz, the noise figure was 9 dB for the device and 5 for the base station, and the gap between the real transmission rate and the Shannon capacity was assumed to be 6 dB [13; 21].  
Figure 12: Downlink transmission data rate comparisons between LTE 1800 and LTE 230 in different environments.  
Figure 13: Uplink transmission data rate comparisons between LTE 1800 and LTE 230 in different environments.  
We can see that there is a cross point between LTE 230 and LTE 1800. This means that after we integrate LTE 1800 and LTE 230, the transmission data rate will increase and will be determined by the better system at a given distance. For example, in the suburban area, if the device is 0.5 km away from the base station, it will use LTE 1800, which has a transmission rate much higher than that of LTE 230, as its communication mode. On the contrary, if the device moves to a place which is 8 km away from the base station, it will change to the LTE 230 mode to achieve a high transmission rate.
# A Two-Stage Kalman Filter-Based Carrier Tracking Loop for Weak GNSS Signals
## 3 Conventional Two-Stage Carrier Tracking Strategy
### Coarse Tracking Design  
Figure 1 presents that coarse tracking stage, which contains two parts. They are the frequency pulling module and the FLL-assisted-PLL tracking loop, which are introduced in the following subsections.
# Additive Manufacturing of PH 13-8 Mo Family: A Review
## 6 Summary and Outlook  
In this review, the overview of the existing literature on the AM of the PH 13-8 Mo family was presented, with a focus on the microstructure and properties.  
It was shown that the as-built microstructure of PBF-LB and DED-Arc of the PH 13-8 Mo family were different, i.e., the presence of \(\delta\)-ferrite. However, more in-depth investigations are needed to understand the solidification modes and the microstructural evolution during the AM of the PH 13-8 Mo family with the help of in situ measurements, computational thermodynamics and kinetics, and computational modeling methods. The acquired knowledge could be used to improve the understanding of microstructure-property relationships.  
Most of the initial studies used the recommended heat treatments for conventional production. In recent studies, it was realized that to ensure optimum properties, new heat treatment recipes need to be developed not only for the additively manufactured parts but also for the specific AM processes.  
Publications regarding the microstructure and mechanical properties of the DED-LB/PH 13-8 Mo family are scarce. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the impact toughness, corrosion, and fatigue properties of the PH 13-8 Mo family manufactured using DED-LB.  
Researchers showed that additively manufactured MPHSS can achieve comparable properties to conventionally manufactured ones. Therefore, additively manufactured PH13-8 Mo stainless steel has the potential to be used in industrial applications. However, due to the complex thermal history associated with AM processes, heterogeneous microstructure could occur, resulting in anisotropic properties. Therefore, the solutions to control the anisotropy need to be established. In addition, more investigations should be conducted on the corrosion, fatigue, impact toughness, and wear properties of the PH 13-8 Mo family processed using AM.  
Writing--original draft preparation, G.A.; writing--review and editing, G.A., M.A.V.B. and J.A.; supervision, M.A.V.B. and J.A.; funding acquisition, J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by The Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stifelsen, Stiftelsen for kunskaps-och kompetensutveckling) via DEDICATE: Directed Energy Deposition for Industrial Competitiveness in Additive Manufacturing Technologies project (Dnr.20210094).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Simulation and Experimental Results  
In order to verify the effectiveness of the FNA method proposed in this paper, the algorithm simulation and machining experiment will be conducted in this section. The algorithm simulation was performed on a personal computer with the CPU i3-9100F, while the machining experiment was performed on a three-axis CNC machine tool DC-6060A (KAIBO, Ningbo, China) controlled by a self-developed controller. The X/Y/Z axes travel of the machine tool were 600/600/260 mm, respectively. The architecture of the experimental platform is shown in Figure 5.  
The Embedded Linux controller iTop4412 (TOPEET, Beijing, China) in the figure was mainly used for GUI, while the ARM (STM32H743) controller ran CNC algorithms, including ISO6983 code parsing, nominal acceleration solving, feedrate planning, interpolation, etc. The FPGA (EP4 CE22) was mainly used for fine interpolation and generating control signals for servo drives.  
The main parameters used in the simulation and experiment and their default values are shown in Table 1.  
In the actual CNC machining, the angle-constraint method is easy to realize and simple to calculate and it is the most widely used method to calculate the feedrate-constraint value. Therefore, the simulation and experiment were mainly performed on the angle-constraint method and the proposed FNA method.
# Autonomous Balloon Controls for Protection against Projectiles with Known Destinations
## 3 Definitions and Assumptions  
Suppose that the height of the EP at time-step 0 is zero. The destination of the EP has height zero. Suppose that the EP's destination is located at \((x^{D},y^{D},0)\). Furthermore, suppose that the EP at time-step 0 is located at the origin.  
Let \(L\) denote the horizontal distance between the initial EP and its destination. This implies that \(L=\sqrt{(x^{D})^{2}+(y^{D})^{2}}\). Let _ground_ denote a plane with height zero.  
Let _shooting angle_\(\theta_{0}\) denote \(\theta\) at time-step 0, and let \(V_{0}\) denote the velocity \(V\) at time-step 0. Suppose that we can access \(V_{0}\) of the EP. Let \(\theta_{0}^{D}\) denote the shooting angle \(\theta_{0}\) so that the EP with initial velocity \(V\) hits the destination.  
We discuss how to derive the initial shooting angle \(\theta_{0}^{D}\) so that the flight range of the EP is \(L\). Suppose we ignore the drag force by setting \(\kappa=0\) in (1). Then, Equation (1) leads to  
\[\frac{dV}{dt} =-g*s(\theta),\] \[\frac{d\theta}{dt} =\frac{-g*c(\theta)}{V},\] \[\frac{dr}{dt} =V*c(\theta),\] \[\frac{dz}{dt} =V*s(\theta). \tag{2}\]  
At time-step 0, the \(r\)-component velocity is \(v_{0}^{r}=V_{0}*c(\theta_{0}^{D})\), and at time-step 0, the \(z\)-component velocity is \(v_{0}^{z}=V_{0}*s(\theta_{0}^{D})\). The gravity force applies in the negative z direction. Using the gravity force, the \(z\)-component velocity becomes zero after \(\frac{V_{0}*s(\theta_{0}^{D})}{g}\) seconds elapses. Because we ignored the drag force, the EP hits the ground after \(\frac{2*V_{0}*s(\theta_{0}^{D})}{g}\) seconds elapse. The flight range in the \(r\)-direction as the EP flies for \(\frac{2*V_{0}*s(\theta_{0}^{D})}{g}\) seconds is  
\[L=v_{0}^{r}\frac{2*V_{0}*s(\theta_{0}^{D})}{g}. \tag{3}\]  
Using \(v_{0}^{r}=V_{0}*c(\theta_{0}^{D})\), one gets\[L=\frac{V_{0}^{2}*s(2\theta_{0}^{D})}{g}. \tag{4}\]  
This implies that the initial shooting angle \(\theta_{0}^{D}\) for flight range \(L\) is given by  
\[\theta_{0}^{D}=0.5*asin(\frac{L*g}{V_{0}^{2}}). \tag{5}\]  
Ignoring the drag force, \(\theta_{0}^{D}\) in (5) provides the shooting angle associated with the flight range \(L\). In practice, drag force exists in the air, which makes the problem more complicated.  
By doing experiments utilizing a real projectile, we can build a table showing the relationship between the shooting angle \(\theta_{0}\) and the flight range. Using this table, we can derive the shooting angle \(\theta_{0}^{D}\) associated with flight range \(L\).
## 6 Methodology of Sample Implementation
### Implementation of Panoramic Video Broadcast
#### 6.2.2 Network Transmission  
For the network transmission protocol part, RTMP (Real-Time Message Transmission Protocol) was adopted. The 2D images after projection splicing and audio coding were encapsulated and then pushed to the network. On the client side, the corresponding RTMP stream was pulled. The content in Figure 11 is also the real-time frame of RTMP stream obtained by the client through testing. There was a sense of direction of the sound, but it was still difficult to achieve a three-dof sound direction change through the perspective transformation.
# Physical Layer Definition for a Long-Haul HF Antarctica to Spain Radio Link
## 4 Physical Layer Tests Analysis
### Modulation Tests
#### 4.4.2 Multi-Carrier and Single-Carrier Modulations
The results obtained from the analysis with real data are summarized in Table 7. From these results, we can observe for OFDM and SC-FDMA that the narrower the waveform, the lower the CDF (BER), because the values of SNR are higher. Moreover, the BER is lower when low values of IBO are applied due to the increment of the mean power, _i.e._, the SNR increases too. Finally, the sub-carriers of OFDM with a narrower bandwidth produce higher BER because this modulation is sensitive to the ICI.