## 3 Analysis
### Relationship between Green Purchasing Rates and Policies  
Figure 5 illustrates the share of municipalities that have implemented green purchasing by adopting a GPP. Light green bars show the share of green purchasing municipalities that have adopted a GPP, while light blue bars show those without a GPP. For example, among municipalities with a GPP, almost 100% implement green purchasing for paper products in one way or another. These include municipalities that implement green purchasing without measuring the green purchasing rate as well as those engaging in almost 100% green purchasing. For the paper products category, among municipalities without a GPP, the share of municipalities implementing green purchasing is less than 80%. The order of the items on the horizontal axis is the same as in Figure 3.  
We observe a positive correlation between GPP adoption and green purchasing implementation. For all items, light green bars are taller than light blue bars, i.e., the share is higher if they have adopted a GPP. Even for the least popular category for green purchasing, mobile phones, the share of municipalities implementing green purchasing is more than 40%. This suggests that GPPs may promote or assist in the implementation of green purchasing. Figure 5 demonstrates a pattern in the difference between municipalities with a GPP and those without a GPP in the share of green purchase implementing municipalities. The differences are smaller at both ends of Figure 5, that is, for paper products and mobile phones. As we move from the left to the center along the horizontal line, the difference becomes larger. It is the largest for uniforms, with 35 percentage points. The items next to uniforms such as electronic devices and work gloves seem to have greater impacts if a GPP is adopted by the municipalities. The ranking based on the share of GPP-implementing municipalities is almost the same as that in Figure 3. Paper products have the highest share, while mobile phones have the lowest share. This observation is true for both municipalities with a GPP and those without a GPP, except for in the public works category. Among municipalities with a GPP, the share of municipalities implementing green purchasing for public works is slightly lower than that for other items on either side of public works. In contrast, among the municipalities without a GPP, the share is higher for public works than for other categories, such as work gloves and home appliances, which are located to the left of the graph. Thus, the positive correlation between the GPP adoption and the green purchasing rate is lower for public works than for other items. The procurement of public works may depend on regulations or policies other than a GPP. Figure 6 illustrates the share of municipalities with and without GPPs that measure their green purchasing rates for each item. The order of the items is the same as in Figure 3. The light green bar shows the share of municipalities measuring their green purchasing rates, while the light blue bar shows municipalities that lack such measurements. We find that, overall, there are large differences in the share between the two types of municipalities. The largest difference, of almost 30 percentage points, is observed for work gloves. Municipalities with GPPs are more likely, by almost 20 percentage points, to measure their green purchasing rate than those that lack a GPP. The smallest difference is observed for other equipment, but that difference is still approximately seven percentage points. The difference is also small for paper products and cars, which has two possible explanations. The first possible explanation is that the criteria for green products for these items are clear; hence, a GPP is not needed to purchase them. Another possible reason is that municipalities do not frequently purchase cars, and hence, it is easier for them to measure their own green purchasing rate. Figure 6 shows that for work gloves, office furniture and uniforms, the measurement rates are low for municipalities without a GPP.