# Machine Vision--Moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0
## 5 Discussion  
### General Research Findings  
According to the results of the conducted study, it is revealed that the use of machine vision in both Industries 4.0 and 5.0 covers and is expected to cover a huge range of fields, for various reasons, as discussed in the following. However, the main application sector in both cases is the wider industrial sector, including manufacturing and automotive industries, while the most popular uses are for monitoring and quality control. All assumptions are based on the data included in Tables 1 and 2. More specifically, one of the main findings of this work indicates that the applications of machine vision in Industry 4.0 vary; yet, according to the findings, reported applications are almost evenly distributed. Quality control in general is a use where human workers are struggling to balance between precision, interdness, expertise, and time. Our research revealed that with a percentage of 29%, quality control is the most popular task in Industry 4.0 to be performed with the help of machine vision. Almost as important is the monitoring function, applied in 24% of the cases, followed by object detection with 21%. The role of machine vision in Industry 4.0 is characterized as decisive since its contribution can upgrade and develop several fields of human daily life. Its appearance in general in industries and factories can be characterized as necessary; note that a percentage of 24% of the literature refers to general industrial applications without including the percentage of specific industries that were considered separately, such as the automotive industry. By considering all industries together, the latter percentage reaches 50%. The reason for that is that the use of machine vision can cover all industry-related operations (quality control, monitoring, detection, recognition, measurement, inventory, identification, classification, evaluation, storage, etc.). However, since, among all sectors, the automotive sector was the one with the most applications, it is natural that the most frequent use of machine vision refers to a specific application related to this sector. Industry 5.0 is an era that many would expect to be the continuation of Industry 4.0; yet, it comes to play its role in parallel, giving enhanced possibilities and options. In Industry 5.0, the use of machine vision aims to enter areas crucial to human life, although this attempt is still in early stages. One would expect that the evolution of Industry 5.0 would include full robot control over automated tasks or even full control over production lines of both manual tasks and processes. Nevertheless, none of the above characterizes this era. In Industry 5.0, robots are meant to cooperate with humans, _not to replace them_, and are envisioned to work together cooperatively towards increasing the efficiency of production, as depicted in Figure 12[140]. The aim of this era seems to be cooperation in an environmentally friendly context. In Industry 5.0, machine vision still plays and is expected to play a decisive role in several sectors, as foreseen from the present report. Early findings indicate its contribution to the manufacturing industry/factories (percentage of 58%), the health sector (29%), and the agricultural sector with 13%. The lack of references in other sectors up to the date of this report indicates that machine vision in Industry 5.0 may be still at an early stage; however, its involvement is expected to expand in all relevant sectors of Industry 4.0 and more. At this point, the limitations of this research should be noted. Limitations are mainly related to the maturity of the publications as well as the databases from which the information was retrieved. Only scientific literature was included due to the need for greater reliability of the information. In addition, because the supporting technologies in one of the two search periods, i.e., Industry 5.0, are at an early stage, the search results were limited, and as a consequence, any comparison between the two periods would be non-equal.