## 3 Results
### Data Synthesis
Order is based on publication year (from oldest to most recent year). Figure 2: Number of publications on residual limb volume measuring techniques. Table 4 displays each technique's capacity to capture the residual limb shape and/or volume, as well as how to measure volume fluctuation and the conditions required for volume measurement. All measurement techniques, except for anthropometric measurement, bioimpedance, and water displacement, may be used to assess the residual limb's volume and shape. The water displacement and bioimpedance techniques have distinct limitations because they can only evaluate volume, in contrast to anthropometric measurements, which only identify circumferences and require calculations to calculate volume. All measuring techniques can therefore be used to determine the residual limb volume, except for bioimpedance and SXCT, which can only detect volume change. Additionally, while the water displacement, contact probe, and bioimpedance techniques require a particular experiment setup, the anthropometric measurement, optical scanning, SXCT, MRI, ultrasound, and laser scanning techniques can be employed in clinical settings without a particular setup. On the other hand, Table 5 compares the techniques based on their costs, setup and availability, accuracy and precision, time/duration, and applications. According to the analysis, each technique has its benefits and drawbacks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**Technique**}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Ability to Capture Shape and/or**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Method of Measuring the Fluctuation**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Setting**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Volume**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Meeasurements**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Whole Volume**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Change in Volume Volume**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Other Measurements**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Clinical Setting**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Lab Setting**} \\ \hline Water Displacement & - & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & - & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Anthropometric Measurement & - & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Contact Probes & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & - & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Optical Scanning & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline SXCT & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - & \(\surd\) & - \\ \hline MRI & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & - \\ \hline Ultrasound & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & - \\ \hline Laser Scanning & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline Bioimpedance & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) & - & - & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of the techniques according to ability, method, and setting needed to capture the residual limb’s shape and/or volume. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**Theme** & **Technique** & **Details** \\ \hline Cost & Water Displacement & Cost-effective—does not require the utilisation of costly equipment or technology \\ \hline Anthropometric Measurement & Cost-effective—does not require the utilisation of costly equipment, normally only use measurement tape \\ \hline Contact Probes & Expensive—more difficult to reach some clinics or patients because this technique requires proper setup and pricey equipment \\ \hline Optical Scanning & Expensive equipment—requires specialised equipment, which can be expensive as well as difficult to obtain \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of the techniques based on cost, time/duration, accuracy and precision, setup and availability, and applications.