## 3 Material and Methods
### Experiment Design  
The study employed a within-subject experimental design to assess the impact of workload stressors and psychophysiological parameters on participants' near-miss recognition performance. Participants were asked to identify four fatal near-misses from stimuli images under three different stressor conditions on two separate days. This facilitated the removal of carryover effects that may alter the results. Each participant completed a baseline trial (non-stress) first, followed by two stressor condition trials randomized to reduce order effect. The experiment was completed in 65 min, with the first visit taking 45 min and the second taking 20 min. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved all the experimental procedures. The entire study encompassed four steps:  
Step 1: The experiment preparation process commenced with the collection of fatal four near-miss stimuli images from real construction sites and web sources. Stimuli images were carefully selected from a pool and processed to mark designated areas of interest (AOI). To ensure the assigned AOI's accuracy, all images were validated by competent safety professionals and construction experts. Subsequently, 30 male and 5 female participants were recruited. Before the experiment, participants completed a pre-experiment task that included the completion of the demographic questionnaire, the mini-marker personality survey, and the near-miss and fatal four training video. Step 2: The experimental data collection phase began with sensor setup and calibration, during which physiological data and visual sensing data were gathered using specific devices: the E4 wristband for Electrodermal Activity (EDA) data, the H-10 Polar for Heart Rate (HR) data, and the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 (manufactured by Tobii AB Company, Danderyd Municipality, Sweden) for eye tracking metrics. These wearable and visual sensors were connected to mobile devices for data acquisition: The E4 wristwatch was paired with an iPhone XR (128 GB) manufactured by Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA, the H-10 Polar was connected to an iPad Air 2 (128 GB) manufactured by Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA, and the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 were linked to a computer with a Windows operating system (MSI). Calibration for all devices was carefully performed before each experimental trial. After calibrating the sensors, participants were instructed to complete three experimental trials:the Baseline Trial (BT), the Mental Stress Trial (MST), and the Auditory Stress Trial (AST). In the Baseline Trial, participants watched a documentary titled \"World Class Trains--The Venice Simplon Orient Express\". This documentary is considered emotionally neutral, and previous research has shown that it does not induce external stress on viewers [82; 83; 84; 85]. Following the documentary, participants performed the near-miss eye-tracking activity. In the Mental Stress Trial, participants were tasked with transforming a four-digit number at their own pace [86]. The participants heard randomized four-digit numbers (e.g., 5341) and responded with the transformation of that number by adding one to each digit of the original number (i.e., 6452). The process continued until the prescribed time elapsed. The rate for this task was one digit per second, which was communicated to participants verbally via the experiment investigator. A series of four-digit numbers were provided to participants at a digit per second rate, and participants had to answer back with a transformed number by adding 1 to each digit at a similar rate. If participants responded incorrect transformed number, they were notified of their mistake. After completing the mental stress activity, participants proceeded to the eye-tracking task, which included different sets of stimuli images for near-miss identification. To induce sensory stress during the Auditory Stress Trial, participants were exposed to high-level construction noise (ranging from 90 to 100 dBA) exceeding 85 dBA.