## 4 FHB Management
### Host Resistance  
Host resistance has been touted by many scientists throughout the years as the most desirable approach in controlling FHB in cereals and other crops [33; 49; 93; 94; 95; 96; 97]. However, despite screening thousands of wheat lines, little resistance to _Fusarium_ has been found [98]. In addition, optimising host resistance in wheat and durum has not been an easy feat as resistance to FHB is a complex and quantitatively inherited trait that is controlled by multiple genes and affected by environmental factors [47] leading to relatively slow genetic gain per unit time [65]. Nevertheless, despite all these impediments, host or genetic resistance is considered the safest and most cost-effective tool for providing sustainable control against FHB. Following [PERSON]'s observation on the differences in resistance among different wheat varieties, and the conclusion that durum wheat was more susceptible than bread wheat to FHB [99], a genuine interest in FHB resistance grew worldwide. This ushered in a new era of host resistance research and cultivar improvement studies. Since then, the insights into host resistance have been forthcoming and thousands of scientific results have been published [2; 7; 31; 93; 94; 97; 98; 99]. Globally, numerous governmental and private breeding, screening, and genotyping labs and organisations have also joined the fight against FHB. These efforts over the last decades utilizing different strategies have led to the development of numerous wheat (_Tritcium aestivum_) and a few durum (_Tritcium turgidum_ subsp _durum_) cultivars with varying levels of resistance [100].  
At the start of this era in harnessing host plant, resistance mainly came through conventional breeding programs in which germplasm of _allollexaploid_ common bread wheat and to a lesser extent _tetraploid_ durum wheat were screened for desirable FHB resistant traits. The US is said to have been one of the earliest countries to screen for FHB resistant germplasm dating back to the 1920s with experiments of FHB severity in different wheat varieties carried out at the University of Wisconsin by [PERSON], [99]. Other countries like China, prompted in part by FHB epidemics in the 1930s in different regions of country, conducted one of the largest nationwide screenings backed by the governmental organisation, All Corporation of Research on Wheat Scab (CCRWS) in 1974 [101]. According to [PERSON] et al. [101] the CCRWS surveyed a total of 34,571 accessions including 23,434 domestic and introduced accessions of common wheat and 1935 accessions of wheat relatives. Among the common wheat, 1796 or 5.2% accessions were identified as resistant or moderately resistant [101]. However, there was no specific mention of durum wheat, even though it is possible that tetraploid wheat could be among the group labelled relatives of wheat. The same source also reported that 70,000 accessions of hexaploid wheat and its relatives collected worldwide have been screened, leading to the identification of about 7000 accessions with different levels of FHB resistance. In durum and wheat subspecies and its close relatives including Emmer, Oats, and Einkorn, approximately 10,500 accessions have been screened for their resistance to FHB. However, there are not many accessions identified as having or showing varying levels of FHB resistance [101].