## 3 Results and Discussion
These limitations have also been identified in previous studies (e.g., [PERSON] et al., 2016) [39]. 8. Neglecting the Thermal Inertia of Adjacent Structures: The influence of neighbouring structures, such as foundations, roofs, or partitions, was modelled as in the case of an isolated structure, even though their thermal inertia and interaction with surrounding structures can significantly impact the resulting indoor temperatures. This simplification may have led to minor discrepancies between empirical and simulated data. 9. Imbalance in Input Climatic Data: The climatic data used were based on a reference climatic year, a standard approach in energy simulations. However, these data represent average conditions over a long period of time and may not reflect precisely the actual meteorological conditions at the time of measurement. This difference could have affected the results, especially if the real conditions showed deviations in extreme temperatures or solar radiation intensity. * Local Thermal-Technical Variations in Construction: Timber buildings can exhibit local variations in material properties due to differences in insulation quality or minor construction imperfections (such as air leaks or uneven insulation thickness). These localised differences, which were not accounted for in the model, could have led to more significant deviations between simulated and measured temperatures in specific parts of the building. The model exhibits good ability to express the overall thermal dynamic behaviour of a structure. The quasi-cyclic character of the data and clear compliance of both datasets indicate the model's robustness. On the other hand, short-time fluctuations and certain non-consistent delays in datasets suggest the need to improve assumptions on thermal inertial behaviour behavior or the reaction of wind influences. This leads to the following consequences: 1. Thermal performance of a timber structure: Data from detailed measurements demonstrate that the temperature inside the house is relatively stable despite windy winter conditions. Such stability manifests the effectiveness of the building enclosure for the thermal comfort maintenance for residents. 2. Parameters of numerical models: Detected differences highlight the need for precise valuation of input parameters, with expectable consequences of revision of physical formulations, mathematical simplifications, and computational algorithms. Further calibration, like for a building in winter with controlled heating or for a building under hot summer conditions, could contribute to the model's validity. Nevertheless, designing experiments and the numerical analysis of related inverse problems is a stand-alone, non-trivial research area [68; 69]. 3. Exploitation in building practice: Reliable predictive models are crucial for the optimisation of energy consumption of buildings. Identifying physical processes and influences should suppress the differences between empirical data and data from numerical simulations, resulting in remarkable progress in designing HVAC systems and energy control strategies [70; 71]. As emphasised by [PERSON] et al. (2019) [43], one of the main limitations of energy modelling is the lack of accurate input data, which can lead to discrepancies in simulations. In our case, when comparing simulated and empirical data, such deviations were observed as expected. Another factor is the manual setup of thermal zones, as noted by [PERSON] et al. (2022) [41], which can be time-consuming. Nevertheless, gbXML offers flexibility and simplicity, making it widely applicable in construction practice. One of the primary objectives of this study was to demonstrate the use of the gbXML format for connecting BIM and BEM platforms. During the data transfer process, we identified several issues that affect the efficiency and accuracy of simulations: 1. Inconsistent Processing of Geometric Data: The gbXML format has limitations when handling complex geometric models, which can lead to issues during import into BEM software.