## 5 Conclusions  
This study employs high-resolution airborne LiDAR to reconstruct micro-topography and, for the first time, integrates mechanistic failure identification, qualitative and quantitative stability assessments, and RAMMS::ROCKFALL-based 3D rockfall dynamics into a unified analytical framework. We quantitatively analyzed the failure probabilities and relative risk rankings of WY1-WY6 under combined rainfall-seismic loading and employed 3D simulations to reveal the spatial evolution of block kinetic energy, velocity, and bounce height--thereby informing barrier design based on peak impact metrics. Based on these findings, we propose a tiered protection strategy of \"zoned barriers with in situ energy dissipation\", enabling differentiated mitigation for large, complex slopes with densely distributed assets. By advancing both methodology and application, this work enhances the reliability of slope-rockfall hazard assessment and provides a clear technical roadmap and decision-support framework for future protection design and risk reduction planning. Nevertheless, this study lacks field-calibrated monitoring data, and potential errors introduced during data acquisition and processing may influence the accuracy of the risk assessments. Future work will involve the deployment of high spatiotemporal resolution displacement and strain monitoring systems, as well as the use of Monte Carlo simulations or Bayesian inference to enhance sensitivity and uncertainty analyses--thereby improving the scientific rigor and reliability of stability assessments and mitigation designs.  
Conceptualization and software, R.Z.; methodology, R.Z.; data curation, R.Z., S.Z. and Y.W.; formal analysis, R.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, R.Z.; writing--review and editing, R.Z., Y.X., S.Z. and Y.W.; resources, S.Z. and Y.W.; supervision, Y.X.; project administration, Y.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41861054, 42161067 and 42404055), by the Qiubei County Wenliu Township Huajiao Village Committee (grant number KKF0202456041), and 3D Modeling and Topographic Mapping of the Preliminary Assessment Area for Geological Hazard Risks on the Left Bank of the Wudongde Hydropower Reservoir (Huidong Section) (KKF0202556111).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions of this study are provided in the main article. Additional inquiries may be directed to the first author.  
The authors express their sincere gratitude to [PERSON] for her invaluable guidance throughout this research. The authors also extend their appreciation to the editor and anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and constructive feedback, which have significantly enhanced the quality of this work.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by Yunnan No. 2 Geological Engineering Investigation Institute Co., Ltd., Chuxiong, Yunnan 675000, China. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest. The authors further confirm that they have no conflicts of interest to declare.