# Research Progress and Applications of 2D Antimonene
## 2 Theoretical Research and Experimental Methods
### Other Methods  
In 2017, [PERSON] et al. [59] synthesized antimonene with an average thickness of 31.6 nm and a quantum dot with an average transverse size of 3.4 nm based on electrochemical exfoliation and sonochemistry methods, and further studied the corresponding nonlinear optical response at visible wavelengths for the first time. The results show that antimonene has a large nonlinear refractive index of 10\({}^{-5}\) cm\({}^{2}\cdot\)W\({}^{-1}\), and has high stability under ambient condition. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [60] synthesized antimonene with multilayer thickness and micrometer size by electrochemical spallation in the electrolyte Na\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) and Li\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\), proving \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Thickness**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Antimony Source**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Growth**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Deposition**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Rate**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} \\  & **Transverse** & & & **Temperature** & & & \\  & **Dimension** & & **(Molecule)** & & & \\ \hline
1–50 nm & 5–10 \(\mu\)m & mica & 660 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 380 \({}^{\circ}\)C & — & [4] \\
1–5 BL & 10–20 nm & Bi\({}_{2}\)Te\({}_{2}\)Se & — & & room & — & [39] \\
17 nm & 16.2 nm & MoS\({}_{2}\)/Sapphire & 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C & — & [5] \\
4–9 nm & 1–3 \(\mu\)m & Graphene/Ge & Sb\({}_{4}\) & — & 16 nm/min & [40] \\ single–layer & — & Bi\({}_{2}\)Te\({}_{3}\), Sb\({}_{2}\)Te\({}_{3}\) & — & room & — & [41] \\ single–layer & — & Bi\({}_{2}\)Se\({}_{3}\) & — & room & 0.53 Å/min & [42] \\ single–layer & 20 nm & PdTe\({}_{2}\) & — & 127 \({}^{\circ}\)C & — & [43] \\ single–layer & — & Ge & Sb\({}_{4}\) & temperature– & 2–700 Å/min & [7] \\  & & & 330 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & \\ single–layer & — & Cu(111), & 450 \({}^{\circ}\)C & room & — & [11] \\ single–layer & — & Cu(110) & 450 \({}^{\circ}\)C & — & [12] \\ single–layer & — & Ag(111) & — & 102 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 0.01 ML/min & [45] \\
1–3 ML & — & SnSe & — & — & 0.3 ML/min & [14] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Conditions of epitaxial preparation of antimonene. that the type of electrolyte and the change involtage polarity will affect the surface oxidation degree and thickness of the nanosheet. In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [61] obtained microcrystalline antimony by ball milling bulk antimony, and then synthesized antimonene with a thickness of approximately 7 nm through solvothermal reaction with ethylenediamine (EDA). In order to achieve the deposition of platinum on antimonene nanosheets, platinum salt was directly introduced into the exfoliation solution of antimony microcrystals and EDA. Since EDA is a reducing agent, Platinum atoms were reduced and deposited on the surface of antimonene nanosheets to be used as the carrier of platinum catalyst for formic acid fuel cells  
In the same year, [PERSON] et al. [25] prepared antimonene nanosheets with a thickness of 4-32 nm and an average size of several hundred nm by laser irradiation of antimony powder in isopropyl alcohol. As shown in Figure 11, the mixture of isopropyl alcohol and antimony was irradiated by a pulsed laser. Under the laser irradiation, the surface of the material absorbs laser photons and produces a stream of high-temperature and high-pressure plasma that breaks down the van der Waals bonds in the antimony layer and rearranges to form nanosheets. After 30 min of laser irradiation, the suspension was obtained and ultrasonic treatment was performed for 10 min. The suspension was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. At the same time, the nonlinear characteristics of the prepared antimonene nanosheets were tested, as shown in Figure 11. When the laser energy irradiation is weak, the absorption of single photon is displayed, and when the laser energy is high, the absorption of two-photon is dominant.