# Construction 4.0: A Systematic Review of Its Application in Developing Countries
## 4 Literature Review
### The Concept of Construction 4.0--Finding a Universal Definition  
Ref. [19] asserts that the Construction 4.0 framework places emphasis on the conversion between physical and digital domains to improve the coordination, design, and implementation of infrastructure in the built environment with increased efficacy and efficiency. The concept of Construction 4.0 is an emerging idea that is informed by the fundamental principles of Industry 4.0, as evidenced by the prior scholarly literature. The Construction 4.0 paradigm is centred on the assimilation of patterns and innovations, akin to the notion of Industry 4.0, which encompasses the amalgamation of digital and physical technologies [19]. Presently, there exists a dearth of agreement with regard to the delineations of Construction 4.0 as posited in extant scholarly works. The preponderance of the scholarly literature pertaining to this subject indicates that it bears resemblance to, or is a derivative of, the fourth industrial revolution. The authors propose a definition for Construction 4.0, which was derived from a thorough examination of the current body of literature. A comprehensive overview of different definitions of Construction 4.0, as documented in the literature, is provided in Table 1. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Definition of Construction 4.0** & **Reference** \\ \hline “The overarching framework encompassing the digital transformation of the construction industry and the built environment is commonly referred to as Construction 4.0.” & [20] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 technology is an emerging and innovative technological advancement that has been empirically demonstrated to significantly improve project performance.” & [21] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 technology refers to the integration of various advanced technologies aimed at improving productivity within the construction industry”. & [22] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 is fuelled by the development of various technologies, the drastic change in the needs of owners, the shift toward mass customization, and the need for green construction and sustainability”. & [23] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Definitions of Construction 4.0. By looking at these various definitions, it can be concluded that Construction 4.0 is a holistic framework that integrates multiple components, including organisational structures, operational protocols, and data systems, to optimise the planning, execution, and maintenance of assets by leveraging cyber-physical systems, the Internet of Things, and related services. The objective of Construction 4.0 is to connect the digital layer, consisting of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the Common Data Environment (CDE), to the physical layer, consisting of the asset, construction processes, and workers/employees. According to [PERSON] et al. [26], a conceptual framework of Construction 4.0 should include both the physical and digital layers, as shown in Figure 3. Many of the digital tools are applicable to both Industry and Construction 4.0. Therein, it can be seen that the physical layer for a construction site has subtle differences compared to other, more industry-related processes. According to [27], the primary objective of Construction 4.0 is:  
_\"to establish a digitalized construction site that utilises various methodologies to monitor the progress of a project from inception to completion\"._