# A Review of the Relationship between Gut Microbiome and Obesity
## 6 Impact of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on the Gut Microbiome  
Besides diet, several lifestyle and environmental factors play a role in the development and subsequent influence on the normal gut microbiota, and can affect our body weight (Table 3). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Diet or Dietary Pattern** & **Impact on Microbiome** & **Impact on Host** & **Reference** \\ \hline Mixed fibre & \(\dagger\)Barresiellaceae & \(\dagger\)Acetate production & \\ (mixture of soluble and insoluble fiber & \(\dagger\)Acetationymercaceae & \(\downarrow\)Isovalerate production & [56; 57] \\ with a greater proportion of insoluble) & \(\downarrow\)Enterobacteriaceae & Moderate effect on microbiota composition & \\ \hline Resistant starch & \(\downarrow\)Frimicutes & \(\downarrow\)Abdominal fat & [58] \\  & \(\dagger\)Bacteroides & \(\downarrow\)Abdominal fat & [58] \\ \hline Polyphenols & \(\dagger\)Lactobacillus & & \\ \(\dagger\)Bifidobacterium & Increase or maintenance of body mass & \\ \(\dagger\)Akermansi uncertaini\(\downarrow\)Inflammation & \(\downarrow\)Inflammation & [48; 59; 60] \\  & \(\downarrow\)Clostriatum & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Western diet} & \(\dagger\)E. coli & \\ \(\dagger\)Frimicutes & \(\dagger\)Alistipes & \(\dagger\)Dysbiosis \\ \(\dagger\)Bifophila & \(\dagger\)Inflammation & \\ \(\dagger\)Bacteroides & \(\dagger\)Obesity & \\ \(\dagger\)Raseburia & \(\dagger\)Inflammatory bowel disease & \\ \(\downarrow\)Eubacterium rectal & & \\ \(\downarrow\)Ruminococcus bromii & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{High saturated fat} & \(\dagger\)Proteobacteria & \\ \(\dagger\)Frimicutes & & \\ \(\downarrow\)Bacteroides & & \\ \(\downarrow\)Akermansi uncertaini\(\downarrow\)Annerotruncus genus & Correlations with obesity & \\ \(\dagger\)Annerotruncus genus & Weight gain & [6; 49; 61; 62] \\  & \(\dagger\)Eisenberg\(\downarrow\)Gut microbiome diversity & \(\downarrow\)Gut microbiome diversity & \\ \(\dagger\)Campylobacter & & \\ \(\dagger\)Flavourinfactor & & \\ \(\dagger\)Erysipeltocolsridium & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{High protein} & \(\dagger\)Backeroides & \\ \(\dagger\)Facuilhe bacterium & \(\dagger\)Sutterella & \(\downarrow\)ScreA synthesis & \\ \(\dagger\)Sutterella & \(\dagger\)Formation of nitrogen compounds & [49; 63; 64; 65] \\  & \(\dagger\)Eisenberg\(\downarrow\)Bifidobacterium & \\ \(\downarrow\)Roseburia & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{High sugar} & \(\dagger\)Acinetobacter & Bacterial overgrowth associated with obesity & \\ \(\dagger\)Blauria & \(\dagger\)Phduction of endogenous ethanol & \(\dagger\)Drrea & \\ \(\dagger\)The risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease & \(\dagger\)Lactococcus & \\ \(\dagger\)Escherichia coli & \(\dagger\)Pro-inflammatory properties promoting & \\ \(\dagger\)Proteobacteria & metabolic endotoxin and low-grade & \\ \(\downarrow\)Bacteroides & inflammation & \\ \hline Fermented foods & \(\dagger\)All gut diversity & \(\downarrow\)Inflammation & [69; 70] \\  & Body mass maintenance & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Fasting_} & \(\dagger\)Akermansi uncertaini\(\downarrow\)Body fat & \\ \(\dagger\)Spirochaetes & \(\dagger\)SCFA production & [38; 71; 72] \\  & \(\dagger\)Roseburia & \(\downarrow\)Levels of LPS & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._A high carbohydrate and fat diet leads to dysbiosis, decreasing the expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angpt4), the protein that regulates lipid metabolism, [12], resulting in an increase in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, causing elevated uptake of fatty acids, increased fat storage, and fat accumulation in peripheral tissues [80]. This may be one of the mechanisms of gut-bacteria-induced obesity. High-fat diets reduce the population of _Bifidobacterium_ spp., _Lactobacillus_ spp., and _Prerotella_ spp., and play a role in the overactivation of the endocannabinoid system [6; 61]. These changes can adversely alter the gut microbial composition, leading to increased gut permeability, thus, allowing translocation [6; 61].