## 1 Introduction  
Traditional maps were designed to simplify the modeling/representation of the real world to facilitate spatial orientation [1, 2]. Similarly, contemporary geographical information systems (GIS) serve not only to store spatial data mapping real-world objects employed in a variety of scientific disciplines [3] but also to facilitate the spatial analysis and modeling of natural phenomena [4]. Technological developments allow the use of virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) systems for spatial data [5; 6]. The use of AR or VR can be found in many fields: in architecture, these tools can be effectively used for interior inventory [7]; in mining, for the visualization of mining infrastructure elements [8], building interior planning [9], and historic preservation [10]; and in medicine, these technologies are used for rehabilitation, mobility assistance for the disabled, and surgical training or treatment of mental illness [11; 12; 13]. VR technology allows students to interact with objects outside their normal daily experience, which can increase student engagement and motivation to learn [14]. Historical data have also gained a different way of presenting changes in space, and not only urbanized but also natural changes, thanks to VR [15]. The most common application of VR in the scientific literature is the ability to visualize elements of reality and the fact that the experience is more immersive for the user than traditional methods of presenting data. An interesting engineering solution is the visualization and modeling of urban street flooding based on mobile AR. With such solutions, it is possible to simulate the consequences of disasters and thus increase the awareness of citizens [16]. VR has been identified as a potentially innovative tool to support architects and urban planners in space design and planning. It has been demonstrated that VR can facilitate realistic three-dimensional (3D) visualizations, thereby supporting the analysis of proportions, space layout, and ergonomics of designs. In the context of urban planning, VR has been shown to allow the simulation of the use of public spaces, thus supporting sustainable planning. The technology has been found to increase design precision, shorten decision-making processes, and facilitate communication with stakeholders [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. Despite the numerous applications of VR and AR, there is still a lack of systems that integrate publicly available spatial data in an effective and technically simple way. As a result of the digitization of geodetic data, public administrations (especially those responsible for land use and surveying) have vast amounts of data at their disposal. Much of these data are available in the form of Web Map Service (WMS), Web Feature Service (WFS), and others, or can be downloaded from a dedicated website using the Internet's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Thanks to the services provided by the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK), data such as orthophotomaps (with a spatial resolution of up to 0.05 m), vector building outlines (with a positional accuracy of 0.10 m), and ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point clouds, among others, are made available to the public. The photogrammetric products and spatial databases mentioned are used together or individually most often for the purpose of determining differences in terrain height [25; 26; 27]. In terms of this article, these data form the foundation for building 3D models of buildings, as evidenced by the research of [PERSON] [28] and [PERSON] [29]. However, the technologies used to create 3D models of buildings are burdened with long production times, which is a real obstacle to performing frequent updates. Currently, there is a noticeable lack of systems that effectively integrate data from different georeferenced database resources, which is a significant challenge in the field of visualizing spatial objects in an AR environment.