# Indoor Occupancy Sensing via Networked Nodes (2012-2022): A Review
## 4 Occupancy Sensing Gaps and ADP Identification
This is because these applications include critical services, such as emergency evacuation, fire detection and suppression, and security depending on the occupancy sensor's ability to accurately detect the presence or absence of people in a building. Another important insight is that the response time of the occupancy detection method becomes essential for safety and security applications, as it should be fast enough to detect the presence of people and activate the safety system accordingly. We thus see that the potential execution platform for such applications excludes time-consuming cloud-based processing options, such as Enterprise core appliances and Datacenters. It is additionally worth noting that CEC standards recommend using occupancy sensors in smaller indoor spaces with high traffic that have an area less than 300 ft\({}^{2}\), while \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Application Area** & **ADPs** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{HVAC Control and Occupant Comfort} & **Accuracy requirement (ASHRAE):**\(\geq\)90\% \\  & **Info requirement:** Historical/expected occupancy info \\  & **Execution platforms:** Enterprise core appliances, Datacenters, IoT and \\  & Edge AI devices \\  & **Min sensor obs rate (ASHRAE):**\(\leq\)30 min \\  & **Max sensor failure rate:** No quantification found. Still a research gap [2] \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (ASHRAE):** Office (\(\leq\)250 ft\({}^{2}\)), storage (\(\geq\)50 ft\({}^{2}\) and \(\leq\)1000 ft\({}^{2}\)) \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (CEC):** Office (\(\leq\)250 ft\({}^{2}\)), multipurpose rooms (\(\leq\)1000 ft\({}^{2}\)), indoor spaces (\(\leq\)300 ft\({}^{2}\)) \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (IECC):** Indoor spaces (\(\leq\)300 ft\({}^{2}\)) \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Health and Safety} & **Accuracy requirement (IBC, NFPA):**\(\geq\)95\% \\  & **Info requirement:** Historical/expected occupancy info \\  & **Execution platforms:** IoT, Edge AI devices \\  & **Min sensor obs rate:**\(\leq\)1 min (dictated by sensor limitations) \\  & **Max sensor failure rate (IBC, NFPA):** 0.01\% \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (CEC):** Lightening control not permitted for \\  & shutoff control in healthcare facilities or Egress lightening where power \\  & consumption \(\leq\)0.1 \(W\)/ft\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Energy and Space Utilization} & **Accuracy requirement (ASHRAE, IECC):**\(\geq\)90\% \\  & **Info requirement:** Contiguous indoor spaces need to be monitored to \\  & enable tracking applications. No historical or expected occupancy data \\  & needed. \\  & **Execution platforms:** Enterprise core appliances, Datacenters, IoT, Edge \\  & AI devices \\  & **Min sensor obs rate:** Hourly \\  & **Max sensor failure rate:** No quantification found. Still a research gap [2] \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (CEC):** Indoor spaces (\(\leq\)300 ft\({}^{2}\)), storage rooms \\  & (\(\geq\)50 ft\({}^{2}\) and \(\leq\)1000 ft\({}^{2}\)), office space (\(\leq\)250 ft\({}^{2}\)). \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Security} & **Accuracy requirement (IBC):**\(\geq\)95\% \\  & **Info requirement:** Moderate NDD to enable tracking applications. \\  & **Execution Platforms:** IoT, Edge AI devices \\  & **Min sensor obs rate:**\(\leq\)1 min (dictated by sensor limitations) \\  & **Max sensor failure rate (IBC):** 0.01\% \\  & **Feasible Detection Area (CEC):** Indoor spaces (\(\leq\)300 ft\({}^{2}\)), storage rooms \\  & (\(\geq\)50 ft\({}^{2}\) and \(\leq\)1000 ft\({}^{2}\)), office space (\(\leq\)250 ft\({}^{2}\)). \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: ADPs for each Application Area. at the same time, these standards recommend using occupancy sensors in storage rooms or multi-purpose spaces as large as 1000 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro\SIUnitSymbolMicro\SIUnitSymbolMicro\SIUnitSymbolMicro 2}\). It must be mentioned here that these standards do not make recommendations for emergency facilities such as healthcare facilities or fire stations since critical operations may be affected due to automated control.