## 3 Results. Maximum Power Point (MPP) Determination
### SELEX Galileo 5-Cell Photovoltaic Assembly  
Once the proposed method has been checked with the well-known testing results by [PERSON] et al. [4], new and more recent experimental data, i.e., the \(I\)-\(V\) curve, from a SELEX Galileo 5-cell Photovoltaic Assembly tests have been also used to validate the procedure (see Figures 4 and 5). These testing results were measured at CIEMAT (CIEMAT -_Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas_- is the Spanish national center for energy and environmental research, and it is the reference laboratory related to solar panel qualification in Spain. It involves the highest \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Model** & \(R_{e}\) **(T)** & \(R_{ab}\) **(T)** & \(I_{mp}\) **(A)** & \(I_{b}\) **(A)** & \(a\)** & \(\xi\) \\ \hline PM. 1 * & 0.0459 & 246.78 & 0.7606 & \(2.92\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.7407 & \(1.24\times 10^{-2}\) \\ P.M. 2 ** & 0.0403 & 246.76 & 0.7606 & \(5.02\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.5283 & \(3.60\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [26] & 0.0313 & 64.103 & 0.7617 & \(9.98\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.6 & \(2.509\times 10^{-2}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & 0.0345 & 43.103 & 0.762 & \(4.767\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.5172 & \(2.235\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] & 0.0364 & 53.719 & 0.7608 & \(3.23\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.4812 & \(1.297\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] & 0.0366 & 53.595 & 0.7607 & \(3.05\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.4754 & \(1.308\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [29] & 0.0364 & 54.054 & 0.7609 & \(3.22\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.4837 & \(4.659\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [10] & 0.0366 & 52.290 & 0.7608 & \(3.06\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.4758 & \(1.303\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [16] & 0.0368 & 49.9736 & 0.7611 & \(2.0901\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.4701 & \(1.163\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} * Point 1; ** Point 2.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Equivalent circuit parameters and normalized RMSE, \(\xi\), extracted with the present method (P.M.) in relation to the R.T.C. France solar cell. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline
**Model** & \(R_{e}\) **(T)** & \(R_{ab}\) **(T)** & \(I_{mp}\) **(A)** & \(I_{b}\) **(A)** & \(a\)** & \(\xi\) \\ \hline PM. 1 * & 1.7146 & 687.42 & 1.0343 & \(3.105\times 10^{-7}\) & 1.1342 & \(1.24\times 10^{-2}\) \\ P.M. 2 * & 1.3995 & 687.73 & 1.0338 & \(1.260\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.2512 & \(4.00\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [30] & 0.0832 & 561.03 & 1.0319 & \(6.405\times 10^{-5}\) & 1.7602 & \(2.05\times 10^{-2}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [31] & 1.2000 & 555.55 & 1.0339 & \(3.076\times 10^{-6}\) & 13385 & \(5.53\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [32] & 1.0755 & 1850.1 & 1.0286 & \(8.301\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.4512 & \(4.04\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [26] & 1.1968 & 555.5 & 1.0441 & \(3.436\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.3496 & \(2.22\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & 1.1989 & 833.33 & 1.0331 & \(3.664\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.3561 & \(2.44\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] and [PERSON] [28] & 1.2013 & 981.98 & 1.0305 & \(3.482\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.3512 & \(2.02\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al.[29] & 1.2132 & 625.00 & 1.0313 & \(3.221\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.3423 & \(7.49\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [3] & 1.3535 & 559.68 & 1.0342 & \(1.321\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.2554 & \(2.86\times 10^{-3}\) \\ [PERSON] et al. [16] & 1.2241 & 689.32 & 1.3354 & \(2.826\times 10^{-6}\) & 1.3294 & \(2.09\times 10^{-3}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} * Point 1; ** Point 2.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Equivalent circuit parameters and normalized RMSE, \(\xi\), extracted with the present method (P.M.) in relation to the Photowatt PWP201 solar panel. qualified personnel and facilities in relation to photovoltaic testing [33; 34; 35; 36]) facilities, which is the reference laboratory related to solar panel qualification in Spain. Once the equivalent circuit was calculated, it was used to predict the maximum power point. The calculated values of the maximum power voltage and current are included in Figure 6, and compared to the reference values extracted from experimental measurements.