## 2 Cars, Media, Mobiles
In the second generation Global System for Mobile (GSM) European standard, the assumption that mobile phones were for in-vehicle or vehicle-supported use was no longer relevant, because the technology became steadily smaller and portable. Intriguingly, as mobile phones untethered themselves from cars, seen in the advent of portable, personal cellular telephony, their association found new forms and indeed deepened. Indeed connections emerged between the norms of new communication practices associated with mobile phones, on the one hand, and the cultural expectations, social functions, and practical uses of cars, on the other. Car and mobile phone manufacturers developed systems to allow phone calls to be made and received in cars, such as mobile car kits, speaker systems, and hands-free dialling and other functions. The popularity of text messaging from the 1990s onwards meant that this new kind of mobile text communication become a largely-undesigned-for part of what people did in cars. The everyday use of mobile phones in cars--sometimes with, and mostly without, car kits and hands-free accessories saw a highly visible public discourse on safety and the dangers of mobile communications in automobiles, and how such risks could be regulated [32, 33, 34]. From a social shaping of technology perspective, the controversial issue of safety and mobile phones in car was highly significant. Thus two sorts of technology associated with mobility came together in a very anxious way. During the 1980s and especially in the 1990s, mobile communication technology was in an intense process of social shaping--or what [PERSON] would see as mutually interdependent redefinition of both the social and the technological. At a popular and theoretical level, there was great debate over the kinds of connection being made among by people using mobile communication, whether the mediated relationships being forged were qualitatively new, and how these redrew the boundaries between public and private spheres. For its part, automobility had already experienced some decades of these kind of social innovations, realignments between private and public, and creation of hyprities of \"car-drivers\" (as [PERSON] and [PERSON] put it). The unfolding domestication of mobile phones, following the work of [PERSON] in particular, could be seen to create a hybrid of phones-cars-drivers--initially through the monstrous challenge posed to safety. In the pedagogy of driver safety, mobile phone use was compared, in its potentially baleful negative effects, to the dangers of driving while drunk. Text messaging while driving was felt to be even more perilous still [35, 36]. The availability of people for mobile telephony while driving was thus perceived to have such potential social implications that substantial efforts at regulating the risk were required--on interlocking levels of vehicle design (should phones have functions disabled while vehicles are in motion), public education of populations (mass campaigns), policing (creation of indictable offences and fines), and ethics (care of the driver's self) [37]. This first phase of widespread knitting together of the technological systems of the car and that of mobile phones thus involved efforts to proscribe, manage, and dampen opportunities for person-to-person mobile communication. In the second phase of the suturing of cars and mobiles--with current mobile Internets--the social implications of cars and mobile Internet have much more positive valences. Before we look directly this, we need to approach the pre-conditions of this--that is, the much more multifarious technological systems, and their specific histories, that have come together to make this possible. In the period of the 1990s and early 2000s, in particular, when the mobile phone became a thoroughly global technology (over 5 billion users by 2011, compared with some 2 billion Internet users in the same period), we can point to significant developments occurring in car electronics, and vehicular information and communication technologies.