## 2 Bioferments
### Biological Activity of Bacterial Ferment Filtrate
#### 2.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity  
[PERSON] et al. [13] conducted in vitro tests and clinical trials to show activity of the _Cutibacterium acnes_ subspecies defendens strain XYCM42 ferment filtrate. In vitro studies on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts showed decreased expression of several inflammatory \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Activity** & **Plant Species** & **Bacterial/Fungi/Yeast Strain** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mechanism of Action**} & **Ref.** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Wound healing activity} & _Cornus mas fruit_ & Symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast; kombucha starter & - & increases migration and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts & [7] \\  & _Dendrobium_ & \multirow{3}{*}{_Limosilactobacillus reuteri_} & - & reduces TEWL and skin epidermal thickness & \multirow{3}{*}{[10]} \\  & _Official_ & & - & increases expression of filaggrin & \\ \cline{2-6}  & _Aloe vera gel_ & \multirow{3}{*}{_Lactohacillus plantarum_} & - & shortens healing time in recurrent & \multirow{3}{*}{[37]} \\  & & & & aphthous stomatitis & \\  & & & - & reduces harmful oral bacteria & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Protection of the skin barrier} & \multirow{6}{*}{_Aframomum angustifolium_} & _Komagatebacter, Gluconobacter, Acctobacter, Saccharomyves, Torulaspora, Brletanomyces, Hansenisupson, Leuconstoc, Latchobacillus, Schizosaccharomyces_ & - & improves hydration & \\  & & & - & increases mitotic activity of the epidermis & \multirow{3}{*}{[39]} \\  & & _Aframomum_ & _Saccharomyves, Torulaspora, Brletanomyces, Hansenisupson, Leuconstoc, Latchobacillus, Schizosaccharomyces_ & - & improves dermal-epidermal connectivity & \\  & & & - & increases collagen levels & \\  & & & - & reduces laxity & \\ \cline{2-6}  & & & - & increases expression of claudin-1, claud-4, and occludin & \\  & & & - & reduces photoaging & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Hair growth activity} & \multirow{6}{*}{_Trapa japonica_} & \multirow{6}{*}{_Bacillus methylotrophicus_} & - & stimulates the proliferation and migration of human hair follicle & \multirow{6}{*}{[40]} \\  & & & dermal papilla (HDP) cells & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & - & inhibits type I 5\(\alpha\)-reductase & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & - & enhances angiogenesis and decreases & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & apoptosis in HDP cells & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* ni–no information; Ref., References; TEWL, Transepidermal Water Loss.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._cytokines, including IL-1\(\alpha\), IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\(\alpha\). Additionally, studies on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a tendency towards reduction in the expression of inflammatory genes (IL-1\(\beta\), IL-6, and interferon-\(\gamma\)). Moreover, a clinical trial using preparations based on XYCM42 was performed. Two studies were conducted, one 3-week pilot study (\(n\) = 10) and an 8-week main study (\(n\) = 121), and studied products were XYCM42 ferment-based serum, moisturizer, and sunscreen. Clinical observation has shown that the cosme containing XYCM42 increase skin hydration, reduce erythema, have a soothing effect on the skin, and regulate sebum secretion [13]. Galactomyces fermentation filtrate has been shown to be agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), that play an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes and immune response. Transcriptomic analysis of _Galactomyces_ fermentation filtrate-treated human keratinocytes showed increased expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (_CYPIA1_), which is responsible for AHR activation. The studies indicated an increase in the expression of genes responsible for epidermal differentiation (_SPRRIA_ and _SPRRIB_), wound healing (_SERPINB2_) and maintaining the integrity and function of the skin barrier (caspase-14 and claudins). Moreover, _Galactomyces_ fermentation filtrate reduced the expression of genes associated with inflammation, such as _CXCL14_ (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14) and _IL6R_ (interleukin-6 receptor).