## 3 Results and Discussion
Figure 8: Graph showing the relationship between the reaction time and reducing sugar concentration of: ALG (black line), ALG/Ag/GOX (blue line), ALG/Au/GOX (red line). The reaction efficiency (Table 3) of hydrolysis was calculated using Equation (1):  
\[\text{W}=(\text{GD}/\text{GT})\cdot\text{100\%} \tag{1}\]  
where W denotes the reaction efficiency, GD is the amount of oligosaccharidesacherides received in the reaction, and GT is the theoretical amount of oligosaccharides resulting from the reaction equation. The literature reports on the bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects of graphene [48], so for microbiological tests, another control sample--ALG/GOX--was prepared analogously to the previous ones, but without generating nanoparticles. The inhibition of the growth of _Escherichia coli_ occurs in all composites tested (Figure 9). In the case of ALG, this is the smallest inhibition at 13 mm. The ALG/GOX composite (14 mm) inhibits _E. coli_ growth at a similar level as the ALG/Au/GOX nanocomposite (16 mm). The highest inhibition of bacterial growth is observed under the influence of ALG/Ag/GOX (27 mm). For the other bacteria analyzed, no zones of growth inhibition were demonstrated under the influence of ALG, ALG/GOX and ALG/Au/GOX. It was demonstrated that nanosilver has a much greater antimicrobial effect than ionic silver. One of the pathways of antimicrobial action of nanosilver is its ability to release silver ions, which can interact with bacterial cell walls, their plasma membranes, proteins, ribosomes or bacterial DNA [49; 50; 51; 52; 53]. The bacterial cell wall consists of a peptidoglycan, which contains receptors and enzymes responsible for bacterial cell respiration. The binding of thiol proteins with silver causes their abnormal folding and denaturation. This results in the inactivation of key enzyme proteins including respiratory chain proteins. This results in cell death due to oxidative stress [54; 55; 56]. Another pathway of action of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \(\mathbf{k_{1}\times 10^{-2}}\) & \(\mathbf{k_{1}\times 10^{-4}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**W (\%)**} \\  & **(mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\))** & **(mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\))** & \\ \hline ALG & 0.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 3.95 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 58.0 \\ ALG/Ag/GOX & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 8.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 38.1 \\ ALG/Au/GOX & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 & 12.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 23.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Values of rate constants (k) and hydrolysis yields (W). Figure 9: Growth inhibition zones for bacteria _Staphylococcus capitis_ (S.C), _Staphylococcus quorum_ (S.E), _Staphylococcus haemolyticus_ (S.H), _Staphylococcus lentus_ (S.L), _Staphylococcus succints_ (S.S), _Staphylococcus vittilinus_ (S.V), _Staphylococcus aureus_ 1 (S.A), _Staphylococcus aureus_ 2 (S.A2), _Staphylococcus aureus_ 3 (S.A3), _Salmonella enteritidis_ (S.EN), _Escherichia coli_ (E.C). nanosilver is the accumulation of particles in battery sheaths. This leads to the formation of pores with irregular edges, which disrupts the ion transport process, causes membrane de-energization and, consequently, cell death. Nucleic acids of bacterial cells contain phosphorus and sulfur, which has affinity for nanosilver, which is a chemically weak acid. The binding of nanoparticles to DNA results in the inhibition of DNA replication, or its complete destruction. As a result of the reaction of nanosilver with the protein S6 from the 30S ribosomal subunit, the translation process may be disturbed. This results from the inhibition of membrane protein biosynthesis and heat shock, and the cells are deprived of protection against oxidative stress damage [57]. In all samples, a zone of microbial growth inhibition of similar size was observed only for _E. coli_. This inhibition may be due to the formation of an alkaline environment, for which bacteria in the genus _Staphylococcus_, in which no zone of growth inhibition is observed, have a higher tolerance.