## 5 Discussion  
In the territorial contexts analysed, some of the different aspects that characterise the demand for mobility emerge. The choice of means of transport does not only reflect an individual preference, linked to cultural and psychological aspects, but is also linked to the characteristics of the urban environment and the work context. The analysis shows the positive effects, in terms of reduction of energy consumption and emission of pollutants with local and global effects, resulting from the reduced use of cars and two-wheelers. Further benefits are expected on an urban and local scale due to reduced road congestion at peak times and lower traffic levels (with consequent effects on noise, accidents, and others). A preliminary analysis of the effects of remote working on mobility for daily needs suggests a shift in behavior toward active modes, at the expense of public transportation and car use. The rebound effects due to a possible increase in car/two-wheel miles traveled as a result of the adoption of remote working require dedicated analyses in order to assess the impacts locally and globally and on the urban environment. Analyses will need to consider daily commuting and leisure travel, including weekends. The limitations shown by interventions put in place so far to reduce the negative impacts of transport highlight the need for policies to acquire the ability to read contexts and influence the sociotechnical patterns that determine people's lifestyles and behavioural models (e.g., school-age children, parking places, public transport). By triggering innovations that are at once technical, organisational, and cultural, it is indeed possible to achieve changes in behavioural patterns, on a large scale, and orient them in favour of the community [43]. Reorganising the logic of home-to-work travel appears to be a relevant issue in the restructuring of urban areas and the development and use of urban peripheralies and the development of rural areas. Some positive effects of smart working in urban suburbs have already been highlighted through studies on urban regeneration [69]. Livable mixed-use functional and social neighbourhoods (a form of development that combines residential and commercial use and provides services at the neighbourhood, block and building level to ensure proximity to services in residential areas) are an efficient and functional method of renewal and use of urban areas [70,71]. Renovation projects with mixed-use neighbourhoods can attract more people if smart working approaches become a common practice, also allowing for \"soft\" mobility options at the city/neighbourhood level. Such solutions have been developed in recent initiatives in several European cities (15-min cities, Spanish city blocks). The studies conducted within the Smart Working for Smart Cities Project indicate the need for coordinated and integrated policy actions, in which technological measures (technological innovation and infrastructure) are combined with measures to accompany behavioural change, consistent with the specific needs of workers and family groups in the territories under examination. The adoption of flexible models of remote working represents a valuable tool for improving the sustainability of the urban environment and territories. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Avoided** & **Avoided** & **Avoided** & **Avoided** & **Avoided** \\
**City** & **NOX** & **PM10** & **PM2.5** & **CO** & **NMVOC** \\  & **(g/day)** & **(g/day)** & **(g/day)** & **(g/day)** & **(g/day)** \\ \hline Bologna & 8.5 & 1.0 & 0.7 & 26.4 & 7.6 \\ Rome & 14.1 & 1.6 & 1.1 & 38.9 & 13.4 \\ Trento & 14.8 & 1.5 & 1.1 & 18.7 & 6.3 \\ Turin & 7.9 & 0.9 & 0.6 & 23.8 & 7.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Selected average avoided daily pollutant emissions per capita for remote workers travelling exclusively or partially by car for each city.