# Application of Collision Warning Algorithm Alarm in Fishing Vessel's Waterway
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work  
This study proposed a collision warning algorithm for application in small fishing vessels in real seas and validated its feasibility. To verify the algorithm, a real ship test was conducted, and the collision warning algorithm was applied to cases extracted from Vpass data, which were real sea data. These data were collected over seven days and were used to obtain the risk assessment results for target waters, the results of which were compared with those of the frequent alarm waters to validate the feasibility of the algorithm. First, this study conducted a real ship test based on two scenarios targeting three small fishing vessels in real seas. In addition, the developed algorithm was applied to the two cases that were extracted based on the real sea (Vpass) data. Then, the alarms based only on DCPA and TCPA criteria and those based only on the PARK model risk value criterion were compared with the alarms based on the algorithm of this study (a combination of DCPA and TCPA criteria and PARK model risk value criterion) to verify whether continuous alarms were generated relatively well. When only DCPA and TCPA criteria were applied, noncontinuous alarms or no alarms were generated, even when the ships were approaching a risky situation. When only the PARK model risk value criterion was applied, continuous alarms were generated from the pre-alarm stage. This usually occurs when two ships are farther apart, and there is sufficient time to react before an encounter. This may lead to alarm fatigue for the ship operator and can reduce the effectiveness of the collision warning alarm. It may also lead to the degradation of the reliability of the warning system for ship operators. However, the developed algorithm was able to warn the ship operator of a Danby continuously, generating an alarm step by step in a dangerous situation. Based on the Vpass data collected for 7 days, the study used risk assessment tools such as the PARK model, the ES model, and the IWRAP MkII to assess the risk level of the target waters and compared the results with those of the frequent alarm zones. It was noted that there were frequent alarms in the eastern waters of Yeongheung Island, and the risk level was high in all models. Furthermore, the zones toward and to the south of the target waters are risky areas, where fishery concentration zones and waterways approach the pilot station and Daesan Harbor. There are also silica mine extraction zones in the area. The risk assessment based on ES Model and IWRAP MkII was relatively low, but the PARK model evaluated this sea area as high risk. By applying the PARK model to the collision warning algorithm, it was confirmed that this sea area is an alarm-prone area. In summary, from this study, it was confirmed that the collision warning algorithm for small vessels that we developed in a previous study generates an appropriate alarm when a vessel encounters a dangerous situation. Furthermore, the feasibility of the algorithm was validated by confirming that the dangerous area and the alarm-prone area coincide. In this study, we experimented in clear weather conditions according to the Beaufort scale 2; hence, there is a need to increase the reliability of the algorithm by setting a range of max environmental parameters while experimenting in various weather conditions in the future. Additionally, these results only apply to one sea geographical area. Thus, it must be further validated by applying it to several sea areas in the future. Since there is no model capable of evaluating maritime risk for small vessels, this study was based on a commonly used adaptable model. Therefore, this maritime risk assessment may be inappropriate for unforeseen scenarios involving small boats. To compensate for this, it will be necessary to develop a maritime risk assessment tool specifically for small vessels that will fit Pc values to small ships when executing IWRAP MkII. Additionally, fishing vessels have different sailing patterns during sailing vs. fishing.