# An Optimized Hierarchical Cluster Formation Approach for Management of Smart Cities
## 3 Proposed Approach
### Proposed Protocol (ICSI Description)
This is due to selecting clusters using the correct factors other than distance, as in the most related works. ICSI chooses to be more efficient by relying on the adequacy of the residual energy for transportation requirements instead of depending weakly on the level of energy without taking into account the level of need for this energy. Figure 5: Comparison of the network lifetime (number of live nodes). Figure 6: Comparison of network survivability (energy consumption). Average remnant energy

In each round, all nodes lose energy for many reasons, including wireless communication. As the number of rounds increases, the average remaining energy of all nodes decreases. Figure 7 depicts the average remaining energy of all nodes. The average remaining power of ICSI is always higher than that of LEACH and FBECS for round intervals of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200. This result reveals that the proposed protocol successfully distributes the power load. Increasing the residual energy of SNs is a consequent result of reducing the power consumption which is needed for communication with the CH. ICSI attempts to conserve power from the first step. Including accurate energy-reducing factors has a significant effect on achieving such results. ### Successful Packet Delivery

The network's throughput is measured by the successful packet delivery to the BS over the rounds and is a direct indicator of collected data from the target area. Figure 8 depicts the packets delivered to the BS. It can be clearly observed that ICSI delivers 44.52% and 16.44% more packets to the BS than LEACH and FBECS, respectively. However, the result shows that the proposed protocol obtains higher network throughput than the other methods due to the optimal selection of CHs. The simulation results illustrate that ICSI meets the requirements of network survivability. Increasing the throughput is a consequent result of elongating the sensor nodes. In fact, this enhancement in productivity was a chief objective of the current work, and it is a consequent result of extending the lifetime of the SNs specifically. These results confirm the validity of the belief of the authors in the role of the cluster formation step in conserving energy and even in wasting it. This step is ignored by most of the works that try to improve LEACH. Figure 7: Comparison of the network survivability (remaining energy). ## 5 Conclusions

Aiming at addressing the three mentioned limitations of the existing cluster formation step of the LEACH protocol, ICSI is introduced as an enhanced version of the cluster formation step of LEACH. It successfully allocates SNs to the best cluster using all factors that affect the power consumption. Additionally, ICSI considers the adequacy of the residual energy of the SN compared to the required transmission energy as a key factor in allocating each node to a suitable cluster. Finally, ICSI successfully adjusts the sizes of clusters according to the residual energy of the CH and lowers the NPF. The simulation results show that ICSI succeeds in improving the formation of clusters and communication within clusters. The great advantages of ICSI are observed through the increased number of surviving nodes, increased residual energy of nodes, and higher network lifetime. In fact, LEACH, as a WSN-based IoT application, is highly exposed to various kinds of serious attacks of malicious nodes. For example, these nodes act to dissipate the energy of the WSN as they hamper the data transmission by releasing a lot of false information to raise the rate of receiving packets, reducing the routing performance. Blockchain is a reliable, distributed, self-organizing ledger with cryptographic hash link that can inherently provide trusted security in such distributed systems. The authors are motivated to improve the tolerance of LEACH. Their future work will explore the ability to use blockchain to enhance the security of LEACH while reducing energy consumption. Conceptualization, S.S.S., M.K.H., R.A.T. and H.A.K.