## 1 Introduction
### Smart Urban Logistics and Access Management Strategies  
In this context, advanced Smart Urban Logistics (SUL) system modeling [4] and sophisticated urban access management strategies [5] play a crucial role in achieving the 2030 Agenda goals [6], thereby promoting sustainable and inclusive urban growth. Crucial in this scenario is the application of emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for mitigating the negative impacts of last-mile logistics and enhancing its efficacy and sustainability [7]. The academic community has increasingly focused on smart urban logistics, supporting policymakers in developing freight transportation solutions that minimize adverse environmental and social externalities. For example, the European Union has championed sustainable logistics practices [8] while simultaneously orchestrating projects to systematically classify and assess various urban intervention initiatives. Notably, the ReVeAL project, which focuses on regulating urban vehicle access [9], stands out as particularly relevant for the proposed model. This project empowers cities to optimize the use of urban space and transportation networks by implementing innovative packages of policies and technologies. The ReVeAL project delineates three primary mechanisms for enacting Urban Vehicle Access Regulations (UVAR) [10], collectively referred to as \"Measure Fields.\" Different territorial scales demand tailored approaches for urban logistics interventions, which are typically integrated into Sustainable Urban Logistics Plans (SULPs) [11]. In the European context, SULPs are primarily developed by local and regional authorities in close collaboration with a wide range of stakeholders in the urban logistics sector. These include transport and logistics companies, service providers, representatives of the commercial sector, freight recipients, trade associations, logistics and urban planning experts, as well as citizens and civil society concerned with the impact of logistics on urban quality of life. The collaborative approach is crucial in the drafting of SULPs at the European level, aiming to develop strategies that respond effectively and sustainably to the freight movement needs of urban areas, while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and society. UVAR strategies bring several advantages, such as lowering emissions, enhancing air quality, encouraging eco-friendly mobility practices, and easing traffic congestion. Nonetheless, these measures may also entail certain disadvantages, including possible adverse economic consequences, restrictions on personal mobility, unforeseen repercussions, and difficulties in execution. UVAR schemes may impose financial burdens on enterprises, such as the need to upgrade or replace vehicles to comply with regulations, acquire permits, or pay charges and penalties for infractions [12]. To reduce these adverse effects, incentives for the modernization of vehicle fleets have been implemented. Furthermore, the European Parliament [13] underlines the essential function of urban transport in enhancing citizens' well-being and fostering economic performance. It advocates for intelligent, inclusive, cost-effective, and well-integrated transport networks. With respect to UVARinitiatives, the resolution underlines the importance of comprehensive impact evaluations and participatory processes. It also emphasizes the need for clear communication and the timely involvement of all relevant actors, especially regarding the economic dimensions of such policies. Another aspect to consider is the coordination of parking areas dedicated to loading and unloading activities. On-street parking plays a crucial role in influencing urban traffic efficiency in three primary ways. Firstly, parking lanes utilize road space, thereby diminishing the available capacity for traffic flow both on the main road and in adjacent networks. Secondly, the actions of parking and exiting a parking spot temporarily disrupt the traffic stream, resulting in increased delays.