# Review of the Research on Soil Disturbance by Tools
## 4 Test Analysis  
### Research on Disturbance Profile and Size of Soil  
The soil disturbance test and cutting force test can effectively detect the effect of the tools on the soil. The disturbance profile is measured by a profiler and its shape is drawn into a graph. Generally, the cross-sectional area, width, and soil surface profile are used to describe the soil profile. where the disturbance width is the width of the trench at the soil surface level, and the soil surface profile can be measured by the area above and below the soil surface [66]. The soil dumped will be backfilled, which is called trench backfill. This refers to the part of soil where the loose soil falls back to the static state in the trench after the trencher passes through the trench. When measuring the disturbed profile, it is necessary to consider the soil cleaning of the falling part [67]. During the test, a profiler composed of wooden pegs was used to measure the shape of soil disturbance. After the measurement, the measured shape was transformed into an intuitive contour figure for intuitive analysis [68]. The disturbance profile of the tools to the soil is an important index to evaluate the effect of the machine tool on the soil, which reflects the disturbance range of the tools to the soil. Generally, the dynamic soil uplift height is defined as the maximum height of the loose soil during tillage [69]. During experiment, the specific resistance (traction force/soil disturbance) can be used as an index to quantify the tillage efficiency [70]. By analyzing the influencing factors such as power consumption, particle disturbance and soil coverage, the parameters of the machine can be optimized [71]. The accuracy of the established model can be analyzed by analyzing the shape error of the disturbance between simulation and experiment [72]. [PERSON] developed a method to measure soil surface and trench profiles using a portable and affordable 3D scanner and verified the accuracy by comparing the measured profiles with a pin profiler [73]. To study the influence of the shovel distance of multiple subsoiling shovels on soil resistance and disturbance based on discrete elements, [PERSON] used a soil disturbance profiler and tracer block displacement measuring instrument to obtain soil pit profile and shallow soil displacement to verify simulation accuracy [74]. [PERSON] analyzed the law of subsoiling shovel-soil interaction, compared the disturbance law of different soil layers, and found that the soil disturbance ranging from large to small is shallow, middle, and deep, and the boundary is drawn with the critical curve of the movement speed of soil particles [75]. The installation height of the wing shovel is one of the key structural parameters of a deep loosening shovel with wing, which has an important influence on the disturbance behavior of deep loosening soil. It mainly includes the disturbed profile of soil and the vertical stacking angle of soil. The disturbed profile of soil can be measured and drawn with a profile instrument, as shown in Figure 18 [76; 77]. Soil particle size has an influence on soil disturbance characteristics (soil rupture distance ratio, cumulative soil height, soil disturbed area, soil density and rupture index) and computer solution time. The ratio of broken bonds to total bonds is the breaking rate. The higher the breaking index, the better the sowing and crop growth. Disturbance profile and disturbance situation are shown in Figure 19 [78]. [PERSON] analyzed the soil disturbance process of the tillage layer during the vibratory subsoiling process. The simulation results show that the disturbance range depends on the maximum cross-sectional area of the omnidirectional subsoiling shovel. The soil trough test has verified that the cross-sectional profile of soil disturbance is consistent with the simulation results (see Figure 20) [79]. The subsoiling area is usually used as one of the evaluation indicators to evaluate the subsoiling effect.