## 3 Physicochemical Properties of Soils Affected by Biochar
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Method of Pyrolysis**} & **Liquid** & **Solid** & **Gas** \\  & **(Bio-Oil, Bio-Fuel)** & **(Biochar)** & **(Synthesis Gas, Bio-Gas)** \\ \hline Moderate temperature (-500 \({}^{\circ}\)C), short hot vapor residence time (\(<\)2 s) & 75\% (25\% water) & 12\% & 13\% \\ \hline Moderate temperature (\(<\)500 \({}^{\circ}\)C), moderate hot vapor residence time & 50\% (50\% water) & 20\% & 30\% \\ (10–20 s) & & & \\ \hline Slow temperature (-400 \({}^{\circ}\)C), very long solid residence time & 30\% (70\% water) & 35\% & 35\% \\ \hline High temperature (\(>\)800 \({}^{\circ}\)C), long vapor residence time & 5\% tar & 10\% & 85\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The products of initial feedstock mass under selected pyrolysis conditions [20; 21]. taken up over short periods by plants, particularly in well-watered soils, resulting in known benefits for plant growth. Nutrients in the labile fraction become available only after a few weeks of mineralization, as a consequence of the enhanced soil's biological activity. Nutrients incorporated into the bodies of microorganisms become unavailable for a certain period, which may produce competition for nutrients between plants and microorganisms. This fact can result a so-called pentozan effect, which can develop in soils with very low nitrogen content but which are high in degradable organic materials (e.g., wheat straw) [43]. The nutrients in the persistent fraction of biochar are only released decades or centuries later, as discussed earlier [9]. These fractions can all play a role in the direct nutrient supply of plants. An example of the direct, rapid nutrient replenishment of biochar was described by [PERSON] et al. in 2013 [41]. In their study, the magnitude and dynamics of short-term phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) release were assessed through repeated cold-water extraction using hardwood biochar (_Acer pseudoplatanus_). The feedstock was converted in a traditional charcoal ring furnace with a holding time of 24 h and a peak temperature of approximately 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The proximate analysis results for the char of volatiles, fixed carbon, and ash were 18.5%, 77.0%, and 4.4%, respectively. The carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur contents were 746, 28, 178, 4.0, and 0.2 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The phosphorus concentration in the biochar (119 mg kg\({}^{-1}\)) was approximately four times greater than that in the _Acer_ spp. feedstock, reflecting the ratio of feedstock mass to biochar yield in biochar production. In contrast, the Mg and K contents of 1889 and 3309 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) were twice those of the feedstock. Approximately 30-103% of the total P, 6-27% of the total Mg, and 82-122% of the total K were leached from the biochar. Increased nutrient retention is a vital element of harmonious nutrient supply. Biochar soil treatment significantly reduces the leaching of nutrients from organic and inorganic fertilizers [52]. In their nutrient leaching experiment in 2020, [PERSON] et al. [53] significantly reduced the N, P, Mg, and Si contents of water-leached clay soils treated with organic manure. In summary, the beneficial effects of biochar on the soil's ability to provide nu