# Blockchain Enabled Transparent and Anti-Counterfeiting Supply of COVID-19 Vaccine Vials
## 2 Related Work  
Communication and information technology-based vaccination schemes are presented in the related work for optimal supply and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21]. A drive through simulation for mass vaccination in a feasible manner during COVID-19 pandemic has been proposed that provides assessment of such facilities such as agent-based modelling and event processing to reduce the waiting times, required staff, intervals of immunization, etc. [22]. Supply and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines for heterogeneous populations is done by using computational equity and modelling constraints in order to maintain the optimization and fairness in case of an infection outbreak [23]. Many custom and heuristic algorithms have been proposed to optimize the design and flow of distributed networks [24; 25; 26; 27]. Latest furtherance of emerging technologies, especially the internet-of-things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain offers a path for developing more innovative and smart systems that might be used in various areas such as in the healthcare domain [28]. A solution for ensuring the transparency and increasing the coverage of vaccines in remote regions is using IoT sensor devices to track the carrier's location, humidity and temperature [29]. Blockchain-enabled solutions addressing the challenges such as confidentiality, security and privacy of the data are described in [30]. In recent studies the possibility of combating the COVID-19 pandemic with blockchain solutions to provide decentralized tracking of contracts and enabling features such as data safety and immutability has been pointed out [31; 32]. Use cases related to technology like blockchain can help to manage the pandemic of COVID-19 by tracing contacts, data sharing of patients, supply and distribution management are presented in [33]. Blockchain technology may be used to establish trustworthy prediction models that will help in handling the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on national level [34]. Also, to track the location during quarantine places in a secure manner using IoT sensor node infrastructure [35]. A blockchain-enabled incentive-based approach was proposed to fight against the pandemic to avoid information tampering and grant incentive tokens to patients for completing their quarantine time [36]. Blockchain has provided enormous solutions for the management and organization of supply chain management [37]. Various integrated frameworks of blockchain and IoT for the supply chain of pharmaceuticals where the counterfeiting prevention and temperature monitoring of drugs are of utmost importance [38]. A recommendation system using blockchain and machine learning for the management of the drugs supply chain has been proposed [39]. Hyperledger fabrics used for the deployment that continuously audit and make a track of the delivery process while LightGBM and N-grams used to recommend the best drugs to the clients. A solution for transparent drug data flow using the Gcoin blockchain in order to eliminate the counterfeiting of drugs has been given [40]. Few developed solutions in the presented state of art have provided a solution based on blockchain for the distribution of vaccines. A management system based on blockchain to supervise the supply chain of vaccines through smart contracts, also the system managesthe vaccine expiration and fraud records has been proposed [41]. A blockchain framework for the of COVID-19 vaccine has given. The solution proposes administering of each process from the development to the commercial chain by leveraging the blockchain for registering charges and authentication of each process [42]. Likewise, a solution for a proficient supply chain using IoT and smart contracts has been proposed, the system consists of various IoT sensors and used to monitor legitimize receivers, shipment etc. [43]. A blockchain enabled framework for administer the production and tracing of vaccines using IoT sensors in China has been proposed.