# Research on the Evacuation Characteristics of Cruise Ship Passengers in Multi-Scenarios
## 4 Discussion of Simulation Results
### The Analysis of Arrival Time Distributions  
Figure 11 shows frequency histograms of the arrival time distributions of passenger evacuation. The abscissa is the time interval of the evacuation time, and each time interval is 20 s. The maximum value of the abscissa is the total evacuation time. The left ordinate represents the median number of passengers who arrived at the embarkation stations. The right ordinate is the cumulative percentage of the arrival rate. The blue curve represents the cumulative arrival rate. It can be seen from the curve that the slope of the curve is small when the arrival rate is less than 10%. However, the slope of the curve suddenly increases when the arrival rate exceeds about 10%. Within the range of 10-90%, the curve slope barely changes, indicating that the arrival rate of passengers at this stage is stable. In addition, it can also be found from the histogram that many people are arriving in unit time during this stage, but the arrival number experiences little change within a time interval. When the arrival rate exceeds 90%, the arrival number of passengers in a time interval begins to decline significantly, and the slope of the curve also suddenly becomes shallower. Therefore, this paper considers the period when the cumulative percentage is in the range of 10-90% as the peak period of arrival. Figure 11: The arrival time distributions of passenger evacuation. (**a**) The day-individual scenario; (**b**) the day-group scenario; (**c**) the night-individual scenario; (**d**) the night-group scenario. Figure 11a shows the arrival time distributions of passengers in the day-individual scenario. It seems that the arrival rate of passengers begins to increase after 80 s. The arrival rate approaches the peak period after 220 s and begins to decline gradually after 560 s. From the cumulative curve, it can be found that about 80% of passengers arrived at a time in the range between 220 s and 560 s. The duration of this period is only 340 s and accounts for about 45.9% of the total evacuation time. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to passenger safety in this period. Figure 11b shows the arrival time distributions of passengers in the day-group scenario. Compared with Figure 11a, the total evacuation time is longer than that in the day-individual scenario. Meanwhile, the number of passengers arriving in each time interval is less than that in the day-individual scenario. The maximum number of passenger arrivals in all intervals is 40, while it is 52 in Figure 11a. The peak period of group passenger arrival lasts longer, which starts from 240 s and ends at 660 s. About 80% of passengers arrived within this 420 s time period, which accounts for 45.7% of the total evacuation time. Due to group behavior among passengers, the total evacuation time becomes longer, the number of passengers arriving in a time interval becomes smaller and the peak period lasts longer. Figure 11c shows the arrival time distributions of passengers in the right-individual scenario. It can be found that the total evacuation time of this scenario is longer than that of the above day scenarios; the reason for this phenomenon may be that the response time of passengers is longer in the night scenario. The peak period starts from 650 s and ends at 900 s. The duration of the peak period is 340 s, which accounts for 27.6% of the total evacuation time. Compared with the day scenario, the duration of the peak period is shorter. From Figure 1 and Table 1, it can be seen that the initial positions of most passengers are at Deck 3 to Deck 6 in the night scenario. Moreover, these four decks are close to Deck 2, so that a large number of passengers may arrive in a short time period. In the day scenario, the initial positions of most passengers are on Deck 1, 2, 7, 8 and 9, and passengers on Deck 7, 8, and 9 may need more time to arrive at Deck 2. Therefore, the duration of the peak period in the day scenario is longer than that of the night scenario.