## 1 Introduction
These comprise regulations for allowed levels of emissions as well as immunity standards that systems should comply with so that they can work as expected under the effects of EMI. Such products cannot be lawfully marketed or used, especially in safety-critical applications like aerospace, defense, and healthcare, where EMS management is an important aspect of safety and performance. Hence, prudent pre-compliance and post-compliance EMC testing in anechoic or semi-anechoic chambers is a part of the product design process in the EMS field so that electromagnetic behavior will still comply with international standards and functional requirements. Among numerous ways electromagnetic interference propagates from a source into a vulnerable victim circuit, conducted and radiated EMI are two principal and most popularly categorized forms. In order to design effective electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) solutions in electronic hardware, one should understand the behavior and differences between the two coupling methods. Radiated EMI is the electromagnetic interference that propagates through free space as electromagnetic waves. Such a type of coupling is normally predominant when the interfering source and victim device (or victim) are more than a wavelength apart from each other at the signal frequency. In this situation, the source is basically behaving as an antenna, radiating electromagnetic energy into the environment unintentionally. The victim subsequently behaves as a receive antenna that captures this radiated signal, which is potentially unwanted and can lead to malfunction or degradation of performance. This undesired energy can be from deliberate radiators like transmitters or unintentional radiators like switching power supplies, digital logic, or motors emitting high-frequency noise. Radiated EMI is harder to combat since it doesn't need an electric path between the victim and source, but rather uses electromagnetic field propagation in space. The energy may couple into the victim's circuitry through a wide range of mediums like cables, PCB traces, or enclosure openings, so shielding and good PCB layout are fundamental defense techniques. Radiated EMI is normally treated by engineers using techniques like putting sensitive parts in metal shielding, reducing loop areas in circuit layout, differential signaling, and employing good filtering and grounding techniques. This kind of interference is particularly crucial in high-frequency equipment systems, wireless communications, and densely grouped equipment environments which are electrically isolated, and where radiated EMI will need to be addressed as soon as possible within the design. Conducted EMI: As the name suggests, conducted emissions happen when signals can travel along a conduction path. Power cables or other connectivity cabling might be present here. There are two possible modes for the conduction:  
1. Common mode: This kind of EMI coupling happens when the noise is present on both conductors at the same time, such as the out and return conductors for communications or the positive/negative conductors for power connections. 2. Differential mode: This happens when the noise on the two conductors is out of phase. In the conventional works, there are different types of EMI reduction methodologies [5; 6; 7] have been developed to improve the overall system performance. The major categories of EMI reduction methodologies [8; 9] are shown in Figure 1.  
Most existing works mainly use random and deterministic modulation techniques [4; 10; 11] along with DC-DC converter topology to mitigate the level of EMI noise. When compared to the deterministic modulation techniques, the random modulation techniques [12; 13] are more suitable and extensively used for EMI reduction, because they utilize the controlling parameters of the duty cycle and switching frequency for reducing the burden of noise.