## 4 Discussion
### Membrane Stability  
EC recorded in this study was lower for primed seeds as compared to the non-primed seeds similar to a previous study [45]. However, the rate of change of EC of seed leachates has also been considered. Imbibition damage often results from both the physical and metabolic impact of rapid water uptake by dry seed and ROS attack on macromolecules like lipids, which are a main component of the cell membrane. Physical damage probably occurs during imbibition and redrying, which together make up the process of priming [45]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [54] suggested that PEG prevents injury in low-vigor seeds by reducing the rate of water uptake during initial imbibition. The delay provides time for membrane reorganization necessary for compartmentalization before tissue hydration causes mixing and loss of cellular contents. Studies on chickpea [55], onion [56], cucumber [57], barley [58], pepper [59], and palisade grass [23], recorded low EC of seed leachate for primed seed compared to control. [PERSON] et al. [55] opened that the priming process leads to the repair mechanism of membranes, enhancing their stability. The different levels of EC recorded in this study could probably have also been contributed by the priming process as noted by [PERSON] et al. [45] due to electrolyte loss during seed washing or the seed priming material used; PEG-primed seed, for example, recorded low EC [58] and reduced leakage of electrolytes [60]. Additionally, it is non-ionic, unlike KNO\({}_{3}\)[56], and [45] noted the discrepancy and the difficulty of interpreting cell membrane integrity based on EC levels alone. However, an increase in conductivity with aging [61] is expected in terms of membrane disruption and can only be explained by the trend. Priming reduced leakage of electrolytes, possibly via reduction of imbibition damage, and improved the ability to repair after imbibition. It also maintained better seed vigor induced by priming during the initial \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Storage Period** & **Gp (\%)** & **SV1** & **Seedling Length (cm)** & **H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) (umol-g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** & **MDA (mmol-g\({}^{-1}\) FW)** \\ \cline{2-6}
**(Days)** & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Osmopriming**} \\ \hline
0 & 100 \(\pm\) 0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.7 \(\pm\) 1.4 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.74 \(\pm\) 1.4 & 1.678 \(\pm\) 0.51 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 4.833 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) \\
30 & 100 \(\pm\) 0 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 15.2 \(\pm\) 2.0 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 15.16 \(\pm\) 2 & 0.282 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{ac}}\) & 4.335 \(\pm\) 0.8 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) \\
60 & 99 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.6 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.82 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 0.164 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 4.038 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
90 & 99 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 16.5 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\text{ab}}\) & 16.73 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 1.115 \(\pm\) 0.49 \({}^{\text{bc}}\) & 4.335 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
120 & 91 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 13.2 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 14.54 \(\pm\) 1.7 & 2.555 \(\pm\) 0.28 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 6.579 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**\(p\) value**} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data shown are the means of the measurements \(\pm\) standard deviation. Mean values followed by different letters indicate significant differences (\(p<0.05\)) as determined via post hoc [PERSON]’s HSD test within each treatment across the storage period.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: \(Cont.\)period of storage. Membrane stabilization and priming-controlled water uptake would only be beneficial within the period in which the seed performs better than the non-primed seed, but there is also a possibility of leakage from physical damage [45] because of the hydration and rehydration cycle during priming. In this study, MDA was only statistically lower for halopriming and hydropriming at 0 days and 60 days, respectively, but overall, MDA accumulation was lower for the primed seed and highest for all after 120 days of storage.