## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Evaluation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk  
This study utilizes the background value data from [PERSON] et al. 's work [42]. The background values referenced are classified based on regional characteristics. For elements with different distribution patterns, distinct statistical measures were used: arithmetic means for those with a normal distribution and geometric means for those with a log-normal distribution. Among the analyzed elements, those exhibiting a normal distribution include Co (111 samples), Cr (108 samples), Hg (111 samples), Ni (111 samples), Pb (111 samples), V (111 samples), and Zn (111 samples). Elements showing a log-normal distribution include As (111 samples), Cr (108 samples), Cu (111 samples), and Mn (111 samples). A unified analysis of the heavy metal concentration data obtained from the sampling points in the study area was conducted to determine the maximum (Max), minimum (Min), average values, and standard deviations (SD) of the mass fractions. These were compared and analyzed against the background values of the study area, as shown in Table 2.  
The average mass fractions of As, Hg, Pb, and Zn have exceedance factor less than 1 when compared to background values, indicating that they either are not polluting or have a low level of pollution. In contrast, the average mass fractions of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, V, and Co all have exceedance factors greater than 1, suggesting varying degrees of heavy metal pollution. The SD of the mass fractions for Cr, As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, and V are all greater than 10, with Mn's SD reaching as high as 301.32. Therefore, it is necessary \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Heavy Metal** **(mg/kg)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**MassFraction**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Background** **Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Average Value Relative to** **Background** **Exceedance Factor**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & & & & & **Value** & **Background** **Exceedance Factor** \\ \hline Cd & 0.26 & 0.04 & 0.13 & 0.05 & 0.11 & 1.19 \\ Cr & 174.00 & 22.50 & 71.72 & 18.20 & 50.86 & 1.41 \\ As & 146.14 & 1.39 & 9.98 & 12.33 & 14.82 & 0.67 \\ Hg & 0.20 & 0.00 & 0.09 & 0.11 & 0.09 & 0.95 \\ Pb & 65.20 & 14.30 & 28.88 & 8.25 & 31.07 & 0.93 \\ Cu & 218.00 & 7.35 & 35.98 & 19.16 & 22.40 & 1.61 \\ Zn & 225.30 & 34.80 & 69.99 & 21.14 & 76.68 & 0.91 \\ Ni & 98.80 & 10.00 & 32.94 & 13.35 & 26.72 & 1.23 \\ Mn & 1930.00 & 115.00 & 543.81 & 301.32 & 395.28 & 1.38 \\ V & 188.50 & 68.50 & 110.18 & 18.65 & 98.52 & 1.12 \\ Co & 50.10 & 6.12 & 14.95 & 5.65 & 13.27 & 1.13 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Descriptive statistics of heavy metals in the soil of the study area [42]. to identify hotspots of high heavy metal concentrations and determine possible sources through spatial interpolation of heavy metal concentrations [43]. Throughout the study area, nearly half of the heavy metals had average values higher than their background values, and their maximum values also show significant variation, exhibiting strong spatial heterogeneity [44]. To characterize the spatial pattern and pollution distribution characteristics of heavy metals in the study area, a spatial analysis was conducted using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method (Figure 2). Figure 2: The spatial distribution of the concentrations of heavy metals and distribution of key enterprises. (In the figure, (**a**) represents the spatial distribution of Cd, (**b**) represents that of Cr, (**c**) represents that of As, (**d**) represents that of Hg, (**e**) represents that of Pb, (**f**) represents that of Cu, (**g**) represents that of Zn, (**h**) represents that of Ni, (**i**) represents that of Mn, (**j**) represents that of V, (**k**) represents that of Co, and (**l**) represents that of Se.). The concentration data of heavy metals in the soil were normalized using max absolute value scaling to allow for comparisons across different heavy metals on the same scale, facilitating the identification of the most severely polluted metals.