# High-Efficiency Adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1 Protein by Plasma-Modified Porous Polymers
## 4 Conclusions  
S1 protein plays a key role in the interaction of viruses with the environment, and it is an indispensable target for adsorption research. In the current study, MPP, a kind of micro-mesoporous polymer adsorption material, was prepared by nanosecond-pulsed discharge plasma treatment and was applied to efficiently adsorb S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2, so as to be used in epidemic prevention and control. The material has a high adsorption efficiency for S1 protein. Western blotting and ELISA analysis were used to detect the adsorption ability of the MPP, and the results showed that the adsorption efficiency of the MPP for 0.5 ug/mL S1 protein solution is 99.99% after a 1 min immersion. The MPP can be reused at least 10 times, and the adsorption efficiency can still remain above 60%. It was found that the plasma treatment played a key role in the preparation of the MPP's adsorption performance and the improvement of the adsorption performance. SEM, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy were used to characterize the physical and chemical structures of the MPP, and the characterization revealed that plasma etching formed a large quantity of pores on the adsorbent's surface. In addition, during plasma treatment, the implantation of oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen-containing functional groups (C\(-\)O, O\(-\)C\(=\)O, C\(=\)O, \(-\)NH) on adsorbent improves the adsorption capacity of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. As the preparation of the material is based on polystyrene divinylbenzene polymer, it has a low price and shows great potential for effectively removing pathogenic microorganisms with a low content in indoor air and wastewater, and it can be widely used for epidemic prevention and control.  
Figure 4: The adsorption efficiency of S1 protein was quantified by ELISA. **(a)** Concentration of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in solution after MPP adsorption for 30 \(s\); **(b)** Concentration of SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein in solution after MPP adsorption for 1 min; **(c)** The efficiency of MPP resin at repeatedly adsorbing SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein.  
**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122412628/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122412628/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122412628/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app122412628/s1)), Figure S1: The experimental setup of plasma modification system.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.S. and D.Y.; methodology, N.A. and S.L.; software, Q.X. and K.L.; investigation, N.A.; data curation, N.A.; writing--original draft preparation, N.A.; writing--review and editing, H.Y.; visualization, N.A. and S.L.; supervision, J.S. and D.Y.; project administration, D.Y.; funding acquisition, D.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52077026, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number DUT21 LK31, and the Finance Science and Technology Project of Xinjang Production and Construction, grant number 2020 AB019.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.