## 2 Experimental Design
### Test Methods and Items  
This study tested cement mortars with different proportions of TPSW, using different substitution amounts (RMs) of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and W/C ratios of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 to test its fresh properties (slump and slump flow), and it was transformed into a 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm \(\times\) 50 mm cubic specimen and cured in saturated lime water. Its engineering properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and water absorption) and durability (resistivity) were tested at the ages of 3, 7, 28, 56, and 91 days. The proportioning unit weight is shown in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Item** & **Specification** & **Purpose** \\ \hline
1 & Slump & ASTM C109 [47] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Determine the consistency of the \\ freshly mixed cement mortar \\ and determine the workability \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2 & Slump flow & ASTM C230 [48] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Determine the standard fluidity \\ value in the cement mortar \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
3 & Setting time & ASTM C403 [49] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Understand the properties of the \\ cement and reference for \\ concrete construction \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
4 & Compressive strength & ASTM C109 [47] &
\begin{tabular}{c} As a reference for the mechanical \\ strength of the specimen \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
5 & Flexural strength & ASTM C348 [50] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Determine the bonding strength \\ of the cement mortar \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 & Ultrasonic pulse velocity & ASTM C597 [51] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Understand the internal \\ conditions of the specimen \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
7 & Water absorption rate & ASTM C1585 [52] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Understand the internal porosity \\ of the specimen \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
8 & Resistant to sulfate attack & ASTM C1012 [53] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Work out the weight loss of the \\ cement mortar \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
9 & Resistivity & ASTM C876 [54] &
\begin{tabular}{c} Evaluating the corrosion activity \\ of steel within the specimen \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Test items and specifications. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**W/C** & **RM (\%)** & **TPSW** & **Sand** & **Cement** & **Water** \\ \hline
0.4 & 0 & 0 & 1567 & \\
0.5 & 5 & 78 & 1488 & \\
0.4 & 10 & 157 & 1410 & 570 & 228 \\  & 15 & 235 & 1332 & \\ \hline
0.5 & 0 & 0 & 1482 & \\
0.5 & 5 & 74 & 1408 & \\
10 & 148 & 1334 & 539 & 270 \\  & 15 & 222 & 1260 & \\ \hline
0.6 & 0 & 0 & 1407 & \\
0.6 & 5 & 70 & 1336 & \\
10 & 10 & 141 & 1266 & \\  & 15 & 211 & 1196 & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Cement mortar proportions with different W/C ratios and TPSW amounts (unit: g/cm\({}^{3}\)). 1. Slump: according to the ASTM C109 specification, a mini-slump cone was used to conduct a test, and the slump method was used to measure the consistency of the fresh cement mortar to determine the workability of the mortar. 2. Slump flow: according to the ASTM C230 specification, which mainly measures the standard flow value of the cement mortar. 3. Setting time: according to the ASTM C403 specification to measure the standard water consumption of cement, the initial setting time and final setting time of the cement were used as a reference for understanding the properties of the cement and concrete construction. 4. Compressive strength: According to the ASTM C109 specifications, compressive tests were conducted at each age set by the institute to test the pressure-resistant properties of the various cement mortars. The schematic diagram of the testing process is shown in Figure 2.
5. Flexural strength: the flexural strength of the standard cement mortar was measured according to the ASTM C348 specifications. 6. Ultrasonic pulse velocity: The ultrasonic detector used complied with the ASTM C597 specifications and was used to measure the velocity of the ultrasonic waves that passed through the interior of the test object. This process measured the time it took for the ultrasound to travel through the specimen.