## 4 Discussion  
The aim of this research was to compare the level of aggression between Oyama Karate and MMA fighters. The analysis performed in this study showed that the level of aggressiveness in MMA fighters was higher than in Oyama Karate fighters in all the evaluated categories. Therefore, MMA fighters had higher levels of general or total aggression. This appears to be consistent with previous research on the predisposition and tendency to be aggressive in athletes [15; 29]. [PERSON] [30] also pointed out the clearly aggressive character of MMA. This can result from definitely more brutal fighting during competition, which requires more offensive tactics from fighters compared with those commonly used in Oyama Karate. Research conducted by [PERSON] [31] showed that the more brutal the fight, the greater the aggressiveness of the fighters. The characteristics of MMA fighting seem to favor increased aggression in athletes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables** & **Groups** & \(n\) & \(\overset{-}{x}\) & **SD** & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Anger} & Oyama Karate & 30 & 15.17 & 4.37 & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.000**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mixed martial arts & 30 & 21.63 & 3.81 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Physical aggression} & Oyama Karate & 30 & 18.63 & 5.57 & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.000**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mixed martial arts & 30 & 27.17 & 4.92 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Hostility} & Oyama Karate & 30 & 17.40 & 4.83 & \multirow{3}{*}{**0.008**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mixed martial arts & 30 & 21.30 & 3.04 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Verbal aggression} & Oyama Karate & 30 & 13.07 & 3.84 & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.000**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mixed martial arts & 30 & 19.07 & 3.20 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Total} & Oyama Karate & 30 & 64.27 & 15.76 & \multirow{3}{*}{**<0.000**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & Mixed martial arts & 30 & 89.17 & 7.88 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \(n\)—number of subjects; \(\overset{\mp}{x}\)—mean; SD—standard deviation; \(p\)—statistical significance; values in bold are staystationally significant.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Different types of aggressiveness and the levels of hostility and physical and verbal aggression. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Source of Variation** & **df** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & \(p\)**-Value** & \(\eta\)**-Square** & \(\alpha\)**-Power** \\ \hline Sport & 1 & 2906.3 & 175.13 & **<0.000** & 0.377 & 1.000 \\ \hline Variable & 4 & 362.5 & 21.85 & **<0.000** & 0.232 & 1.000 \\ \hline Interaction & 4 & 40.7 & 2.45 & **0.046** & 0.032 & 0.698 \\ \hline Residual & 290 & 16.6 & - & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values in bold are staystationally significant.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Detailed results of ANOVA analysis. What seems to be important is the structure of the entire fight, which consists of stand-up and ground fighting, in which the athlete can perform elbow strikes, hammer punches, and kicks on a lying opponent [32]. This is particularly significant in the context of reports by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33], who proved that the most common response of an aggressively attacked man is an even greater level of aggression toward the attacker. The results of the study may be related to the social environment from which athletes of both sports may come. Oyama Karate is a martial art that parents often choose for their children [34]. MMA training, on the other hand, is often determined by the athlete's own choice and affiliation with the fan community [35; 36; 37]. It seems to be an interesting direction for further research to see if athletes who begin karate and MMA training are also characterized by different levels of aggressiveness. Another argument confirming the hypothesis may be the ethical side, which is overlooked in the training of MMA. Oyama Karate is a martial art that is related to the general lifestyle based on karate philosophy, which promotes the moral development of the athlete, as do other Asian martial arts [38].