# High-Resolution Mapping of Subsurface Sedimentary Facies and Reservoirs Using Seismic Sedimentology
## 4 Future Improvements  
Similarly to any of the subfields of science and technology that were initiated upon challenges being faced in the petroleum industry and which are growing rapidly, seismic geomorphology, and even more so seismic sedimentology, is facing demands for improvement. A few are listed as follows:  
_1. Better calibration with well and outcrop information and regional/local geologic models_: When interpreting seismic data, it is important to understand that interpretation merely approximates the truth and is not necessarily the truth itself. Interpretation is seldom unique and must be verified before finalization. Therefore, we should always verify and calibrate seismic interpretation with well and outcrop observations. For example, in this study, well-seismic calibrations are vital to demonstrate the value of seismic sedimentological approaches. The necessity of using a 90\({}^{\circ}\) seismic volume and frequency fusion in seismic stratigraphic profiling is demonstrated by superimposing wireline-log (gamma ray) onto  
Figure 9: This is a test of an ML-based inversion workflow. (**a**) The true model represents the realistic acoustic impedance (\(I_{p}\)) of an interbedded sandstone and shale formation. (**b**) A 60 Hz Ricker wavelet with a phase shift of 90\({}^{\circ}\) is generated from the true model shown in part (**a**). However, this display omits thickness information. (**c**) The testing results using a large training data set from a single well achieve the limited recovery of the true thickness variation. (**d**) In contrast, testing results using a large synthetic training data set composed of 500 wells are able to recover most of the high-resolution details shown in part (**a**). The logs from the three wells are used solely for blind testing purposes. Modified from Zeng [13]. a seismic section (Figure 6); the superhigh spatial resolution of striatal slices is verified by wireline-log-measured sandstone thickness (Figure 7); and the predictive power of machine learning could not be accessed without overlapping well-site impedance logs (Figure 9). In areas without drilling data or which are lacking outcrop analogs, it is advisable to use a geologic model in adjacent regions or comparable formations to enhance the interpretive process. [PERSON] et al. [55] proposed an integrated workflow combining subsurface seismic geomorphology with surface geomorphology to create a reliable 3D model of the Earth and its geomorphological features. _2. Push for deeper integration:_ How can we leverage current knowledge and technology to enhance seismic sedimentology? There are at least two key approaches to consider. First, we should focus on publishing more geologic models and case histories that validate practical workflows and thin-bed indicative attributes. Increasing the number of models and case studies can improve our understanding of various depositional systems under different data conditions. Moreover, achieving higher resolution is not solely the responsibility of geophysicists; it requires increased collaboration with geologists. To foster this collaboration, we should build highly integrated research and operational teams. Furthermore, we should encourage undergraduate and graduate students in geoscience programs to broaden their curriculum by including a diverse range of geological and geophysical disciplines. _3. Look forward to the future development of high-resolution geophysics:_ Recent widespread applications of seismic sedimentology have shown tremendous potential for resource exploration and development in various basins, mainly where seismically, thin beds serve as the dominant reservoirs. However, we should realize that under current acquisition and processing technologies, seismic data still have limits in resolution. It is dangerous to claim that current approaches can solve all the problems for thin-bedded reservoirs. Extracting spatial resolution on striatal slices often involves a trade-off with band-limited seismic data.