## 4 \({}^{13}\)C Solid-State NMR Applications to Vermicomposting
\({}^{\ast}\)** & **Feedstock.\({}^{\text{b}}\)** & **Sample \({}^{\ast}\)** & **Alky1 C** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**O-Alky1 C**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Anomatic C**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Carbony1**} \\  & & & & **Cli0/CHIN** & **O-Alky1 C** & **Di-O-Alky1 C** & **Ayl C O-Alky1 C** & **Carboxyl C Carbony1 C** & **Carboxyl C Carbony1 C** \\ \hline
[112] & CM & HA 120 d & 33.3 & 167 & 167 & 5.6 & 133.3 & 5.6 & 8.9 & 0.98 \\ \hline  & CM & HA 120 d & 24.6 & 15.0 & & 24.7 & 20.5 & 5.5 & 9.7 & 1.4\({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
[108] & CM/fixed cotton residues \({}^{\text{d}}\) & HA 120 d & 24.2 & 13.8 & 25.6 & 18.4 & 6.8 & 11.3 & 1.3\({}^{\text{h}}\) \\  & CM/fixed cotton residues \({}^{\text{d}}\) & HA 120 d & 26.8 & 13.1 & 25.7 & 18.1 & 6.5 & 9.9 & 1.4\({}^{\text{h}}\) \\  & CM/fixed cotton residues \({}^{\text{d}}\) & HA 120 d & 24.1 & 12.9 & 28.1 & 19.0 & 7.0 & 9.0 & 1.3\({}^{\text{h}}\) \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\ \hline
[114] & CM & HA 120 d & 37.63 & 11.82 & 10.75 & 4.3 & 11.82 & 3.22 & 12.90 & 7.52 & 1.32 \\  & CM & HA 120 d & 17.43 & 14.68 & 15.60 & 9.17 & 20.18 & 8.25 & 12.84 & 1.83 & 0.88 \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \hline
[119] & CM & HA 120 d & 37.63 & 11.82 & 10.75 & 4.3 & 11.82 & 3.22 & 12.90 & 7.52 & 1.32 \\  & CM & HA 120 d & 17.43 & 14.68 & 15.60 & 9.17 & 20.18 & 8.25 & 12.84 & 1.83 & 0.88 \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \hline
[119] & CM & HA 120 d & 33.68 & 47.94 & & 21.06 & 10.61 & 10.1 & 14.1 & \\  & CM/SD (85.15 \(\times\)) & HA 5-d & 20.38 & 49.75 & & 21.06 & 10.61 & \\  & CM/SD (70.52 \(\times\)12.53 \(\times\)15.55 \(\times\)) & HA 5-d & 20.38 & 49.7  
The data on HAs extracted from vermicomposts produced by progressively replacing CM with residues of flock cotton production [108] and on HAs extracted from vermicomposts produced from a variety of feedstocks, i.e., CM, CM and sugar cane bagasse, CM and sunflower cake, and CM and a mixture of sugar cane bagasse and sunflower cake [110; 115], show that HAs are characterized by larger fractions of aryl C and smaller fractions of O-alkyl and di-O-alkyl C, compared to the original vermicomposts (Tables 4 and 5). These trends are reflected in a larger _HB/HI_ index exhibited by HAs. Figure 5 compares the spectra of vermicomposts with those of the corresponding Has, exemplifying the described trends. As noticed for vermicomposts, the spectral intensities of HAs remarkably depend on the feedstock and on the maturation stage of the vermicompost.