## 3 Studies on Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Metabolites from Natural Materials
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Natural Material** & **Target 1** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Optimized** \\ **Conditions** \\ **of Enzymolysis** \\ **and Extraction** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Extraction Effects and Yields** \\ **in Optimal** \\ **Conditions** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ref.** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Rosmarinus officinalis L._ (Lamiaceae) leaves} & \multirow{7}{*}{Total phenolic content (TPC)} & Enzymolysis: & \\  & & Alcalase 2.4 L FG, & \\  & & Bioprep 3000 L & \\  & & (Celtic TCE, Viscozyme L and & \\  & & Celtic HTEc2 were also tested) & \\  & & 2.5 g enzyme/100 g & TPC 15.2 \(\pm\) 0.3 mgGAE/g & \\  & & raw material & (extraction efficiency increased \\  & & Time 1 h & \\  & & Temp. 50 °C & by \textgreater{}30\% and higher DPPH \\  & & Solid–liquid & radical scavenging ability) & \\  & & conventional extraction: & \\  & & Solvent-to-sample ratio 20:1 (\(v/w\)) & \\  & & 50\% ethanol & \\  & & Time 24 h & \\  & & Room temperature & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Rubusaeus L._ (Rosaceae) seeds/promace} & \multirow{7}{*}{Total phenolic content antioxidant activity} & Enzymolysis: & Yield of polyphenols \\  & & 1.2 units of alkaline & 3.7 g/100 g \\  & & protease/100 g & 3.7 g/100 g \\  & & & total pelagic acid \\  & & Time 2 h & 1.46 g/100 g \\  & & Temp. 60 °C & 1.46 g/100 g \\  & & pH 9 & antioxidant activity (by 25–48\%) \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Scutellaria bialensis_ (Lamiaceae) plant} & \multirow{7}{*}{Baicalin} & Enzymolysis: & \\  & & Endophytic cellulase; & \\  & & enzyme dose 20 U/mL & \\  & & Time 24 h & \\  & & pH 7.0 & Yield 1.56 \(\pm\) 0.01 g/5 g \\  & & & (extraction yield increased by \\  & & Temp. 37 °C & 79.31\% in comparison with the \\  & & Extraction: & traditional extraction method) \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Salamamycin Lyopersicum L._ (Solanaceae) industrial tomato waste (peel and seed)} & \multirow{7}{*}{Total phenolic content; antioxidant activity} & Temp. 40 °C & Higher phenolic concentration; \\  & & \(\text{pH}\) = 4 °C & improved antioxidant properties \\  & & Extraction: & \\  & & Ethyl acetate extraction & \\  & & Solvent-to–substrate ratio & \\  & & 5 mL/g & \\  & & Time 1 h & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Ziziphus injjuba_ Mill. (Rhamaceae) peel Colour measurement} & \multirow{7}{*}{Content of polyphenols and flavonoids Colour measurement} & Enzymolysis: & \\  & & Mixture of cellulase, pectinase, and & Yield of total polyphenols \\  & & protease 6000 U:2900 U:3300 U & 9.02 \(\pm\) 0.63 mg/g \\ \cline{1-1}  & & rate per sample gram & yield of total flavonoids \\ \cline{1-1}  & & 16 mL buffer liquid volume; & 11.14 \(\pm\) 0.45 mg/g \\ \cline{1-1}  & & pH 7.0 & pigment \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Temp. 43 °C & 8.93 \(\pm\) 0.43 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Time 97 min & \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{7}{c}{Oils and fatty acids} \\ \hline \hline \multirow{7}{*}{_Arthrospira platensis_ (Microoleaceae) Oil content} & \multirow{7}{*}{Enzymolysis: (\(\beta\)-glucanase (exo-1,3-) preparation)} & Highest oil recovery \\  & & 2°\(v/w\) Vinoflow® & 8.10 \(\pm\) 0.20\% (\(w/w\)) \\ \cline{1-1}  & & (\(\beta\)-glucanase (exo-1,3-) and increased amount of \\ \cline{1-1}  & & preparation) & unsaturated fatty acids \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Time 24 h & The most effective destruction of \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Temp. 40 °C & cell integrity and the highest \\ \cline{1-1}  & & pH 6.5 & extraction yield of \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Alcalase® & hydrophilic biocomponents \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._