# Toward a Modern Last-Mile Delivery: Consequences and Obstacles of Intelligent Technology
## 2 Toward Modernity
### AI-Supported Tangible Technologies toward Modern LMD  
For years, the adoption of robots has been increasing globally [42]. Robots are used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, logistics, and office management (to distribute documents) [79]. Drones and robots will almost certainly be used in future logistics, particularly in areas with limited infrastructure or dense populations. Autonomous AI-powered robots and drones have lower operating costs than trucks, allowing for last-mile delivery. These electric technologies are more easily adaptable to environmental requirements [80]. AI-enabled drones and robots have impacts on LMD. AI combined with drones and robots could provide LMD solutions that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly in real-time. AI can even power self-driving drones and robots, this increases usability and simplifies processes, as AI, like human intelligence, enables planning, comprehension, and problem solving [65]. Drones or robots used for parcel delivery in urban and rural areas must have these characteristics in order to operate safely while avoiding people, cars, and other vehicles [80]. Traveling at pedestrian speeds (due to the majority of their operations taking place in crowded places), the robots acquire data about their surroundings and make their own judgments when barriers emerge, ensuring the delivery is carried out securely [81]. The recipient may follow the delivery robot remotely and know when to anticipate the package. Navigation systems include object avoidance. When a robot encounters a barrier, it will stop, alter route, and in some instances will utilize AI to signal or audibly alert the obstruction [82], reducing the chance of accidents, which are prevalent in last-mile difficulties when deliveries are made in crowded locations [82]. Drones are better described as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as they are either remotely or automatically controlled. Although they were initially controlled remotely, AI is now increasingly used to automate their functions [83]. Drones are classified based on their attributes and values, and their classification is largely determined by the intended user of the UAV, as drones have private, commercial, and military applications [84]. Commercial drones have LMD requirements, including appropriate machine weight, travel range, flight altitude and durability, take-off weight, airspace used, and the degree of autonomy, which are all important considerations [84]. Although drones differ in many ways, their basic operating system is the same; engines propel each propeller, while engine power grows in proportion to speed and lifting capacity. The speed control is responsible for connecting the battery to the motor and sending energy-release signals, the battery powers the device, and the charger allows for reuse. The GPS and camera of the drone are controlled by the on-board computer, and finally, the radio transmitter is capable of transmitting data [83]. The drone collects environmental data and installs AI. Drone sensors make this possible and this enables autonomous flight rather than remote control. Drones with AI use computer vision to find and track objects in flight and change routes without the need for programming or human intervention. AI-powered drones require sensors and data vision, so the sensors control how the drone reacts to obstacles and environmental conditions [85]. Beside drones, self-driving cars are an exciting new LMD technology [86]. Vehicle automation levels range from no automation to full automation, but in LMD, vehicles that are semi-autonomous and completely driverless are being tested in order to enhance software and hardware [32]. Many transportation corporations are making investments. Regarding this technology [87] modern autonomous goods vehicles (AGVs) used in LMD are equipped with lockers to deliver packages without the need for human intervention, though autonomous delivery robots have limited coverage, according to [PERSON] et al. [41].