## 1 Introduction  
The escalating concerns surrounding nitrogen oxide (NOx) exposure have become increasingly pronounced since the early 1990s, propelled by a compelling linkage between heightened nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)) levels and a corresponding surge in hospital admissions [1, 2]. Notably, areas with diminished NO\({}_{2}\) levels in California witnessed significant health benefits, particularly regarding reduced emergency room visits [3]. This news gains added gravity when considering that NOx concentrations below established standards are implicated in a rise in respiratory diseases, culminating in fatalities [4]. Furthermore, NOx serves as a precursor for ozone formation. The release of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere initiates a complex reaction in the presence of solar irradiation, forming ozone in the troposphere. Emerging evidence underscores that short-term and long-term exposure to ozone, even at concentrations below the current regulatory standards, are associated with heightened mortality rates attributed to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases [5]. Ozone, recognized for its detrimental effects on human health, possesses the potential to induce inflammation in the respiratory tract, eyes, nose, and throat and can exacerbate asthma attacks. Asthma, a chronic disease impacting 262 million people globally and causing 455,000 deaths [6], worsens with exposure to NO\({}_{2}\). Asthma management aims to control symptoms and prevent exacerbations marked by worsened symptoms necessitating systemic steroid treatment. This involves avoiding patient-specific triggers and using medications. Despite these efforts, exacerbations persist due to a complex interplay of biological and social factors, significantly contributing to asthma-related morbidity and mortality [7]. In 2019, an estimated 1.85 million new cases of pediatric asthma globally were attributed to NO\({}_{2}\) exposure, with urban areas accounting for two-thirds of this burden [8]. In the extensive examination of the short-term exposure effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO\({}_{2}\)), a wealth of compelling evidence has surfaced, revealing its adverse impact on individuals with asthma and other respiratory diseases. Studies demonstrate that NO\({}_{2}\) exposure is linked to decreased lung function indices, particularly in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At the same time, among asthmatics, it correlates with a reduction in Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) [9]. Notably, heightened NO\({}_{2}\) exposure before a respiratory viral infection is associated with an increased severity of ensuing asthma exacerbations, even within current air quality standards [10]. Additionally, research indicates that indoor exposure to NO\({}_{2}\), even below the Environmental Protection Agency outdoor standard, is linked to respiratory symptoms among children with asthma in multifamily housing [11]. Intriguingly, short-term fluctuations in NO\({}_{2}\) and asthma visits seem more pronounced in areas with NO\({}_{2}\) levels below 10 \(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\) (0.005 ppm), suggesting that even low levels of NO\({}_{2}\) may contribute to asthma exacerbations [12]. Expanding the scope, investigating the relationship between the inhalation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and asthma has yielded crucial insights. Noteworthy associations include the correlation between exposure to traffic-related air pollution, including NOx, during the first year of life and an increased risk of persistent wheezing and sensitization to inhaled allergens in preschool children [13]. Studies further indicate that exposure to NOx and other traffic-related pollutants may influence the effect of specific genes in the development of childhood allergic diseases [14]. Daily exposure to air pollution, including NOx, is linked to acute pediatric asthma exacerbations, reduced lung function, increased rescue medication usage, and heightened symptoms [15]. In alignment with these findings, a study conducted by [PERSON] et al.