## 3 Experimental Program
### Test Procedure  
Figure 7 shows a schematic and a picture of the test setup. Cyclic loading was applied in displacement control mode by means of a 1334 kN (300 kips) capacity hydraulic actuator and a U-shaped steel clamp connected to the specimen at 61 cm (24 in) from the tip via six post-tensioned horizontal Dywidag rods to facilitate an even, slip-free load distribution across the beam's depth. The reaction block was fastened to the strong floor and strong wall via post-tensioned Dywidag bars and additionally secured with two shear plates in the front to restrict any block rotation or sliding.  
The displacement histories applied to specimens S1A, S1B, and S5 are presented in Figure 8. Drift (i.e., chord rotation), applied tip displacement, and corresponding actuator forces in each loading direction are provided in Table 4. The test specimens were subjected to quasi-static fully reversed and monotonically increasing cyclic loading following the recommendations outlined in Chapter 5 of ACI 374.2R-13 [35] and in Section 10.3.2.1 of ASCE 41-13 [36]. Analytically estimated yield displacements were used as reference. Displacement levels were incrementally increased until complete structural failure was reached, which was defined as a drop in strength below 75% of the peak capacity in either loading direction. In general, three load cycles were applied at each displacement level up to the onset of strength loss; two cycles per increment were applied thereafter.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Bar Size**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Diam.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Steel**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & **Nominal** & **Nominal** & **Test** & **Test** & **Elong.** \\  & & & & **Yield** & **Tensile** & **Yield** & **Strength** & **Strength** \\ \cline{2-7}  & **mm (in)** & & & **MPa (ksi)** & **MPa (ksi)** & **MPa (ksi)** & **MPa (ksi)** & **\%** \\ \hline \#3 & 9.5 (0.375) & A706/Gr60 & Hoop & 414 (60) & 552 (80) & 467 (67.8) & 685 (99.4) & 17.0\% \\ \hline \#3 & 9.5 (0.375) & A615/Gr60 & Long. & 414 (60) & 621 (90) & 485 (70.4) & 763 (110.7) & 13.0\% \\ \hline \#4 & 12.7 (0.50) & A706/Gr60 & Hoop & 414 (60) & 552 (80) & 440 (63.8) & 636 (92.2) & 15.0\% \\ \hline \#7 & 22.2 (0.875) & A615/Gr60 & Long. & 414 (60) & 621 (90) & 445 (64.6) & 734 (106.5) & 15.0\% \\ \hline \#8 & 25.4 (1.000) & A615/Gr60 & Long. & 414 (60) & 621 (90) & 458 (66.4) & 761 (110.4) & 16.0\% \\ \hline \#9 & 28.7 (1.128) & A615/Gr60 & Long. & 414 (60) & 621 (90) & 462 (67.0) & 738 (107.1) & 18.0\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mechanical properties of steel reinforcing bars.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Element Type** & SEH-51A Laminate & SCH-41A Laminate & \(1/2^{\prime\prime}\) SEH Anchor & \(1/2^{\prime\prime}\) SCH Anchor \\ \hline
**Fiber Type** & glass & carbon & glass & carbon \\ \hline
**Dry Fiber** & 915 g/m\({}^{2}\) (27 \(\alpha\)/yd\({}^{2}\)) & 644 g/m\({}^{2}\) (19 oz/yd\({}^{2}\)) & 95.8 g/m (0.086 oz/in) & 86.8 g/m (0.078 oz/in) \\ \hline
**Nominal Thickness** & 1.3 mm (0.05 in) & 1.0 mm (0.04 in) & - & - \\ \hline
**Tensile Strength** & 575 MPa (83.4 ksi)/ & 986 MPa (143 ksi)/ & 575 MPa (83.4 ksi)/ & 986 MPa (143 ksi)/ \\
**Typical/Design** & 460 MPa (66.72 ksi) & 834 MPa (121 ksi) & 460 MPa (66.72 ksi) & 834 MPa (121 ksi) \\ \hline
**Tensile Modulus** & 26.1 GPa (3.79 \(\times\) 103 ksi)/ & 95.8 GPa (13.9 \(\times\) 103 ksi)/ & 26.1 GPa (3.79 \(\times\) 103 ksi)/ & 95.8 GPa (13.9 \(\times\) 103 ksi)/ \\
**Typical/Design** & 20.9 GPa (3.0 \(\times\) 103 ksi) & 82 GPa (11.9 \(\times\) 103 ksi) & 20.9 GPa (3.03 \(\times\) 103 ksi) & 82 GPa (11.9 \(\times\) 103 ksi) \\ \hline
**Elongation at Break** & 2.2\%/1.76\% & 1.0\%/0.85\% & 2.2\%/1.76\% & 1.0\%/0.85\% \\
**Typical/Design** & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Mechanical properties of FRP composites.  
Figure 8: Applied displacement history.  
Figure 7: Test setup: (**a**) schematic of test setup; (**b**) test setup for specimen S5.