# Overview on the Evolution of Laser Welding of Vascular and Nervous Tissues
## 2 Laser Welding of Vascular and Nervous Tissues
### Welding Parameters and Bonding Conditions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Study**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Surgery**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Laser Type**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Laser** \\ **Mode** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} **Welding Parameters** \\ **(nm)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} **Time** \\ **(w)** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Time** \\ **(w)** \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \cline{5-10}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [44]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Vascular} & Argon & CW & 458–515 & 1.5 & 300–400 & NR & NR \\ \cline{3-10}  & & CO\({}_{2}\) & CW & 10,600 & 1–2 & 20–40 & NR & NR \\ \cline{3-10}  & & Nd:YAG & CW & 1060 & 7 & 20–25 & NR & NR \\ \hline \hline [PERSON] et al. [57] & Vascular & Argon & CW & NR & 0.5 & 240 & 5 & 0.2 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [71] & Vascular & Argon & CW & NR & 0.5 & 125–150 & 5 & 0.2 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [56] & Vascular & Argon & CW & 488 & 0.01–0.05 & 15–120 & NR & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [41] & Vascular & Argon & CW & NR & 0.75 & 100 & 5 & 0.2 \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [45] & Nerve & CO\({}_{2}\) & CW & NR & 0.05–0.15 & NR & 0.1–3 & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [43] & Nerve & IR diode & CW & 810 & 0.08 & NR & NR & NR \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [46]} & \multirow{3}{*}{ Nerve} & CO\({}_{2}\) with & & & & & \\  & & power & CW & NR & 0.06 & NR & NR & NR \\ \cline{3-10}  & & reduction unit & & & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [42] & Vascular & Argon & CW & NR & 0.17 & NR & 5 & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [76] & Vascular & IR diode & CW & 808 & 0.08 & 4\(\times\) 0.5 & NR & NR \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [51]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Vascular} & \multirow{3}{*}{IR diode} & CW & 808 & 0.41 & 30 & NR & NR \\ \cline{3-10}  & & & & & 0.55 & 45 & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [52]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Vascular} & PTB with & & & & & & \\  & Nd:YAG & CW & 532 & 0.35 & 2\(\times\) 30 & NR & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [47] & Vascular & CO\({}_{2}\) & CW & 10,600 & 0.17 & 261 \(\pm\) 40 & NR & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [77] & Vascular & IR diode & CW & 808 & 0.4–3 & 2.5–30 & NR & NR \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [72]} & \multirow{3}{*}{Vascular} & IR diode & & & & & & \\  & & single-spot & & & & & & \\  & & IR diode & & & & & & \\  & scanning & & & & & & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [49] & Vascular & IR diode & CW & 670 & 0.096 & NR & 25 & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [48] & Vascular & IR diode & CW & 970 & 2.4 & 30 & NR & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [50] & Vascular & CO\({}_{2}\) & CW & 10,600 & 0.1 & NR & 1 & NR \\ \cline{3-10}  & & KTP & CW & 532 & 3–4 & NR & 1 & NR \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [78] & Vascular & IR diode & CW & 808 & 0.25–1.5 & 30 & NR & NR \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
NR—Non-referred.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: Chronological overview of laser-welding results in vascular and nerve repair. have initially been used with success, due to reduced inflammatory reactions and easy application, they should be avoided because of their rigidity, cytotoxicity, and risk of infection [40; 51; 58]. Moreover, the development of albumin-based solution solders allowed higher biocompatibility between its proteinaceous structure and collagen fibers. As its application is possible with different variations in composition, this solder solution is the most common in these procedures [40; 46; 72; 76]. For example, BioGlue, which is composed of 45% bovine serum albumin and 10% glutaraldehyde, cross-links with tissue fibers through chemical bindings, allowing vascular chemical stabilization of sutured and welded sites [58]. Important research has been conducted in the application of solder solutions in vascular and nerve tissue welding. [PERSON] et al. [45] compared different types of solders in laser nerve welding. They observed an increased bonding strength with dried albumin, 20% albumin and egg white solutions, when compared to welding alone and to welding with fibrin-glue repairs.