# The Impact of Impulsive Traffic on Cellular Internet of Things Network Performance Indicators
## 3 NB-IoT  
The development of NB-IoT started as a part of the 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) Release 13. The objective was to create a technology that could operate in the unused spectrum of existing LTE networks without causing any interference. The first version of the standard, known as Release 13 Narrowband, was published in June 2016 [12]. NB-IoT operates in the licensed spectrum and can be deployed in various frequency bands, including the (450, 800, 900, 1800, and 1900-2690) MHz bands. The device's receive bandwidth is 180-200 kHz. The frequency band used for NB-IoT deployment depends on regional regulations and the availability of spectrum. The 900 MHz band is the most used frequency band for NB-IoT deployment in Europe and Asia, while the 800 MHz band is widely used in North America. However, the use of NB-IoT may vary depending on the region. These differences in deployment may affect the coverage, reliability, and cost of NB-IoT networks. In addition, different regulatory requirements may apply in different regions, which may affect the deployment and operation of NB-IoT networks. Nevertheless, NB-IoT is projected to play an important role in the IoT ecosystem, allowing the creation of novel IoT applications all over the world. NB-IoT uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for data transmission. OFDM is a modulation technique that divides the available spectrum into multiple subcarriers, each carrying a separate data stream. The subcarriers are orthogonal to each other, which means that they do not interfere with each other. This enables NB-IoT to transmit data reliably even in environments with high levels of interference. In addition to OFDM, NB-IoT also uses Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) modulation for control signaling. The 3 GPP Release 13 standard defines three deployment modes for NB-IoT, each with a different channel placement method (Figure 2). In-band mode utilizes the same LTE carrier for both data and control signaling, with NB-IoT channels placed within the LTE carrier. Standalone mode operates independently of the LTE network and uses a separate carrier for NB-IoT data transmission. Guard band mode uses the unused spectrum between two LTE carriers for NB-IoT data transmission. The data transfer rate of the technology is 250 Kbit/s, the coverage level is 164 dB, and the power class is 20-23 dB [24]. NB-IoT utilizes a simplified network architecture compared to traditional LTE networks. The NB-IoT network consists of three main components (Figure 3): the user equipment (UE), the NB-IoT base station (NB-eNB), and the core network (CN). The UE is the device that sends and receives data over the network. The NB-eNB is the base station \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**References** & **Specifications** & **Focus Area** & **Contribution/Methodology** & **Limitations/Gaps** \\ \hline
[23] & LoRaWAN, DASH7, and NB-IoT & The mobility, the connectivity, and the suitable technology for each use case. & An overview of the three technologies (LoRaWAN, DASH7, and NB-IoT) with a comparison between them. & The issue of resource management has not been studied. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._that communicates with the UE and the CN. The CN is responsible for managing the network and routing data to its final destination. The key feature of NB-IoT is its low consumption of power, which allows devices to operate for several years on a single battery or even without a battery, relying on energy harvested from the environment. This feature can be obtained as a result of PSM and eDRX technologies. (1) The principle of PSM technology is to transfer the device to the PSM state after remaining for a specified period of time in the IDLE state. It is a new state that has been added in 3 GPP Release-12 to the two states that the device can be in (Idle and Connect). In this state, the radio unit is completely turned off until it has messages to send, then the radio unit is restarted [26].