# Semi-Automated Mapping of German Study Data Concepts to an English Common Data Model
## 3 Results
### Graphical User Interface for Semiautomated Concept Mapping  
Because of the complexity of the mapping process, the need for human interaction, preferably by domain experts, to select the appropriate concept in the target CDM to ensure high-quality mappings persists. Intelligent user interfaces facilitate this human-computer interaction. Designed as the front end of an automated, intelligent premapping microservice that could be integrated into a metadata repository [30], it focusses on what has been the focus of science for years. In many areas, especially in the health sector, the requirements for usability are well defined. In the European Medical Device Regulation, usability and the proof of testing (e.g., for the risk of incorrect operation) is of high importance. The clear presentation of relevant information, prevention of operational errors through intuitive and consistent operation, and a high level of user ergonomics are defined in ISO/IEC 62366-1:2015 [31].  
We designed three exemplary graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to display descriptive information for each mapping item (e.g., study variable name) as well as for the interaction during the mapping of information elements.  
The Floating-Action-Button (FAB)-GUI consists of two consecutive pages (Figure 4). First, the user is provided with an overview of the data elements to be processed in tabular form. After clicking on the table row, a page with information about the individual element is displayed, including the element name and a short description. Up to four of the most-likely entries found in the LOINC or SNOMED CT database are displayed. In addition, the four most probable classes are offered for selection with blue icons. By clicking on one of the terms, the mapping suggestion is selected by the user. At the bottom of the second page, information on the input dataset is displayed which can be expanded. The goal of this GUI is to direct the user to a single element via a selection page where the necessary information about the selected concept is presented.  
Alternatively, the Table-GUI shows a table with all elements to be mapped on one page. For each table element the mapping suggestions appear directly below the information about the element. When you click on a mapping suggestion, the element mapped with it disappears from the list. As information elements the user is offered the same elements as in the FAB mapping.  
Finally, a Swipe-GUI was developed which displays only one element at a time as a swipeable card from a stack of cards. The user can swipe the card left or right to perform an assignment to one of two mapping suggestions. The information elements on the card are intentionally limited. When you tap on a suggested concept, it expands to show the information similar to the other GUIs.  
To evaluate the performance of the different GUIs, user testing among a small group of potential users was carried out. The participants were given test versions on a smart phone, displaying mapping suggestions for the anesthesiology dataset. Afterwards an online questionnaire was completed. The questions were mostly in free-text form and aimed at capturing the individual user experience rather than delivering a quantitative comparison of the different GUI concepts, as the way of interaction with the application strongly depends on the habits of the individual user.  
Overall, the analysis of user responses showed that the FAB-GUI and the Table-GUI were received about equally well, with the Table-GUI perceived as faster when dealing with a large list of elements. The concept of the Swipe-GUI was well received by the majority of participants.