esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Properties and Structure of Chlorine Dioxide and Ozone
### Differences  
Chlorine dioxide is a greenish yellow gas, which is one of the few compounds in nature that exists in the form of a single free radical [43]. Chlorine dioxide is an unstable gas that is prone to decomposition. In solution, chlorine dioxide is a dissolved gas [49]. At 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the concentration of chlorine dioxide is approximately 23 times greater than it would be if it were at equilibrium in the gas phase [50]. In water, chlorine dioxide has a relatively long half-life and does not undergo hydrolysis reactions, existing in molecular form. The stability of chlorine dioxide depends on the pH value of the solution. Unlike chlorine, which is rapidly and reversibly hydrolyzed in water at any pH, chlorine dioxide is quite stable in weakly acidic solutions and less stable in neutral solutions [51]. In alkaline (pH > 8) solutions, a disproportionation reaction occurs to form chlorite anion and chlorate anion (Equation (3)) [52]. These two ions are by-products of chlorine dioxide formation in water treatment and pose a threat to human health [53; 54]. In solution, the chlorite anion may gain four electrons to be reduced to a chloride ion (Equation (4)) [43]. Generally, it is difficult for the chlorite anion to gain four electrons for the reduction reaction, but in water treatment, the reduction in chlorite anions readily occurs under acidic conditions (Equation (5)) [55].  
\[2 CIO_{2}+2 OH^{-}\to ClO_{2}^{-}+ClO_{3}^{-}+H_{2}O \tag{3}\]  
\[ClO_{2}^{-}+2H_{2}O+4e^{-}\to Cl^{-}+4 OH^{-} \tag{4}\]  
\[ClO_{2}^{-}+4H^{+}+4e^{-}\to Cl^{-}+2H_{2}O \tag{5}\]  
Ozone is a colorless gas with an irritating odor [56]. When the concentration of ozone is high, it appears blue [57]. In practical applications, ozone is not too concentrated and appears colorless. At room temperature, ozone is an unstable gas with a half-life of 20-50 min, which is higher for gaseous ozone than for ozone in solution [21; 58; 59]. In addition, ozone decomposes into oxygen and does not cause secondary pollution [21]. In solution, temperature affects the solubility of ozone, which is almost insoluble in water when the temperature reaches 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In addition, ozone has a high oxidation potential in water. The half-life of ozone is affected by pH value. When the pH value is greater than 7.5,ozone will accelerate decomposition, undergoing a chain reaction that produces -OH in water with a stronger oxidation potential than ozone (Equations (6)-(9)) [60].  
\[O_{3}+OH^{-}\to HO_{2}^{\bullet}+O_{2}^{\bullet-} \tag{6}\]  
\[O_{3}+O_{2}^{\bullet-}\to O_{2}+O_{3}^{\bullet-} \tag{7}\]  
\[O_{3}^{\bullet-}+H^{+}\to HO_{3}^{\bullet-} \tag{8}\]  
\[HO_{3}^{\bullet-}\to OH^{\bullet}+O_{2} \tag{9}\]
## 5 Conclusions  
A new data hiding technology is proposed in this paper, which combines the multi-bit data hiding scheme for compressing secret messages and a quicker operation for MGEMD. From the simulation results, we show that the proposed scheme can increase embedding capacity because the RLE compression ratio is high, though dependent on the source data, _i.e._, the binary images had a better compression ratio than the gray-scale images. Consequently, the quality of the stego image generated by our proposed scheme is not only better than the MGEMD method, but also modifies fewer pixels when the length of the secret message is the same. Additionally, according to our steganalysis and performance discussion, our scheme provides a higher embedding capacity than previous approaches, and it also can resist visual attack and RS steganalysis and SPAM.
# Load Testing and Analysis of a Large Span Through Simply-Supported Steel Box Arch Bridge
## 6 Conclusions  
### Results  
(1) Under the static load test, the strain structural safety factor of the test span ranged from 0.13 to 1.00, and the deflection safety factor ranged from 0.63 to 0.81. Both factors were less than 1, indicating that the structure's strength and stiffness met the design requirements. After unloading, the relative residual strain and relative residual displacement at each measurement point were both less than 20%, suggesting that the structure was in an elastic working state. During the test, no cracking of the steel structure or welds was observed in the key sections of the bridge. Subsequent inspection after the test confirmed that there were no cracks in the entire bridge.  
(2) The measured first-order frequency of the main bridge's lateral vibration was 1.425 Hz, compared to the finite element calculation frequency of 1.14 Hz. Similarly, the measured first-order vertical vibration frequency was 2.95 Hz, while the calculated frequency was 1.71 Hz. The measured first-order torsional frequency was 3.60 Hz, with  
Figure 16: Time history curve and mode shape of vertical measurement points on the main beam at 20 km/h.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Condition**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Impact Coefficient**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Maximum Value**} \\ \cline{2-3} \cline{5-5}  & **1 st Measurement** & & **2 st Measurement** \\ \hline
10 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.01 & 0.02 & \\
20 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.01 & 0.02 & \\
30 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.03 & 0.02 & \\
40 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.02 & 0.03 & \\
50 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.03 & 0.03 & \\
60 km/h Running Vehicle Test & 0.03 & 0.03 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Bridge impact coefficient during running test.  
a calculated value of 1.948 Hz. In all cases, the measured values were higher than the theoretical calculations. The measured first-order vertical bending frequency of the approach bridge was 6.375 Hz. These results indicate that the vertical overall stiffness of the bridge satisfies the design requirements. The damping ratios of the test spans fell within the normal range and the measured impact coefficients were all lower than the values prescribed by the code and were in compliance with the specifications.  
(3) This load test not only furnishes a scientific foundation and safety guarantee for the sub-carrying through-truss cable-stayed arch bridge but also offers valuable data and experience to a broader range of similar bridge engineering domains. The test outcomes verify the performance of the arch bridge under actual load circumstances, providing a reference for subsequent structural optimization designs.
## 5 Discussion
### Contributions to Research  
From a research point of view, the proposed protocol offers a valuable guidance tool for designing and creating other systems to study the dynamics of human activity and dependency. By providing a standardized method for assessing functional capacity, it facilitates comparative studies across populations and conditions, contributing to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing independence and quality of life in various cohorts. Additionally, the data generated by the EYEFUL system can inform the development of new interventions aimed at preserving or enhancing functional abilities.
# Analysis of Factors for Compacted Clay Liner Performance Considering Isothermal Adsorption
## 3 Scheme for Analyses and Discussion of Results
### Column Test with Pb\({}^{2+}\)  
In order to illustrate the different types of isotherms, a breakthrough column test with a source solution of Pb(II) was carried out. Kaolin clay slurry was consolidated for preparing the clay liner model in a model cylinder. The physical parameters of kaolin are given in Table 4.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Property** & **Value** \\ \hline Specific gravity, \(G_{\text{s}}\) & 2.61 \\ \hline Mean particle size, \(d\) (mm) & 0.003 \\ \hline Clay fraction, CF (\%) & 67.8 \\ \hline Liquid limit, \(w_{\text{L}}\) (\%) & 67.1 \\ \hline Plastic limit, \(w_{\text{p}}\) (\%) & 34.6 \\ \hline Specific surface area (m\({}^{2}\)/g) & 2.1 \\ \hline pH & 4.4 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Physical parameters of Jiangsu kaolin.  
Figure 20: Dimensionless outflow curves for for the three isotherms (\(C_{0}=1000\) mg/L): (**a**) \(T\) as abscissa; (**b**) \(T_{\text{R}}\) as abscissa.  
As shown in Figure 21, after completion of the consolidation, the model cylinder was connected to a modified Mariotte bottle which was used to contain the designed hydraulic head. The source concentration \(C_{0}\) of Pb(II) was kept constant at 892.3 mg/L. The test was started by turning on the two control valves for inflow and outflow. The effluent from the bottom of the model cylinder was collected at a series of different times. The effluent concentration was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (TAS-990).  
Table 5 shows the parameters of the column test. The height of the column was 21.9 mm, and the hydraulic head difference was 16m, corresponding to an advection velocity of 9.01 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) m/s. Figure 22 shows a comparison of the measured breakthrough curve and the fitting breakthrough curves. The best-fit value of \(R_{\text{d}}\) was 7.5 as shown in Figure 22. Meanwhile, the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm with the same maximum adsorption capacity were compared, as shown in Figure 23. As shown in Figure 22, the Langmuir isotherm was able to fit the measured curve very well (determination coefficient R\({}^{2}\) = 0.992). However, the best-fit value of \(D_{\text{h}}\) was 5.45 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) m\({}^{2}\)/s, which was much larger than a reasonable value. The Freundlich isotherm fit the measured curve somewhat less well (R\({}^{2}\) = 0.984) than the other two isotherms, and the fitted value of \(D_{\text{h}}\) was 2.8546 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) m\({}^{2}\)/s, which was much smaller than a reasonable value. Hence, it was verified that the nonlinear adsorption model had a similar effect on the shape of the outflow curve as changing the value of \(D_{\text{h}}\
## 1 Introduction
(4) This proposed model outperformed the state-of-the-art UWB-based positioning models with a maximum deviation of 0.232 m (reduced by 83.93% compared to a pure UWB model and 43.14% compared to the conventional UWB/IMU model) and standard deviation of 0.09981 m (reduced by 88.35% compared to a pure UWB model and 22.21% compared to the conventional UWB-IMU model). The rest of this study is structured as follows. In Section 2, we analyze the related work about several common filtering fusion positioning technologies. In Section 3, the principle of IMU positioning and the EKF technology are briefly introduced. In Section 4, an improved UWB/IMU tight combination positioning model is established. The IMU position solution, time synchronization correction, threshold setting, and extended Kalman filter designing are conducted. Further, the combination error convergence is analyzed. In Section 5, simulation experiments are implemented to validate the improved UWB/IMU tight combination model within the software of MATLAB R2020a.
# Design of a Device Based on an LED Matrix for Water Sterilization
## 3 Results
### Assessment of the Sterilizing Capacity of the LED Matrix Prototype  
The determination of the effect of the device on the heating of 1 L of water showed a limited increase, reaching 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C after 6 h of exposure. The sterilizing capacity induced by the UV radiation of the device on _E. coli_ was measured using 1 and 5 L of water. Under static conditions, no viable bacteria were detected in 1 L in less than 5 min, but 20 min was required for 5 L, whereas under agitation, less than 5 min was needed in both cases (Figure 8A,B). When the effect on a mixture of _E. coli_, _K. pneumoniae_, _E. faecalis_, _S. enterica_, and _C. perfringens_ was tested in a volume of 5 L, no viable bacteria were detected in less than 5 min under aerobic and agitation conditions (Figure 8C).  
The sterilizing capacity of the LED matrix was tested against a sample of urban river water with high levels of microbial contamination. Under static conditions, anaerobic microorganisms were eliminated within 60 min of exposure, whereas aerobic ones required 90 min (Figure 9A,B). However, under agitation, aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were completely eliminated in 10 and 5 min, respectively (Figure 9C,D).  
Figure 8: Influence of LED matrix prototype on bacterial viability. **(A)** Influence of LED matrix on _E. coli_ viability in 1 L of water. **(B)** Influence of LED matrix on _E. coli_ viability in 5 L of water. Tests were carried out under static conditions (black, solid lines) or with stirring (gray, dashed lines). **(C)** Influence of LED matrix on _E. coli_, _K. pneumoniae_, _E. faecalis_, _S. enterica_ and _C. perfringens_ in 5 L of water, in both aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres. Static and aerobic conditions (black circles); static and anaerobic conditions (white circles); stirring and aerobic conditions (gray squares); stirring and anaerobic conditions (white squares). All tests were performed in triplicate.  
Figure 7: Design of LED matrix prototype. **(A)** Individually encapsulated LED; **(B)** prototype displaying the encapsulated LED array; **(C)** prototype demonstrating its flexibility.
# Banana Peels: A Genuine Waste or a Wonderful Opportunity?
## 2 Dessert Bananas and Cooking Bananas  
Banana is a perennial crop that is produced around the year. On average, a fruit weighs 125 g, which constitutes \(\sim\)75% water and the rest is dry matter [27]. The colour of the fruits varies from red to purple and yellow depending on the ripening stages [27].  
On a culinary basis, banana production is divided into two categories: dessert bananas and cooked bananas (plantains). The pulp of dessert bananas is firm when unripe and soft during maturation [28]. Therefore, these fruits are eaten raw after ripening or cooked, baked, dried and ground for flour. Moreover, they are also processed to make vinegar, starch and chips. This group belongs to _M. acuminata_ or hybrid _Musa_\(\times\)_paradisica_ or _M. sapientum_ (_M. acuminata_\(\times\)_M. lublisiana_) [PERSON]. Almost 56% of global banana production is for the dessert category, and \(\sim\)97% of the banana export is for this variety [29]. Cavendish is the most popular cultivar of this group [30]. Cooking bananas are harvested at the green stage and can be used in different dishes and to make starch. The consumption and popularity of banana sub-groups are differentiated by region, cultivar and sugar concentration. Dessert banana has higher demand worldwide whereas cooking banana is mostly consumed in developing countries such as Africa and Southeast Asia [31]. In Asia, cooking varieties are usually from sub-groups of the cultivar \"pisang awak\" [31]. Cooking bananas are usually larger and angular, with more starch than dessert bananas.  
On the basis of ploidy and genome, bananas are grouped as diploid, triploid or tetraploid. Triploid bananas are cultivated the most in the world. The culinary groups are developed by intra- or inter-hybridisation between two ancestors, i.e., _M. acuminata_ Colla (A genome) and _M. balbisiana_ Colla (B genome) [32]. The genomic groups of dessert, plantains and cooking bananas are AAA, AAB and ABB, respectively [31; 33].
# Bacteria-Mediated Modulatory Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
## 3 Microbiota in CRC
### Influence of Microbiota on Conventional CRC Therapy
An auspicious approach is offered by phytopharmaceuticals, safe secondary plant compounds with numerous health-promoting effects ranging from anti-inflammation to tumor containment. The treatment of CRC cells with resveratrol [7,158,159] or the components of _Curcuna longa_ (turmeric) curcumin [160] and callebin A [161,162,163,164,165,166] is particularly promising, as these substances can extensively modulate tumor processes. In in vivo-like models, it was shown that all of the three phytopharmaceuticals mentioned above enhance the effect of the cytostatic drug 5-FU [163], and since they alter not only the CRC cells but also the immediate environment as part of their anti-tumor effect, it is obvious that they can also have an influence on the intestinal microbiome. Another interesting approach is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), firstly introduced in 1958 for treatment of _Cistoridium difficile_ infection (CDI) [164]. Here, up to 80% of all CDI cases could be treated by assisting in the restoration of a beneficial microbiome in infected patients. In addition, FMT was found to be successful in a variety of other illnesses, including inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes or even autism, thus it became a viable therapy option [165]. The benefits of this method were also addressed as a way to mitigate undesirable effects from radiation treatment due to its safety. For CRC treatment, radiation is utilized as a standard therapeutic strategy in conjunction with chemotherapy [6], where patients may have a variety of severe adverse effects, such as bone marrow and gastrointestinal damage, thus bacteria have been shown to reduce these adverse effects of radiation treatment in pre-clinical trials and, furthermore, in various pre-clinical cancer mouse models, the gut microbiota has been found to influence even the efficacy of radiation [166; 167]. Furthermore, worth mentioning, it was shown that applying certain bacteria such as _Lactobacillus rhamnus_ to mice undergoing radiotherapy had a protective impact on the intestinal mucosa of the tested animals [168]. Moreover, probiotics were found to reduce radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage in cancer patients undergoing irradiation in clinical investigations such as diarrhea [150]. The future of cancer therapy will undoubtedly lie in the investigation of the dual function of microbiota in medication outcomes: on the one hand, though bacteria is able to exacerbate therapy side effects as a result of their metabolism, on the other hand the existence of microorganisms is critical for the efficacy of cancer therapeutical agents [63; 166], playing a special role in CRC and its treatment because of the bacteria-rich digestive organs.
# Plasmonic and Dielectric Metasurfaces: Design, Fabrication and Applications
## 3 Dielectric Metasurfaces
### Bessel Beam Generation and OAM Multicasting Using the Dielectric Metasurface Array [124]  
Design: We propose and design dielectric ellipse metasurfaces to realize Bessel beam generation and OAM multicasting at a wavelength of 1550 nm. After the unit structure is simulated by the FDTD method, we choose eight kinds of resonators with different geometric dimensions, as shown in Figure 26a, providing a phase shift from 0 to \(2\pi\) and a nearly constant amplitude. The method of the phase pattern replacing the axicon is used to generate the Bessel beams. By replacing the phase patterns with the eight chosen resonators, simulated Bessel beams are achieved as plotted in Figure 26b. The purities of the generated Bessel beams with different indices are also analyzed. As shown in Figure 26c, the purities of the generated Bessel beams with different indices of \(l=-20\), \(-19\),..., \(19\), \(20\) are all higher than 0.93.  
Moreover, six-fold OAM multicasting using the designed dielectric ellipse metasurfaces is also simulated. The ideal phase pattern to generate collinearly superimposed six OAM beams (\(l=1\), 4, 7, 10, 13, 16) is plotted in Figure 27a. By replacing the ideal phase pattern with corresponding resonators,  
Figure 26: (**a**) Schematic of the eight resonators chosen to generate the Bessel beams, providing a phase shift from 0 to \(2\pi\) and a nearly constant amplitude; (**b**) simulated intensity of four Bessel beams (\(l=0\), 1, 10, 20) by replacing the corresponding phase patterns with the eight chosen resonators; (**c**) purities of the generated Bessel beams with different indices versus the topological number \(l\) with varied propagation length \(L\). Reproduced with permission from [124], Copyright The Optical Society, 2015.  
Figure 25: (**a**) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the proposed dielectric ellipse metasurface array (EBL, electron-beam lithography; ICP, inductively-coupled plasma); (**b**) scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the top view of a fabricated dielectric ellipse metasurface array to generate the OAM beam. Reproduced with permission from [124], Copyright The Optical Society, 2015.  
we design the dielectric ellipse array shown in Figure 27b. Figure 27d depicts the intensity distribution of the superimposed multiple OAM modes generated by the designed ellipse array, which has a trigonal dark center. After de-multicasting, the intensity distribution of OAM channels is plotted in Figure 27e,f. For multicast OAM channels, there exists a bright spot at the beam center (Figure 27f), while for undesired channels, there is a dark region at the center (Figure 27e). Crosstalks for all OAM channels, defined as the power ratio of the desired OAM channel (e.g., \(l=4\)) to its neighboring ones (e.g., \(l=3\) and \(l=5\)), are less than \(-14\) dB, as shown in Figure 27c.
# Prediction of Vacant Parking Spaces in Multiple Parking Lots: A DWT-ConvGRU-BRC Model
## 2 Literature Review
In addition, some scholars have considered the influence of external factors, such as weather and holidays, on VPS forecasting. [PERSON] et al. [33] explored the influence of external factors such as weather on parking occupancy and found that external factors improved the predictive performance by 8%. In [PERSON]'s [34] work, a PewLSTM was proposed for predicting parking behaviour by combining the effects of weather and parking periodicity. [PERSON] et al. [35] proposed a stacked gated recurrent unit (GRU)-LSTM model that combined the efficiency of a GRU and the accuracy of LSTM and incorporated various factors as inputs, such as weather, to predict the availability of parking spaces. ML/DL methods can automatically learn from past samples to better describe complex nonlinear problems. However, the ML/DP methods described above only consider the temporal correlation of VPS data and fail to consider the spatial correlation of VPSs in multiple parking lots. Therefore, this paper proposes a model called DWT-ConvGRU-BRC to predict the number of VPSs in multiple parking lots. Our model combines the advantages of wavelet transform. While capturing the spatial-temporal correlation of multiple parking lot data, it also takes external factors such as weather as input to improve the accuracy of the model. Previous research related to our methodology includes DWT-Bi-LSTM [32] and dConvLSTM-DCN [36].
# Masked Convolutions Within Skip Connections for Video Anomaly Detection
## 4 Datasets
### ShanghaiTech Dataset  
Lastly, the ShanghaiTech dataset [43] is a recently developed, large-scale dataset featuring surveillance video clips from a variety of scenarios, both indoor and outdoor. The anomalies in this dataset are diverse, including burglary, climbing, and fighting. Videos have a resolution of \(856\times 480\), with the number of frames varying per video.
# Coseismic Stress Change and Viscoelastic Relaxation after the 2008 Great Sichuan Earthquake
## 2 Method and Models  
### Coulomb Failure Stress Change  
To analyze the stress evolution, the coseismic (static) and postseismic stress changes imparted by these earthquakes are calculated. The Coulomb failure stress change is expressed as \(\Delta CFS=\Delta\tau+\mu^{\prime}\Delta\sigma\) (e.g., [37; 38; 39]), where \(\Delta\sigma\) is the change in normal stress, and \(\Delta\tau\) is the change in shear stress calculated on a given receiving fault. \(\mu^{\prime}\) is the effective friction coefficient. According to the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, failure is promoted by a positive Coulomb stress change and suppressed by a negative Coulomb failure stress change.