## 7 Conclusions  
1. After applying a reinforcement scheme of replacement filling + high-pressure jet grouting piles + overburden counterpressure at the tunnel face, transverse ground deformation during shield tunneling manifested as crown settlement and invert uplift. Scheme II resulted in more uniform and smaller deformations, with a maximum settlement of \(-26.94\) mm and a maximum uplift of \(29.83\) mm, both within acceptable deformation control limits.
2. During excavation in the reinforced area, longitudinal ground deformation was mainly concentrated ahead of the shield machine at the crown and invert. Upon reaching the junction between reinforced and unreinforced zones, the settlement zone remained in front of the shield, while uplift was primarily observed at the invert behind the machine within the reinforced area. During excavation in the unreinforced zone, the maximum settlement consistently occurred at the crown of the No. 9 segment ring segment in the rear reinforced area, and the maximum uplift consistently appeared at the invert of the No. 4 segment ring segment. Scheme II provided better control of longitudinal ground deformation.
3. Throughout the entire shield tunneling process, both maximum settlement and uplift values followed a trend of initial increase, subsequent decrease, and then increase again before stabilizing. Compared to Scheme I, Scheme II yielded lower maximum values for both settlement and uplift, at \(-26.94\) mm and \(29.83\) mm, respectively. The settlement distribution range was narrower at \(20.31\) mm, all within the specified deformation control limits.
4. During the entire tunneling process, the tunnel settlement along the transverse cross-section displayed a typical \"V\"-shaped distribution, with the greatest ground settlement occurring along the tunnel centerline. Cumulative ground settlement peaked when the shield passed beneath the monitoring point. As the shield approached the boundary between the reinforced and unreinforced zones, settlement values increased slightly but remained within a controlled range and gradually stabilized thereafter.  
Writing--original draft preparation, J.Z.; writing--review and editing, X.B.; funding acquisition, J.Z. and X.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is supported by the Basic Scientific Research Business Fee Project of Universities Directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Grant No. 2024 XKJX009); NaturalScience Foundation of Inner Mongolia of China (Grant No. 2024 LHMS05044). China Railway Twenty Bureau Group Limited Research Program Projects (Grant No. YF21055D08B).  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
The authors of the article sincerely appreciate and thank all the people who made it possible to implement this project.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company \"China Railway No. 20 Engineering Group Co., Ltd.\". The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.