###### Abstract
In contrast, our approach aims to validate the feasibility of directly measuring ground uplift as a monitoring tool beyond the InSAR data, which are restricted to onshore and no covered areas. This research seeks to contribute to the advancement of the field by exploring a supplementary method that can potentially offer more cost-effective and accessible monitoring solutions. This also has potential to aid in accurately determining the optimal placement of the monitoring instrument within the so-called Area of Review. The Area of Review is a regulatory term that encompasses the storage site, focusing on the edges of the injected CO2 plume and areas of elevated pressure [44; 45]. It necessitates a monitoring strategy informed by a deep understanding of the geomechanical state of the reservoir, rather than assumptions based on the CO2 injection locations alone. By incorporating robust geomechanical analyses, we can optimize the surveillance of CO2 sequestration sites, thereby enhancing the fidelity of monitoring systems and maintaining the integrity of long-term carbon storage solutions. This, in turn, can support the exploration of alternatives, such as drilling new wells to produce brine, to relieve the pressure buildup associated with such surface events [46; 47]. The technical evidence to be explored in this study will also provide new insights into the magnitude of geomechanical events and their occurrence timeframe, supporting the application of several ground deformation monitoring tools for GCS. The following aspects are outside the scope of this paper:  
* Accurately representing of enhanced CO2 dissolution at the reservoir scale, as performed by [18; 48; 49]. This assumption is based on the fact that the gridblocks used in our coupled geomechanics and numerical flow simulations may not accurately capture the dissolution of CO2 in brine. Our study primarily focuses on ground deformation; therefore, a simplified representation of the dissolved CO2 was adopted to enable the simulation of a field-scale model. This model encompasses the caprock and the surrounding rocks, allowing for a comprehensive sensitivity analysis regarding the geomechanical properties. * Consideration of impurities and free water content in the CO2 stream injected. * Modeling the dry-out effect due to water vaporization with CO2 injection or another injectivity issue, which can be found in [PERSON] et al. [50]. * CO2 leakage through wells with poor cement jobs, as pointed out by [PERSON] et al. [51], which could be the most important reason for migration and leakage. * Evaluating other monitoring techniques, such as time-lapse seismic surveys or microseismic methods. * Evaluating data assimilation or inversion methods of ground displacements for CO2 plume tracking. * Modeling geochemical reactions between CO2 and rock minerals, as performed by [52; 53]. * Modeling caprock wettability changes. * Modeling of fault activation and fracture propagation induced by CO2 injection. Evaluating the impact of temperature on geomechanical behavior. * Assessing small-scale rock microstructures influencing CO2 migration and storage. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes basic petrophysical modeling for both sandstone and shale, which is important for the understanding of the geological context of the study area. Section 3 describes the modeling of CO2 entrapment. Section 4 covers the geomechanical modeling of the CO2 injection. Section 5 delves into the methodology and results, showcasing the numerical simulation outcomes and discussing the implications of the ground deformation phenomena observed. It also presents a sensitivity analysis to assess the impact on the geomechanical behavior of the reservoir and the caprock system with wide variations in parameters. Lastly, the paper is concluded by summing up the key findings and giving an overview of contributions that the study makes to the literature on GCS.