# Early Perspectives on the Planned Brazilian Program to Address Ship-Sourced Pollution
## 2 Project Description
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Technologies** & **Advantages** & **Limitations** \\ \hline SAR & all-day, all-weather & high false alarm rate \\  & & unable to identify \\  & & the type of oil \\  & & unable to estimate \\  & & oil film thickness \\ \hline Multispectral & recognizes heavy & low spectral resolution \\ remote sensing & and light oils & vulnerable to sunlight \\  & estimate the oil film thickness & interference \\ \hline Hyperspectral & high spectral resolution & not applicable to large-scale \\ remote sensing & recognizes different & marine oil spill monitoring, \\  & oil products & vulnerable to sunlight \\  & estimate the oil film thickness & interference \\ \hline Ultraviolet & & low spatial resolution, \\ remote sensing & sensitive to thinner oil film & vulnerable to interferences \\  & & non-emulsified oil and \\  & & oil–water emulsions \\ \hline Thermal & all-day & \\ infrared & sensitive to thicker oil film & vulnerable to interference \\ remote sensing & not disturbed by the sunlight & fronttargets with \\  & & similar thermal \\  & & properties \\ \hline Laser-induced & able to identify & unable to detect \\ Fluorescence/ & different oil products & very thick oil film \\ Raman & reverse oil film thickness & \\ \hline Laser & all-day/night & bulky and expensive \\ Acoustic & oil slick thickness & blocked by fog or clouds \\  & measurements & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of oil spill monitoring capability from some remote sensing technologies. Adopted from [83, 84]. surface, supporting EU member states in identifying and responding to potential marine pollution incidents [90]. More recently, some commercial satellite companies have started offering similar services to the oil and gas industry, with the same strategy (large constellation of CubeSats) and economic viability [91]. In Brazil, Telespazio and Petrobras signed a contract in 2019 to monitor the oil company's activities in the Campos basin, using the COSMO-SkyMed satellites constellation. The agreement prevised a multi-year collaboration and aims to detect any oil spills from the exploration and production activities carried out by the Brazilian oil company). However, no public records confirm whether this service is still active or regularly used by Petrobras or federal agencies [92]. The use of satellite-based remote sensors to detect oil slicks is considered an integral component of surveillance strategies because such images cover extensive sea areas and they can provide a comprehensive picture of the overall extent of pollution. However, the main limitation of all satellite data comes from the passing frequency over the same area, which can range from hours to days depending on the orbit (latency time) [93]. This deficiency in the system needs to be corrected by increasing the number of satellites until good coverage in space and time is achieved, especially considering the dimensions of the BJW. Beyond data latency, the overall timeline encompassing data acquisition, processing, and analysis (lead-in time) often exceeds the latency period itself. This extended delay is largely attributable to the increasing volume of data acquired during each satellite overpass, the frequency of revisit cycles, the growing number of operational satellites, and the computational demands associated with handling such datasets. Consequently, while the configuration of satellite constellations is fundamental for ensuring spatial and temporal coverage, the effectiveness of oil spill monitoring efforts equally depends on the capacity of data processing systems. A well-integrated and responsive processing infrastructure is essential to ensure that critical information is extracted in a timely manner and delivered to decision-makers without operational delays [93]. _Goal 9--data provision for IBAMA and MB_  
IBAMA and MB are the two major institutions responsible for environmental protection and oil spill response in the BJW.