esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
_Article_  
Automatic Error Compensation for Free-Form  
Surfaces by Using On-Machine Measurement Data  
[PERSON] *(c), [PERSON] and [PERSON](c)  
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology,  
Taipei 10607, Taiwan  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +886-2-2737-6478  
Received: 15 June 2019; Accepted: 28 July 2019; Published: 30 July 2019  
**Featured Application: The algorithm of the research can be applied to machining industry to reduce the variation of the product dimensions.**  
**Abstract: Currently, most computer numerical control (CNC) controllers lack the function needed to compensate machining errors for free-form surfaces. The objective of this research was to enhance the accuracy and precision of the machined free-form surfaces of a workpiece using the mirror compensation method with the on-measurement data. By mirroring the points measured after semi-finishing, a new free-form surface for finishing machining can be automatically reconstructed. The surface can then be used to generate the cutting tool path to reduce the errors during finishing machining. In this research, three different types of surfaces were used for evaluating the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method reduced the standard deviations of the three surface geometries by 61%, 61%, and 32%, respectively. We also evaluated the tool radius modification method commonly used in the industry for error compensation and found that there is no substantial reduction on standard deviation. Therefore, the effectiveness of the error compensation method proposed in this research is evident.**  
**Keywords: error compensation; free-form surface; on-machine measurement; mirror compensation method**
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Dispersion of a Linearly Chirped Pulse in SPM  
SPM of a FTL pulse results in an up-chirped pulse. This is also obvious from Equation (8). In this case, the sign of the GDD is positive, which requires a negative GDD for dispersion compensation. Here, we consider the SPM of strongly chirped pulses.  
Figure 1 shows the GDD of the output pulse as a function of initial GDD for various values of \(B\). The GDD is almost proportional to the initial one, implying that the change in phase during SPM is small. It is also seen that the variation of the GDD with the \(B\)-integral is small. Based on these results, one can apply the dispersion management used in linear optical systems, such as chirped-pulse amplification, to spectral broadening by SPM. The only exception is the case in which a small negative GDD is imposed on the initial pulse, as seen by the peculiar points in Figure 1. In this case, the spectrum does not broaden but becomes a bit narrower, where the negative GDD in the down-chirped pulse cancels the positive GDD generated during the SPM process. There is a duality relationship between this situation and conventional pulse compression using spectral broadening and subsequent dispersion compensation, which can be understood from Equations (8) and (9). In actual fact, observation showed that the down-chirped pulse did not broaden the spectrum very much [6,7]. Therefore, if the down-chirped pulse is used to broaden the spectrum, the GDD applied to the initial pulse must be large enough to avoid this effect. On the other hand, the use of an up-chirped pulse does not have this difficulty and one can apply any GDD for chirped-pulse SPM, from a FTL pulse to a strongly chirped pulse.
# Rapid Characterization Method for SMC Materials for a Preliminary Selection
## 1 Introduction
Sometimes, the polymeric binder is filled with metal and magnetic materials to improve the structural properties and magnetic permeability [31; 32; 33]. The main advantages of laminated steel concern the reduction in eddy current losses and, consequently, minor iron losses at medium-high frequencies. In Figure 1, the typical texture of SMC materials is shown: the eddy currents are only restricted to particle dimensions. SMC materials have some drawbacks, mainly related to mechanical strength. Nevertheless, the promising use of SMC materials in several applications [34; 35; 36] necessitates a detailed and fast characterization. In the present work, the simultaneous characterization of both coercivity and resistivity was proposed as a rapid preliminary selection before the SST test. Characterizations were performed after SMC production using different insulating layers and through different production process parameters, demonstrating that the electrical resistivity and coercivity may be considered to have faster information during the specimen's production processes.
# An Inverter Topology for Wireless Power Transfer System with Multiple Transmitter Coils
## 4 Proposed Controller
### Secondary-Side Controller  
The proposed system is designed for the static WPT applications. In this work, it is assumed that there is no movement of the receiver coil during the charging process. A flowchart diagram of the secondary-side controller is shown in Figure 13. After the receiver coil is placed in a designated area, the controller wakes up from the standby mode. Then, the detection operation is initiated by turning the detection switches on for 500 ms to allow completion of the detection process. Next, the detection switches are turned off for normal mode operation. The output voltage, \(V_{out}\), is measured and read. If \(V_{out}=0\), it means that the receiver coil is absent or the inverter circuit on the primary side is inoperative, and the controller is put into standby mode. The \(V_{out}\) data will be sent to the primary side if \(V_{out}\) differs from zero.
# Future Wireless Networking Experiments Escaping Simulations
## 6 Result Analysis
### Link Failure Recovery of Ring Topology--POWDER, W-iLab1.t, W-iLab2.t, CityLab  
Link failure recovery was tested in ring topology across all lab setups. One of the links to find the time taken for the setup to reach alternative path was broken. We show the results below:  
1. **Pre- and Post-Latency:** Pre-latency is the latency before the link is broken while post-latency is after the link is broken. Pre-latency is less because of fewer hops to reach the destination. Post-latency is more because after the link is broken, an alternative path is found by OLSR which takes more hops to reach the destination node (Figure 34).
2. **Failure Recovery Time:** OLSR's failure recovery time in our experiment includes both the failure detection time and the time it takes to set up an alternative path after the failure detection time. A failure is detected in OLSR when the validity time interval expires and the OLSR does not receive a new Hello message before that validity time interval. In our experiment, the validity interval is 50 s, and the hello time interval is 2 s. The failure recovery time of each testbed is shown in Figure 35. Since more packet loss is observed in POWDER, the failure recovery time in POWDER is shorter  
Figure 34: Pre- and post-latency of links.  
Figure 33: CityLab TCP and UDP latency.  
than 50 s (See Figure 35). This is because due to more packet loss in POWDER, the failure is detected before the validity time interval, and the recovery happens before the validity time interval. POWDER has the recovery time at 37.5 s, while W-iLab1.t and W-iLab2.t are 54 s. For CityLab, it is the highest at around 55 s.
# Optimization Study on a Novel High-Speed Oil-Free Centrifugal Water Pump with Hydrodynamic Bearings
## 2 Numerical Model
### Meshing  
The flow-path shown in Figure 3 is divided into five regions: the inlet, the inducer, the impeller, the stay vane, and the guide section of the high-speed pump. The physical model of the high-speed pump is established by Solidworks 2018. The meshes near the vane surfaces, the flow path wall and the blade tip clearance are specifically refined.  
The mesh independence study was performed at the designed point with the mesh size of 2,087,663 (coarse), 4,569,430 (medium), and 6,857,792 (fine). The computed heads of different mesh sizes are listed in Table 2. The deviation between the coarse and the medium mesh size was 3.64%, whereas the deviation between the medium and the fine mesh size was 0.64%. Considering balancing the accuracy and computational cost, the medium mesh size was selected for the following study. The quality of the mesh was greater than 0.8 and all values of the distortion, the Jacobi, and the aspect ratio satisfied the calculating accuracy.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Symbol** & **Value** \\ \hline Flow rate & \(Q\) & 4 m\({}^{3}\).h\({}^{-1}\) \\ Head & \(H\) & 25 m \\ Rotational speed & \(n\) & 7500 rpm \\ Impeller inlet diameter & \(D_{1}\) & 27.2 mm \\ Impeller outlet diameter & \(D_{2}\) & 64.0 mm \\ Impeller Blade outlet width & \(b_{2}\) & 3.8 mm \\ Impeller Outlet Blade angle & \(\beta_{2}\) & 20\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Vane inlet diameter & \(D_{3}\) & 65.0 mm \\ Vane Outlet diameter & \(D_{4}\) & 82.0 mm \\ Vane Outlet Blade angle & \(\beta_{3}\) & 5.8\({}^{\circ}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main parameters of high-speed centrifugal pump.  
Figure 3: Flow-path of high-speed pump.  
Generally, the radial bearing has sufficient load capacity to balance the weight of the rotor itself. The load capacity from the thrust bearing is more critical for the high-speed operation of a hydrodynamic centrifugal pump. Thus, the thrust bearing needs to be given attention. The mesh of flow path in the thrust bearing and the mesh independence study are shown in Figure 4. The liquid film thickness was about 10-50 \(\upmu\)m in the thrust bearing, which was far from the size of the flow path in the pump. Therefore, a separate numerical study is presented on the spiral groove thrust bearing for the evaluation of the load capacity. The non-slip boundary condition was applied. The outlet pressure of the pump was set as the inlet pressure of the bearing. The rotation speed was 7200 rpm.
# Investigation on Aerodynamic Noise Characteristics of Coaxial Rotor in Hover
###### Abstract  
A numerical method based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and a high-efficiency trim model is developed to simulate the aerodynamics of a coaxial rotor. Farassat 1A equations are used for the prediction of thickness and loading noise. Hover cases of different thrust coefficients with torque balance are conducted. The sound pressure history of different observation points positioned below the rotor disk plane is analyzed. Results indicate that the special noise characteristics of the coaxial rotor are mainly caused by the noise superposition of the twin rotors and the unsteady loads of aerodynamic interaction. A new kind of impulsive loading noise is induced by the blade-meeting interaction. In contract to the single rotor, the loading noise of a coaxial rotor has a much larger sound pressure level in the high-frequency band. The loading noise is obviously enhanced around the blade-meeting azimuths. The maximum noise of the coaxial rotor is located immediately below the rotor disk center, while for the single rotor, it is the minimum location.  
coaxial rotor; aerodynamic noise; hover; FW-H equations; CFD +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
# Assessment and Evaluation of the Intake of Sugars in European Countries
## 2 Methods  
Three sources [7; 10; 11] were used to identify guidelines on the intake of sugars and only guidelines that applied to one or more European countries were included in this paper. Furthermore, PubMed and Google scholar were used to find guidelines published after the publication of these three papers using search terms such as \"nutritional guidelines\", \"dietary guidelines\", and \"guidelines AND sugar\". Additionally, national government websites were consulted to search for dietary guidelines.  
For the intake data, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies with the following key words: sugar intake, sugar consumption, national dietary survey, and national food consumption survey. The references of the most recent publications were used to locate the original reports presenting the survey data. This was completed because these reports are often written in the national language and can be hard to locate for English speakers. Three review articles were used to find these surveys: [PERSON] et al. [12], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13], and [PERSON] et al. [14]. As a result of this method, this study is not a systematic review, but it is, however, possible to provide an overview of the surveys with information on the daily intake of total, free, and/or added sugars.  
Several inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for the survey data: (1) only nationally representative surveys published from the year 2000 onwards were included; (2) only data on total, free, and added sugars were used; (3) because food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are not quantitatively precise, and intake is often misreported, surveys based on data obtained with FFQs were excluded. Only intake assessed with food/diet recalls and 24-h recalls were included; (4) only data on the sugar intakes in energy% (en%) were included to adjust for differences in energy intake among population groups (especially age groups).  
The intake data are presented for different population groups in line with the classification of the EFSA protocol [7]:* Infants \(\geq\) 4 to <12 months;
* Todders (young children) \(\geq\) 1 to <3 year;
* Children \(\geq\) 3 to <10 years;
* Adolescents \(\geq\) 10 to <18 years;
* Adults \(\geq\) 18 to <65 years;
* Elderly adults \(\geq\) 65 years.  
The intake data will, whenever possible, be classified in these group separately for the genders.
# Path Planning Strategy for Implementing a Machine Control System in Grader Operations
## 3 Path Generation Algorithm for Graders
### Work Path Generation Algorithm  
The terrain model and 3D target model are essential components for generating a work path. The terrain model represents the physical characteristics of the work area, including factors such as slope, elevation differences, and other geographical features. The 3D target model visually depicts the intended final state of the work area, serving as the basis for work path generation. Figure 6(a) illustrates both the terrain and 3D target models. Path planning for construction equipment or robots typically requires a map containing information about the surrounding environment. This map can either provide complete environmental data or integrate incomplete information with real-time data [28; 29]. In this study, we utilized complete data for the target model and incomplete data for the terrain.  
Figure 6(b) outlines the process of specifying equipment parameters and task details. First, the user inputs details such as the type of machine, the nature of the task, and the starting point of the path. Next, the user defines the machine's specifications, including width, attachment width, minimum overlap, clearance, and turning radius. These inputs are crucial for generating a path tailored to the specific construction equipment and task requirements.  
Figure 6(c) depicts a segment of the work path generation algorithm, which operates based on the input data from the previous step. Figure 6(d) presents a flowchart of the algorithm from Figure 6(c), illustrating the overall process. The algorithm was developed in  
Figure 6: Methods for changing lines of a motor grader.  
Python, reflecting the steps outlined in Figure 7d, from input data acquisition to final path generation. Each major step of the algorithm is explained in detail below.
# A Spectral Clustering Algorithm for Non-Linear Graph Embedding in Information Networks
## 3 Model Framework  
The model proposed in this paper is driven by a three-step scheme of spectral clustering, which includes the construction of similarity graphs, low-dimensional graph embedding, and the K-means clustering algorithm. In our study, we first implemented the  
Figure 2: Multi-layer deep architecture.  
reconstruction of the similarity matrix for spectral clustering, followed by creating a low-dimensional embedded graph. Our spectral clustering model was utilized for large-scale clustering. The basis of this model is to design an effective method for constructing a similarity graph and performing Laplacian matrix eigen decomposition. Specifically, in the similarity graph S, we attempted to design it as symmetric and positive semi-definite, satisfying the following form:  
\[S=Z^{\mathsf{T}}Z, \tag{7}\]  
where \(Z\in R^{p\times n}\) represents the p-dimensional representation of the original graph, \(p\ll n\).  
The purpose of the \(SEG\_SC\) spectral clustering model is to first represent the information network as a graph \(G=(V,S)\), where \(S\) is the node similarity graph. Next, it embeds \(S\) into a low-dimensional graph embedding matrix \(R\) and then identifies a disjoint partition \(C=\{C_{1},C_{2},\ldots,C_{k}\}\) using the K-means algorithm, where \(k\) represents the number of clusters.
## 3 Proposed Quality of Service Routing Protocol (QoSRP) in UWSNs
### Packets Forwarding Scheme (UIWPF)  
Recently, the designed packets forwarding schemes during packets forwarding prefers to select the shortest forwarder node along a routing path (see Section 2 for details). However, the shorter distance routing mechanism cannot perform well since it increases the number of switching channels in MCASNs. This increases the residual energy consumption and the probability of packet loss at  
Figure 4: Channel information updating process.  
each hop due to high packets collision caused by message overheads in the channel assignment process in the network [24]. In addition, shortest path routing increases the probability of congestion occurrences when the offered data traffic load rises above the node's current buffer capacity in UWSNs. Therefore, the buffer occupancy frequently needs to be monitored in order to detect incipient congestion in the network. In addition, the number of hops the packets travel also must be reduced to minimize routing delay and improve the data delivery ratio in the network [26]. To this end, the designed packets forwarding scheme consists of four main phases, namely (i) neighboring discovery, (ii) route construction with optimal forwarders, (iii) reliable packets forwarding process and (iv) routes reconstruction procedure in UWSNs. In the proposed mechanism, if an ASN has packets to forward via multi-hop communication to the sea surface sink, it appoints the next-hop forwarder ASNs based on its local knowledge which depends on various parameters of the neighboring relay ASN in the network. The key aims during the packet forwarding procedure, including maximizing the packet delivery ratio \((\mathcal{P}_{dr})\), minimize the congestion \(\left(\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{\epsilon}\mathit{\epsilon}\mathit{\epsilon}}\right)\), latency \(\left(\mathcal{D}_{\mathit{\epsilon}\mathit{\epsilon}}\right)\) and load balancing \(\left(\mathcal{L}_{\mathit{\epsilon}}\right)\) in UWSNs. In this respect, the key objective function of the packets forwarding \(\left(\phi_{\mathit{UWPF}\left(3\right)}\right)\) algorithm is numerically indicated as:  
\[\phi_{\mathit{UWPF}\left(3\right)}=\sum_{i=1}^{|n|}\max_{i}\mathcal{P}_{dr}+ \max_{i}\mathcal{L}_{\mathit{\delta}}+\min_{i}\mathcal{C}_{\mathit{\epsilon} \mathit{\epsilon}\mathit{\epsilon}}+\min_{i}\mathcal{D}_{\mathit{\epsilon} \mathit{\epsilon}} \tag{34}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) on Lowering Intracellular TG and TC Contents
Means \(\pm\) SD (n = 3) are used to express the experiment data. ***\(p<0.001\), **\(p<0.01\), *\(p<0.05\) versus OA model group. Figure 6: Effects of VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) from miuuy croaker (_M. miuuy_) muscle on the expression levels of genes involved in lipid synthesis ( SREBP-1c, SREBP-2, FAS, ACC, and HMGR) and oxidation (PPAR\(\alpha\), ACOX-1, and CPT-1) in HepG2 cells. Means \(\pm\) SD (n = 3) are used to express the experiment data. ***\(p<0.001\), **\(p<0.01\), *\(p<0.05\) versus OA model group. into FA oxidation and transport, such as FA transport protein (FATP) and CPT-1, which lead to an increased oxidation of TG and FA and decreased synthesis of TG and FA [38]. Our results revealed that VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) could prevent OA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation through down-regulating the expression level of gene of SREBP-1C to inhibit fat synthesis and up-regulating the expression of gene of PPAR\(\alpha\) to promote lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells. Effects of VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) on the Expression Levels of Proteins Related to Lipid Metabolism in HepG2 Cells  
Western blotting is a key experimental technique used in molecular biology and immunogenetics to test the specific proteins in a complicated mixture prepared from cells. For proving the results of qRT-PCR, we applied the western blot assay to detect the expression levels of proteins including SREBP-1c and ACC related to lipid biosynthesis. As shown in Figure 7, VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) could very significantly (\(p<0.01\)) and significantly (\(p<0.05\)) down-regulate the expression levels of protein of SREBP-1c, respectively. In addition, VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) could significantly (\(p<0.05\)) and very significantly (\(p<0.01\)) down-regulate the expression levels of protein of ACC, respectively. Hepatic lipid accumulation might be induced by increasing lipid synthesis and/or decreasing lipid catabolism [39; 40]. As a critical transcription factor, SREBP-1c can stimulate the expression levels of lipogenic enzymes (ACC and FAS) involved in lipid synthesis [36]. ACC is a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, which is a key precursor of FA biosynthesis and a powerful depressor of FA oxidation in mitochondria [35]. Western blotting results proved that VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) could significantly down-regulate the expression levels of proteins of SREBP-1c and ACC, which further decreased the biosynthesis of FA and increased the oxidation of mitochondrial FA. The results were in agreement with the effects of VIAPW (M7) and IRWWW (M10) on the expression levels of genes drawn into lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells.
# Design of 4 \(\times\) 1 Power Beam Combiner Based on MultiCore Photonic Crystal Fiber
###### Abstract  
A novel concept of 4 \(\times\) 1 power beam combiner based on multicore photonic crystal fiber is described. The light coupling obtained by integrating small air-holes in the multicore photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structure allows light coupling between coherent laser sources to the central core. The beam propagation method (BPM) and coupled mode theory were used for analyzing the proposed device. Simulation results show that four coherent fiber laser sources of 1 \(\upmu\)m in a multicore PCF structure can be combined into one source after 2.6 mm light propagation, with a power efficiency of 99.6% and bandwidth of 220 nm. In addition, a higher 8 \(\times\) 1 ratio combiner was demonstrated, based on the proposed device. Thus, the device can be very useful to combine beams.  
combiner; beam propagation method; photonic crystal fiber +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences