## 1 Introduction  
Earthquakes are responsible for the loss of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in damages to properties. Therefore, designing a structural building capable of withstanding seismic forces has become a primary concern in the field of engineering [1]. The most common conventional design approaches largely depend on a structure's ability to absorb an earthquake's input energy by deforming inelastic sections that were exclusively designed into a structural system while preserving the structural stability and integrity. Engineers have attempted to design and develop technologies that prevent and mitigate seismic hazards, such as earthquakes [2]. The development of seismic engineering technology goes hand in hand with discussions on earthquake disasters. Although humans cannot escape natural disasters, they can be mitigated to minimize damage [2; 3]. To date, seismic engineering specialists have gained only a limited understanding of crustal behavior. As such, predicting the magnitude, time, and distance of an earthquake is exceptionally complicated and beyond the ability of scientific knowledge at times as earthquakes occur spontaneously [4; 5; 6]. Earthquakes are vibrations generated within the Earth by sudden movements when sheared rocks are stretched beyond their elasticity [7]. They are a unique phenomenon produced by tectonic activities within the Earth's crust. Earthquakes that occur in a region can, to a certain extent, be felt in the surrounding areas [8]. The impact of an earthquake is random and is measured by its magnitude. Large-magnitude earthquakes result in property damage in the earthquake region. Although the ground motion amplitude of an earthquake is determined by its magnitude, distance plays a crucial role in the mitigation of seismic hazards. Therefore, the characteristics and potential impact of an earthquake must be understood during a seismic hazard analysis [9; 10; 11; 12]. Earthquakes occur when tectonic plate movements accumulate energy. When released, this energy radiates in all directions in the form of earthquake waves [13; 14]. Earthquakes commonly produce two types of seismic waves: (1) body waves and (2) surface waves. These seismic waves often occur only after an earthquake or an explosion [13; 15; 16; 17]. A body wave spreads throughout the inside of the Earth and causes minimal damage to building structures. These waves can be divided into two types: (1) P waves (longitudinal waves); and (2) S waves (transversal waves). A P wave, or a longitudinal wave, has a very swift time propagation compared with other waves. The velocity of a P wave is between 1.5 km/s and 8 km/s in the Earth's crust and can spread through solid, liquid, and gas media. An S wave, or a transversal wave, has a slower spread than a P wave. The velocity of an S wave is typically 60% to 70% slower than a P wave. The direction of particles in an S wave also differs from that in a P wave in that it is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation wave. A surface wave can be likened to water, as a surface wave spreads on the Earth's surface [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. It not only has a slower propagation time than a body wave but a lower frequency as well. As such, surface waves are more damaging to building structures than body waves [24; 25]. The amplitude of a surface wave declines rapidly as the depth increases. This is due to the dispersion of the surface wave, with the wave factorization based on the wavelength of the propagation wave [26; 27]. Potential damage can be estimated and understood using the peak ground velocity (PGV), which relates to intensity. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1975) established an empirical correlation between PGV and the modified Mercalli intensity scale (MMI); however, their regressions focused on intensity only [28; 29]. As such, a PGV estimate makes it possible to approximate the MMI. Other studies have also conducted observational regressions of PGV intensity to estimate the correlation between PGV and MMI [30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; 37; 38]. [PERSON] et al.