## 2 Reclamation Phases  
The extent and nature of changes occurring in the natural environment during exploitation of mineral resources, i.e., technical parameters of the reclaimed object, as well as the assumed reclamation objective and the function to be performed by the post-mining area, significantly affect the scope of reclamation works.  
Reclamation consists of three phases (Figure 1) that follow each other: preliminary, technical (basic), and biological (detailed). Prior to the major works of the technical phase, preliminary works are conducted, aimed at cleaning the terrain by removing extra vegetation, demolishing the remaining parts of buildings, clearing the rubble and debris from the demolished buildings, or storing it in a designated location if it is going to be used to fill the excavations [11; 12; 13]. The preliminary phase includes works related to the development of design and cost documentation, which specifies the objectives of the reclamation and the scope of reclamation works, and estimates the value of the reclamation project. The basic (technical) phase consists of earthworks aimed at shaping the relief of the reclaimed terrain, reinforcing slopes, regulating hydrogeological conditions (including the construction of any necessary objects and hydrotechnical structures), constructing or reconstructing access roads, separating toxic deposits, and restoring the layer of fertile soil with the use of technical methods. The detailed (biological) phase is aimed at originating soil-formation processes, restoring biological life, and fertilizing soil. This phase may require agricultural engineering and phyto-irrigation works. These works include mechanical cultivation of the soil, application of mineral and organic fertilizers, restoration of soil with biological methods, introduction of herbs, trees, and shrubs, and maintenance of the plantings. It should be emphasized here that the phase of biological reclamation (detailed) is fundamentally different from land development. The phase of biological reclamation aims to introduce vegetation, whose task is to initiate biological life. However, land development is based on the modification of the reclaimed land to incorporate technical facilities (e.g., arrangement of view places, information boards, benches, buildings, possible exchange of vegetation to the target one--usually in the case of the forest objective).  
The scope of the preliminary works and preliminary phase are the same for each reclamation direction and type of material. However, the scope of works conducted as part of the reclamation of the technical and biological phase will be different depending on the type of mineral exploited, the reclamation objective, and the function that will be performed by the reclaimed land [13; 14; 15; 16].  
Comparison of Reclamation Works in Relation to the Type of Mineral Exploited and the Reclamation Objectives  
Classification of reclamation works was made by distinguishing three groups of rock raw materials: elastic (including filtration gravel, sands and gravel, foundry sands, glass sands), clay  
Figure 1: Reclamation phases.  
(including ceramic clays, clay raw materials for cement production, building ceramics raw materials), and compact (including granite, basalt, dolomites, limestone, sandstone). It should be emphasized here that the scope of reclamation works for clastic rock and clay raw materials will be similar. To present the scope of works, a reclamation classification was used, with division into general and specific objectives (Table 1). An analysis of reclamation works is presented in Tables 2-5. Due to the fact that the works of the preliminary phase of reclamation are the same for all reclamation objectives, they were omitted in the comparison.