esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Load Analysis of Photovoltaic Support
### Analysis and Results  
Three-dimensional computational models of Array A and Array B were developed, as shown in Figure 6. The specific modeling details are outlined below.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Reference Snow** & **Exposure** & **Thermal** & **Shape** & **Characteristic** \\  & **Pressure** & **Coefficient** & **Factor** & **Factor** & **Value** \\ \hline Chinese code & 0.4 kN/m\({}^{2}\) & / & / & 1.0 & 0.40 kN/m\({}^{2}\) \\ American code & 0.4 kN/m\({}^{2}\) & 0.8 & 1.2 & 1.0 & 0.27 kN/m\({}^{2}\) \\ European code & 0.4 kN/m\({}^{2}\) & 1.0 & 1.0 & 0.8 & 0.32 kN/m\({}^{2}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Design snow load according to different codes.  
Figure 6: Three-dimensional computational model developed in SAP2000.  
1. Frame elements with predefined steel sections were employed to simulate the main load-bearing members, with section properties automatically calculated by the built-in section database.
2. Rigid body constraints (6-DOF coupling) were assigned between different steel components, achieved through SAP2000's Body Constraint command with all translational and rotational degrees of freedom constrained.
3. Material properties were defined according to the strength grades of different steel components. The fixed restraints with zero displacement tolerance were used as the boundary conditions of the bottom of the concrete column.  
The load-carrying capacity was calculated under Chinese codes, American codes, and Eurocodes using the internationally recognized software SAP2000. The analysis revealed that the maximum stress for both Array A and Array B occurred at the joint connection between the beam and purlin. The maximum deformation also occurred at the mid-span of the purlin. These results indicate that the mid-span of the purlin and the joint between the purlin and the beam are the critical weak points in the model.  
The specific results are summarized in Table 3. The maximum stress calculated according to the Chinese codes was less than 82% of that determined by the American codes and less than 78% of the Eurocodes. Similarly, the maximum deformation calculated according to the Chinese codes was less than 92% of the American codes and 87% of the Eurocodes. Among the three codes, the Eurocodes produced the highest stress and deformation values. Notably, when Array A was analyzed using the Eurocodes, the maximum stress of the purlin exceeded the material's yield strength of 420 MPa. These results indicate that different design specifications yield varying results. Under identical conditions, the design results from the Eurocodes and American codes tended to be more conservative compared to those from the Chinese codes. This discrepancy arises because photovoltaic supports are highly sensitive to wind loads, and the calculated stress is closely tied to the wind load values. Consequently, photovoltaic supports designed using the Chinese codes are more likely to encounter structural failures under equivalent wind loads.
# Pathway to Carbon Neutrality in the Cement Industry: CO2
## 2 Research Significance
### Effect of Carbonation on RCA Properties
The authors compared backscattered electron (BSE) images of uncarbonated and carbonated RCAs and concluded that uncarbonated RCAs presented a less compact ITZ than carbonated RCAs [42]. [PERSON] et al. [50] studied the ITZ of carbonated coarse RCAs, considering different particle sizes: 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 mm. The samples were subjected to carbonation for periods of 7, 14 and 28 days. The authors concluded that the carbonation improved the physical properties of RCAs by modifying their morphology. Moreover, [PERSON] et al. [51] also found that the carbonation process enhanced both the original interfacial transition zone and the attached mortar in the RCAs, although the former experienced more significant enhancement than the latter. In both studies, the CO\({}_{2}\) uptake was not measured. The durability of the concrete produced with carbonated coarse RCAs was assessed by [PERSON] et al. [52]. The authors reported that carbonated RCAs and the concrete produced with them performed better than noncarbonated ones. To ensure structural longevity and to mitigate environmental consequences in construction practices, it is important to understand the carbonation potential of RAs and identify the minimum period in which maximum CO\({}_{2}\) absorption occurs (optimal carbonation period). [PERSON] et al. [53] presented a review of all the variables that affect the carbonation process of CDW, namely temperature, relative humidity, CO\({}_{2}\) concentration, exposition time and particle size of CDW. Based on several published works optimal conditions for the carbonation of CDW aggregates were defined. This research aims to elucidate these aspects by studying various types of RAs with different sources. The approach used in this study consists of subjecting them to forced carbonation at different conditions (temperature, humidity and CO\({}_{2}\) concentration) and carefully analysing the respective CO\({}_{2}\) uptake of each RA. The existing literature is essentially focused on the carbonation of RCAs, aiming to improve its performance. In this work, however, the aim is to determine the CO\({}_{2}\) uptake by recycled aggregate from construction and demolition waste to mitigate the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions of the cement sector. In order for the study to be more comprehensive, mix-recycle aggregates (MRAs) are analysed in addition to RCAs, as they are the most common in the construction industry.
# Three-Component Microseismic Data Denoising Based on Re-Constrain Variational Mode Decomposition
## 1 Introduction
[28] applied time-frequency peak filtering for the IMFs of VMD and reconstructed the signal to reduce noise. [PERSON] et al. [29] used VMD to suppress ground rolling waves to achieve denoising. [PERSON] et al. [30] used the Akaike information criterion to judge the results of the VMD and selected the threshold to suppress the noise. In the above application research, most scholars have focused on processing IMFs to achieve a better denoising effect while using VMD. [PERSON] et al. [31] applied DFA to determine whether the VMD modes of the water inrush signals were random noise or a valid signal, and eliminated the noise in the mode using DFA. Analyses of the characteristics of the acquired microseismic data found that the P-wave of the vertical component has a higher SNR than the horizontal components, which is not conducive to polarization analysis [32; 33]. Therefore, a noise reduction method for the horizontal component is needed. When the three-component microseismic data are processed by VMD, the horizontal component is more easily affected by noise of similar frequency than the vertical component. This is because the level of random noise of the horizontal component is higher than that of the vertical component. [PERSON] et al. used a redundant dictionary to denoise the three components of microseismic data based on the sparse coefficient distribution of the three components [34]. Therefore, to improve the SNR of the horizontal component, it is assumed that each component consists of multiple IMFs, and there is a linear relationship between the modes of the same center frequency to limit the P-wave of the horizontal component by the vertical component. In this study, we propose a new method that adds a new constraint to the original formulas of VMD. The proposed method simultaneously processes three-component microseismic data based on the VMD. However, the formulas for processing are different between the vertical component and the horizontal components. Based on the linear relationship among the three components of microseismic data, and the non-linear relationship of the random noise in the three-component data, the vertical component is processed by the original formula of VMD, and the horizontal components are processed by the re-constrained formula of VMD. The aim of this processing is to make the signal amplitude distribution of the horizontal components consistent with that of the vertical component as much as possible. In the verification phase of the proposed method, a synthetic three-component data is designed in which the SNR horizontal component is relatively low, and that of the vertical component is relatively high. After denoising, the polarization characteristics of the data were analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. In the practical phase, field microseismic data were processed based on the proposed method. The corresponding results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the SNR of three-component data as well as the precision of the polarization information.
## 4 Extraction Methods
### Extraction in Supercritical Fluids
#### 4.1.3 Selectivity  
The selectivity of the supercritical fluid extraction process is influenced by pressure, solvent type, and co-solvent concentration. Higher pressures increase CO\({}_{2}\) density, enhancing solvating power but reducing selectivity by co-extracting non-target compounds such as waves and chlorophylls. Studies of tannins extraction from the herb _Labisia punila_[96] showed that moderate pressures (around 28.3 MPa) optimize selectivity by balancing solubility and compound fractionation. Co-solvent addition, particularly ethanol (60-70%), improved selectivity for polar phenolic acids (gallic acid, methyl gallate, caffe acid) by modifying the polarity and hydrogen bonding capacity of CO\({}_{2}\). However, excessive ethanol (>80%) lowered extraction efficiency due to changes in phase behavior and solvent interactions. The extracted products primarily included phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoids, and minor carotenoids. Higher temperatures (>50 \({}^{\circ}\)C) degraded antioxidants, while lower temperatures (<40 \({}^{\circ}\)C) reduced solubility, impacting both yields, while 16% co-solvent concentration ensured high phenolic content recovery.  
In the study [47], the composition of the tannin extracts from jatoba _Hyamenaea coubaril_ was analyzed after different solvents were used. Using pure CO\({}_{2}\) allowed for the removal of small amounts of terpenoids and flavonoids, as well as minor quantities of compounds exhibiting oxidative activity. Carbon dioxide with ethanol retained more compounds, but the activity remained low. When water was used as a co-solvent, alkaloids were extracted, and the amount of captured oxidatively active compounds increased significantly. Variations in extracted compounds were also reported in another study. By studying the extraction of tannins from stem and aerial parts of _Phylanthus niruri_ [PERSON] [87], scientists have shown that CO\({}_{2}\) alone extracted a minimal amount of phenolics. Ethanol and methanol improved flavonoid solubility, and ethanol-water mixtures maximized ellagitannin content (gallic acid: 0.39-0.48%; corilagin: 2.42-3.00%; and ellagic acid: 5.94-6.48%) (Table 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
###### Abstract  
Cry proteins produced by _Bacillus thuringiensis_ are pore-forming toxins that disrupt the membrane integrity of insect midgut cells. The structure of such pore is unknown, but it has been shown that domain I is responsible for oligomerization, membrane insertion and pore formation activity. Specifically, it was proposed that some N-terminal \(\alpha\)-helices are lost, leading to conformational changes that trigger oligomerization. We designed a series of mutants to further analyze the molecular rearrangements at the N-terminal region of Cry1 Ab toxin that lead to oligomer assembly. For this purpose, we introduced Cys residues at specific positions within \(\alpha\)-helices of domain I for their specific labeling with extrinsic fluorophores to perform Foster resonance energy transfer analysis to fluorescent labeled Lys residues located in Domains II-III, or for disulfide bridges formation to restrict mobility of conformational changes. Our data support that helix \(\alpha\)-1 of domain I is cleaved out and swings away from the toxin core upon binding with _Manduca sexta_ brush border membrane vesicles. That movement of helix \(\alpha\)-2b is also required for the conformational changes involved in oligomerization. These observations are consistent with a model proposing that helices \(\alpha\)-2b and \(\alpha\)-3 form an extended helix \(\alpha\)-3 necessary for oligomer assembly of Cry toxins.  
**Keywords:**_Bacillus thuringiensis_; Cry1 ab toxin; oligomer assembly; Foster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET); disulfide bridges  
**Key Contribution:** Oligomerization is a key step in the mode of action of the insecticidal Cry toxins from _B. thuringiensis_ bacteria. Although the final structure of the pore formed by Cry toxins is not known, here we described some structural changes required for oligomerization and toxicity of Cry1 Ab toxin. Our data allowed us to conclude that oligomerization of Cry1 Ab toxin requires the cleavage of helix \(\alpha\)-1 and a conformational change of helix \(\alpha\)2-b of domain I. The proposed model involves a conformational change that resulted in the formation of an extended helix \(\alpha\)-3 due to the alignment of helices \(\alpha\)-2b and \(\alpha\)-3, necessary for oligomer assembly and toxicity of Cry toxins.
# Optimized Gateway Placement for Interference Cancellation in Transmit-Only LPWA Networks
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper provides a theoretical basis and a practical method to find the optimum location of GWs for transmit-only LPWA networks, assuming capture and interference cancellation. We follow the popular model that the residual interference from cancellation is a fraction of the power of the canceled packet. Based on this model and assuming a signal-to-interference or capture threshold for decoding, we derived the symmetric crescent shaped regions where a GW can be placed, to enable decoding of both packets in collision sent by two SNs. Based on this conclusion, to get the minimum average contentions, which means to achieve maximum PDR, we designed two greedy algorithms to find the optimized location of GWs. One algorithm is more precise but computationally complex. The other can be made to closely approximate the precise one, with much lower complexity. Based on simulation results, we showed that the lower complexity algorithm can get lower average contentions over different numbers of SNs, compared to the naive placement. Alternatively, the results show that the required number of GWs to perform the same average contention at a fixed number of SNs could be fewer with the optimal placement.  
Our future work, besides optimizing the above WBG and PGL algorithms, will focus on the optimized location of GWs, adding the impacts of noise and multi-path fading. Furthermore, when more than two SNs are in collision, the approach in this paper cannot be applied. Then, a new algorithm for any number of nodes collision should be designed.  
Conceptualization, H.T. and M.A.W.; methodology, H.T., M.A.W. and G.N.; software, H.T. and G.N.; validation, H.T., M.A.W. and G.N.; writing original draft preparation, H.T.; supervision, M.A.W.; project administration, H.T.; funding acquisition, H.T. and M.A.W. [PERSON]'s work was supported by the China National Natural Science Foundation under grant No. 61671050 and No. 51474015. [PERSON] was supported by the USA National Science Foundation under grant Nos. 1513884 and 1343256. This work was partly supported by Natural Science Foundation of China No. 61601018. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Transparent Redirections in Content Delivery Networks
## 2 State of the Art
### CDN Redirections  
Redirection can be achieved in multiple ways. [PERSON] et al. in RFC3568 [8] list and compare the known CDN request routing mechanism:  
* DNS (Domain Name System) based request routing
* Application layer request routing
* Transport layer request routing
# Toward Secure Smart Grid Systems: Risks, Threats, Challenges, and Future Directions
## 9 Lessons Learned, Suggestions, and Recommendations
### Suggestions and Recommendations
#### 9.2.5 Physical Security Measures for Smart Grids  
This type of security measure requires implementing robust physical security measures and is essential for protecting the infrastructure of smart grids from unauthorized access, vandalism, and other physical threats. This involves securing critical components such as power plants, substations, and control centers with a combination of security technologies and practices. Smart grid physical security measures include a range of tactics to defend assets and infrastructure against external attacks. At substations, control centers, and other critical facilities, perimeter fences, security cameras, access control systems, and intrusion detection sensors are required. Using strong locks, alarms, and physical obstacles also improves safeguards against tampering and unwanted access. By reducing vulnerabilities, preventing intrusions, and guaranteeing the continuous operation of smart grid components, these precautions protect against physical attacks and guarantee the dependability of energy distribution networks.
## 1 Introduction
The study also assessed the stability of the dual-star interferometric capability, imaging quality, and orbit control ability. It also provides technical and data support for Tianyi Research Institute's application of these satellites in monitoring mining areas.
## 3 Result and Discussion
### Cost of Industrial Solid Waste-Based Composite Powder Explosion Inhibitors
The maximum coal dust explosion pressure is 0.58 MPa; (NH4)H2 PO4 can bring the maximum coal dust explosion pressure down to 0.1 MPa at the blend ratio of \(\Phi=80\%\). The experiment revealed that the MCN-NaHCO3 composite powder explosion inhibitor and the MCN-KH2 PO4 composite powder explosion inhibitor can effectively suppress coal dust explosion at the blend ratio of 40%, while the MCN-Al(OH)3 composite powder explosion inhibitor can do so at the blend ratio of 50%. As discussed, by explosion suppression performance, the industrial solid waste-based composite powder explosion inhibitors are sorted as (NH4)H2 PO4 suppressor > ABC dry powder suppressor. For 1 kg of coal dust, if the MCN-NaHCO3 composite powder explosion inhibitor is used, 0.4 kg is enough to fully suppress a coal dust explosion; hence, the explosion suppression cost would be RMB6.32; if ABC dry powder is used, 0.8 kg is needed to attain the same result. At the market price of RMB5/kg for ABC dry powder, the explosion suppression cost would be RMB4/kg. In the case of the MCN-NaHCO3 composite powder explosion inhibitor, the amount needed is about a half that of the ABC dry powder suppressor and the cost is about RMB2.32/kg higher. The amounts and costs of the other industrial solid waste-based composite powder explosion inhibitors are just comparable to those of the MCN-NaHCO3 composite powder explosion inhibitor (\(\pm\)10-12%). As the explosion suppression costs of the industrial solid waste-based powder inhibitors indicated herein are laboratory costs, the industrial-scale application will be much less costly. In addition, the government also grants tax reliefs on industrial solid waste-based products, which will further reduce the application cost of industrial solid waste-based inhibitors. Furthermore, as these composite powder explosion inhibitors are consumed at only a half of the amount needed when ABC dry powder is used, the capacity of the suppressing system, and consequently, the manufacturing cost of the suppressing unit, will be reduced remarkably. In summary, using industrial solid waste-based composite powder explosion inhibitors to suppress a coal dust explosion can not only effectively suppress the use cost of inhibitors and the manufacturing cost of the suppressing units, but also enhance the coal dust explosion suppression efficiency. As far as the suppression efficiency and suppression cost are concerned, industrial solid waste-based composite powder explosion inhibitors have good application prospects.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Surface Characterization of Ti-6 Al-4V Samples  
Surface morphology was examined using a JSM 5600 (Tokyo, Japan) scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM operates on the principle of secondary electron emission, where weakly bonded (<50 eV) electrons are emitted by sample atoms when bombarded by accelerated electrons. Secondary electrons generated at a depth of approximately 50-500 A from the sample surface are detected to form the image. Raman spectroscopy was conducted using a Renishaw InVia Raman Microscope (Renishaw Taiwan Inc., Taichung, Taiwan). A 532 nm He-Ne laser, with a scanning range of 200-2000 cm\({}^{-1}\) and a constant power output of 10 mW, was used as the light source. Raman spectroscopy provides valuable information regarding crystalline properties and atomic bonding through the analysis of vibrational spectra. Surface roughness was evaluated using a Veeco Dektak profiler. The scanning length was set to 1000 \(\upmu\)m with a scanning rate of 100 \(\upmu\)m/s. Three random locations were measured on each sample to obtain average Ra (arithmetic average roughness) and Ra (root mean square roughness) values. Surface hardness was measured using a Wilson/Rockwell Series 500 (Wilson Instruments, Norwood, MA, USA) hardness tester with the HR15N scale. Three random points were tested on each sample surface to obtain an average value.
## 2 Transition Structure and Design
### Parameter Analysis  
To better understand the design, several key parameters are studied. Figure 6 shows the effect of the probe with and without the parasitic patch on the reflection coefficient. It can be seen that the parasitic patch introduces a resonance at 80 GHz, which contributes to improving impedance matching and enhancing bandwidth. Compared with an alone probe, the probe with the parasitic patch can significantly improve the impedance matching in the whole W-band, especially in the lower frequency band. To further investigate the effect of the parasitic patch, the length of the parasitic patch is studied. Figure 7 shows the variation of the S-parameters with different lengths of the parasitic patch. The first resonant point is sensitive to the length \(l_{2}\). As the length \(l_{2}\) increases, the first resonant point moves to lower frequencies while the other resonant points are almost unchanged. However, a larger value of \(l_{2}\) will deteriorate the impedance matching at higher frequencies. Hence, a moderate value of \(l_{2}\) = 0.4 mm is selected to achieve a wideband impedance bandwidth covering the W-band. Figure 8 shows the influence of groove width on the performance of transition. It can be found that the second and third resonant points are affected by the width \(W_{2}\). As \(W_{2}\) increases, the second resonant point moves to higher frequencies while the third resonant point shifts toward lower frequencies. When the \(W_{2}\) is 0.9 mm, the second and third resonance points have the same resonant frequency. Meanwhile, the variation of groove width \(W_{2}\) has a significant effect on transmission zeros outside the passband. Although the transmission zero is far away from the desired frequency band, it moves to lower frequencies with the increase of \(W_{2}\). Hence, the groove width should be as small as possible when designing the transition.  
Figure 6: Simulated reflection coefficient of the proposed transition with and without parasitic patch.  
Figure 7: The simulated S-parameters with different lengths of parasitic patch.