## 2 A Method for Assessing the Maturity Level of Key Areas in Manufacturing Companies
### Characteristics of the Key Area
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Level Characteristic** & **Description and Recommendations** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Robotiation of technological and intralagistics processes using mobile robots:} \\ \(\bullet\) & Robot variation—AGV (Low Lifter, Compact Lifter, Over Lifter, Multi-Purpose Lifter, Counterbalance, Straddle Lifter, Side Loader, Mini Carrier, Twin Tote Carrier, Industrial Pallet Carrier, Multi-Load Carrier, Shuttle Carrier, Maxi Carrier, customized), AMR (G2P, Directed Picking, AMP, AIV, SGV, LGV, AGC, forked, sorting, Unit Load Carrier), \\ \(\bullet\) & Characteristics of processes’ support activities (machining, assembly, manipulation)—flexible automation with mobile robots, \\ \(\bullet\) & Staff knowledge, competences, and skills in the field of robots—knowledge enabling the selection of a robot with the required operating parameters, knowledge of the implementation requirements of mobile robots (safety, infrastructure adaptation, communication and control, navigation, connectivity, diagnostics, and repair), \\ \(\bullet\) & Staff knowledge, competences, and skills in the field of industrial process robotization—ability to develop a project of integration (software and hardware) of the robot into the existing infrastructure, \\ \(\bullet\) & Robot-employee interaction—responsive collaboration (shared tasks and workspace), online or offline programming, \\ \(\bullet\) & Interaction and integration at robot-machine level—as in the previous case, Multi-Machine Flexible Manufacturing System, \\ \(\bullet\) & Robot features and parameters: \\ \(\bullet\) & Sensors—navigations systems, including physical paths (follow-liners—magnetic tapes, inductive cables; tags—magnetic points embedded in the floor, QR or other codes), laser guidance (laser triangulation), vision guidance, natural navigation (scan matching—SLAM, feature matching—ANT), inertial (gyroscopic) navigation, GPS; location (ultrasound, infrared, visible light or other sensors); acceleration sensors (monitoring static and dynamic forces), \\ \(\bullet\) & Communication interfaces—Wi-Fi, OPC UA, possible use of IIoT protocols (AMQP, BLE, CoAP, DDS, LoRa/LoRaWAN, MQTT, XMPP, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LWM2M), \\ \(\bullet\) & Safety features—specified in ISO 3691–4 (seven types of risk—mechanical, electrical, thermal, related to materials/substances, ergomics, environment, a combination of risks); safety requirements and protection/risk mitigation measures including general requirements, environmental conditions, electrical requirements and elements with stored energy, guards and guard locking devices, two-hand controls, gear parts, protective devices, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, avoiding automatic restarts, foot protection, braking systems, speed control, automatic battery charging, load handling, stability, protective devices and complementary measures, operating modes, safety-related parts of the control system, EMC, \\ \(\bullet\) & Possibility of remote configuration, programming, monitoring, diagnosis, and optimization—dedicated software, secure websites, and mobile applications (optional access from mobile devices and remote terminals), \\ \(\bullet\) & Mobility mechanisms—navigation (AGV—rigid movement paths; AMR—autonomy and flexibility); obstacle avoidance (AGV—stopping and waiting for the obstacle to be removed; AMR—obstacle avoidance or rerouting, with path optimization within the mapped area); flexibility (AGV—limited, required reorganization of routes through physical interference with infrastructure; AMR—re-mapping if necessary, dynamic definition of new intermediate points and target location), \\ \(\bullet\) & Vision systems—optional (depending on the robot’s navigation system), \\ \(\bullet\) & Environmental adaptation—low (AGV), instrumentation and algorithm-dependent (AMR), \\ \(\bullet\) & Data-sharing tools and methods for remote maintenance and repair—N/A, \\ \(\bullet\) & Data storage and recovery—optional, \\ \(\bullet\) & Man-Machine Interfaces—HMI, terminals, optional (dashboards, 3D simulation and programming environment), \\ \(\bullet\) & Redundancy—N/A or optional, \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}