## 3 Results and Discussions
### Acetylcholinesteraseerase (AChE) Level in Rat Brains
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **CAT (ng mg\({}^{-1}\))** & **GSH (ng mg\({}^{-1}\))** & **NO (nmol mg\({}^{-1}\))** & **MDA (nmol mg\({}^{-1}\))** \\ \hline
**Control\(-\)** & 0.29 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.005 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{f}}\) \\
**Control\(+\)** & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b}}\) \\
**G3-1** & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\text{f}}\) & 0.24 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.004 \({}^{\text{a}}\) \\
**G3-2** & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) \\
**G3-3** & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.001 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{c}}\) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.002 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
**G3-4** & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.20 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.006 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.18 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) \\
**G3-5** & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.003 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.26 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{d}}\) & 0.13 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{\text{e}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* MDA\(-\)malondialdehydedehyde (nmol mg\({}^{-1}\) protein); NO\(-\)nitric oxide (U min\({}^{-1}\)mg\({}^{-1}\) protein); CAT\(-\) catalase (U min\({}^{-1}\)mg\({}^{-1}\) protein); GSH\(-\)butathione (ug mg\({}^{-1}\) protein). Values with different letters in each column differ significantly.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Effect of wheat and barley grasses on changes in malondialdehydedehyde, nitric oxide, and some antioxidants levels in the liver homogenate in rats exposed to toxic metals (mean \(\pm\) SD). enhanced liver functions in rats. In addition, barley grass was found to be a powerful antioxidant that might improve the necrotic changes caused by toxins, as observed in histopathological observations. Figure 3: Microscopic pictures of liver sections showing a normal radial arrangement of hepatic cords around central veins with normal sinusoids in the (**A**) distilled water group and (**B**) the group of tap water. Liver sections from the control + group (**C**,**D**) showing increased collagen fibres around the central vein (black arrow), circulating leukocytes (yellow arrow), droplets of lipid (head arrow), and infiltration of lymphocytes (red arrow). Liver sections from the group that received (**E**) 250 and (**F**) 500 mg wheat grass and (**H**) 500 mg barely grass appear normal, except for (**G**) 250 mg barely, which had dilatation in the sinusoids (head arrow) and infiltration of lymphocytes (green arrow). H&E 400; scale bar = 40 micron. Comet Assay in Rats Liver Subjected To an Excess of Cu, Mn, and Zn and Germinated Wheat and Barley Grasses  
A comet assay was performed to estimate the DNA damage in the rat livers subjected to mixed HMs (Figure 4 and Table 10). Significantly high DNA damage (\(p<0.05\)) was observed in G3 (C) in the liver, indicated by an increase in tail length, percentage of tail DNA, and tail moment compared with G1 and G2 (Figure 3A,B). The high damage in the liver and brain DNA were both reduced in G3-2, G3-3, G3-4, and G3-5 (Figure 3D-G). However, this reduction remained significantly higher than that of the control groups (A and B). The treatment with 500 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) of wheat and barley grasses exhibited the highest reduction in DNA damage. The DNA content was elevated in rats subjected to mixed HMs, while it was reduced up to 50% with the barley grass treatment (500 mg kg\({}^{-1}\); Table 9). These results indicate a genotoxic effect of mixed HMs in the comet assay of exposed rat livers, which offers a sensitive tool to estimate the DNA damage and repair in the genetic toxicology and environmental biomonitoring field [91]. [PERSON] et al.