## 3 XR Technologies and Inclusive Education
### Case Studies and Examples of XR in Educational Settings  
The transformative potential of XR technologies in inclusive education is best demonstrated through real-world applications and good practices. These case studies showcase how various institutions have implemented XR to address diverse learning needs, enhance engagement, and improve educational outcomes. From social skills training for students with autism to augmented reality for language learning and mixed reality for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) education, these examples illustrate the broad impact of XR technologies on a more inclusive and effective educational environment. The following case studies provide detailed insights into how XR is being used to break down barriers and create new opportunities for learners of all abilities. One of the most needed applications of VR in inclusive education is its use in social skills training for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). VR allows these students to practice social interactions in a safe and controlled environment, where they can make mistakes without real-world consequences. At the University of Texas, Dallas, researchers have developed a VR program called \"Bravemind\" to help students with ASD improve their social skills. The program immerses students in various social scenarios, such as job interviews, classroom interactions, and casual conversations. Through repeated practice in these simulated environments, students can build confidence and improve their social competencies. Research has shown that participants who used the VR program showed significant improvements in social engagement and communication skills compared to those who did not use the program [27]. AR applications have proven to be effective tools for language learning, providing real-time translations and contextual information that enhance comprehension and engagement for non-native speakers. In this regard, the Smithsonian Institution has integrated AR into its exhibits to support language learning. Visitors can use their smartphones or tablets to scan objects and receive information in multiple languages. This initiative not only makes the exhibits more accessible to non-English speakers but also enhances their learning experience by providing additional context and interactive content. According to a report, this AR application has increased visitor engagement and improved language comprehension among diverse audiences [28]. VR can provide experiential learning opportunities that are otherwise impossible due to physical, financial, or safety constraints. Stanford University's Virtual Human Interaction Lab (VHIL) has developed a series of VR simulations designed to teach empathy and social justice. One notable program, \"Becoming Homeless\", immerses users in the experience of losing their job and home, helping them understand the challenges faced by homeless individuals. Research shows that participants who completed the VR simulation were more likely to exhibit empathetic behavior and support policies aimed at helping the homeless [29]. Extended reality (XR) technologies are not only improving accessibility but are also transforming instructional approaches in STEM education. For example, the XR-Ed framework serves as a comprehensive guide for designing learner-centered XR systems, highlighting key principles such as physical accessibility, social interactivity, and real-time assessment strategies [30]. A notable application of XR lies in its ability to address barriers to accessibility in STEM education. Initiatives such as the development of XR-based modular learning packages at the University of South-Eastern Norway illustrate how educators can integrate theoretical knowledge with practical, workplace-relevant skills. These modules encourage collaboration between academic staff and industry professionals, enabling real-time interactions and immersive, hands-on training in XR environments [31].