## 3 Results
### Land-Cover Change
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Province (West To East)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Nationally**} \\ \# & **Land-Cover Type** & **NC** & **WC** & **NW** & **FS** & **EC** & **KZN** & **GT** & **MP** & **LIM** & \\ \hline
0 & Water Bodies & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\)? & & & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\downarrow\)? & & NC \\
1 & Evergreen Needleleaf Forests & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & NP & \(\uparrow\) & & NP & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) \\
2 & Evergreen Broadleaf Forests & NP & NP & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) \\
4 & Deciduous Broadleaf Forests & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) \\
5 & Mixed Forests & NP & NP & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) & NP & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) \\
6 & Closed Shrublands & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & & & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & & \(\uparrow\) \\
7 & Open Shrublands & \(\downarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) \\
8 & Woody Savannas & NP & \(\uparrow\) & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) & & \\
9 & Savannas & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\uparrow\)? & & NC \\
10 & Grasslands & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & NC & \(\downarrow\) \\
11 & Permanent Wetlands & & & & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\uparrow\) & & \\
12 & Croplands & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\uparrow\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Percentage land-cover types in South Africa for the time slices of analysis and interpretation of the overall trajectory of change: increase (up arrow), decrease (down arrow), NC = no change. Blank cells mean no clear picture of change. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**\%**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Province (West To East)**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Nationally**} \\ \# & **Land-Cover Type** & **NC** & **WC** & **NW** & **FS** & **EC** & **KZN** & **GT** & **MP** & **LIM** & \\ \hline
0 & Water Bodies & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\)? & & & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\)? & & NC \\
1 & Evergreen Needleleaf Forests & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & NP & \(\uparrow\) & & NP & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) \\
2 & Evergreen Broadleaf Forests & NP & NP & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) \\
4 & Deciduous Broadleaf Forests & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) \\
5 & Mixed Forests & NP & NP & NP & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) & NP & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) \\
6 & Closed Shrublands & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & & & & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & & \(\uparrow\) \\
7 & Open Shrublands & \(\downarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\downarrow\) \\
8 & Woody Savannas & NP & \(\uparrow\) & NP & \(\downarrow\)? & \(\uparrow\) & & & \\
9 & Savannas & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\downarrow\) & & & \(\uparrow\)? & & NC \\
10 & Grasslands & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & & \(\downarrow\) & NC & \(\downarrow\) \\
11 & Permanent Wetlands & & & & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\uparrow\) & & \\
12 & Croplands & \(\uparrow\)? & \(\downarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & & & \(\uparrow\) & & \(\uparrow\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of trajectory of changes in the proportion of the land surface occupied by different ecosystem classes for different provinces of South Africa (shown in Figure 3) for the time period of analysis 2001–2019. Up arrow indicates a consistent increase in land area covered by that class; down arrow indicates a consistent decrease; NC = no change; NP = not present. Question mark indicates some variability in this general trend. Cells that are left blank indicate no consistent trend.