## 3 Results
### Lung Immunohistochemical Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Groups**} & **Mean ASA** & **Mean Alveolar Septal** & **Mean Thickness** & **Mean IF Cell** & \\  & **(\%/mm\({}^{2}\))** & **Thickness (\(\mu\)m)** & **of SB (\(\mu\)m)** & **Infiltrated in AR** & **PAS+ Cells on the** \\  & & & & **(cells/mm\({}^{2}\))** & **SB (cells/mm\({}^{2}\))** \\ \hline Controls & & & & \\ \(\mathrm{Intact\ vehicle}\) & 79.96 \(\pm\) 10.72 & 5.80 \(\pm\) 2.32 & 13.32 \(\pm\) 1.47 & 72.60 \(\pm\) 21.77 & 24.00 \(\pm\) 3.89 \\ PM\({}_{2.5}\) & 41.70 \(\pm\) 4.34 \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\) & 47.01 \(\pm\) 7.98 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 17.87 \(\pm\) 1.17 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 622.00 \(\pm\) 119.37 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) & 41.10 \(\pm\) 5.47 \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\) \\ Reference—AX & & & & \\ 250 mg/kg & 68.51 \(\pm\) 8.89 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 18.84 \(\pm\) 4.97 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 25.29 \(\pm\) 2.84 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 228.00 \(\pm\) 62.21 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 81.80 \(\pm\) 15.33 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) \\ Test substance—AJ & & & & \\ 400 mg/kg & 69.12 \(\pm\) 10.86 \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\) & 18.29 \(\pm\) 4.92 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 25.95 \(\pm\) 3.64 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 219.50 \(\pm\) 56.54 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 83.00 \(\pm\) 12.73 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) \\
200 mg/kg & 64.76 \(\pm\) 10.29 \({}^{\mathrm{bc}}\) & 24.53 \(\pm\) 5.24 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 23.60 \(\pm\) 2.20 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 291.00 \(\pm\) 70.79 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 67.20 \(\pm\) 11.44 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) \\
100 mg/kg & 60.66 \(\pm\) 10.74 \({}^{\mathrm{ac}}\) & 29.90 \(\pm\) 4.78 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 21.17 \(\pm\) 0.81 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 382.60 \(\pm\) 52.20 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) & 56.60 \(\pm\) 6.11 \({}^{\mathrm{de}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} Values are presented as means \(\pm\) S.D. of 10 mice. PM\({}_{2.5}\) refers to diesel particulate matter NIST 1650b; AX indicates ambroschool hydrochloride; AJ stands for Atractyloids Rhizon (root of _Atractyloids japonica_ Koidz. ex. Kitam) extracts; SB is secondary bronchus mucosa; ASA denotes alveolar surface area; IF stands for inflammatory; AR is alveolar region; PAS refers to periodic acid Schiff; THSD is [PERSON]’s Honest Significant Difference test; DT3 is [PERSON]’s T3 test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: \({}^{\mathrm{a}}\)\(p<0.01\) and \({}^{\mathrm{b}}\)\(p<0.05\) compared with intact vehicle control by THSD test; \({}^{\mathrm{c}}\)\(p<0.01\) compared with PM\({}_{2.5}\) control by THSD test; \({}^{\mathrm{d}}\)\(p<0.01\) compared with intact vehicle control by DT3 test; \({}^{\mathrm{e}}\)\(p<0.01\) compared with PM\({}_{2.5}\) control by DT3 test.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Overview of histomorphometric analysis of left lobe lung tissue in mice with pulmonary injuries, either untreated or treated with PM\({}_{2.5}\). Figure 8: Illustrative profiles of lung tissue from the left lobe, based on immunohistochemical staining, in mice with pulmonary injuries, either untreated or treated with PM\({}_{2.5}\). (**A**): Intact vehicle control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given saline intranasal instillation); (**B**): PM\({}_{2.5}\) control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**C**): AX\({}_{250}\) (mice orally supplied with 250 mg/kg of AX and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**D**): AJ\({}_{400}\) (mice orally supplied with 400 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**E**): AJ\({}_{200}\) (mice orally supplied with 200 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**F**): AJ\({}_{100}\) (mice orally supplied with 100 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation). PM\({}_{2.5}\) refers to diesel particulate matter NIST 1650b; AX stands for amboxol hydrochloride; AJ indicates Atractylodis Rhizoma (root of _Attractylodes japonica_ Koidz. ex. Kitam) extracts; SB is secondary bronchus mucosa; AR denotes alveolar septal; COX stands for cyclooxygenase; ABC refers to avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex; TA stands for terminal respiratory bronchiole-alveoli.