## 4 w-SMNO: Performance Analysis
### Evaluation Metrics  
In this section, we outline the evaluation criteria employed to appraise the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system in comparison to alternative techniques. The selection of parameters significantly influences the efficacy of the solution for information dissemination through relays. Enhancing the overall performance entails a comprehensive understanding of parameters pertaining to population, groups, subgroups, relay selection, and other relevant factors. To optimize the performance, a systematic literature review was conducted in order to identify recommended values or ranges for similar parameters in both nature-based and conventional dissemination models. Moreover, the proposed method's performance was gauged across diverse network sizes to evaluate its scalability, ensuring that the parameters can adeptly adjust to varying node numbers while upholding performance standards. We evaluated the effectiveness of the suggested w-SMNO approach based on network coverage, message delivery proportion, end-to-end delay, and collision rate variables using the specifications provided for parameter configuration. Network coverage is a crucial metric to evaluate the effectiveness of communication coverage. A higher network coverage percentage signifies a more extensive and effective communication reach within the vehicular network, which is essential for the success of applications such as safety warnings, traffic management, and other cooperative services that rely on timely and reliable communication between vehicles. The message delivery proportion assesses the effectiveness of message dissemination and represents the percentage of messages that are successfully delivered to their intended recipients. A higher value is desirable, as it reflects the efficiency and reliability of the communication system. The end-to-end delay measures the time taken for a data packet to travel from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle, and it represents the total delay affecting the packet during its transmission through the network. Minimizing the end-to-end delay is essential to ensure timely communication. The collision rate measures the frequency of collisions between transmitted packets. It can occur when multiple vehicles attempt to transmit data simultaneously on the same communication channel, leading to signal interference and a loss of information. A lower collision rate is desirable for an efficient and reliable communication environment. All of these different metrics concentrate on assessing performance in terms of the total \(n\) local group each having nodes, \(N\), for the total \(P\) population in \(r\) tests for the \(LL\) subgroup. The following provides an in-depth explanation of the metrics employed to assess performance. Network coverage (\(\omega\)): Network coverage refers to the extent of the geographical area within which communication is established between vehicles and infrastructure nodes. \(\omega\) is the percentage ratio of the number of vehicles successfully reached or connected to the total number of vehicles in the network. Equation (31) defines the average \(\omega\). \[\omega_{Agg}=\left[\Bigg{(}\sum_{test=1}^{r}\Bigg{(}\int_{1}^{LL}\Bigg{\{}\int _{1}^{n}\frac{N_{Linked}}{N_{LL}}\Bigg{\}}\ast\frac{1}{P}\Bigg{)}/r\right] \ast 100 \tag{31}\]  
Message delivery proportion (\(\mu\)): The definition of the message delivery proportion is the proportion of messages that, out of all the messages sent over the network, reach their intended recipients successfully. The average of \(\mu\) for \(M_{R}\)_each_ messages in a subgroup from the total \(M\) messages is determined through Equation (32). \[\mu_{Agg}=\Bigg{[}\Bigg{(}\sum_{test=1}^{r}\Bigg{(}\int_{1}^{LL}\Bigg{[}\int_{ 1}^{n}\frac{M_{Reach}}{M_{LL}}\Bigg{]}/M\Bigg{)}/r\Bigg{]}\ast 100 \tag{32}\]  
End-to-end delay (\(\tau\)): The end-to-end delay is defined as the total time it takes for a data packet to travel from the source to the destination in a communication network.