## 1 Introduction  
Every day, the number of vehicles on the road is increasing, which causes traffic congestion and delays in the transit process for emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, fire trucks and police cars [1]. Transportation solutions that were formerly acceptable have become insufficient in addressing the enormous growth in the number of vehicles over the last two decades despite significant improvements in infrastructure [2]. ITS integration is more important than ever. ITS is meant to aid in the construction of \"smart roads\" by decreasing the incidence of traffic jams and increasing the effectiveness of relieving them. Insight into traffic conditions and availability is provided to users. As a result, travel is safer and more pleasant, and less time is spent traveling to and from daily destinations. The IoV is a novel concept that evolved from the idea of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) as a result of recent advances in computing and communication technology [3, 4]. For ITS to function, the IoV must first be established. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) [5] claims that the IoV can help reduce accidents involving sober drivers. Cars can communicate with each other in order to track other cars' movements and whereabouts [6]. The term IoV is used to describe a system in which vehicles are linked together and can share and receive information from one another and from other devices. This paves the way for the instantaneous dissemination of data regarding traffic conditions, road hazards, and other elements that might significantly affect travelers' safety and productivity. With the IoV in place, it is predicted that 79% of such collisions can be prevented through improved coordination and dialogue between vehicles [2]. Bicycles, pedestrians, and roadside infrastructures are all linked together, reducing environmental pollution, accident rates, and traffic jams [7; 8; 9] by exchanging messages about traffic conditions and information on safety and accidents with a worldwide traffic control system that improves convenience, comfort, and safety. Thus, improvements in public transportation and pedestrian traffic are also possible. Because of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology, it is now possible to know where other vehicles are in situations such as blind spots, stoppages on the highway but concealed from view, around a blind corner, or blocked by other vehicles. A vehicle's ability to anticipate and respond to changing driving conditions can provide immediate warning to its owners [10]. When it comes to preventing car accidents, the primary purpose of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technology is to help drivers be aware of their surroundings and increase safety at a reasonable cost. Traditional means of interoperability in the IoV have included cellular networks, satellite communications, and Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC). While these approaches have shown promise, they are not without drawbacks, including security risks and transmission inefficiencies. For example, a smart vehicle is one that can sense its surroundings and operate independently without human intervention [11]. A smart-featureed automobile relies on sensors and actuators, complicated algorithms, machine learning systems, and powerful processors. Sensors in various components of the vehicle are used to construct and maintain a map of the vehicle's surroundings. Radar sensors keep an eye out for other vehicles that may be approaching from behind. Traffic lights, road signs, other vehicles, and pedestrians are all detected by video cameras. To determine distances, road boundaries, and lane markers, Lidar sensors bounce light pulses off the car's surroundings [12]. When parking, ultrasonic sensors in the wheels pick up on obstacles such as curbs and other vehicles. The car's actuators, which control the car's acceleration, braking, and steering, receive orders from sophisticated software, which interprets the sensory data and maps a route.