esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Methodology  
### Study Area  
The analyzed area represents the transport network and public transport areas in the central part of the City of Zagreb, Croatia (Figure 1). A total of 14 of the 15 tram lines pass through this area, and largely share the road with private motorized transport. The study area has 49 signalized intersections and pedestrian crossings, and trans pass through 29 signalized intersections. Passenger transport by trans largely takes place on streets on which the network of tram lines coexists with road motor traffic. Thus, over time, the traffic volume has increased in limited spatial areas.  
About 40% of tram lines in the City of Zagreb are not physically separated from individual traffic, so the speed and accuracy of the given timetable of tram lines largely depend on the density of individual traffic. The fact that trans do not have an announcement or a priority of passing through signalized intersections is also important for the low speed and regularity of tram traffic.  
There have been no significant conceptual changes in public urban passenger transport for many years, with the exception that, during the past ten years, the tram and bus fleet has been largely renewed with modern low-floor vehicles. In the current traffic situation, the regulation of conflict points on the main tram corridors is achieved by a traffic light system that does not recognize the priority of tram traffic. As a result, the tram speed on some tram sections is reduced to such an extent that the quality of tram traffic is significantly impacted, thus affecting the choice of this form of transport for the daily commute of citizens (Figure 2).  
Figure 1: Study area in the center of City of Zagreb.  
A system of special lanes (not physically separated from private vehicles) to achieve the priorities of public urban passenger transport is not fully functioning because traffic police have not been able to implement it efficiently. As a result, in general, the expected effects of this measure to improve public transport have not materialized.
###### Abstract  
This paper investigates the joint impact of channel estimation errors (CEEs) and hardware impairments (HIs) on the performance of a cognitive satellite-terrestrial relay network (CSTRN), where the terrestrial and satellite links are considered following Rayleigh fading and shadowed Rician (SR) fading distributions, respectively. Besides, the terrestrial relay is working in half-duplex decode-and-forward (DF) mode. By employing a general and practical model to account for both the CEEs and HIs at each link, the end-to-end signal-to-noise-plus-distortion-and-error ratio (SNDER) is first obtained for the CSTRN. Then, closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP) and throughput of the CSTRN are obtained, which allows us to demonstrate the aggregate impact of CEEs and HIs. In order to gain insightful findings, we further elaborate on the asymptotic OP and throughput at the high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) condition and quantitatively determine the fundamental performance ceiling. Finally, Monte Carlo (MC) computer simulations are provided to verify the correctness of the analytical results. Besides, with representative numerical analysis's help, interesting findings are presented.  
c 26 August 201828 September 2018201830 September 201826 August 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 201828 September 2018
## 2 Mathematical Modeling of the Drill String System  
In reality, drill strings vibrate more often as a combination of all basic modes (lateral, torsional, and axial deflection), and the coupling of all these vibration modes could make the problem quite complex to study. In this formulation, it is assumed that (1) the drill string is flexible, isotropic, and homogeneous; (2) the upper transmission rotates with an initial angular speed \(\Omega\) and provides a torque \(T_{M}\) (neglecting the damping and friction torques at the upper transmission); and (3) the deflection of the drill string is produced by the displacement of eccentric centrifugal forces from the centerline. It is further assumed that the internal damping and flow-induced forces are taken into account at this stage. The Lagrangian method is used to model the drill string used in rotary operations; therefore, to perform the analysis model, it is also assumed that only the stabilizer contacts the borehole wall at a specific point as shown in Figure 1a. To simplify the drill string structure, Figure 1b shows a simplified axial/lateral/torsional model of a conventional vertical drill string model operating in an inviscid fluid. Understanding the drill string vibrations and their correct interpretation for different types of formations in the real-time drilling process would help optimize the drilling vibration through automatic monitoring and control parameters. For a better understanding of the geometrical structure of the mechanical model, the corresponding simplified plane model is constructed in Figure 1b. The simplified equivalent drill string model is composed of a cylindrical shaft of the uniform section with an eccentric disc at the midspan of the submerged well inside a fluid-filled container. The conventional vertical oil well drill string consists of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA), which consists of a drill collar, a heavyweight drill shaft, and a non-magnetic drill string stabilizer to prevent the drill string from under-balancing.  
In this paper, the BHA will also be referred to as a drill bit; the length of the BHA remains constant as the drilling operation progresses. It is also assumed that a section of the drill string is put under compression to apply the weight on the bit (WOB). The drill string is subject to compression due to the WOB, torsion due to rotation, lateral deflection due to the stabilizer eccentricity, and the bit-cutting effect. The motor torque is assumed to be constant and positive. The bit is supposed to be a simply supported rotor substantially subjected to the axial vibrations represented by a harmonic force. Shear and gyroscopic effects can be ignored since the structure is surrounded by a fluid with a low density compared to the rotating structure's material (usually steel). The equations for the lateral, axial, and torsion motion of the drill string can be derived by applying Lagrangian formalism to the pulling drum.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of PEM-FC through Assembly
#### 4.1.2 Channel Cross-Sections with the identical Cross-Sectional Area  
Due to the major spatial variations in the GDL distribution of porosity and thickness, as well as in the contact resistances and thermal/electrical connections (both at the membrane-GDL and rib-GDL interfaces), it was necessary to further investigate the operational life of FC, which is performed by taking a certain uniform cross-sectional area for all five studied channels. Figure 10 shows during the assembly process for total displacement division in the PEM-FC. In a realistic PEM-FC, due to the channels in the dipole plate, this leads to a difference in friction on the GDL from the clamping pressure and it is difficult to predict the contact behavior in the interface without a CDF analysis. It was observed that the total displacement was about 2.61, 2.59, 2.59, 2.58, and 2.58 \(\upmu\)m for rectangular, circle, polygon, trapezoidal, and triangular shaped channels, respectively. Therefore, in this case also, the triangular shape gives a better performance of the FC due to having the smallest deformation during its operational life.  
Figure 9: von Mises stress variations (MPa) in the PEM-FC through the process of assembly at height = 1 mm, with scale increased 50 times.  
Figure 11 presents the division of pressure in the FC that was advanced through the process of assembly. The shapes show the division of contour plots of pressure and the configuration of the FC's distortion. The shapes clearly show the influence of the shape of the repetitive channel rib on the pressure distribution. In Figure 12, the modified pressure division in the FC through the process of assembly can be observed, and the numbers show the pressure division from von Mises and the distribution. It was shown that the range of pressure subjected to each channel was about \(-1.7\)-\(7.11\), \(-1.74\)-\(7.14\), \(-1.72\)-\(7.22\), \(-1.77\)-\(7.08\), and \(-1.78\)-\(7.15\) MPa for rectangular, circular, polygon, trapezoidal, and triangular shaped channels, respectively. Therefore, it is also evident that the FC with the triangular channel is the most durable and resistant to deformation resulting from the stress and pressure distribution during assembly. Therefore, it is considered the best in performance and lifetime as a result of the durability it possesses compared to other studied channels.  
During the assembly process, it is possible to observe the distribution and evolution of pressure in the FC, as illustrated in Figure 12. The numbers show the distribution of pressure from von Mises (contour shapes) and illustrate the distortion of the FC.  
Figure 10: The displacement (\(\upmu\)m) in the PEM-FC through the process of assembly at the \(1\) mm\({}^{2}\) cross-section area, with scale increased 50 times.  
Figure 11: Pressure variations (MPa) in the PEM-FC through the process of assembly at the 1 mm\({}^{2}\) cross-section area with scale increased 50 times.  
Figure 12: _Cont._
# CNT-PUFs: Highly Robust and Heat-Tolerant Carbon-Nanotube-Based Physical Unclonable Functions +
### Contributions  
This work focuses on the fabrication, read-out, analysis, and post-processing of data derived from Carbon NanoTube-based Physical Unclonable Functions (CNT-PUFs) utilising a new technological platform that was successfully validated for CMOS compatibility [23]. These CNT-PUFs were constructed from monolithic arrays of 144 Carbon NanoTube Field-Effect Transistors (CNT-FETs), which we will refer to as PUF cells in the remainder of this work. Depending on how CNTs are deposited on the surface of the underlying FET circuit, the respective circuit is conducting (signifying a logical 1) or non-conducting (signifying a logical 0). This PUF construction was already presented in our previous work [19], which this work extends. Based on the previous work, this article presents several additional innovative contributions:  
* We conducted an additional temperature analysis of our CNT-PUFs, extending the application area of the CNT-PUFs to include even harsh environments. The investigated CNT-PUFs demonstrated very high stability with at most 2% unstable cells in the temperature range from 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C.
* We performed a more-extensive security analysis of the raw CNT-PUF measurements. An analysis of the unpredictability of the raw PUF responses through an evaluation of the measurements by the statistical randomness tests of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP 800-22 test suite [24] was conducted. Our PUFs passed all applicable statistical randomness tests of the NIST SP 800-22 test suite [24], confirming the ability to use our CNT-PUFs as strong cryptographic primitives within cryptographic protocols.
* Finally, we present a very lightweight and efficient post-processing method that ranks all cells according to their stability and selects the most-stable cells for further use. By using this method, our CNT-PUFs are able to produce fully stable PUF responses.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Remote Sensing (RS) Approach  
#### 2.2.1 Pasture Sample Collection and Chemical Processing  
Pasture sampling was carried out between January and May 2019 (DOY between 10 and 145) in eight experimental fields with area of approximately 25 ha (Figure 3). In each of these fields, nine composite samples were taken at three different times in geo-referenced areas without trees, corresponding to 10 \(\times\) 10 m pixels of Sentinel-2 imagery for a total of 216 samples (3 dates \(\times\) 8 fields \(\times\) 9 samples). The sampling process and the subsequent chemical analysis took place as described above to obtained PMC, CP, NDF, and the PQI.
## 3 Information and Communication Technology Solutions for Precision Agriculture
### Data Collection and IoT  
Various data collection and IoT technologies (e.g., wireless sensor networks (WSN), geographic information systems (GIS), satellite communications) were adopted within several solutions analyzed for the purposes of this paper. The term GIS refers to computer systems for storing, analyzing, displaying, and managing geospatial data [17].
## 2 Method and Materials
### Process Modeling and Optimization
#### 2.3.1 ANN Process Modeling  
Artificial neural networks (ANN) are interconnected collections of nodes known as neurons. The capability of the ANN is stored in the inter-unit connection weights acquired through a process of learning from training patterns [33]. In the current research, the architecture of the ANN with error back propagation training algorithm was established on a gradient descent with momentum and variable learning rate \"trainingdx\", using MATLAB toolbox [34]. The ANN architecture is depicted in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: ANN Architecture of current investigation.  
Figure 2: (a) FE Simulation; (b) load versus stroke curve to capture maximum punch force.  
The 256 training combinations were used for modeling, out of which 88% were employed for training and 12% were used for testing. The parameters involved in ANN are listed in Table 3. Each neuron in the hidden layers employs a sigmoid activation function, whereas the output layer neurons employ a linear activation function.  
Every epoch involves 226 (out of a possible 256) patterns to train the ANN, and at the end of every epoch, the mean square error (MSE) is calculated as mentioned below:  
\[MSE=\frac{1}{226}\sum_{p=1}^{226}\sum_{k=1}^{4}\left(t_{kp}-
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Discussion
#### 4.3.2 Discussion of Lag  
The time lag for the response of LE to improvements in the ecological environment may weaken our understanding of the importance of the ecological environment on health [47]. The improvement of the ecological environment also has an indirect effect on LE in space. For example, the improvement of the environments in adjacent areas may promote the local LE, and the ecological environment may also have a lagging impact on health in space. Therefore, this study conducted spatiotemporal lag spatial crosscorrelation analysis on selected ecological indicators and LE. The results show that the Moran's I obtained from the spatiotemporal lag analysis of the various ecological indicators in 2010 and LE in 2015 is the highest, but the Moran's I obtained from the spatiotemporal lag analysis of the various ecological indicators in 2010 and LE in 2020 is higher than the Moran's I obtained from the spatiotemporal lag analysis of the various ecological indicators in 2015 and LE in 2020. This result shows that the response of the life span health of people in the study area to the changes in ecological environment quality is relatively slow, and the lagging impact of the ecological environment on LE may need a long time scale to be reflected. Compared with Moran's I obtained from the results of spatiotemporal lag spatial crosscorrelation analysis, the Pearson coefficient between each index and LE obtained from simple time lag analysis is higher, i.e., the correlation is higher, indicating that the time lag impact of ecological environment between adjacent cities on LE of local residents is small. This may be caused by the lack of some data. Therefore, it is not clear in what time scale the impact of the ecological environment on life expectancy is the most intuitive and obvious.
## 5 Conclusions  
Significant feature extraction and accurate classification are the main reasons that make SER more challenging. This study presented a novel transformer model based on the fusion of 273 acoustic features. This study presented a novel transformer model based on the fusion of seven acoustic features. To address the issue of computational cost, the proposed model employed a smaller number of layers. This study concentrated on Arabic vocal emotions since they got less attention in the research community. We used the transformer model on the \"Basic Arabic Vocal Emotions\" Dataset named BAVED, which resulted in a 95% accuracy. We further tested the transformer model on three more datasets: EMO-DB, SAVEE, and EMOVO, achieving accuracy of 93.4%, 85.1%, and 91.7%, respectively. The cross comparison of results with baseline SER techniques showed the robustness and significance of proposed transformer model. However, the accuracy levels were improved by enhancement of the proposed model. The results also show that the proposed transformer model is particularly well suited to Arabic vocal emotions recognition. The context or aspect of the emotion will be extracted in future work. Furthermore, implementing recurrent neural networks while using optimal speech features with the proposed transformer can increase the performance of the SER system since it can offer high-level features more accurately. A comparative analysis of SER models based on deep learning techniques applied to other databases is also planned for future work. Moreover, the accuracy of gender-based speech emotion recognition will be compared, and the emotion that is most easily recognized should be identified.  
Conceptualization, E.H.A., B.B.A.-o. and M.A.N.; methodology, E.H.A. and R.J.; software, R.J.; validation, B.B.A.-o., M.A.N., E.H.A. and M.M.M.; formal analysis, E.H.A., R.J. and A.M.E.; investigation, R.J.; resources, E.H.A., A.M.E. and A.M.E.; data curation, R.J.; writing--original draft preparation, R.J. and A.M.E.; writing--review and editing, E.H.A. and A.M.E.; visualization, A.M.E.; supervision, E.H.A.; project administration, E.H.A. and B.B.A.-o.; funding acquisition, E.H.A. and B.B.A.-o. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work is supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2022R263), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Improving Reactor Performance  
The increase in reactor performance is the best way for improving plant economic feasibility because of the greater capacity for treating biowastes and improving degradation rates, which bring along a significant enhancement in reducing the amount of digested material needing final disposal. Attaining a stable digestion process involves the control of biological parameters and reactor operating conditions. The dynamics of the process are very complex because the reactor configuration and feeding rate have a marked effect on microbial performance and, in turn, the predominant microflora greatly influences the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Co-Digestion** & **Amount Added** & **Benefits** & **Disadvantage** & **Reference** \\ \hline SS + organic waste & & & & \\ from domestic refuse & & & & \\ Velenje WWTP & Increase in OLR by 25\% & & 80\% biogas increase. & \\ (Slovenia) & & Increase in vs. degradation & & \\ \hline SS + fat-waste & & Variable & 82\% biogas increase & \\ Iawa WWTP (Poland) & amount-Added to set & 29\% vs. removal enhancement & & \\  & the OLR at a value of & & Attain close to total energy & \\  & 4.8 g/L d as maximum & consumption & & \\ \hline Slaughterhouse waste + & & & High ammonia load. & \\ mixture of substrates & & Energy savings, better odor & Need addition of & \\ Co-digestion plant & & control, higher gas quality and & ferrous chloride and & \\  & company Svensk & & production & \\  & Biogas AB (SvB). & & & \\ Linkoping (Sweden) & & & & \\ \hline SS + mixture (milk & & & Solid accumulation & \\ processing industry & & & inside the digester. & \\ wastes and fat from & 186\% OLR increase & 300\% CH\({}_{4}\) increase & Nitrogen backload. & \\  & grease traps & & Decrease in retention & \\ WWTP Moosburg & & & time and lower sludge & \\ (Germany) & & & dewaterability. & \\ \hline SS and mixture of food & & & Lower TS removal, & \\ waste-garden waste & & & & higher amount of \\ (95:5\% based on fresh & & & PS: 302 m\({}^{3}\)/ t TS added & \\ mass) and grease trap & & & & \\ sludge & & t/year & WS: 133 m\({}^{3}\)/ t TS added & \\  & mass) and grease trap & & Co-digestion: 627 m\({}^{3}\)/ t TS & flocculants. & \\ sludge & & 397 t/year & added (plant data) & Sludge disposal & \\  & & Benefit to cost ratio greater & represented 64\% of & \\ WWTP, Tyrol (Austria) & & & than one & overall costs (plant \\  & & & data) & \\ \hline SS + mixture of wastes & & Kitchen waste added & Additional amount of & Higher nitrogen input, \\ (kitchen wastes and & 329 g DM/m\({}^{3}\) treated & & electricity produced: & requiring a more & \\  & & SS & 0.035–0.041 kWh/m\({}^{3}\) & efficient denitrification & \\ WWTP Strass (Austria) & & Fat added & Energy self-sufficiency & \\  & & achieved for the WWTP & stage. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\)SS: Sewage sludge; DM: dry matter, PS: primary sludge, WS: waste-activated sludge.  
\end{table} 
Table 6 presents a list of the main process parameters influencing the digestion process.
# The Uses of a Dual-Band Corrugated Circularly Polarized Horn Antenna for 5G Systems
This antenna design achieves 105 degrees of 3 dB beam width on low band and 77 degrees of 3 dB beam width on high band, with a return loss greater than 15 dB. The antenna axial ratio reached a 3-5 dB level. The antenna-gain measurement was 6.1 dBi at low band and 8.5 dBi at high band. The proposed antenna was constructed by a mode converter, a circularly polarized converter, and a corrugated horn. In order to satisfy the space of mm-wave band operated conditions, the WR-28 rectangular waveguide was used to design the input port. The mode converter, the double-ridge polarization converter [4], and the corrugated horn are the main components of this proposed antenna. The double-ridge circular waveguide can be used to design a high performance circularly polarized converter. The mode converter is the adapter that transfer the circular waveguide to the standard WR-28 waveguide. The corrugated horn is designed to enhance the beam width. The total structure of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Figure 1, and it is suitable for femtocell repeater application.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Comparison of Results with Other Approaches  
We compared the best results obtained by our proposed network in identification and verification modes with other systems using well known face and speaker recognition approaches. The considered unimodal systems were implemented, trained, and evaluated with our virtual database following similar conditions for a fair comparison. The results are presented as the average and standard deviation of the performance indicators obtained from a collection of five experiments in each case.  
The face recognition systems considered in the comparison were: a reduced ResNet model with 4 residual blocks [62], which we called Face ResNet, Eigenfaces, and Fisherfaces. The last two approaches are based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), respectively; they are used for feature extraction and dimension reduction. These methods were implemented using the OpenCV library with the parameter values presented in Ref. [63]. The implemented speaker recognition systems were: a SincNet architecture described in Ref. [28] and x-vectors [25].