## 2 Critical Infrastructures
### Critical Infrastructure Sectors  
Critical infrastructure sectors are categorized differently in different nations. Variations between countries can be explained by differences in conceptualizations of what are critical and country-specific peculiarities and traditions. Sociopolitical factors and geographical and historical preconditions determine whether a sector is deemed to be critical. As an example, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) in the US divided critical infrastructure into 16 sectors in 2013 [3]. On the other hand, the European Union divided critical infrastructure into 13 sectors [4], Australia into 11 sectors, and India 12 [5]. In Table 1, the differences regarding critical infrastructure sectors as addressed in six countries are shown [4; 5; 6; 8]. The connection of the content of the rows of Table 1 with the content of the columns is declared by the symbol \(\blacksquare\). Table 1 and Figure 1 in this document highlight key sectors that are essential to the modern world and that are commonly recognized across nations. These sectors include finance, central government, telecommunication, emergency/rescue services, energy, health services, food, transportation, and water supply. They are identified as core sectors due \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sectors**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Countries**} \\ \hline  & **Germany** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **United** \\ **Kingdom** \\ \end{tabular} & **Japan** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **United** \\ **States** \\ \end{tabular} & **China** & **India** & **Australia** \\ \hline Banking and Finance & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Central Government/Government Services & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) & \\ \hline Chemical and Nuclear Industry & & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & & \\ \hline Emergency/Rescue Services & & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & & \\ \hline Energy & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Food/Agriculture & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Health Services & \(\blacksquare\) & & & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Information Services/Media & \(\blacksquare\) & & & & & \\ \hline Military Defense/Army/Defense Facilities & & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Telecommunications /Public Communications & & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Transportation & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Water (Supply)/Severage & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Space & & \(\blacksquare\) & & & & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Critical Manufacturing & & & & & & \\ \hline Information and Communication Technology & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) & \(\blacksquare\) & & \(\blacksquare\) \\ \hline Dams & & & & & & \\ \hline e-Government Services & & & & & & \\ \hline Strategic and Public Enterprises & & & & & & \\ \hline Higher Education and Research & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: CI sectors. to their critical roles in society, where any significant disruption could have disastrous consequences [9]. In studies [7; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13], definitions are given to clarify the above sectors and their importance to modern society. * Finance  
The financial services sector encompasses a diverse range of institutions, including depository institutions, investment product providers, insurance companies, credit, and financing organizations, as well as critical financial utilities and services that support these functions.