## 1 Introduction  
Improving the thermal energy transport coefficient in forced convection flow inside channels is an area that has long piqued the interest of heat transfer (HT) experts because of the important industrial applications of channel flows. So far, various methods have been proposed by researchers, including the use of grooves, ribs, and turbulators [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8], as well as magnetic field and electric field [9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15]. The dimensions, type of working fluid, and arrangement of flow in the exchanger are among the important factors for the performance of heat exchangers. The replacement of conventional coolants with a suspension of metallic/nonmetallic nanoparticles in liquids is another proposed approach that has received much attention in the recent two decades. Various studies have shown that these fluids, called nanofluids (NFs), exhibit better thermal conductivity and cooling performance than conventional coolants such as water and engine oil [16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28]. The significance of the thermal and flow characteristics of nanofluids has been reported. [PERSON] et al. [29] carried out a study focusing on the thermohydraulic characteristics of Cu-water NFs inside a plain horizontal channel by influencing the intensity of the electric field and volume fraction (VF) of nanoparticles (NPs). They discovered that when the volume percentage of NPs and the Reynolds number (Re) increase, heat flow improves. [PERSON] et al. [30] reported a decrease in the Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f) while investigating the thermohydraulic characteristics of air flow inside sinusoidal wavy corrugated channels. They carried out a numerical study by employing the phase shift between walls and reported optimal performance in the low-Re region with a phase shift of zero. [PERSON] et al. [31] performed computational analysis of the thermal and flow performance of NF inside a ribbed duct and reported an enhancement in the Nu and pressure drop (PD) with an increase in the VF of NPs and Re. [PERSON] et al. [32] also reported similar results for their numerical investigation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [33] presented the result of thermohydraulic numerical analysis of NFs in a wavy channel. According to their findings, the Nu increases with Re, nanoparticle volume percentage, and wave amplitude. The simulated analysis by [PERSON] et al. [34], employing Cu-water NF as the working fluid flowing in a triangular corrugated tube, showed an increase in HT, as well as PD, as the VF of NPs increased. In another study by [PERSON] et al. [35], an enhancement in HT was reported with an increase in the Re, VF of NPs, and amplitude of the wavy wall. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [36] investigated the flow of NF inside a trapezoidal-corrugated tube for HT and PD evaluation and reported an increase in HT and PD with the Re, amplitude of the channel, and VF of NPs. [PERSON] et al. [37] implemented boehmite-alumina-ethylene glycol/water nanofluid as the working medium in a corrugated microchannel and revealed that the thermal and flow performance was significantly influenced by the morphology of the nanoparticles under consideration. The influence of the groove angle of the test section on the thermohydraulic characteristics was reported by [PERSON] et al. [38]. They used SiO\({}_{2}\)-water nanofluid as the working agent. The grooves angles were discovered to have an important influence on the performance of the corrugated duct. [PERSON] [39] investigated Cu-water NF fluid flow and HT in a microchannel. They considered the impact of various factors on temperature distribution and showed that HT performance differs when viscous dissipation is taken into account. [PERSON] et al. [40] carried out an experimental assessment and revealed that nanofluid performed best when data were compared with base fluids. They observed that when aggregation and particle size increase, heat transfer decreases. [PERSON] et al.