## 6 Probability of Groundwater  
The chemical, radiological, and biological constituents of water determine its drinking quality. In the present study, the quality of water was evaluated by analyzing the physicochemical and main chemical constituents. The analytical results were compared with the Bureau of Indian Standard [54] and World Health Organization [31] standard guidance values for drinking water quality (Table 2) to assess the potability of the groundwater in the study area for human consumption. In terms of pH, all samples (100%) were within the recommended limits of 6.5 to 8.5 for human consumption in January 2020, and 97.5% of samples were suitable for human consumption in January 2021. For the TDS values, 35%, 37.5%, and 27.5% of the samples were within the acceptable (<500), permissible (500-2000), and non-potable range (>2000), respectively, in January 2020. Regarding the TDS levels in January 2021, 67.5% were within the acceptable range and 32.5% were within the non-drinkable range. The groundwater samples exceeded the proposed limit of Ca\({}^{2+}\) > 75 for drinking water by 30% in January 2021 and 85% in January 2021. The Mg\({}^{2+}\) concentration of less than 30 mg/L for drinking water was detected in 62.5% of the samples in January 2020 and in 22.5% of the samples in January 2021. As for the recommended limit of Cl\({}^{-}\) < 250 for drinking water, 60% of the samples in January 2020 were classified as drinking water and 40% of the samples in January 2021 were classified as drinking water. The permissible limit for Cl\({}^{-}\) is 250 to 1000 mg/L; 30% of the samples in January 2020 and 47.5% in January 2021 were within this range.  
The SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) concentration was categorized as acceptable (<200), permissible (200-400), and non-potable (>400) based on the proposed drinking water limits. In January 2020, 82.5% of the samples fell into the acceptable category, 5% into the permissible category, and 12.5% into the non-potable category. In January 2021, 77.5% of the samples fell into the acceptable, 17.5% into the permissible, and 5% into the non-potable categories. The NO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\) values showed that more than 95% of the samples (38 samples) were drinkable in January 2020, with a concentration below 45 mg/l, and only 42.5% of the samples were drinkable in January 2021 with respect to this ion. The acceptable range of F\({}^{-}\) in drinking water is <1 mg/L, and 95% of the samples in January 2020 and 92.5% of the samples in January 2021 were within this acceptable limit. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [55] proposed the calculation of total hardness (TH as CaCO\({}_{3}\) in mg/L = 2.497 Ca\({}^{2+}\) + 4.15 Mg\({}^{2+}\)) in water to assess the strength of water to form scale. The calculated TH values in the samples were correlated with the proposed standards of BIS 2012 for drinking water and showed that 52.5% of the samples in January 2020 were in the acceptable range (<200), 27.5% of the samples were in the permissible range (200-600), and 20% of the samples were in the non-potable range (>600). In contrast, in January 2021, 42.5% of the samples were in the acceptable range and 57.5% of samples were in the non-potable category.