## 5 Applications of SSNs  
Traditional WSNs were motivated by military applications, such as as battlefield surveillance, but nowadays its new paradigm (SSNs) spread in different daily life fields, like civilian applications (smart home, surveillance, habitat, structure and environmental monitoring, healthcare, traffic control, etc. ), thus the needs for the SSNs increased, and thus this section will present a brief review for its applications. 1. Battlefield Monitoring [11; 12] Monitoring a battlefield is a complex mission, because there are different types of targets to be considered as civilians, enemies, soldiers, different military vehicles, important infrastructure, etc., and also in the battlefield there will be different types of deployed sensors that are deployed as sound sensors, camera sensors, temperature sensors, motion detection sensors, etc. Which were implemented from different vendors, thus deploying a SSN is a cost effective and optimal solution to serve different applications, over a united heterogeneous infrastructure. Smart Buildings [6; 10; 82; 83] Intelligent control for smart building conditions requires a large number of varied applications that are based on the variety of deployed sensors that collaborate to monitor and control the environment to make it more comfortable and more secure by controlling (temperature, humidity, doors and windows lock status, video surveillance, air conditioning, lighting, acoustic signals for noise control, etc. ), through local or remote access of the internet and monitoring (building infrastructure health, gas, water, CO, smoke detection, etc. ), so, if you are away of your home, you can make it ready for your arrival by remotely controlling internal conditions, also you can control your office remotely and monitor your employees, etc. Therefore, this variety of HW and SW is a fruitful environment for implementing a SSN. * Food Transportation [84] Due to the importance of food transportation process from production sites to consumption sites, while saving the quality of the products during this process, the SSN became the best solution for monitoring food statuses during that process, monitoring and managing different food types with different conditions for each type, and then sending this data to a certain user (food owner). * Health and Medical applications [52] As a result of the continuous increase in population over the world, the need for healthcare applications also increased to provide patients' comfortability and elderly. Thus, the WSN technology provides a separate branch for that purpose, called Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WSBNs), but healthcare applications in that branch are isolated from each other, which causes more sensor equipment requirement and more administrative loads from the medical team, thus the SSN provides an effective enhancement when applied to that branch, because it allows sensors and application information sharing among concurrent applications, this will reduce the number of mounted sensors on the patient, making him more comfortable and reducing the administrative loads over development and medical team. If the patient status needs adding a new application, it can be added without interrupting the working ones, this increases flexibility and reduces the overall cost. * Smart Grid [85] The complexity of electricity services comes from the need to deliver it to the customer at real time; it passes through three stages, starting with energy generation, followed by power transmission and then power distribution. Thus, monitoring and controlling these three stages is a complex process, which requires multiple motoring and controlling applications that must be able to share the gathered information among them, SSN can deal with this scenario, and make the system more reliable and flexible. * Agricultural Monitoring [8] SSN gives a real chance to improve agriculture quality and productivity using real time monitoring for soil elements, such as temperature, humidity, soil condition, sunlight, etc.