# One-Step Synthesis of Bunsenite Cadmium Oxide Nanoparticles
## 3 Results
### Structural Analysis  
After drying at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, nickel nitrate, cadmium nitrate, and PVP content were analyzed. Because no diffraction peaks were observed in Figure 3a, it was concluded that the sample remained amorphous prior to calcination. Figure 3 depicts the XRD patterns associated with the samples that were calcined at room temperature, 500, 600, 700, and 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The diffraction peaks for CdO and NiO nanoparticles were marked by a star and a sharp, respectively, in the samples that had been calcined. The cadmium oxide nanoparticles' diffraction peaks corresponded to (111), (002), (022), (113), and (222), and the plane signs have been identified at 20 33.70\({}^{\circ}\), 38.50\({}^{\circ}\), 55.26\({}^{\circ}\), 65.50\({}^{\circ}\), and 69.08\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. Meanwhile, the bunsenite nanoparticles' diffraction peaks corresponded to (111), (002), (022), (113), and (222), and the plane signs have been identified at 20 37.02\({}^{\circ}\), 43.20\({}^{\circ}\), 62.29\({}^{\circ}\), 75.34\({}^{\circ}\), and 79.21\({}^{\circ}\). The nanoparticles were equivalent to the standard card diffraction patterns associated with bunsenite oxide (JCPDS cards 36-1451 data) and cadmium oxide (PDF card No: 005-0640 data) [21; 36]. Furthermore, given that the crystallite size parameters were established to increase as the temperature of calcination rose, the Scherrer formula (Formula (1)) was employed to determine the average crystallite size at all peaks. The full width of the half maximum broadening of the CdO and NiO peaks of the XRD patterns was applied to calculate the average crystallite size using the Scherrer formula:  
\[\mathrm{D}=0.9\,\lambda/\beta\mathrm{cos}\,\theta \tag{1}\]  
In Formula (1), the crystallite size measured in nm is denoted by \(\mathrm{D}\), the entire width of the diffraction line at half of the maximum intensity measured in radians is denoted by \(\beta\), the X-ray wavelength of Cu K\(\alpha\) 0.154 nm is denoted by \(\lambda\), and the Bragg angle is denoted by \(\theta\). Table 1 shows the calculation crystallite size of bunsenite cadmium oxide nanoparticles for each peak using the Scherrer formula at a temperature of 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Table 1 shows the crystallite size enlargement calculated with the Scherrer formula for the prepared samples calcined in ranging temperatures from 500 to 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The crystallite size increased in direct proportion to the increase in calcination temperature, which was ascribed to particle size enlargement. Furthermore, the sharper and narrower diffraction peaks with more intensity (Figure 3b-e) indicate that crystallinity was significantly improved. This is because the temperature of the calcination process was increased.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**2 Theta** & **Sample** & **hkl** & **FWHM** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Calculation of the Crystallite Size Using** \\ Scherrer Formula at Temperature 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
33.70\({}^{\circ}\) & CdO & 111 & 0.182 & 45 \\ \hline
37.02\({}^{\circ}\) & NiO & 111 & 0.184 & 67 \\ \hline
38.50\({}^{\circ}\) & CdO & 002 & 0.183 & 46 \\ \hline
43.20\({}^{\circ}\) & NiO & 002 & 0.137 & 62 \\ \hline
55.26\({}^{\circ}\) & CdO & 022 & 0.131 & 69 \\ \hline
62.29\({}^{\circ}\) & NiO & 022 & 0.163 & 56 \\ \hline
65.50\({}^{\circ}\) & CdO & 113 & 0126 & 63 \\ \hline
69.08\({}^{\circ}\) & CdO & 222 & 0.143 & 67 \\ \hline
75.34\({}^{\circ}\) & NiO & 113 & 0.151 & 66 \\ \hline
79.21\({}^{\circ}\) & NiO & 222 & 0.130 & 79 \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{c}{Average} & & & 62 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: XRD results of the prepared sample were calculated using diffraction peak by Scherrer formula at temperatures of 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C.