esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Marine Diesel Engine Fault Detection Based on Xilinx ZYNQ SoC
## 2 Methods  
### Basic Architecture Design  
As shown in Figure 1, the basic architecture design involves the ZYNQ main control chip which is programmed into ZYNQ's FLASH via JTAG using the supervisory computer, enabling a \"power-on-and-go\" functionality. The PS side of ZYNQ is responsible for connecting to sensors and appends protocol-specific source data type headers to the data. It then transfers the accumulated data to the PL side for FPGA-accelerated processing. The processed results are returned to the PS side, where a parsing header is added and then transmitted to the supervisory computer through ZYNQ's LoRa module. The supervisory computer's LoRa module receives these data, which are then processed using a custom reception program that displays the parsed data in real-time. Additionally, the supervisory computer can send commands to retrieve source data to display them in real-time as line graphs.  
Figure 1: Basic architecture design.  
This program is an idealized version of marine diesel engine fault detection. The diagnostic dataset used in future stages will come from publicly available data of a Wartsila 9L34 DF dual-fuel medium-speed turbocharged engine mounted on a natural gas transport vessel. To fully utilize all functionalities of ZYNQ, the integration of communication protocols between sensors and the supervisory computer on the ZYNQ's PS side (ARM side) has been enhanced. This setup is designed to simulate the process of transmitting data from actual ship sensors to the ZYNQ chip, processing and parsing the data, and then sending the diagnostic results back to the supervisory computer, aiming to maximize the simulation of real-ship operations.
# Measuring Collision Risk in Mixed Traffic Flow Under the Car-Following and Lane-Changing Behavior
## 4 Evaluating Mixed Traffic Safety with CAV Degradation and Driving Behaviors
### Car-Following Behavior
#### 4.2.3 Dcav  
The ACC model enhances traditional cruise control by autonomously adjusting the vehicle's speed to maintain a safe following distance from a preceding vehicle. ACC leverages sensor data--typically from radar or lidar--to monitor the speed and position of the vehicle ahead, enabling dynamic speed adjustments without driver intervention. However, traditional ACC models often assume instantaneous perception and reaction, neglecting the inherent delays present in real-world scenarios.  
Like the CACC model, the ACC model is also proposed by the California PATH laboratory based on real experiments [24]. ACC systems can maintain an expected time headway by constantly adjusting speed and acceleration. Moreover, the calibration results of the ACC model have a high degree of match with the actual data. Hence, it can better reflect the actual car-following characteristics of degraded CAVs. Because of this, the ACC model is used to describe the car-following behavior of degraded CAVs.  
For degraded CAVs, \(\tau_{a}\) is used to represent their PRT, denoted as \(\text{PRT}_{\text{DCAV}}\). Similar to the CACC model, the improved ACC considering PRT is written as Equations (19) and (20).  
\[e_{n}(t-\tau_{a})=x_{n-1}(t-\tau_{a})-x_{n}(t)-l-s_{0}-T_{a}v_{n}(t) \tag{19}\]  
\[a_{n}(t)=k_{a1}e_{n}(t-\tau_{a})+k_{a2}\Delta v_{n}(t-\tau_{a}) \tag{20}\]  
where \(k_{a1}\), \(k_{a2}\) are the gains on both the positioning and speed errors, respectively, with the calibration results based on the actual vehicle test [24]. \(T_{a}\) is the desired time-gap of the ACC model and is calibrated from previous research [25], as shown in Table 6.
## 4 Experiments
### Metrics  
In our work, both clip-level and segment-level evaluation metrics were used. The default segment length used in this work was 100 ms, which is shorter than the segment length used in the DCASE challenge, 1 s. This was because our system aims to detect audio events accurately in time via structured prediction. Since the dataset for evaluation has multi-label annotations, we used the metrics proposed in [36]. F1 score with precision (P) and recall (R) was calculated as the primary evaluation metric for both clip-level and segment-level evaluation. For segment-level evaluation, segment-based error rate (ER) was also measured. A detailed explanation of both evaluation metrics is described in [36].
## 6 Space-Segment Optimization Aspects
### Constellation Maintenance
#### 6.6.2 Station Keeping  
Station keeping refers to maintaining the satellites in a space box within defined tolerances through either absolute station keeping, where the position is maintained with respect to the central body reference frame, or relative station keeping, where the Sat position is maintained relative to the position of other Sat(s). The initial differences in the Sat orbits and perturbations accumulated over time disrupts the constellation geometry and necessitates station-keeping maneuvers. The perturbations in orbit are short periodic, long periodic, and secular, with each requiring different compensation through either in-track or cross-track orbital maneuvers. The major advantages of absolute station keeping reported in [87] in comparison to relative station keeping are a priori Sat position estimates, more robust control, less propellant requirements, less complexity, and cost. It also highlights that for autonomous station keeping, the absolute station keeping is better as it is implemented with a larger sequence of small \(\Delta V\) maneuvers, rather than a few small impulsive maneuvers. Sat station keeping can be achieved through low thrust maneuvers or impulsive maneuvers. Both maintenance schemes and propulsion systems are widely studied for LEO constellations.  
The authors in [133] study the in-plane station keeping of a Walker constellation, considering Earth's gravity field and solar radiation pressure, and bringing the satellites to the defined tolerance band for the position by two periodic impulsive maneuvers. The study also gives the \(\Delta V\) estimates for constellation maintenance. The authors in [134] study the station keeping in constellation as a multi-objective optimization problem with minimum fuel consumption and time constraints. The chosen scheme, in-track and cross-track tolerances, as well as the maintenance schemes set the requirements for the propulsion system of the satellites.
# A Survey on Hardware Accelerators for Large Language Models
## 3 FPGA-Based Accelerators
### Ftrans  
In 2020, [PERSON] et al. [10] presented a hardware acceleration framework named FTRANS, which targets the acceleration of Transformer-based large-scale language representations. The proposed framework incorporates an enhanced block-circulant matrix (BCM)-based weight representation to enable model compression at the algorithmic level for large-scale language representations, significantly reducing the model size (by up to 16 times) with minimal accuracy degradation.  
FTRANS partitions the model into the embedding layer and encoder/decoder stacks, with a focus on off-loading the embedding layer to off-chip memory to optimize computation. Additionally, it includes the development of a design automation and optimization technique for maximum throughput. FTRANS addresses the large size and complex dataflow of Transformer-based models by proposing a two-stage optimization approach. This method effectively schedules computation resources to optimize latency and throughput on FPGA platforms.  
Based on the performance evaluation, FTRANS achieves a 27\(\times\) speedup and an 81\(\times\) improvement in energy efficiency compared to CPUs, and up to an 8.8\(\times\) improvement in energy efficiency compared to GPUs.
# Client-Aware Negotiation for Secure and Efficient Data Transmission
## 5 Conclusions  
Aiming at the problem that the security and efficiency cannot be considered in the process of data transmission, this paper proposes a strategy called Client-Aware Negotiation for Secure and Efficient Data Transmission (CAN-SEAT), so that clients with different security transmission requirements can use the appropriate data security transmission scheme without modifying the client. Considering the diversity of clients in the actual deployment process, two implementation methods were proposed based on renegotiation and redirection, separately. Then, a specific implementation scheme based on Apache + OpenSSL was described. The CAN-SEAT strategy was tested under four typical application scenarios, and the data processing and transmission time were reduced by 89.41% in the optimal case, while the effectiveness of the strategy was verified on multiple platforms. With the continuous update of the SSL/TLS protocol, determining how to smoothly apply the CAN-SEAT strategy to the new protocol needs to be further studied in the implementation mode.  
Conceptualization, Z.W. and H.C.; methodology, Z.W. and H.C.; software, Z.W.; validation, Z.W., H.C., and W.W.; formal analysis, Z.W. and H.C.; investigation, Z.W. and H.C.; writing, original draft preparation, Z.W.; writing, review and editing, Z.W. and H.C.; visualization, Z.W.; supervision, H.C.; project administration, W.W. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (No. 2016 YFB0201800). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Pragmatic Language Impairment: A Scientometric Review
## 1 Introduction
### Purpose of the Present Study  
There has been a great deal of research conducted on PLI without reaching a consensus. In response to the complexity of PLI, several researchers have attempted to review certain aspects of it. As an example, [PERSON] asserted that the difficulty of developing an accurate assessment tool for PLI is due to its heterogeneous nature (i.e., incorporating linguistics, cognitive, social, cultural aspects). Toward the end of her review, she recommended the proliferation of assessment instrumentation [35]. A second review examined the divergence of theories in examining PLI, including: weak central coherence, social inference, and executive dysfunction [36]. Additionally, there are a number of existing instruments that are used to diagnose and assess persons with PLI that are divergent and result in varying outcomes [37]. Due to the fact that PLI is central to (social) communication for individuals of all ages, it is not only limited to children and adolescents with developmental disorders but also to patients suffering from aphasia, namely damage to the right hemisphere [38].  
Researchers disagree on the conceptualisation of PLI, resulting in the use of several concepts, the most popular being [39] social (pragmatic) communication disorder [25; 40; 41], semantic-pragmatic disorder [7; 17; 19], and pragmatic disorders [42]. It is important to note that although a great deal of knowledge has been produced on PLI since the 1980s, recent research has sought consensus scoping and better-quality instruments for diagnosing, assessing, and treating PLI [43].  
Based on the scope and objectives outlined for this scientometric review, the following research questions can be formulated:  
1. Bibliometric Question: How have production size, geographical contribution, source, and citation trends in the field of Pragmatic Language Impairment evolved over time, and which authors, universities, and publishers have emerged as the most influential contributors to this domain's knowledge base?
2. Scientometric Question: In the context of PLI research, how have betweenness centrality, burst detection, co-citation, silhouette, sigma, and clusters evolved, and what does this reveal about the consistency, strength, and relatedness of the nodes within this field? Additionally, how does the co-occurrence of author keywords and citation patterns inform us about the development and primary focus areas of this research domain?
# An Analytical Multiple-Temperature Model for Flash Laser Irradiation on Single-Layer Graphene
## 1 Introduction  
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material, consisting of a hexagonally arranged lattice of carbon atoms. The term \"graphene\" is fully functional for a solitary deposit of graphite. Most of the thermal properties of Graphene are derivatives of graphite, and allow the inscription of the exceedingly anisotropic nature of this material [1]. For applications, graphene transistors and interconnects benefit from the high in-plane thermal conductivity, up to a specific channel length. Nonetheless, because of its weak thermal coupling to the substrate, dissipation through interfaces and contacts produces a bottleneck. Heat flow in graphene or graphene composites could likewise be tunable through a variety of means, including phonon dispersing by substrates, edges, or interfaces. The thermal properties of graphene originate from its 2D nature, shaping a rich area for new disclosures of heat flow physics and conceivably prompting novel thermal management applications [2].  
Electron-Phonon (E-P) coupling is the main phenomenon that intermediates Joule heating, laser-material interactions, and hot electron relaxation. A complete understanding of E-P coupling phenomena is critical to understanding the material properties and improving electronic devices [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Boltzmann transport equation [11; 12; 13] and a combination of molecular dynamics with modal analyses [14; 15] are accurate methods, but they are complicated, which hinders their use by researchers. A simple Multiple-Temperature Model (MTM) has been developed, which is an extension of the Two-Temperature Model (TTM) [7; 16]. For phonons that combine powerfully, a more demanding way is to unswervingly treat the scattering. The cost of the simulation is high; however, MTM can still be used by allowing the phonons to interact with a common thermal reservoir under relaxation timeapproximation. The MTM models in the literature are either in complex forms that hinder the easy implementation or only available in the steady-state form.  
In this study, the MTM for flash laser experiments in the case of a Single Layer of Graphene (SLG) is combined with [PERSON]'s approach to heat equations. Simple expressions for the electron and phonon temperatures during flash laser experiments on single-layer graphene are developed.
## 3 Results
### Determination of Decision Objectives
#### 3.2.4 Post-Disaster Response Capability  
In the event of sudden incidents, it is imperative to mobilize an array of medical resources to diminish and alleviate the consequences of disasters or incidents, illustrating that an augmentation in medical resources bolsters disaster response capabilities. Since the availability of beds reflects the reach of medical resources ([PERSON], 2018), this study measures the post-disaster response capability in terms of beds available per 1000 people at medical institutions.  
\[B_{i}=\frac{BED_{i}}{POP_{i}}*1000,\ i\in(1,2,3\ldots\mathrm{n}) \tag{9}\]  
where \(BED_{i}\) represents the number of beds available at medical institutions within the region \(i\) (in beds); \(POP_{i}\) represents the total population within the region \(i\) (in persons); and \(B_{i}\) represents the post-disaster response capability of the region \(i\) (in number of beds per 1000 people).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Scores  
To assess functional outcomes, three validated scoring systems were employed:  
* **DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand)**: A self-administered 30-item questionnaire designed to measure upper limb disability and symptom severity. Each item assesses difficulty in performing various daily activities, with responses ranging from 1 (no difficulty) to 5 (unable to perform the activity). The final score is scaled from 0 to 100, where 0 represents no disability, and 100 indicates severe impairment. Lower scores reflect better functional ability and less disability;
* **PRWE (Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation)**: A condition-specific tool designed to assess pain and functional impairment in wrist injuries. It consists of 15 items divided into two subscales: pain (5 items) and function (10 items). Each item is scored on a scale from 0 (no pain or difficulty) to 10 (severe pain or difficulty), with a total score ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater pain and functional limitation;
* **Mayo Wrist Score**: A clinician-administered assessment tool used to evaluate overall wrist function. It includes four components: pain intensity, functional status (ability to work and perform daily activities), range of motion (ROM), and grip strength. Each component contributes to a total score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better wrist function and minimal impairment. This score is widely used to provide an objective measure of recovery following wrist fractures and surgical interventions (Table 1).
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Experimental Set-Up
#### 2.1.2 Indoor Soil Bin and Processing Unit  
A soil bin with dimensions of 23.5 m \(\times\) 1.37 m \(\times\) 1.5 m (length \(\times\) width \(\times\) depth) was filled with sandy clay loam soil. The soil was taxonomically grouped under Oxyaquic haplustalf (order Alfisol) and it had an angle of internal friction of 22\({}^{\circ}\) with particle density of 2.65 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) kg m\({}^{-3}\). Mild steel angle iron track (size: 90 \(\times\) 90 \(\times\) 5 mm\({}^{3}\)) was plotted along both sides of the soil bin with the side rails (125 \(\times\) 65 \(\times\) 5 mm\({}^{3}\)) with a 'C' cross section. The width between the two side rails was 1.37 m. Thus, the movement of soil processing and implement trolley was easily accomplished in the soil bin. The soil processing trolley was used to prepare soil test beds at different compaction levels. The soil processing trolley mainly consists of a hydraulic compacting roller, rotary tiller, and a leveler tool. Soil leveler and compacting roller were used for soil leveling and maintaining compactions. The moisture level of soil was maintained with the help of a water sprinkler, and moisture content was noted for each trial. A 3-phase, 1445 rpm, 3.73 kW-capacity induction motor was used to operate the rotary tiller attachment of the soil processing trolley through pulley and V-belt drive (1:3 and 1:1.5 ratio). An independent drive mechanism was provided for forward and backward movement of the soil processing trolley. The entire operating system was controlled by a control panel placed outside the soil bin.
# Review on Active and Passive Remote Sensing Techniques for Road Extraction
## 2 Overview of the Existing Data Acquisition Techniques for Road Extraction  
### High-Resolution Imaging Technology  
In this review, high-resolution images refer to high-spatial-resolution images (resolution of less than 10 m) that were mainly acquired using airborne or spaceborne sensors. The spatial resolution of the images refers to the size of a single pixel. High-resolution images are usually divided into two categories: panchromatic and multispectral images [78].
_Article_  
**Characterization for Disposal of the Residues**  
**Produced by Materials Used as Solid Oxygen Carriers in an Advanced Chemical Looping**  
**Combustion Process**  
**[PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 2,* 2**  
School of Chemical Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, 760032057 Cali, Colombia; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Engineering School of Natural and Environmental Resources (EIDENAR), Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00, 760032057 Cali, Colombia  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +57-2-3212100 (ext. 7018)  
Received: 19 June 2018; Accepted: 13 July 2018; Published: 20 July 2018  
**Featured Application:** (1) The residues of six low-cost materials found in Colombia were characterized with CH\({}_{4}\) and H\({}_{2}\) used as fuels in a chemical looping combustion (CLC) system. (2) The residues of the low-cost materials evaluated would not have a negative impact on the environment when disposed of in a landfill. (3) The residues are not considered toxic waste or dangerous according to current Colombian legislation or European regulations, respectively.  
**Abstract:** Chemical looping combustion (CLC) is a technology that is part of the capture and storage of CO\({}_{2}\) through the combustion with solid oxygen carriers (OCs). It is considered an energy-efficient alternative to other methods, since it is a technology that inherently separates CO\({}_{2}\) and has the advantage of not requiring additional energy for this separation. The key to the performance of CLC systems is the OC material. Low-cost materials, i.e., natural minerals rich in metal oxides (chromite, ilmenite, iron, and manganese oxides) were used in this investigation. These may contain traces of toxic elements, making the carrier residues hazardous. Therefore, the oxidized and reduced-phase residues of six OCs, evaluated in a discontinuous batch fluidized bed reactor (bFB) using methane and hydrogen as the reducing gas, were characterized by several techniques (crushing strength, SEM, XRD, and XRF). The researchers found that, in general terms, the residues present a composition very similar to that reported in the fresh samples, and although they contain traces of Ba, Cu, Cr, Ni or Zn, these compounds do not migrate to the leachate. It was mainly found that, according to the current regulations, none of the residues are classified as toxic, as they do not exceed the permissible limits of metals (100 and 5 mg/L for Ba and Cr, respectively), with 3.5 mg/L the highest value found for Ba. Thus, they would not have a negative impact on the environment when disposed of in a landfill.  
**Keywords:** low-cost oxygen carriers; carrier residues; environmental impact; leaching test