# A Review of the T-Stub Components for the Analysis of Bolted Moment Joints
## 4 Numerical Models
[27] and [PERSON] [19], and the dynamic calibration was performed by comparing the experimental result of the first impact of 120 bar of T-10-D120-160 and the impact of 160 bar of the T-10-D160 test (the test of this investigation). Afterwards, a parametric study was conducted to study the influence of the maximum applied load, the impact duration, and the T-stub flange thickness. The investigation results showed that the dynamic load level value did not significantly affect the force-displacement curve. However, the load application time has a larger effect on the response. Finally, the increment of the T-stub flange result causes the increment in the stiffness of the T-stub, but the decrement of the force-displacement enhancement, more precisely, for T-stubs having failure Mode 3. In 2017, [PERSON] et al. [75] performed a numerical analysis and experimental validation of a type of T-stub steel joint with preloaded bolts. The numerical analysis took into account large strains, non-linear plasticity and contact mechanics. The calibration of the connection was conducted at the Riga Technical University. The parametric study took into account the flange thickness (20, 30, 40 mm) and the preloading of the bolt (0%, 25%, 50% and 70%). The investigators concluded that the level of the bolt preloading and the flange thickness influence the failure modes. By increasing the thickness of flanges up to 40 mm, nearly equal stress distribution in all bolts was obtained. The joint with 70% preloaded bolts has around a 30% higher ultimate load than the joint with 0% preloaded bolts. In 2018, [PERSON] et al. [17] analysed the failure mechanism of thread-fixed one-side bolted T-stubs under tension by a finite element model to provide basic knowledge for its potential application in bolted beam-column endplate connection. The FEM model was calibrated with the experimental results carried out by [PERSON] et al. [16]. After the models were calibrated with the tests T16-14 and T27-140, a parametric study was performed. It took into account the effects of the steel grade, the bolt diameter, and the bolt spacing on the T-stub behaviour. The main conclusions of the investigation were the following:  
* The simulation was in good agreement with test results, which meant that the proposed FEM could be applied to investigate the thread-fixed one-side bolted joints' behaviour. * The proposed equations were in good agreement with the FEM simulation. However, the yield strength calculated from the load-displacement curve was slightly higher than that predicted by the proposed design equations, which means that the proposed design methods predictions are on the safe side. * The parameters that were taken into account in the parametric study (bolt diameter, bolt spacing, and flange yield strength) affected the behaviour of the connection (the yield strength and the failure mode). The FEM model and the design equations proved that an undesirable presence of thread shear failure (Mode 3b) and the Mode 2b did not appear. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [76] were focused on a design approach of T-stub component by using the component-based finite element method (CBFEM), which combines the analytical component method and the finite element method (FEM) (distribution of internal forces). The results of the CBFEM model were verified with the component method. However, when the comparison between both models had not reached a good agreement, the FEM model was used to verify the results. This FEM model is called research oriented model (ROM), which was calibrated with experimental data collected by the authors and data found in the literature. After the validations of the CBFEM models were done, the researchers concluded that this model reproduced with reasonable accuracy the T-stub behaviour with an error of no more than 10%. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [46], as was mentioned above, studied the mechanical behaviour of bolts used to connect T-stubs. For this, six tests were conducted and then one of the test results data was utilised to verify a 3D FEM model.