## 2 Literature Review
### Cases of Saports with Offshore Wind Energy Activities in Europe
The Verbrugge terminal is considered a leader in logistics services, located in the economic center of northwest Europe, on the North Sea coast, at the entrance to the Western Scheldt estuary. Due to its excellent location, this terminal is ideal for providing logistics services for large-scale offshore projects in the North Sea. Another structure that has contributed to the development of offshore wind energy is the ABP (Association of British Ports). This network consists of 21 ports in Great Britain that offer sea, road, and rail access. ABP is considered a fundamental organization for the development of new facilities and for the provision of personalized services to attend various aspects of the development, maintenance, and operation of offshore wind farms. One of the examples of ABP's work is at Green Port Hull, where an investment of more than PS310 million was made between this organization and Siemens Gamesa [56]. The Green Port Hull holds a position of excellence to capitalize on the UK offshore wind industry and these attributes are the reason why Siemens Gamesa chose this seaport as the location for the construction of its blade manufacturing, assembly, and maintenance facilities and world-class offshore wind turbines, which is currently the core activity of this [57]. Other ports in the UK, such as Grimsby, Barrow, Lowestoft, Swansea, Casco, and Southampton, have also grown as the main offshore wind operation and maintenance centers, through support provided by ABP. The Port of Blyth is also located in the United Kingdom and is one of the British ports most involved in activities related to offshore wind energy. Considering its vast experience in the wind sector, the port is well positioned to serve various services in the offshore wind sector, with the development of parks such as Dogger Bank, Seagreen, and Hornsea. In addition to the availability of services related to wind farms, this seaport focuses on the research of renewable offshore energy and has an area for the dismantling of offshore equipment [58]. In Portugal, there are no seaports associated with offshore energy production yet. The port activity plays an important role for the Portuguese economy and for the creation of jobs, since it constitutes support to several activities, functioning as points of interconnection in the logistics and international transport networks. Additionally, these infrastructuresallow the development of exports, as it contributes to facilitating the integration of national industries in international markets [59]. The main function of Portuguese seaports is essentially commercial, and they are classified according to the volume of cargo handled and their capacity. The continental port system can be divided into nine commercial ports, five of which constitute the main port system--Ports of Leixoes, Aveiro, Lisbon, Setubal, and Sines, and the remaining four are part of the secondary port system--Viana do Castelo, Figueira da Foz, Faro, and Portimao. Of these, and with regard to the volume of general cargo handled, the Port of Sines stands out, followed by that of Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, and Aveiro [59].