# Using Blockchain for Data Collection in the Automotive Industry Sector: A Literature Review
## 3 Results
### Privacy  
The role of privacy in collecting, storing, managing, and analyzing data from vehicle sensors is significant. In the European Union's regulatory discussion, privacy issues and regulation are a timely and pressing topic. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and all national laws that recognize, apply, or develop it have had a significant impact on both the provision of technological services and on the general attitude toward personal data [12]. Data, such as driving behavior, direction, trip data, fueling data, breaking and accelerating behavior, location, and so on, contain private information that can be used to identify the driver. Furthermore, because the data acquired from automobiles depend on the driver, data collected from a vehicle raise privacy problems. At the same time, because data collection can benefit various industries, the data acquired from vehicles are unavoidable, regardless of privacy concerns [13]. In the past, the only option to collect data was to rely solely on central authorities, putting individuals at risk, as the proper control of personal data did not belong to them [13]. However, the traditional security and data-protection methods used in smart cars were ineffective [24, 25, 26, 13, 27]. New methods were subsequently proposed; for example, current smart car architectures rely on centralized brokered communication models, in which all vehicles are identified, authenticated, authorized, and connected via central cloud servers. However, as many vehicles are coupled, it is unlikely that this model will be scaled. In addition, cloud servers will remain a bottleneck and a single point of failure that can cause the entire network to go down [4]. Most of the current secure communication architectures either ignore the privacy of users, for example, sending all car data without the owner's permission, or reveal noisy or summarized data to the requester [4]. Therefore, in some smart-car applications, the requester needs accurate vehicle data to provide individualized services [4]. Blockchain technology, with its attractive features, allows for the transparent management of personal data and allows for end-users and service providers to fully control the data obtained. This will attract more users to participate in data collection [4]. In addition, the usage of a blockchain and distributed ledgers transforms the way registry maintenance is performed by providing several benefits, including complete distribution and replication, fairness, reliability, openness, and responsibility-sharing [12]. Furthermore, blockchain is critical for tackling the privacy and security challenges on Internet-of-Vehicles networks (IoV) [10]. All the proposed data-collection solutions from the reviewed articles used hashing solutions for keeping the privacy and anonymity of data in the blockchain [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20], where the integrity and security of data stored on blockchain are dependent on cryptographic hashing. In Reference [10], security is ensured through encryption, whereas integrity is achieved by ensuring that signatures are updated when data are modified. Therefore, using asymmetric-key pairs to sign information made it not reputable and only available to stakeholders and authorities with a legitimate interest; for example, when authorized by judges, authorities may disclose it within the legal limits to share responsibilities, ensure and verify the inalterability of information, and reduce risks and protection costs without disclosing information [12]. Furthermore, anonymity and unlinkability can be accomplished by constantly changing pseudonyms (i.e., public keys) in different transactions to mask the genuine identities of drivers [14]. However, very few articles consider the GDPR Act.