## 1 Introduction  
Flooding represents a pervasive and economically detrimental hazard, impacting global communities with increasing frequency and severity. As one of the most widespread natural disasters, floods affect nearly every aspect of societal function, from physical infrastructure to socio-economic stability. In the United States alone, 98% of counties have been subjected to floods, leading to infrastructural and functional losses with associated costs frequently escalating into billions of dollars annually [1]. Beyond the immediate physical destruction, flooding disrupts the operational continuity of critical systems, including transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and power grids, compounding recovery challenges. Additionally, communities suffer long-term economic turmoil, disrupting the lives of residents, displacing populations, and hindering the operations of businesses [1]. Exacerbating these challenges, the escalation of climate change-related impacts is predicted to augment flood occurrences significantly. This is especially evident in regions such as North-Western Europe and the British Isles, where projections suggest up to a 50% increase in decadal high flow events by the end of the 21 st century [2; 3]. Similarly, in many parts of the world, rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns are expected to contribute to more frequent and severe flooding events, threatening the resilience of coastal and inland communities alike. Urbanization and land-use changes further amplify flood risks by altering natural hydrological systems. The conversion of permeable surfaces into impermeable ones, coupled with inadequate drainage infrastructure, increases surface runoff and exacerbates flooding intensity in urban areas. As cities expand, the exposure of critical infrastructure and densely populated regions to flood hazards magnifies the potential for catastrophic losses, underscoring the need for adaptive flood management strategies [4]. Advanced modeling approaches, such as the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model used by [5] to simulate large floating bodies in urban flash-floods, illustrate the potential for detailed flood dynamics analysis to inform resilience strategies. Table 1 summarizes key measures and policies proven effective in mitigating flood impacts, providing a practical reference for resilience enhancement. This impending escalation highlights the critical need for comprehensive flood risk assessments that account for not only physical damage but also the cascading impacts on interconnected socio-economic and infrastructural systems. Innovative methodologies for quantifying these risks and developing robust mitigation strategies are essential to reduce vulnerabilities, enhance adaptive capacities, and ensure the long-term sustainability of flood-prone communities [4]. Increasing attention has been directed toward the quantification of community-level resilience, a multifaceted endeavor encompassing hazard analysis, the responsiveness of the built environment, the loss of functionality, and the financial implications of these events. This focus aims to anticipate potential damages and evaluate their impact on overall community resilience, enabling a more nuanced understanding of socio-economic fortitude in the face of such calamities [10; 11]. By systematically assessing these factors, researchers and practitioners can better identify vulnerabilities and implement targeted strategies to mitigate risks and enhance recovery efforts. Alternative approaches, such as machine learning for predictive damage modeling or agent-based modeling to simulate community responses, also offer promising avenues, though they often require extensive data or computational resources compared to our fragility-based method. At the community level, resilience is defined as the capacity to minimize damages and recover swiftly, resuming everyday life soon after a hazard strikes. Achieving this requires comprehensive preparedness measures, robust infrastructure, and adaptive socio-economic systems [12].