# Testing of Permeability of RFID Access Control System for the Needs of Security Management
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The use of access control systems has its peculiarities. Technical standards do not define the throughput of the system. The throughput of an access control system is the number of contactless cards, RFID chips, or tags that an access control reader can read per unit of time. Neither the literature nor the standards define these parameters. Testing of the access control systems has been conducted primarily at Sandia Labs in New Mexico [33]. In 2005, under the leadership of prof. [PERSON], the team of the Department of Security Management began to carry out research and tests in the field of alarm systems, including access control systems [28]. [PERSON] proposed the idea of a device capable of testing RFID card and chip readers. The facility was designed in 2020 in collaboration with [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Subsequently, pilot tests were carried out in 2021 [30]. The device is protected by utility model number 9601 registered in the register of the Industrial Property Office on 13.9.2022 [34]. Subsequently, the device for testing RFID contactless cards, RFID chips, or RFID tags was extended with a distance meter and a place for mounting the reader. The device itself can be placed directly on the already installed reader and thus test its throughput in practice [35]. It is a parameter that determines how many contactless cards, RFID chips or tags the system can read. This parameter is important for designing access control systems. Based on the throughput information of the system, the designer can design the access control system in such a way that no unnecessary delays occur in front of the readers and passes [36; 37]. System throughput is closely related to the reliability and fail-safety of the access control system. The reliability of an access control system can be defined as the percentage of correctly read contactless cards of RFID chips or tags to all access reader approaches. The probability of correct functioning of a security system, which is also an access control system, is the product of the probabilities of overcoming mechanical barriers, the cumulative probability of intruder detection (in case of a breach of tamper protection), the probability of a fault-free state of the alarm transmission system, and the probability of timely and adequate intervention of physical protection [33]:  
\[\mathrm{P_{SYST}}=\mathrm{P_{MB}}\times\mathrm{P_{KDET}}\times\mathrm{P_{ATS }}\times\mathrm{P_{GA}}, \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(\mathrm{P_{SYST}}\)--the probability of the correct functioning of the security system;  
\(\mathrm{P_{MB}}\)--probability of overcoming mechanical barriers;  
\(\mathrm{P_{KDET}}\)--cumulative probability of detection, processing, and evaluation of a violation of sabotage protection;P\({}_{\text{ATS}}\)--the probability of a fault-free state of the alarm transmission system (includes the probability of correct functioning of the communicators, a functional alarm transmission path);  
P\({}_{\text{GA}}\)--the probability of timely and adequate intervention of physical protection, which is based on a timely and correct evaluation of the alarm condition and the probability of arrival (road clearance). In practice, reliability is given as the number of failures per unit time during the period of interest. The reliability over time is called the failure rate or failure intensity and is denoted by \(\lambda\). The instantaneous value of the failure rate can be calculated as the ratio of the value of the directive tangent to the curve \(F_{(t)}\) (probability of failure) and the corresponding value of \(R_{(t)}\) (probability of failure-free operation) at a given time instant \(t_{0}\)[35].