## 5 Archaeogeological Discussion
### Provenance Sites  
According to the review of the homogeneity of the same type of rocks excavated from the three studied remains sites, regardless of the excavation site whereas gneiss, schist, quartzite, and amphibite appeared to have origins that differ by excavation. We categorized the studied rock samples into seven categories based on their detailed petrology: (1) Seokchon-dong gneiss; (2) Bangi-dong gneiss; and schist; (3) Seokchon-dong quartzite; (4) Gamil-dong quartzite; (5) Seokchon-dong amphibite; (6) Gamil-dong amphibite and schist; and (7) Gamil-dong diabase.  
We interpreted the source of the stone materials at excavation sites by comparing rocks representing these seven categories to rocks from the respective presumed-provenance sites. The results of comparing the excavated Bangi-dong gneiss (and the related schist) to rocks collected from four points in the vicinity (near Seokchon-dong and Bangi-dong sites, and from the Daemosan, and Namahansan Mountains) showed that all of the gneiss has the same mineralogical composition, except for that from Seokchon-dong, which has macrocrystalline garnet (Figure 6). Additionally, according to the homogeneity review across the remains, only the Seokchon-dong gneiss showed negative abnormal behavior of Eu, whereas the four gneiss from the presumed-provenance site and gneiss and schist from Bangi-dong exhibited similar behavioral trends (Figure 7).  
However, we found that although the gneiss collected near the Bangi-dong remains and Daemo Mountain is plotted in the Archaeozoic TTG area (as does the Bangi-dong gneiss), the gneiss from Namhan Mountain is plotted as outside the area (Figure 8a). Therefore, given that the Seokchon-dong gneiss exhibited low homogeneity with the studied rocks from the presumed-provenance site, the Bangi-dong gneiss (and schist) was likely acquired close by the excavated remains or from Daemo Mountain, which is \(\sim\)4 km to the southwest.  
The presumed-provenance site for quartzite is near the Gamil-dong remains and the Mongchon Fortress. The quartzite collected near the Gamil-dong remains showed the similar elemental behavior to the two quartzites excavated from the remains (Figure 7). However, according to our petrographic analysis, quartzite from Seokchon-dong is different although identical to the quartzite from the Gamil-dong. Therefore, it is confirmed that the quartzite excavated from the Gamil-dong tomb was supplied from nearby area, but the place where the quartzite excavated from Seokchon-dong was obtained is indistinctness.  
For the amphibe used in constructing the remains, there are presumed-provenance sites near Cheonma and the Namhan Mountains. According to the above-mentioned petrographic and geochemical analysis, the amphibite from Cheonma Mountain is texturally similar to that of Gamil-dong, and amphibite from Namhan Mountain resembles  
Figure 8: Geochemical plots of gneiss, schist, and amphibolite samples. Graphs **(a)**[20,29,30] and **(b)** are after [PERSON] et al. (2004) and **(c)** shows the relation of Sr(ppm) and Ba(ppm). Sample names are as in Table 1.  
that of Seokchon-dong (Figures 6 and 7). The correlation diagrams also show that the amphibolite and schist are categorized as Archaeozoic TTG, whereas the amphibolite from Namhan Mountain and Seokchon-dong are categorized as the continental flood basalts. Additionally, the schist collected near the Gamil-dong remains showed the same geochemical characteristics as the amphibolite from Namhan Mountain and Seokchon-dong (Figure 8).  
However, as the schist near the Gamil-dong was found to have a higher proportion of plagioclase and higher granularity, we considered the homogeneity to be low. Therefore, we assumed that the Seokchon-dong amphibolite was sourced from Namhan Mountain and Gamil-dong amphibolite (and schist) from near Cheonma Mountain. Since the Gamil-dong diabase exhibited a slightly different microstructure and REE behavior but a similar trend in compatible and incompatible elements, we considered that it was sourced from Cheonma Mountain.