esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Laser-Based Method for the Detection of Honey Adulteration
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] et al. [39] used LIBS and some machine learning methods to distinguish various honeys based on their geographical origins. They looked at two distinct honey types (acacia honey and multiforal honey), each of which had three distinct geographical origins. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [40] used LIBS for the classification of honeys based on their floral origin, by analyzing the LIBS spectra after having performed optimization of the experimental conditions employing both unsupervised and supervised machine learning approaches, and they determined the importance of the different spectral features. In this work, the effect of the addition of glucose syrup in honey LIBS spectra is studied. More specifically, the spectral features stemming from different inorganic elements found in honey, e.g., calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K), are identified and studied and are subsequently used for the detection of the addition of syrup. In that view, it is shown that the intensities of the spectral lines of these inorganic elements are exhibiting a decreasing trend of their intensities with increasing of the added syrup content, implying their potential in indicating the adulteration of honey. Moreover, by adopting the methodology previously reported by [PERSON] et al. [41], linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is used for dimensionality reduction and classification of the LIBS spectra. The use of Random Forests permitted us to keep only a few spectral features, basically those belonging to the inorganic elements of honey, that contribute importantly, and we assessed their use for the detection of adulteration.
## 4 The Use of Mycobacteriophages in Diagnostics and Therapy
However, phage research continued in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, where therapeutic use was further explored. For example, in the mid-20 th century, an institute in Georgia tested phage susceptibility in bacteria such as _Staphylococcus_, _Clostridium_, _Streptococcus_, _Proteus_, and _Pseudomonas_[83; 84]. In Poland, the Phage Therapy Center was established in 2005 at the Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy in Wroclaw. This was one of the first ethically approved phage therapy centers in Europe [85]. The center houses a large phage collection--more than 300 well-characterized strains--effective against at least 14 pathogenic bacterial species, including multidrug-resistant variants. The extensive phage bank enables personalized phage therapy, allowing the targeted treatment of infections involving _Staphylococcus_, _Klebsiella_, _E. coli_, _Pseudomonas_, and _Salmonella_[86]. The center's work reinforces the value of phage therapy as a potential alternative or complement to antibiotics, especially in light of the growing global threat of antimicrobial resistance. In the case of _M. tuberculosis_, the slow-growing nature of the pathogen, its thick and lipid-rich cell wall, and the ability to persist in latent forms within macrophages create additional barriers to effective antibiotic penetration and action. Infections caused by _M. tuberculosis_ and NTMs represent some of the most severe and difficult-to-control diseases globally. TB affects over 10 million people annually, leading to approximately 1.6 million deaths worldwide [1]. In parallel, NTMs--including species such as _M. avium_, _M. abscess_, _M. ulcerans_, _M. xenopi_, and _M. chimera_--also pose a significant burden on public health systems [87]. The emergence of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains--including MDR and XDR variants--has complicated treatment outcomes. These strains often resist not only first-line drugs (e.g., isoniazid and rifampicin) but also second-line options. The prevalence of MDR _M. tuberculosis_ is steadily increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where treatment regimens are often interrupted or delayed [88; 89]. In this context, the need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnostics is urgent. Traditional culture-based diagnostic techniques, such as solid media culturing and Ziehl-Neelsen staining, remain the gold standard but are time-consuming (8 to 16 weeks) and often lack sensitivity [90; 91; 92]. Although molecular tools like GeneXpert offer high diagnostic performance, their high cost limits accessibility in resource-poor settings [93]. Immunodiagnostic tests are further complicated by mycobacterial immune evasion mechanisms, which can lead to false-negative or inconclusive results [94].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Measurement Results
#### 3.2.4 On Body Link Budget Calculation
Therefore, the path losses in numerous situations of free space, on-chest, and on-arm, both in LOS and NLOS in indoor and outdoor environments, were not more than 84 dB within the maximum range of 40 m. To comply with the SAR regulations [68], the input power was adjusted to a maximum of 100 dBm (0.5 W) (SAR values are discussed in the next section). Figure 26: Measured received signal strength indicator (RSSI in dB) in free-space scenarios (Distance: 2 m to 40 m). When the receiver demonstrated a received power of \(-75\) dBm [69], then the maximum loss of 99.4 dB is acceptable. Thus, the proposed design offers good performance and can be used for LOS and NLOS situations in indoor and outdoor environments.
# AWMC: Abnormal-Weather Monitoring and Curation Service Based on Dynamic Graph Embedding
## 5 Evaluation  
Since AWMC is an abnormal-weather detection system, the evaluation of our system is an evaluation of our anomaly detection method. In our method, we detected anomaly points in the embedding space by the LOF algorithm. In our evaluation, we selected some anomaly points in the embedding space as our labels. These points were the top 10% of points with the greatest distance to the mean point, which is defined as the average of all data points in the embedding space. The mean point is denoted with \(c=\frac{1}{T}\sum\limits_{t=1}^{T}g_{t}\), where \(T\) is the total number of data points. Therefore, we compared the Euclidean distance [37]  
Figure 3: Example of the user interface.  
from each data point to the mean point in the embedding space and found the anomaly points, which were then labeled. Then, we evaluated our anomaly detection method using precision, recall, and F1 score. Precision is calculated as follows.  
\[Precision=\frac{TP}{TP+FP} \tag{11}\]  
where \(TP\) is the number of points that were detected to be abnormal and in fact were normal, \(FP\) is the number of points that were detected to be abnormal, but in fact were normal. Recall is calculated as follows.  
\[Recall=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{12}\]  
where \(TP\) is the number of points that were detected to be abnormal and in fact were normal, and \(FN\) is the number of points that were detected to be normal, but in fact were abnormal. The F1-score is calculated as follows.  
\[F1-score=2\times\frac{Precision\times Recall}{Precision+Recall} \tag{13}\]  
We selected five cities for evaluation: Seoul, Incheon, Busan, Daejeon, and Daegu. The evaluation results are shown in Table 2.  
Table 1 shows that Incheon's precision was 0.918, recall was 0.938, and F1 score was 0.928. Three metrics were all higher than those of the four other cities because our model detects anomalies by finding relationships between different time series. If there is a large change in the relationship between the different time series, it represents an anomaly. Incheon had a larger change in the relationship between weather time series data than other cities did. So, the abnormal patterns of Incheon data points in the embedding space were more obvious than other cities' data points. Therefore, when using the LOF anomaly detection method in the embedding space of Incheon data, it could be easier to detect abnormal data points and obtain a higher F1 score than for other cities.
# Feasibility Analysis of Adopting the Hydrogen Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing
## 6 Conclusions  
To explore the feasibility of using HHTBs in hydrogen liquefaction applications, the performance of HHTBs was simulated and compared with that of bearings using air, helium and methane as lubricants. The impacts of gas-supplied pressure, orifice diameter, orifice quantity, circumferential groove and film clearance on bearing performances were considered. Dynamic characteristics of HHTBs under harmonic disturbance were studied using the dynamic grid method. Conclusions obtained from calculations and the analysis of results are especially useful as a design guide for HHTBs, as follows:  
* Bearing performance is strongly influenced by gaseous physical properties. The four gas-lubricated bearings have load capacities in the following order: helium, hydrogen, air and methane. The peak values of stiffness of bearings, in descending order, are those of methane, air, helium and hydrogen. Hydrogen has the highest turbulent kinetic energy. In a word, HHTBs can provide considerable load capacity in this application.
* Effective methods for enhancing the bearing load capacity of HHTBs include elevating the gas-supplied pressure under constant pressure around the bearing, appropriately expanding the orifice diameter, augmenting the number of gas supply orifices, reducing gas film clearance and setting circumferential grooves.
* When the amplitude of harmonic disturbance increases, the bearing's dynamic stiffness decreases, resulting in better dynamic stability; however, the minimum bearing capacity may be lower. The harmonic disturbance frequency has a small effect on the dynamic stiffness, within a certain range. For the same disturbance, a smaller value of gas film balance increases the equivalent damping and dynamic stiffness of the HHTB.  
In summary, HHTBs are not inferior to commonly used air bearings in terms of load capacity, and have good stiffness at higher clearances; therefore, they can be used on hydrogen turbo-machinery.  
Conceptualization, M.Q. and T.L.; methodology, M.Q.; software, M.Q.; validation, M.L. and S.Y.; formal analysis, Q.Z.; resources, S.Y.; data curation, M.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, M.Q.; writing--review and editing, Y.H. and T.L.; supervision, Y.H. and T.L.; project administration, Y.H. and T.L.; funding acquisition, T.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This project was funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022 YFB3402700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51976150) and the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities.  
This study did not involve humans or animals.  
This study did not report any data.  
The authors give their thanks for the support of the National Key R&D Program of China (2022 YFB3402700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51976150) and the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Dose Calculation Algorithms for External Radiation Therapy: An Overview for Practitioners
## 2 Dose Calculation Algorithm for Photon Beams
### Pencil Beam Kernel  
In TPS, further simplification has been introduced by the \"pencil beam (PB) kernel\", which can be obtained by integrating the DSK along the direction of propagation of the incoming narrow beam. The resulting PB kernel is subsequently convolved with the cross-sectional 2D primary fluence. The PB kernel can be either obtained again through MC simulations [9; 18] or through ordinary beam measurements [19; 20]. This approach is less accurate than DSK, but provides a much higher calculation speed. However, the PB algorithm suffers from inaccuracies when tissue heterogeneities are present.  
Other approximations have been introduced to downsize the multidimensional scatter integral and to speed up the algorithm: under certain condition of symmetry, the DSK function can be pre-integrated to form not only a PB kernel but also a slab kernel or a broad beam [21]. The kernel format is linked to the dimension of the scattering integral: the greater the first, the smaller the last. Another procedure to reduce dose integral complexity is the introduction of a polyenergetic kernel, in order to avoid energy dependence. Polyenergetic kernels can be calculated like a weighted sum of all the spectral components of energy fluence.  
To improve the accuracy of the dose estimation, while keeping the computational burden within acceptable levels, different formulations of the PB kernel have been proposed. In particular, the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) is a pencil beam algorithm designed in cylindrical coordinates by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in 2005 [22] and subsequently improved by [PERSON] et al. in 2008 [23]. It implements a better reconstruction of the lateral energy spread pattern related to inhomogeneity in the transversal plane: the pencil beams, derived from MC simulations, are separated into lateral and depth-directed components. The lateral component is modelled by exponential functions, which permits the accurate modelling of lateral scatter in heterogeneous tissues.
## 4 Security Threats and Attack Methods in Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Management
### Data Integrity and Manipulation Threats  
While data integrity aims to preserve the accuracy and reliability of information, inadequate data validation, a lack of encryption, and reliance on untrusted third-party components pose significant risks. Outdated systems become vulnerable to attacks, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting (XSS), while unencrypted data traffic and improperly configured network settings pave the way for unauthorized access. These vulnerabilities can result in data manipulation within supply chains, severely compromising the overall system security [48]. In this sense, major threats to data integrity can be categorized into three groups: incorrect data entry, malicious data injection, and Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks. Firstly, incorrect data entry leads to permanent errors due to blockchain's immutable nature. Secondly, malicious data injection deliberately introduces misleading information, undermining data integrity. Lastly, MitM attacks exploit communication vulnerabilities, facilitating data manipulation. These threats are explored in more detail below:  
* _Incorrect data entry:_ Due to blockchain's immutability, incorrect or incomplete data entries represent a critical security risk. Once erroneous information is recorded, it becomes permanent and cannot be corrected [54]. This can lead to poor decision-making and operational disruptions within supply chains. Because manual data entry inherently carries risks of user errors or intentional manipulation, effective data validation mechanisms must be rigorously implemented.
* _Malicious data injection:_ This threat involves unauthorized actors deliberately inserting inaccurate or manipulated data into the system. Such attacks can lead to false product movement records and the creation of fraudulent entries within the supply chain. Particularly, unverified data from external sources, such as IoT devices, can lead to the system operating on deceptive information. To mitigate this risk, it is essential to apply data source verification methods and secure data-entry procedures utilizing smart contracts [55; 56].
* _MitM attacks:_ These attacks threaten data integrity by intercepting and altering the data transmitted between systems. Systems utilizing unencrypted or weak communication protocols become particularly vulnerable. For example, when delivery information is modified during transit, products may be misdirected, or fraudulent receivers may intervene. To prevent such risks, end-to-end encryption, secure communication protocols, such as TLS and SSL, and robust authentication mechanisms must be enforced. A TLS-based authentication mechanism has been proposed for Industry 4.0 supply chains to mitigate MitM attacks, significantly enhancing security while reducing the communication overhead by 50%. Test results confirmed the proposed method's resilience against MitM attacks [22].
# Optimal Design of Switchable Wearable Antenna Array for Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Models and Methods
### Direct Problem Formulation
The radiation pattern of this array with phasing vector \(\alpha\) = \([0^{\circ},\,\pi,\,\pi,\,0^{\circ}]\) has the radiation pattern presented in Figure 7. Here, the greatest value of gain is directed towards signal and the gain minimum towards interferences. This illustrates the ability of our wearable antenna array to increase the signal to interference ratio. Figure 4: The radiation pattern of a single wearable antenna obtained with the simplified model given in Equation (1) compared to the results of simulations with the FDTD method and cylindrical model of the body. The results presented in Figures 6 and 7 show that both simplified model and FDTD simulations with the cylindrical model result in the same angular positions of gain minima and maxima. This suggests the possibility of using the analytical model (Equations (1) and (2)) in the optimization process.
## 1 Introduction
### Contributions  
After addressing the deficiencies observed in earlier research, this paper introduces an innovative, online, real-time framework designed to enable the coordinated control of power system stabilizers (PSSs) and unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) to protect against cyber-physical attacks. This comprehensive framework incorporates economic, technical, and network reliability goals, setting itself apart from prior studies in the following ways:  
1. Real-time coordination framework: This paper introduces a real-time online framework that optimally coordinates a power system stabilizer (PSS), power oscillation damper (POD), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). The framework aims to reduce generation and operation costs while preventing system instability. This coordination is achieved through the utilization of a multi-objective Harris hawks optimization (MHHO) algorithm, which focuses on mitigating low-frequency oscillations and ensuring the economical operation of the power system.
2. Enhanced resilience:The proposed framework enhances the power system's resilience against transient disturbances caused by cyber-physical attacks. This is achieved by adjusting power flow in transmission lines and changing the generation points of the generators.
3. Comprehensive optimization:The framework takes into account technical performance indicators of power systems, such as voltage fluctuations and power losses, in addition to economic objectives. This holistic approach ensures the optimal dynamic coordination of the UPFC and PSS.  
In summary, this paper not only proposes a real-time coordination framework for PSSs and UPFCs but also enhances the system's resilience against cyber-physical attacks. It considers both technical and economic aspects to achieve optimal system operation.
# An Introduction to Nonlinear Integrated Photonics: Structures and Devices
## 4 Nonlinear Photonics Devices
### All-Optical Processing
#### 4.2.2 Frequency Conversion
The corresponding monolithic InP-integrated chip is sketched in Figure 12: in its 2.0 \(\times\) 4.6 mm\({}^{2}\) footprint, it includes a 2.0 mm long SOA1, used for nonlinear XPM and XGM effects, a tunable delay interferometer (DI), two short SOAs, and an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG). The DI, in turn, consists of two multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers and a 400 \(\upmu\)m long SOA (SOA3) that compensates the loss introduced by the 500 \(\upmu\)m long phase shifter (PS). An image of the chip obtained by a metallographic microscope is shown in Figure 13. The device was operating the conversion process at 40 Gb/s and with an average power penalty at BER (bit error rate) of 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) of the four channels less than 0.5 dB. The authors claimed that this chip has the potential to be used for other parallel all-optical signal processing, such as multichannel wavelength conversion, parallel signal regeneration, and so on [177].
# Current Trends in Fluid Viscous Dampers with Semi-Active and Adaptive Behavior
## 4 Adaptive Fluid Viscous Damper
When the damper is at rest, the ring is aligned with the narrowest part of the cone; as soon as the piston starts moving, the drag force of the fluid compresses and stretches the springs, and the ring changes its position, reducing the passing area. Since the springs have a minimum length of 6 mm, the passage of the fluid is always guaranteed. The damping force of the AVD becomes bigger as the passing area gets smaller, and the damping coefficient \(C_{D}\) ranges between an original value \(C_{D,0}\), when the piston head is in the rest position, up to 8.05 \(C_{D,0}\), at the maximum elongation of the springs. The performance of the AVD was numerically compared with that of a passive FVD with a constant damping coefficient equal to \(C_{D,0}\) installed in a two-story building, demonstrating a more than 50% reduction in displacement, 60% reduction in acceleration, and 40% reduction in base shear; moreover, the AVD was capable of dissipating more than 90% of the seismic energy than the passive FVD [166]. Figure 26: The 2–4 passive D3 FVD [175]. Figure 25: First-quadrant passive D3 FVDs [175]. [PERSON] et al. [43] performed an experimental campaign on several prototypes of the VCVFDs characterized by different fluids and different dimensions of the internal gap. Moreover, they directly compared the performance of passive FVDs characterized by the same geometry as the VCVFDs. The results showed that the VCVFDs could develop larger damping forces than the passive FVDs (from 3.5 up to 6 times greater) and could dissipate more energy (around 2.9 times more). This is particularly evident by looking at Figure 29, where a direct comparison between the force-displacement loops of the VCVFD (dotted blue curve) and the passive FVD (black line) is reported. [PERSON] et al. [43] studied the VCVFDs on a two-story full-scale frame. All the VCVFD prototypes were tested on the same steel frame that always remained in the elastic field, showing the great properties of the tested device. Indeed, the devices were able to protect the steel frame from experiencing plastic deformation. Both the AVD and the VCVFD are still at the prototype stage and have not been employed in real structures yet. Indeed, according to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [166], the AVD requires additional experimental research to demonstrate the reliability and robustness of its constitutive behavior because of its peculiar piston head configuration. Based on [43], the VCVFD needs a deeper study aimed at optimizing its structural parameters and numerical analyses performed on real structures.