## 4 Personal Climatization Systems
### Conditioned Seats  
According to [PERSON] [64], local cooling of the back and pelvis has a higher thermal influence on the whole-body than local warming of the back and pelvis. Investigated studies from the current literature that deal with conditioned seats are summarized in Table A3. It is obvious that conditioned seats generally improve thermal sensation and comfort. The use of heated and ventilated seats in vehicles confirms the importance of conditioned seats as personal climate actuators [102; 103]. While the heated seat increases the temperature of the seat surface to a temperature level above the ambient temperature, the ventilated seat accelerates the adaptation of the seat surface to the ambient temperature level. Both actuators, however, support the faster adaptation of the conditioned seat to the ambient climate than it is possible with conventional seats [102]. Movement of the occupant in front of the workplace does not affect the thermal influence of the seat as long as the occupant is sitting on the seat [86].  
According to [PERSON] et al. [104], seats with water cooled backtests (30 \({}^{\circ}\)C) do not significantly affect thermal comfort at ambient temperatures of 32.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C. In contrast, ventilated seats, with ventilators attached to the side corners of the seat, significantly improve thermal sensation [105]. Hereby, the preferred air velocity depends on the ambient temperature and equals 0.48 m s\({}^{-1}\) at 22 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 24 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1.87 m s\({}^{-1}\) at 26 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Table A3-26). A seat with built-in fans in the area of the upper leg and backrest (Table A3-28) enables thermal acceptance above 85 % and ambient temperature of 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C but cannot provide sufficient thermal comfort at 32 \({}^{\circ}\)C [106]. A ventilated seat with fans installed in the armrests (Table A3-30) enables thermal comfort of Japanese men and women at ambient temperatures between 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 33.4 \({}^{\circ}\)C [107]. According to [PERSON] et al. [108], a higher number of women than men accepted ambient temperatures between 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, when using seats with fans that are mounted in armrests of the seat (Table A3-27). However, the thermal acceptance of men rises after physical strain in warm environments concurrently to the increase in sweat production [108].  
Heated chairs are able to compensate ambient temperatures down to a minimum temperature of 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is expressed in comfort votes as \"little uncomfortable\" (\(-1\) on a scale range [\(-3\):\(0\)]) with the highest local dissatisfaction sensed at the hands and feet [109] (Table A3-32). Tests with a heated seat reveal that under cold climatic conditions most occupants prefer the sensation of warmth [78]. In the study of [PERSON] et al. [78], the occupants manually controlled the corresponding seat surface temperature between values of 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 39 \({}^{\circ}\)C. According to [PERSON] et al. [92], the heating power of a heated backrest equals an increase in ambient temperature of 5.2 K assuming a basic ambient start temperature of 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The heated seat applied by [PERSON] et al. [95] improves thermal sensation by one scale point per 20 W heating load and has a high thermal effect related to its energy consumption. A water-conditioned seat in a vehicle environment [110] will ensure a high thermal satisfaction at ambient temperatures between 15.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 28 \({}^{\circ}\)C if the heated and cooled seat is automatically controlled depending on the ambient temperature (Table A3-31). As stated by [PERSON] et al. [111], a seat with integrated heating pads (energy consumption 27 W) and fans (energy consumption 45 W), designed for application in the cooling and heating period provides thermal comfort between 16 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C.