# Anti-Adhesion Superhydrophobic High-Frequency Electrotome
## 3 Results and Discussion
peak proves the presence and bonding of CH\({}_{3}\) (CH\({}_{2}\))\({}_{16}\)COO- on the surface of the HFE [37]. The chemical composition information provided by the XPS spectra was then analyzed. As shown in Figure 5b, we found that the main elemental compositions of the ordinary HFE and the SH-HFEs remained the same, i.e., they mainly contained elements such as C, O, Fe, and Si, but the relative contents of the elements were quite different. The content of Fe was significantly reduced after modification with stearic acid, where the reduction in Fe content indicated that stearic acid had successfully modified and covered the surface of the HFE. Further observation of the differences before and after, as shown in Table 1, revealed that C and O showed significant changes, with the content of C significantly increasing from 42.2% to 86.6%, while the content of O significantly decreasing from 41.2% to 11.3%. In order to deeply investigate the effect of the chemical composition of the HFE surface on wettability, we fitted the high-resolution C1s peaks on the ordinary HFE and SH-HFE surfaces. The C1s at 284.8 eV was used as the reference peak, and the full-spectrum charge was corrected. XPS Peak v4.1 software was used to fit the C1s peak. The spectral line shape was set to 20% Lorentzian/Gaussian, and the FWHM of each peak was fixed at 1-2.5; the results are shown in Figure 5c and 5d. The peaks at 284.8 eV, 286 \(\pm\) 0.2 eV, and 288.4 \(\pm\) 0.3 eV in the high-resolution peaks of the C1s correspond to the C-C/C-H/C-Si moiety, the C-O moiety, and the C=O moiety, respectively. The atomic percentage of each sample was determined using the integrated peak area of each component. The relative content of groups on the surface of the HFE before and after treatment is shown in Table 2. The relative content of oxygen-containing groups, such as C-O and C=O, on the surface of the SH-HFE was reduced, from 13.2% and 6.8% to 4.9% and 4.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the relative content of nonpolar groups such as C-C/C-H/C-Si increased from 80.0% to 91.0%. The relative decrease of oxygen-containing groups and the relative increase in nonpolar groups such as C-C/C-H/C-Si further confirm that stearic acid effectively reduces the surface energy by adsorbing its hydrophobic long-chain alkane structure onto the surface of the HFE [38; 39; 40]. The adsorption of stearic acid on the metal surface should be due to the fact that the oxide layer formed by the laser treatment is rich in reactive groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), which can react with the carboxyl group of stearic acid to form a chemical bond, so that its long-chain alkyl group is chemisorbed on the metal surface. Under the dual effect of the microstructure of the laser etching technique and the low surface energy modification provided by stearic acid, the surface of the HFE exhibits superhydrophobic properties. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Elements** & **Ordinary HFE** & **SH-HFE** \\ \hline C & 42.2\% & 86.6\% \\ O & 42.1\% & 11.3\% \\ Fe & 13.3\% & 1.1\% \\ Si & 3.3\% & 1.0\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Relative content of elements. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Functional Groups** & **Ordinary HFE** & **SH-HFE** \\ \hline C–C/C–H/C–Si & 80.0\% & 91.0\% \\ C–O & 13.2\% & 4.9\% \\ C=O & 6.8\% & 4.1\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Relative contents of functional groups. Figure 4: (a) Microscopic morphology of SH-HFEs. (b) Zygo images of SH-HFEs. Figure 5: (a) FTIR spectroscopy of ordinary and SH HEFs. (b) XPS spectroscopy of ordinary and SH HEFs. High-resolution C1s fitted peaks of (c) ordinary HFE and (d) SH-HFE surfaces. In electrosurgical operations, superior electrical conductivity is essential to achieve precise cutting and effective hemostasis. SH-HFE significantly reduces the resistance value to approximately 1.98 \(\Omega\) (as shown in Figure 6b), which is only one-third of the resistance value of the ordinary HFE.