# Mechanism and Characterization of
## 1 Introduction  
Natural rubber latex plays an important role in the global economy, with more than 13 million tons of natural rubber latex produced globally each year to meet the needs of a wide range of industries, particularly the transportation, medical, and manufacturing sectors. Natural rubber latex (NR) is widely used in tires, industrial products, and essential daily products due to its excellent comprehensive properties [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. However, the inherent properties of pure NR are limited, restricting its broader application. Fillers, as an importantcomponent of rubber composites, play a critical role in enhancing the performance of rubber composites. Reinforcing fillers such as carbon black (CB) [6; 7; 8; 9], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [10; 11], and silica (SiO\({}_{2}\)) [12; 13; 14] are commonly used in NR. However, integrating separate reinforcing fillers into natural rubber latex, while significantly enhancing certain properties, is a high-cost process that suffers from processing difficulties and leads to poor dispersion and increased brittleness [15], seriously affecting the practical application of natural rubber latex composites. Thus, there is a need to improve the dispersion of reinforcing fillers in matrices to expand the application scope of natural rubber latex to applications such as high-performance materials, conductive rubber, electronic packaging, and high-temperature and aging applications. To address the above-mentioned issues, researchers have focused on modifying reinforcing fillers to enhance their dispersion in the matrix. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [16] used a silane coupling agent (Si-69) to perform a hydrophobic modification of SiO\({}_{2}\). The organic groups of Si-69 improved the interfacial compatibility between SiO\({}_{2}\) and rubber, increasing the affinity between the two and reducing the aggregation and agglomeration of SiO\({}_{2}\) particles. This improved its dispersion within NR and enhanced the mechanical properties of NR. [PERSON] et al. [17] utilized ionic liquids (ILs) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole acetate to introduce carbon black (CB) homogeneously into NR to optimize its structure and properties, resulting in a reduced mutual attraction between particles, an increased interfacial compatibility, and improved rheological properties. [PERSON] et al. [18] oxidized CNTs using potassium ferrate (K\({}_{2}\)FeO\({}_{4}\)), increasing the number of surface hydroxyl groups, which allowed for CNTs to be uniformly dispersed in NR and, thereby, enhanced the performance of NR composites. However, the above-mentioned modification processes are complex, are inefficient, and involve the use of large amounts of chemical reagents, which contribute to environmental pollution. The method of using dual-component fillers to enhance polymer composites has been widely applied in various studies. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [19] used a combination of SiO\({}_{2}\) and calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)) to generate micro-roughness, thereby improving the dispersion of SiO\({}_{2}\) within the NR matrix and enhancing the hydrophobicity of NR composites. [PERSON] et al. [20] combined carbon black (CB) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to study the dispersion, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of CB and MWCNTs within NR, showing that both the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of the composites were improved. [PERSON] et al. [21] synthesized low-cost crude carbon dots (CDDs) mixed with SiO\({}_{2}\) via an industry-compatible melt blending method to improve the vulcanization rate and mechanical properties of NR. However, these studies all require specialized equipment, and the preparation processes are complex, making practical engineering applications challenging. Meanwhile, there is a lack of relevant computational simulations in the above studies--they mainly focus on experimental work.