## 1 Introduction  
Metal-based ceramic coating is a general term for a ceramic protective layer or surface film applied to the surface of a metal substrate [1, 2]. The preparation of ceramic coatings on metal substrates can combine the excellent properties of metals and ceramics to achieve complementary and optimized performance [3]. Metal-based ceramic coatings have a high melting point, high hardness, excellent chemical and thermal stability, as well as excellent resistance to high-temperature oxidation and corrosion, which can simultaneously meet the requirements of structural properties [4; 5; 6; 7; 8]. In the field of machinery manufacturing, for high-speed operation, frequent friction of mechanical parts, such as bearings, gears, etc., ceramic coating can significantly reduce the surface friction coefficient, improve the efficiency of mechanical transmission, reduce maintenance costs, and resist the erosion of various chemical media, so that the mechanical parts in the harsh working conditions still maintain good working performance [9; 10]. Ceramic coating has excellent anti-corrosion performance and smooth surface properties, which can solve the problems of seawater corrosion and marine organisms' adhesion on the hull surface [11; 12]. Because of its excellent resistance to high-temperature oxidation and corrosion, it is often used as a rocket nozzle, engine combustion chamber, combustion chamber of internal combustion engines, gas turbines and other parts of the high-temperature gas corrosion and thermal barrier [13; 14]. The key to the stability of the bonding properties of metal-based ceramic coatings lies in the characteristic state of the metal-ceramic interface. The metal-ceramic interface refers to the metal matrix and ceramic reinforced phase, the chemical composition of the significant changes and constitutes a combination of each other's tiny transition region, which can play the role of load transfer [15]. The absence of chemical bonding of atoms on the surface of the solid phase, which is more energetic than inside the crystal, leads to unavoidable interatomic energy conversion, electron transfer, and formation of new chemical bonds when the metal is docked to the ceramic surface. These changes in microscopic behavior make the metal-ceramic interface present a special location, composition intertwined, complex chemical properties and other characteristics, directly affecting the macroscopic properties of the interface structure [16; 17]. Common techniques for the preparation of metal-based ceramic coatings include thermal spraying [18], sol-gel method [19], deposition method [20], laser cladding method [21], thermochemical reaction method [22], and slurry method [23]. Among them, the slurry method is a process in which a ceramic coating with specific properties is formed by mixing a binder with an aggregate in an appropriate ratio and applying it to the surface of a pretreated metal substrate after curing. The slurry method has the advantages of simple process, convenient operation, low preparation cost, as well as being free from site and environmental restrictions, controllable coating thickness, and can be used for the preparation of multi-component ceramic coatings [24; 25], so it has a wide range of prospects for the application of metal-based ceramic coatings. The slurry method is commonly used to prepare oxide ceramic coatings, and common systems include silicon oxide (SiO\({}_{2}\)) [26], aluminum oxide (Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\)) [27], zirconium oxide (ZrO\({}_{2}\)) [28], magnesium oxide (MgO) [29], and titanium oxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) [30], etc. Among them, titanium dioxide ceramic coatings exhibit good heat resistance, high oxidation resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance due to its excellent chemical stability and environmental friendliness, making it an important corrosion and wear resistant coating material [31; 32; 33; 34].