## 1 Introduction  
The building sector is a major consumer of energy globally, accounting for a significant portion of total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, there is substantial potential for energy savings. Research [1] indicates that the adoption of energy-efficient designs and technologies in buildings can yield significant reductions in energy consumption. Currently, techniques and methods based on Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) in the inspection of buildings to assess their energy aspects and performance are becoming increasingly popular [2]. The integration of UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) with sensors, thermal mapping, and the creation of a BIM model is an advanced technique used in the construction and building management sector. This methodology combines different technologies to obtain a detailed and comprehensive survey, useful for multiple applications, including energy efficiency and building maintenance [3]. In fact, the data collected by the thermal sensors equipped on the UAVs can be integrated within a BIM model, which digitally represents the building in 3D, with all its physical and functional characteristics. In this way, it will be possible to manage and interrogate all the thermographic information, making it possible to visualise and analyse energy issues in an accurate spatial context, as well as plan energy improvement interventions, monitor the effectiveness of the solutions adopted, and manage the building's maintenance more efficiently. In this context, the authors of [4] utilised aerial imagery sourced from a UAV to construct a geometric model of a residential building in Suzhou, China, which supports energy assessment efforts. While specialised software is capable of converting images into a detailed 3D representation, the lack of semantic information limits its functionality beyond visualisation purposes. In the same manner, the authors of [5] presented a method for integrating building data obtained by photogrammetry and thermography into the BIM environment, using only a UAS. In addition to UAV devices, the integration of TLS with thermal sensors represents a powerful technology to perform detailed and accurate thermal surveys, improving the diagnosis, maintenance, and management of building structures. Indeed, Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) are advanced tools that are mainly used to survey the geometry of buildings and structures with high accuracy. However, when combined with thermal imaging cameras or thermal sensors, they can also be used to perform thermal surveys. This combination makes it possible to integrate detailed geometric data with thermal information, providing a complete picture of the state of a building or structure. This is proven by the authors of [6], who analysed the use of point clouds from extended intensity mobile laser scans extracted from thermal infrared (TIR) image sequences. Thermal point clouds are projected onto the facades using a mapping algorithm that uses a neighbour search to find an optimal point while preserving the original temperature values. BIM contributes significantly to energy efficiency and thermographic analysis by integrating thermal data and simulations into the digital building model. It makes it possible to visualise thermal anomalies, perform energy simulations, optimise design and manage predictive maintenance across its entire lifecycle, encompassing design, construction, operation, and demolition phases. Consequently, the management of geometric and thermal information is an efficient method of information management. Indeed, the authors of [7] discussed how to interface a Building Information Modelling (BIM) tool and simulation software to determine the potential influence of phase-change materials on the design of zero-energy homes. Thus, issues related to digital management with modern active and passive sensors, as well as aspects of thermal data management within BIM models, respond to sustainability approaches included in the 2030 Agenda goals.