esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Proposed Collision Warning System and V2V Communications
### V2V Communication Systems  
In this section, we investigate V2V communication system to share the data. Specifically, we define a V2V communication process to maintain the information up to date as possible, and take full advantage of the previously presented data fusion scheme.  
Each vehicle is equipped with cameras that record surroundings in \(F\) frame-per-second (FPS). We denote \(k\)-th video frame as \(F_{k}\). For a general video, \(F\) is fixed, e.g., \(F=30\). In each frame, the vehicle performs object detection, and the result is broadcast periodically every 100 ms according to the standard [69]. Likewise, the detection results of other vehicles arrive periodically. For vehicle \(i\), the data fusion output with respect to \(k\)-th frame and set of vehicles from which the data is successfully received, \(X\), is denoted by \(\Gamma_{X}^{i_{k}}\). We describe the proposed data communication process with an example presented in Figure 7 as follows.  
1. _Data transmission_: at each round, the vehicle transmits the most recently obtained result rather than the combined one, i.e., for the second transmission, V1 sends \(\Gamma_{\{1\}}^{1_{4}}\) instead of \(\Gamma_{\{1,2,3\}}^{1_{4}}\). This is because of protecting originality and avoiding data contamination.
2. _Data fusion and update_: for every frame, as soon as the vehicle acquires the sensing result, the data combination between the acquired and received data is performed using the data fusion method proposed in Section 3. In this process, note that every received data has an expiration time of 100 ms, i.e., if a new data is not received within 100 ms from the same vehicle, the data is deleted. This case implies that either the transmitted message is obstructed or the vehicle has left the area of interest. In both cases, it can be considered that the data is invalid. For instance, between \(F_{6}\) and \(F_{7}\), V1 updates its data fusion output as \(\Gamma_{\{1,3\}}^{1_{6}}\) rather than \(\Gamma_{\{1,2,3\}}^{1_{6}}\) as there is no new data from V2 and the stored data is expired.  
In order to implement this procedure in practice, data fusion should be completed within a short time. Nevertheless, the proposed data fusion method is feasible due to low complexity. Furthermore, from Proposition 2, the vehicle no longer has to consider the order of fusion.
###### Abstract  
In plant ecology and environmental remediation, the characterization of riparian plant communities and the influence of environmental factors have been widely discussed. However, the delineation of plant communities from different spatial perspectives is often overlooked, especially in hillstreams. In this study, the Lingshan River is taken as the research area, which is a quintessential hillstream and is characterized by a plethora of hydraulic structures lining its course by 20 weirs. We aim to investigate the multidimensional spatial distribution of riparian plants and their main environmental factors through plant field surveys combined with cluster analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA). The main findings are as follows: (I) In this study, a total of 104 herbaceous species were investigated, distributed among 12 families, in which Poaceae (16.67%) and Composite (9.65%) showed significant dominance. (2) Plant community delineation was based on the complete linkage clustering. Five plant communities were classified along the longitudinal scale of the river, four plant communities were in the near-water zones, and three plant communities were in the far-water zones. (3) Riparian plant diversity and community distribution in longitudinal and lateral dimensions exhibits significant differentiation. Longitudinally, there was a significant decrease in plant diversity from upstream to downstream. Laterally, the plant biomass in the near-water zone was higher than in the far-water zone, while diversity demonstrated a reverse trend in the midstream. (4) The main environmental factors influencing plant distribution varied for different spatial dimensions. Longitudinally, the physical factor of soil is domination, particularly soil texture, which exhibits the strongest correlation with plant communities. Laterally, the chemical factor of soil is domination, such as soil organic matter and soil nitrate nitrogen content. This study enhances our understanding of the riparian area's ecology, and provides a scientific basis for plant cover restoration and ecological environment protection, and their management.  
riparian plant; species diversity; multidimensional spatial distribution; environmental factors; cluster analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
A compact Raman laser gas spectrometer is developed. It comprises a high-power green laser at 532.123 nm as an excitation source and a specially designed gas cell with an internal volume of less than 0.6 cm\({}^{3}\) that can withstand gas pressures up to 100 atm. The resolution of the spectrometer is \(\sim\)1 cm\({}^{-1}\). The Raman spectra of chemically pure isotopically enriched carbon dioxide (\({}^{12}\)CO\({}_{2}\), \({}^{13}\)CO\({}_{2}\)) and methane (\({}^{12}\)CH\({}_{4}\), \({}^{13}\)CH\({}_{4}\)) gases are studied. The expected limit of detection (LOD) is less than 100 ppm for the isotopologues of CO\({}_{2}\) and less than 25 ppm for those of CH\({}_{4}\) (at a gas pressure of 50 atm.), making the developed spectrometer promising for studying the sources of emissions of greenhouse gases by resolving their isotopologue composition. We also show the suitability of the spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy of human exhalation.  
Raman laser spectrometer; carbon isotopes; greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide; methane; human exhalation 2020
Sensors_**2012**, _12_, 15133-15158; doi:10.3390/s121115133  
_Sensors_  
**ISSN 1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Article_  
**A Secure Communication Suite for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{1,\star}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{2}\)**  
\({}^{1}\) Department of Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, Largo Lazzarino 1, 56100 Pisa, Italy  
\({}^{2}\) Institute of Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council, [PERSON] 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{\star}\) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +39-050-2217-549; Fax: +39-050-2217-600.  
_Received: 19 September 2012; in revised form: 26 October 2012 / Accepted: 30 October 2012 / Published: 7 November 2012_  
**Abstract:** In this paper we describe a security suite for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks comprising both fixed and mobile nodes. The security suite is composed of a secure routing protocol and a set of cryptographic primitives aimed at protecting the confidentiality and the integrity of underwater communication while taking into account the unique characteristics and constraints of the acoustic channel. By means of experiments and simulations based on real data, we show that the suite is suitable for an underwater networking environment as it introduces limited, and sometimes negligible, communication and power consumption overhead.  
**Keywords:** underwater acoustic sensor network; security; confidentiality; integrity; secure routing
## Appendix A Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)  
A basic principle of the analytic hierarchy process is to decompose a complex problem into its components. The relative importance of many factors in the hierarchy is determined by pairwise comparison. Table A1 displays the judgment matrix value. Its characteristics are as follows:  
\[a_{ij}=\frac{1}{a_{ji}}\] (A1)  
where \(a_{ij}\) and \(a_{ji}\) represent judgment matrix elements.  
A constructed matrix is calculated as follows:  
\[\overline{b}_{ij}=\frac{b_{ij}}{\sum_{k=1}^{n}b_{kj}}i,j=1,2,\cdots,n\] (A2)  
where b\({}_{ij}\) represent elements in the matrix and \(\overline{b}_{ij}\) represent elements of the normalized matrix. The columns of the normalized matrices are summed.  
\[\overline{W}_{i}=\sum_{j-1}^{n}\overline{b}_{ij}i=1,2,\cdots,n\] (A3)  
where \(\overline{W}_{i}\) represents the matrix that was summed by row. The vectors are then normalized to obtain the relative weights.  
\[W_{i}=\frac{\overline{W}_{i}}{\sum_{j=1}^{n}\overline{W}_{j}}i=1,2,\cdots,n\] (A4)  
where \(W_{i}\) is the relative importance weight of the \(i\)th factor under a certain criterion.  
(1) AHP accuracy verification The accuracy of AHP indicators includes two indicators: consistency index (CI) and random consistency index (RI). The equation of CI is as follows:  
\[\text{CI}=\frac{\lambda-\text{n}}{\text{n}-1} \tag{10}\]  
where \(\lambda\) is the maximum eigenvalue and n represents the order of the matrix. The greater the CI is, the more serious the inconsistency of the matrix and the lower the accuracy of the model.  
The other index RI is related to the order of the matrix. The detailed correspondence is shown in Table 11, the random consistency index (RI), and the equation of RI is as follows:  
\[\text{RI}=\frac{\text{CI}_{1}+\text{CI}_{2}+\cdots+\text{CI}_{\text{n}}}{\text {n}} \tag{11}\]  
The exponent is related to CI and the order of the matrix. As the CI is larger, the inconsistency of the matrix is more serious, and the accuracy of the model is lower. If CI = 0, the model meets the accuracy requirements.  
Combined with the CI and RI, the accuracy index CR is obtained:  
\[CR=\frac{CI}{RI} \tag{12}\]  
If \(CR<0.1\), the accuracy of the model is satisfied.
# An Experimental Study of the Leakage Mechanism in Static Seals
## 4 Results and Analysis
### Effect of Sealing Device Parameters on Leak Rate
#### 4.2.1 Effect of Sealing Surface Contact Load on Leak Rate  
As seen in Figure 7, the variation rules of the leak rate with the contact load were compared by setting the fluid pressure to 0.1 MPa (with the dash line denoting the calculation results obtained from the theoretical model, and the asterisks denoting the experimental data), 0.2 MPa (with the dotted line denoting the calculation results obtained from the theoretical model, and the triangles denoting the experimental data) and 0.3 MPa (with the dash-dotted line denoting the calculation results obtained from the theoretical model, and the prismatic marks denoting the experimental data) in the experiment. It is found that leak rate decreases with increasing contact load, as it decreases by \(5\times 10^{-11}\) m\({}^{3}\)/s when contact load increases from 100 N to 200 N, and by \(1\times 10^{-11}\) m\({}^{3}\)/s when contact load increases from 400 N to 500 N. The results indicate that, with increasing contact load, the change rate of the leak rate gradually decreases, and eventually stabilizes so that, in the case of a high contact load (depending on the surface characteristics), the contact load impact on the leak rate is negligible.  
Figure 6: The leak rate versus the contact load through the four test pieces: (**a**) Test piece 1; (**b**) Test piece 2; (**c**) Test piece 3; and (**d**) Test piece 4.
## 4 Model Prediction Results and Analysis
### Comparison and Analysis of Prediction Performance
The results of the five algorithms in the experimental data and the literature data are discovered to be consistent, which suggests that the five algorithms show excellent universal applicability to the prediction of surface roughness, while GA-GBRT displays the best accuracy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Indicators** & **LBM** & **BR** & **SCG** & **SVR** & **GA-GBRT** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Literature [9]} & MAD & 0.1143 & 0.0706 & 0.1664 & 0.1091 & 0.0670 \\  & RMSE & 0.1439 & 0.0972 & 0.1997 & 0.1374 & 0.0889 \\  & MAPE & 18.6409 & 10.5389 & 25.7060 & 17.8725 & 11.3358 \\  & CV & 17.5928 & 12.0029 & 25.4856 & 16.1913 & 10.9188 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of literature prediction indicators.
# Chaotic Synchronizing Systems with Zero Time Delay and Free Couple via Iterative Learning Control
## 3 Example Illustration and Demonstrated Results  
The chaotic system reconstruction of unknown inputs has been developed in [32]. The ILC method could also be employed to track the trajectory between systems unknown reference [1; 2; 3].  
Figure 1: The iterative learning control algorithm.  
The example in this article has two identical Lorenz systems; one of them is a reference system and another one is a tracking system. The generalized Lorenz systems have been the most studied under various conditions such as a standard Lorenz system, Chen system, Lu system, and unified chaotic system [22]. The Lorenz system has been widely introduced as a possible way to investigate chaotic dynamics and synchronization [27; 28; 29; 31]. Therefore, the Lorenz system is capable of reconstructing chaotic systems by an evolutionary algorithm and verifying the chaos synchronization simulated by secure communications with unknown inputs [30; 31].  
The example in this section demonstrates the results of the synchronization approach, investigated to synchronize the non-linear drive-response systems with free time-delay and non-couple. A drive system was expressed by a Lorenz system following [28], and the response system is shown as another with the ILC input. In the synchronization approach, the ILC information was from the error dynamics of the desired-response system. The controller was designed by the ILC rule after collecting previous information. The Lyapunov function provided sufficient conditions for convergence to approach synchronization systems. The tracking error between the systems was an asymptotically stable system and a bounded function was constructed by a Lyapunov function. Next, the synchronization approach is shown.
## 5 Results
### Zero-Shot Topic Classification
#### 5.1.1 Original Results on DailyDialog--Topic Level  
First, we provide the results for zero-shot topic detection when using the original 13 high-level topics tested on 1000 random sentences from DailyDialog and using the original nli-deberta-base model ([[https://huggingface.co/cross-encoder/nli-deberta-base](https://huggingface.co/cross-encoder/nli-deberta-base)]([https://huggingface.co/cross-encoder/nli-deberta-base](https://huggingface.co/cross-encoder/nli-deberta-base)) (accessed on 14 July 2023)). Figure 2 shows the F1 results for each topic (including the \"other\" class), and considering different thresholds for the Zero-Shot selection. As we can see, finding a global threshold is difficult since there are large variabilities depending on the topic; however, a good threshold will be between 0.8 and 0.9.  
Figure 3 shows the F1 result when establishing a global threshold of 0.9. In this case, the macro-F1 score is 0.575, while the weighted F1 score is measured at 0.658. These results can be considered good in light of the number of topics considered and the fact that the model was not explicitly trained for the purpose of topic detection.  
The analysis of the figure reveals that the categories that show the most favorable outcomes include food, movies, music, and sports. This can be attributed to the careful selection of keywords employed in formulating the \"hypothesis\" sentence within the Natural Language Inference (NLI) framework, as well as possible similarities between the test data and the training data used for the selected NLI model. Conversely, categories such as books, photography, and weather pose challenges in terms of accurate recognition. Upon a deep review of the results, it was identified that some errors were due to the fact that the \"premise\" sentences lacked sufficient context for the model to accurately infer the topic, although humans might find it marginally easier to discern. For example, the sentence \"Four by six, except this one. I want a ten-by-thirteen print of this one. Okay, they  
Figure 3: F1 results over different topics for th = 0.9. The macro-F1 is 0.575, while the weighted average F1 mean is 0.658.  
Figure 2: F1 variations for zero-shot classification over different thresholds and topics.  
will be ready for you in an hour.\" is annotated as belonging to the category \"photography\", but for the model, it was considered books; in another case, the sentence \"There are various magazines in the rack. Give me the latest issue of 'National Geographic'.\" was annotated as pertaining to the category \"books\", while the model classified it as \"other\".
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Case Study Validation  
According to the previous experimentations, both workflows resulted in small batches of components made of rGFRPs or rCFRPs for the automotive sector. The structural function of the connector, the benchmark part selected in this work, can be achieved in both cases according to the mechanical properties of the material formulations tested and comparable to previous studies [18; 19; 20; 21]. Moreover, the parts were manufactured without visible defects, reducing the possible points of cracks and failures.  
The prototypes show adequate surface accuracy to be used for testing vehicles. Both the indirect FFF 3D printing and direct UV-DIW processes can be used in certain stages of the development phase. While direct UV-DIW 3D printing is suitable for the creation of the first geometric models, the indirect FFF 3D printing process offers advanced surface quality leading to improved performance, especially in crash incidents. The main requirement of connecting the sill and the reinforcing ribs with a stiff material was fulfilled for both cases. The utilization of reused fibers offers a clear decrease in the carbon footprint of the vehicle by limiting the use of virgin materials and reducing the weight of the overall structure [32; 49]. Moreover, combining the use of recycled rGFs and rCFs with reusable car structures may generate new closed loops of these materials and components by encouraging their use in new products [29].  
The two approaches may therefore be implemented in industrial contexts to manufacture small batches of customizable components or prototypes in scales below 100 cars. In particular, indirect FFF 3D printing seems the most suitable workflow for the production of small batches of components, whereas UV-DIW helps in customizing the mechanical and technical properties of the parts by changing the material formulation or the 3D printing parameters, i.e., by designing meta-materials with UV-DIW and rGFRPs [50; 51]. Considering the rGFs and rCFs, indirect FFF 3D printing can process coarse recyclates with bigger particle sizes, decreasing the cost and times for size reduction, as well as the contamination when using fine mechanically-recycled powder [31; 52]. UV-DIW also helps in processing parts with undercuts and holes, reducing the use of specific tooling and  
Figure 11: Trials for UV-assisted DIW: (**a**) 3D printing of the lateral part; (**b**) lateral part in rGFRPs (55% wt, \(<\)80 \(\upmu\)m).  
moldings [48]. Nevertheless, final components and other application fields may require further post-processing steps, i.e., machining, sanding, or metallization, enlarging the possible range of applications and functions [53]. This validation represents the first crucial step for the real exploitation of these new recycled materials and AM workflows for technical applications. Furthermore, this work also paves the way for the recycling and reuse of different fiber-reinforced composites in technical contexts, i.e., natural fibers [54, 55].
###### Abstract  
As the critical dynamic parameters for soil, an extensive examination of the dynamic elastic modulus \(E_{\mathrm{d}}\) and damping ratio \(\lambda\) in coarse-grained soil is of significant theoretical and practical importance. Currently, there is a scarcity of experimental equipment and methods for measuring the dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio of coarse-grained soils. Moreover, studies examining the influence of relative density on these parameters in coarse-grained soils are largely absent. To investigate the behavior of the dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio in coarse-grained soil under varying relative densities, a number of dynamic triaxial tests were conducted on a specific coarse-grained soil using the DYNAITS type dynamic triaxial test apparatus. The findings reveal that, under various gradations, the \(E_{\mathrm{d}}\) of coarse-grained soils exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing dynamic strain, a trend that intensifies with higher relative densities. Additionally, as relative density increases, the degradation rate of the dynamic shear modulus ratio \(G_{\mathrm{d}}/G_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{max}}\) to dynamic shear strain \(\gamma_{\mathrm{d}}\) curve escalates. The maximum dynamic shear modulus \(G_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{max}}\) rises with increasing relative density \(D_{\mathrm{r}}\), displaying a linear relationship between \(G_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{max}}\) and \(D_{\mathrm{r}}\). Furthermore, both the increasing rate of \(\lambda\) to \(\gamma_{\mathrm{d}}\) curve and the maximum damping ratio \(\lambda_{\mathrm{max}}\) progressively diminish with the escalation of relative density \(D_{\mathrm{r}}\). Notably, the maximum damping ratio has a power function relationship with the relative density.  
Keywords:dynamic elastic modulus; damping ratio; coarse-grained soil; relative density; maximum dynamic shear modulus +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 WBAN Requirements
### User Experience  
Nodes are required to be placed on the body at key positions to enable effective monitoring of the relevant physiological conditions. A one size fits all, easy to wear wrist-band, will not at present deliver all the functionality required to monitor key vital life signs. Therefore, patients are likely to be required to place sensor nodes on key parts of the body themselves or allow them to be fitted by health practitioners in the hospital or patients' own home or workplace. Patients' interaction with the sensors, BCU and actuators must be included as a fundamental component of the design lifecycle of WBANs. As such the WBAN must be designed to be setup by non-technical users and from a patient perspective--easy to maintain and live with. A WBAN design that makes it obvious what operations are necessary at any point in time without reference to an instruction manual will achieve greater user acceptance [12].  
If WBANs are to form an integral part of the remote healthcare management of patients, they need to be robust and resilient to cope with patients' lifestyles. Patients are likely to be mobile, either within the home or work environment. This may mean basic walking, sitting and lying down, or more vigorous activities such as running and climbing stairs. WBANs operating environments are likely to vary depending on the activity and postural position of the patient. Therefore, numerous activities are likely to result in Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) communications between transmitter and receiver. Spectrum interference is also likely due to the proximity of other devices in the ISM band. WBANs need to be resilient enough within the standard modes of operation to ensure patients and healthcare practitioners are not faced with intermittent and unreliable monitoring results. Patients and professionals must be able to rely and trust in WBAN technology. Wearability or reliability issues that are not fixed as part of formal usability and clinical trials in a rush to market, are likely to result in patient reticence, frustration and loss of confidence in the system. The patient demographic for WBANs is likely to be biased toward the more aged sectors of the population. Fear of technology, inexperience of smart devices, mobility and dexterity issues could all be factors that may be a barrier to patient take-up. As WBAN technology moves from the research lab to the market place, designers that incorporate user experience issues are more likely to succeed.