## 2 Materials and Methods
### Characterization  
The evaluation of the textural properties of the materials was conducted by N\({}_{2}\) adsorption-desorption at \(-\)196 \({}^{\circ}\)C and CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption at 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a Quantachrome Autosorb-6B apparatus. The samples were degassed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 4 h. The specific surface area (S\({}_{\rm BET}\)) and total micropore volume (V\({}_{\rm DR}\)N\({}_{2}\)) were determined by applying, respectively, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations to the N\({}_{2}\) adsorption data [34]. The mesopore volume (\(V_{\rm MESO}\)) was estimated as the difference between the volume of N\({}_{2}\) adsorbed at P/P\({}_{0}\) = 0.9 and P/P\({}_{0}\) = 0.2, expressed as a liquid [34]. The total pore volume (V\({}_{\rm Total}\)) was determined from the volume of nitrogen adsorbed at a P/P\({}_{0}\) = 0.99 relative pressure and the narrow micropore volume (V\({}_{\rm DR}\)CO\({}_{2}\)) was determined by applying the Dubinin-Radushkevich equation to the CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption data [34]. The morphology of the LAC sample was characterized using an FEI Quanta 650 FEG-ESEM scanning electron microscopy with SE detector, while the composites were characterized using the Helios Nanol-Lab 650 Dual Microscope model from FEI with an Elstar XHR immersion lens FESEM column and carbon discs as support for the powders.  
Powder X-ray diffraction analyses were conducted to identify the crystallinity and phase structure of the TiLACx/y photocatalysts (SEIFERT 2002, Cu K\(\alpha\) (1.5406 A) radiation, 2\(\theta\) range from 2\({}^{\circ}\) to 80\({}^{\circ}\), scanning velocity 2\({}^{\circ}\)/min).  
FT-IR spectra of solid samples were registered in the mid-infrared and the close range (Bruker Vertex70, with a Golden Gate Single Reflection Diamond ATR System accessory). The spectral range was 4000-500 cm\({}^{-1}\) with 4 cm\({}^{-1}\) resolution and 64 accumulations for spectrum acquisition.  
Diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DRUV-vis) spectra were collected with an Agilent Cary 7000 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere accessory, in the wavelength range from 200 to 800 nm. The absorption coefficient (\(\alpha\)) was calculated as: \(\alpha\) = ln(1/T)/d, where T is the measured transmittance and d is the optical path length. Band gap energy, Eg, was determined through the \(\alpha\) value (m\({}^{-1}\)) from a plot of (ahv )\({}^{1/2}\) versus photon energy (hv), where h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency (s\({}^{-1}\)). The intercept of the tangent to the absorption curves was used to estimate the band gap (Eg) value.  
The samples were also characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), using the Physical Electronics PHI 5700 spectrometer with non-monochromatic Mg K\(\alpha\) radiation (300 W, 15 kV, 12536 eV) and with a multichannel detector. Binding energy (BE) values were referenced to the C 1s peak (284.8 eV) from the adventitious contamination layer. The PHI ACCESS ESCA-V6.0 F software package and Multipack v8.2b were used for acquisition and data analysis, respectively. A Shirley-type background was subtracted from the signals. Recorded spectra were fitted using Gauss-Lorentz curves in order to determine the binding energy of the different element core levels more accurately. The error in BE was estimated to be ca. 0.1 eV.