## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cancer Risks Assessment  
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [65; 66], probabilistic methods can be used to estimate the health risks associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in particulate matter (PM\({}_{10}\)). As a result, the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (_ILCR_) method was used to assess the possible cancer risk from seven PAHs and four heavy metals found in PM\({}_{10}\). A gender-specific analysis was conducted for both males and females. The assessment focused on inhalation as the primary exposure pathway.  
The _ILCR_ is defined as the increased probability of an individual developing cancer over their lifetime due to cumulative exposure to selected carcinogens. It was calculated for lifetime exposure. The _ILCR_ quantifies the probability of developing cancer as a result of exposure to PM\({}_{10}\)-bound metals and PAHs. For example, an _ILCR_ of \(1\times 10^{-5}\) indicates that an additional case of cancer could occur among 100,000 individuals exposed to these substances.  
We assessed exposure via inhalation using the formula in Equation (1) to estimate the lifetime average daily inhaled dose (\(LADD_{inh}\)) [67; 68; 69; 70]:  
\[LADD_{inh}=\frac{C_{air}\times IR_{inh}\times EF\times ED\times cf}{BW\times AT}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(C_{air}\)--concentration PAHs/heavy metals in air (ng\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\)); for the PAHs was used the B[a]P equivalent concentration (\(TEQ\)) calculated according to: \(TEQ=\sum C_{iPAH}\times TEF_{iPAH}\), toxic equivalent factor (TEF) values for B[a]A, B[a]P, B[b]F, B[j]F, B[k]F, DBA, IP were adopted as 0.005, 1, 0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 1.1, 0.1, respectively as per [PERSON] and [PERSON] [71]. \(IR_{inh}\)--air inhalation rate 20.9 for males and 16.2 for females (m\({}^{3}\cdot\)d\({}^{-1}\)) [72], \(EF\)--exposure frequency 350 (d\(\cdot\)yr\({}^{-1}\)) [73], \(ED\)--exposure duration (18 to average life expectancy of males/females--Table S2) (yr), \(cf\)--conversion factor \(10^{-6}\), \(BW\)--body weight 86 for males and 73 for females (kg), \(AT\)--averaging time for carcinogens 365 d\(\cdot\)yr\({}^{-1}\times ED\) (d).  
The health risks associated with carcinogenic pollutants and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (\(ILCR_{inh}\)) due to inhalation were calculated as the additional probability of developing cancer throughout a person's lifetime due to prolonged exposure to these pollutants. The formula for calculating \(ILCR_{inh}\) is as follows [68; 74]:  
\[ILCR_{inh}=LADD_{inh}\times(CSF_{inh}\times\sqrt[3]{\frac{BW}{70}}), \tag{2}\]  
where \(CSF_{inh}\) cancer slope factor for As, Pb, Cd, Ni, TEQ is 1.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{1}\), 4.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-2}\), 1.5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{1}\), 9.1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-1}\), and 3.9, respectively (mg\(\cdot\)kg\({}^{-1}\cdot\)d\({}^{-1}\))\({}^{-1}\)[75].  
In Equation (2), we corrected the cancer slope factors for non-standard populations using the correction term \(\sqrt[3]{BW/70}\), in accordance with USEPA guidelines [76]. This is because our calculations used gender-specific body weights that differed from the standard reference weight of 70 kg. This adjustment is often omitted in studies because its effect on the calculated \(ILCR_{inh}\) values is generally negligible, and researchers typically assume a default adult reference weight of 70 kg [68; 77].  
The incremental lifetime cancer risk associated with inhalation was calculated as the sum of \(ILCR_{PAHS}\) and \(ILCR_{HM}\).