## 1 Introduction  
Human activities introduce numerous hazardous substances into the environment, and pesticides are among the most widely used agrochemicals for maintaining high crop yields [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Their widespread application has resulted in extensive environmental contamination, which poses serious risks to both ecosystems and human health [2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Globally,herbicide use now exceeds one million tons annually, raising concerns over their residual effects on soil ecosystems and public safety [12; 13; 14]. Although increasing research has focused on pesticide behavior in soils, especially their degradation pathways and environmental fate, the combined effects of tillage practices and straw incorporation on the persistence and degradation dynamics of multiple herbicides remain insufficiently understood [15]. Soil represents one of the most critical resources on Earth, serving as a primary reservoir for nutrients and playing a central role in global material storage and energy cycling [16; 17]. However, compared to air and water pollution, soil contamination is more complex and difficult to assess due to the interactions between pollutants and soil components such as organic matter, pH, clay content, and microbial communities [18; 19; 20]. In recent years, sustainable agricultural practices such as straw return and conservation tillage have received increasing attention for their potential to enhance soil fertility and promote carbon sequestration [21; 22]. Incorporating straw into the soil can improve nutrient content, stimulate microbial activity, and potentially influence the fate of pesticide residues [23; 24; 25; 26; 27]. Different tillage systems, including conventional tillage, no-tillage, and strip tillage, can alter soil structure, nutrient distribution, and microbial communities, thereby affecting herbicide behavior [28]. Conventional tillage involves significant physical disturbance of the topsoil, resulting in a more uniform layer with consistent physical and chemical properties. This practice may reduce soil organic matter, change microbial and arthropod community structures, lower overall soil biodiversity, and increase the abundance of aerobic microorganisms [29; 30]. In contrast, no-tillage minimizes soil disturbance during planting. It promotes the accumulation of organic matter and nutrients, reduces erosion, improves water retention, and stabilizes soil moisture and temperature [31]. Strip tillage is a type of conservation tillage. It is characterized by limited soil disturbance within the planting zone, while the rest of the field remains undisturbed. Studies show that strip tillage can alleviate soil compaction, increase soil temperature, retain moisture, and create favorable seedbed conditions. These benefits can support germination, plant growth, and ultimately improve crop productivity and soil health. Compared to conventional tillage, no-tillage has been associated with higher levels of total nitrogen, enhanced nitrification potential, increased microbial biomass, greater substrate-induced respiration, elevated enzyme activities, and improved nitrogen mineralization. These improvements occur without compromising crop yields, although there may be a slight increase in weed and pathogen pressure [32]. Therefore, it is essential to investigate how strip tillage, conventional tillage, and no-tillage impact soil health. Such research can help identify optimized conservation tillage strategies to support food safety and sustainable agricultural development globally. Despite growing research interest in this field, few studies have comprehensively examined how combined management strategies involving both tillage and straw return affect the environmental fate of multiple herbicides with different physicochemical properties. This knowledge gap limits our ability to develop effective approaches for reducing pesticide risks while supporting sustainable soil management.