# Electromagnetic Radiation Shielding Using Carbon Nanotube and Nanoparticle Composites
## 2 Overview of Shielding Approaches for Different Types of Radiation
These findings indicated that the shielding properties of PDMS at high proton energies can be significantly improved by incorporating SWCNTs. This advancement holds substantial potential in the aerospace industry, where effective space radiation shielding and aircraft weight reduction are critical research areas. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [40] proposed a composite shield material system consisting of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) combined with a hydrogen-rich benzoxazine composite. This structure was coated with polydopamine, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were grafted onto the composite. This innovative design was claimed to reduce cosmic radiation by approximately 16% compared to the glass-fiber reinforced plastics currently in use, while also offering weight savings of about 22%. [PERSON] et al. [41] proposed the idea of using a passive shield of Kevlar or water-soaked hygienic wipes to shield various types of space radiation. Using Monte Carlo simulations, they found that water-soaked hygienic wipes have better shielding effectiveness. [PERSON] et al. [42] described the use of a cobalt-coated aramid fiber epoxy composite to create a stealth satellite shield for microwaves with excellent attenuation in the X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz). [PERSON] et al. [43] reported excellent thermal conductivity and neutron attenuation, with about 4% of incident rays transmitted, achieved using alternating layers of low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene with a Hexagonal Boron Nitride additive for neutron shielding. [PERSON] et al. [44] found that a ceramic compound, (YBa\({}_{2}\)Cu\({}_{3}\)Oy) doped with perovskite oxides, performed well as a ceramic alternative for radiation shielding. [PERSON] et al. [45] prepared different samples of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) within an Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) matrix to evaluate shielding for thermal neutrons. They found that adding hBN particles to the EPDM matrix improved neutron shielding. An 8 mm-thick hBN sample containing 40% \(w/w\) boron (HBN40) absorbed up to 61.5% of thermal neutrons. They concluded that boron and boron-based composite materials are effective for neutron shielding. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] investigated the statistical use of the Compton scattering effect for gamma-ray spectroscopy and successfully demonstrated their new technique. Compton scattering occurs when a photon collides with an absorber electron and shares a fraction of its kinetic energy with the electron. This is different than photoelectric interaction in an absorber, where the original photon completely disappears and its energy is completely absorbed by a bound absorber election. [PERSON] and colleagues [47] investigated the use of the bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans for attenuation. They found that this bacterium contained Mn\({}^{2+}\) ions within its filtrate, which protected its proteins from up to 50,000 Gray (Gy) of radiation. According to [PERSON] amount of energy can destroy DNA. The Mn\({}^{2+}\) metabolite complex of this bacteria also protected human Jurkat T cells and _Escherichia coli_ from ionizing radiation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [48] showed that several factors must be considered in designing materials for radiation shielding, including the type of radiation (photons, charged particles, or neutrons), range of energies involved, dose amount, exposure time, conformability, affordability, permanence, toxicity, and weight. They also suggest that reinforcing polymers with micro and nanomaterials such as boron, metal oxides, and graphitic fibers can effectively shield radiation.