# Management of Plastic Wastes through Recent Advanced Pyrolysis Processes
## 3 Recent Advances in Fuel Production from Plastic Pyrolysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Plastic** & **Type of Reactor** & **Pyolysis Oil** & **Optimum Process Conditions** & **Type of Catalyst** & **Pyolysis Oil** & **References** \\
**Waste Used** & **Used** & **Yield** & **Optimum Process Conditions** & **(If Used)** & **Application** & **References** \\ \hline HDPE & Continuous & 48.90\% & 620 \({}^{\circ}\)C and & & Zeolite Socony & Fuel oil & [35] \\ Pure PP & microwave- & 44.80\% & 44.80\% & the space velocity of 10 h\({}^{-1}\) for the & & Zeolite Socony & \\ PP with fillers & assisted pyrolysis & 23.70\% & catalyst & & Mobil-5 & & \\ \hline BLFH & & 42.75\% & & 475 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & Heating source & \\ MNS & Auger reactor & 45.09\% & 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & for bolbers and & & \\ HDPE & & 44.72\% & & 525 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & & \\  & & 61.29\% & & Residence time of 2 min. & & Engine fuel & \\ \hline HDPE & & – & & & & \\ LDPE & Microwave- & – & & & & \\ PC & assisted pyrolysis & 39.78\% & & 460 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 650 W, and microwave & & & Aviation oil & [37] \\ PP & in a quartz reactor & 78.22\% & & absorbent load of 60 g & & & \\ PS & & 98.78\% & & & & & \\ \hline PP & Continuous & 90.80\% & 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 10 kg/h feed rate & & & & \\ LPPE & plasma pyrolysis & 79.40\% & 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 5 kg/h feed rate & & & & \\ HDPE & reactor & 85.50\% & 800 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 10 kg/h feed rate & & & fuel gas & \\ HDPEFP & Batch reactor & 65.60\% & & 3\% catalyst and 224 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & & \\  & & 69.69\% & & 7\% catalyst and 197 \({}^{\circ}\)C & & Natural zeolite & Fuel oil & [39] \\ \hline Mixed plastic & & 41.40\% & 381 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 82\% catalyst crystallinity 2.5\% & & & & \\ Mixed plastic & & (Gasoline) & catalyst & & & \\ waste (HDPE, & 73.10\% & & 525 \({}^{\circ}\)C, amorphous catalyst, 2.5\% & & & \\ LDPE, PS, PP) & & (let fuel) & catalyst loading & & & \\  & & 36.70\% & & 523 \({}^{\circ}\)C, fully crystalline catalyst, and & & & \\  & & (Diesel) & & catalyst loading of 10.5\%. & & & \\ \hline A mixture of & & & & & & \\ HDPE, LDPE, PP, and & & & & & & \\ and PS, mixed in & & & & & & \\ different ratios & & & & & & \\ \hline FE film & Fixed-bed batch & & 37.00\% for & & & \\  & reactor & zeolite HY & & & Zeolite HUSY & Kerosene, heavy & \\  & & 39.00\% for & & 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and & & Zeolite HY & napthua, and & \\  & reactor & & 43.00\% for Beta & & Beta (HBEA & diesel & \\  & & HBEA & & & & \\ \hline LDPE & Micropyrolysis & & & HZSM-5 and & Proylene and & & \\  & reactor & & & & & \\ \hline PS, PE, HDPE, & & & & & & \\ and LDPE & MAP system & — & 360 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 50 \(\mu\)m catalyst size & ZSM-5 catalyst & olefins and & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of recent studies published over last five years (from 2021 to 2024) on the conversion of plastic waste into alternative fuel using the pyrolysis process. **Pyrolysis Active Learning:** This work [45] presented and validated a novel Gaussian N-Dimensional Active Learning Framework (GandALF) for predicting the yield of light olefins from the catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE. The GandALF works by combining the Expected Model Output Change (EMOC) acquisition function with k-means clustering optimized for Gaussian Processes (GPs). The system was used to simulate the hydrocarbonersion hydrocracking and catalytic pyrolysis of the feed. The focus of the study was to model the yield of C2-C4 olefins as a function of catalyst temperature, space-time, and catalyst type. The two types of catalysts examined in the study were HZSM-5 and SAPO-34. To validate the ability of GandALF to facilitate an improved prediction, it must be validated against an experimental study of the catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE, by running 18 experiments with both GandALF and a full-factorial design. The maximum reported yield of the C2-C4 olefins was found to be 79.2 wt%, with an experimental standard deviation of 1.29 wt%.