## 2 Literature Review
### Challenges of Industry 4.0 during the Implementation Process
There is concern over cybersecurity due to insufficient technical support for the development of Industry 4.0 technologies as well as the leakage of sensitive data through the internet. To stop cyberattacks on the IoT data connection and data theft, all participants in the value chain must take precautions to protect their data [65]. The use of the IoT, people, and data will generate opportunities for industrial espionage, data theft, and cyberattacks [47]. The cybersecurity problems are not just restricted to data disclosure but are on the edge of betraying private data, and last but not least, the production system is under the unlawful control of third parties [26]. Industry 4.0 will increase the need for secure data architecture and secure design practices [66]. Automatic detection of viruses, attacks, and threats with zero installation is a must-have for the smart manufacturing system. Meanwhile, [PERSON] [33] investigated the sustainability challenge that many businesses face when attempting to implement Industry 4.0 across their entire organization and all of their factories at once. Up until now, many businesses relied on a separate application network. When several real-world items are linked together, scalability becomes a challenge. The challenge of scalability is complicated by the need for multi-tiered data transfer and communication, data management and processing, and service delivery [67]. To meet the need for whole-company and cross-company collaboration, as well as that of suppliers and consumers, a scalable solution is necessary [68]. A report by Deloitte [47] pointed to one of the main challenges of Industry 4.0 as being the management of a vast amount of generated data and the transformation of the data into meaningful information. According to a survey conducted by Thames and Schaefer [69], the integration of data is one of the top three challenges encountered during the implementation of Industry 4.0. The difficulty in integrating data from various smart devices into a standard format was also highlighted as a challenge to Industry 4.0 [68]. In Industry 4.0, data become a company's most valuable assets; therefore, the risks associated with data collection, interpretation, and disclosure are very high. Information risks, including data loss, integrity loss, and a lack of relevant information, can occur during management system implementation [70]. New product or service launches, innovations, and alternative business models can all pose challenges if a firm is having problems with technology. Different types of machines have variable degrees of autonomy and have different lifecycles that put a strain on businesses because some equipment needs to be replaced while others may need modification to different degrees [26]. The extent to which a business adopts Industry 4.0 technologies is influenced by the size of the firm [70]. SMEs have an advantage when it comes to speeding up the digital revolution since they can more readily design and implement new IT structures. In contrast to organically evolved structures, however, multinational companies and large companies have more complexity to worry about. Large firms that practice regular process management will see the benefits of Industry 4.0 implementation sooner than SMEs [71]. Unless new systems replace the present ones with manageable effort and justified risk, these two types of firms must guarantee that new technologies are compatible with their current IT infrastructure systems [47]. However, compared to large firms, SMEs have fewer resources to deal with technical, financial, and human resource challenges [72]. The most significant challenges that SMEs face when embracing Industry 4.0 are the ability to develop a workable Industry 4.0 approach, the shortage of financial resources, a low degree of standardization, the cost and benefit analysis of Industry 4.0 technologies, unawareness of the integration concept, data security, and a lack of skill in IT [70; 73].