# Multi-Task Topic Analysis Framework for Hallmarks of Cancer with Weak Supervision
## 5 Experimental Result and Discussion
### Topic Modelling Result  
This section shows the results of the topic modeling. We reported the top-10 concepts from the top-1 topic for each hallmark in Tables 8-17. The topics of each hallmark were explored using LDA and PLSA models and the results were compared. We found the following topics were most related to cancer hallmarks from lung cancer data. The common non-medical words are highlighted. As shown in Table 8, the identified CUI \"Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor\" is mostly concerned with the hallmark \"sustaining proliferative signaling\" (SPS) in the different concepts. For example, EGFR is a shortage of the epidermal growth factor receptor. The concepts \"EGFR gene, EGFR protein, and EGFR measurement\" were found in the top-10 concepts. [PERSON] et al. [49] reported that activation of EGFR-tyrosine kinases is a key reason for lung cancer progression. We found that EGFR was the best topic in the SPS hallmark. As shown in Table 9, _TP53_ was mostly concerned about the hallmark evading growth suppressors (EGSs) in multiple concepts such as the _TP53_ wt Allele and _TP53_ gene. [PERSON] et al. [50] mentioned the recent report of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) assessment of squamous cell lung cancers, where the most common significantly mutated gene was _TP53_. We found that _TP53_ was the best topic in the EGS hallmark. As shown in Table 10, we found that the concept \"Apoptosis\" was the key topic in resisting cell death (RCD). [PERSON] et al. [51] discussed the role of apoptosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). They report that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis, which induce degradation of proteins and organelles or cell death upon cellular stress. As shown in Table 11, we found that the concept \"senility\", \"senescence\", and \"old age\" were the key concepts in the hallmark enabling replicative immortality (ERI). Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics and senility describes that a person who is experiencing dementia brought about by old age. [PERSON] et al. [52] discussed the therapeutic targeting \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Hallmark** & **No. of Documents** & **No. of Entities** & **No. of Unique Entities** \\ \hline SPS & 4097 & 766,146 & 22,576 \\ EGS & 950 & 170,965 & 11,272 \\ RCD & 14,313 & 2,710,563 & 56,052 \\ ERI & 604 & 102,357 & 9531 \\ IA & 3009 & 582,378 & 22,362 \\ AIM & 48,953 & 7,698,235 & 80,444 \\ GIM & 7733 & 1,444,839 & 33,579 \\ TPI & 30,403 & 6,006,649 & 67,733 \\ DCE & 43 & 7701 & 2124 \\ AID & 13,098 & 2,094,029 & 40,055 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: The statistics of the weak-labeled documents (lung cancer). of replicative immortality. They reported that a protective role of senescence has been inferred in murine models of lung adenomas, T-cell lymphomas, prostate tumors, and pituitary tumors. As shown in Table 12, we found that the concept \"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF)\" was a key concept in the hallmark inducing angiogenesis (IA). [PERSON] et al. [53] reported that VEGF is crucial for angiogenesis, vascular permeability, and metastasis during tumor development. As shown in Table 13, we found that the concepts \"Neoplasm\" and \"Metastasis\" were mostly concerned about the hallmark activating invasion and metastasis (AIM). [PERSON] et al. [54] reported that the liver is one of the most common sites for metastatic disease and in the United States and Europe, secondary liver neoplasms are far more common than primary hepatic neoplasms. Lung cancer that spreads to the liver is called metastatic lung cancer rather than liver cancer. As shown in Table 14, we found that the concepts \"mutation\" and \"mutation abnormality\" were the key topics related to the hallmark genome instability and mutation (GIM). [PERSON] et al. [55] discussed genetic instability in lung cancer. Genetic instability refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage.