## 3 Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Compared Software Measures** & **Comparison Objective** & **Subject Software Systems** & **Research Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [14]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{orig.}(CM)}\)), proposed maintainability metric & Validating a new measure & Releases of three Java software systems & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [15]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{ \textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}}}}}}}}}}\)), change metric & Evaluating the maintainability prediction power of the Index for object-oriented software on the class level & Two releases of a Java software system & There is a slight inverse relationship between the measures \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [26]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{V}S}}\), \(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{LOC}}}\)) & Comparing the Index calculations from two frameworks on a software and component level & A C\# software system & The difference between calculations is negligible \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [17]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{ \textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I} _{\textit{I}}}}}}}}}}}\)), proposed maintainability metric & Validating a new measure & Releases of four Java software systems & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [16]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}{\textit{I}_{\textit{I} {\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I} _{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}} _{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I} _{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}}}}}}}}}}}\)), proposed maintainability metric & Validating a new measure & Fifty C++ software systems & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Najm [11]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}{\textit{I}_{\textit{I} {\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{ \textit{I}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}_{\textit{I}}}}}}}}}}}}\)), proposed maintainability metric & Validating a new measure & Six C++ software systems & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] [25]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{V}S}}\)), proposed maintainability metric & Validating a new measure & Three releases of a Java software system & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [19]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}_{\textit{I}{I}_{ \textit{I}_{\textit{I}}}}}}}}\)), two code smells (Feature Envy, God Class), a set of structural metrics, system size metrics, maintenance effort & Validating a new measure & Three releases of a Java software system & \(\text{N}/\text{A}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON]\&[PERSON] et al. [30]} & Maintainability Index (\(M_{\textit{I}_{\textit{V}S}}\)), SIG method, SQALE analysis & Comparing methods for software technical debt identification on the between-release level & Releases of twenty Python software systems & The Index and SID method show more similarity, while the Index and SQALE analysis show less \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} N/A = not applicable.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Overview of related studies. compared the Maintainability Index with the change metric by calculating the differences between individual classes of two versions of an open-source software written in Java. The results showed a low negative correlation (\(r=-0.32\)), suggesting a slight inverse relationship between the measures. [PERSON] et al.