## 7 Using CAMINO for Real-Life CCAM Experimentation
### Use Case 1: V2X Technology Evaluation  
For the evaluation of different V2X technologies in the context of this use case, the Smart Highway testbed [21] was used. Smart Highway is a cutting-edge ITS testbed deployed by IDLab at main highway locations in Flanders (E313 highway near Antwerp) and was extended to the (urban) road network. The Smart Highway testbed consists of several RSUs with Multi-Access Edge Computing capabilities and On-Board Units (OBUs) that can be integrated in vehicles. The testbed is a unique platform that allows in-depth experimental analysis in view of novel ITS use-cases, by exploiting Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) and Software-Defined Radio (SDR) equipment for both legacy and future technologies. The Smart Highway testbed enables hybrid V2X experimentation providing both short-range (5.9 GHz) and long-range wireless technologies, including C-V2X PC5, ITS-G5, 4G and 5G. The Smart Highway testbed offers an ideal environment for research and experimentation with V2X technologies, as a researcher or an experimenter can exploit real hardware at dynamic conditions, like variable vehicle speeds, weather conditions and traffic densities. Figure 4 shows the roadside infrastructure and vehicle that were used for the evaluation of V2X technologies, while Figure 5 shows the location of the seven deployed RSUs on a map. In the context of this use case, the CAMINO framework could be used to evaluate the wireless communication technologies included in the testbed based on selected KPIs such as packet-loss and latency. Hence, the CAMINO-Core was installed on every RSU and OBU in order to manage the services running on top of the wireless technologies and enable the logging of the transmitted and received messages. These logged data were used during the post processing analysis to evaluate the desired KPIs. Figure 4: Vehicle and roadside infrastructure at the highway. Figure 6 shows an indicative example of such an evaluation, indicating the Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) (Figure 6a) for packets transmitted from the \"RSU8\" to the OBU and the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) plot of the end-to-end one way latency (Figure 6b) for packets transmitted from the \"RSU1\" to the OBU. In these figures, the performance of both short-range technologies, namely ITS-G5 and C-V2X PC5 was shown. During these experiments CAM messages were transmitted from the RSUs to the vehicle, while the latter was driving on the highway using both technologies simultaneously. The two technologies were configured to operate in different channels in the 5.9 GHz band to avoid mutual interference and both transmitters used the same transmission power. This way, both technologies could be evaluated under exactly the same circumstances such as distance between the transmitter and the receiver, surrounding conditions (e.g., trees, trucks), weather conditions, etc., in the very complex and dynamically changing environment of the highway. In order to take into account the impact of the channel in the performance of the technologies (e.g., signal propagation loss), we switched the channels and we repeated the experiments. In the end, the results from all the rounds have been summarized to produce the final graphs. In Figure 6a, it can be seen that both technologies offered quite similar PDR performance for the specific RSU, however C-V2X PC5 offered slightly more stable PDR for distances up to 600 meters as well as longer transmission range compared to ITS-G5. Figure 6b shows that the latency offered by ITS-G5 was lower than the latency of C-V2X PC5. More specifically, 95% of the packets transmitted by ITS-G5 had a latency up to 4 ms, while 95% of the C-V2X PC5 packets had one way latency up to 33 ms. The achieved latency was a result of the mechanisms that each technology used to access to wireless  
Figure 5: The positions of the Road-Side Units (RSUs) deployed along the E313 highway. Figure 6: (a) Packet Delivery Rate (PDR) and (b) one way latency for ITS-G5 and C-V2X PC5 from RSU to vehicle on the highway at the Belgian pilot site.