# A Component-Based Approach to Early Warning Systems: A Theoretical Model
## 4 Discussion  
One of the most important activities in preventing the impacts of crisis events is the collection and evaluation of monitored data, as well as the reception and assessment of information on the occurrence of such events. Additionally, the operation of warning and notification systems plays a crucial role in crisis management [47]. The primary contribution of this paper is the harmonisation and consolidation of information regarding EWSs and their functionality. Rather than focusing on a single specific natural hazard, this study examines the functionality and requirements of EWSs from a general perspective, thus reflecting the fundamental criteria that such systems should meet for all natural hazards. A comprehensive analysis of sensors used to monitor the manifestations of natural hazards is crucial for advancing EWSs and disaster preparedness. Despite their critical role in hazard detection, there is a notable lack of comparative studies evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of different sensor types. Addressing this gap could enhance risk assessment, improve response strategies, and ultimately save lives. This paper introduces a new classification of EWSs, dividing them into three components based on a timeline. These components not only describe the sources of data used but also the methods of information dissemination to the public. However, as [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2014) have outlined, differing views exist on how extensive EWS information should be. If it should provide only basic information or ensure that this information reaches all target audiences, it must be correctly understood and appropriately and promptly responded to [133]. Additionally, this paper defines EWSs while addressing the challenges associated with their individual elements. The definition encompasses the requirements imposed on EWSs. A prerequisite for effective warning systems is the integration of the subsystems of detection of extreme events, management of important information, and public response, and to also maintain relationships between them through preparedness [134]. The proposed structure into three components aligns with the classification of EWSs into upstream and downstream components. The upstream incorporates the system's tools and procedures for the creation of the early warning message by a monitoring or operational centre, while the downstream is dedicated to the dissemination of the early warning message [135]. Furthermore, this paper identifies and summarises the primary and secondary measurable causes of selected natural hazards, highlighting the parameters that should be monitored using available technologies. It also defines the manifestations of these natural hazards, emphasising their destructive impact. This parameter is of greatest importance in an EWS, as its occurrence signifies an immediate threat to human lives, property, and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Natural Hazard** & **Parameter** & **Types of Sensors** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Extreme temperatures} & \multirow{3}{*}{Temperature} & Capacitive, fibre optic, optical (several types), resistive, semiconductive, thermistors, thermocouples, surface acoustic wave, infrared, microwave \\  & & - \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Wildfires} & \multirow{3}{*}{Temperature} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} \\  & Air quality & Electrochemical, infrared, optical gas, capacitive gas, \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Wind} & \multirow{3}{*}{Wind} & \multirow{3}{*}{Wind} \\  & & calorimetric gas, acoustic gas, spectroradiometer, resistive \\ \multirow{3}{*}{Landslides} & \multirow{3}{*}{Ground displacement} & \multirow{3}{*}{Acoustic, strong ground motion, fibre optic, rotational frequency, infrasound} \\  & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._the environment. Our understanding remains limited, and further research is necessary. Identifying causes helps in developing mitigation strategies, potentially saving millions of lives and reducing economic losses [136]. The development and advancement of EWSs are integral to this concept.