## 4 Results
### Particulate Matter Environmental Exposures and Perceived Symptoms
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Mean**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**F (\(p\)-Value)**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & **Perceived** & **Group 1** & **Group 2** & **Group 3** & **Total** & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**F (\(p\)-Value)**} & Suffering from cough, hoarseness, bronchitis, respiratory distress and difficulty breathing & \multirow{2}{*}{3.54} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.69} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.33 (0.038 *)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & Experiencing clogged nose, rhinitis, & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & sneezing, allergy and atopic symptoms, & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & such as itchy or swollen skin or dry eyes & \multirow{2}{*}{3.51} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.43} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.10} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.66} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.76 (0.025 *)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & Suffering from headache, arthritis and other pain & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & Experiencing the deterioration of & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & an already present illness & \multirow{2}{*}{2.42} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.88} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.38} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.84} & \multirow{2}{*}{7.57 (0.001 **)} \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**F (\(p\)-Value)**} & Suffering increased stress and fatigue & \multirow{2}{*}{3.34} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.14} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.62} & \multirow{2}{*}{7.23 (0.001 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & Feeling worried and anxious & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & Thinking that particulate matter has & \multirow{2}{*}{4.21} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.27} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.78} & \multirow{2}{*}{**4.39**} & \multirow{2}{*}{8.55 (0.000 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & a negative effect on my health & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & Thinking that particulate matter causes & \multirow{2}{*}{3.71} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.68} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.72} & \multirow{2}{*}{**4.00**} & \multirow{2}{*}{17.55 (0.000 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & problems in my life & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & Thinking that particulate matter reduces & \multirow{2}{*}{3.20} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.31} & \multirow{2}{*}{4.02} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.47} & \multirow{2}{*}{6.80 (0.001 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & my performance and concentration & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{**F (\(p\)-Value)**} & I have recently been to the hospital for any of the above symptoms & \multirow{2}{*}{1.94} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.15} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.31} & \multirow{2}{*}{8.96 (0.000 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & I have recently been taking medication & \multirow{2}{*}{2.12} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.31} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.04} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.45} & \multirow{2}{*}{6.19 (0.003 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & for some of the above symptoms & & & & & \\ \cline{3-8}  & I have recently taken a break at home & \multirow{2}{*}{2.51} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.39} & \multirow{2}{*}{3.42} & \multirow{2}{*}{2.74} & \multirow{2}{*}{7.80 (0.001 **)} \\ \cline{3-8}  & because of some of the above symptoms & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \(p\) < 0.05, ** \(p\) < 0.01, *** \(p\) < 0.001. Group 1: 20-year-old college students; Group 2: 30- to 40-year-old male workers; Group 3: 30- to 40-year-old housewives.  
\end{table} 
Table 8: Health-related symptoms experienced by residents as a consequence of particulate matter.