esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Physical Layer Improvement Proposals for PRIME and G3-PLC
### PRIME: Reed-Solomon Encoding  
PRIME specification defines an optional convolutional encoder for certain modulation schemes. A previous study from the authors concluded that modulation schemes without convolutional encoder are not efficient for real field scenarios [10], an observation that is consistent with other studies [17; 18].  
Based on the results of [10], the use of G3-PLC Reed-Solomon outer encoder as an addition to PRIME convolutional encoder was identified as an interesting option. The Reed-Solomon error correction mechanism, as described in G3-PLC specification [13; 14], will be analyzed, as a particularization of its generic definition [19]. Its normal mode of eight correctable symbols is selected, which is obtained with the introduction of 16 parity bytes.  
Most PRIME hardware platforms also support G3-PLC with a firmware change. This means that the Reed-Solomon algorithm is already available without hardware modification.  
Published studies oriented to G3-PLC and PRIME performance improvements mention the advantages of Reed-Solomon in G3-PLC compared to PRIME standard [8]. Nevertheless, they do not explore the possibility of adding Reed-Solomon to PRIME technology.  
For this proposal, PRIME based transmitter and receiver are modified so that a Reed-Solomon encoder and decoder are introduced, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. This modification is introduced over the best PRIME implementation of the ones previously assessed, this is, including the spline curve model for the channel estimation of the equalizer described in the previous section. The convolutional decoder being used in the modems of this study and [10] are based on soft input Viterbi algorithm with Euclidean metric.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Similarities in Cell-Density-Dependent Control of Bioluminescence between T3 and Q67
The variation pattern of _lux_ expression in Q67 was different from that in T3. The maximum increases were observed in S4. Among them, the relative expression of _lux_A exhibited the maximum variation and increased seven-fold in S4, followed by _lux_D with a six-fold increase. For the _lux_B gene, its expression level was relatively low and the maximum expression level in S4 increased by five-fold, which differs from strain T3 in that _lux_B dramatically rose in the exponential phase. Some studies demonstrated that in _Vibrio_, the key active site for luminescence is in the alpha-subunit of luciferase (_lux_A), while the beta-subunit, which is encoded by _lux_B, is presumably responsible for the conformation stability. [PERSON] and [PERSON] reported that a non-luminous strain of _V. fischeri_ could produce light using electroporation in combination with gene replacement, which suggested a sufficient role of _lux_A for light production in _V. fischeri_. Thus, it was hypothesized that _lux_A plays a crucial role in the luciferase expression of Q67, which also belongs to _Vibrio_[24]. From the study on the variations of bioluminescence and the light-emission-involved gene expression of the T3 and Q67, the results showed that the bioluminescence of the two strains was population density-dependent. It is evident that the two bacteria are quorum-sensing controlled.
## 1 Introduction
In terms of ESN performance with different network configurations, compared to an RNN, the weights of the hidden layer in the ESN are randomly initialized, and parts of the hidden units hereby could be ineffective. A larger reservoir size makes finding a good set of hidden units easier. However, the training may present a risk of overfitting if the reservoir size is too large. Ref. [47] reported a trade-off between the size of the reservoir and/or the number of training samples, due to the memory limit. Inheriting from ESNs, a DeepESN can achieve superior performance with an optimally configured reservoir, as discussed in [48; 49; 50; 51]. DeepESNs with different reservoir configurations have been applied to several datasets, including nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NAMA), and for predictions pertaining to users' locations, orientations, and base station associations, respectively [49]. However, these studies have addressed the DeepESNs' performance with tens or hundreds of reservoir units, which may necessitate a substantial amount of computational resources for training and prediction tasks. Regrettably, UWOC systems are typically constrained in terms of computational resources, especially for practical UWOC systems which are constrained by spatial limitations and power consumption requirements. In this paper, DeepESN is, for the first time, applied in optical communication signal processing to minimize noise and distortion effects while enhancing the system tolerance to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in signals received from UWOC channels. We built a 40.5 m error-free underwater transmission link at the date rate above 100 Mbps, where the system employed both pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) and quadrature amplitude modulation using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (QAM-OFDM) modulations [22]. DeepESN was applied for signal processing in the system. The improvement of bit-error rate (BER) is observed with the use of DeepESN. We also applied the recursive least squares (RLS) filter [21; 52] for the signal processing as the reference to compare the performances. From the experimental results, the DeepESN exhibits a superior performance to improve the system's performance in the high-data-rate signal. We also compared the DeepESN to the ESN and proposed a suggested DeepESN configuration when addressing the UWOC signal. The range of the reservoir units' number should be from one to three times the symbol's oversampling factors. As a trade-off between the equalization performance and training efficiency, a two- or three-layer DeepESN is recommended for UWOC systems.
# Tailored Nanoparticles as Vaccine Components
## 3 Types and Uses of Nanoparticles in Vaccines
### Emulsions  
Emulsions are the simplest two-phase structures used in vaccine delivery. Though they are entirely made of liquids, they share some properties with solid particles. In addition to the aqueous phase, they usually consist of a hydrophobic oil phase and an amphiphilic emulsifier detergent that stabilizes the phase boundary, for example, the fatty acid ester of sugar alcohol. There are oil-in-water, water-in-oil, and water-in-oil-in-water emulsions, with droplet sizes between 50 and 600 nm [11; 19; 24]. The antigens are usually adsorbed to the phase boundary, and from their slow and sustained release into the tissue, emulsions provide a strong adjuvant effect. [19]. Examples comprise \(\mathrm{MF59}^{\mathrm{TM}}\), an oil-in-water emulsion that has been used as an adjuvant and studied for its potential uses in influenza vaccines [38], and Montanide(tm), a family of oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions that have been used in malaria vaccines [39]. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions can be complemented with biosurfactant peptides and proteins that can serve as anchors for functionalization with other biomolecules, such that polyethylene glycol and/or a  
Figure 2: **Types of nanoparticles used in vaccines.** The images are schematic and do not depict the size relationships of the particles to their components. (**a**) Oil-in-water (top left), water-in-oil (top right), and water-in-oil-in-water emulsion (bottom, with reverse micelle enlarged). The antigen is usually adsorbed to the phase interface that is stabilized by the emulsifier (not shown). (**b**) Three-dimensional view (top) and cross-section schematic (bottom) of an ISCOM. (**c**) Liposome with protein antigens in the aqueous center (top) and with nucleic acids complexed to cationic lipids inside (bottom). (**d**) Gold nanoparticles decorated with antigen and adjuvants (top) and mesoporous silica nanoparticle functionalized with antibodies for targeting (bottom). (**e**) Isotropic PLGA nanoparticle (top) and layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte microcapsule (bottom). (**f**) Virus-like particles with (top) and without (bottom) enveloping membrane.  
receptor-specific antibody (for targeting) can be selectively attached to the droplet-water interface [40].
## 3 Results and Discussion  
In the present study, the laboratory models are prepared with three soil types with different relative densities, i.e., 35%, 48%, 69%, with two angles of slope (\(\theta\)), i.e., 40\({}^{o}\), 45\({}^{o}\), with two footing widths (B), i.e., 150 mm and 200 mm and with four positions of footing from upper slope corner (X), i.e., 75 mm (0.5 B), 150 mm (B), 225 mm (1.5 B), 300 mm (2 B). The displacement of the slope, force in the nail, settlement of the footing and the earth pressure in back-fill soil due to different soil and footing parameters (relative density, slope angle, footing width, footing position) are measured and obtained results are discussed below. The horizontal nails (\(\delta\) = 0) with a length of slope height (Ln = 700 mm) are used in the models. The vertical (Sv) and horizontal (Sh) spacing of nails are provided as 0.4 times the slope height (0.4 \(H\)). The lateral displacement of the nailed slope facing are recorded with three dial gauges at three measurement points A, B and C at distances Z = 70 mm (0.1 \(H\)), 350 mm (0.5 \(H\)) and 630 mm (0.9 \(H\)) from the top surface. Pressure cell numbers are mounted flush with the back of the slope facing with a special arrangement to measure horizontal pressure, as shown in Figure 3 at points A, B and C. Readings are measured during construction of slope and after each increment of foundation pressure (q) from 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, to 30.0 kPa. The complete nailed soil models with various parameters are shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 2: Slope-nailed system construction stages [21].
# Special Issue on Optical Communications and Networking: Prospects in Industrial Applications
## 2 Special Issue Papers
Explicitly, the signal branch of the unclipped asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and the down/upper-clipped pulse-amplitude-modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT) are adaptively combined to increase the spectrum efficiency. The chromaticity-shift-free and pulse width modulation (PWM) are adopted for the precisely dimming control, and a time-varying biasing scheme is used to mitigate the non-linear distortion. As the different signal components in DCHO-OFDM are combined in an interference-orthogonal approach, the transmitted symbols can be readily detected by a standard OFDM receiver. The simulation demonstrated that a high spectrum efficiency of the conceived DCHO-OFDM scheme can be achieved with less fluctuation in a wide dimming range. * Shipborne Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing Experimental Verifications towards Satellite-to-Sea Laser Communication [11] Acquisition, tracking, and pointing (ATP) with high precision is a key technology in free space laser communication. In this paper, the authors report the acquisition and tracking of low-Earth-orbit satellites using shipborne ATP and verify the feasibility of establishing optical links between laser communication satellites and ships in the future. They developed a shipborne ATP system for satellite-to-sea applications in laser communications. The proposed acquisition strategy improves shipborne ATP pointing accuracy. They acquired and tracked some low-Earth-orbit satellites at sea, achieving a tracking accuracy of about 20 \(\upmu\)rad. The results achieved in this work experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of ATP in satellite-to-sea laser communications.
# Global Power Dynamics in the Contemporary Space System
## 5 System Dynamics--Global Power Dynamics
### Encouraging Space Economic Strength
Similarly, the government of India has encouraged private space companies to establish collaborative relationships with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and engage in their numerous projects. In 2021, the Indian Prime Minister, [PERSON], established the Indian Space Association (ISpA), an industry body comprising both government and private companies. The objective of the ISpA is to complement the central government's efforts in commercial space exploration and space-based communication.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Optimal Solution Selection for Intercolumn Delay-Time Differences  
The intercolumn extension time difference on the recoil distance and the impact of the burst stack height are comprehensively considered, if the intercolumn extension time difference optimal solution coefficient index is k, where 0 \(\mathrm{\leq}\) k \(\leq\) 1. According to Figures 10 and 11, that show the data analysis, the recoil distance as well as the minimum value of the burst pile height are taken as k = 0.5, and the maximum value of both is k = 0.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Analysis Type** & & & & & **Data Results** & & & \\ \hline Delayed time difference (s) & 0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 & 0.4 & 0.5 & 0.6 & 0.7 & 0.8 & 0.9 \\ Burst height (m) & 15.35 & 13.21 & 11.62 & 11.40 & 7.60 & 6.89 & 7.37 & 7.21 & 8.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The height of the burst pile under different extension time differences.  
According to the results of the mathematical analysis for data fitting, the results of fitting the structural recoil distance indicator k\({}_{1}\) under a 0.1-0.3 s deferred time difference are:  
\[\mathrm{k}_{1}=-1.25\mathrm{t}+0.50289 \tag{5}\]  
The results of the k\({}_{1}^{\prime}\) fitting of the structural-recoil-distance metric under a 0.4-0.9 s delay-time difference are:  
\[\mathrm{k}_{1}^{\prime}=1.73791\mathrm{t}^{2}-3.28223\mathrm{t}+1.54343 \tag{6}\]  
The 0.1-0.9 s delay-time difference of the fitting results of the structure burst stack height indicator k\({}_{2}\) are:  
\[\mathrm{k}_{2}=-1.29237\mathrm{t}^{2}+1.85906\mathrm{t}-0.19995 \tag{7}\]  
According to Equations (5)-(7), the results of the intercolumn extended time-difference optimal-solution coefficient index k are:  
delay-time difference between 0.1 and 0.3 s:  
\[\mathrm{k}=-1.29237\mathrm{t}^{2}+0.60906\mathrm{t}+0.30303 \tag{8}\]  
delay-time difference between 0.4 and 0.39:  
\[\mathrm{k}\prime=0.44554\mathrm{t}^{2}-1.42317\mathrm{t}+1.34348 \tag{9}\]  
Equations (8) and (9) are provided to perform the calculations. At 236 ms, Formula (8) obtains the maximum value of 0.3748; at 400 ms, Equation (9) obtains the maximum value of 0.8455. Therefore, for a smaller height and width than the reinforced concrete structure and taking into account the height of the burst pile and the back sitting distance, the optimal solution for the column delay-time difference at 400 ms is a reasonable range for the column delay-time difference of 400 ms\(\sim\)500 ms.  
Figure 14: Burst stack height relationship fitting.
# High-Harmonic and Terahertz Spectroscopy (HATS): Methods and Applications
## 4 Prospective
### HATS for Solid and Liquid Media  
Recently, attention has been drawn to the strong field physics of matter in the solid and liquid states, which might be more efficient emission sources. Rapid developments have been made on both the technology and the understanding of the related physics [103; 104; 105; 106; 107; 108; 109; 110]. The methods developed for gas targets can also be applied to solid by borrowing the similar physical concepts and varying from the nuclei-electron re-collision to the hole-electron re-collision [109]. This implies the possibility of generalizing the HATS technique for solids, since HATS is rooted in the non-perturbative electron dynamics driven by the strong laser field. Intuitively, the periodic potential for the ideal crystalline solid can be described by the linear combination of the atomic orbitals (LCAO), which shares a similar way of treating the molecular orbitals in quantum chemistry [111]. At present, there exist two mechanisms of the generation process of high harmonics from solid, namely the interband and intraband transitions [104; 112]. Recent observations on harmonic plateaus and cut-off law also suggest new pictures of the underlying electron dynamics [113; 107; 114; 115; 116]. It is expected that the HATS for crystalline solid can be applied to clarify the motion of electrons, because the detection of THz wave, which is formed by the shifting current, may be a much more direct way to trace the electronic movements than high harmonics. Furthermore, the phonon of crystal is located within the THz frequency range [58], implying that both the electronic motions and the phonon properties can be observed within one run of detection by using our HATS method.  
It is also of great interest to detect HATS from liquid source, especially on water, because water is the most common solution to matters with strong absorption of THz wave. Both HHG and THz wave have been observed from liquid water successfully: HHG was investigated by the droplets of water and THz wave was generated from thin water film [4; 110]. In 1995, Thrane started the detection of THz reflecting spectroscopy from water [117]. The interactions among alkalis, alkaline-earth ions and water molecules exhibited a specific order, which was understood by the solution dynamics [118]. If HATS detection were applied to the water solution, the orientation and re-direction of the water molecules might be traced on a subfemtosecond timescale. Another interesting topic is the hydrogen bond of liquid. For instance, the interaction between the two molecules within one water dimer (H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{2}\), is much stronger than the Van der Waals force, which implies the existence of hydrogen bond with the typical energy at THz frequency range [119]. By applying the HATS method to study the ultrafast processes in water, the hydrogen dynamics are expected to be revealed.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Mineral Profile  
As can be seen in Table 5, sodium (41.45 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW) was the major mineral in the _D. viridis_TAV01 biomass, which was expected due to the high saline culture medium. The WHO recommends a maximum Na daily intake of 2 g. However, even in the case of a high microalgae incorporation in food, 20 g, for example, Na intake will be lower than the maximum recommended levels [71]. However, this is a concern even when discussing other microalgae such as spirulina which was reported to accumulate 151.02 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW of Na [72]. Phosphorus concentration was 9.79 mg g\({}^{-1}\), which was close to the value reported by [73] for spirulina and _Chorella_ (11.9 mg g\({}^{-1}\) and 12.4 mg g\({}^{-1}\), respectively). Potassium concentration (5.1 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) was similar to the values described for _D. tertioleta_ (5.3 and 4.29 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW) and _D. salina_ (5.1 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW) [74, 75, 76]. Iron content (3.67 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) was higher compared to that reported for _D. tertioleta_ (1.37 mg g\({}^{-1}\)) and similar to that of _C. vulgaris_ (3.6 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW) [75, 76]. Considering the intake range recommended for adults, with a minimum daily intake recommendation of 8 mg.d\({}^{-1}\) and a maximum nontoxic limit of 40 mg.d\({}^{-1}\) DW [77], _D. viridis_TAV01 shows an interesting profile for possible iron supplementation. The presence of toxic metals may be related to the high concentration of these metals in the environment from which the strain was isolated and its bioaccumulation capacity, where some metals are preferentially sequestered over others [73, 78]. Some studies showed that _Dunaliella_ sp. can significantly uptake Pb in a 6 day period [58, 79]. Thus, care should be exerted to monitor _Dunaliella_ biomass for the possible accumulation of this and other metals, such as Cd, whose concentration was above the maximum permitted levels in food (FAO/WHO--0.5 mg 100 g\({}^{-1}\)) [80]. Nonetheless, considering the maximum daily intake recommended for each metal, the daily consumption of 50 mg of this alga should not pose a health risk [77], and countermeasures ensuring the absence of such metals from the growth medium could be taken in the future. The elements Ag, Be, Co, Hg, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn, Th, Ti, and U were not detected.
# Interest Forwarding in Named Data Networking Using Reinforcement Learning
## 2 Related Work
_INFORM_, presented in [26] and inspired by the Q-routing algorithm [27], adopts a more similar approach to ours by leveraging on the routing layer. INFORM alternates between exploration and exploitation phases when making forwarding decisions. In the initial exploration phase when no learning has occurred, a received Interest is sent using the best interface according to the information in the FIB, and a copy of the Interest is also sent on a randomly selected interface. The same actions are repeated in subsequent exploration phases except that the best interface will be the one learnt by the algorithm. Only the best interface computed after an exploration phase is used during the subsequent exploitation phase. In these methods, the authors do not address the handling of Interest NACKs, which becomes significant because the exploration of the network, necessary for the learning algorithm, increases the possibilities of Interest loops. Our approach is inspired from the CPN routing protocol which, in most of its implementations, employs a reinforcement learning algorithm using the RNN [13] to establish and maintain connections between network nodes. The algorithm used has been shown to possess fast convergence properties during an initial learning phase and good sensitivity to environmental changes [17], hence its success in CPN routing. An early review of the variations, applications, and performance evaluations of the CPN can be found in [28].
# On the Use of Bright Scatterers for Monitoring Doppler, Dual-Polarization Weather Radars
## 3 Results
### On the Quite Stable Characteristics of the Differential Reflectivity  
In the absence of differential attenuation (which is the case of the five selected clear sky days), the differential reflectivity depends on the equivalent horizontal/vertical radar cross sections of the tower (its dielectric constant being the same for both orthogonal polarizations). In view of the results presented in Section 3.3, a positive \(Z^{dr}\) of approximately 1 dB can be expected (by looking at the last column in Tables 2 and 3, and it can be seen that the median of the 5 daily median reflectivity values is 81.5 dBZ for the horizontal polarization and 80.5 dBZ for the vertical polarization).  
The last (central) column inf Table 5 shows the 5-daily median (average) differential reflectivity values (rounded to 0.1 dB): in both cases, the median is 1.1 dB, while the most likely values are 1.1 dB and 1.0 dB (4 cases out of 7). We can conclude that, on a daily basis, a positive median/average differential reflectivity of approximately 1 dB can be expected for the Cimetta tower. The first column in Table 5 shows another indicator of dispersion that we call \"spread\": it is half the distance between the 84 and the 16 percentiles, and it equals the standard deviation of a normal distribution. The (daily) standard deviation of the differential reflectivity is shown in the first column in Table 6; a comparison of these two columns shows that, using a 0.1 dB resolution, the spread of \(Z^{dr}\) is undistinguishable from \(\sigma[Z^{dr}]\) in 2 cases out of 5; in the other 3 cases, the spread is 0.1 dB larger than the standard deviation. Finally, the last two columns in Table 6 show the standard deviation of the Log-transformed radar reflectivity values of the horizontal and vertical polarizations. These values confirm what was shown in Section 3.3.2: the dispersion is larger for the vertical polarization than for the horizontal one for all of the five days.