esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Performance of Differential-Phase OFDM Systems over Selective Multipath Fading Channels
## 2 Channel Specifications
The instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio per symbol, \(\gamma\), in terms of \(\alpha\) can be defined as [16]  
\[\gamma\triangleq\frac{E_{s}}{N_{0}}\alpha^{2} \tag{6}\]  
where \(E_{s}\) is the energy per symbol, \(N_{o}\) is the one-sided noise energy. The pdf of the \(\gamma\) random variable can be obtained by the transformation of random variables between \(\alpha\) and \(\gamma\) as  
\[f_{\gamma}(\gamma)=\frac{f_{\alpha}(\alpha)}{|d\gamma/d\alpha|} \tag{7}\]  
By substituting (6) and (7) in (5), we obtain  
\[f_{\gamma}(\gamma)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(m)}\left(\frac{m}{\overline{\gamma}_{s}} \right)^{m}\gamma^{m-1}\exp\left(-\frac{m\gamma}{\overline{\gamma}_{s}}\right),\hskip 14.226378 pt\gamma\geq 0 \tag{8}\]  
where \(\overline{\gamma}_{s}\) is the average symbol SNR given by  
\[= \sum_{p=1}^{p}\alpha(t;\tau)e^{i\phi(t;\tau)}\delta(\tau-\tau_{p} (t))\]0
# A Privacy-Preserving Scheme for a Traffic Accident Risk Level Prediction System
## 4 Materials and Methods
### Risk Level Prediction System for Traffic Accident Prevention  
Our system is based on in-vehicle and infrastructure domains. The in-vehicle domain consists of Onboard Units (OBUs) and Application Units (AUs) installed in the vehicles, and the infrastructure domain consists of vehicles equipped with OBUs and AUs that can communicate with external networks through Roadside Units (RSUs). This system uses Amazon Web Service (AWS) services for storage, processing, model training, and deploying information. This system consists of three components or modules called agents. Those agents are built on vehicular scanners, Global Positioning System (GPS) receptors, heart rate and oxygen saturation monitors, cloud services, and mobile apps. Figure 1 presents the architecture of the Risk Level Prediction System.  
Figure 1: Architecture of the Risk Level Prediction System.  
The Risk Level Prediction System consists of three main agents: acquisition, processing, and response.  
First, the acquisition agent is a mobile app that recollects data from an On-board Diagnostic (OBD) scanner, GPS receptor, and a smartwatch to track the driver's heart rate. It also retrieves information from a weather service and a traffic accident database to collect data on weather conditions and the number of accidents in a specific location. The acquisition agent uses the current releases of AccuWeather, S3, and DynamoDB services.  
Second, the processing agent is a cloud-based tool that processes driving data (driver and vehicle information, weather conditions, traffic accidents, and road characteristics) and returns the risk level through machine learning models. The processing agent uses the current releases of S3, Sagemaker, and DynamoDB services.  
Finally, the response agent is a mobile app that mainly retrieves the traffic accident risk level from the processing agent and presents it to the drivers using notifications and alerts. The response agent relies on the current release of DynamoDB service.
## 3 Results
### Measurements
#### 3.1.1 Broadband Tuner
As shown in Figure 10, the FSS-ES with the term new C-band 100 GHz GB at an 85 m distance denotes an interference signal exceeding 24.2 dB, and the signal intensity is around \(-\)79.9 dBm. However, the downconversion frequency of LNB ranges from 950 MHz to 1.65 GHz. The operator's 5G frequency allotment is between 3.4 and 3.5 GHz, whereas the frequency resources received by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission are between 3.5 and 3.6 GHz. The two frequencies are close to the C-band satellite signal frequency. When the signal travels through the LNB, the downconversion frequencies are 1.450 and 1.65 GHz. The affected C-band satellite signals can be temporarily removed to resume broadcasting immediately. The FSS-ES blocked the interference because its LNB cannot fully reject or reduce the 5G signals to levels below which the satellite can receive them. Figure 9: FSS for 85 m (new C-band OFF).
# The Performance and Fouling Control of Submerged Hollow Fiber (HF) Systems: A Review
## 8 Submerged HF Membrane Integrity and Failure
### Chemical Oxidation  
Owing to membrane fouling being an inevitable phenomenon, membrane maintenance protocols using chemical cleaning to control fouling and restore the membrane flux are employed. There is a wide variety of chemical cleaning agents utilized by the industry, with the most common being sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) because of its ready availability, relatively low price, and high cleaning efficiency. Unfortunately, such oxidants are the main causes of deterioration in the membrane integrity [316], whereby prolonged exposure causes oxidative damage to the membrane [317], which accelerates membrane ageing and degradation that in turn not only leads to discoloration of the membrane fibers,but also embrittlement of the fibers that subsequently increases the likelihood of membrane-fiber fracture [316; 318; 319]. The embrittlement rate for hollow fibers has been found to be four times that of flat-sheet membranes [309].
# Improved CycleGAN for Mixed Noise Removal in Infrared Images
###### Abstract
In addition to this, dense link structure and regularization terms are introduced in the network to reconstruct the smoothness in the vertical direction of the information containing the noise; [18] proposed an infrared image denoising enhancement method called IE-CGAN (Image Enhancement Conditional Generative Adversarial Network), which realizes the linear combination of feature information in the learning process of the network by adding the skip-connection structure to link the relevant feature mapping layers in the generator, while the discriminator network adopts an all-CNN structure to convert the input image into smaller feature mappings and enhance its discriminative ability to promote the generator to produce better denoised images. An algorithm called DestripeCycleGAN infrared image denoising algorithm is presented in [19], which uses a MWUNet (Multi-level Wavelet U-Net) as a denoising generator and utilizes Haar wavelet transform as a sampler to reduce the loss of orientation information. In addition, the algorithm combines GFB (Group Fusion Block) in the form of skip connections to realize the fusion of multi-scale feature information. The authors of [20] combined residual block, non-local attention and bicubic interpolation to form a MLFAB (Multi-level Feature Attention Block), and added it to the generator structure of GAN to propose a MLFAN (Multi-level Feature Attention Network) for the task of denoising infrared images, which is capable of effectively removing Gaussian noise, Poisson noise and the mixture of the two from the image. At the same time, the MLFAB module fuses higher-order and lower-order feature information, which enhances the ability to retain the details of the image. Inspired by the work of the above researchers, this paper presents a mixed noise removal method for infrared images based on improved CycleGAN, and the main contributions can be summarized as follows:  
1. By adding the EMA attention mechanism to the traditional residual module structure, a Resnet-E feature extraction module is proposed, and a generator is designed based on this module using the skip-connection structure, which improves the denoising performance of the network for mixed noises. 2. A new term containing PSNR loss calculation is added to the original cycle consistency loss function, which better ensures the consistency of the non-noise features between the input image and the output image, and thus improves the network's ability to retain details when removing noise. 3. Experimental validation on both synthesized and real infrared noise image data demonstrates that our proposed improved network has excellent denoising effects for mixed noise of different intensities.
## 4 Conclusions  
New and effective planar D-\(\pi\)-A (DVB-T-ID) SOMs based on 1,3-indanedione acceptor and dimethoxy vinylbenzene donor units are synthesized and used as donor or absorber materials for BHJ-OSCs. DVB-T-ID SOMs show a good solubility in most of the common solvents and demonstrate promising photophysical properties. The moderate HOMO and LUMO energy levels of \(\sim\)5.32 eV and \(\sim\)3.26 eV were obtained for DVB-T-ID SOMs. As a donor material, BHJ-OSC fabricated with DVB-T-ID:PC\({}_{61}\)BM (1:2, _w/w_) achieved a moderate PCE of \(\sim\)3.1% and a J\({}_{\rm SC}\) of \(\sim\)10.63 mA/cm\({}^{2}\), along with an FF of \(\sim\)0.48. In this work, the enhanced PCE and photocurrent density might be associated with good miscibility and intermolecular charge transfer between the DVB-T-ID and PC\({}_{61}\)BM moieties.  
The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5743/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5743/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5743/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/17/5743/s1)).  
Conceptualization, S.A. ([PERSON]) and M.S.A.; Data curation, A.; Formal analysis, A. and E.-B.K.; Funding acquisition, E.-B.K. and H.-S.S.; Investigation, S.A. ([PERSON]); Methodology, S.A. ([PERSON]); Project administration, S.A. ([PERSON]); Resources, S.A. ([PERSON]); Software, E.-B.K.; Supervision, H.-S.S.; Visualization, A.; Writing-review & editing, M.S.A., H.-S.S. and S.A. ([PERSON]). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 6: Representative AFM height and 3D images of **(a,b)** 1:1, _w/w_, **(c,d)** 1:2, _w/w_ and **(e,f)** 1:3, _w_/w of DVB-T-ID:PC\({}_{61}\)BM blend thin films.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Acknowledgments:** This work is fully supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF2019R1F1A1063999). This research was also supported by the Korea Basic Institute under the R&D program (Project No. D010710) supervised by the Ministry of Science and ICT. This paper was supported by research funds for newly appointed professors of Jeonbuk National University in 2018.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Experiment and Results
### Experiment Configuration
#### 5.3.2 Environment Configuration  
The environment used in this study is CartPole, which serves as a standard benchmark for reinforcement learning algorithms. The random seed for the environment was set to 42 to ensure the reproducibility of the results throughout the training sessions. Furthermore, the environment was reset before each training episode, providing a consistent starting point for the agent's interactions, allowing for a fair evaluation of the agent's performance and learning capabilities throughout the training process.
## 4 Service-Oriented Architecture for PGIS
### Infrastructure Layer  
The infrastructure layer includes three parts: sensor web service network, linked data service network, and processing service network.  
Sensor web creates a near real-time link between the cyber world and the physical world. The SWE specifications, which includes lots of service protocols and data encodings, establish a well-defined and uniform interface for sensor web. Based on the SWE specifications, various sensor web systems form an observation network, which is the so called sensor web service network. It can collect and access sensor data in near real-time in a controllable way [33].  
Figure 4: Service patterns in PGIS.  
With the help of sensor web service network, huge amounts of geospatial data can be obtained and various data services can be provided. However, a challenging problem is how those data services can be linked as a whole. This paper uses the basic theory of linked data [26] and forms the linked data services, which enables exposing, sharing, and connecting data, information, and knowledge through the Internet. The basic theory of linked data has two aspects: open data and standard description. Open data means that data can be accessed freely. Nowadays, there are a large number of geospatial data openly available through the internet. For instance, Data.gov ([[http://www.data.gov/](http://www.data.gov/)]([http://www.data.gov/](http://www.data.gov/))) hosts 379,953 raw and geospatial datasets. Geospatial One-Stop ([[http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos](http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos)]([http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos](http://gos2.geodata.gov/wps/portal/gos))) published 14,487 live data and maps, and 467,568 downloadable data sets. Standard description employs the idea of standardization to enable seamless data exchange and interoperability. For example, The DBpedia ([[http://wiki.dbpedia.org/](http://wiki.dbpedia.org/)]([http://wiki.dbpedia.org/](http://wiki.dbpedia.org/))) currently describes more than 3.5 million things, out of which 1.67 million are classified in a consistent Ontology. The open data and standard description help to provide linked data  
Figure 5: The service-oriented architecture for PGIS.  
services for better data sharing, exchange, and interoperability. Section 4.2 describes the detailed data description standards.  
The processing service network employs the geospatial information service chain (GISC) technology into the data processing and analysis. It chains the small scale services into a complex service to solve a complicated real world problem. Recently, OGC has specified the Web processing service (WPS) interface to enable the processing of data. It offers a generic interface that can be used to conduct a large variety of geo-processing operations. The join, aggregation, normalization, and classification functions have been implemented as WPS operations.
## 3 Upper-Bound Solution for Different Potential Failure Modes on a Clay Slope
### Triangular-Wedge Failure
Please refer to [12] for the background of the parameter selections. Interestingly, the soil thrust under the weight of vehicle decreased when the slope angle \(\psi\) increased. A larger \(\theta\) value also accelerated the decrease in the soil thrust. When no vehicle weight was considered (\(F_{v}=0\)), however, the calculated soil thrusts showed different results, which was solely affected by the second term of Equation (9). In other words, the soil thrust was independent of the slope angle \(\psi\) when no overburden pressure was applied on the top of the soil block. Of course, this case cannot be established in practice since a tracked vehicle always causes overburden pressure on a clay slope. \[\psi\rightarrow\frac{\pi}{2}\Rightarrow F_{x}\to 2c_{u}H-F_{v}. \tag{14}\]  
Figure 6: Variation in the soil thrust \(F_{x}\) normalized by \(c_{u}\) under a triangular-wedge failure mode with different slope angles (\(\psi\)), failure wedge angles (\(\theta\)), and weights of vehicles (\(F_{v}\)). The maximum \(\theta\) value was approximately \(71.65^{\circ}\) with the geometry of a soil block with \(H=0.05\) m and \(L=0.15\) m. (**a**) \(F_{v}=0\), (**b**) \(F_{v}=5\) kN/m, (**c**) \(F_{v}=10\) kN/m, and (**d**) \(F_{v}=15\) kN/m.
## 3 Thermodynamic Modeling
### Maintenance of Thermodynamic Database  
Modeling reliability is largely dependent on one aspect: the accuracy and completeness of the thermodynamic properties of the species involved in the system, which are normally acquired from a thermodynamic database. The thermodynamic database Cemdata18 [29] was used for the modeling in this study. For the systems of the cement-stabilized soils, this study assumed that the dissolution processes of different types of reactants did not interfere with each other, but rather that they were controlled by the saturation of the compositional ions within the pore solution. The reaction products of the cement-stabilized soil systems were mainly composed of the cement hydrates and pozzolanic products of the soil minerals and the systems were abundant in aluminosilicates but scarce in calcium. Thus, in terms of hydrate precipitation, this study used siliceous hydrogarnet [29] and a C-(N-)A-S-H solid solution [29] to simulate the uptake of silica in hydrogarnet and aluminum and the reduction in sodium in Ca/Si CSH, respectively. Regarding the pozzolanic products, this study introduced typical sodium- and calcium-based zeolites, including natrolite, chabazite and gismondine, which were input into Cemdata18 on the basis of the previous literature [34,35].  
The thermodynamic data for the reactants montmorillonite, albite and muscovite are not recorded in Cemdata18. Hence, this study calculated the \(K_{eq}\) values using the relationship (Equation (4)) between the Gibbs free energy of the reaction (\(\Delta G_{r}^{0}\)) and the \(K_{eq}\) for any reaction that reached chemical equilibrium and the corresponding dissolution equations and the estimation method for the Gibbs free energy of the formation (\(\Delta\)/G\({}^{0}\)) of layered silicates, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [36].  
\[-\Delta G_{r}^{0}=\sum\Delta_{f}G_{ reactants}^{0}-\sum\Delta_{f}G_{ products}^{0}=RT\ln K_{eq} \tag{4}\]  
where \(\Sigma\Delta\)/G\({}_{reactants}^{0}\) and \(\Sigma\Delta\)/G\({}_{products}^{0}\) correspond to the total Gibbs free energy of the formation of the reactants and products, respectively, R = 8.31451 J/(mol\(\cdot\)K) is the universal gas constant and \(T\) is the temperature in Kelvin.  
The dissolution equations and calculated \(K_{eq}\) values of montmorillonite, albite and muscovite are summarized in Table 2. According to the CEC analysis in Table 1, sodium-based montmorillonite (Na montmorillonite) and sodium-based albite (Na albite) were used in the modeling.  
The standard temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C in Cemdata18 is higher than the curing temperature of this study (20 \({}^{\circ}\)C). Therefore, the \(K_{eq}\) values of the related ions and minerals at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C were calibrated according to Equation (5) [32]:  
\[\ln K_{eq}=\ln K_{eq,25^{\circ}}\mathrm{C}+\frac{\Delta H}{R}\bigg{(}\frac{1}{ 298.15}-\frac{1}{T}\bigg{)} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\Delta H\) corresponds to the standard enthalpy change, which was provided by Cemdata18.
# On the Security of Practical Mail User Agents against Cache Side-Channel Attacks +
## 3 Attacks on Mail User Agents
### Configuring the Attack  
We designed our attack based on the FLUSH+RELOAD technique, assuming that the attacker and the victim each have a VM in a shared data center. We used a server equipped with an Intel Xeon E5-2620v4 processor and 256 GB of RAM, running the QEMU-KVM hypervisor (1:2.5+dfsg-5 ubuntu10.5). In our experiment, two guest VMs with Ubuntu OS were instantiated on top of the hypervisor. On each VM, we installed the 1.4.13 version of GnuPG and the latest available version of each MUA.  
**Enforcing version downgrade of cryptographic library**. It may be assumed that forcing the victim to install an older version of GnuPG is impractical in the real world; however, there are several threat models that make it practically feasible. For example, adversaries may be able to persuade the victim to download a vulnerable version of the crypto library from a fake GnuPG website by delivering a DNS spoofing attack or a watering hole attack [27]. As another example, an algorithm substitution attack (also known as a subversion attack) [28] is also an effective attack vector to replace an honest implementation of a cryptographic tool with a subverted one. It can force a leak of private information by having unaware users install a subverted cryptographic library, with the generated output indistinguishable from the honest output. In addition, there is a diverse array of social engineering phishing attacks that can lure users into downloading fake software. Any of these methods could lead to a version downgrade of the cryptographic library in the real world.  
**Implementing cache side-channel attack**. Because the cache side-channel attack is dependent on the hardware environment, we adjusted several features of our experiment system, such as the addresses to probe and the threshold and slot size for the detection of cache hits/misses, in order to configure our attack scenario for the MUA programs.  
We used a gdb debugger to determine the addresses of the square, multiply and reduce operations of CRT-RSA in the GnuPG execution file, which will be probed by the attacker to obtain the execution patterns for decryption when the victim reads an encrypted email. We then measured the access time of approximately 80,000 square-and-multiply operations of CRT-RSA to set the threshold. We also measured the elapsed time of the overall probing process to set the slot size. As a result, we set 120 cycles as the threshold and 5000 cycles as the slot size based on the success ratio of the measurements.
###### Abstract
The vast majority of SSNMR studies of OM reported in the literature involve the observation of \({}^{13}\)C nuclei, with only a few exploiting \({}^{15}\)N and \({}^{31}\)P. Indeed, \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR yields useful information on OM composition in terms of organic functional groups [28; 34]. In the following, the application of \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR to the investigation of digestate, compost and vermicompost will be reviewed; most of the scientific literature focused on compost, with publications starting from the late 1980s, while in the last two decades articles were also published for vermicompost and anaerobic digestate. Some of the studies on compost and vermicompost were performed on extracts (i.e., humic substances, dissolved organic matter, compost tea), which have been shown to have important effects in agricultural practice, acting as plant biostimulants or suppressing microbial growth [35; 36; 37]. Although \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR has been successfully applied for the characterization of organic matter in (vermi)composts and digestates, to the best of our knowledge no reviews have been published on the subject, except for a recent one by [PERSON] and co-authors on the use of \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR and other spectroscopic techniques to assess the stability of digestate [38]. The review is organized as follows: Section 2 is dedicated to discussing the NMR experiments used, data treatment and preparation of samples for the investigation of these types of materials; in the following sections the literature regarding the application of \({}^{13}\)C SSNMR to compost (Section 3), vermicompost (Section 4), and anaerobic digestate (Section 5) is summarized and discussed. \({}^{13}\)C Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Organic Matter in Compost, Vermicompost, and Digestate
# Characterization and Modelling of Potential Seaborne Disasters, in the ANA Region
## 4 Case Study: Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Disaster (1989, Alaska)  
What happened:  
Oil tankers were entering and leaving the Valdez port through an area that included icebergs [30]. Traffic lanes and a monitoring system were created by the US Coast Guard so as to control the traffic. In order to avoid the icebergs, the tankers decreased their speed or changed traffic lane [30]. On 23 March 1989, the Exxon Valdez vessel was travelling from the Valdez to Los Angeles, and it was loaded with 53 million gallons of oil [31]. The captain with the permission of the Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) changed traffic lane so as to avoid the ice [31,32]. However, the course corrections were not conducted properly, and the tanker ran aground on the Bligh Reef on 24 March 1989, at 00:04 [33]. A large amount of oil poured into the Gulf of Prince William Sound [34]. For several days, the oil remained offshore in the calm seas. Unfortunately, deep-water skimmers and booms were unavailable--there were too few, and they were buried under more frequently used heavy equipment. Dispersants were applied but proved ineffective due to the calm seas and insufficient quantities. Keeping the oil from reaching the beaches became impossible. A storm a few days later further complicated the response efforts, pushing the oil ashore and into the fjords [35].