# BLE Signal Reception and Localization Performance with Varying Receiver and Beacon Setups
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] provided a comprehensive survey of BLE-based localization systems, focusing on accuracy metrics and categorizing techniques based on their performance ([PERSON] et al., 2018). The authors analyze various localization approaches, identifying those capable of achieving sub-meter accuracy and highlighting areas that require further research, particularly in sub-decimeter localization and security metrics. [PERSON] et al. collected a dataset across four distinct indoor scenarios designed to represent various real-world conditions for localization ([PERSON] et al., 2018). The first scenario, referred to as Calibration, involves data collection from a Bluetooth tag mounted on a tripod and placed in 119 different locations, facilitating the study of Angle of Arrival variation in a controlled environment with minimal human interference. The second scenario, Static, involves a person holding the Bluetooth tag around the neck in 36 different positions, with orientations varied across four directions, to assess the impact of the human body on AoA measurements. The third scenario, Mobility, simulates a person moving naturally while carrying the Bluetooth tag, enabling the evaluation of AoA and Received Signal Strength Indicator under dynamic conditions. The final scenario, Proximity, examines interactions between individuals and reference points, analyzing the proximity of a person to five POIs, a group of four people, a trio, and two couples. In another study, [PERSON] et al. collected another dataset with particular emphasis on the effect of user orientation on localization accuracy. The study used a single anchor node and a Bluetooth tag to measure the Angle of Arrival across 28 locations in an indoor environment. The findings demonstrated that the user's orientation significantly influenced the AoA estimation. Localization errors ranged from 1.89 m to 2.17 m, with error magnitude increasing as the distance from the anchor node grew. These results underscore the importance of accounting for user orientation in the design and implementation of Bluetooth-based indoor localization systems. The Bluetooth tag in this study is worn somewhere around the chest on a lanyard. The dataset presented by [PERSON] et al. [28] utilized a wearable device positioned on the participant's wrist. The wearable incorporates a tri-axial accelerometer that records movement data and transmits it via Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) to gateways located in various rooms of a residential house. These data, along with the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values, is employed for the evaluation and enhancement of indoor localization methods. Other datasets are collected from a handheld smartphone [29; 30]. This paper evaluates Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) signal reception in indoor environments, with a focus on the impact of various factors such as gateway placement, beacon positioning relative to the body, and the number of gateways on BLE signal strength and indoor localization accuracy. The primary contribution of this study lies in the dataset presented, which examines the influence of body position and gateway configuration on BLE signal reception. This dataset includes measurements of signal strength from multiple BLE beacons positioned at five distinct body locations: shoulder, chest pocket, wrist, and two pockets. These signals were received by 10 different gateways strategically placed throughout an indoor environment. Section 2 describes the BLE signal collection setup, detailing the equipment used, preliminary investigations on gateway performance, and the impact of body positioning on signal strength. Section 3 analyzes the characteristics of BLE signal segments, examining signal variability and stability at various body locations and comparing wall-mounted and ceiling-mounted gateway configurations. Section 4 focuses on indoor localization accuracy using a Radial Basis Function approach, evaluating localization errors across different gateway setups and body positions.