## 1 Introduction  
Coastal areas have always been a place of settlement, infrastructure, provision of ecosystem services, and prosperity for nations [1, 2, 3]. However, over the recent decades, these areas have been exposed to a variety of natural and man-made hazards, many of which are related to climate change impacts (e.g., erosion, flooding, weather extremes) [1, 4]. Recent research has provided concrete evidence that coastal areas, including urban centers, river deltas and wetlands, islands, coastal plains, etc., face the danger of area shrinking, particularly in low tidal range seas such as the Mediterranean [5, 6, 7, 8]. Many tangible cultural heritage assets (e.g., archeological sites and excavations, built heritage, monuments, etc.) are located in coastal areas, providing evidence of the nations' history and historic transformation and thus attributing a sense of identity to each location [9]. These monuments also provide a significant source of income via tourism, particularly to the local population [10]. In that context, efforts should be made to protect and shield these assets from possible climate-change-related risks as they are, by definition, non-renewable resources. These dangers include potential structural damage or exacerbation of material decay due to severe pattern changes in rainfall and global temperatures [11, 12]. To assess the vulnerability of cultural heritage assets to climate change, one has to determine their current and future exposure to potential threats, including extreme variations in precipitation, temperature, Sea Level Rise, their sensitivity to each hazard according to their type, structural and material characteristics, and already inflicted damage, and to prepare a proper and tailored made adaptation and mitigation strategy [9, 13, 14, 15, 16]. IPCC [17] and MA [18] define adaptivity as \"the ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities or to respond to consequences\". Water is a major contributing factor to the structural decay of buildings, and especially cultural heritage by accelerating the physical and chemical degradation cycle of the monuments [19; 20]. Water can ingress structures either through extreme precipitation and subsequent flooding phenomena [21; 22] or due to Sea Level Rise, in which case the salinity of the water creates other structural threats including crystallization [23; 24]. Sea Level Rise (SLR) has been acknowledged as an imminent threat to coastal monuments, with research focusing on the impact of different global warming scenarios on the sea level and the subsequent inundation of coastal monuments and archeological sites providing evidence that several UNESCO WHSs are in danger [8; 25], as well as individual archeological sites and excavations, indigenous sites, etc. [26; 27; 28; 29]. The thermal expansion of the oceans along with the major and continuous mass loss of ice sheets, glaciers, and ice caps are the key contributing factors to SLR [30]. Sea Level Rise scenarios are constructed around representative concentration pathways (RCPs) which provide a range of possible alternatives for the future atmospheric composition [31; 32], mainly RCP 2.6 (strict mitigation scenario), 4.5 (intermediate scenario), and 8.5 (very high greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) [33]. However, the RCP scenarios contain an inherent level of uncertainty stemming from incomplete knowledge of the impacts and responses of the proposed GHG emissions mitigation policies, and the lack of uniform and regularly updated data [34], which, in response, led to increased uncertainty in the calculation of mass loss of the ice sheets located in Greenland and Antarctica exacerbated by the use of global rather than regional models [35], the limited consideration of the vertical movement effect on current and future elevations, e.g., tectonic movement, groundwater extraction [5; 36; 37; 35], and, of course, the explicitly dynamic character of the natural phenomena [38].