###### Abstract  
Increased pressure and shear stress distributions at the limb-socket interface are hypothesised to result from changes in the residual limb shape and volume, which can cause socket fit difficulties. Accurate residual limb volume measurements may aid clinicians in developing strategies to accommodate volume fluctuations. This review primarily aims to analyse the techniques available for measuring the residual lower limb volume that may be used in clinical settings, as documented in the works published over the previous four decades. A comprehensive search of articles in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar identified 904 articles, and further analysis resulted in only 39 articles being chosen to be analysed. Based on the findings, there are nine techniques available to measure the residual limb volume: water displacement, anthropometric measurement, contact probes, optical scanning, spiral X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, laser scanning, and bioimpedance. Considering the variety of techniques for determining residual limb volume, it is critical to choose the ones that best suit clinicians' objectives, and each technique has potential sources of error that should be avoided by taking precautionary action. A comprehensive study of the measurement techniques is needed since researchers have developed and extensively utilised many new measuring devices, especially handheld 3D laser scanners. biomechanics; biomechanical engineering; lower limb; medical devices; orthopaedic bioengineering; residual limb volume; prosthesis fitting; prosthetics +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
interface. These modifications increase the harmful shear stress and cause skin damage to the residual limb. A study by [PERSON] et al. [19] reported that nearly one-third of amputees expressed dissatisfaction with their prostheses, and according to [PERSON] et al. [20], 75% of the amputees experienced skin problems including irritation, ulcers, the inclusion of cysts, and blisters. During the prosthetic fitting process, the prosthetic socket must be altered regularly since the residual limb shape and volume are constantly changing. This condition develops because of oedema [2; 21; 22; 23], the presence of discrete fluid [24], and muscular build-up or atrophy [21]. Monitoring and managing the residual limb volume in the lower extremity is essential because physicians and prosthetists rely on these factors to determine the optimal time and the best type of prosthesis for the amputees. Given the regularity of residual limb volume measurements and their significance in prosthetic prescription, it is crucial for clinicians and prosthetists to have access to techniques that enable the evaluation of the lower extremity residual limb volume. Researchers are interested in examining how much residual limb volume fluctuation exists and how the amount of fluctuation can be measured through various techniques including water displacement, casting + water displacement, anthropometric measurement, contact probes, spiral X-ray computed tomography (SXCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, optical scanning, laser scanning, and bioimpedance, as reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4]. Although numerous studies have been carried out on residual limb volume fluctuation using a variety of techniques, there has been a dearth of scholars who have conducted systematic reviews of the existing studies. There are only two studies conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] and [PERSON] et al. [25] who assessed and analysed the various techniques for measuring the residual limb volume in patients with lower limb amputations. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [4] identified a vast array of measurement techniques, ranging from simple techniques (e.g., water displacement and anthropometric measurement) to complex ones such as laser scanning, SXCT, MRI, and bioimpedance.