## 1 Introduction  
Earthquakes are one of the most important natural disasters, and even with today's technology, it is not possible to predict their location, time, or magnitude in advance. The extensive loss of life and property caused by earthquakes that severely damage the built environment highlights the critical need for earthquake-resistant structural design. In this context, the goal is to minimize possible structural damage by considering the earthquake-soil-structure interaction. The different characteristics of these three parameters directly affect the seismic behavior of structures. Studies conducted before or after earthquakes are generally focused separately on these three main factors or their mutual interactions [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. This study aims to reveal the effect of local soil conditions on the seismic behavior of buildings, particularly through the use of different variables in numerical models. Local soil conditions influence the impacts of seismic waves on the ground surface in earthquake-prone regions. Surface topography and ground stratigraphy significantly affect the amplitude and frequency of seismic motion. The effect of an earthquake on a structure is often amplified differently than it would be in a rock environment. This phenomenon is known as ground amplification, leads to an increase in the expected damage to structures. Topographical irregularities are closely related to ground amplification. Topography that exhibits seismic motion features such as wave type, wavelength, angle of entry, and azimuth can provide evidence of ground amplification. In any case, topography significantly alters ground motion depending on the sensitivity of the ground surface motion to the angle of entry and the slope angle. As the surface slope increases, the focus of seismic waves changes. Ground amplification is generally more significant in the horizontal components than in the vertical components [7]. Local soil conditions determine the seismic performance of a region and directly affect the seismic behavior of structures. The transmission or absorption of seismic waves varies depending on changes in soil properties. One of the factors directly considered in the design and assessment of structures under vertical and horizontal stresses is the local soil conditions [8; 9; 10; 11]. Additionally, the groundwater level (GWL) in the foundation soil where a structure is to be built directly impacts the soil's behavior under earthquake effects. The groundwater level is a key factor affecting soil-bearing capacity and seismic performance. Depending on the soil class and GWL, liquefaction can cause structural damage at varying levels. Furthermore, the seismic activity in any given region is another factor influencing the seismic performance of soils. A realistic evaluation of the effects of these and similar factors on structures depends on the detailed, accurate, and comprehensive determination of local soil conditions. Numerous studies have examined the behavior of structures under earthquake risk due to local soil conditions. These studies compare structural analysis results using different variables and soil classes across various structural systems. Geophysical methods are highly effective in determining local ground effects. While most studies use earthquake records, some studies are conducted with micro-tremos. In areas where geotechnical parameters are well known, analytical calculations based on the surface wave inversion technique and experimental methods that calculate the frequency spectrum directly from recorded ground motion are the two primary techniques used in these studies. In inversion-based techniques, the natural vibration of the medium is recorded, and dispersion-based signal separation from noise can be obtained passively through refraction micro-tremor and spatial autocorrelation methods or actively via multi-analysis of surface wave techniques.