# NaviSoC: High-Accuracy Low-Power GNSS SoC with an Integrated Application Processor
); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.R. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.R. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.S. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.N. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (D.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.W)  
[PERSON]  
1 Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.S. ); p.narczyk@imio.pwreceivers [3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. The use of such receivers comes with two main limitations: low precision and low reliability. Additionally, limitations such as: signal availability in challenging environments (such as urban canyons) and susceptibility to multipath, interference, jamming and spoofing further obstruct the penetration of the LBS segment by GNSS. Such hurdles are typically overcome by employing multi-constellation, multi-frequency receivers which use additional complementary positioning technologies (i.e., inertial measurement unit (IMU)) when necessary [10]. The positioning precision of single-frequency receivers is substantially affected by the ionospheric delay effect. Although different models (e.g., Klobuchar, NeQiock-G) are used to compensate for this effect, the resulting error is estimated as 7 m RMS (root mean square) [11]. As the ionospheric delay depends on the signal frequency, the so-called ionospheric free combination may be used in dual frequency receivers to reduce the positioning error related to the residual ionospheric delay down to 0.1 m RMS [11]. Another issue associated with positioning precision is due to the multipath effect, which is especially important in urban canyons. There are methods to reduce the impact of this effect and here, the use of multi-constellation GNSS provides substantial improvements [12]. The positioning reliability is also improved when using a multi-frequency multi-constellation receiver. It is especially visible in urban environments, where signals can be shadowed by high buildings. Having access to a higher number of satellites reduces the probability that the number of visible satellites will drop down to a level which makes positioning impossible This receiver is also more robust against spoofing, as spoofing devices need to generate replicas of all signals tracked by the device. The above techniques are available only in professional high-precision and reliable navigation solutions, which are large in size, have a high power consumption and come at a high price. The existing consumer and professional GNSS equipment, which is usually small in size and comes at a low cost, is not suitable for many LBS applications that need reliable and precise (better than 1 m) positioning. To overcome the limitations mentioned above, extensive research on the CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) integration of the dual-frequency radio frequency (RF) front-end for GNSS has been performed [13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19].