## 5 Step-Wise Integration of an IoT-Based Composing Set-Up to a Modern City and Its Ecosystem
### Selection of Components of the IoT-Based Composting Set-Up  
After a clear definition of the requirements and objectives of the composting set-up, the actual installation of the composting set-up can be initiated. It starts with properly selecting the appropriate waste bins for waste collection, segregation, and sorting, selecting sensors, data storage devices, communication protocols, etc. The selection of composting set-up components has multiple sub-steps. The process starts with the selection of the sensors to collect and transfer the data of different composting parameters, such as temperature, pH, moisture, humidity, C/N levels, and oxygen intake, which should be based on several qualities of the sensor, which makes it more applicable in IoT-based composting. They are (1) Simplicity of operation and multi-sensor capabilities: The sensor should be simple for operation and maintenance. The need for minimal training and supervision for the operators and stakeholders on the sensor activity and repair makes them economically advantageous and sustainable within an urban setup, especially in areas under rapid urbanization [81]. For comprehensive monitoring of the decomposition of the composable waste within the facility, it is ideal if the sensors used are capable of monitoring multiple parameters and reducing the cost of operation, as well as the sophistication of the sensor integration into the composting set-up [89]. (2) Compatibility with smart systems, control, and monitoring capabilities: The sensor should be compatible with smart systems, enabling seamless integration into IoT frameworks and ensuring that data collected can be efficiently processed and utilized in a broader composting management system [84]. The sensors need to provide monitoring and control features. This refers to the capacity to control variables such as the composting process's moisture percentage, temperature, pH, and oxygen intake, which promotes effective and quick output [90]. After the sensor selection is completed, the remaining components of the composting facility should be selected step-by-step. Each sub-step of the primary component selection process is divided into consequential steps to follow in Table 6 below.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Requirement** & **Objective** & **References** \\ \hline Simplicity & Ability to operate and maintain the & [81] \\  & composting set-up with minimal training & [81] \\ \hline Supervised decomposition & Supervised decomposition of compostable & \\  & urban waste under the surveillance of IoT and & [82; 83] \\  & related technologies & \\ \hline Energy efficiency & Minimize overall energy consumption and & [84; 85] \\  & resource allocation & [86; 85] \\ \hline Pathogen detection and safety measures & Ensuring minimal health hazards and safety of & [86] \\  & the final composting product & [86] \\ \hline Community engagement & Increasing the awareness and active & \\  & engagement of the general public in the & \\  & process of composting and its benefits on & [87] \\  & society and the environment & \\ \hline Enhanced durability & Recyclability and durability of the IoT & \\  & components in the composting set-up for & [88] \\  & sustainability standards & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Defining requirements and objectives of the intended IoT-based composting facility.