# Impacts of Lightning-Induced Overvoltage on a Hybrid Solar PV-Battery Energy Storage System
## 3 Overview of Lightning Phenomenon
This rate would raise concerns, however it could be even worse for lightning-prone countries such as Malaysia. Meanwhile, Table 3 tabulates the typical destruction due to lightning strikes on solar PV systems. Figure 4: European Battery energy storage system (BESS) markets (2018–2019). Figure 3: Solar and renewable energy (RE) power as shares of global power (2015–2019). Based on the abovementioned problems shown in Figure 5 and Table 3, there have been several studies related to the lightning strike effects on either solar PV systems or hybrid solar PV-battery energy storage systems. Both simulations and experiments have been discussed in recent years. Table 4 gives a summary of the previous studies on the impacts of lightning occurrence on solar PV systems with battery energy storage. Figure 5: Statistics data for damage to solar PV systems (2005–2014) [7]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Components** & **Examples of Damage** & **Description** \\ \hline Solar PV module/array & & Defects on the electronic parts, cracking of tempered glass, and arcing at the string ribbon. \\ \hline Inverter & & Damage to all electronic components and data communication parts. \\ \hline Combiner box & & Burning and melting due to short circuit events. Breakdown of sensitive components inside the combiner box. \\ \hline Cabling & & Burning and holes in the insulation of cables. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Typical damage caused by lightning strikes [39]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**References**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Review**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Type**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Strike Type**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**External**} \\ \cline{3-10}  & & & & **Rooftop** & **Farm** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **With Battery** \\ **Energy Storage** \\ \end{tabular} & **Direct** & **Indirect** & **Air Termination** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Down** \\ **system** \\ \end{tabular} & **Endt Termination** \\ \hline
1 & [40] & \multirow{2}{*}{2019} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
2 & [41] & & & X & & X & & & \\ \hline
3 & [42] & 2018 & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
4 & [43] & & & X & & X & & \\ \hline
5 & [11] & \multirow{3}{*}{2017} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
6 & [11,41] & & & X & & X & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
7 & [44] & \multirow{3}{*}{2016} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{X} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
8 & [45] & & X & & & X & X & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
9 & [46] & & & X & & & X & & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
10 & [38] & & & X & & & X & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
11 & [47] & & & X & & X & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
12 & [48] & & & X & & X & X & X & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
13 & [49] & & & X & & X & & X & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
14 & [50] & & & X & & X & & X & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
15 & [51] & & & X & & X & & X & X \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
16 & [52] & & & X & & X & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
17 & [53] & & X & & X & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
18 & [54] & & & X & & X & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-10}
19 & [55] & & & X & & X & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Previous studies on the effects of lightning strikes on solar PV systems with battery energy storage.