## 6 Energy Management and Control Techniques for EV Systems
### Energy Management Strategies for EV Charging Systems
The tactics employed consider various factors, including users' preferences, traffic patterns, and grid conditions, in order to ensure effective energy management and billing. The implementation of energy management techniques facilitates the optimization of energy resource utilization and reduction of grid impact, and enables the seamless integration of EV charging with renewable energy sources and grid infrastructure. Although there are multiple papers available that discuss the different energy management systems (EMSs) used in EVs, the research literature in this area is still relatively new. The significance of EMS technology is underscored by EVs and the diverse charging infrastructures they require. Table 20 presents an analysis of energy management techniques that have been developed and implemented by different researchers. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **EV/Charging System** & **Energy Source** & **Objective** & **Energy Management Techniques** & **Experimental Steps Include** & **Review and Comments** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[106]} & On-board and & & & & & By considering the dynamic tariff, actual PV data, and parking \\  & & & & & & behavior of the vehicles, the cost reduction of EV charging is about & 55\% and 29\% in the summer and winter, respectively. Optimization \\  & On-board and & & & & & for PV-based EVCS is analyzed \\  & off-board & & & & & neglecting the departure time \\  & & & & & & of EVs. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[91]} & Off-board & Solar, wind, and & & & & & An innovative wind-powered charging station for EVs has been developed and deployed. This \\  & grid & & & & & power outlet supports V2G communication. It helps in \\  & & & & & & meeting the energy demand of electrical utility. But it does not consider the multiple RES. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[107]} & EV charging station & Wind & & & & Established co-ordinated scheduling of EV charging using wind power system absorption \\  & & & & & & wind power system absorption and reduced the charging cost \\  & & & & & & and GHG emission. But it only considers the wind power system and does not consider hybrid \\  & & & & & & renewal energy resources. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[108]} & Off-board & PV, battery, and & & & & & This study examines \\  & grid & & & & & CHAdeMO-capable EVs. & \\  & & & & & & HPV-EV charging system \\  & & & & & & powers EV from grid or HPV. \\  & & & & & & V2G technology will reduce grid \\  & & & & & & stress during peak demand with the energy management plan. In \\  & & & & & & grid outage, the EV can run vital residential loads. But overall analysis of system is performed \\  & & & & & & & for specific situation. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[109]} & Fast charging station & Grid & & & & Improvement in the voltage profile and reduction in power loss of the distribution grade is achieved considering DERs and the number of EVs. But only a few factors are considered, while the period and duration of charging are ignored. \\  & & & & & & & Energy management for multiple BEV charging and stable DC bus voltage is retained in PV system during utility grid overcrowding. \\  & & & & & & during utility grid overcrowding. \\  & & & & & & The investigation excludes large voltage and power changes. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[100]} & EV charging station & Solar, battery, and grid & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 20: Summary of energy management strategies implemented for EV charging systems.