# Neuromuscular Assessment of a Stand-Up Paddle Stroke
## 3 Results

Table 4: Mean \(\pm\) SD of muscle activation (%MVC) for the comparison between the pull and recovery phases on the right paddling side. \(p\)-values and effect sizes are also shown. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Phases**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Muscles**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Opposite**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Adjacent**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cohen’s D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI for**} \\  & & **(\%MVC)** & & & & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Pull} & Upper trapezius & \(27.60\pm 12.65\) & \(10.77\pm 5.68\) & \(0.01\) & \(1.72\) & \(0.83\) & \(2.58\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(14.11\pm 6.30\) & \(11.35\pm 6.63\) & \(0.27\) & \(0.43\) & \(-0.33\) & \(1.17\) \\  & Biceps brachii & \(6.99\pm 2.68\) & \(9.24\pm 3.20\) & \(0.05\) & \(-0.76\) & \(-1.52\) & \(0.02\) \\  & Tibalis anterior & \(13.14\pm 7.71\) & \(13.56\pm 7.78\) & \(0.89\) & \(-0.05\) & \(-0.79\) & \(0.69\) \\  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.43\pm 5.00\) & \(9.42\pm 3.37\) & \(0.54\) & \(0.24\) & \(-0.51\) & \(0.97\) \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Recovery} & Upper Trapezius & \(11.85\pm 4.92\) & \(10.21\pm 6.15\) & \(0.44\) & \(0.29\) & \(-0.46\) & \(1.04\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(42.25\pm 18.77\) & \(29.96\pm 10.44\) & \(0.04\) & \(0.81\) & \(0.03\) & \(1.58\) \\  & Biceps brachii & \(6.09\pm 4.32\) & \(9.67\pm 7.82\) & \(0.15\) & \(-0.57\) & \(-1.31\) & \(0.19\) \\  & Tibalis anterior & \(19.59\pm 9.89\) & \(17.67\pm 11.09\) & \(0.63\) & \(0.18\) & \(-0.57\) & \(0.93\) \\  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.12\pm 5.52\) & \(12.04\pm 4.91\) & \(0.34\) & \(-0.37\) & \(-1.12\) & \(0.38\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mean \(\pm\) SD of the %MVC comparison between the pull and recovery phases of a full stroke cycle, on the left paddling side, on the opposite and adjacent sides of the body during all five studied muscles. \(p\)-values and effect sizes are also shown. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Body Side**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Muscles**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Pull**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Recovery**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**\(p\)-Value**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cohen’s D**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI for**} \\  & & & & & & **Cohen’s D** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Opposite (\%)} & Upper trapezius & \(27.60\pm 12.65\) & \(11.85\pm 4.92\) & \(0.01\) & \(1.64\) & \(0.76\) & \(2.49\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(14.11\pm 6.30\) & \(42.25\pm 18.77\) & \(0.01\) & \(-2.01\) & \(-2.92\) & \(-1.08\) \\  & Biceps brachii & \(6.99\pm 2.68\) & \(6.09\pm 4.32\) & \(0.51\) & \(0.25\) & \(-0.49\) & \(0.99\) \\  & Tibalis anterior & \(13.14\pm 7.71\) & \(19.59\pm 9.89\) & \(0.07\) & \(-0.73\) & \(-1.48\) & \(0.05\) \\  & Gastrocnemius medialis & \(10.43\pm 5.00\) & \(10.12\pm 5.52\) & \(0.88\) & \(0.06\) & \(-0.68\) & \(0.79\) \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Adjacent (\%)} & Upper trapezius & \(10.77\pm 5.68\) & \(10.21\pm 6.15\) & \(0.80\) & \(0.95\) & \(-0.64\) & \(0.84\) \\  & Triceps brachii & \(11.35\pm 6.63\) & \(29.96\pm 10.44\) & \(0.01\) & \(-2.13\) & \(-3.05\) & \(-1.17\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Biceps brachii & \(9.24\pm 3.20\) & \(9.67\pm 7.82\) & \(0.85\) & \(-0.07\) & \(-0.82\) & \(0.67\)