esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Study on Relay Contact Bounce Based on the Adaptive Weight Rotation Template Matching Algorithm
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper captured images of the relay contact motion process through high-speed filming. Addressing the situation where the angle of the stationary contact continuously changes, a rotation template matching algorithm based on adaptive weight is proposed for the identification of the stationary contact. The analysis of the identified stationary contact is used to explore the phenomenon of relay contact bounce, leading to the following conclusions:  
1. The adaptive weight rotation template matching algorithm proposed in this paper achieves accurate recognition and matching for changes in target angles, enabling the retrieval of target rotation angles. It can be applied to scenarios where targets continuously rotate in images. However, the algorithm is still sensitive to changes in the scale of the target. Additionally, there is considerable room for improvement in recognition speed, particularly when high precision is required. Therefore, future work should focus on refining and optimizing the algorithm to address these challenges.
2. Image analysis allows for the assessment of the contact status, enabling the analysis of the relay contact bounce process. Parameters such as the contact bounce time, the bounce height, and the time required for the contact to open to the bounce height are calculated. Additionally, a curve depicting the contact bounce distance is generated.
3. The analysis of the motion curve of the relay contact during the contact bounce process reveals that contact bounce in the studied relay occurs at the highest point of upward vibration after the contact between the moving and stationary contacts. The identified cause is the limitation imposed by the brackets on the upward movement of the need for the stationary contact when the kinetic energy of the contact is significant, leading to the separation of the moving and stationary contacts. This discovery provides a basis for improving the relay's structural design.  
Conceptualization, W.L. and W.Z.; methodology, X.W.; software, W.Z. and J.Y.; validation, X.W., J.Y. and W.W.; formal analysis, W.Z., J.Y. and X.Y.; investigation, W.Z. and J.Y.; resources, X.W.; data curation, W.W.; writing--original draft, W.Z.; writing--review and editing, W.L.; visualization, X.Y.; supervision, W.L.; project administration, W.Z.; funding acquisition, W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Innovative Research Group Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, grant number E2020202142.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author due to confidentiality restrictions.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Shenyang Railway Signal Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
This study demonstrated that pre-treatment methods and parameters significantly influenced the physical and chemical properties of both unfermented and fermented peppers, with effects varying based on the method and sonication time. The lactic fermentation process also played a crucial role, and all research hypotheses were confirmed. The number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented samples depended on the pre-treatment conditions, with the highest LAB count observed in peppers sonicated for 30 min using the immersion method. Ultrasound treatment led to a notable reduction in dry matter content, further intensified by fermentation. Increasing sonication time in the immersion method resulted in lower dry matter content, regardless of fermentation. Color changes occurred in both fermented and unfermented peppers following ultrasound treatment, with effects dependent on the method and parameters used. Fermentation had the greatest impact on texture, significantly reducing firmness, elasticity, cohesiveness, and chewiness, while ultrasound decreased hardness and chewiness in non-fermented samples. However, pre-treatment had no significant effect on the texture of fermented peppers. Total polyphenol and carotenoid content remained unaffected by pre-treatment, but it influenced the preservation of polyphenols in fermented samples. Carotenoid levels increased significantly after fermentation, with final content depending on the pre-treatment method and parameters. Structural damage in pre-treated peppers varied with method and treatment conditions, increasing with longer sonication times. Fermented samples exhibited more tissue damage, which intensified as pre-treatment parameters increased.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15062988/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15062988/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15062988/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/app15062988/s1)), Figure S1. TGA curves for bell pepper fermented and ultrasound-treated samples with (a) derivative and (b) mass lost.  
Conceptualization, E.J.-T. and K.R.; methodology, E.J.-T., K.R. and K.P.; software, E.J.-T.; validation, E.J.-T., K.R. and K.P.; formal analysis, E.J.-T., K.R., K.P. and S.O.; investigation, E.J.-T., K.R., K.P. and S.O.; data curation, E.J.-T., K.R. and K.P.; writing--original draft preparation, E.J.-T., K.R., K.P. and S.O.; writing--review and editing, E.J.-T., K.R. and K.P.; visualization, E.J.-T.; supervision, E.J.-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors confirm that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary Materials.  
The authors would like to thank [PERSON] for his kind help with some formal analysis.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Validation  
The field experiment was carried out in the experimental lysimeter station \"Las Tiesas\" (Albacete, Spain) supported by the \"Instituto Tecnico Agronomico Provincial\" (ITAP) during 2017. It was located in Albacete, Spain, longitude 39\({}^{\circ}\)14' N, latitude 2\({}^{\circ}\)5' W and altitude 695 m above sea level. It has a semi-arid climate. The mean annual maximum and minimum daily air temperatures for 2011 were 20.9 and 7 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, and the annual average precipitation 1 l/m\({}^{2}\). The soil texture of the plot is loamy, with a field capacity of 0.28 (g cm\({}^{-3}\)) and a wilting point of 0.10 (g cm\({}^{-3}\)). The irrigation water used was of medium quality, with a light-moderate electrical conductivity and a moderate content of total salts. Additional information is available elsewhere [6]. The facility had a localised irrigation system with a programmer that supplied irrigation to the crop during the entire trial. The romaine lettuce crop (Lactuca Sativa L. [PERSON]) was utilised to determinate the dimensions of the cultivation tank of weighing lysimeter, however the barley crop was chosen to validate the LP1 prototype.  
A weighing lysimeter of the ITAP was used to validate the LP1 prototype. The ITAP lysimeter was cultivated with the same crop and following the same procedures as LP1 prototype. The dimensions of the ITAP weighing lysimeter recipient were 2.3 m \(\times\) 2.7 m and 1.7 m depth, with approximately 14.5 t total mass. The soil was cultivated previously with sunflower that was harvested and the residues removed before the beginning of the experiment. The lysimeter recipient was surrounded by a square protection plot to avoid runoff and was located in the centre of the cultivated hectare. ETc was daily calculated using the registered weight, corrected by drainage. Daily weather and soil parameters were measured at the site. Prototype LP1 calculations were done every minute or hourly.  
Crop evapotranspiration was obtained by two methods. Following the methodology proposed by [PERSON] et al. [24] a water balance was carried out. The first method was a subtraction of the accumulation of inputs (rainfall and irrigation) and of the accumulation of outputs (ETc and drainage). Both inputs and outputs were quantified as the sum of minute or hourly weight variations throughout the crop cycle. The second method was the difference of the initial and final weights recorded by the lysimeter
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, a new double-stator SP-PMVM with a flux-focusing topology has been proposed. The performances of the SP-PMVM have been optimized and compared with the conventional PMVM. The results show that the SP-PMVM has more favorable characteristics than the previously-designed PMVM. To summarize, the advantages of SP-PMVM are listed as follows:  
1. The torque-handling ability is improved by 240%. The output torque per kg PM of the SP-PMVM is about 2.4 times of that of the conventional PMVM.
2. The power factor, which is one of the most significant problems of PMVM, has been improved from about 0.4 to 0.87. For the same current, the SP-PMVM has a lower requirement on the battery for electric drive vehicles (EDVs).
3. The torque ripple is induced from 12.7% to 1.31%. This may broaden the potential application area of the SP-PMVM.  
This work was supported in part by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (project no. 51507122) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (project no. 2017 IVA012, 2017 zy042). [PERSON] mainly conducted the simulation and comparison of the PMVM and SP-PMVM. [PERSON] conceived and directed the design. [PERSON] and [PERSON] improved and revised the manuscript. [PERSON] analyzed some data. All of the authors contributed to the paper writing.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 15: Output torque.
# A Novel Transfer Learning-Based OFDM Receiver Design for Enhanced Underwater Acoustic Communication
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, we proposed a novel TL-based pre-trained model for OFDM-based UWA communication systems. Our approach addresses the major issue of performance degradation caused by model mismatch in unseen environments, which is common in traditional DNN models, by successful adaptation with minimal retraining. By training over diverse realistic channel conditions of real-world channels in the watermark channels and considering SNR variations, the proposed model exhibits superior robustness and generalization. In addition, our real-world experiments carried out in Qingdao Lake, Hangzhou, China, validate the proposed model. It demonstrates the capabilities of the TL-based OFDM receiver in dealing with severe UWA conditions, outperforming traditional  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Algorithm** & **Complexity** \\ \hline LS & \(O(K_{c}^{2}+K_{c}+K_{data})\) \\ \hline MMSE & \(O(K_{c}^{3}+K_{c}+K_{data})\) \\ \hline FC-NN & \(O(L_{f}\times K_{c}^{2})\) \\ \hline DNN & \(O(L_{f}\times K_{c}^{2})+O(L_{d}\times K_{c})\) \\ \hline Proposed Transfer Learning & \(O(L_{c}\times K_{c})+O(L_{f}\times K_{c}^{2})\) \\ \hline Fine-Tuned Transfer Learning & \(O(L_{f}\times K_{c}^{2})\) (Frozen Conv. Layers) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Computational complexity comparison.  
methods like LS, MMSE, OMP, and DNN with respect to BER and adaptability for different channel conditions. The proposed TL approach stands out as an effective solution to model mismatch, thus ensuring real-world practical deployment for any UWA communication system. Future work can be directed toward incorporating a wider range of environmental datasets and further fine-tuning the model to improve performance in even more dynamic and unpredictable underwater scenarios.  
Conceptualization, M.A., S.L. and S.M.; Methodology, M.A., S.M. and H.Y.; Software, M.A. and S.M.; Validation, M.A.; Investigation, M.A.; Resources, S.L. and A.A.; Data curation, M.A. and H.Y.; Writing--original draft, M.A.; Writing--review & editing, S.L., S.M., A.A. and M.M.; Supervision, S.L. and S.M.; Project administration, S.L.; Funding acquisition, A.A. and M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 62231011, 62271161, the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No. 2023 YFC2809500, 2023 YFC3010800.  
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors on request.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 2 Methodology
### Time Series Ground Displacement Solution  
The integrated phase values obtained according to the description in Section 2.2 are based on the interferograms obtained from combination of multiple master images. According to the SBAS-InSAR technique interferometric combination of multiple master images method, the following model can be obtained [25]  
\[A\phi=\delta\phi \tag{5}\]  
where each row of the matrix \(A_{M\times N}\) is corresponding to an interference pattern and each column is corresponding to one SAR image. \(\phi\) is composed of displacement phases of SAR images at \(N\) moments of the CPs, where phase at the first moment is used as the reference phase, recording as 0. \(\delta\phi\) is the vector composed of phases of \(M\) unwrapping interference pattern. When the interferograms are combined to form only one small baseline subset, the rank of the matrix \(A\) is \(N\), the least squares (LS) method can be used to solve for the estimated cumulative displacement phase value:  
\[\hat{\phi}=\left(A^{\mathrm{T}}A\right)^{-1}A^{\mathrm{T}}\delta\phi \tag{6}\]  
When the interferograms are combined to form multiple (\(>1\)) small baseline subsets, Equation (6) rank defect, the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the coefficient matrix \(A\) is performed for the purpose to calculate the cumulative LS sense with minimum norm solution of displacement phase value. Then, the time series of LOS (Light of Sight) displacement can be obtained.  
For the wrapped phase of the final CPs obtained after the above integration, the residual phase (orbital error phase, atmospheric phase, elevation residual phase, and noise phase) was separated using spatio-temporal filtering. The 3D unwrapping phase method can usually be used to unwrap the fused phases. The method uses the principle of the nearest-neighbor to connecting CPs in the spatial domain into a Delaunay irregular triangular network and the phase is unwrapped along the network edges to obtain the differential wrapped phase value, then obtain the unwrapped phase of the CPs. Then, the spatially relevant displacement phase was separated by the spatio-temporal filtering (high pass filtering of the unwrapped phase in the spatial domain and low pass filtering in the temporal domain) to obtain the final displacement phase. The model was solved based on the LS method while obtaining time series LOS displacement information. The data processing procedures are shown in Figure 1.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Statistical Analysis  
Results of statistical analysis are depicted in Tables 3 and 4. The best results, with a statistically significant change in the case of Beta vulgaris, were obtained for PAW, with a treatment time of 20 min, for which all seeds, from all samples, germinated after 7 days. For the tested Daucus carota seeds, the best results, with a statistically significant change, were obtained for the sodium hypochlorite treatment, although the results obtained from the different samples varied quite significantly.
# Sensitivity Analysis of Numerical Coherency Model for Rock Sites
## 2 Numerical Coherency Evaluation Methodology  
This section outlines the methodology for developing the coherency function from numerical simulations. It also details the procedures for estimating plane-wave coherency and conducting regression analysis to derive the site-specific coherency function.
# A New Flow Control Method of Slat-Grid Channel-Coupled Configuration on High-Lift Device
## 2 Flow Control Optimization Strategy for Leading-Edge Slot of the Airfoil 30P30N Based on Grid Fin
### Design of Grid Fin-Slat Composite Configuration  
The grid-slat configuration is designed on the multi-section airfoil 30P30N of the high-lift device, and the configuration is parameterized to facilitate the transformation of the original optimization of the geometric model of the configuration into the optimization of the configuration design parameters.  
Analytic geometric curves can be expressed using explicit functions with few design variables. For example, in the typical conic curve method, section control can be realized by the beginning and end coordinates of curves, as well as by the tangent slope and shape parameters. It has fewer control parameters, which is conducive to the optimal design of the aerodynamic shape. The general equation of a conic curve is: \(y^{2}+ax^{2}+bxy+cx+dy+e=0\). The conic curve can be regarded as a conic obtained by performing plane oblique cutting. By changing the angle of the tangent plane, conic curves such as circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola can be obtained [20].  
The slot at the leading edge is separately described by two curve equations, as shown in Figure 1, curves 1-2-3 and 4-5-6, respectively. Assuming that point 2 is the origin of the curve coordinate system, where the slope of the curve is infinite, the 1-2-3 elliptic equation can be simplified as \(y^{2}+ax^{2}+bxy+cx=0\). Then, the equation can be obtained according to the coordinates and slope of the curve at point 1 and the tangent equation of the curve at point 3.  
Among them, the designer gives the x coordinates of point 1, and the x and y coordinates of point 2. The method to determine the tangent equation at point 3 is shown in the figure above. First, a straight line should be made through the two points denoted as AB. The angle between AB and the horizontal direction is \(k_{3}\); then, the distance of \(y_{3}\) is offset upward, where \(k_{3}\) and \(y_{3}\) are also given by the designer. The curve 4-5-6 is determined in the same way with the parameters \(x_{4}\), \(x_{5}\), \(y_{5}\) and \(k_{6}\). In conclusion, the chord length direction is assumed to be the x axis and the direction perpendicular to the chord length is assumed to be the y axis. Considering the calculation time and cost as well as the configuration changes, the control variables of the slot at the leading edge are shown in Table 1:  
The position and size of the slot inlet can be adjusted by adjusting \(x_{5}\) and \(x_{4}\) The degree of shrinkage can be adjusted by adjusting \(x_{2}\) and \(x_{5}\). Adjusting \(y_{2}\) and \(y_{5}\) can change the longitudinal position of the transition between the contraction and expansion of the joint. The position of the slot outlet position can be adjusted by adjusting \(x_{3}\) and \(x_{6}\). The shape of the expansion segment can be controlled by adjusting \(k_{3}\), \(y_{3}\), \(k_{6}\) and \(y_{6}\).
# An Overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Europe
## 5 Key Features of ITSs
### Future Trends in ITSs in Europe  
Advances in digital technologies and innovative practices have led to a significant transformation of the ITS industry in Europe. The European Commission has highlighted the importance of the Strategic Technology Platform in Europe to increase manufacturing capabilities in areas such as microelectronics, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity. Ensuring the necessary technological infrastructure is essential to help the adoption of ITSs [79]. According to Figure 9, future trends in ITSs focus on four main pillars: sustainable mobility, artificial intelligence and automation, digitalization, and policy frameworks. All these trends lead to a more efficient, safe and environmentally sound future of transport.  
A major trend that will change mobility in Europe will be the integration of automation and artificial intelligence into transport systems. Increasing safety, optimizing routes and optimizing traffic management are all possible with the help of emerging automation technologies. AI-based solutions will be essential for the development of the industry in terms of predictive maintenance, facilitating real-time decisions and analyzing big data volumes [53].  
According to the eGovernment Benchmark, the ongoing digital transformation of public services demonstrates the commitment of European countries to modernizing transport infrastructure. The 2021 and 2022 eGovernment Benchmark reports indicate significant progress in the digitalization of government services, directly influencing the implementation of ITS technologies. This transformation is crucial for creating seamless interfaces between users and transport systems [80].  
The current legislative and regulatory framework will have a significant impact on future trends in ITSs. The aim of the revision of the ITS Directive is to ensure the efficient integration of emerging technologies into existing systems. The proposed measures focus on accelerating the implementation of innovations without bureaucratic obstacles and improving collaboration between stakeholders. These actions are essential for Europe to adapt to ever-changing technological evolutions while addressing environmental issues and traffic congestion [81].  
Sustainable mobility will remain a major priority in the development of ITSs. Transport solutions that encourage environmentally friendly practices, such as cycling, walking and public transport, will be integrated into future climate goals. This emphasis reflects both regulatory pressures and the public desire for more sustainable urban mobility options [82].  
The integration of advanced technologies, innovative policies and an increased focus on sustainability will shape the future of ITSs as Europe continues to invest in Intelligent Transport Systems. Efficient and environmentally friendly urban mobility, adapted to the needs of the 21 st century, will require collaboration between authorities, the technology industry and local communities.
# PAPR Reduction in UFMC for 5G Cellular Systems
## 4 Numerical Results and Discussions  
In our numerical simulations, the problem of high PAPR of the UFMC waveform is addressed. It is worth noting that all of the simulations are developed by \(MATLAB\) simulation tool. The results of the proposed Dcomp-SLM technique is discussed when the SLM reduction method is integrated to the UFMC transmitter. By modifying the phases of each component of the base-band symbols, the performances of the proposed Dcomp-SLM technique is analyzed. Subsequently, the curves of CCDF-PAPR, BER/EVM, and PSD are obtained and compared to the theoretical performances. These results are obtained when implementing the proposed method at different parameters, as shown in Table 1, assuming a solid state power amplifier (SSPA) (the [PERSON]'s model of [42]) as a nonlinear HPA at the UFMC transmitter end, i.e., to test the impact of the non-linear power amplifier on the performance of the proposed algorithm, and Rayleigh fading and AWGN channels.