## 1 Introduction  
The buildings sector, which includes residential and commercial structures, increases its energy consumption by 1.3% per year. The predicted amount of delivered energy for the buildings sector will show an increase in consumption of about 20% in 2018 and 22% in 2050 [1]. The European regulation, in particular, EPB Directive 2018/844, aims to promote a greater diffusion of energy efficiency and renewable energy in buildings, in order to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and help increase the security of energy supply at the same time [2]. Many studies proved that the building energy consumption is mainly influenced by six factors, as defined by the International Energy Agency (IEA): (1) Climate, (2) building envelope, (3) building services and energy systems, (4) building operation and maintenance, (5) occupant activities and behavior, and (6) indoor environmental quality provided. In order to identify opportunities on energy saving, building energy data, concerning the six factors, were studied [3]. European work groups forecasted a further increase in cooling energy consumption rather than in heating energy consumption. In the construction sector, one of the main reasons is represented by the urban heating island (UHI), which leads to overheating of the cities and, thus, to a growing increase in cooling energy demand [4]. Indoor overheating in summer represents a problem for both occupants' health and energy consumption, due to the overuse of cooling systems. Highly insulated buildings with no good ventilation are affected by this problem; therefore, in order to find the best solutions in terms of indoor comfort and saving cost for the hot climate, [PERSON] et al. studied different combinations of walls, windows, and technical systems with high masses [5]. Similar studies were carried out for buildings located in a hot tropical climate, which generally suffer overheating all year long, due to their warm weather conditions. [PERSON] et al. showed how the overheating risk can be lowered in massive wall buildings if coupled with adequate passive ventilation, especially during nighttime, when walls re-radiate stored heat [6; 7; 8]. Recent experimental studies highlighted how the monitored indoor air temperature in lightweight buildings tends significantly to rise faster than in heavyweight buildings, in which thermal capacity allows attenuating the daily indoor air temperature fluctuations. The problem of increasing in building energy consumption should be faced through passive cooling techniques, which include solar and heat protection, i.e., high thermal inertia, thermal insulation, shading devices, paintings with low colour absorption, night ventilation, and evaporative cooling. [PERSON] et al. proved that the combined use of three passive strategies such as solar shadings, natural ventilation, and heavyweight construction can lower the cooling energy demand from 74% to 59% [9; 10]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated how thermal inertia of the building provides benefit to both thermal comfort and decrease in cooling energy demand in temperate climates during summer. Indeed, from some of these studies, buildings with a high thermal mass reduced the cooling energy demand by 67-75% depending on the assumed temperature threshold. Furthermore, buildings with a high thermal inertia show larger attenuation of daily indoor air temperature fluctuations [11; 12]. [PERSON] et al. reported many studies about building envelope performances, which proposed high efficiency solutions suitable for warm and cold climates. In composite climates, a wall with high thermal mass guarantees comfort in both summer and winter; in cold climates, a thick multi-layer wall consisting of a low-density insulating layer, which allows reaching lower thermal transmittance values, is preferred. Whereas in warm climates, an external wall with low decrement factor, high internal areal capacity, and suitable time-shift is preferred. Moreover, in order to avoid summer overheating, windows and shading systems are of utmost importance.