## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we examined the general properties of internal tides and their seasonality in the Arabian Sea, including the Red Sea and the Arabian (or Persian) Gulf. Using datasets obtained form eight satellites, four major source locations of mode-1 \(M_{2}\) internal tides in the study domain were identified: Abd al Kuri Island, the Carlsberg Ridge, the northeastern Arabian Sea, and the Maldive Islands. Internal tides near Abd al Kuri Island propagate meridionally, whereas those in the northeastern Arabian Sea mainly propagate to the southwest and the south. In terms of energy, the depth-integrated energy flux calculated from the annual data can exceed 10 kW/m in the northeastern Arabian Sea; this is a significant value, even from a global perspective. Moreover, in the Red Sea, we identified three source sites located in BAM, the southern Red Sea and the northern Red Sea. In the Arabian (or Persian) Gulf, internal tides were generated near the Strait of Hormuz and northern Qatar. In general, in decreasing order of intensity of internal tides, the source areas are the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and the Arabian (or Persian) Gulf. We also analyzed the marked seasonal variability in the energy flux of the internal tides in the study domain, particularly around the Carlsberg Ridge and the northeastern Arabian Sea. Overall, the maximum energy flux of the internal tides is comparable in winter and summer, but the area with a high-energy flux is larger in winter. Around the Carlsberg Ridge, internal tides in winter are more pronounced in terms of both strength and propagation distance in all directions. Two branches of internal tides are observed to originate in the northeastern Arabian Sea shelf. Branch 1 of these internal tides propagates more regularly in winter, but these are mixed with waves from other directions in summer. The seasonal difference in the Arabian Sea is attributed to the Doppler shifting caused by background currents and horizontal variations in stratification in the propagation direction. The variation in stratification resulting from the different circulation patterns may favor the rising and suppression of isopycnals, which may further hinder the propagation of internal tides. Conceptualization, J.M. and D.G. ; methodology, J.M. and D.G. ; software, J.M. ; validation, J.M. ; formal analysis, J.M., D.G., P.Z., and I.H. ; investigation, J.M. ; resources, J.M. ; data curation, J.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, J.M. ; writing--review and editing, J.M., D.G., P.Z., and I.H. ; visualization, [PERSON]; supervision, [PERSON]; project administration, [PERSON]; funding acquisition, I.H. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the Office of Sponsored Research (OSR) at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) under the Competitive Research Grants (CRG) program (Grant # URF/1/3408-01-01). **Data Availability Statement:** The Cryosat-2 data were produced by Saslto and distributed by AVISO ([[https://aviso.altimetry.fr](https://aviso.altimetry.fr)]([https://aviso.altimetry.fr](https://aviso.altimetry.fr)), accessed on 19 March 2019). The WOA data were provided by NOAA ([[https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/](https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/)]([https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/](https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa18/)), accessed on 19 May 2019). The data supporting the analysis presented here can be found at Fisghare ([[https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/internal_tides_satellite_AS/14673195](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/internal_tides_satellite_AS/14673195)]([https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/internal_tides_satellite_AS/14673195](https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/internal_tides_satellite_AS/14673195)), accessed on 25 May 2021). **Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology for overall support to complete the research study.