# Evaluation of Subway Emergency Evacuation Based on Combined Theoretical and Simulation Methods
## 3 Methodology
### Passenger Flow Analysis  
An analysis of subway passenger flow data from Xi'an Metro, covering the period from 1 March to 31 March 2019, indicates that passenger flow exhibited periodic variations on a weekly basis throughout that month. Consequently, data from a specific week were selected for comparative analysis. Wulukou subway station, which functions as a transfer hub between Line #4 and Line #1, experiences passenger flow comprising three distinct components: inbound flow from Line #1, inbound flow from Line #4, and internal transfer flow within Wulukou station. The detailed distribution of passenger flow is depicted in the subsequent figures. Figure 5 illustrates that the passenger flow at Wulukou subway station during the week of March 4 to March 10 demonstrates a consistent trend. The morning peak hours reveal a similar pattern of variation throughout the week. Notably, the volume of passengers departing from the Line #1 platform during morning peak hours is relatively low in comparison to the evening peak period. Throughout the day, passenger flow generally exhibits a steady upward trend, albeit with gradual fluctuations. A significant peak in passenger flow occurs between 18:00 and 19:00 in the evening, marking the highest volume for the entire day. This peak is particularly pronounced on weekends, likely attributable to increased recreational activities during these days. According to Figure 6, Line #4 does not exhibit a morning peak in passenger flow. Despite its proximity to Xi'an Railway Station, the absence of a vibrant commercial district in the surrounding area results in a lack of significant passenger influx during the morning hours. In a manner similar to the passenger flow characteristics observed on Line #1, the most pronounced peak in passenger flow for Line #4 occurs between 18:00 and 19:00. In conclusion, Wulukou station on Line #4 experiences virtually no morning peak, with the majority of passenger traffic concentrated during the evening peak period. Additionally, the overall pattern of this peak period corresponds with the actual conditions of passenger flow on the platform. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Speed (m/s)** & **Shoulder Breadth (m)** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline children & \(1.00\) & 0.3 & 4 \\ adolescents & \(1.32\) & 0.32 & 15 \\ young male & \(1.56\) & 0.40 & 21 \\ young female & \(1.49\) & 0.37 & 17 \\ middle-aged male & \(1.51\) & 0.41 & 20 \\ middle-aged female & \(1.42\) & 0.38 & 19 \\ seniors & \(1.05\) & 0.40 & 4 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Personnel characteristic parameters in the case of large passenger flow. According to the analysis presented in Figure 7, it can be inferred that Wulukou subway station, functioning as a transfer station, experiences considerable variations in its internal passenger flow. The primary source of passenger movement is not attributed to external entry; rather, the focus is on passenger interchange within the station. Although the volume of incoming passengers from outside the station is relatively low, a notable issue regarding passenger flow remains evident. Furthermore, in the event of an emergency, there continues to be a potential safety risk associated with this situation. According to the spatial parameter analysis previously discussed, the average space allocated per passenger is 1.0 m\({}^{2}\)/person. The weekly distribution of passenger flow, as illustrated in Figure 7, reveals that the peak passenger traffic at Wulukou subway station occurs primarily during the morning and evening rush hours, specifically between 8:00 and 9:00 and between 18:00 and 19:00. An examination of the data from 4 March to 8 March, which encompasses weekdays, indicates that morning peak flows are both concentrated and stable. Conversely, during the weekend period of 9 March to 10 March, there is a significant reduction in morning peak flows, while evening peak flows experience an increase.