# Jamming and Spoofing Techniques for Drone Neutralization: An Experimental Study
## 3 System Design and Methodology
### RC and Video Jamming  
To evaluate the effectiveness of RC and video jamming, several implementations were assessed to identify the most suitable method for the intended purpose. The tests were conducted in multiple locations, including Campo Militar de Santa Margarida (Figure 10) and Academia Militar de Amadora (Figure 11), to cross-validate results and enhance reliability. Each division in the image represents a distance of 25 m.  
To accurately evaluate the scripts' effectiveness, the distance between the operator and the drone needed to be significantly greater than between the jammer and the drone. This configuration ensured that the jamming signals could effectively disrupt communication between the operator and the drone. As shown in Figure 12, the jammer was placed 6 m from the drone to maintain a strong and consistent jamming signal. This distance was chosen to ensure that the jammer was sufficiently close to interfere with the UAV's control systems. By varying the operator-drone distance (denoted as \(D\)), the experiment assessed how the jamming signal affected the drone's control under different conditions, with the operator distance being the key variable influencing the results. Given the characteristics of the signal, which has a bandwidth of approximately 14 MHz, it was necessary to divide the 2.4 GHz band into five distinct bandwidth to achieve full coverage due to the limitations of the available equipment. Each sub-band was targeted individually to ensure that the entire band was effectively jammed. Figure 11: Test area at Academia Militar Amadora (Portugal). Figure 12: System testing set-up. Figure 10: Test area at Campo Militar de Santa Margarida (Portugal). RC and Video Barrage Jamming  
The output obtained from the spectrum analysis, illustrated in Figure 13, showcases the emission patterns for the two barrage jamming implementations conducted: a sequential scan of the 2.4 GHz sub-band and random sub-band selection. It is noted that the signal spectrum is the same in both cases due to the small resolution bandwidth used in the measurement. A series of calculations were performed to estimate the signal strength at the antenna output of the system architecture. The initial output signal at the amplifier was measured to be \(-1.2\) dBm. Considering the 30 dB attenuation from the attenuator and the 18 dBi gain of the Yagi antenna, the EIRP at the antenna output was calculated to be approximately 46.8 dBm. The red \"X\" indicates that the jamming attempt was unsuccessful and did not disrupt communication between the operator and the drone (Table 3). Despite possible interference, the control signals and the transmission of images or video remained fully functional. In contrast, the green checkmark signifies complete jamming success, resulting in a 100% disruption of communication, meaning all connections between the operator and the drone, including control and video transmission, were entirely severed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Drone/Distance (D)** & **30 m** & **50 m** & **80 m** & **100 m** & **120 m** \\ \hline DJI Mini 3 & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ \\ DJI Mini 3 Pro & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✓ \\ Autel Evo Nano+ & ✗ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ Husban Zino Mini Pro & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ & ✗ \\ ZLL SG 108 & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ & ✓ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Effectiveness of RC and video barrage jamming at varying distances between the operator and the drone. (✓) indicates that jamming was ineffective. (✓) shows successful jamming. Figure 13: 2.4 GHz band jamming signal spectrum (sequential sub-band scan and random sub-band selection). The frequency on the X-axis ranges from 2.40 GHz to 2.48 GHz. Upon conducting a detailed analysis of each drone's performance during the testing phases, both DJI models exhibited similar behavior. Therefore, the results are described collectively for both. During the tests, the DJI drones maintained stable operation up to approximately 40 m from the operator, at which point minor interference began to appear.