# Clone Node Detection Attacks and Mitigation Mechanisms in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
## 3 Cybersecurity Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
### Clone Node Attack (Replication Attack) in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
#### 3.3.2 Clone Node Attack Detection Techniques in Static Wireless Sensor Networks
_Neighbored social signature-based_ (taking [PERSON] et al. 's [24] algorithm as an example). Advantages: low computation overhead. Disadvantages: Cannot grab complex nodes, fingerprint is dependable by neighbor nodes. (For more information, please see [25]). _Neighbor ID-based_ (taking the X-RED [26] algorithm as an example). Advantages: High detection likelihood. Disadvantages: Large traffic overhead. Distributed Clone Detection Techniques  
In distributed solutions [27], the detection process is usually carried out by all the sensors nodes in the network without the implication of any central authority. As of 2016, one of the most propitious distributed methods to detect replication attacks was the **witness node-based method**, which utilized the _claimer reporter witness framework_ to detect clones nodes. This mechanism implies that the claimer node locally diffuses or relays its spot, its position to its neighbors and every neighbor helps as a reporter node. The reporter node responsibility consists of mapping the claimer ID to one or more witness nodes. These witnesses detect clones upon receiving conflicting position claims. Compared with the centralized clone detection method, the key difference is that the process of clone nodes or replicas detection is performed by all the network nodes, and there is no core node in charge to give order to any node. Considering the static WSNs as the center of attention, according to [PERSON] (See again [25]), there exist seven (7) various types of detection methods (child-class), which are:  
* Node to network broadcasting,* Group-based,
* Witness node-based,
* Neighbor-based,
* Clustering-based,
* Cluster head-based,
* Witness path-based. Advantages and Disadvantages of These Categories  
_Node to network broadcasting_ (taking the N2 NB [28] algorithm as an example). Advantages: more efficient in the centralized technique, high detection rate. Disadvantages: high communication cost. _Group-based_, commonly named as _Generation-based_ (taking [PERSON]'s [29], [PERSON] et al. 's (See again [27]), and the multi-group based scheme and location claim based scheme [30] algorithms as examples). Advantages: No trusted third party required, more resilient, robust to node compromise, high detection capability, less communication, computational and memory overhead is low. Disadvantages: Nodes are grouped together, which clearly indicates their geographical positions. Flooding counterfeit claims due to DoS risk. _Witness node-base_ (taking PAWS [31], B-MEM [32], ERCD [33], DHT [34] and RAWL [35] algorithms as examples). Advantages: low memory overhead, lower memory usage, high detection likelihood, decreasing the number of communication messages, energy consumption, resiliency. Some algorithms even provide high security of witness nodes such as random-walk with the network division (RWND) algorithm. (See [36, 37] for more information). Disadvantages: limited redundancy, high communication cost, position dependent, to store witness nodes, the algorithm requires small ring routines. _Neighbor-based_ (taking NBDS [38] algorithm as an example). Advantages: position independent. Disadvantages: Messages overhead are high. _Clustering-based_ (taking NI-LEACH [39] algorithm as an example). Advantages: less delay, balanced throughput. Disadvantages: in a situation where there are many attackers on the system, this property has a lower detection rate. _Cluster head-based_ (taking LTBRD [40] and PRCD [41] algorithms as an example). Advantages: long network lifetime, low computing difficulty, memory occupancy and energy consumption are low. Disadvantages: detection likelihood is low. _Witness path-based_ (taking the LSC [42] algorithm as an example). Advantages: the dynamic technique in detection path establishment ensures the high detection likelihood. Disadvantages: The communication cost is high. Generally, even if some techniques are useful, mostly there are some disadvantages that they may include, as is the case of witness node-based techniques.