# Planning of High-Power Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles: A Review
###### Abstract  
Electrification of mobility is paving the way in decreasing emissions from the transport sector; nevertheless, to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive transport system, effective and long-term planning of electric vehicles charging infrastructure will be crucial. Developing an infrastructure that supports the substitution of the internal combustion engine and societal needs is no easy feat; different modes of transport and networks require specific analyses to match the requirements of the users and the capabilities of the power grid. In order to outline best practices and guidelines for a cost-effective and holistic charging infrastructure planning process, the authors have evaluated all the aspects and factors along the charging infrastructure planning cycle, analysing different methodological approaches from scientific literature over the last few years. The review starts with target identification (including transport networks, modes of transport, charging technologies implemented, and candidate sites), second, the data acquisition process (detailing data types sources and data processing), and finally, modelling, allocation, and sizing methodologies. The investigation results in a decision support tool to plan high-power charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, taking into account the interests of all the stakeholders involved in the infrastructure investment and the mobility value chain (distributed system operators, final users, and service providers). charging infrastructure; planning; electric vehicles (EV); high-power charging (HPC); high-power charging station (HFCS); transport models; load profiles; grid models; decision support  
31 December 20214 March 202  
to significant changes in mobility patterns or grid expansions imposed by the electrical infrastructure. Long-term planning can therefore increase the chances that the infrastructure will be adequate for future electric mobility while efficiently capitalizing on it. In this regard, predicting transportation demand is an important and necessary parameter for providing EV users with the electrical supply they need, when they need it. CI planning requires the identification of the transport network type to be electrified in order to take into account the different characteristics and needs of drivers. Authors in [3] distinguish between two categories of charging demand types: inter-city and intra-city demand. The former refers to a charging need that must be met during a break in a long-distance journey, whereas the latter refers to a charging need that must be met at the end of a short-distance trip, thereby making use of parking time to charge the EV. Urban networks are characterized by intra-city demands: most EV urban users start charging cycles at the end of short trips. In urban environments, trends such as a rise in active mobility (walking and cycling) are likely to affect mobility patterns. Long-term planning must consider these potential trends, and scenario planning could support decision-makers in this process [4]. Moreover, characterizing and predicting mobility scenarios requires analyzing a wide range of parameters, such as the vehicle-to-refuelling index (VRI) (numbers of EVs divided by number of chargers), which can give planners a basis for evaluating further investments in public charging assets. At the same time, cities with different characteristics will have to invest differently. For example, the availability of private parking with slow, overnight chargers influences the number of public chargers that should be planned. Instead, the electrification of inter-city travels requires investments in fast charging stations (FCSs) along routes in order to complete the trips. Considerable care must be taken when considering the ratio between fast- and slow-charging points: the optimal ratio has to be carefully estimated and assess the needs of the current system, answering questions like:  
* Is there a need for en-route fast charging? * Would the uptake of EVs benefit from more fast chargers?