## 5 Conclusions  
This paper has successfully identified 89 materials for critical materials data relevant to Malaysia, by considering material risk and supply risk for Malaysia. The indicators used to assess material security are material scarcity, monopoly supply, political stability, vulnerability to climate change, consumption level, substitutability, global warming potential, and total material requirements. Based on the analysis, the top five insecure materials for Malaysia are palladium, rhodium, gold, platinum, and tellurium. The Product Recycling Desirability Model that was previously incompetent for Malaysia has now been successfully utilised and it has revealed that car batteries, PET bottles, tyres, mobile phones, and DVD-R are the most desirable end-of-life products for recycling in Malaysia. These findings could be used as one of the strategic decision tools in prioritising products for recycling in Malaysia, while the determination of critical materials could be used by local authorities, companies, or relevant stakeholders as one of the important considerations to boost recycling initiatives towards sustainable product consumption. The critical materials data established in this paper has opened up a new research exploration perspective, in which material security-related research can be pursued further, including, but not limited to, chemistry, geology, and other material-related scientific disciplines. Although the data are exhaustive, they are date-stamped to demonstrate that the materials' criticality values may vary in the future. In that situation, the criticality scores could be recalculated. The  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Product Recycling Desirability Index**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Malaysia** & **UK** & **EU** & **USA** & **India** \\ \hline
1 & Car battery & 2.06 & 2.08 & 1.65 & 1.79 & 1.73 \\
2 & PET bottle & 1.92 & 1.92 & 1.92 & 1.92 & 1.92 \\
3 & Tire & 1.92 & 1.55 & 1.86 & 1.55 & 1.55 \\
4 & Mobile Phone & 1.85 & 1.95 & 1.76 & 1.56 & 1.93 \\
5 & DVD-R & 1.81 & 1.91 & 1.54 & 1.52 & 1.81 \\
6 & Desktop Computer & 1.77 & 1.83 & 1.72 & 1.85 & 2.25 \\
7 & Ergo Chair & 1.71 & 1.50 & 1.68 & 1.65 & 1.64 \\
8 & Refrigerator & 1.56 & 1.56 & 1.69 & 1.58 & 1.68 \\
9 & Coffee Maker & 1.54 & 1.54 & 1.53 & 1.53 & 1.62 \\
10 & Wind turbine & 1.38 & 1.68 & 1.68 & 1.71 & 1.74 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 10: Comparison of Malaysian products recycling desirability index with other countries.  
Product Recycling Desirability Model was used to determine the most effective product for recycling. Although this model has worked well for many countries, it is not the only way to use this data. The criticality data could be used for different recycling prioritization models, which can be customised depending on the data input that is needed.  
Investigation, A.A.M.S. and Y.Q.H.; Methodology, A.A.M.S.; Software, Y.Q.H.; Supervision, A.A.M.S.; Validation, P.T.M.; Visualization, M.S.M.S.; Writing--original draft, A.A.M.S. and Y.Q.H.; Writing--review & editing, A.A.M.S., W.H.W.M., M.S.M.S. and P.T.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Universit Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and the Ministry of Education Malaysia grant number RACER/1/2019/TK03/UTEM//4 (RACER/2019/FKP-COSSID/F00411).  
Not applicable.  
The authors are grateful to Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) and the Ministry of Education Malaysia for the financial support through RACER/1/2019/TK03/UTEM//4 (RACER/2019/FKP-COSSID/F00411).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The full list of 89 critical materials for Malaysia.