## 1 Introduction
### Antioxidant Activity
#### 1.1.1 Antioxidant Activity of Salvia Extracts--Chemical Models
mexicana_ were shown to hamper lipidperoxidation, as measured by TBARS assay, in the same magnitude of trolox [26]. In addition, a decoction of _Salvia apiana_ was also emphasized for its capacity to prevent lipid peroxidation events [25]. Moreover, decoctions of _S. elegans_, _S. officinalis_ and _Salvia greggi_ were demonstrated to have a high capacity to scavenge NO\({}^{\bullet}\)[27]. Rosmarinic acid and other caffeic acid derivatives were frequently reported as being the most abundant phenolic compounds in _S. africana_, _S. apiana_ and _S. elegans_ decoctions, while glycosidic flavones were particularly abundant in _S. officinalis_ and _S. officinalis 'Icterina'_ decoctions [25; 26; 27]. In our study [25], we also concluded that the high antioxidant potential of _S. apiana_ decoction might be partially associated with its high levels of phenolic compounds, particularly of rosamanol, a derivative of sageone, and hydroxycarnostic acid [25]. Moreover, a significant correlation between ORAC and rosmarinic acid (R = 0.68, \(p\) = 0.00355), was previously reported for 16 samples of commercial sage tea infusions that were claimed to have a high content of phenolic compounds [45]. The antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds isolated from sage plants have in fact been underlined (Table 1). Rosmarinic acid was previously isolated from the methanolic extracts of four _Salvia_ species leaves (_S. officinalis, Salvia gluttinosa, Salvia aethiopis_ and _S. sclarea_) and identified as a dominant radical scavenger towards the DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) in the HPLC-DPPH system [61]. More recently, [PERSON] et al. [62] evidenced the high DPPH\({}^{\bullet}\) scavenging capacity of carnosol and carnosic acid, both extracted from _S. officinalis_ by supercritical CO\({}_{2}\) extraction. In addition, a study performed by [PERSON] et al. [63] focused on the antioxidant potential of new and known abietane diterpene compounds isolated from methanolic extracts of _Salvia africana- lutea_ collected in South Africa. In particular, the authors described a strong activity of 19-acetoxy-12-methoxycarnosic acid and clinopodiolides A on ORAC (1.5- and 1.7-fold that of the reference antioxidant epigallocatechingallate, respectively), and a high antioxidant potential of 3b-acetoxy-7a-methoxyrosmanol and clinopodiolides A on FRAP (about 3.3-fold that of the control). The same group of researchers [64] demonstrated that rosmanol, carnosol and 7-methoxyrosmanol exerted excellent scavenging abilities for peroxyl radicals, as estimated by ORAC assay (six times higher than those of the reference commercial compound), while carnosol and rosmanol also exerted high antioxidant capacity in FRAP, and in 4,7-dimethylapigenin and rosmanol with TEAC. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline _Safeia_ **Species** & **Origin** & **Solvent Extraction/Phenolies (mg/g Extract)** & **Results of Screen Assay** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline _S.agsyntica_ & Tunisia & MeOH/RA (46.3-41.7), methyl-Cam (9.6–41.4), DPPH (ECo, mg/mL); 21.1-22.6; FRAP (mM Fe/II)/mg); 149-164; ARTS & [41] \\  & Api-7-Gic  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Salevia Species** & **Origin** & **Solvent Extraction/Phenolics (mg/g Extract)** & **Results of Screen Assay** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_S. Analyzer_} & \multirow{2}{*}{Egypt} & MeOH/PreA (5.2), Coula (70.2), GA (68.2), & & \\  & & Lutt-7-OGIC (1.2) & & DPPH (EC\({}_{\rm og}\)/mL); 321 (MoOH), 250 (GA) & [65] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_S. Analiza_} & \multirow{2}{*}{Turkey} & EA/RA (5.3), Lat (0.8), Api (0.5), MeOH/FA (3.11), & DPPH (emo TE/g dry plant); 5.9 (EA), 54.7 (MeOH), 40.5 (H\({}_{\rm O}\)); & \\  & & Lat (1.2), Heeps (0.9), H\({}_{\rm O}\)/RA (20.6), Lat (1.1), & CUPRAC (sumoff T/g dry plant); 20.9 (EA), 50.9 (MeOH), 40.5 (H\({}_{\rm O}\)); & \\  & & & AISTS (sumoff T/g dry plant); 7.1 (EA), 84.9 (MeOH), 10.2 (IA), FRAP & [53] \\  & & Api (0.6) & (sumoff T/g dry plant); 13.5 (EA), 80.0 (MeOH), 98.0 (H\({}_{\rm O}\)) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_S.