esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 System Configuration
### Fully Integrated Sensors  
Profiting from the development of MIR lasers, detectors, and gas cells, as described above, the laser spectrometer can be potentially integrated into a miniaturized and compact system for gas sensing, as shown in Figure 1, maintaining or even enhancing the achievable sensitivity [132]. In this subsection, we introduce the progress and applications of the fully integrated MIR laser spectrometer, focusing on QCL or ICL-coupled HWG gas sensors.  
An integrated sensor consists of a compact MIR laser, a new gas cell, and a detector, as shown in Figure 1. The configuration provides an attractive solution for miniaturized and practical applications. The laser should be a QCL, ICL, EC-QCL, or VECSEL. The miniaturized gas cells, i.e., HWG or iHWG, cover the wavelength range of 3.0-11.0 \(\upmu\)m, and provide a response time as fast as seconds [32] and a sample volume of sub-milliliter [131]. iHWG-based cells provide excellent modularity and  
Figure 1: Overview of the recently emerging gas cell-based laser gas sensing principles. A gas cell with small volume and easy integration includes: Ag/AgI-HWG-Ag/AgI-coated hollow waveguides, PBG-HWG-photonic bandgaps hollow waveguides, iHWG-substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and CMRC-circular multi-reflection cell. The laser source includes: ICL—interband cascade laser, QCL—quantum cascade laser, EC-QCL—external cavity coupled QCL. The detector includes: Pyroel. —pyroeletric detector, DTGS—deuterated triglycine sulfate detector, Thermo. —thermopile detector, MCT—mercury cadmium telluride semiconductor detector, QCD—quantum cascade detector.  
mechanical stability, with effective OPL of hundreds of millimeters and larger losses per unit length than Ag/AgI-HWG-based cells [32], which could achieve an effective OPL of several meters. The sensor could operate in the DAS, WMS, or intrapulse modulation regime as well [33; 13; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36].
## 2 Overview of Related Works
As network traffic continues to increase, embedding confidential information in network packets is less likely to be detected compared to using images, videos, or audio. However, the capacity for confidential information in network packets is often significantly less than that in images, videos, or audio. In summary, existing approaches have primarily focused on concealing how to embed confidential data within other data, without much consideration on how to reliably transmit containers from sender to receiver without loss or interception. In other words, enhancing confidentiality during container transmission has not been well-addressed. The aim of this paper is to propose a model for transmitting confidential information that enhances the confidentiality and reliability of the transmitted data.
# Repeater Insertion for Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Interconnects
###### Abstract  
Closed-form expressions for the optimized number and size of repeaters in multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects are presented. The contact resistance and inductive effects are taken into account. It is found that the propagation delay of MWCNT interconnects can be reduced effectively by inserting repeaters. However, the contact resistance has a significant influence on the optimized number and size of repeaters. Moreover, it is found that both the optimal number of repeaters and the minimum propagation delay are kept almost unchanged with the variation of carbon nanotube (CNT) kinetic inductance. The optimal number of repeaters in the MWCNT interconnect is much smaller than that in its Cu counterpart, thus saving chip area and power consumption.  
contact resistance; delay; interconnect; repeater insertion; multi-walled carbon nanotube
### Research Problems  
In a DNA-based U-healthcare, patients communicate with service providers in order to receive medical information and analysis results on their health status through the internet. In many cases, patients may want to directly connect to each other for the purpose of sharing real-time sequencing data, medical status or trading genomic data [2; 4; 6], etc. However, user registration for a specific service may be limited due to some reason. Moreover, registering for multiple redundant services would result in wasted money and possible wasteful communication overhead. Therefore, a cross-server end-to-end (CS-E2E) communication solution is required in such U-healthcare scenarios for the purposes of efficiency and convenience.  
In the direct communication between patients conducted with the assistance of servers, the generated shared key must only be known to the patients; this is the basic security requirement in all E2E communications. In addition, since the communication is conducted through an insecure internet channel, and personal care data and health information are very sensitive, security concerns are of paramount importance. Adversaries may launch various attacks (e.g., replay attacks), aiming to compromise patient privacy or obstruct the service system. The legitimacy of healthcare providers (e.g., doctors, physicians, etc.) during communications also needs to be considered to avoid possible fraudulent behaviors. The two-factor authentication mechanism enabled through a combination of a password and a smart card was introduced in many existing articles to alleviate the security risks present in a single-factor mechanism [7; 8]. However, once the adversaries compromise the password or the smart card successfully, the system would be vulnerable to some unavoidable attacks, e.g., impersonation attacks. Upon the demand, there would be a massive number of U-healthcare services provided by different institutions or hospitals. It is not possible for the traditional single-server system to satisfy the needs of users where they may enjoy an increasing number of medical services [7]. Moreover, remembering too many credentials in order to use multiple services may cause a certain inconvenience and directly affect communication efficiency. It is necessary to provide a better authentication mechanism, which can effectively address all the above issues. In addition, concerns regarding the computation cost and communication cost must also be considered in the design.
# Analysis and Prediction of Universities' Buildings' Renovation Costs Using a Regression Model
## 4 Results and Discussion
The analysis based on the database gives the opportunity to predict planned renovation costs for similar buildings, in this case other buildings managed by the educational sector. The Statistica software calculated the predicted renovation costs based on the regression model created for the 55 buildings. It is possible to predict the annual renovation costs by entering the information regarding the usable area and the period since the last modernization of a building (in years). It is clear that the obtained result is imperfect, firstly because of the rather small database, and secondly because every building is different. However, the database may grow, and with the entering of more information, it will be more accurate. Figure 6: Predicted renovation costs: (**a**) in relation to the last modernization period (in years), (**b**) in relation to the usable area (m\({}^{2}\)), and (**c**) based on independent variables. In Figure 8, the procedure of input data specification in the Statistic software based on the second-phase analysis database is presented. To know the predicted value of renovation costs in the upcoming year, some information about a building needs to be provided; firstly, the time when the last modernization was performed (in years), and secondly, the usable area of a building (in m\({}^{2}\)). Figure 8 presents exemplary results of the prediction of renovation costs for a sample building for which the last modernization was performed 15 years ago, and its usable area equals 1150 m\({}^{2}\). The result is presented in the frame and was equal to 12,088.55 EUR of the renovation costs for the next year for the exemplary building. Figure 7: Multiple linear regression results: planned costs, predicted costs, and residual values. The research was carried out on a sample of 55 buildings managed by 2 universities. The costs related to the renovation of buildings are largely affected by the adopted maintenance strategy. It can be assumed that the managers of the analyzed buildings adopt a similar coherent strategy. Confirmation of the obtained results requires extending the database to buildings of other universities managed by other managers. The authors assume that the data obtained from at least five additional universities will allow to determine how the planned costs are related to the adopted maintenance strategy. University buildings, due to their specificity, including a large number of users, are characterized by a high degree of exploitation, especially of internal elements (floors, internal doors, etc.). For this reason, the developed model may not yield good results in the case of other public facilities. The authors plan to analyze the maintenance costs of other building types, such as office buildings. This will afford the opportunity to assess the usefulness of the developed model for determining the maintenance costs of buildings of a different type than university buildings.
# AI-Enabled Intelligent Visible Light Communications: Challenges, Progress, and Future
## 3 Machine Learning in Physical Layer of IVLC
### Optimal Decision
#### 3.3.1 K-Means  
K-means is a common unsupervised ML algorithm, which is used for spherical clustering. The main idea of K-means is to update the centroids of the constellation clusters, and the class of the new input data depends on the Euclidean distance between the input data and the dynamic centroids of the constellation clusters. It works especially well when the constellation clusters exhibit overall deviation. K-means has been applied in multiband carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) VLC systems; experimental results indicate that for each sub-band, a decision based on K-means achieves a 1.6-2.5 dB Q-factor gain compared to a conventional scheme [64]. Moreover, if the deviation is known at the transmitting end, K-means-based predistortion is also proposed [65]. However, if the constellation clusters are not spherical, the performance of K-means will be decreased.
# Intelligent Traffic Management in Next-Generation Networks
## 3 DL/ML Applications in Software-Defined Networking
### Traffic Prediction
#### 3.2.2 Public Datasets  
The dataset is an important component in the process of traffic prediction, as it has a direct impact on the accuracy and applicability of the model. Here, we identify some public datasets that can be used for network traffic prediction.  
* **Abilene dataset**[117] contains the real trace data from the backbone network located in North America consisting of 12 nodes and 30 unidirectional links. The volume of traffic is aggregated over slots of 5 min starting from 1 March 2004 to 10 September 2004;
* **GEANT**[118] has 23 nodes and 36 links. A traffic matrix (TM) is summarized every 15 min starting from 8 January 2005 for 16 weeks (10,772 TMs in total);
* **Telecom Italia**[119] is part of the \"Big Data challenge\". The traffic was collected from 1 November 2013 to 1 January 2014 using 10 min as a temporal interval over Milan. The area of Milan is divided into a grid of 100 \(\times\) 100 squares, and the size of each square is about \(235\times 235\) m. This dataset contains three types of cellular traffic: SMS, call, and Internet traffic. Additionally, it has 300 million records, which comes to about 19 GB.
# Reflection Enhancement and Giant Lateral Shift in Defective Photonic Crystals with Graphene
###### Abstract  
This study investigates the reflectance of the defective mode (DM) and the lateral shift of reflected beam in defective photonic crystals incorporated with single-layer graphene by the transfer matrix method (TMM). Graphene, treated as an equivalent dielectric with a thickness of 0.34 nm, was embedded in the center of a defect layer. The reflectance of the DM was greatly enhanced as the intraband transition of electrons was converted to an interband transition in graphene. The reflectance of the DM could be further enhanced by increasing the Bragg periodic number. Furthermore, a large lateral shift of the reflected beam could also be induced around the DM. This study may find great applications in highly sensitive sensors.  
reflection enhancement; lateral shift; defective mode; photonic crystal; graphene Article
# An Improved RAIM Availability Assessment Method Based on the Characteristic Slope
## 5 Simulation  
To compare the performance of the PL-based and slope-based methods, the vertical RAIM availability assessment for a 32-satellite GPS constellation is simulated in worldwide (latitude \(60^{\circ}\) S\(-60^{\circ}\) N and longitude \(180^{\circ}\) W\(-180^{\circ}\) E) for a whole day (13 March 2019 0:00:00-24:00:00). The simulation area is meshed as the grid of \(1^{\circ}\times 1^{\circ}\) and the simulation time step is 300 s. The masking angle is set to \(10^{\circ}\). The dual-frequency ionosphere-free combination of L1 and L5 is assumed to be the pseudorange measurement. The standard derivation of the measurement noise is set according to the ARAIM interim report [11].  
The vertical RAIM availability assessment is executed for all grid points, i.e., \(121\times 361=43,681\) grid points, using the classic-PL-based (VPL\({}_{c}\)), the enhanced-PL-based (VPL\({}_{c}\)), the ideal-PL-based (VPL\({}_{d}\)) and the slope-based methods respectively at each simulation epoch. In the simulation, the parameters related to vertical RAIM availability are \(P_{r}(\mathrm{HMI})=1\times 10^{-7}\), \(\mathrm{VAL}=50m\)[21], \(P_{r}(\mathrm{HMI},2)=1.3\times 10^{-8}\)[22], \(P_{sat}=1\times 10^{-5}\)[11], \(\alpha=1\times 10^{-6}\), and \(P_{MD}=0.1\%\). The \(T_{Slope}\) values are pre-calculated before the simulation with an \(a_{v}\) step size of 0.01.
# Thermal Analysis of Cornea Heated with Terahertz Radiation
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Influence of THz Beam Radius and Power Density  
We now discuss the influence of the terahertz beam radius and power density on the heating effects in the cornea. Figure 4 plots the transient-temperature behaviors at the top center of the cornea layer under different beam sizes and power densities. This shows that, for different beam sizes and power densities, temperature rises very quickly for less than 60 s and then saturates; the higher the power density, or the larger the beam size, the higher the saturated temperature. The difference between saturated temperatures for neighboring power densities is a constant, and the constant linearly increases with beam size. These linear behaviors occur because the heat absorbed by the cornea increases linearly with both power density and beam radius.  
Figure 2: Time-dependent evolution of temperature distributions under terahertz heating with beam radius \(w_{0}=3\,\mathrm{mm}\), power density \(P_{\mathrm{d}}=0.6\,\mathrm{W/cm^{2}}\), and exposure time of (**a**) 10 s; (**b**) 30 s; (**c**) 60 s; (**d**) 180 s; (**e**) 300 s; and (**f**) 1200 s.  
In order to ensure collagen shrinkage, [PERSON] et al. [3] reported that the minimal cornea temperature should be 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [25] suggested the maximal allowed temperature is 75 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and [PERSON] et al. [26] reported that the best temperature for optimal shrinkage of the cornea collagen is \(\sim\)65 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Moreover, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27] showed that to avoid high temperatures and excessive denaturation is crucial so as to prohibit stiffness decrease of the tissue. Therefore, we can take 55\(\sim\)75 \({}^{\circ}\)C as the safe shrinkage temperature range, and 65\(\sim\)70 \({}^{\circ}\)C as the optimal shrinkage-temperature range. With these ranges, we can identify the suitable power density and beam size for achieving collagen shrinkage. For example, for a beam size of \(w_{0}=3.5\) mm (Figure 4e), the suitable power density should be 0.38\(\sim\)0.6 W/cm\({}^{2}\), and optimal power density should be 0.5 W/cm\({}^{2}\).
## 5 Conclusions  
The Reliable Routing Mechanism (RRM) combining the merits of cluster structure and reliability essential is proposed in this study. By constructing the cluster structure, the entire network can be divided into many clusters and the border nodes are then selected to cache the multi-path reliability information. This approach prolongs the average network lifetime. This approach can reduce the packets flooding throughout the entire network, and thus improve the routing reliability and efficiency. Simulation results indicate that the proposed RRM mechanism is an efficient multi-path routing methodology offering improved reliability, load balance and fault tolerance in large-scale sensor computing. The reliability of the proposed RRM mechanism is about 25% higher than that of the DSR and AODV mechanism.
# Dynamic Synthesis of Three -- Point Circle Peripheral Docking Technology Pose
###### Abstract  
Research on space docking technology was first motivated by the application scenario of space station docking in the aviation field. Due to the maturity of this technology, its application field is expanding to other industries. To benefit the intelligent transportation field, this study uses space docking technology to realize combination and reconstruction between car bodies. Different spatial docking methods and structural characteristics are determined by different application scenarios. The docking of the space station is completed in the suspended state of the body in the outer space environment, which requires advanced technology, is high in hardware cost, and involves a small channel diameter. In this study, the docking of the reconstructed vehicle is completed on the ground; thus, it is low in hardware cost and involves a large channel diameter. Based on the above technical requirements, a three -- point circular peripheral docking method is designed for the reconstructed vehicle. A visual positioning system is built, the mapping relationship between the camera coordinate system and the landmark coordinate system rotation matrix and translation vector is established, and the adaptive capture behavior is realized by path planning through the inverse pose solution model. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the active and passive vehicle bodies can achieve compliance capture with small collision force under the two conditions of forward collision and oblique collision, and the recovery coefficient after collision and docking is in the range of (0, 0.01). The acceleration decay process under two working conditions is measured in the crash test of a sample vehicle, which verifies the feasibility of the space reconstruction of the vehicle docking mechanism and the ability of this configuration to achieve tasks, providing a constructive idea for space docking technology with a large channel diameter.  
space docking; visual navigation; reconfiguration; capture buffer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied  
Article Dynamic Synthesis of Three -- Point Circle Peripheral Docking Technology Pose
# In Vitro Accuracy of Two Different Electronic Apex Locators Under Various Conditions
###### Abstract  
Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of two apex locators using seven different canal irrigants. Methods: Forty multi-rooted extracted teeth were included in this study. The actual canal length (ACL) was determined using a #10 file until the tip was visualized (12\(\times\) magnification) just within the apical foramen (AF). The teeth were placed in a conductive medium of alginate to test the ACL and electronic canal length (ECL) using both apex locators in various conditions. Seven irrigant solutions were used in the root canal: 0.9% saline, FileEZE EDTA 19%, Glyde EDTA 17%, Consepsis V Chlorhexiidine 2% CHX, Chloracid 3%, citric acid 20%, and EDTA 18%. Results: Within a range of \(\pm\)0.5 mm from the ACL, Raypcx showed an accuracy of 87.5% with 0.9% saline solution, 82.5% with Chloracid 3%, and 75% with Consepsis V CHX 2% solution. The IPCx showed an accuracy of 82.5% with 0.9% saline solution, 80% with Chloracid 3%, and 70% with Consepsis V CHX 2% solution. The differences among the canal irrigants were significant for both the Raypcx (\(p\) = 0.021) and Ipex (\(p\) < 0.0001) devices. The mean values showed the greatest variations in ECL accuracy with the combination of Raypcx and EDTA 18% (\(p\) = 0.042) and with the Ipex and Glyde EDTA 17% (\(p\) = 0.026). Conclusions: Canal irrigants have an impact on the accuracy of apex locators. The apex locators showed an accuracy of 80% and greater when 0.9% saline and Chloracid 3% solutions were used.  
apex locator; working lengths; irrigation solutions; sodium hypochlorite; chlorhexiidine; endodontics 2025
## 3 Description of the Method
### Definition of the Stations of the Planing Surface
#### 3.2.3 Longitudinal Function  
In the process of generating the station curves of the planing surface, five groups of parameters are introduced for each station, including the deadrise angle, the endpoint tangent angles (\(\gamma_{ki}\) and \(\gamma_{ci}\)), and the shape coefficients (\(k_{si}\) and \(k_{mi}\)). These variables can be obtained by evaluating five longitudinal functions \(\theta(x)\), \(\gamma_{k}(x)\), \(\gamma_{c}\) (\(x\)), \(k_{s}(x)\), and \(k_{m}(x)\) at the corresponding \(x_{i}\) values. The longitudinal function \(\theta(x)\) for the deadrise angle of the planing surface is then established using piecewise functions (see Figure 11). The deadrise angle of the planing surface moderately changes smoothly along the longitudinal direction in the middle and rear sections, which are constructed using linear functions. In the middle and front sections, the deadrise angle of the planing surface exhibits an S-shaped distribution, which is constructed with reference to an S-shaped function: \(f(t)=(1-t^{m})^{n}\) (\(t=0\)-\(1\)). This allows us to obtain the deadrise angle, as follows:  
\[\theta(x)=\begin{cases}\frac{x}{L_{0}}\times\theta_{b}+(1-\frac{x}{L_{0}}) \theta_{a}&(x<L_{0})\\ \left[1-\left(\frac{L_{c}-x}{L_{c}-L_{0}}\right)^{n}\right]^{m}\cdot(\theta_{c }-\theta_{b})+\theta_{b}&(x\geq L_{0})\end{cases} \tag{24}\]  
The relative shape of the station curves is mainly influenced by \(\gamma_{k}(x)\), \(\gamma_{c}\) (\(x\)), \(k_{s}(x)\), and \(k_{m}(x)\), in addition to \(\theta(x)\). To meet the design requirements for the lateral bending shape of the planing surface, constant values or simple functions can be utilized for construction. By using constant values, a planing surface with a constant cross-sectional shape can be  
Figure 11: Longitudinal function of \(\theta(x)\).  
achieved. Alternatively, the use of straight lines or other simple functions usually results in a gradual change in the planing surface.