## 5 Results
### Verification of the Hypotheses
#### 5.2.1 Research Hypothesis 1 Verification Result  
Based on the average anxiety degree value (\(M=2.28\)) of the study participants who played the fire safety education VR game with cutaneous sensation, the said study participants were divided into the high- and low-anxiety groups. The flow between these two groups and the other experience recognition variables were analyzed, including the vividness, tactile interactivity, locomotive interactivity, presence, and experientiality.  
The number of samples in each study group was less than 30. Moreover, the normality test revealed that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk values for all variables were \(p<0.05\)  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Factor** & **M** & **Cronbach’s \(\alpha\)** \\ \hline Anxiety & 2.11 & 0.63 \\ Vividness & 4.20 & 0.89 \\ Tactile Interactivity & 4.49 & 0.79 \\ Locomotive Interactivity & 4.09 & 0.84 \\ Presence & 4.05 & 0.70 \\ Flow & 4.27 & 0.64 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Reliability of the factors.  
and thus did not satisfy normality. Accordingly, the Mann-Whitney U test was adopted as it is a non-parametric method that analyzes differences between groups featuring low sample numbers and a lack of normality.  
As shown in Table 5, the analysis showed no difference in flow between the high- and low-anxiety groups among the study participants who played the fire safety education VR game with cutaneous sensation, contrary to the study hypothesis (_Mann-Whitney U_ = 53.50; _Wilcoxon_ = 144.50, \(p>0.05\)). As can be seen in the boxplots in Figure 3, however, the median value of the high-anxiety group was higher than that of the low-anxiety group, and the distribution of the low-anxiety group was widely spread while that of the high-anxiety group was concentrated on the top side, resulting in a high flow in the high-anxiety group on the whole.  
The other variables--vividness, tactile interactivity, locomotive interactivity, presence, and experientiality--demonstrated no significant difference. This reaffirms the suggestion that there is little, if any, difference in variables associated with experience recognition when learners experience the same sens  
Figure 3: Comparison of the boxplots for the high- and low-anxiety groups for the flow, vividness, and presence variables while playing the fire safety education VR game with cutaneous sensation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Anxiety** & **N** & **Mean Rank** & **Sum of Rank** & _Mann–Whitney U_ & _Wilcoxon_ & \(Z\) & \(p\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Flow} & High & 13 & 15.88 & 206.50 & \multirow{2}{*}{53.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{144.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{-1.66} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.10} \\  & Low & 13 & 11.12 & 144.50 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Vividness} & High & 13 & 16.04 & 208.50 & \multirow{2}{*}{51.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{142.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{-1.80} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.07} \\  & Low & 13 & 10.96 & 142.50 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Tactile} & High & 13 & 15.38 & 200.00 & \multirow{2}{*}{60.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{151.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{-1.36} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.18} \\  & Low & 13 & 11.62 & 151.00 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Locomotive} & High & 13 & 16.15 & 210.00 & \multirow{2}{*}{50.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{141.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{-1.81} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.07} \\  & Low & 13 & 10.85 & 141.00 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Presence} & High & 13 & 15.69 & 204.00 & \multirow{2}{*}{56.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{147.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{-1.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.13} \\  & Low & 13 & 11.31 & 147.00 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Experientiality} & High & 13 & 14.50 & 188.50 & \multirow{2}{*}{78.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{169.00} & \multirow{2}{*}{-0.43} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.67} \\  & Low & 13 & 12.50 & 162.50 & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results of the Mann–Whitney U test analysis for the high- and low-anxiety groups for all the variables while playing the fire safety education VR game with cutaneous sensation.