## 1 Introduction  
The most important of the research in the field of physics is the development of a new era of research in the field of physics. The development of a new era of research in the field of physics has been the development of a new era of research in the field of physics. The development of a new era of research in the field of physics has been a major area in the field of physics, including the development of a new era of research in the field of physics.  
## 1 Introduction  
Agro-industrial activity generates large quantities of effluents and organic waste that can negatively impact the environment [1,2]. In particular, the wine industry is an attractive productive activity that allows for the valorization of arid ecoregions with some existing production limitations. In Argentina, viticulture is an important economic activity, with 204,847 ha. cultivated in 2023 [3]. In this sense, one of the main factors limiting production is the scarcity of water resources [3]. Viticulture generates large quantities of grape marc, wine production sediments, and stalks, among others. However, in clear alignment with the principles of a circular bioeconomy, these organic residues have the potential to be valorised by other industries that produce other value-added products, such as food-grade alcohol, tartaric acid, grape seed oil, and compost [4, 5, 6]. Although this approach contributes to achieving these principles, it is evident that such production also generates high volumes of effluents with high organic load and salt content, with water resources being the most limiting factor for their production in arid regions [7].  
In the province of Mendoza, the discharge and agricultural reuse of industrial liquid effluents is regulated by the General Department of Irrigation (DGI). The regulations define the maximum allowable parameters for use on crops (Resolution 778/96 HTA DGI) [8]. At present, treated effluents from wine distilleries generally have conductivity values higher than those defined and a pH below the specified range, so one of the common practices is to dilute the treated effluent with low salinity, neutral pH well water. Water salinity affects plant biomass productivity by reducing plant growth and development. This is because salinity causes salt stress in plants, which forces them to use more energy to extract water from the soil. Water absorption is altered, photosynthetic yield is reduced, and chlorosis and leaf necrosis, toxicity, and nutritional imbalance can occur.  
In the current regional context of water shortage for several consecutive seasons, as well as projections that foresee a worsening of the restriction situation for the future, the DGI seeks, together with the industries, to evaluate tolerant crop alternatives for the use of less diluted effluents, avoiding the use of too much water of good suitability for irrigation, which is somehow degraded to improve effluents. The information from these pilot experiences can serve as a basis for adapting the reuse regulations for these effluents in the future.  
Although there are antecedents for the use of viticultural biomass in value adding strategies, there is a lack of studies that evaluate the possible use of these effluents to valorise them thus reducing their impact on the environment. The use of agro-industrial effluents could be a strategy to cultivate plant biomass in arid areas to be valorised as bioenergy sources, animal feed, or as a co-substrate in the composting process. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate alternatives for the use of these industrial effluents with high electrical conductivity in productive agro-ecosystems for the generation of vegetal biomass for energy, animal feed, or raw materials for composting and further applications. It is also important to verify how irrigation with this type of effluent affects the agricultural suitability of the soil. All the experiments presented in this study used real effluents and full-scale reproducible tests.