## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Product Efficiency under Laboratory Conditions  
The wind tunnel experiments were aimed to test dust emission by wind after the applications of the dust control products. The PM10 concentration measured in the wind tunnel during the experiment is a result of dust emission from the soil surface. The results of the laboratory wind tunnel experiment are presented in Figure 5. Each soil sample was tested under four wind velocities. It is clearly shown that no dust emission and PM10 concentration was recorded in the application of Brine. The \"straight\" line that was similarly recorded for all wind velocities in the test of the brine application is a representation of the background level (\(\sim\)20 \(\mu\)g m\({}^{-3}\)) measured in the wind tunnel before the test. In all the other applications, the averaged PM10 concentrations were significantly  
Figure 4: Application of the dust control product on the unpaved haul road before the dust emission experiment. Figure 3: The active quarry near the city of Beit Shemesh, Israel (31\({}^{\circ}\)45\({}^{\prime}\)54.62\({}^{\prime\prime}\) N, 35\({}^{\circ}\)1\({}^{\prime}\)5.15\({}^{\prime\prime}\) E) is shown at the top right side of the aerial photo. The field experiment was conducted on an unpaved haul road (\(\sim\)200 m long) of the quarry, which is within the yellow rectangular. (\(p<0.05\)) higher than the background level, including in the lowest wind velocities, 4 and 6.5 m s\({}^{-1}\), of the PVA test. At wind velocity of 4 m s\({}^{-1}\), which represents a wind at which distinct dust emission started from loess soils, the resulted PM10 concentration was the lowest for all samples. However, no significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) in PM10 between 4 and 6.5 m s\({}^{-1}\) was received for Resin, Lignin, and PVA applications. The PM10 values of the control sample were significantly higher than those of all the other samples in all wind velocities. It means that all the applications suppressed dust emission but with different efficiency. As mentioned before, the Brine was the best application, preventing any dust emission. The PVA was the second-best application, in which dust emission was significant only at the highest wind velocities (8 and 9.5 m s\({}^{-1}\)). Basically, the highest value of PM10 concentration in all soil samples was recorded in wind of 9.5 m s\({}^{-1}\). However, the PM10 concentrations of the PVA at the highest wind velocity were significantly lower (\(p<0.05\)) than those of the Resin, Bitumen, and Lignin. At wind velocity of 8 m s\({}^{-1}\), no significant difference in PM10 concentration was received between the PVA and the organic polymers (Resin, Lignin). Note that because of the experimental procedure, in which the wind velocities of 6.5, 8, and 9.5 m s\({}^{-1}\) were run promptly after the prior velocity (i.e., 6.5 m s\({}^{-1}\) was run after 4 m s\({}^{-1}\), and so on), and since the amount of dust particles in the soil samples is limited, the dust emission in those velocities could have been an underestimation for non-limited samples. Nonetheless, dust emission measurements in the laboratory present higher PM10 concentrations, compared to field measurements, under the same experimental conditions (soil type and wind velocity), because the relatively high disturbance of the soil structure during the preparation of the experimental samples in the laboratory [12; 14]. The recorded PM10 concentrations were used to calculate the average dust-PM fluxes emitted from the soils (Table 2). The calculation was based on the wind tunnel dimensions and the area of the soil bed [23]. Using the mass flux can provide us quantitative information on soil loss by dust emission from the surface as well as parameterization in models of dust emission and atmospheric PM transport.