## 1 Introduction  
Climate change is one of the greatest threats to humans in the 21 st century. According to the Inergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC) the last ten years have been 1.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C warmer than the period 1850-1900 [1]. It influences the quality of outdoor spaces and the health of people. In addition, climate change intensifies extreme weather events in frequency, duration, and intensity [2]. As for the Mediterranean region, recent studies estimate that the mean air temperature will be 1-3 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than the actual temperature in the near future compared to 1961-1990 [3], with a corresponding increase in the frequency of occurrence of severe heatwaves [4]. Within cities, more and more spaces experience overheating as a result of the combined effect of the proceeding urbanization and global warming. Consequently, there is an increase in the number of urban spaces knowing higher temperatures during the day than in nearby rural areas. More than half of the world currently lives in urban areas [5]. InAndalusia, Spain, this rate reaches over 80%, with 44.6% of people living in urban centers and 38% in urban clusters, according to data published by the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia [6]. This growing urbanization modifies the comfort of outdoor urban spaces. Changes in heat distribution [7], increasing air pollution, and rising stress levels [8] are some of the raised built-up areas and buildings' congestion consequences. Hot outdoor environments mean non-comfortable environments that lead to sedentary activities, heart diseases, obesity, heat illness, and in the worst case, casualties [8]. According to the World Health Organization, climate-related diseases kill more than 150,000 people yearly [2]. Improving the quality of open urban spaces should be especially a current priority as the sanitary crisis due to COVID-19 has led people to favor outdoor activities over indoor ones. Implementing mitigation strategies for critical outdoor urban spaces is obviously a concern of comfort, but even more, it is one for physical and mental health. Nevertheless, prior to discussing mitigation solutions adapted to each space, the understanding, investigation, and evaluation of its outdoor thermal comfort conditions are necessary. [PERSON] first defined a comfortable environment in 1937 as an environment sensed by the occupant as neither warm nor cold [9]. Studies have then revealed that human thermal comfort is a much more complex notion that implies taking into account physiological, physical, and psychological approaches to defining it. Aiming to cover everything, the American Society of Heating gives the actual definition, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) describes human thermal comfort as a condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment [10]. Achieving this condition of mind rests on a huge number of factors, mainly climatic and personal variables, environmental stimulation, and the phenomenon of adaptation. First, climatic variables needed for describing a thermal environment are usually air temperature, humidity, thermal radiation, and air velocity [7]. Although a change in only the air temperature could impact the sensation of thermal comfort, most of the time, it's more the combined effects of all the climatic variables that should be considered. In this way, the air temperature can rise without significant thermal comfort changes [7]. As for the impact of radiation on thermal comfort, [PERSON] et al. have shown that the neutral temperature is lower by 0.8 degrees for solar exposure conditions than for shade conditions [11]. They have also evaluated the impact of the air velocity on the neutral temperature and stated that it is 0.9 degrees upper when the air is light instead of still. Moreover, a study in subtropical urban environments has revealed that among the climatic variables, humidity has the greatest influence on thermal comfort in this kind of region, followed by wind speed [7].