# Electricity Losses in Focus: Detection and Reduction Strategies--State of the Art
## 3 Methods for Identifying Power Losses
### Technical Energy Losses
#### 3.1.1 Energy Losses Caused by Physical Network Characteristics  
The identification of technical energy losses is imperative for enhancing energy efficiency and reducing operational costs in power grids. This identification process is imperative in order to reduce the financial impact of these losses. In the specialized studies conducted by researchers, the analysis of the determination or estimation of technical energy losses in power grids is integrated. In scientific works, several approaches for determining technical losses have been discussed, primarily based on a forward-looking examination of load curves. A notable study by [PERSON] (1999) introduced the concept of a \"loss coefficient\", a pivotal parameter in the estimation of technical energy losses. The coefficient is indispensable in the definition of the load variation during the analysis period. In conclusion, the researchers' work demonstrated a practical application that enabled real-time observation of the variation of load curves across Brazil. The researchers found that defining the loss coefficient correctly enables the optimal selection of cables, thereby minimizing energy losses caused by the over-sizing or under-sizing of cables. In addition, the researchers in [PERSON] (1999) proposed an estimation method to determine the energy losses in the distribution system. This method determined the frequency domain  
Figure 3: Categories of scientific research on identification of technical electricity losses. based on load curves. They implemented a calculation to identify the load profile by integrating a discrete Fourier series and applying it to a model adapted for loss analysis, also using the Parseval identity. The findings of the study have a positive impact on the analyzed model, with an error percentage of only 1.87% being obtained. The authors follow the frequency domain and the influence of harmonics in shaping the technical losses. The primary objective of the study undertaken by the researchers was to ascertain the power losses within the regulation component of distribution systems. Energy dissipation is an essential aspect of transmission and distribution systems, a phenomenon that has received considerable attention from the research community. In their research, [PERSON] and their colleagues proposed a methodology for estimating technical energy losses [14] in medium-voltage distribution networks. The researchers developed their methodology around the radial flow of supply and load curves, with a particular focus on periods of supply and the dynamics of load gaps. The authors considered the incoming power capacity measured over one month in the distribution system of a power distributor. To this end, they implemented a complex model based on the following input characteristics: energy demand, the length of the radial network of a medium-voltage distributor, the load distribution, and the power factor specific to the analyzed network. The model designed incorporates a primary feature that enables the estimation of technical energy losses based on measurements of the parameters. The results obtained from implementing the study on a real network thus delineate a similarity in losses determined by the distribution operator. The study's findings necessitate further refinement and expansion. This includes the application of the model to a more diverse set of networks and distributors, encompassing a range of sizes and demographics. Another technical approach to energy loss analysis was undertaken by [PERSON], [PERSON], et al. in [15], where they examined losses in a power grid in the Kirkuk area. The focal point of their study was to ascertain a calculation method for such losses. The paper addressed losses in power lines, transformers, and other equipment, and it developed a computational program in Visual Basic for calculating and accurately estimating electricity losses in the power supply system in the area.