## 1 Introduction  
The Zhaotong area in Yunnan Province is identified as one of the areas that are severely threatened by earthquakes and rainfall. This region is characterized by steep topography, fragmented rocks, and abundant rainfall compounded by active faults, which caused frequent occurrences of landslides and debris flows. For example, in 1991, a colossal landslide struck Touzhai Gou Village, located in Panhe Township, Zhaotong City. The landslide was estimated to have a volume of 20 million m\({}^{3}\), plummeting vertically over a distance of 760 m [1]. This event led to the tragic loss of 216 lives, with seven injuries reported. Additionally, 202 houses were destroyed, and the direct economic losses were estimated at approximately RMB 12 million. The 1917 Ms 6.7 Daguan Jilipu earthquake triggered massive collapses and landslides in the Daguan River canyon area, burying over 500 military personnel [2]. The 2014 Ludian earthquake resulted in 10,560 landslides [3], with the most significant occurrence recorded at the Hongshiyan and Ganjiazhai area. Notably, the Hongshiyan landslide with a volume of 10 million m\({}^{3}\) obstructed the Niulan River and formed a barrier lake with a volumetric capacity of 260 million m\({}^{3}\). During the 13 July 2010, the Xiaohe Village in Qiaojia County experienced a catastrophic flood and mudslide, leading to the tragic loss of 19 lives, with 26 individuals reported missing and 43 sustaining injuries. These large-scale landslides and debris flows not only caused significant casualties and severe damage to the local economy but also irreversibly altered the local landscape. Therefore, the susceptibility assessment of potential landslides in seismically active regions is crucial to effectively reduce the impact of such disasters. The analysis of the development characteristics and spatial distribution of landslides in the Zhaotong area is important for assessing the potential landslide susceptibility in the area. Various controlling factors influence the occurrence of landslides, including the geological setting, slope structure type, and topographical conditions, as well as earthquakes and rainfall [4; 5; 6]. Among these controlling factors, rainfall and earthquakes are the most significant. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. (2022) [7] employed Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to explore the spatial distribution of coseismic landslides triggered by the 2014 Ludian earthquake, and the results showed that slope gradient and proximity to the seismogenic fault are critical factors in determining the spatial distribution of seismic landslides. Furthermore, it was observed that landslide number density exponentially decreases with an increasing distance from the seismogenic fault and follows a Weibull cumulative distribution with increasing slope gradient. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. (2018) [8] applied the Newmark method to calculate the minimum critical accelerations for the slope failures of the Ludian event. Their findings indicated that the spatial distribution of coseismic landslides in most regions was influenced by geological factors, whereas a minority of areas were affected by a combination of geological, topographical, and complex seismic source structures. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. (2021) [9] analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of landslides of the Mw 5.1 Qiaojia earthquake using the landslide abundance index. Their analysis showed that landslides predominantly aligned in the northwest-southeast direction, paralleling the seismic intensity zones and the strike of the Xiaohe-Baogunao fault (XBF). These results indicated that the seismogenic fault of the Qiaojia earthquake may be a concealed branch of the XBF, likely activated due to the release of accumulated elastic strain from the earlier Ludian earthquake within the same tectonic stress regime. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al.