esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## Biological Activities of _U. tometosa_ Extracts and Compounds
### Antioxidant Activity  
The antioxidant activities of _U. tometosa_ have been attributed to the existence of alkaloids, flavan-3-ol monomers, and polyphenols. The preclinical assessment revealed that the cat's claw defends toward various oxidative stresses, involving peroxynitrite that has been included in arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases along with inhibiting acute or chronic gastritis caused by high doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [22; 23]. _U. tometosa_ aqueous extract was found to protect against oxidative stress in human erythrocytes and relieve chronic intestinal inflammation in rats caused by indomethacin [24; 25]. Another study documented that hydroxybenzoic acids, proanthocyanidins acids hydroxycinnamic were responsible for potent radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities of the cat's claw [26; 27]. In an in vitro experiment, _U. tometosa_ bark showed high antioxidant efficacy manifested by today equivalent antioxidant capacity, free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl capacity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and peroxyl radical-trapping capacity. Moreover, it protected membrane lipids from the peroxidation caused by the iron/ascorbate system and was also evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) [26]. Another in vitro study revealed that the cat's claw prevented the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression caused by lipopolysaccharide, nitrite formation, cell death, and the NF-kappaB activation. Cat's claw possessed a cytoprotective effect due to its ability to interact with the injurious oxidant, therefore, it may act on regulating cell death [22].  
Figure 1: Schematic representation of different pharmacological activities of _Uncaria tometosa_ (cat’s claw).
## 4 Results and Analysis
### The Impact of Combined Data Augmentation Scheme on Model Performance  
In cases where the dataset is small, data augmentation can significantly improve the model's performance and generalization ability. However, different data augmentation schemes may bring different impacts on these datasets. Hence, we evaluate and compare different combinations of data augmentation schemes. The specific outcomes of these experiments are precisely presented in Table 4.  
First, we validated the traditional data augmentation schemes commonly used by many previous studies, which include time stretching and pitch shifting based on audio, as well as time masking and frequency masking based on spectrograms. Then, we add Dynamic Range Compression (DRC) and Time Warping (TW) to these schemes and explored  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model Architecture** & **Pretrain** & **ESC-50 (\%)** & **UrbanSound8K (\%)** \\ \hline AST & - & 65.00 & 79.93 \\ AST & IN & 88.00 & 85.90 \\ AST & IN + AS & 92.25 & 88.68 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: The impact of transfer learning on classification performance. IN represents the ImageNet dataset, and AS represents the AudioSet dataset.  
the impact of different degrees of warping on the experimental results. The experimental results show that traditional data augmentation schemes can significantly improve model performance on the ESC-50 dataset, which has fewer data and more categories. This experiment has demonstrated that our combined data augmentation scheme generates more diverse audio variants, which helps the model learn more useful feature information to improve performance. When compared against scenarios where no data augmentation is employed, our proposed combined data augmentation scheme exhibits a remarkable improvement of 3.25% on the ESC-50 dataset and a commendable 2.24% gain on the Urban-Sound8K dataset. Therefore, using data augmentation schemes to mitigate the challenges of small datasets with many categories aligns with the practical needs of urban environmental sound classification tasks.
# Assessing the Degree of Sustainability Integration in Canadian Public Sector Procurement
## 3 Methodology  
We reviewed 50 publicly available Requests for Proposals (RFPs) with an estimated value of over $1M issued between 2016 and 2019. In order to establish a meaningful understanding of the degree of sustainability integration in the public sector, we ensured both jurisdictional and geographic representation. Within the analyzed RFPs, 58% were from municipal governments, 20% from provincial governments, and 22% from the federal government. In terms of geography, we secured RFPs from 9 of the 13 provinces and territories (excluded were Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Nunavut, and the Northwest Territories due to the lack of available large-scale public procurement opportunities in the focus categories discussed below).  
In selecting focus areas, we considered categories that were both high dollar volume from a federal government spending perspective and high impact using carbon emissions as a lens. With insights from the Centre for Greening Government, we selected the construction, information technology (IT), and large services categories. These are the top three spend categories for the federal government and have significant sustainability impacts. The federal government spends over $16 billion annually on these categories, with close to $9 billion on construction-related purchasing [26]. We used RFPs related to both building and maintenance/inspection for the construction category, while IT included any electronic-related product and service. The large services category was comprised of varying services, including grounds keeping, janitorial, and food services.  
We identified that a material influence in the evaluation criteria and coverage of the breadth of material sustainability impacts would be required to effectively leverage procurement to advance sustainability-related policy objectives. As such, we designed and adopted two measurement schemes to analyze the extent to which sustainability was integrated into government purchasing. These measurement schemes allowed for an assessment of both the significance and expanse of environmental and social considerations.  
It is important to note that although sustainability includes economic considerations, our analysis was focused on environmental and social pillars, given outcome gaps in these areas. Early in our research, we noticed that although sustainability language was found within many RFPs, it was often general, narrow, absent from the evaluation system, and lacking in mechanisms for accountability. These insights led to the design of the measurement schemes outlined below.
## 10 Simulation Results and Discussion
### Energy Consumption  
The comparison of energy consumption is displayed in Figure 14, where the energy is delivering a single packet towards the destination. It observed that the minimum energy consumption for the DPD-TANVEER is when it could bypass the empty regions and directly sends the data packets to the sonobuoys, so it is slightly lower than L2-ABF. The minimum possible energy consumption for each packet is 0.3 J with DPD-TAANVEER and 0.4 J of L2-ABF. This is only due to singe angle-based measuring for the dissemination of the data packets.  
Figure 12: Fraction of empty regions occurrence in TANVEER vs L2-ABF.  
The BIN-TANVEER is comparatively higher, saving the amount of energy, as these nodes only come into contact when the empty regions need to be rescued. It is lower than the other two proposed schemes as well as a baseline approach. The foremost reason is the alternative route adjustment for the nearby sonobuoys increase the amount of energy for the time being to perform recovery data from the empty nodes. Nonetheless, this amount is not a sufficient reason for the high consumption of energy requirement as L2-ABF is considered the battery resources comparatively higher than the technique as mentioned above.
# Integrating Blockchains with the IoT: A Review of Architectures and Marine Use Cases
## 5 Discussion
Furthermore, current solutions, while highly effective, exhibit considerable complexity and variety as they aim to address several issues, such as secure data transmission, authentication, energy management, and scalability. For example, [PERSON] et al. [23] integrate UAVs for aerial monitoring, while [PERSON] et al. [28] focus on underwater vehicle communication. At the same time, some solutions prioritize energy efficiency, such as [21; 22; 24], while others focus primarily on security, as seen in various works ([14; 28; 50; 51]). In addition, as a matter of fact, most of these solutions also aim to tackle scalability, given the extensive data demands and large-scale deployment challenges inherent in marine IoT systems. This, in turn, raises the question of whether a more general solution could emerge to accommodate the varied needs emerging within the MIoT and IoUT. Although a universal solution might simplify development and implementation processes, it must be flexible enough to address the distinct requirements of various applications. Looking ahead, it remains to be seen whether new approaches will favor the utilization of platforms such as Ethereum or continue to rely on specialized, custom-built solutions. Finally, it should be mentioned that the solutions examined frequently involve the integration of not only blockchains with the IoT but also additional technologies such as the IPFS, AI, federated learning, SDN, edge-fog computing, and onion routing. While these technologies offer valuable benefits, they can also increase the overall complexity. Thus, each integration must be carefully managed to ensure compatibility and efficiency. In summary, integrating blockchains with the IoT in challenging marine and underwater environments holds significant potential for enhancing IoT capabilities. However, continued research is essential to ensure that BIoT systems remain reliable and effective for these applications. Despite recent advancements, further work is needed to refine blockchains to meet the extensive demands of IoUT systems. Improving scalability and per formance will be key, and sustained innovation will be necessary to address the persistent challenges of these unique environments.
###### Abstract  
The critical step in the mixed microbial cultures (MMC) polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production process is the selection of an MMC enriched in an efficient PHA-accumulating organism, usually requiring growth-nutrients supplementation. This study aimed at assessing cheese whey (CW) proteins as a source of nitrogen for PHA-producing MMC, thus eliminating or reducing the need for nutrients supplementation. The selection reactor, operated with fermented CW, under a least-fanine regime, was initially supplemented with ammonia-nitrogen in a C/N ratio of 100/15 (Cmol/Nmmol), which was gradually reduced until eliminated, in order to select a culture capable of using CW proteins nitrogen. Decreasing nitrogen supplementation from a C/N ratio of 100/10 to 100/7.5 lead to significant microbial community changes, and reduced the MMC PHA-storing capacity, storage yield, and PHA productivity, decreasing by 30%, and over 45%, respectively. The PHA-storing capacity further deteriorated as nitrogen supplementation was reduced, despite increased protein-uptake. Results show that a culture enriched in PHA-accumulators capable of using proteins as sole nitrogen source could not be attained. In conclusion, this work reports for the first time that an easily bioavailable nitrogen source is required for efficiently selecting PHA-accumulating cultures. Based on the results obtained from this work, a pilot scale plant (two reactors of 100 L) fed with cheese whey for production of PHA is currently being successfully operated under the scope of the YPACK EU project, in which the selection reactor is supplemented with nitrogen (ammonia) from a total C/N ratio of 100/10.  
proteins; mixed microbial cultures (MMC); cheese whey; polyhydroxyalkanoates; microbial characterisation; nitrogen source +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Instrumental Color Parameters  
\(L^{\star}\) values increased over the storage period in all treatments (\(p<0.05\)), and no difference was observed between them on days 0, 3, 6 and 9 (\(p>0.05\); Table 3). The increase of \(L^{\star}\) values during storage has been related to protein denaturation, which leads to exposure of hydrophobic groups and subsequent water loss resulting in changes in meat surface reflectance [38]. The increase of \(L^{\star}\) values as the increase of storage period was found in other refrigerated freshwater fish species [9; 13; 39], including rainbow trout [30]. Likewise, similar UV-C doses (0.10 and 0.30 J/cm\({}^{2}\)) and O\({}_{2}\) scavenger, alone or in combination, did not affect \(L^{\star}\) values of tilapia fillets stored under refrigeration [8; 9; 13], corroborating with our results. Concerning redness (\(a^{\star}\)) and yellowness (\(b^{\star}\)), all treatments showed a decrease in \(a^{\star}\) values and increase in \(b^{\star}\) values throughout refrigated storage, however the increase of \(b^{\star}\) values was less pronounced in OSP, OSUV1 and OSUV3 (\(p<0.05\); Table 3). On day 0, all treatments had similar \(a^{\star}\) and \(b^{\star}\) values (\(p>0.05\)). From day 3 to day 9, AUV3 exhibited lower \(a^{\star}\) values and higher \(b^{\star}\) values followed by AUV1 compared to AP (\(p<0.05\); Table 3), indicating a dose-dependent effect of UV-C on \(a^{\star}\) and \(b^{\star}\) coordinates as was found for MDA levels and carbonyl content. On the other hand, OSP, OSUV1 and OSUV3 showed higher \(a^{\star}\) values and lower \(b^{\star}\) values than AP (\(p<0.05\)), and no difference was observed between them for both parameters on days 3, 6 and 9 (\(p>0.05\); Table 3). It suggests that O\({}_{2}\) scavenger prevented changes on \(a^{\star}\) and \(b^{\star}\) values, and suppressed it independently of the UV-C dose corroborating with results observed for MDA levels and carbonyl content. The decrease of \(a^{\star}\) values is associated to meat discoloration due to myoglobin (Mb) autooxidation that occurs when oxymyoglobin (OxyMb; bright red color) is transformed in metmyoglobin (MetMb; brown color) by conversion of the ferrous iron (Fe\({}^{2+}\)) to ferric iron (Fe\({}^{3+}\)) [37, 40]. Instead, the increase of \(b^{\star}\) values is related to the increase of the lipid oxidation in fish species over the storage period [9, 41]. Furthermore, MDA may stimulate the formation and accumulation of MetMb due to its ability to  
\begin{table}
# A Review of Multifunctional Antenna Designs for Internet of Things
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biomedical Devices
#### 2.1.3 Meander Antennas  
Meandered patch radiators are an innovative approach to minimizing antenna size, particularly effective in scenarios requiring biocompatible materials. Such antennas are normally placed inside a plastic capsule in the shape of a pill in order to be swallowable (Figure 2). In one specific design [21], alumina serves as the dielectric substrate. This antenna incorporates a defected ground structure and a shorting pin to optimize its performance. It is strategically positioned between the cortical bone and dura layer within a seven-layer human brain phantom to assess its effectiveness in facilitating the transmission of neural signals to external devices or computers, a key function in the brain-computer Interface (BCI). The SAR was determined to be an enormous value of 682 W/kg when averaged for a 1 g tissue sample and 77.1 W/kg averaged over a 10 g tissue sample for 1 W power input. These findings demand that to avoid harmful effects on human brain tissue the antenna can safely operate at input power levels of 25 W and 3.24 W, respectively, much smaller than the expected power around 1 mW. The SAR limit is the same as defined earlier.  
A dual-band meandered patch antenna design is demonstrated in [37]. This miniaturized antenna, with dimensions of \(5\times 5\times 0.635\) mm\({}^{3}\), displayed a wideband response, namely, 300 MHz in the 1.4 GHz band and 380 MHz in the 2.45 GHz band. Its meander-shaped microstrip patch configuration not only provides a low-profile form factor but also simplifies integration with other circuits. The meandered slots play a critical role in tuning the antenna, enhancing its bandwidth, and minimizing its size. To achieve further size reduction, a material with a high relative permittivity (\(\epsilon_{r}=10.2\)) was chosen for the antenna's substrate (Rogers RT/Duroid 6010). Additionally, the introduction of ground slots adds a parasitic element that boosts the antenna's radiation efficiency to a total of 1%. The proposed antenna's functionality in wireless bio-telemetry applications is demonstrated through the use of a pair of wireless transceivers. This setup highlights the antenna's capability for sustainable and stable wireless data transmission, achieving a high data rate of 2 Mb/s over a distance of up to 20 cm when the receiver is placed on the body surface.
## 2 Study Area
### Characteristics of the Landslide
#### 2.2.2 Reactivations after Reservoir Impoundment  
The H1-3 Landslide is situated at the leading edge of the Cheyiping ancient landslide deposit (H1), representing a recent landslide formation resulting from the reservoir impoundment process of the Guangdong Hydropower Station (Figure 7). This landslide's direction of movement extends approximately 150 m to 200 m, with a water length at the front edge of about 200 m to 250 m. Data from drilling and deep monitoring (ZK3-1) indicate a depth of 33.0 m for the bottom sliding surface, suggesting a thickness of the sliding mass ranging from 10 m to 35 m, with an estimated volume of approximately \(60\times 10^{4}\) m\({}^{3}\).  
The topographic features of the landslide are distinct, with an arc-shaped boundary creating a circular-chair terrain. The landslide's distribution spans elevations from 1619 m to 1660 m, with a primary sliding direction of approximately 285\({}^{\circ}\). The landslide axis is nearly perpendicular to the Lancang River. The front edge's shear outlet has been submerged by reservoir waters. At an elevation of around 1660 m, the rear edge exhibits development of tension cracks and terraces, with crack widths ranging from 0.3 m to 1 m and terrace height differences from 0.5 m to 1.5 m, indicative of depths from 1 m to 2 m. Following the reservoir impoundment of the Guangdong Hydropower Station in November 2017, the front edge of the Cheyiping ancient landslide was reactivated due to reservoir water influence. The current state of the landslide indicates it is in a stage of creep deformation, existing in a quasi-stable to unstable condition. Under unfavorable conditions, there is a high likelihood of further deformation and damage to the landslide.
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, the flared-shape structure makes it easy to adjust the polar angle forming one pole. Through this, the back-EMF and torque waveform can be improved, which has the advantage of reducing torque ripple. This is advantageous for the noise and vibration [20; 21; 22]. The proposed flared CPM (FCPM) can halve the number of magnets required by applying the CP structure to the flared IPM rotor structure. Therefore, there is an advantage in reducing the price of the motor. This improves the price competitiveness of the motor and allows it to be free from fluctuations in the price of unstable magnets. The feasibility of the proposed structure was evaluated using finite element analysis, the proposed FCPM is optimized, and the validity is verified experimentally. In particular, to improve the performance of the structure, the angle, thickness, and pole angle of the CP-type magnet were set as variables and optimized. Through this, the performance of the basic model and the proposed optimized model were compared. In addition, a prototype of the proposed model was constructed and experimentally evaluated. Finally, the performance improvement and validity of the proposed structure were confirmed by comparing the analysis results of the proposed model with the experimental results.
## 2 Transition Modeling
### Coupling the Transition Model and SST Transport Equations  
The transition model interacts with the SST turbulence model by modification of the \(k\)-equation, as follows:  
\[\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\ (\rho k)\ +\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\ (\rho kU_{i})\ =\ \frac{ \partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\Gamma_{k}\frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}} \right)\ +\ G_{k}^{*}\ -\ Y_{k}^{*}\ +\ S_{k} \tag{14}\]  
\[G_{k}^{*}\ =\ \gamma_{eff}\widetilde{G}_{k} \tag{15}\]  
\[Y_{k}^{*}\ =\ min\left(max\left(\gamma_{eff,0.1}\right),1.0\right)Y_{k} \tag{16}\]  
where, \(\widetilde{G}_{k}\) and \(Y_{k}\) are the original production and destruction terms for the SST model. Note that the production term in the \(\omega\)-equation is not modified. The reason behind the above model formulation is given in detail in [11]. A complete description of the model is available in [11; 12]; the full model is quite large and is not repeated here in the interest of space.
## 4 Experiment
### Transceiver Circuit Signal Test  
As discussed in the paper [28], the received power varies linearly with the transmitted power. Therefore, the optical power of the receiver can be improved by increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the transmitter. To analyze the output waveform of the transmitting circuit, we used a signal source to generate a square wave signal with a frequency of 5 MHz and a duty ratio of 1:1 into the signal terminal of the circuit and used an oscilloscope to observe the voltage signal on the negative pole of the LED. A simple common-source circuit was used as a control group. The test waveform is shown in Figure 12.  
It can be seen from the figure that after adding the carrier drawing-out circuit, the voltage of the LED dropped rapidly to 0 V when it was turned off, and the signal peak-to-peak value loaded on the positive and negative poles of the LED reached 10.7 V, while the effective signal peak of the basic common source drive circuit was only 1.2 V. The experimental results showed that the circuit realized the function of extracting the remaining carriers in the LED junction capacitance. Figure 13 shows the effective signal strength of the positive and negative voltages of the LED driven by different frequency signals.  
Figure 11: Laboratory pool environment.  
Figure 12: LED negative voltage signal.  
We combined the transmitting circuit with the receiving circuit for debugging. The transmitter input the PN15 pseudo-random sequence \"111100010011010\" with a frequency of 5 Mbps through the signal generator and observed the final output signal of the receiver. The obtained eye diagram is shown in Figure 14. It can be seen that when the frequency of the transmitted signal was 5 MHz, the degree of eye-opening was large, and the inter-symbol interference was not obvious. The experimental results show that the transmitter circuit can realize visible light communication with a bit rate of 5 Mbps, which meets the requirements of underwater real-time picture and video transmission.