# Mobility Patterns of Students: Evidence from Tricity Area, Poland
## 2 Literature Review
### Results
Theyinfluence the mobility behavior, opinions and attitudes of an individual. In this regard, they define habits as follows: \"theory of habit is that people do what they do not only because they intend to or feel morally obliged to do it but also because they successfully did it before in similar situations.\" [66] A very similar approach to defining habit is presented by [PERSON] et al. [64]. Why is the Y Generation (Y Gen) so specific and needs to be verified separately in the area of mobility? First of all, the Y Gen is perceived and--according to the empirical research--defined as less likely to learn to drive [12; 43; 63], to own cars (more willing to share a car than buy one) and to drive, in the same time being sustainable and focused on reducing greenhouse gas emissions [9; 11]. According to the research of [PERSON] et al. Y Gens compared with the X Generation, are two times more likely to ride a bike, three times more likely to use Uber or Lyft and five times more likely to take a work or school shuttle [10], but still, those are not big numbers--3.5% Y's would like to ride a bike, 1.2% to use sharing economy solutions and 3.9% would use a shuttle [63]. The full literature review until 2014 was made by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] and indicated those characteristics valid for USA, Canada, UK, Sweden, Norway, South Korea, Japan, Australia, Switzerland, Spain and Netherlands. A very detailed description of the available research results about Y Gen mobility was also made by [PERSON] et al. [63]. Another characteristic of the Y Generation's mobility is a high tendency to use many modes of transport (multimodality). This trend is developing because of the undisturbed access to real-time information about timetables by using mobile applications [67; 68; 69]. However, the young couples with children still prefer car mobility, so the growing importance of multimodality and so-called soft modes occurs for young adults without children, both single and in a relationship [9]. Car-oriented mobility is peaking when child-bearing and declining into retirement [34]. The mobility biographies (mobility behavior related to the stage of the life course) would also be helpful to create the transport market offer, especially sharing economy services [70; 71]. What is more, having children pushes young people towards car-oriented mobility patterns, and later, when they are older, they keep having the same priorities and habits in the mobility area [34]. Changing mobility over the life course became a popular direction of research. The analysis of mobility patterns concerns the following stages over the life course: leaving home, completing the education, entering the workforce, getting married (or being in a long-term relationship), having children, leaving home by children and retirement [29; 34; 66; 72; 73; 74; 75]. Apart from the last two mentioned phases, all the others may concern the Y Gen representatives. However, their life course changes very fast (they leave home, then after a few years get married, after some time they decide to have children, etc.). Therefore, dividing the Y Gen mobility studies into smaller age groups is fully justified. Different mobility patterns can be observed for teenagers [73], the middle Y's [7] and the oldest ones [63]. All those explanations of reasons for changes in mobility patterns of young people must include local and national context, also in the cultural and regional dimension. Different results were obtained for Germany [9; 53; 66; 70], United Kingdom [7; 59; 67], Netherlands [4], Belgium [60], Denmark [22; 61], Finland [20], Spain [37], Greece [73], Australia [12; 34], New Zealand [33] than for Canada [27; 62; 69], USA [6; 10; 16; 63; 68; 72; 74; 75; 76], Ghana [29] and other countries in combined research [21; 77].