## 2 The Process Plant Inspection and Maintenance System
### Improve TAM Efficiency with Assessment Tools  
In the realm of TAM, continuous efforts are underway to enhance efficiency, streamline processes, and optimize outcomes. [PERSON] et al. [45] embarked on a case study using a value stream map (VSM) to dissect TAM processes, seeking to unveil inefficiencies androot causes. Their exploration revealed inherent uncertainty in the turnaround process of the oil and gas industry, which leads to workflow fluctuations and waste accumulation. Nonetheless, this case study underscores the potential of VSM as a tool to pinpoint waste and enhance value, thus promoting TAM efficiency.  
Unveiling the core factors influencing TAM performance, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method revealed the significance of labor skills, communication proficiency, supervision gaps, transportation idling, and safety concerns [6]. A unique challenge in the TAM realm is the influx of new workers, who often lack comprehensive training or task familiarity, a situation exacerbated by the transient nature of TAM teams. This scenario often triggers simultaneous work within confined areas, exposing communication gaps, idling workers, and spare part shortages, culminating in budget overrun.  
[PERSON] et al. [46] introduced a logistic regression approach to dissect intricate factors affecting success. This analytical method dissected the roles of leadership, teamwork, policy, safety, and strategy, highlighting their role in orchestrating efficient and productive turnaround processes. This study provides a profound understanding of the management elements that contribute to improved turnaround outcomes, fostering a blueprint for refining future turnaround management strategies.  
The integration of technology into maintenance practices was the focus of [PERSON] et al. [4]. Their innovative methodology gathered global data on maintenance activities, seeking to identify opportunities for technological solutions to streamline processes and reduce maintenance time. Their approach aimed to foster continuous improvement by implementing technology-based solutions, which showed the potential for automating tasks and increasing maintenance efficiency.  
Turning the spotlight to plant shutdown turnaround, [PERSON] et al. [7] introduced an activity-analysis approach tailored to site conditions. Their analysis revealed that turnaround personnel expended substantial waiting time beyond direct work, whether for permits, instructions, materials, or QA/QC inspections. This discovery prompted the adjustment of work cycles to enhance direct work percentage and improve overall productivity.  
Similarly, [PERSON] et al. [1] embraced a decision matrix to expand the scope of improvement for contractors and plant owners during the TAM. Their study revealed that auxiliary activities, including preparation, transportation, and material handling, absorbed substantial on-site work hours. The pursuit of efficiency has led to advancements in quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) inspection assessment and NDT tracking systems, propelling documentation for real-time automated systems.  
These studies reflect a dynamic landscape of TAM optimization efforts, unveiling factors, methodologies, and technologies that are pivotal in enhancing turnaround processes, reducing waste, and ensuring efficient and productive plant operations.