esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Broadband Millimeter-Wave 5G Power Amplifier Design in 22 nm CMOS FD-SOI and 40 nm GaN HEMT
## 2 Design Methodology
Additionally, load-pull simulations suggest that these devices could achieve broadband performance as the optimal load does not move far from 24 to 37 GHz. As discussed previously, this differential PA design utilizes neutralization capacitors for gain and reserve isolation improvement. An RC feedback path is also added to improve the BW of this design. On-chip baluns and transformers are offered in this mature PDK, and this design utilizes one of these center-tapped on-chip baluns to convert the differential output to a single-ended \(RF_{OUT}\), for output matching and feeding the \(V_{DD}\). Due to this small technology node, ESD double diodes are added to all the gate pads to protect the PA from ESD events. The cascode device pair presented here is not quite designed in a classical cascode topology, as a gate capacitor of \(\sim\)450 fF is used at the top cascode device in this work instead of using a larger capacitor to make a CG (common-gate) device's gate a classic RF ground. This choice of \"hybrid\" design between a stacked vs. a cascode topology can still effectively mitigate the breakdown concerns by sharing the total voltage swing of the output of the PA across the bottom CS (common-source) and the top cascode device [10]. Figure 3: \(Cont\).
## 4 Digital Watermarking System for JPEGs
### Watermark Extraction Procedure  
The extraction process retrieves the embedded watermark using a feature-based geometric resynchronisation approach. Algorithm 3 outlines the watermark recovery procedure that extracts the 64-bit watermark pattern from both the DCT and DWT domains with a majority voting mechanism for enhanced reliability.  
For each channel, the detailed extraction process is implemented through Algorithm 4, which determines the appropriate adaptive thresholds for both DCT and DWT domains.  
```
0: WatermarkedImage, OriginalFeatures, OriginalDescriptors, Key
0: ExtractedDCTWatermark, ExtractedDWTWatermark, FeatureMetrics
1: Determine ImageType
2: Extract current features from WatermarkedImage
3: Match features with OriginalFeatures
4:if sufficient matches found then
5: Estimate and apply geometric transformation
6:endif
7: Initialise PRNG with Key
8:block_locations \(\leftarrow\) SelectRandomBlocks(min(64, total_blocks), PRNG)
9:if ImageType = YCbCr JPEG in disk image then
10:for each channel C in (Y, Cb, Cr) do
11: ExtractChannelWatermark(C, block_locations, ZigzagPattern)
12:endfor
13:else if ImageType = RGB then
14:for each channel C in (R, G, B) do
15: ExtractChannelWatermark(C, block_locations, ZigzagPattern)
16:endfor
17:else
18: ExtractChannelWatermark(Image, block_locations, ZigzagPattern)
19:endif
20: Apply majority voting across all extracted watermarks
21:return ExtractedWatermark, FeatureMetrics
```  
**Algorithm 3** ExtractWatermark: Watermark Recovery Procedure  
```
0: C, block_locations, ZigzagPattern
0: ChannelDCTWatermark, ChannelDWTWatermark
1: Initialise empty watermark arrays
2:for each location in block_locations do
3: Apply DCT to block at location
4: Determine adaptive threshold \(T_{channel}\) for DCT domain
5:if DCT_Coeffs[4,4] > \(T_{channel}\)then
6: DCTWatermark[i] = 1
7:else
8: DCTWatermark[i] = 0
9:endif
10:endfor
11: Apply DWT to channel C
12:for i = 0 to WatermarkLength do
13: row = (i * 2) / HL.width
14: col = (i * 2) % HL.width
15: Determine adaptive threshold \(T_{channel}\) for DWT domain
16:if HL[row, col] > \(T_{channel}\)then
17: DWTWatermark[i] = 1
18:else
19: DWTWatermark[i] = 0
20:endif
21:endfor
22:return ChannelDCTWatermark, ChannelDWTWatermark
```  
**Algorithm 4** ExtractChannelWatermark: Channel-Specific Extraction
# A Novel Effective Multipath Routing Technique Providing High Availability in Wireless Networks
## 4 Performance Analysis  
AODVM attempts to find as many node-disjoint routes as possible in a wireless network. AODVM, however, uses too many control messages to discover and establish the node-disjoint paths. Additionally, duplicates of RREQs are not discarded at intermediate nodes. Instead, the intermediate nodes process the duplicates, store related information in the RREQ table, and re-transmit the duplicates. The drawback generates excessive duplicates of control messages in the wireless network, resulting in high control overhead for route discovery.  
Both MP-AODV and NDMR discover and establish two node-disjoint routes in a wireless network. Intermediate nodes under both approaches discard duplicates of request messages (RREQ/PREQ); therefore, these approaches significantly reduce control overhead for discovering routes when compared with the AODVM approach.  
In this section, the performance of MP-AODV and NDMR is analyzed, evaluated, and compared. For the performance analysis, the sample network shown in Figure 5 is used, and the following two cases are considered:  
* Case 1: Source node 0 communicates with destination node 22.
* Case 2: Source node 0 communicates with destination node 24.
## 1 Introduction
### Our Contribution  
Motivated by the above concerns, we construct a new SDVS scheme with undeniability and strong unforgeability, which is named the SDVS-USU scheme in this paper. The main contributions of this paper are as follows.  
* The proposed scheme is the first strongly unforgeable SDVS scheme with the undeniability property in the standard model, while the existing SDVS schemes are secure in the random oracle model.
* In the SDVS-USU scheme, the signer assigns a verifier to validate the signature, and designates an arbiter to determine the actual generator of the signature. For a controversial signature, the arbiter can independently identify the real signature generator without the help of the signer or the designated verifier.
* The SDVS-USU scheme is proved to be strongly unforgeable against adaptive chosen message attacks under the bilinear Diffie-Hellman (BDH) assumption, while the privacy of the signer's identity relies on the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) assumption. At the same time, it has the property of non-transferability.
* Compared with the existing SDVS schemes without random oracles, the SDVS-USU scheme has better performance in terms of signature length, private key size and computational cost.
# Minkowski Island and Crossbar Fractal Microstrip Antennas for Broadband Applications
## 6 Conclusions  
In the paper, ultra-wideband antennas based on the planar periodic fractal geometry concepts were presented.  
The electrical properties of antennas with one layer based on fractals were analyzed to recognize the influence of the fractal geometry on the broadbandness of the antenna. The crossbar and Minkowski island fractals were taken into consideration.  
Figure 8: Results of measured radiation patterns of the antenna.  
Figure 7: Results of simulated and measured values of S11 for the double-fractal antenna.  
The final antenna, based on double fractal layers, achieved the frequency range from 4.1 to 19.4 GHz, realizing a bandwidth of 15.3 GHz. Therefore, the bandwidth of manufactured antenna is 68 times larger than the bandwidth of a conventional microstrip antenna.  
The antenna radiates at a 270\({}^{\circ}\) angle. The combination of the planar concept of the fractal shapes seems to be a good method to enhance the characteristics of the microstrip patch antenna. This antenna can easily be used in a communication system, where such enhanced features are required.  
This work was supported by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) of Poland under project No. DOB-1-1/1/PS/2014.  
All authors contributed substantially to the reported work. [PERSON] was the originator of the idea of this study and prepared the manuscript; [PERSON] and [PERSON] provided the numerical calculations and performed the experiments.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Synthesis
### Microclimate Correlation with Spatial Design
#### 3.2.4 GN4: Arkan Plaza  
Arkan Plaza, the oldest gentrification node, built in 2012, is believed to be the most distant among the G.N.s studied. Most users go to the space for leisure activities, service provision, and catering services, either fast food or a meal in restaurants. Human thermal discomfort records the highest, computed by the UTCI index, Figure 22. The index records a high value due to users exposed to extreme heat through direct radiation. Looking at radiation over the year, July records the highest radiation and air temperature with moderate wind flow and humidity patterns analyzed by generated localized weather data [35] (Figure 23a-c). However, the unique typology of the Arkan Plaza creates a new microclimatic character that encourages better thermal comfort.  
Figure 22: Annual UTCI index at “Arkan” generated by ladybug tools.  
Due to the buildings' northwest orientation, there is room for dynamic shade throughout the day in the space. Such orientation significantly affects the radiation falling on the ground and the building's facade affecting the space's occupants. The building geometry does not provide shade on the main central path, which is not mandatory since it is viewed as a transitional area to reach a particular destination or node. Additionally, this path contains trees that provide little shade. However, the static space where users sit or dine is distinguished by dynamic shade patterns fostering the space's usability. This finding aligns with the respondents' feedback from the questionnaire.  
An adequate range of shade is provided between the hours of 9:00 and 12:00, as well as from 16:00, according to the solar temporal radiation analysis that impacts the plaza's outdoor spaces. It provides reasonable comfort for users on both sides. However, from midday 12:00 to 16:00, the east side of \"Arkan Plaza\" was found to receive direct radiation, discouraging users from staying outside, with them preferring to sit indoors with moderate microclimate or stay west facing, which has a lower range of radiation falling directly on the space--a range in between two to four hours along the day. It is noted that trees and light-shading elements are present, but their performance is not the subject of this investigation. This climatic finding strongly correlates with the information given by the respondents on spatial design, enclosure, and intimacy.  
Despite the simplicity of the architecture and the ordinary materials used in \"Arkan Plaza,\" the questionnaire affirms the attractiveness of the spatial organization of this gentrification node. Users appreciate the intimacy/enclosure offered by this complex as well as its spatial design. According to the owner and the architect, \"Arkan Plaza\" is one of Cairo's most socially resilient gentrification nodes. They explained that the socio-cultural status of the clientele is mostly the same since its creation.
# Sparsity-Robust Feature Fusion for Vulnerable Road-User Detection with 4D Radar
## 3 Method
### Sparsity-Robust Feature Fusion
The spatial attention \(A_{s}\) can be computed as:  
\[A_{s}(x)=\sigma(Conv2D([AvgPool(x^{\prime});MaxPool(x^{\prime})])) \tag{2}\]  
Thus, the final output \(x^{\prime\prime}\) of the CBAM can be calculated accordingly:  
\[x^{\prime\prime}=A_{s}(x^{\prime})\cdot x^{\prime}\quad\text{with}\quad x^{ \prime}=A_{c}(x)\cdot x \tag{3}\]  
The CSAM is very similar to the CBAM but differs in the way it obtains attention maps. In the CBAM, the channel and spatial attention maps are computed separately and then multiplied element-wise with the original features. In contrast, the CSAM computes feature-wise attention maps through a 3D convolution layer, followed by a sigmoid activation \(\sigma\), considering both inter-channel and inter-spatial dependencies. The attention map is multiplied by the input features and a scale factor, \(\beta\), before being added to the original features. The scale factor is initialized to 0, enabling the network to adaptively include attention information. This means that the CSAM provides more flexibility in determining the relative importance of the channel and spatial attention maps, whereas the CBAM assumes equal importance for both maps. The CSAM can be computed as:  
\[x^{\prime}=\beta\sigma(Conv3D(x)\cdot x+x) \tag{4}\]  
Figure 3: Overview of CBAM [33] and CSAM [34] architectures. (**a**) CBAM architecture [33]. (**b**) CSAM architecture [34]. However, the CBAM has been shown to outperform the CSAM in some benchmark datasets, suggesting that its approach of multiplying attention maps sequentially may be more effective in some cases. For this reason, in our evaluation, we examine both modules for their usability for radar data.
## 1 Introduction
They tested the full range of fragmentation probabilities varying from zero to unity, but assuming that the value remains constant in the chemical space. In reality, this probability is expected to depend on O to C ratios. Constant values were used to avoid the introduction of even more free parameters in the tested aging schemes [20]. The effect of the aging of biogenic SOA (bSOA) components was also tested in two different ways: assuming no net change in the volatility, as in previous applications with PMCAMx of [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21; 22], and also assuming that bSOA follows similar aging pathways as anthropogenic SOA (aSOA) with a net reduction of volatility in every reaction step. The predictions of these parameterizations were compared against measurements of OA concentration and O:C both at the ground and aloft. The result of this exercise was the choice of seven \"optimized\" parameterizations that were all found to reproduce the available measurements in northern Italy well. Even if these parameterizations were quite different, their predictions about source contributions to the observed OA levels were relatively robust. However, it is not clear if these 2D-VBS parameterizations optimized for a polluted environment will perform well under different conditions, especially those that are quite different from the original polluted environment of the Po Valley. A review of the current state of modeling of aerosol thermodynamics and mass transfer can be found in [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] and a review of the roles of semivolatile and intermediate-volatility organic compounds in SOA formation in [PERSON] et al. [24]. In this work, we evaluate the same seven optimized chemical aging mechanisms in the 2D-VBS approach, suggested before [20] for the rural forested area of Hyytiala in southern Finland during the PEGASOS campaign in 2013. Hyytiala is representative of continental background boreal forest conditions and the model application on this area will allow the testing of the 2D-VBS in a clean environment that is dominated by biogenic emissions. This is an extreme test of the parameterizations, given the difference in conditions between one of the most polluted areas in Europe and the quite clean environment of the boreal forest.
## 4 Results
### Mode of Occurrence of Stibnite  
Stibnite in the epithermal veins is massive and forms granular aggregates (Figure 3b). In some cases, stibnite inclusions (<100 \(\upmu\)m in size) are found in quartz. Berthierite is commonly found as small inclusions in stibnite (Figure 5a) and locally as thin lamellae (Figure 3d). Euhedral pyrite (<50 \(\upmu\)m in size) and arsenopyrite (<200 \(\upmu\)m in size) (Figure 3c,d and Figure 5b,c), and ovoid inclusions of native antimony (<200 \(\upmu\)m in size) (Figure 5a,d), occur scattered in stibnite. The oxidation of stibnite resulted in the formation of valentinite (<400 \(\upmu\)m in size), near the walls of the veins (Figure 5b).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & **Host Rock** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two-Mica Gneiss**} & & & **Host Rock** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Two-Mica Gneiss**} \\ \hline  & **Alteration** & **Sericitic Alteration** & & & & **Alteration** & **Sericitic Alteration** & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Element**} & **Detection** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ger 3.1**} & **Ger 5** & **AVG** & **Element** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Detection** \\ **Limit** \\ \end{tabular} & **Ger 3.1** & **Ger 5** & **AVG** \\ \hline  & **ppm** & & & & & **ppm** & & \\ \hline Ag & 0.01 & 0.98 & 1.2 & 1.1 & Nd & 0.1 & b.d.l. & b.d.l. & n.a. \\ Au & \(5\times 10^{-6}\) & 0.05 & 0.04 & 0.05 & Re & 0.001 & b.d.l. & b.d.l. & n.a. \\ Bi & 0.01 & 0.02 & 0.03 & 0.03 & Sb & 0.01 & 326,000 & 574,000 & 450,000 \\ Cd & 0.01 & 0.05 & 0.04 & 0.05 & Se & 0.2 & b.d.l. & b.d.l. & n.a. \\ Ce & 0.02 & 0.09 & 0.12 & 0.11 & Sm & 0.03 & b.d.l. & b.d.l. & n.a. \\ Co & 0.1 & 1.8 & 0.9 & 1.4 & Ta & 0.01 & b.d.l. & b.d.l. & n.a. \\ Ga & 0.05 & 0.16 & 0.07 & 0.12 & Te & 0.01 &  
Figure 4: Upper continental crust (UCC) normalized logarithmic spider diagram of the two analyzed samples from the epithermal quartz-stibnite veins at Gerakario (UCC normalized values after [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50]).  
Figure 5: SEM back-scattered electron images of stibnite from the epithermal veins at Gerakario. (**a**) Massive stibnite (Stb1) and inclusions of berthierite (Brt) and native antimony (Sb). (**b**) Stibnite (Stb1) replaced by valentinite (Vln), and euhedral pyrite (Py) in quartz (Q2). (**c**) Euhedral arsenopyrite (Apy) in massive stibnite (Stb1). (**d**) Round-shaped inclusions of native antimony (Sb) and berthierite (Brt) in stibnite (Stb1).
## 3 Results
### Dataset
Figure 10: Spatial distribution of road incidents in Poland in 2022, both direct and normalized by different socioeconomic factors. (**a**) Total road incidents across Polish counties. (**b**) Incidents per population density (incidents per person/km?) showing the distribution when accounting for population concentration. (**c**) Incidents per 1000 passenger cars displaying the relationship between incidents and vehicle ownership across counties. (**d**) Incidents per kilometer of paved roads illustrating incident rates relative to road infrastructure. The multi-temporal analysis reveals how weather-incident relationships manifest differently across time scales. Weekly correlations highlight immediate effects of meteorological conditions on traffic safety, with temperature emerging as the most influential factor. In contrast, yearly correlations demonstrate persistent patterns where humidity assumes greater importance in the long-term relationship with incident rates. Figure 12 presents correlation coefficients between accident metrics and various socioeconomic indicators at the county level. These correlations highlight key differences between factors influencing accident frequency versus severity. Fatality correlations generally show weaker associations compared to those for total accidents. Road infrastructure elements emerge as the most significant factors related to fatalities, while vehicle-related factors strongly dominate the correlations for total accidents, though they remain relevant for fatalities as well. Interestingly, both population density and municipal roads per 10,000 inhabitants demonstrate inverse relationships--showing minimal correlation with fatalities but considerably stronger associations with total accidents. These patterns suggest that distinct mechanisms likely underlie accident occurrence versus accident severity. This dataset provides a foundation for multiple analytical approaches in traffic safety research. Future applications include spatiotemporal risk modeling, infrastructure planning optimization, and policy effectiveness evaluation. The data particularly support Bayesian inference methods, as demonstrated in our related work [43]. The comprehensive collection of variables offers researchers a robust basis to investigate the complex relationships between traffic incidents, weather conditions, and socioeconomic factors.
# Use of Wearable Sensor Technology in Gait, Balance, and Range of Motion Analysis
## 4 Design Issues in Gait, Balance and RoM Wearable Systems
### Mobility  
A common reason to use wearable sensors is to provide a high level of mobility and portability. Systems that use servers to analyze the data often require access to the Internet. This makes the system location dependent since they would not work in locations where Internet is not available such as outdoors. This leads to a system that is not completely mobile. Studies that use smart devices usually do not have this issue because of the high capability of connecting to the Internet and run their own methods to evaluate the subject's gait, balance, and RoM regardless of the location being assessed (Table 3).
# Zebrafish Larval Melanophores Respond to Electromagnetic Fields Exposure
## 3 Results  
In a previous work, we showed that zebrafish larvae were affected by the exposure to different irradiations in terms of both developmental delay, alterations of body structures, and survival rate [5]. Here, we analyzed the anatomical and morphological alterations of the pigment melanophores in zebrafish larvae after 5 days of exposure (Table 2).  
Magnetic field irradiations induced different effects on the zebrafish body pigmentation. In fact, compared to the controls in the static exposure group (B\({}_{0}\), 0 Hz), the number of head and trunk (black) melanophores was not significantly changed, but a statistically different increase in the area of these cells was found (Figure 1B). No morphological changes of melanophores were observed.  
The exposure to the extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF, 0.2 Hz) determined milder effects on the pigmentation. In fact, the larvae showed a pigmentation pattern like the controls, in terms of number, area, and morphology of melanophores, which appeared dense and rounded (Figure 1C).  
Exposure to the low-frequency magnetic field (LF, 270 kHz) induced a significant reduction in the melanophore area in both zebrafish head and trunk, and an increase in the number of melanophores located specifically on the trunk was also observed (Figure 1D).  
Again, the very-high-frequency (VHF, 100 MHz) and the ultra-high-frequency (UHF, 900 MHz) fields significantly reduced the melanophore area only in the larval head, whereas the number of melanophores was not altered along the animal skin (Figure 1E,F).  
The effects of all frequencies tested were evident on the melanophore morphology, as they induced a transition from a dense/rounded to a loose/stellen phenotype (Figure 1D-F).