## 1 Introduction  
The cement industry is one of the most non-ecological and creates huge emissions. Therefore, exploring ways to make the cement industry environmentally friendly is of considerable worldwide concern. [PERSON] et al. [1] used a response surface methodology to demonstrate the efficiency of palm oil clinker and nano-palm-oil fuel ash in the production of concrete and helped to achieve environmental sustainability by lowering the production of agricultural and industrial waste byproducts. Further studies have improved cement matrix characteristics to reduce cement usage. Recently, nanoscale materials have caught the interest of researchers and are commonly used in cement-based products. According to [PERSON] et al., cement-based materials containing nano-silica and superabsorbent polymer can be used in practical engineering thanks to their low shrinkage and high ductility characteristics [2]. [PERSON] et al. [34] pointed out the effect of carbon nanofibers on improving the electrical resistivity and capacitive reactance of cement pastes, and they observed that the highest self-sensing performance sensitivity corresponded to a carbon nanofiber dosage of 2.5%. [PERSON] et al. [5, 6] showed the effectiveness of titanate nanofibers in modifying cementitious materials to produce anti-radioactive or hazardous waste containers. We conducted a literature review and found that researchers were most concerned with the mechanical characteristics of nanofibers-modified cementitious materials. Many types of nanofibers were applied to cement in different directions to analyze its mechanical behavior. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [7] reported increases in compressive and flexural strength of 26.1% and 89.1%, respectively, and a decline of 93.1% in the drying shrinkage of cement mortar containing recycled PET/PAN nanofibers. [PERSON] et al. [8] enhanced the compressive and tensile strength of oil-well cement up to 50% and 53%, respectively, by adding alumina nanofibers to the paste. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] reported an increase of 74.77% and 24.87% in flexural and compressive strength, respectively, after adding different dosages of silicon carbide nanofibers into Portland cement pastes. [PERSON] et al. [10] observed increases in ductility, flexural strength, Young's modulus, and toughness of 73%, 60%, 25%, and 170% on average, respectively, after adding carbon nanofibers or carbon nanotubes into cement pastes. In almost all of the above cases, nanofibers were incorporated into cementitious materials by first dispersing in water to form an aqueous solution and then mixing the as-solution with cement powder. The dispersion of the precursors in water is a complicated process, normally conducted with the help of ultrasonic energy [8; 9] or the addition of surfactant agents (i.e., superplasticizers) into the mix [3; 4; 9; 10]. From another perspective, the previous works [11; 12; 13] presented another approach to combine electrospun nanofibers with cement powder. Nanofibers were fabricated and blended with cement powder through the electrospinning process using an improved collector. Electrospinning is a flexible and economical technology for creating nanofibers made of various materials that are appropriate for a variety of applications [14; 15; 16]. The general principle of the electrospinning technique is based on the electrostatic repulsion between the strongly charged polymer solutions and the negative collector, which fabricates nanosized fibers. Our literature review showed that tetraethoxysilane/polyidone nanofibers (TEOS/PVP NFs) fabricated by the electrospinning technique were utilized in numerous fields, such as catalytic applications [17], protein detection [18], wound-dressing applications [19], drug-delivery systems [20], etc. However, the literature rarely explored its application in enhancing cement matrix strength.