# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 4 Smart Mobility Services and Applications
### Mobility-as-a-Service
#### 4.1.1 MaaS Implementation Challenges  
The emergence of the smart city concept has brought a paradigm shift in urban mobility systems. Today, with technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Sensor Networks, Data Analytics, Big Data, etc., the transportation sector is seeing a new scope for significant changes and transformations. Today, the transport sector has become a complex system with services integrated into one platform governed by technology. MaaS describes a transport system that integrates various transport mediums along with other related services to provide a seamless on demand experience to users [65]. An efficient MaaS system provides significant potential to facilitate business and opportunities. Today, most cities face challenges in terms of their transportation systems and other related services such as parking, traffic congestion, etc. MaaS platforms have huge potential to provide solutions to overcome the existing challenges of transportation systems and also have a positive impact on the environment by promoting and supporting renewable energy resources [66]. However, despite this utopian concept of on demand seamless mobility, there are still many challenges and issues pertaining to the successful integration of MaaS in the existing smart city ecosystems. Table 3 presents some of the major issues and challenges and the potential solutions in the implementation of MaaS platforms in a smart city ecosystem. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No.** & **Challenges** & **Solution** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & Multiple Services & \multirow{2}{*}{Initiating goal directed discussions amongst the various service providers to ensure cross border integrations.} \\  & integration & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{Payment System} & Technological interventions based on emerging technologies such as blockchain, can be used to ensure the security and transparency of the financial systems. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3} & Subscription Models in & Government and other regulating bodies must promote collaborations through various pilot programs. Customized subscription models need to be developed to enhance the user experience. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{4} & Data and information & Data sharing models can be developed regulating the general principles of data and information sharing and ensuring agreements on the levels of data sharing between service providers. \\  & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{5} & Legal Challenges & There should be globally recognized standards and laws governing the various services provided under the MaaS Platform. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6} & Adoption Challenges & The MaaS platform developers must take measures to build trust amongst the users and create awareness about the financial, societal and environmental benefits of MaaS. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{7} & \multirow{2}{*}{Scalability} & International governmental bodies must collaborate for the development of laws and standards governing the mobility services and to facilitate joint ventures across cities and nations. \\  & & and nations. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{8} & Trust and Collaboration & The governing bodies should ensure transparency in the processes by drafting well-defined liabilities and mutual contractual agreements documenting the agreed-upon actions and objectives. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Mobility as a Service (MaaS) implementation challenges and potential solutions. Multiple Services Integration: MaaS focuses on aggregating various services such as public transport, private transport, ride sharing, car pool services, payments, parking systems, etc., on a single platform to ensure on demand seamless mobility to the users. However, the heterogeneous nature of these services along with their different safety and privacy requirements makes the entire integration process difficult and challenging.