## 4 Results
### Local Parameter of CLUE-S Model for LULC Prediction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**LULC Types**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**LULC Types**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**UC**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**RD**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**PO**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**RO**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**WB**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**RL**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**WL**}} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\multirow{2}{*}{**ML**} \\ \cline{3-3} \cline{5-12} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & **UR** & **PD** & **FC** & **RB** & **PO** & **FO** & **WB** & **RL** & **WL** & **ML** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{**LULC**} & Urban and built-up area (UR) & **1.000** & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\  & Paddy field (PD) & 0.005 & **0.842** & 0.001 & 0.012 & 0.068 & - & 0.010 & 0.037 & 0.025 & 0.002 \\  & Field crop (FC) & 0.002 & 0.085 & **0.216** & 0.146 & 0.269 & - & 0.005 & 0.207 & - & 0.071 \\  & Para rubber (RB) & - & 0.187 & 0.026 & **0.371** & 0.308 & - & 0.081 & 0.022 & - & 0.005 \\  & Perennial trees and orchards (PO) & 0.002 & 0.086 & 0.029 & 0.096 & **0.667** & - & 0.029 & 0.087 & - & 0.004 \\  & Forest land (FO) & 0.001 & 0.003 & 0.033 & 0.013 & 0.023 & **0.916** & 0.003 & 0.006 & 0.001 & - \\  & Water body (WB) & - & - & 0.003 & - & - & 0.023 & - & **0.930** & 0.002 & 0.040 & 0.001 \\  & Rangeland (RL) & 0.055 & 0.255 & 0.014 & 0.059 & 0.224 & - & 0.006 & **0.382** & - & 0.006 \\  & Wetland (WL) & 0.010 & 0.253 & - & 0.002 & 0.095 & - & 0.166 & 0.007 & **0.452** & 0.016 \\  & Miscellaneous land (ML) & 0.123 & 0.140 & 0.094 & 0.100 & 0.165 & - & 0.043 & 0.048 & - & **0.288** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: 0 is not allowed, and 1 is allowed.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Transition probability matrix of LULC change between 2009 and 2019 by the Markov Chain model. As a result, the LULC prediction between 2020 and 2029 was determined in terms of the driving factors of LULC change and local parameters (conversion matrix and elasticity values), particularly land requirements, which were estimated based on the transition area matrix between 2019 and 2029 using the Markov Chain model. The derived predicted LULC data correspond to the definition of Scenario I, which allows for LULC change (decreased or increased area) according to the trend of LULC evolution from 2009 to 2019, to represent socio-economic development in the study area. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Area (in km\({}^{2}\))**} \\ \cline{2-11}  & **UR** & **PD** & **FC** & **RB** & **PO** & **FO** & **WB** & **RL** & **WL** & **ML** \\ \hline
2019 & 33.10 & 220.74 & 21.84 & 19.78 & 79.22 & 436.91 & 33.37 & 27.26 & 16.41 & 2.71 \\
2020 & 33.48 & 219.75 & 21.94 & 20.65 & 81.18 & 433.26 & 34.16 & 27.87 & 16.25 & 2.81 \\
2021 & 33.86 & 218.77 & 22.03 & 21.52 & 83.13 & 429.61 & 34.96 & 28.48 & 16.09 & 2.91 \\
2022 & 34.24 & 217.78 & 22.13 & 22.38 & 85.08 & 425.96 & 35.76 & 29.09 & 15.93 & 3.01 \\
2023 & 34.63 & 216.79 & 22.22 & 23.25 & 87.03 & 422.30 & 36.56 & 29.70 & 15.77 & 3.11 \\
2024 & 35.01 & 215.80 & 22.32 & 24.12 & 88.98 & 418.65 & 37.35 & 30.31 & 15.60 & 3.21 \\
2025 & 35.39 & 214.82 & 22.41 & 24.98 & 90.93 & 415.00 & 38.15 & 30.92 & 15.44 & 3.30 \\
2026 & 35.77 & 213.83 & 22.51 & 25.85 & 92.89 & 411.34 & 38.95 & 31.53 & 15.28 & 3.40 \\
2027 & 36.16 & 212.84 & 22.60 & 26.71 & 94.84 & 407.69 & 39.75 & 32.14 & 15.12 & 3.50 \\
2028 & 36.54 & 211.85 & 22.70 & 27.58 & 96.79 & 404.04 & 40.54 & 32.75 & 14.96 & 3.60 \\
2029 & 36.92 & 210.86 & 22.79 & 28.45 & 98.74 & 400.38 & 41.34 & 33.36 & 14.80 & 3.70 \\ \hline
**Annual rate** & \(0.38\) & \(-0.99\) & \(0.10\) & \(0.87\) & \(1.95\) & \(-3.65\) & \(0.80\) & \(0.61\) & \(-0.16\) & \(0.10\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 13: Annual land requirements under Scenario I for each LULC type.