# Application of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in the Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters
## 5 Application of MIPs for the Detection of Different Classes of Contaminants
### Pesticides
#### 5.3.1 Insecticides  
Organophosphates, a very widely used class of insecticides, can accumulate for days or weeks in the aquatic environment, affecting the ecosystem and disturbing marine life [86]. Very recently, in August 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completely prohibited the use of chlorpyrifos. MIP UV-cured solid-phase extraction discs (MISPE) were developed for chlorpyrifos detection in water samples. Two monomers, namely glyoxal bis(-diallyl acetal) and pentaerythnitol tetrakis(3-mercaptoethanolpropionate), were crosslinked with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and photoinitiated [116]. Gas chromatography with mass detection (GC-MS) was applied at a linear range of 0.1-7.5 mg L\({}^{-1}\), with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) determined as 0.05, and 0.1 mg L\({}^{-1}\), respectively. The MIP UV-cured discs were found to be regenerable and usable up to nine runs using 15 mL of a 9:1 methanol/acetic acid solution for 45 min followed by methanol and distilled water, and finally dried, Unfortunately, these levels are still much higher in relation to the new regulations, which urges further developments to be made so as to enhance the sensitivity of the extraction methods. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pesticide** & **Analyte** & **Functional Monomer** & **Polymerization Method** & **Modifier** & **Analytical Technique(s)** & **Sample(s)** & **Linear Range** & **Limit of Detection** & **Ref. ** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fungicides} & Dicloran & MAA & Bulk & - & SWV & River and Tap & \(1\times 10^{-9}\) & \(10^{-10}\) mol & [87] \\  & & & & & water & mol L\({}^{-1}\) & L\({}^{-1}\) & & \\ \cline{2-10}  & Tributylin & APTES & Sol-gel & \( \begin{array}{c}\text{Fe}_{3}\text{O}_{4}\\ \text{MNPs}\end{array} \) & EIS & Sea water & \( \begin{array}{c}5.0\times \\ 10^{3}\text{-}5.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & \(5.4\times 10^{-3}\) & [88] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Fungicides} & Bensulfuron- methyl & MAA & \begin{tabular}{c} Imprinted \\ magnetic \\ microspheres \\ \end{tabular}  & - & HPLC & Water & \( \begin{array}{c}0.04-0.8\\ \text{\mu M}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}6.4-9.5\\ \text{\mu M}\end{array} \) & [89] \\ \cline{2-10}  & Butachlor & AGG/4-VP & Precipitation & - & HPLC & Water & \( \begin{array}{c}0.1-20\\ \text{\mu E}^{-1}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}0.03-0.06\\ \text{\mu E}^{-1}\end{array} \) & [90] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Chloridazon} & 2-VP and & \multirow{2}{*}{Bulk} & MWCNTs & DPV & \begin{tabular}{c} Ground, \\ surface, \\ seawater, and \\ drinking \\ water \\ \end{tabular}  & \( \begin{array}{c}5.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{-}4.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & 62 nM & [91] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Chlorophenol} & 4- & \multirow{2}{*}{o-PD} & Electro- & \multirow{2}{*}{ZnO NPs} & SWV & Wastewater & \( \begin{array}{c}2.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & \(40\) nM & [92] \\ \cline{2-10}  & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-10}  & MAA & Bulk & \begin{tabular}{c} Microgel \\ suspension, \\ Ch, Nafion \\ \end{tabular}  & DPV & \begin{tabular}{c} Tap, river, and \\ drinking \\ water \\ \end{tabular}  & \( \begin{array}{c}5.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & \(1.6\times 10^{3}\) & [93] \\ \cline{2-10}  & MAA & Bulk & GO & DPV & Lake water & \( \begin{array}{c}4-1.0\times\\ 10^{3}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & \(0.5\) nM & [94] \\ \cline{2-10}  & EDOT & \begin{tabular}{c} Electro- \\ polymerization \\ \end{tabular}  & - & DPV & \ \begin{tabular}{c} Lake, river, \\ and tap water \\ \end{tabular}  & \( \begin{array}{c}0.21-3.0\times\\ 10^{2}\text{ nM}\end{array} \) & \(0.07\) nM & [95] \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Chlorogenic} & 2,4- & \multirow{2}{*}{Predipitation} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{HPLC-UV} & Sea, river, and \\ oxyacetic acid & & & & & tap water & - & \( \begin{array}{c}1.25\\ \text{\mu E}^{-1}\end{array} \) & [96] \\ \cline{2-10}  & & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{2-10}  & MAA & Bulk & MWCNTs & SWV & River water & \(