## 3 Discussion
### Logistics 4.0 Characteristics  
Industrial logistics in manufacturing companies focuses mainly on the processes of planning, implementation, control, and the continuous optimization of physical and informational flows, with the aim of satisfying customer requirements [20; 44]. The dimensions presented in Table 7 highlight the components of each type of flow linked to the Logistics 4.0 paradigm:  
It is interesting to note that among these components, we find technologies related to Industry 4.0. These Industry 4.0 solutions must adapt to the maturity of the existing logistics processes in enterprises, so that the transition towards Logistics 4.0 is on the right track [46]. Figure 9 depicts the main phases in the evolution of logistics 'concept; the most recent approach is called Logistics 4.0, which is supposed to increase the efficiency of logistics services, thus allowing manufacturing companies to shift to the concept of Industry 4.0. Some of the possible solutions would include support for the planning/scheduling process, warehouse operation management, the management of the intelligent transport system, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Logistics 4.0**} & **Dimensions** & **Component** \\ \hline Flow of information & Big data RFID, ERP, and WMS. \\ Management & Investments, innovation management, and integration of value chains. \\ Flow of material & Automation in warehouse and transport. \\ IoT, 3D printing, augmented reality, and smart products. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Logistics 4.0 dimensions [24; 45]. Figure 8: Industry 4.0 technologies applied to Logistics [32; 33]. and the management of secure information flows [3]. The figure also reflects the scientific interest of researchers in relation to the emergence of each new solution related to logistics. The figure above also reflects the scientific interest of researchers in relation to the emergence of each new solution related to logistics [23]. Smart Logistics modifies the actual solutions already in operation in classical logistics and brings out new technologies, some of which are presented in Table 8, such as cyber-physical systems, which consent to the networking and automation of the transport, the storage system, the sustainable fulfillment of individualized customer demands without increasing costs, and decentralized software control among others [47; 48; 49]. It is important to note that without technological infrastructure such as IoT, CPS, cloud computing, and big data, it will not be possible to take full advantage of Logistics 4.0 programs. IoT not only helps improve the aspect of transparency in the supply chain but also supports certain activities such as packaging and order picking. Scientific publications in the literature point out that big data technologies can process information with new statistical tools and manage them in a centralized way via cloud computing and decentralized in autonomous systems. Human capital/managers are responsible for improving the ability to analyze big data to make the operational decision-making process more efficient. Big data can add significant value and bring monetary gains to businesses [50; 51]. The latest technology to be added in operations management is the application of blockchain technologies, the latter being used for processing transactions, which allows one to transform supply chains, providing better visibility, guaranteeing security and privacy, and contributing to operational improvements [52]. The digitalization phase of traditional logistics solutions makes the logistics system more efficient and flexible in the face of changes in the market and customer needs. Digitized internal and external logistics will provide an interconnected system, advanced information analysis and prediction tools, a smart warehouse, and an intelligent transport system.