## 5 Case Study of Landslide Prone Regions
### Italy  
The Liguria region has been one of the most severely impacted mountainous regions in Italy and the Mediterranean by rainfall-induced shallow landslides, which have occurred across the region [85]. Specifically, in the Entella River basin, which is located in the Tyrrhenian sector of the Ligurian Apennine, over the period 2000-2017, a total of 45 rainfall events occurred, resulting in more than 664 destructive instability processes throughout the slopes of the basin. An inventory of instability mechanisms and ground impacts caused by rainfall events in the research region was created and georeferenced using landslide information gathered mostly from online networks and damage reports [86]. The frequent occurrence of short-duration, strong rainfall events in the basin, along with harsh morphological conditions and human activity that has gradually and intensely changed the landscape in recent decades, has resulted in an increase in the frequency of landslides. The instability has mostly impacted natural or semi-natural slopes that were vegetated and seemed to be inhabited at first sight; nevertheless, gravitational processes happened often when anthropic factors were present. We discovered a statistically significant relationship between anthropogenic landforms and slope instability. The extensive and widespread damage framework exhibited a strong correlation with road networks, buildings, terraces, and other man-made structures, and can be linked to the unplanned urbanization that has occurred in recent decades on slopes that have a fundamentally high tendency to  
Figure 16: Images from the 2018 monsoon landslides in Wayanad district [84]. instability as a result of their morphological and geological characteristics. The results of this study show that human influence has an effect on the occurrence of landslides; re-profiling the slope and changing the landscape increase the chances that a landslide may happen [87]. The Basilicata area (southern Italy) has the highest number of landslides, with almost 27 landslide sites per 100 km\({}^{2}\). Extreme rainfall events, as well as human activities, such as cave excavation, forest destruction, and heavy urbanization and industrialization, all contribute to the high landslide density [88]. Landslides are a common occurrence in this region's terrain, and they impact about 90 percent of the region's communities. Massive and regular landslides have wreaked havoc on Basilicata's inhabited regions in recent decades, inflicting significant and severe destruction to houses and infrastructure. Numerous landslides in the regions south-eastern corner were triggered by severe rainfall events between October 2013 and March 2014, particularly in the regions south-eastern corner [89]. The most significant of these occurred on 3 December 2013 in Montescalioso, a hilltop town located in the south-eastern part of the Basilicata, near the town of Matera, and was reported by the media. With strong and dramatic geomorphological impacts and extensive destruction, including the collapse of residential structures and a store, it was fortunate that in the landslide no one was killed or seriously injured [90]. It evolved along a slope, which had been constant over the previous 40 years, according to SINMAP's study of susceptibility, but had undergone significant anthropization in the recent past. There was additional evidence of a link between rainfall and slope displacement. Because of the lack of natural drainage networks and the inadequacy of artificial ones, climate research shows that recent severe occurrences have created critical circumstances alongside the weighing caused by supersaturation [91]. Common causes of failure have included soil disruption, silt or mud deposition along streams and roadways, slope failure and removal of sections of roadways or walking routes, collapse of concrete blocks and inorganic scarps.