# Shoot Phenology in _Bambusoideae_: A Review
## 2 Phenological Studies in Bamboo Species
### Phenological Studies in Temperate Bambos
#### 2.2.7 Phylostachys  
The _Phylostachys_ genus includes 69 species, approximately, including 6 varieties, and 45 forms. All species are distributed in some parts of China except Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang and can be cultivated in gardens. Many species were introduced into Europe and the USA. Although new shoots appear from March to June, most species can be found shooting in May [50]. Depending on local ecological conditions, the shooting period of this genus generally starts in March or April and is prolonged until April or May. _P. arcana, P. bissetti, P. dulcis, P. elegans, P. nuda_, and _P. viridiglaucscens_ are the earliest; the others follow in a sequence that is fairly consistent though not invariable [51]. _P. aureus_ is distributed in the south area of Yellow river and produces new shoots in May [50]. In Zhejiang Province in the southeast coast of China, the Lei bamboo forest (_P. aureus_) was examined for phenology based on assimilated MODIS LAI time series data [52]. Lei bamboo began to sprout in the middle of March and early April during on years. _P. bambusoides_, the new shoots of which can be seen in late May in the places where this species grows, in areas along and south of the Yellow River, was also introduced into Japan [50]. The new culm development of _P. bambusoides_ was studied from January to December 2005 in Rome, Italy [17]. The mean minimum air temperature of the coldest month (February) was 5.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the mean maximum air temperature of the hottest months (July-August) was 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The dry period lasted from May to August (the mean maximum air temperature was 29 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The new culms of _P. bambusoides_ sprouted at the end of May and sheath fell from the middle of June to the middle of July. With regards to new leaf development, 70% of old leaves dropped during the new culm growing period. _P. bambusoides_ emerged its new leaves in the middle of July, and its maximum expansion was at the end of July while old leaves (80%) fell in June. The shooting period of _P. bambusoides_ was also studied in Lian, China, with a recorded annual average temperature of that region being 16.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C [42]. The shooting period of this species was in May-June in 2014 and 2015. The shooting period of _P. bambusoides_ began from the 2 nd to 28 th of May in a forest in Hangzhou, China in 1988 and 1989 [53]. It can be noted that the period of new culm shooting of _P. bambusoides_ is similar in the reports, although they are grown in different locations. _P. bambusoides_ f. _casillonis_, an ornamental form, grows new shoots in middle to late April. It is often cultivated in China (Anji Bamboo Garden, Nanjing Forestry University, Loughuantia Bamboo Garden, etc.) and it can be found in gardens in Japan and Europe [50]. _P. bambusoides_ f. _casillonis_ was examined for shooting in Taizhou Area, China in 2014 [54]. The average temperature of the tested area in 2014 was 14.4-15.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The research showedthat the shooting time began on 15 May, and shooting finished on 11 June, lasting for 28 days in total. The peak period of shooting was between 23 and 31 May. Shoot mortality was only 20% until 21 May, but rose to 50-60% in the later shooting period. Then, 36% plus 25% of total shoot mortality occurred in shoots from less than 10 cm to between 10 and 20 cm in height. However, according to the first source [50], _P. bambusoides_ f. _castillonis_ sprouts new shoots in the middle and late April. The different shooting periods reported in these two studies can be a result of the different locations with prevailing different climatic conditions. The shooting period of _Phylostachys bambusoides_ f. _shouzhu_ was from 6 May to 4 June, a 30-day-long period in 2010 in Zhusan, China, with an annual average temperature of 14-16 \({}^{\circ}\)C [55]. The shoot emergence of _P. bambusoides_ f. _marliacea_ was also examined in Zhejiang Province in 2010 [56].