## 1 Introduction  
Water pollution is one of the most significant environmental challenges facing the world today. It is caused by a variety of sources, including industrial processes, agricultural activities, and domestic waste. The pollution of rivers, lakes, and oceans can have severe consequences for the environment and human health, ranging from the loss of biodiversity to the outbreak of water-borne diseases. One of the critical contributors to water pollution is the dumping of waste into the sea [1, 2]. Dumping sites in the sea are areas where waste is deposited, usually in the form of solid or liquid materials. Waste dumping can be intentional or accidental, and it can come from a variety of sources, including shipping, oil and gas exploration, and offshore industries. The dumping of waste can have significant impacts on the marine environment and human health, depending on the type and quantity of waste and the location of the dumping site [3; 4; 5]. The issue of dumping waste into the sea has become a growing concern for policymakers and environmental organizations worldwide. Many countries have enacted regulations to prevent the dumping of waste in the sea, and international treaties, such as the London Convention and Protocol, have been established to regulate the practice. However, despite these efforts, illegal dumping of waste continues to be a problem, and many marine ecosystems remain threatened by pollution [6; 7]. In recent years, system dynamics modeling has emerged as a valuable tool for understanding the complex dynamics of water pollution systems, including the impacts of waste dumping on the marine environment. System dynamics modeling is a simulation-based approach that uses feedback loops and cause-and-effect relationships to capture the dynamic behavior of a system over time [8; 9]. A system dynamics model of a water pollution system typically includes sources of pollution, transport and fate of pollutants, and impacts on water quality and ecosystem services. In the case of dumping sites in the sea, the model would also include factors such as ocean currents, the type of waste being dumped, and the potential effects on marine life and human health. By simulating different scenarios of waste disposal methods and exploring the impacts of dumping on the environment and human health, system dynamics modeling can help policymakers and waste managers develop effective strategies for sustainable management of dumping sites in the sea [10; 11; 12]. In this context, this article aims to provide an overview of the issue of dumping waste into the sea and the role of system dynamics modeling in managing the problem. The present research first discusses the sources and types of waste commonly dumped in the sea and the impacts of waste dumping on the marine environment and human health. It then introduces system dynamics modeling and demonstrates its utility in understanding the complex dynamics of water pollution systems, including those involving waste dumping in the sea. Finally, case studies that illustrate the application of system dynamics modeling to managing dumping sites in the sea are presented, and the potential for future research in this area is discussed. Water pollution is a complex and multifaceted problem, and the dumping of waste in the sea is one of the primary contributors to this issue. The literature on waste dumping in the sea is extensive and covers various aspects, including the types and sources of waste, the impacts on the environment and human health, and the management strategies to mitigate the problem. The previous studies provided an overview of the key findings and trends in the literature on waste dumping in the sea. The types of waste that are commonly dumped in the sea include industrial waste, domestic sewage, and offshore drilling waste. Industrial waste can come from a variety of sources, such as chemical plants, oil refineries, and pulp and paper mills. Domestic sewage, which contains human and animal waste, is a significant source of pollution in many coastal areas.