## 3 Results  
### Literature Review  
Numerous research papers, on-line journals, publications, ongoing research studies and on-line sources were consulted in order to build the literature review; it was important that the literature review was understood and analyzed before proceeding and bringing out the specific factors for the critical understanding of the FSED model. These sources were selected, keeping in mind the sub-topics of the background study, pre-requisites, ongoing trends, and related subjects that are yet to be discovered. The answers came from the detailed analysis of the selected 23 papers that emerged from the initial search, and is briefly reported in Table 2 and included in Supplementary Materials. The key findings are reported below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline N\({}^{\circ}\) & **Authors** & **Title** & **Year** \\ \hline
1 & [PERSON] [PERSON] & Several notes on differences between American & \\
1 & [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & and European model of an emergency & 2014 \\
2 & [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & Humanization and soft qualities in emergency & 2016 \\
3 & [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & rooms [27] & 2016 \\
3 & [PERSON] [PERSON] & Freestanding Emergency Departments: An & 2016 \\
4 & [PERSON] [PERSON] & Alternative Model for Rural Communities [28] & 2016 \\  & [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & Understanding the Free Standing Emergency Departments & 2016 \\
5 & [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & De Roose to Locate? A National Inventory and & 2016 \\  & [PERSON] [PERSON] & Geographic Analysis in Three States [12] & 2016 \\
6 & [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON] & Processing the Layouts of Emergency Departments in Hospitals [30] & 2016 \\
7 & [PERSON], [PERSON] F, & [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON] & 2017 \\  & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] & Freestanding Emergency Departments & 2017 \\
8 & A, [PERSON], [PERSON] & (FSEDs)—A Stakeholder Study [32] & 2017 \\
9 & [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & Reimagining the ED:Ideas for Shaping the & 2018 \\  & [PERSON] & Emergency Department of the Future [33] & 2018 \\  & [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & Patients’ perception of privacy and confidentiality & 2018 \\
10 & [PERSON], & in the emergency department of & 2018 \\  & [PERSON] & a busy obstetric unit & 2018 \\
11 & [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], & Implementing best practice into the emergency & 2019 \\  & [PERSON] & department triage process [34] & 2019 \\
12 & [PERSON] & Effects of Emergency Department Physical Design & 2019 \\  & & Elements on Security, Way-finding, Visibility, & Privacy, and Efficiency and Its Implications on & Staff Satisfaction and Performance [35] \\  & & Design suggestions for greater teamwork, & \\
13 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], & communication and security in hospital & 2019 \\  & [PERSON] & emergency departments [36] & 2019 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the literature review analysis. Among the twenty-three papers were sixteen research articles, two reports, one review, one web article, one conference paper, and one book chapter. Most of them (thirteen) have been written by US authors (78%) while the others represent scholars from Italy (two), and other countries (eight). Of those that were used, seventeen were based on an analysis of literature, data or case studies, while the remaining three used theoretical process and, three were about practical application of strategies. Among the findings, nineteen reported specific data on ED facility design, while four provided only general consideration on managerial or clinical aspects. Of the papers analyzed, five provide _Organizational models_, eight papers gave indications about _Functional Layout_, one was mainly related to _Structural and technical features_, and nine described _Design features and amenities_.