# Authentication of a Painting by [PERSON] Using Modern Multi-Analytical Methods
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Analysis of Painting Materials
Atomic percentage compositions of the six samples taken in the study (B0, B1-B5), correspond to the blue earth pigment, _Ultramarine_ type, imprinted more or less with other colors or with contamination materials, as follows: sample B0--_Ultramarine blue_, diluted in elaboration by mixing with _Zinc white/Lithopone_ and/or _Barium yellow_, weakly imprinted with chalk powder and gypsum, from the preparation (diffusion between application layers--archaeometric characteristic); samples B1 and B2--_Ultramarine blue_ mixed with _Zinc white_, _Chrome green_, _Lead red_, _Iron ocher_ and weakly imprinted with chalk powder and gypsum, from the preparation and cardboard; sample B3--oxidative fouled varnish, diffused in the mass of the color of the _Ultramarine blue_ and which has superficially embedded powders of atmospheric dust; sample B4 contains varnish of medium structure, weakly imprinted with _Ultramarine blue_, diluted with _Zinc white_ and _Iron ocher_ (diffusion between pigments and the fouling structures--archaeometric feature); sample B5 contains varnish penetrated into the internal structure of the _Ultramarine blue_, mixed with _Zinc white/Lithopone_ and _Barium yellow/Iron ocher_. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Sample/**} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{**Atomic Percentage Concentration (\%)**} \\ \cline{3-13} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Area**} & **Si** & **Al** & **Mg** & **Ca** & **Ba** & **Na** & **K** & **Zn** & **Pb** & **Fe** & **Cr** & **O** & **S** & **Cl** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{W} & W1 & - & 0.33 & - & 0.19 & - & - & - & 18.28 & - & - & - & 20.64 & 60.28 & 0.29 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & W2 & - & - & - & 0.54 & - & - & - & 23.34 & - & - & - & 16.39 & 58.87 & 0.87 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & W3 & - & - & - & 0.35 & - & - & - & 18.36 & - & - & - & 23.38 & 57.31 & 0.60 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & W4 & - & - & - & 0.54 & - & - & - & 31.25 & - & - & - & - & 67.76 & 0.46 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & W5 & 0.63 & 0.52 & - & 4.23 & 0.39 & - & 1.58 & 2.88 & - & - & - & 11.29 & 70.80 & 7.67 & - \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{B} & B0 & 0.87 & 0.74 & 0.38 & 5.04 & 0.49 & - & - & 0.58 & - & - & - & 11.02 & 73.45 & 7.44 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & B1 & 0.29 & 2.08 & - & 3.25 & - & - & 0.52 & 1.29 & 0.47 & 1.04 & 0.31 & 18.73 & 57.80 & 4.10 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & B2 & 0.13 & 1.75 & - & 4.35 & - & 0.01 & 1.02 & 6.59 & 0.49 & 1.81 & 0.23 & 16.58 & 62.07 & 4.95 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & B3 & 1.95 & 1.52 & - & 0.22 & - & 4.52 & 0.17 & - & - & - & - & 31.30 & 59.57 & 0.46 & 0.29 \\ \cline{2-13}  & B4 & 0.92 & 0.87 & - & 0.15 & - & 1.14 & 0.12 & 0.17 & - & 0.18 & - & 32.48 & 63.44 & 0.28 & 0.25 \\ \cline{2-13}  & B5 & 2.28 & 0.87 & 0.65 & 0.52 & 0.19 & 0.01 & 0.19 & 1.03 & - & 0.15 & - & 32.22 & 60.95 & 0.66 & 0.29 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{R1} & R1.1 & 0.88 & 0.35 & 0.43 & 1.30 & 1.80 & - & - & - & - & - & 22.54 & 69.41 & 3.30 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & R1.2 & 0.53 & 0.52 & 2.17 & 0.51 & 0.10 & - & - & - & - & - & 31.48 & 63.55 & 0.36 & 0.78 \\ \cline{2-13}  & R2.1 & 1.87 & 0.86 & - & 0.80 & 1.31 & 0.15 & 0.36 & - & - & - & - & 16.79 & 75.37 & 2.49 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & R2.2 & 0.45 & 0.85 & - & 2.11 & 1.14 & 0.26 & - & 0.35 & - & - & - & 16.94 & 74.15 & 3.77 & - \\ \cline{2-13}  & R2.3 & 1.21 & 0.56 & - & 1.31 & 2.55 & 0.05 & 0.44 & 0.28 & - & - & - & 16.84 & 72.95 & 3.82 & - \\ \hline Y & Y & 0.28 & 2.58 & - & 2.61 & - & - & - & 0.33 & 0.42 & 0.10 & 0.37 & 19.11 & 70.60 & 3.60 & - \\ \hline V & V & 1.65 & 1.50 & - & 0.22 & - & 3.99 & 0.23 & - & - & - & 27.85 & 64.16 & - & 0.40 \\ \hline S & S & 0.69 & 0.69 & - & 0.33 & - & 2.20 & 0.15 & - & - & - & 26.11 & 69.35 & 0.26 & 0.23 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Elemental composition of colors, varnish, and substrate. The chemical difference between the two ultramarine pigments (blue and red) is found in the Na and S content (Al\({}_{6}\)Na\({}_{8}\)O\({}_{24}\)S\({}_{3}\)Si\({}_{6}\)/Al\({}_{6}\)Na\({}_{6}\)O\({}_{24}\)S\({}_{6}\)Si\({}_{6}\)).