## 3 Related Works and Previous Contributions
### Limitations in Current Related Studies  
While the aforementioned literature studies and review articles in the field of smart grid cybersecurity are valuable resources for understanding the current state of research,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Main Contents** & **Attacks Studied/Threat Types** & **Methodology/Defense Method** & **Results/Research Outcomes** & **SG-Involved Technology** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{2023} & Traces an investigation and & & & & The work proposed solutions to \\  & proposes practical ideas in & & & deal with the challenges associated & Smart grid from \\  & developing digital twin (DT) & FDIA, DOS attacks, & & & with DT in energy systems and & digital twin \\  & application domains of & ML-related attacks & & & threats through ML technology. & perspective \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{2023} & Investigates the impact of AI and & & & Framework architecture & \\  & blockchain on smart grid security & Data availability attacks, & for a unified and & & \\  & and power distribution & control signal attacks, & abstracted state space in & & A secure AI-based & \\  & automation, including scheduling, & load redistribution & which the system & blockchain-enabled distributed & \\  & management, optimization, and & attacks, measurement & analysis includes & modular framework for dynamic & Smart grid with AI \\  & privacy concerns. Introduces three & attacks, pricing attacks, & malicious attacks while & power distribution automation of & and blockchain \\  & unique pseudo-smart contracts & control signal & maintaining an effective & smart grids is investigated. & \\  & and digital signatures with & measurement attacks & generalized defense & & smart grids is investigated. & \\  & consensus policies. & & hierarchy in real time & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{2018} & \multirow{9}{*}{Studies cyber threats that affect 2018} & \multirow{9}{*}{Manosat all types of } & \multirow{9}{*}{Manosat all types of } & \multirow{9}{*}{Manosat all types of } & \multirow{9}{*}{Manosat all types of } & \multirow{9}{*}{Manosat all types of } \\  & & attacks against CIA triad. & & & & \\  & load balancing, which breaches & Threat sources: Internet, & & & & \\  & the stability of a smart grid. & vendor, smart meter, and & & & & \\  & energy supplier & & &  
they often suffer from various shortcomings. These might include an insufficient consideration of the dynamic threat landscape, the lack of a depth analysis on how to integrate emerging technologies (artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, and 5G networks), the lack of accounting for regional and contextual differences, the failure to address the importance of human factors (social engineering attacks, operator mistakes, and insider threats), a narrow focus on technical aspects, the lack of real-world application and evaluation, and a limited integration of interdisciplinary perspectives. Addressing these gaps is crucial for advancing both academic research and the practical deployment of effective cybersecurity solutions in smart grids. Table 3 illustrates a comparison between the current literature of smart grid cybersecurity and this review study. It depicts some of the specific shortcomings of and limitations in recent studies, which have created an open gap that needs to be covered by new studies.