## 2 Literature Review
### BIM-Enabled Asset Information Delivery Process
With the adoption of BIM in design and construction, new processes for collecting asset information have been proposed aiming at taking advantage of the information created in the models. Figure 2 shows the general idea of the information flow in a BIM-enabled asset information delivery process as proposed by [46]. BIM, in this case, is not necessarily used during operations, but as part of a process to develop and deliver structured asset information to the owners at handover. However, this asset information delivery process, which involves different activities performed by different stakeholders at different phases of a project, has not yet been consolidated in the industry or in the literature [2; 8]. Figure 1: Conventional asset data collection (adapted from [45]). (1) Captured information is manually entered into an Excel spreadsheet. (2) Building walkthroughs are conducted to verify the data extracted from the as-built drawings. (3) Modifications are made to the Excel spreadsheet as needed. (4) Walkthroughs allow to verify and edit asset data, verify that equipment exists and is functional, and verify location of assets and location served by each asset. Images of assets are also captured for documentation purposes and entry into the CMMS. Once information collection is complete, it is manually re-entered into the CMMS (5). A number of studies have been conducted to explore BIM-enabled asset information delivery processes in theory and in practice. Ref. [44] examined one of the first few pilot implementations of FM-enabled BIM, and discussed the challenges encountered and the lessons learned. Ref. [47] developed a workflow for BIM data transfer to asset management systems used for FM. Ref. [45] proposed a BIM-FM workflow, according to which an owner uses standardized data collection to incorporate BIM facility information into project FM systems at close-out for improved efficiency and more accurate information. Ref. [48] discussed the process flow for the creation of the FM-BIM and its integration with the Integrated Workplace Management System (IWMS) platform and proposed a method for assessing the quality of BIM deliverables at the commissioning and handover stage. Ref. [49] developed a BIM-based workflow to capture object attributes and make seamless data transfers from BIM models into FM systems. Ref. [8] explored the value and challenges of BIM in FM empirically through a case study of Northumbria University's city campus. Ref. [11] investigated how BIM-FM integration was performed in a large-scale project, covering BIM-FM platform selection and development processes, and identified the technical challenges and lessons learned. Ref. [50] explored the details and possibilities of transforming an old building into a smart and more sustainable building by using BIM-FM techniques and self-designed sensors. Ref. [51] framed the normative asset information delivery process based on the assumptions and planned procedures outlined in the CO-Bie documentation and compared it with a descriptive process observed in a case study. Ref. [36] proposed an approach that implements industry foundation classes (IFC) BIM to link and present alarms reported by FM systems, such as building energy management systems (BEMS) and building automation systems (BAS), with related data from computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS). Ref. [52] proposed a methodology to extract BIM-related data directly from a model into a relational database for integration with existing asset management systems. The authors also discussed BIM model requirements, development of the extraction platform, database architecture and framework. Although many variations of a BIM-enabled asset information delivery process have been proposed, there have been few successful cases of BIM implementation for FM in practice [53]. Most of the existing case studies were conducted as part of a research study, in which the findings were tested through small or medium-scale pilot studies in the context of a real-life project [11].