## 2 Literature Review  
Analyzing issues in forested areas requires suitable methods and data. To our knowledge, social surveys and Landsat image interpretation are the main methods for gathering information on issues in forested areas. Questionnaires are widely used tools in empirical social science, but often lack geographical and temporal accuracy [19; 20]. Conversely, the increasing availability and volume of remote sensing data offer access to spatial land use information containing extensive time series [21]. Various methods are available for evaluating land use changes, especially in forests. The multiple linear regression correlation matrix, logistic regression, Gray correlation analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient are utilized to assess the impact of climate change on species diversity, assess windthrow impacts on forest stands, and determine the intercorrelation between natural and socio-economic factors driving agricultural land use [22; 23; 24; 5]. In 2011, [PERSON] investigated the vulnerability index of agriculture and forests to climate change pressure [25]. Further, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to evaluate the response of vegetation productivity to greening and drought [26; 27; 28]. Parallelly, landscape index and multiple regression revealed landscape patterns' temporal and spatial evolutions and their driving factors [29]. In a nutshell, these studies often overlook factors such as the expansion of agriculture, and the integration of natural and socio-economic data is lacking in regard to examining forested areas issues comprehensively. Further, this study chose the multiple linear regression model, which provides a more comprehensive overview of the data and the relationships between variables. It is a powerful tool for elucidating the complex interplay between multiple factors and a given outcome, offering insights that can guide strategic planning, policy formulation, and scientific research. As the population grows, the pressure on forest resources intensifies, leading to biodiversity loss. Humans have been estimated to have modified over 50% of the Earth's land surface [30]. Climate change affects ecosystems and the well-being of rural households that rely on ecosystem services for their livelihoods [31]. However, understanding the underlying factors contributing to forest vulnerability in arid regions is more complex. Various socio-economic factors determine deforestation and degradation [32]. Agricultural activities are crucial for human existence, as they provide essential resources and support economies. Recently, it has been acknowledged that forests are often cleared to create new agricultural lands to comply with the growing food demand of the world's population. Conversely, agricultural expansion into subtropical and tropical forests causes significant environmental damage [33]. For instance, socio-economic factors include setting forests ablaze, increasing farming activities, growing populations, and poverty-induced deforestation [34] in many African countries. High agricultural added value in proximity to forested areas may indicate intensive agricultural practices contributing to deforestation and increased habitat fragmentation. While the added value of agriculture might encourage more intensive farming practices that can spare forests, it can also lead to further agricultural expansion into forested areas if not managed sustainably. Senegal offers an interesting case, because approximately 81.37% of plots did not have formal documents [14]. Furthermore, manufacturing value may be associated with industrial activities contributing to water pollution and forest fragmentation. Therefore, industrial activities such as mining may significantly alter the natural balance of ecosystems. Between 2015 and 2016, the Thies region witnessed a 26% increase in corporate contributions attributed to establishing companies like Dangote, GCO, and SEPHOS.PID.