## 3 Results and Discussion
### Changes in Littoral Plant Waste
#### 3.1.1 Macronutrient Content
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Units** & **Characterized Substrates** & _Typha (T)_ & _Iris (I)_ & _Ceratophyllum (C)_ \\ \hline N & & _Initial biomass_ & 1324.2 \(\pm\) 231.1 \({}^{a}\) & 1344.7 \(\pm\) 13.7 \({}^{a}\) & 1739.2 \(\pm\) 6.4 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 1475.6 \(\pm\) 308.8 \({}^{a}\) & 3354.2 \(\pm\) 47.1 \({}^{b}\) & 5650.7 \(\pm\) 204.5 \({}^{b}\) \\ P & & _Initial biomass_ & 1510.0 \(\pm\) 30.0 \({}^{a}\) & 1910.0 \(\pm\) 40.0 \({}^{a}\) & 4100.0 \(\pm\) 2.0 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 1360.1 \(\pm\) 56.6 \({}^{a}\) & 2620.0 \(\pm\) 10.0 \({}^{b}\) & 3930.0 \(\pm\) 40.0 \({}^{a}\) \\ K & mg kg\({}^{-1}\)(d.m.) & _Initial biomass_ & 1722.5 \(\pm\) 25.0 \({}^{a}\) & 2158.0 \(\pm\) 100.5 \({}^{a}\) & 2473.5 \(\pm\) 33.0 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 4603.2 \(\pm\) 7.4 \({}^{b}\) & 5575.9 \(\pm\) 168.9 \({}^{b}\) & 1449.5 \(\pm\) 560.0 \({}^{b}\) \\ Ca & & _Initial biomass_ & 1659.7 \(\pm\) 121.1 \({}^{a}\) & 1752.7 \(\pm\) 14.9 \({}^{a}\) & 7318.2 \(\pm\) 77.3 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 21407.1 \(\pm\) 1299.6 \({}^{b}\) & 3386.7 \(\pm\) 1760.0 \({}^{b}\) & 35689.1 \(\pm\) 4391.9 \({}^{b}\) \\ Mg & & _Initial biomass_ & 1272.2 \(\pm\) 11.9 \({}^{a}\) & 225.0 \(\pm\) 147.4 \({}^{a}\) & 784.0 \(\pm\) 21.3 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 1285.7 \(\pm\) 35.3 \({}^{b}\) & 2687.5 \(\pm\) 73.8 \({}^{b}\) & 5892.0 \(\pm\) 399.6 \({}^{b}\) \\ \hline C/N ratio & - & _Initial biomass_ & 38.17 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{a}\) & 39.47 \(\pm\) 0.62 \({}^{a}\) & 36.55 \(\pm\) 0.61 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 35.71 \(\pm\) 0.85 \({}^{a}\) & 17.48 \(\pm\) 0.36 \({}^{b}\) & 15.53 \(\pm\) 0.31 \({}^{b}\) \\ \hline pH w H\({}_{2}\)0 & - & _Initial biomass_ & 7.75 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{a}\) & 7.71 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{a}\) & 7.79 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 7.04 \(\pm\) 0.08 \({}^{b}\) & 6.32 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{b}\) & 6.47 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{b}\) \\ \hline Electrical conductivity & mS cm\({}^{-1}\) & _Initial biomass_ & 1.99 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{a}\) & 1.94 \(\pm\) 0.02 \({}^{a}\) & 2.17 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 2.11 \(\pm\) 0.06 \({}^{a}\) & 2.74 \(\pm\) 0.01 \({}^{b}\) & 2.81 \(\pm\) 0.03 \({}^{b}\) \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{l}{Values designate mean \(\pm\) standard deviation based on 5 samples. Mean value followed by different letters is statistically different (\(p<0.05\)).} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Macroelement content in the biomass of littoral plant waste and the obtained vermicomposts. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Properties** & **Units** & **Characterized Substrates** & _Typha (T)_ & _Iris (I)_ & _Ceratophyllum (C)_ \\ \hline Cu & & _Initial biomass_ & 1.7 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{a}\) & 1.6 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{a}\) & 6.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 \({}^{a}\) \\  & & _Final_ & 5.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{b}\) & 28.8 \(\pm\) 5.6 \({}^{b}\) & 13.5 \(\pm\) 0.9 \({}^{b}\) \\ Mn & & _Initial biomass_ & 734.1 \(\pm\) 20.8 \({}^{a}\) & 378.9 \(\pm\) 20.5 \({}^{a}\) & 19,012.5 \(\pm\) 280.2 \  
to respiration of microorganisms, with a concurrent increase in nitrogen content resulting from, among others, physiological processes of earthworms [30]. Nitrogen content in vermicomposts obtained both in (I) and (C) was significantly higher compared to the utilized waste (in (I)--an increase by 149% from 1344.7 \(\pm\) 13.7 to 3354.2 \(\pm\) 47.1 mg kg\({}^{-1}\), whereas in (C)--an increase by more than 300% from 1739.2 \(\pm\) 6.4 to 5650.7 \(\pm\) 204.5 mg kg\({}^{-1}\); \(p<\) 0.05). As reported by [PERSON] et al. [31], decreasing pH may lead to retention of nitrogen in vermicompost, whereas increased pH may lose nitrogen in the form of ammonia. A reverse situation was observed in the case of P, whose content in vermicomposts from (T) and (C) was insignificantly lower compared to the plant waste. Conversely, the content of this biogenic element in vermicompost from (I) increased from 1910 \(\pm\) 40 to 2620 \(\pm\) 10 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) (137%; \(p<\) 0.05) (Table 1).