## Materials and Methods
### SEAMCAT Simulation
#### 2.4.2 Simulation Parameters  
5G-BS  
The 5G network is a powerful system using time-division duplexing, and the UL and DL use the same frequency. In this study, 5G-BS interfering with DL connectivity is analysed. However, the same conclusions can be easily extrapolated to UL because they use the same frequency, albeit with less transmit power. The simulation specifications and parameters for the 5G-BS are described in Table 1[17; 18]. The 3.4-3.8 GHz, \(-\)53 dBm and 100 MHz values were the operative frequencies, transmission powers, and bandwidths, respectively. The azimuth signalling for each antenna was distributed randomly [19] to cope with all the possibilities. Beamforming is a critical part of 5G-BS specialised capabilities. SEAMCAT's antenna library includes an ITU-R M.2101-0 recommendation model, which is used to create a composite antenna design. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Parameters**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Value**} \\ \hline Frequency range & \multicolumn{2}{c}{3705 MHz (Horizontal)} \\ Bandwidth & \multicolumn{2}{c}{6 MHz} \\ Antenna Gain & \multicolumn{2}{c}{37.5 dBi} \\ Antenna diameter & \multicolumn{2}{c}{2.4 m} \\ \hline FSS-ES & Extended C-Band LNB + BPF & C-Band LNB + BPF & Unit \\ \hline Blocking level & \(-\)60 & \(-\)60 & dBm \\ OOB/spurious level & \(-\)124.9 & \(-\)124.9 & dBm/MHz \\ Filter rejection & 55 & 82.5 & dB at 3.6 GHz \\  & 54.8 & 54.8 & dB at 3.650 GHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: FSS-ES DL spectrum allocation parameters. Figure 3: SEAMCATS and interference modelling. (**a**) SEAMCAT main fundaments parts; (**b**) Interference algorithm. Each antenna boresight was constantly aimed at the UE, and each antenna's mechanical elevation pointing was fixed to 15\({}^{\circ}\) for simplification [20; 21]. The antenna azimuths based on the antenna characteristics listed in Table 1 are shown in Figure 4. On the basis of azimuth angle, the combined antenna peak gain for the 8 \(\times\) 8 antennas with 5 dBi of each peak gain was 25 dBi [22; 23]. The ITU-R P.452-16 propagation model was used to compute the propagation loss from 5G-BS to FSS-ES. Figure 5 depicts a 5G-BS spectrum emission mask for detecting out-of-band and spurious emissions in the adjacent interference. Table 4 describes the 5G-BS out-of-band and spurious emissions masks [24]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Frequency—GHz** & **Emission Limits BWA** & **Bandwidth/MHz** \\ \hline Unwanted emission (EIRP) & \(-62\) dBW/MHz & 100 \\ Unwanted emission with filter (antenna port) & \(-89\) dBW/MHz & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Unwanted emission limits for broadband wireless access (BWA). Figure 4: Antenna gain as a function of antenna azimuth angle (\({}^{\circ}\)). FSS-ES  
A geostationary satellite and an ES on the surface communicating through the FSS-ES were modelled on the basis of Table 2. The target was an FSS-ES because it was more susceptible to the interference of 5G-BS DL signals than the satellite [25] due to the lower transmit power at the UL. Co-channel interference with 5G-BS occurred at 3.4-3.8 GHz, whereas adjacent interference occurred at 3.9 GHz. The 100 MHz bandwidth was selected for the analysis, with a noise generation \"noise bandwidth\" of 5 dB. The noise floor value was determined to be \(-125\) dBm. The \(-12.2\) dB is the threshold noise level of the interference-to-noise ratio (INR) for evaluating the interference. Elevation was slanted by \(30^{\circ}\) on the mechanical pointer. However, the horizontal orientation remained consistent towards the satellite. The FSS-ES antenna gain pattern was based on ITU-R S.2196 [26]. The radiation patterns can be divided into two types. We chose a pattern that can be implemented in the case when \(D/\lambda\) is more than 54.5. This pattern can be inferred by using Equations (3)-(6). \[G(\varphi)=G\bigg{(}\frac{D}{\lambda}\varphi\bigg{)}^{2},m_{max} \tag{3}\]  
\[G(\varphi)=\left\{