## 4 Discussion
### Paleoceanographic Application
So as expected, the distributions of quartz and InTi/Ca have a similar pattern (Figure 7), showing higher values during the cold periods, and the inverse for warm periods, demonstrating that the terrigenous input is certainly changing with processes that are in orbital scale, such as precipitation and sea-level changes. When comparing the results from the mineralogical and elementary components of the sediment with the data from SE Brazil precipitation [33] and global sea-level changes [34], it is clear that both of these processes influence the terrigenous input (Figure 7). The higher terrigenous supply periods happen at the same time that precipitation rates are higher and the sea-level drops, as we can observe in the MIS 4 and MIS 5b (Figure 7), and the opposite trend is observed at the warmer periods, such as MIS 5a and MIS 5c, where all the terrigenous input proxies show lower values. [PERSON] et al. [18] also identified that precipitation rates strongly control the terrigenous input in SE Brazil. During the period studied, the South America Monsoon System (SASM) associated with changes in the Intertropical Convergence Zone presented high variability of precipitation patterns [33]. This changes the vegetation of the continent, especially in the colder periods, probably in the same way observed by [PERSON] et al. [19] in the last glacial age, with grassland dominating the landscape reconstructed from terrestrial records. However, [PERSON] et al. [35] found more fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest during interglacial maxima than in the Glacial maxima, detecting expansion of the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil to the exposed shelf during a low stand of sea level. The higher values of InTi/Ca, as well as all of the terrigenous input proxies, during the high insolation and precipitation periods [33] indicate that they are also products of periods of more intense weathering and increased river runoff as suggested by other studies [36]. We also applied the Global sea level stack [34] to roughly estimate the variation in this process and compare the diverse terrigenous supply proxies, represented by both minerals and elementary ratios (Figure 7). The global stack suggests low stands of the sea level during the cold stages, MIS 5b and MIS 4, which are the same periods with higher terrigenous supply, indicating that the lower sea level, would also contribute to this higher weathering observed in the precipitation variation. The lower sea level would leave a greater area of the continental shelf exposed to erosion and the rivers would have drained closer to the upper continental slope. Increased land erosion due to a change in glacial vegetation cover during glacial periods [19; 35], caused by changes in precipitation, would also enhance the weathering in the continent leading to a higher terrigenous sediment input. This indicates that continental and marine realms are strongly correlated in this region, which was also observed in [PERSON] et al. [37] who detected changes in the pollen/spore and dinocyst assemblages occurring at similar pacing. Therefore, the main processes that control the deposition of terrigenous sediments in this area are precipitation and changes in the sea level. Precipitation acts mainly via riverine input, probably due to the higher discharge of Paraiba do Sul or Doc River during these high precipitation periods, such as during MIS5b. The changes in the sea level are related to the exposition of the continental shelf. During the low stands, this area becomes exposed leaving the sediments more susceptible to erosion, and at the same time, the sediments in the source area have an easier path to the core area. Figure 7: Terrigenous supply proxies compared to precipitation and sea level. (**a**) Oxygen isotopes ratio (\(\delta^{18}\)O) in stalagmite BT2 [33] in the Botuverá cave, showing the precipitation pattern in the southeast Brazil, with the lower values in the warmer periods, MIS 5a and 5c. (**b**) Global sea level stack [34]. (**c**) Quartz semi-quantitative measures.