# Emergence of Nano-Dentistry as a Reality of Contemporary Dentistry
## 4 Discussion
### Conservative Nano-Dentistry
#### 4.1.3 Nanotechnology in Endodontic Sealers  
In endodontic practice, the problem of managing bacterial biofilm is extremely important. Persistent in the lumen of numerous dentinal tubules, the microflora is virtually invulnerable to medical and instrumental treatment of root canals. The diameter of the dentinal tubules is only 200-300 nm and this prevents the penetration of even the strongest antiseptics. Incorporation of metallic nanoparticles into antiseptics for root canals can help to manage persistent microflora (Enterococcus faecalis) after one week [58,59].  
Research by [PERSON] et al. (2020) showed the potential of using a mixture of calcium hydroxide paste and nanosilver for intracanal drug treatment [60].  
Figure 12: Timeline of composite resins and adhesives including the nano era.  
The advantages of using nano endodontic sealers are obvious: they seal better in comparison to the conventional sealers and the use of nanoparticles serves as a good antimicrobial agent [61].  
The application of nanotechnology in endodontics includes the insertion of biocreamic nanoparticles such as bioglass, zirconium, and glass ceramics in endodontic sealers. A nanomaterial sealer was recently developed on a biocreamic basis EndoSequence BC Sealer--Brasseler USA, consisting of nanosized particles of calcium silicate, calcium hydroxide, CaP. A feature of the material is the formation of complex nanocomposite structural particles of hydroxyapatite and calcium silicate during the hydration reaction in the root canal. The use of nanosized particles helps to easily deliver the material with an ultra-thin capillary needle size of 0.0012 mm. Nanodisperse materials provide excellent tightness and dimensional stability, excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, excellent antimicrobial properties at high alkaline pH 12.8.  
TotalFill BC Sealer (FKG, La Chaux-des-Fonds, Switzerland) and TotalFill BC Sealer HiFlow (FKG, La Chaux-des-Fonds, Switzerland) is a new class of endodontic sealers, with potential further benefits due to their bioactivity.  
This study [62] indicates that both TotalFill BC sealer and TotalFill BC HiFlow are biocompatible and exhibit potential bioactivity. TotalFill(r) BC Sealer(tm) and BC Sealer HiFlow(tm) are the \"state-of-the-art\" in endodontic obtration.  
GuttaFlow Bioseal (Coltene/Whaledent AG, Alstatten, Switzerland) is a silicon-based sealer containing polydimethylsiloxane, and a mixture of gutta-percha and calcium silicate particles [63]. It is composed of a unique mixture of finely ground gutta percha, RoekoSeal(r) root canal sealer and nano-silver. The manufacturing company claims that this sealer has excellent adaptation due to its optimal flowability and can undergo gradual volumetric expansion, thus, it can adapt well to the root canal walls and can be used not only as a sealer but even as a root filling material. The sealer part of GuttaFlow is highly thixotropic, has a fine grain size (<9 \(\upmu\)m), and the material flows well under slight pressure into the lateral canals [64; 65; 66; 67; 68].  
Gutta Percha points have been most widely used for years and established themselves as a gold standard in root canal obtration techniques. In addition, it has proved itself successful with different techniques of root canal sealing. Attempts have been made to improve optimum seal and therapeutic effects by addition of various materials including nanoparticles to gutta percha composition [69]. Nanodiamond coated gutta percha embedded with nanodiamond amoxicillin conjugates could reduce the likelihood of root canal reinfection and enhance the treatment outcomes. Antibacterial effects against various intracanal microorganisms are gained by coating standard gutta percha points with silver nanoparticles [70].