# Environmental Pollution and Oxidative Stress: Health Effects During Pregnancy: A Review
## 4 Oxidative Stress and Reproductive System Complications
What is more, in the peritoneum of patients with endometriosis, the collection of iron and heme brought about by retrograde feminine cycle prompts the arrangement of oxidative revolutionaries and broad DNA denaturation [66; 67]. Macrophages through \"scavenger receptors\" (SR) are involved in the take-up and expulsion of adjusted proteins produced as a result of inflammatory processes [68]. Oxidized lipoproteins bind to these specific receptors. The presence of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of women with endometriosis is most likely an indication of oxidative stress to cell or non-cell parts of the peritoneum. In addition to macrophages themselves, many other cell types can cause oxidation. Ectopic endometrium is a source of oxidized lipoproteins in the peritoneal cavity, and implants created by endometrial cells lead to the development of a pre-oxidative environment in the peritoneal cavity of women with endometriosis. The exact role of oxidative stress in cases of pelvic endometriosis has not yet been elucidated. Possible reasons for oxidative damage are erythrocytes, apoptotic endometrial tissues, and cell debris embedded in the peritoneal cavity with menstrual regression [69]. However, it is not clear whether the oxidative stress observed during endometriosis results from ROS production, reduced antioxidant defense, or a combination of both. Various medicines have been proposed to forestall ROS production because of iron collection. Various chelates, for example, dexrazoxane, deferoxamine, and deferrasirox,hinder the gathering of iron in the endometrium [67]. Furthermore, the action of specific genes encoding cancer prevention agent compounds and proteins, which in turn inhibit ROS production, is important in the treatment of endometriosis. Such enzymes are for example Trx reductase. Finally, it has been found that diets low in antioxidants may predispose certain female organisms to endometriosis [70]. In fact, in some populations, women with endometriosis did not consume foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E; Cu; and Zn [71; 72]. Thus, a diet rich in antioxidants could have a protective effect against the occurrence of endometriosis. The results of these treatments can be assessed by measuring the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which is a biomarker applied in cases of endometriosis [59; 65]. According to [PERSON] et al. 's [73] study, individuals with high urine concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had a higher probability of developing endometriosis, supporting the correlation of pollution with endometriosis risk. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCS) is an endocrine disorder that occurs in approximately 18% of reproductive mature women and is described by hyperandrogenemia, ovulatory brokenness, and polycystic ovaries [74]. Clinical side effects of this condition incorporate feminine problems (amenorrhea or menorrhasia) or even skin disorders. A total of 90% of women with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cannot conceive [75]. One of the causes of this syndrome seems to be insulin resistance. In fact, this syndrome has been suggested to be an indicator of prediabetic predisposition. In essence, when the pancreas over-secretes insulin, it causes the production of excess androgens. Androgens, such as testosterone, affect ovulation and reproduction, and they cause a number of symptoms that are found in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [76; 77]. Another factor that seems to be causally associated with the above syndrome is the reduced concentration of antioxidant enzymes and proteins. Decreased O2 intake and low glutathione (GSH) levels combined with augmented ROS formation may explain the mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and elevated CRP levels seen in patients with PCS [78]. Hyperglycemia leads to increased ROS production, which in turn activates the release of TNF-\(\alpha\), which induces insulin resistance. Oxidative stress now leads to further insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia [79]. Exercise along with a balanced diet is the main way to deal with PCS.