## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resin Extracts  
The antibacterial activity of _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts was evaluated using the disk diffusion method described by [PERSON] et al. [42]. For the antibacterial activity evaluation, the isolated strains were cultivated in sterile tryptic soy broth at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h. Cultures were spread on the surfaces of tryptic soy agar plates. The _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract was loaded into disks and the solvents were evaporated, except for the DMSO. Then, the disks were placed on agar plates. Also, all solvents were evaluated as a control experiment. All plates were incubated at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h and the inhibition zone diameter was measured. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resin Extracts  
For in vitro cytotoxicity of _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts, cells from the murine macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; WelGENE Inc., Daegu, Republic of Korea) supplemented with 10% fetalbovine serum (FBS; Gibco Laboratories, Grand Island, NY, USA) and antibiotics. Cell suspensions were seeded in 96-well flat-bottomed plates with 200 uL per well to culture 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells per well for 24 h. The cells were incubated with _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract at a concentration of 0.08-10% (\(v/v\)) for 48 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a CO\({}_{2}\) incubator. Cell viability was measured using the NR assay (Neutral Red). The cells were treated with a Neutral Red (NR; Sigma Aldrich Corporation, Saint Louis, MO, USA) solution containing DMEM for 3 h to dye the lysosomes of the living cells. After exposure to the NR solution, the supernatant was completely removed and treated with a desorption solution to extract the dye from the cells. The desorbed solution was made with a 49% ethanol solution (\(v/v\)) containing 1% acetic acid (\(v/v\)). Absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (u2 Micro Digital, MOBI, Seoul, Republic of Korea). The anti-inflammatory activity of the _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extracts was evaluated by measuring the amount of nitric oxide produced by Raw 264.7 cells within the ranges of low cytotoxicity. RAW 264.7 cell suspensions were seeded in 96-well flat-bottomed plates with 200 uL per well to culture 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells per well for 24 h. The cells were incubated with _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract at a concentration of 0.08-10% (\(v/v\)) for 48 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a CO\({}_{2}\) incubator. The _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract was diluted with DMEM media with no phenol red, supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and 1 ug/mL lipopolysaccharideacharide from _Escherichia coli_ (LPS; Sigma Aldrich Corporation, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Nitrite release in the culture medium was determined by transferring the supernatant (100 uL) to a new 96-well flat-bottomed plate and adding 100 uL of the Griess reaction to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 15 min. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (MOBI). NO levels were estimated to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract by determining the decrease in NO concentration in the media that was provoked by the LPS. Antiviral Activity of C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resin Extracts and C. myrrha (T.Nees) Engl. Resin Extract-Coated Biochar  
The H1N1 influenza virus (Influenza A/Human/Korea/KUMC-33/2005, obtained from the Korea Bank for Pathogenic Viruses (Seoul, Republic of Korea)) used in this study was tested for antiviral activity. First, the antiviral activity of methanol as a control and _C. myrrha_ (T.Nees) Engl. resin extract was evaluated against the H1N1 influenza virus.