# An Overview of Cooperative Driving in the European Union: Policies and Practices
## 4 Current State of the Art of C-ITS Systems
### C-Roads Pilot Sites
#### 4.1.14 Summary  
A synopsis of C-ITS services tested in each Member State within the C-Roads programme is shown in Table 2, giving a state-of-the-art overview of the Day-1 and Day-1.5 applications investigated.  
\begin{table}
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In particular, as can be seen, Day-1 services are implemented in the majority of EU countries (16 over 28). Moreover, it is worth noting that, for VSGN, GLOSA, RWW, and other hazardous location notification applications, shared deployment principles and specifications are established for assuring interoperability across the Union [87]. Table 2 also shows that Day-1.5 services are less widely investigated since they are not undergoing tests at all in 9 out of 16 Member States, as highlighted by grey lines in the table; if infotainment tasks are excluded, the proportion drops to a quarter. Information in Table 2 could also be combined with those in Figure 2, which provides a synoptic view about where C-ITS service deployment activities are located across Europe and the magnitude of tests performed. In particular, black regions and lines have been adopted for indicating areas in which a greater number of C-ITS services is evaluated. Clearly, it represents only a drafted illustration, since the goal is to provide an at-a-glance view of the current situation. Moreover, it is worth specifying that only activities having an importance from a pan-European point of view have been considered, while initiatives of national importance (e.g., the Smart Roads project in Italy or the Human Drive initiative in UK) have been neglected. However, with all the previous in mind, it can be seen that the most intense test activity occurs on TEN-T corridors that, not surprisingly, have been included in formally recognised European projects such as C-ITS corridor and InterCor. In particular, the involvement in deployment activities (and possibly in the level of funding distribution) is very heterogeneous across different countries in the EC. Southern Europe and some parts of Eastern Europe are completely excluded, and some differences are very undeniable among involved states. For example, Portugal and Italy are in a totally different situation, with the former having all the most relevant infrastructures under development and the latter being involved in testing activities only for a small part of the country. Furthermore, within the NordicWay project, Sweden and Denmark are less proactive than other partners, and the latter is the only partner country in which exclusively Day-1 services are under test.  
Figure 2: Synoptic view of C-ITS deployment activities across the EU.  
Regarding communication technologies, it is worth specifying that although ITS-G5 and cellular-based communications represent the most mature technologies, additional systems are being tested such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth (in France, the Czech Republic, and Portugal), radio data (in Portugal), and digital audio broadcasting (in Germany).  
Finally, analysing the types of stakeholders involved in the C-Roads programme [88], a considerable heterogeneity is observable across Member States. The number of entities involved is obviously consistent with the quantity of actions carried out, ranging from 1-2 (in the case of Austria and Slovenia) to over 30 (for Portugal and Sweden). The actual drivers of the development process in different countries are also quite heterogeneous. In fact, countries with a well-established tradition in the automotive sector (such as Germany, Sweden, and France) present considerable involvement of car-makers and equipment suppliers gravitating around the automobile industry. By contrast, countries like Austria, the Netherlands, the UK, and Denmark show a more centralised management behaviour, with public authorities being the main players. However, as can be seen, the most diverse organisations are involved, thus confirming the need to adopt a multidisciplinary approach for successful deployment of C-ITS applications.