esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Intuitionistic Fuzzy-Rough Set-Based Classification for Anomaly Detection
## 7 Conclusions, Limitations, and Lines for Future Work
### Limitations and Lines for Future Work  
Though the proposed algorithm performs very well, it has some limitations. Firstly, although the run time of the proposed algorithm is less dependent on dimension of the dataset, it detection rate decreases proportionately with the increase in dimension. Secondly, the algorithm lacks efficacy in dealing with continuous data, as rough set cannot handle continuous data, and finding the correlation coefficient of continuous data would be difficult. Finally, the algorithm in its current form is inefficient to deal with real-time data.  
Future works can be possible along the following lines:  
* An effective method can be designed for anomaly detection in high-dimensional data.
* An effective method can be designed for anomaly detection from datasets with continuous attributes.
* An effective method can be designed for real-time anomaly from heterogeneous data.  
Conceptualization, F.A.M.; Methodology, F.A.M.; Software, F.A.M., M.S.; Validation, F.A.M., M.S.; Formal Analysis, F.A.M.; Investigation, F.A.M., M.S.; Resource, F.A.M., M.S.; Data Curation, F.A.M., M.S.; Writing--original draft preparation, F.A.M., M.S.; writing--review and editing, F.A.M., M.S.; visualization, F.A.M.; supervision, F.A.M.; project administration, M.S., F.A.M.; funding acquisition, M.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data, code, and other materials can be made available on request.  
There are no conflict of interest or competing interests among the authors. All the authors have agreed to publish the paper in this journal.
## 3 Experimental Outcomes
### Adsorption Isotherms  
Modelling Analysis  
A study on the analysis of adsorption data using isotherm models (Langmuir and Freundlich) was intended for an efficiency evaluation of NIFGS in the extraction of CV dye for commercial applications with an eye on the degree of economic advantages. The main criterion of the study of adsorption isotherms was to select a model, where \(q_{e}\) (the experimental equilibrium) values were almost equal to \(Q_{m}\) (the monolayer adsorption capacity) value with a coefficient of determination (R\({}^{2}\)) value \(\geq 0.90\). To refine the data and to make a distinction between the results obtained by two isotherm models, SSE and \(\chi^{2}\) as two additional error functions were incorporated in our study.  
Figure 2: Effect on CV\(-\)NIFGS of: (**a**) pH, (**b**) initial dye concentration, (**c**) adsorbent dosage and (**d**) temperature.  
[PERSON] [30] proposed a model on the assumption that the adsorbent has active sites possessing almost uniform energies. This was further established on the idea that no lateral interaction takes place between adsorbed molecules. A plateau in a two-dimensional graph with equilibrium concentration (\(C_{e}\)) as the independent variable and \(q_{e}\) as the dependent variable characterizes that spontaneous surface sites of adsorbent are almost fully saturated. This implies that further adsorption cannot take place and the possibility of multilayer adsorption of the dye is ruled out. The equations of the [PERSON] isotherm model are shown in Equations (4) and (5), Table 1. The Langmuir isotherm parameters, \(q_{\text{max}}\) and b tabulation involves the slope (\(1/q_{\text{max}}\)) and intercept (\(1/bq_{\text{max}}\)) of the graph \(C_{e}/q_{e}\) versus \(C_{e}\) as shown in Figure 3a.  
In contrast to the [PERSON] isotherm model, [PERSON] proposed the heterogeneity of the surface sites with different energy of adsorption and demonstrated relevance to multilayer adsorption [31]. The mathematical expression is shown in Equation (6), Table 1.  
Figure 3: CV-NIFGS adsorption data fit to (**a**) [PERSON] isotherm model and (**b**) [PERSON] isotherm model.  
A graph of \(\ln(q_{e})\) vs. ln (\(C_{e}\)) is utilised in calculation of the [PERSON] constants \(\mathrm{n_{F}}\) (1.096) and \(\mathrm{K_{F}}\) (Figure 3b). The values suggest that the transfer of the dye from the bulk solution using NIFGS is physisorption and favours the Langmuir isotherm.
# Accurate Estimation of Air Pollution in Outdoor Routes for Citizens and Decision Making
## 3 Air Quality Issues and Its Monitoring Network
### Air Quality Index  
Based on the previous information and in order to simplify its understanding, there are different definitions for Air Quality Index (AQI) depending on the authorities and standards that govern them, although in the end, they share the same criteria approximately. In general, AQI is a scale of air pollution calculated from AQ data over a designated time period as an indication of how clean the air is. The European AQI (E-AQI) is calculated for the five main pollutants regulated in European legislation, that is, O\({}_{3}\), NO\({}_{2}\), SO\({}_{2}\), PM2.5 and PM10.  
The E-AQI ranges have six different levels designated by a number and a colour from 1 (good) to 6 (extremely poor): 1 (very good, dark green); 2 (good, green); 3 (medium, light orange); 4 (poor, orange); 5 (very poor, dark orange) and 6 (extremely poor, red). An example is shown in Figure 2b for the 11 AQ official monitoring stations in Valencia city (Spain) [7], with location shown in Figure 2a. As we can see in Figure 2b, the city center, the main avenues, and the harbour are the most polluted areas as well as the ring road to the city, while the zones far from these areas are still unpolluted. Notice that this is a picture of 19 July 2023 at 10:00, Wednesday. A range is given for each pollutant. The maximum allowed per pollutant (in \(\upmu\)g/m\({}^{3}\)) at each index level is depicted in Table 2. For each pollutant, the index is calculated separately according to the concentrations; the higher the concentrations, the higher the index. The overall hourly E-AQI is simply defined as the highest value of the five individual pollutants indexes computed for the same hour and the overall daily E-AQI is the highest value in a day.
## 4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)
### Requirements for Wireless Medical Sensors in WBANs
#### 4.1.3 Security  
Another important issue is the security of the entire system of WBANs. The problem of security occurs on all three levels of a WBAN-based telemedicine system. At the lowest level, wireless medical sensors must meet the requirements of privacy provided by the law for all medical devices and should ensure data integrity. Although the key establishment, authentication and data integrity are difficult tasks in limited resources of medical sensors, a relatively small number of nodes in a typical WBAN and communication ranges make these tasks achievable.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Compound Analysis  
4.1 Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (HS-SPME/GC-MS) Analysis  
The above results showed that the EE, morphology, and thermal stability of SS and SG were superior to FS and FG under the same formula; therefore, SG and SS were selected for the flavor retention test. The method is outlined below.  
PPO and the different microcapsule preparations were exposed to air for 15 days and analyzed every 5 days. The PPO sample was diluted to the same oil concentration as in the emulsion formulation used to make the microcapsules, then the sample (0.25 g) was mixed with distilled water (2.5 g) and 10 \(\upmu\)L of 2-Octanol (0.25 mg/mL, methanol) as an internal standard in a 15 mL headspace bottle. The bottle was sealed and maintained at 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a water bath. An SPME fiber extracted with divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (50/30 \(\upmu\)m DVB/CAR/PDMS, Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, USA) was inserted into the headspace section of the sample bottle, heated for 20 min, then removed and inserted into the GC-MS (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA) injection port for analysis.  
Desorption was performed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 7 min. The volatiles collected by the SPME fiber were analyzed by GC-MS, as described previously [25]. An HP-5 MS quartz capillary column (30 m \(\times\) 0.250 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m) was used, with an initial temperature of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 2 min, increased at 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C, then at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min to 280 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and held for 10 min. The carrier gas was high-purity helium (99.999%), the flow rate was 1 mL/min, the pre-column pressure was 69.8 kPa, and the split ratio was 20:1. The mass spectrometer was operated in electron impact mode (70 eV) and masses were scanned over a range of 30-330 \(m/z\). The temperatures of the mass spectrum transmission line and ion source were 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. A retention index (RI) was calculated for each volatile compound using the retention times of a homologous series of C\({}_{7}\)-C\({}_{30}\) n-alkanes. Mass spectral comparisons were based on the NIST 14 mass spectral database. The relative concentrations of the flavor substances were semi-quantified and calculated according to the content and peak area of 2-Octanol, as follows [25]:  
\[\text{Flavor concentration}=[(\text{A}_{\text{i}}\times\text{A}_{\text{j}})/ \text{A}_{0}]\times 100\% \tag{2}\]  
where A\({}_{\text{i}}\) is the concentration of 2-Octanol, A\({}_{\text{j}}\) is the peak area of the flavor substance to be measured, and A\({}_{0}\) is the peak area of 2-Octanol.
## 3 Experimental Results  
### Single Rod Acoustic Waveguide, \(N=1\)  
Prior to investigating arrays of elastically coupled rods, we establish the characteristics of a single \((N=1)\) free standing aluminum rod. Figure 3 reports the measured experimental transmission spectrum. Figure 3 depicts resonances of the standing wave modes of the finite length waveguide. The peak positions of Figure 3 define the resonance frequencies (i.e., the modes) of the system. The wavelength of the standing waves can be calculated by \(\lambda=2L/n\); \(n\) is an integer corresponding to the number of nodes of the standing waves (this is discussed in the numerical study of Section 3). A value of \(n\) is assigned to each standing wave mode and hence the wave number becomes \(k=1/\lambda\). Figure 3b shows the resultant dispersion relation. The speed of sound \((\beta)\) of the nearly 1D acoustic waveguide is obtained as 4571 m/sec (by fitting, see Figure 3b). In Figure 3, we also observe that for frequencies above 60 kHz the resonant modes begin to deviate from the linear dispersion relation indicating that for short wavelengths the rod with finite cross section does not behave like a 1D elastic waveguide.  
Figure 2: Experimental setup for the nearly free-standing array of coupled waveguides is suspended by threads to two supporting stands. To drive the coupled waveguides three transducers are used at one end, and to detect at the other end three more transducers are used. A constant pressure is maintained on the transducers with the use of rubber bands. Honey is used as coupling between the rods and the transducers.
# SPME Method Optimized by Box-Behnken Design for Impact Odorants in Reduced Alcohol Wines
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Instrumentation  
Instrumentation and basic analytical conditions were based upon previously published methods for HS-SPME GC-MS analysis of wine volatile compounds [22]. An Agilent 7890A (Agilent Technologies, Ltd., Palo Alto, CA, USA) gas chromatograph, equipped with a Gerstel multipurpose sampler with automated SPME capability and Peltier cooled sample tray, interfaced to an Agilent 5975C (Agilent Technologies, Ltd.) triple axis mass detector, was used for confirmation of the compound's identity, method development, and final sample analysis. MSD ChemStation(r) E.02.00.493 (Agilent Technologies, Ltd.) and NIST MS Search 2.0, version 2008, (Agilent Technologies, Ltd.) were used to control the instrument performance and for mass spectra assessment. Samples (10 mL) were placed into the Peltier cooler tray set at 8 \({}^{\circ}\)C until analysis, whereupon the vials were transferred to a heater block with a 2-min pre-incubation time before the insertion of the SPME fiber. A fused silica capillary column (DB-Waxert, 60 m \(\times\) 0.25 mm inner diameter, 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness, J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) was used for compound separation by GC. The injector block was fitted with a 2-mm internal diameter borosilicate liner (SGE) and the injector temperature was set to 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the splitless mode. The fiber was inserted into the injector for 1 min, withdrawn and injected into a second injector set at 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C with a 50:1 split for 10 min with a 15 mL/min purge flow to clean the fiber prior to the next sample analysis. The oven temperature program commenced at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 5 min and increased to 230 \({}^{\circ}\)C at a rate of 6 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. The total run time was 45 min. The flow rate of ultra-high-purity helium gas was constant at 3 mL/min. The MS source, quadrupole, and transfer line temperatures were set to 230, 150, and 275 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively.
# The Evolution of Volatile Memory Forensics
## 4 Memory Analysis
### Machine Learning Approaches
#### 4.3.2 Computer Vision Approaches  
The following authors adapted the methods used in computer vision to the problem of volatile memory forensics. They re-framed the data to an image (or image-like representation) and then applied computer vision techniques.  
[PERSON] et al. [74] divided program execution into epochs and summarized the data access patterns with four histograms of the random memory access. Each histogram considers a different type of memory access: (1) far calls, with an absolute address; (2) near calls, with a relative address; (3) branch instructions; and (4) load/store instructions. Using these histograms as the feature set, logistic regression, a support vector machine (SVM), and random forest classifiers were built for kernel rootkit executions and for user-level memory corruption malware. Results for the kernel rootkit classifiers achieved almost 100% accuracy at detecting rootkits, with a false positive rate of <1%, albeit on a small dataset. For the userland malware, the rate of true positive predictions was high compared to malware-aware processes detection (88%), even when the allowable false positive rate was small (1%). The unique contribution of this work is the ability to turn it into a live detection system, as well as a unique representation of the data.  
Furthermore, taking a cue from computer vision research, [PERSON] et al. [75] rendered the memory dumps of processes as images, with a variety of rendering schemes. Then, visual feature descriptors (GIST and HOG) were applied to the images to compute visual features. The visual features were then used in a random forest, XGBoost, linear SVM, sequential minimal optimization (SMO), and J48 classifiers. When treated as a multi-class classification problem, the best model was able to predict the malware family of a new sample with accuracies as high as 96%. While the results of these experiments were promising, the data only contained 10 different malware families.
# Performance Enhancement of Consumer-Grade MEMS Sensors through Geometrical Redundancy
## 5 Experimental Results  
Performance of proposed method along with the realized prototype has been assessed by means of a number of experimental tests with the aim of highlighting improvement brought by the redundant configuration with respect to a single couple accelerometer/gyro of sensors. In particular, the results obtained for the preliminary characterization of the prototype bias instability and drift, evaluated as described in Sections 2.4 and 3.2, are shown. The improvement due to redundancy has then been assessed thanks to the comparison of position and attitude estimates granted by tactical-grade IMU in a real field test.
# Amplification Ratio of a Recycled Plastics-Compliant Mechanism Flexure Hinge
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Amplification of PP, ABS, and HDPE Flexure Hinges
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline Input (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 15 & 25 & 40 & 50 & 63 & 80 & 95 & 113 & 138 & 175 \\ \hline Output 25\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 89 & 157 & 228 & 283 & 341 & 413 & 458 & 493 & 524 & 745 \\ \hline Output 20\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 102 & 160 & 245 & 294 & 360 & 424 & 461 & 507 & 576 & 762 \\ \hline Output 15\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 105 & 166 & 254 & 309 & 360 & 445 & 502 & 544 & 615 & 785 \\ \hline Output 10\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 110 & 172 & 264 & 319 & 374 & 474 & 548 & 611 & 684 & 790 \\ \hline Output 5\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 107 & 178 & 274 & 336 & 415 & 493 & 584 & 646 & 715 & 814 \\ \hline Output 0\% (\(\upmu\)m) & 0 & 115 & 194 & 290 & 353 & 450 & 532 & 608 & 662 & 744 & 857 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Average input and output parameters of HDPE hinges at different recycle ratios. Figure 5: Displacement of HDPE flexure hinges at different recycle ratios. The amplification ratio values are 5.668, 5.404, 5.159, 4.852, 4.616, and 4.436, which correspond to the HDPE flexure hinge at recycle ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Generally, increasing the recycle ratio leads to a slight improvement in the amplification rate, which is similar to the PP and ABS cases. Most importantly, improving the input value mostly leads to a linear increase in the output value. At a recycle ratio of 0%, the HDPE flexure hinge has the highest amplification ratio of 5.668. At a recycle ratio of 25%, the HDPE flexure hinge achieves the lowest amplification ratio of 4.436, which is 21.7% lower than the highest. The amplification ratio of the HDPE hinge is primarily lower when compared to the titanium alloy flexure hinge with an amplification of 6.0 in [PERSON] et al. 's work [33]. The reason for this is that titanium alloys have a higher strength and rigidity than the HDPE plastic. Additionally, the HDPE flexure hinge's amplification ratio is significantly lower than that of the ABS flexure hinge. Overall, all the PP, ABS, and HDPE hinges have linear relationships between the input and output displacement. This principle is unchanged by the presence of recycled plastics. Additionally, adding recycled plastics causes the amplification ratio to decrease. This decrease in the amplification ratio, however, is small. At a 25% recycle ratio, the PP, ABS, and HDPE flexure hinges gain an amplification ratio that is 12%, 13.3, and 21.7% lower than the pure plastic hinges. Additionally, using recycled plastics could reduce the need for new plastic made from raw materials.
# Implementing Federated Governance in Data Mesh Architecture +
###### Abstract  
Analytical data platforms have been used for decades to improve organizational performance. Starting from the data warehouses used primarily for structured data processing, through the data lakes oriented for raw data storage and post-hoc data analyses, to the data lakehouses--a combination of raw storage and business intelligence pre-processing for improving the platform's efficacy. But in recent years, a new architecture called Data Mesh has emerged. The main promise of this architecture is to remove the barriers between operational and analytical teams in order to boost the overall value extraction from the big data. A number of attempts have been made to formalize and implement it in existing projects. Although being defined as a socio-technical paradigm, data mesh still lacks the technology support to enable its widespread adoption. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new view of the platform requirements alongside the formal governance definition that we believe can help in the successful adoption of the data mesh. It is based on fundamental aspects such as decentralized data domains and federated computational governance. In addition, we also present a blockchain-based implementation of a mesh platform as a practical validation of our theoretical proposal. Overall, this article demonstrates a novel research direction for information system decentralization technologies.  
decentralized systems; federated governance; metadata management; data mesh; blockchain +
Footnote †: This article is an extended version of our paper published in 5 th Congress on Blockchain and Applications.
## 3 The Conceptual Framework Proposed
### Analyzing the Real-Use Environments and Implementing Living Labs  
According to previous studies, realism is the key to implementing living labs. For example, [PERSON] [33] suggests that realism is part of the five core principles of living lab operations, along with continuity, openness, empowerment of users, and spontaneity. [PERSON] et al. [34] also emphasize realism as an important characteristic of living labs in addition to openness, sustainability, value, and influence. The importance of realism highlighted in this literature suggests that the essential requirement for a living lab implementation is to analyze the real-world environment of an object (e.g., products) that will be installed or tested in the living lab.  
Based on this, a conceptual framework for the analysis of the real-use environments of NCPs is presented in this study. As shown in Table 1, the framework consists of three sub-steps. The first stage is to perform a detailed context analysis of the product use to understand the real-use environments of a product, and in the second stage, the key components of living labs are derived from the results of the context analysis. For these two, three types of real-world environment of product use are defined, and used as the main categories for classifying the real-use environments: user context, technological context, and physical context [35; 36]. The third stage is then to determine the priority among the derived living lab components. Because of the limited time and cost, it may be impossible to implement living labs in every way exactly the same as the real world, so priority is necessary. For a better understanding, a detailed description of each stage is provided below.
## 6 Conclusions  
A method for designing the constant modulus waveforms for MIMO dual-function radar-communication systems was proposed in this paper. The design problem was mathematically formulated as an optimization problem subject to the constraints of waveform synthesis and constant modulus. The optimization problem thus formulated, being non-convex and NP-hard, was solved iteratively using an ADMM framework. Importantly, the designed waveforms approximated a desired beampattern in terms of a high-gain radar beam and a slightly high gain communication beam while maintaining a desired low sidelobe level. The designed waveforms ensured an improved detection probability and an improved bit error rate (BER) for the radar and communications parts, respectively. Based on the simulation results, the effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been validated.  
Conceptualization, A.S. and A.B.; Methodology, A.B. and W.K.; Software, A.S. and M.F.M.; Validation, A.W.; Formal analysis, A.W. and S.A.A.; Investigation, A.S. and W.K.; Resources, A.N.M. and A.D.; Data curation, A.W. and P.P.; Writing--review & editing, A.S., A.B., M.F.M., A.W., W.K., A.N.M., A.D., S.A.A. and P.P.; Supervision, A.S., A.B. and A.N.M.; Funding acquisition, S.A.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is funded by the Research Supporting Project Number (RSPD2023R585), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 12: Comparison of different methods: SER vs. SNR.