# NursingXR: Advancing Nursing Education Through Virtual Reality-Based Training
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Quantitative Analysis  
This section evaluates the responses from novices and experts regarding various aspects of the NursingXR platform. Ratings were based on a Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree), and independent sample \(t\)-tests were conducted to compare perceptions between the two groups. Table 4 shows the results, including descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) as well as the outcome of each \(t\)-tests for the various questions (Q1, Q2, Q3, etc.) assessed in the questionnaire. These analyses address RQ1 regarding the platform's effectiveness in enhancing task proficiency and RQ2 regarding the role of user interface and interaction design in facilitating task execution. With regard to user interface and user experience (Q1), novices rated the main menu's ease of use slightly lower (mean: 3.48) than experts (mean: 3.7). However, the \(t\)-test revealed no statistically significant difference (two-tailed \(p\)-value = 0.9025), indicating that both novices and experts found the main menu intuitive. Feedback regarding ease \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l} \hline \hline
**Q\#** & **Question** & & **Novices (\(n\) = 25)** & **Experts (\(n\) = 53)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q1} & \multirow{3}{*}{Main Menu was easy to use.} & Mean & 3.48 & 3.70 \\  & & SD & 0.92 & 1.03 \\  & & Mode/Median & 3/3.48 & 4/4 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 0.9025 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.3697 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q2} & \multirow{3}{*}{Navigation was intuitive.} & Mean & 3.64 & 3.43 \\  & & SD & 1.11 & 1.12 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/4 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 0.7604 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.4494 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q3} & \multirow{3}{*}{Object manipulation was intuitive} & Mean & 3.64 & 3.28 \\  & & SD & 0.86 & 1.10 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/3.4 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 1.4295 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.1570 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q4} & \multirow{3}{*}{The experience was visually pleasing.} & Mean & 3.4 & 3.83 \\  & & SD & 1.00 & 1.07 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/4 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 1.6918 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.0948 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Steps to complete procedure were easily understood.} & Mean & 3.68 & 3.21 \\  & & SD & 0.95 & 1.10 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 3/3 \\  & & & t = 1.8505 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.0681 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q6} & \multirow{3}{*}{VR lessons are similar to those in real life.} & Mean & 3.36 & 3.38 \\  & & SD & 1.22 & 1.15 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/4 \\  & & & \(t\) = 0.0611 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.9514 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q7} & \multirow{3}{*}{VR educational potential is at least equivalent to traditional methods.} & Mean & 3.52 & 3.64 \\  & & SD & 1.05 & 1.02 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/4 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 0.4868 & \\  & & & \(p\)-value = 0.6278 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q8} & \multirow{3}{*}{VR educational potential as complement to traditional methods.} & Mean & 3.36 & 3.09 \\  & & SD & 1.11 & 1.11 \\  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 3/3 \\  & & \(t\)-test & t = 0.9830 & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Q9} & \multirow{3}{*}{VR provides better information retention (memory capacity) than traditional education.} & Mean & 3.88 & 3.60 \\  & & SD & 1.24 & 1.04 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Mode/Median & 4/4 & 4/3.4 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & \(t\)-test & t = 1.0274 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Outcomes of the two-tailed \(t\)-test comparing Novice and Expert groups after using NursingXR. of navigation within the application (_Q2_) was also high, with novices rating it 3.64 on average and experts slightly lower at 3.43. The difference did not approach statistical significance (_p_-value = 0.7604), highlighting that both groups generally found navigation intuitive, despite minor usability challenges experienced by some participants. Both groups rated object interaction (_Q3_) positively, with novices giving an average rating of 3.64 and experts rating it slightly lower at 3.28.