esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions
In DGS, an almost omnidirectional radiation pattern is obtained, and the isolation is mainly increased at lower and higher frequency ranges as compared to two-port UMA with CG. In metamaterial DT, the shape of the radiation pattern is slightly deformed but omnidirectional. There is no change in the isolation at lower and mid-frequency ranges, except in the high-frequency range in contrast with two-port UMA without CG. In PE, the directional radiation pattern and good impedance bandwidth are achieved in the UWB range. The isolation is greatly improved at lower and higher frequency bands. In CBF, the shape of the radiation pattern is deformed. There is a huge increase in the isolation as compared to two-port UMA with CG. In SES, an almost omnidirectional radiation pattern is obtained as compared to two-port UMA with CG, where there is almost no change in the isolation. Each DT has its own benefits and limitations. However, as per the literature survey, placing AEs at a 180\({}^{\circ}\) orientation, NL, PE, and SES provide high isolation because, in these DTs, there is no direct connection between the ground planes of AE. Based on the simulated study, CBF and placing AEs at a 180\({}^{\circ}\) orientation provides high isolation even if the ground is connected. However, when the ground is not connected, placing AEs at a 90\({}^{\circ}\) orientation provides high isolation. This review article will help future works in many ways. Using the literature survey, one can understand the issues of recently reported work on DTs. Using the simulated study, researchers can estimate the effect of applying various DTs on various parameters, such as impedance matching, isolation, and pattern. The proposed review articles can save researchers time when selecting an appropriate DT without compromising the antenna performance. Conceptualization, S.J., G.S. and S.K. ; formal analysis, S.J., H.M. and H.C.C. ; investigation, B.G., H.C.C. and K.W.K. ; writing--original draft preparation, S.J. ; writing--review and editing, S.K. and K.W.K. ; supervision, G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2023R137), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data Availability StatementNot applicable. AcknowledgmentsThis research was supported in part by the National Research and Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2022R1I1A3064460) and in part by the BK21 FOUR project funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 4199990113966).
# Optimization of Heat Pump Systems in Buildings by Minimizing Costs and CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions
## 3 Case Study
### Assumptions for Heat Pumps and Electric Heaters
#### 3.2.2 Costs of Installed Heating System  
The costs associated with all components of a heating system as well as their installation and maintenance costs were evaluated over the period analyzed. The prices of HPs were determined based on commercial offers, taking into account the capacity and type of heat pump. The prices of EHs were sourced from the website [42]. It is important to  
Figure 4: Relative average monthly heat consumption in renovated and unrenovated schools and kindergartens.  
note that various types of HPs have different lifetimes. Ground source heat pumps are generally considered more reliable and durable compared to air-to-water and hybrid HPs, with warranty periods of up to 20 years. On the other hand, air-to-water and hybrid HPs usually come with a 10-year warranty. This means that in the long term, air-to-water and hybrid HPs will require more frequent repairs or replacements. In the case of a heat pump replacement, the installation cost will be significantly lower than for the first installation. Thus, due to their durability and reliability, GSHPs result in lower long-term investment costs and a 30% reduction in the cost of GSHPs, and their installation was assumed in the analysis. When determining the installation and maintenance costs, it was assumed that the installation costs of GSHPs would not exceed 15% of the heat pump's price, with an annual maintenance cost of EUR 950. The installation costs of air-to-water and hybrid HPs were assumed to be 10% and 20% of the heat pump's price, respectively, and annual maintenance costs were assumed to be 2% of the heat pump's price. The installation cost of EHs was assumed to be 7% of the electric heater's price, and the annual maintenance costs was assumed to be 1% of the electric heater's price.
## 2 MANTiS-32 Wireless Measurement System Design  
To facilitate real-time structural health monitoring of bridge structures, this study presents the development of a modular, integrated wireless sensing system, termed MANTiS-32, based on an open-source platform architecture capable of high-throughput data transmission. The MANTiS-32 system is specifically designed to interface with MANTiS-6050 sensor nodes via RS485 communication, enabling efficient collection, processing, and evaluation of dynamic structural response data. The system architecture is built upon the ESP32-C3 dual-core microcontroller, which offers both high computational performance and robust wireless communication capabilities. The MANTiS-32 platform supports real-time signal acquisition, wireless data transmission, and edge-level data processing, thereby allowing simultaneous data measurement and structural performance evaluation with low latency and high reliability. In addition, the open-source development environment provides a high degree of flexibility and scalability, permitting the modification and enhancement of system performance parameters to meet diverse structural and environmental conditions encountered in bridge monitoring applications. From an energy-efficiency standpoint, the system is optimized for long-term autonomous operation through a deep sleep mode, in which current consumption can be reduced to the microampere level. This low-power design, combined with the system's favorable cost-to-performance ratio, underscores its practical applicability for large-scale deployment in wireless SHM of civil infrastructure.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Platform** & **Sensors** & **Bus Size** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sync.** \\ **Method** \\ \end{tabular} & **Time Sync. Error** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sampling** \\ **Frequency** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Estimated Cost** \\ **(Per Node)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline MANTiS-32 & 8 & 32 bit & GPS (PPS) & \(\leq\)1 ms & \(\leq\)200 Hz & USD 70–80 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Xnode} & \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{32 bit} & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Adaptive iterative \\ algorithm \\ \end{tabular} } & \(\leq\)15 μs & 1\(\sim\)16 kHz & USD 800 \\ \hline LARA & 1 & - & NTP & - & 333 Hz & \(\sim\)USD 100 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Imote2} & \multirow{2}{*}{1–2} & 10 bit & FTSP & 10 μs & \(\leq\)400 Hz & USD 500–600 \\ \hline \hline Mica2 & 1 & 16 bit & FTSP & 1.48 μs & \(\leq\)128 Hz & \(\sim\)USD 200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparative specifications of SHM platforms and the proposed MANTiS-32 system.
# High-Efficiency Closed-Loop Control of a Robotic Fish via Virtual Musculoskeletal Methodology
## 2 Modeling of Two-Joint Robotic Fish
### The Propulsive Efficiency  
The propulsive efficiency is defined as the ratio of the useful work to push the fish forward and the total work consumed by all components of the robotic fish.  
\[\eta=\frac{W_{useful}}{W_{total}} \tag{9}\]  
In our model, the components that need to be actuated are the two joints. The total work in one period is  
\[W_{total}=\int_{0}^{T}(M_{1}(t)\dot{\theta}_{10}(t)+M_{2}(t)\dot{\theta}_{21}(t ))dt. \tag{10}\]  
As the swing of the joints generates the hydrodynamic force to push the fish forward in the \(X\) direction, the useful work in one period is  
\[W_{useful}=\int_{0}^{T}(F_{1x}(t)+F_{2x}(t))\cdot V_{0}(t)dt. \tag{11}\]
# A Novel Model for Accurate Daily Urban Gas Load Prediction Using Genetic Algorithms
## 3 Mathematic Model
### Solving of the MWP-DLP Model
#### 3.2.2 Solving Process  
The genetic algorithm (GA) is an optimization search algorithm inspired by biological evolution, mimicking natural selection and genetic mechanisms to iteratively improve solutions. Its core steps are as follows:  
1. Population Initialization: Randomly generate an initial set of solutions (individuals) within the problem's solution space. Each individual is encoded (commonly using binary or real-number encoding), and the collection of all individuals forms the population.
2. Fitness Evaluation: Define a fitness function to measure the quality of each individual. A higher fitness value indicates a better solution tailored to the problem.
3. Selection Operation: Based on fitness values, select individuals from the current population as parents for the next generation. Common selection methods include roulette wheel selection and tournament selection, prioritizing individuals with higher fitness.
4. Crossover Operation: Combine the selected parent individuals to generate offspring. This mimics biological recombination by exchanging genetic segments (e.g., binary bits or real-number parameters) between parents, creating new trait combinations in offspring.
5. Mutation Operation: Introduce small random changes to offspring individuals to maintain population diversity. Mutation simulates genetic mutations, altering specific bits or parameters in the encoding to explore new solutions.
6. Replacement Operation: Replace part of the current population with newly generated offspring, forming a new population for the next iteration.
7. Termination Check: Determine if the termination condition is met (e.g., maximum iterations, converged fitness value). If satisfied, the algorithm ends and outputs the optimal solution; otherwise, return to Step 2 for further iteration.  
The MWP-DLP model was solved by the genetic algorithm. We input MWP- DLP model parameters into MATLAB R2022b. The initial population size was set to 60, the binary coding length to 56, the crossover probability to 0.2, the mutation probability to 0.01, and the number of iterations to 1100. The model predicted value, variable coefficient, and variance sum of each 100 iterations were recorded, and the coefficient value that minimized the objective function was solved to obtain a modified model suitable for the city.
# Fully Open-Source Meeting Minutes Generation Tool
## 3 Proposal of Meeting Minutes Generation System
### Audio-to-Text Function  
This function employed the _audio-to-text_ algorithm to convert audio signals into text. Before transcribing the audio from every segmented video, normalization is performed. Resampling by _ffimpeg_ normalizes the video's sampling rate to match with the standard sampling rate of 16 kHz. Current _audio-to-text_ models use transformer architectures due to the efficiency of handling distant connections in audio data.  
Then, pre-processing is performed to convert the raw audio into a _Mel spectrogram_. The _Mel spectrogram_ is a 2D representation of the audio's frequency content over time. Some models combine the convolutional feature encoder to extract patterns and reduce the data's complexity. The core component of the transformer architecture is the context model by the self-attention mechanism. It captures important connections across the entire audio sequence, allowing the model to process relations from short or long word sequence. The sequence order is defined by the positional encoding. Lastly, the post-processing ensures the transcription is coherent, adding punctuation and making grammatical adjustments where needed. The process allows the transformer-based model to process entire sequences in parallel, improving transcription accuracy by focusing on different parts of the input simultaneously.
## 3 Various Damage Distribution Functions and Solution of Critical Parameters
### Solution Method for the Parameters in the Shear Constitutive Models  
There are some parameters that need to be obtained in the shear constitutive model based on statistical damage. The shear stiffness (\(K_{\mathrm{s}}\)), yield point displacement (\(u_{y}\)), and residual strength (\(\tau_{\mathrm{r}}\)) can be directly obtained by ring shear test. There are two unknown parameters (such as \(a\) and \(b\), \(m\) and \(u_{0}\)) in the above damage distribution functions, which can be expressed as an array \(\beta\) (\(\beta_{1}\), \(\beta_{2}\)). These two parameters are the focus of solving the parameters of the constitutive model. In order to more objectively describe the fitting effect of the constitutive model on the shear curve of soil, a fitting method different from the previous method of solving parameters by peak value is adopted. The commonly used solution method is the iterative least square method. It finds the best matching parameter of test data through the minimum sum of squares of residuals. This method is usable and can give good fitting results for a large number of data. The original shear stress vs. shear displacement data can be obtained by the ring shear test of slip zone soil. The iterative least square method is used to fit the shear constitutive model with the original data. The specific fitting process is shown in Figure 6:  
1. [label=(0)]
2. Obtain the test parameters \(K_{s}\), \(u_{y}\), and \(\tau_{r}\) through ring shear test, then substitute them into the shear constitutive model;
3. As shown in Figure 6A, substitute the above damage distribution into the constitutive model. Set the initial parameter value \(\beta^{0}\) and substitute it into the model;
4. As shown in Figure 6B, use the least square method to fit, determine the parameter array \(\beta\) corresponding to the minimum sum of squares of residuals (\(S_{\mathrm{min}}\)). For the convenience of calculation, convert this step to solving the partial derivative of the sum of squares of residuals with respect to parameter array \(\beta\);
5. As shown in Figure 6C, use the Gauss-Newton method for iterative calculation. Set the iterative vector to \(\Delta\beta\), and iterate the parameter array \(\beta\) at the same time;
6. When the partial derivative of the sum of squared residuals \(S\) is less than the threshold \(\varepsilon\), the function is considered to be convergent, and the iterative times is \(k\). Determine the parameter values \(\beta^{k}\) (\(\beta_{1}^{k}\), \(\beta_{2}^{k}\)) of the fitted model.
# Response of Seismically Damaged Steel Reduced Beam Section Joints under Fire
## 5 Conclusions  
The behaviour of steel welded reduced beam section (RBS) joints equipped with rib stiffeners subjected to elevated temperature was numerically investigated, also considering the effects of initial plastic damage induced by cyclic (seismic-like) loading. Both internal and external joints were considered, and two different sizes of the cuts for the beam flange were considered (namely RBS-65 and RBS-80, corresponding to 65% and 80% of the beam plastic moment). Based on the obtained results, the following conclusions can be summarized:  
* The adopted finite element modelling assumptions satisfactorily simulate the mechanical response of the joints on the basis of the comparison with some experimental results available from the literature. In particular, the elastic stiffness, resistance, hysteretic response, and damage pattern are accurately predicted.
* All examined RBS joints show very ductile behaviour under cyclic loading; indeed, independently from the imposed ultimate rotation (4% and 6%), all plastic deforma  
Figure 14: Influence of the cyclic pre-damage on the JJ-RBS-65 joints subjected to the S1 scenario in terms of time-rotation (**a**) and temperature-rotation curves (**b**).  
Figure 13: Comparison between the RBS configurations in the S1, S2, and S3 fire scenarios in terms of time-rotation (**a**) and temperature-rotation curves (**b**).  
tions are confined in the reduced segment of the beam. Moreover, the presence of the welded rib stiffeners allows the connection to be kept in the elastic range, thus preserving the beam-to-column welds from premature failure.
* As expected, the joints with the greater cut of the beam flange (i.e., RBS-65) exhibit larger degradation under cyclic loading due to out-of-plane plastic deformation at 0.06 rad.
* When exposed to fire, the undamaged joints with the greater cut of the beam flange (i.e., RBS-65) exhibit slightly greater degradation, but the differences are rather small in comparison with RBS-80. However, the stronger joints guarantee greater resisting time.
* The seismically damaged joints do not show appreciable differences if subjected to fire scenarios, since the cyclic pre-damage is mainly in the beam flanges, while the fire resistance is mainly guaranteed by the shear resistance of the beam, which is scarcely influenced by the seismic damage.  
Conceptualization, R.T., M.D. and R.L.; Software, R.T. and M.D.; Writing - original draft, R.T. and M.D.; Writing - review & editing, R.T., M.D. and R.L.; Supervision, R.L. All authors have contributed equally to this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no funding.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
The authors of [11] present a numerical investigation to identify the quantitative effects of fundamental control parameters on the detachment characteristics of isolated bubbles, in cases of pool boiling in the nucleate boiling regime, with the help of OpenFOAM CFD Toolbox. The results of an experimental study and the modelling of fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in a heat sink with several asymmetric heated minichannels, with the use of Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software, are described in [12]. Another approach was proposed in [13; 14] where molecular dynamics simulations were used. In both works, the authors applied the open source LAMMPS code. In [13], Argon-based fluid with silver nanoparticles was considered during flow boiling experiments in a cubic microchannel. The authors found that the presence of silver nanoparticles increased the heat transfer rate. Studies on the effects of the presence of surface roughness elements with cone geometry on the boiling flow behaviour of argon fluid inside microchannels were the subject of [14]. The authors focused on different boundary wall temperatures using the molecular dynamic simulation method. It was noticed that increasing the time step and the enhancement of the boundary wall temperatures reduce the influences of roughness elements on the flow behaviour and that the roughness elements empower the boiling process. In this work, ADINA software was applied to perform numerical simulations. This software is less popular than the ones mentioned above. However, its solver has some advantages (for example, it offers fully coupled fluid-structure interaction analysis [15]). For example, in [16] ADINA software was used to analyse the heat exchange process adopted for the electric-thermal storage process in charging and heat emission. The authors of [17] used the ADINA CFD module to study the vibration of the valve installed in the piston. The main aim of this work is to investigate the subcooled boiling heat transfer during the cooling liquid flow in a minichannel heat sink. Special attention was paid to the effect of the mass flow rate/flow velocity on the values of the heat transfer coefficient. It should be emphasized that the determination of the thermal and flow parameters of a minichannel heat exchanger is a very important topic for its effectiveness. In order to solve the heat transfer problem, numerical methods based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) were applied, using an individual approach based on Trefftz functions (named FEMT) and using ADINA commercial software. One of the main novelties in this work is the use of the commercial ADINA program for modelling heat transfer problems during flow in the unsteady state.
# A Psychoacoustic-Based Multiple Audio Object Coding Approach via Intra-Object Sparsity
## 3 Performance Evaluation
### Test Conditions  
The QUASI audio database [29] is employed as the test database in our evaluation work, which offers a vast variety categories of audio object signals (e.g., piano, vocal, drums, vocal, etc.) sampled at 44.1 kHz. All the test audio data are selected from this database. Four test files are used for evaluate the encoding quality when multiple audio objects are active simultaneously. Each test file consists of eight audio segments which is created with the length of 15 s. In other words, eight audio segments representing eight different types of audio objects are grouped together to form a multi-track test audio file, where the notes are also different among the eight tracks. The MUltiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSRHA) methodology [30] and Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) are employed in subjective and objective evaluation, respectively. Moreover, there are 15 listeners who took part in each subjective listening test. A 2048-points MDCT is utilized with 50% overlapping while adopting KBD window as window function.
# Optimization of the AODV-Based Packet Forwarding Mechanism for BLE Mesh Networks
## 4 Optimized-AODV Protocol Topologies and Testbed Design
### How the Optimizations Were Achieved
#### 5.1.2 Route Request Search and TTL Optimization  
To improve the protocol's efficiency in terms of delays, we reduced the ring buffer delay, the route request search TTL, and the route request interval timings while improving the routing table's entries to accommodate more routes.