# DMRVR: Dynamic Milk-Run Vehicle Routing Solution Using Fog-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 2 Related Work  
Presently, it is common practice for the OEM supply chain setting [28] of leading industries to acquire components from suppliers and assemble them into final products for the end costumers. Electronic equipment producers, such as computers and automobile industries, are typical OEM examples. In accordance, stakeholders are forced to replace the traditional receiving, inspecting, and storage pattern by commit-to-delivery JIT business agreements [29]. To deal with this challenge in the evolving industry framework, all participants must develop integrated production and transport scheduling strategies to reduce adverse tardiness effects when supplying the main OEM production line [10; 30]. Associated with the OEM production process, logistics operators usually adopt the milk-run scheme to collect components and parts from suppliers and transport them, over planned routes, to the company production line. Trucks are dispatched at specified periods, visiting a number of suppliers to collect components or sub-products [4; 11; 31] and take them to the production line. The objective of this research is to analyze a milk-run routing strategy integrated with the supplier's production scheduling. This strategy seeks to minimize tardiness levels when delivering parts, and components to the OEM production line, under a commit-to-delivery JIT framework [10; 32]. It is common to have interruptions in OEM production processes that affect production performance. They include machine breakdowns, demand fluctuations, reorder problems, set-up interruptions, unexpected urgent orders, etc., along with traffic delays and disruptions in the transportation network. It is crucial to appropriately handle such interruptions in a flexible manufacturing system to optimize overall operational performance. When an unforeseen disruption occurs, the scheduling is modified to maintain established efficiency levels or to improve performance if possible. Such action will permit the company to cope with uncertainties in the productive process and thereby anticipate corrective measures to avoid disruptions in the system. In practice, the development of predictable schedules for systems with uncertainties is usually tricky. To the logistics agents, who collect and transport OEM components from the supplier's premises to the main company, it is vital to have a reliable order release delay forecast to marshal their activities. Vehicle routing problems have a vast range of research, and one of its aspects is the studies that involve intermodal issues. Ref. [33] focuses on finding the best route for shipments through an international intermodal network. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective multimodal flow problem with time windows, being an NP-hard problem. The authors [34] present a framework to support decisions for intermodal transport networks combining the advantages of simulation and optimization methods. It considered a dynamic and stochastic environment in intermodal transport, offering solutions that minimize costs and reduce the negative impact of transportation activities. In [35], the authors investigate a routing problem considering flexible delivery time windows and demand/capacity uncertainty in a road-rail intermodal transport system. This study aims to minimize the total costs generated in the intermodal road and rail transport activities, revealing the effects of demand imprecision and routing optimization capacity. Ref. [36] presents a multi-objective routing model for managing the transportation of hazardous materials in a multimodal road-rail network. Routing optimization uses diffuse smooth time windows to optimize delivery, improving the quality of the transport service. As these are works with proposals to solve intermodal problems, the complexities involved are more significant than that of the present work. Another critical factor to consider is that none use vehicular networks to monitor loads' displacement, not making real-time changes to the routes.