## 3 Materials and Methods
### Genesis and Evolution of the TAO Model  
The Three-Way Decision (3 WD) model was proposed by Canadian scholar [PERSON] and is rooted in the fundamental philosophical principles of cognitive science and the theory of uncertain decision-making [26]. The core concept of the Three-Way Decision model is to simplify and resolve complex decision-making problems by mimicking human cognitive processes and behavioral patterns. This is achieved through a divide-and-conquer approach and sequential strategies, using a tripartite division methodology [8]. Due to its alignment with human cognitive characteristics, over the past 40 years, the Three-Way Decision model has evolved into a significant theory and method for addressing uncertainty, gaining widespread attention from scholars both domestically and internationally.  
The idea of the Three-Way Decision model originated from the Rough Set Theory proposed by Polish mathematician [PERSON]. This theory employs lower and upper approximation sets to partition the universe of discourse, providing a method for handling imperfect and uncertain information [27]. In the Rough Set-based Three-Way Decision model, the universe is divided into three mutually exclusive regions: the positive region, the boundary region, and the negative region. Each region is associated with a specific decision strategy: \"acceptance\" for the positive region, \"non-commitment\" for the boundary region, and \"rejection\" for the negative region [28]. This structure forms the foundational model and mathematical interpretation of Three-Way Decision theory. The Rough Set-based Three-Way Decision model is illustrated in Figure 1.  
The TAO model, known as the Trisecting-Acting-Outcome model, was developed by [PERSON] based on the core principles of Three-Way Decision theory. The initial Three-Way Decision model included only two elements: trisection and action. To create a more comprehensive decision-making framework, the crucial phase of outcome evaluation was later incorporated, ultimately leading to the formation of the TAO model, which consists of trisection, action, and outcome [28]. This model is divided into three interrelated yet independent components, with specific strategies applied to each. The Basic Theoretical Framework of the TAO Model is illustrated in Figure 2.  
The TAO model primarily consists of three components: trisection; action; and outcome evaluation. The function of trisection, represented by a solid line, is to divide a whole into three related yet relatively independent parts; the resulting three parts are referred to as the three parts of the whole, and trisecting a whole will yield the anticipated outcome.  
Figure 1: Rough Set Three-Way decision-making model. Source: [PERSON] The Superiority of Three-Way Decisions in Probabilistic Rough Set Models. Information Sciences 2011, 181, 1080–1096, doi:10.1016/j.ins.2010.11.019 [27].  
Figure 2: Basic Theoretical Framework of the TAO Model. Source: [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON] Effectiveness Measure for TAO Model of Three-Way Decisions with Interval Set. IFS 2021, 40, 11071–11084, doi:10.3233/JIFS-202207 [28].  
The function of action, represented by a dashed line, is to apply a set of strategies to handle these three parts. Evaluation is the process of assessing the decision and providing feedback on its effectiveness. The three components of trisection, action, and evaluation collectively implement the trisection-driven Three-Way Decision [29]. The TAO model provides a framework for the operation of the Three-Way Decision. When applying the model to specific applications, it is necessary to use semantically and physically meaningful trisection, profitable operations, and informative effectiveness measures.