# Design Procedures for Sustainable Structural Concretes Using Wastes and Industrial By-Products
## 3 Results
### Physical Properties
#### 3.3.2 Water Absorption by Capillarity  
The water absorption by capillarity test, also called the sorptivity test, was performed first by drying the specimens in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 \(\pm\) 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C until the mass variation during 24 h was lower than 0.1%. Later, the specimens were immersed in water at a height of \(5\pm 1\) mm of water, for 72 h, during which the increase in mass of the specimens was measured. The water absorption by capillarity (\(W_{c}\)) was determined by the ratio between the increase in weight, \(M_{i}-M_{o}\), and the cross-section of the bottom surface of the specimen (\(\Omega_{i}\)), i.e., the surface area in contact with the water, according to the following equation [50]:  
\[W_{c}=\frac{(M_{i}-M_{0})}{\Omega_{i}}\times 100 \tag{7}\]  
where \(M_{i}\) is the mass of the specimen in contact with the water for different times of reading (\(\sqrt{t_{i}}\)), and \(M_{0}\) is the dry mass of the specimen. Tables 13-15 show the results of water absorption by capillarity for the reference mixture REF2, and for the designed mixtures EAFS8D1 and FRC_EAFS, respectively. Figure 7 shows the specimens during the water absorption by capillarity test.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Time (min\({}^{0.5}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Absorption Mass ( \(\times\)10\({}^{3}\) mg)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\(W_{c}\) **(mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(W_{cm}\) **(mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-7}  & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** \\ \hline  
\hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Results of water absorption test by immersion under vacuum for the for the EAFS8D1 mixture.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen** & \(M_{d}\) **(g)** & \(M_{s}\) **(g)** & \(M_{h}\) **(g)** & \(W_{vc}\) **(\%)** & \(W_{vm}\) **(\%)** & **CoV** \\ \hline EAFS8D1\_C1 & 160.75 & 174.18 & 111.08 & 21.28 & & \\ EAFS8D1\_C2 & 160.81 & 174.56 & 110.35 & 21.41 & & \\ EAFS8D1\_C3 & 159.39 & 173.07 & 109.39 & 21.48 & & \\ EAFS8D1\_C4 & 156.96 & 171.40 & 107.65 & 22.65 & 21.75 & 0.020 \\ EAFS8D1\_C5 & 159.36 & 173.20 & 109.32 & 21.67 & & \\ EAFS8D1\_C6 & 154.43 & 168.14 & 105.86 & 22.00 & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 13: Results of water absorption tests by capillarity obtained for the reference mixture REF2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Time (min\({}^{0.5}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Absorption Mass ( \(\times 10^{3}\) mg)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\(W_{c}\) (mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(W_{cm}\) (mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & \\ \hline  
14 \\
67.53 & 13,525.8 & 13,518.1 & 13,434.96 & 8.00 & 6.51 & 7.41 & 7.31 \\
74.30 & 13,538.6 & 13,527.84 & 13,446.26 & 8.73 & 7.08 & 8.07 & 7.96 \\
75.89 & 13,540.94 & 13,529.48 & 13,448.34 & 8.87 & 7.17 & 8.19 & 8.08 \\
77.46 & 13,543.32 & 13,531.04 & 13,450.64 & 9.00 & 7.26 & 8.33 & 8.20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 14: Results of water absorption tests by capillarity for the EAFS8D1 mixture.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Time (min\({}^{0.5}\))**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Absorption Mass ( \(\times 10^{3}\) mg)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**\(W_{c}\) (mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(W_{cm}\) (mg/mm\({}^{2}\))**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-8}  & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & **C1** & **C2** & **C3** & \\ \hline