## 1 Introduction  
Treacherous road surface conditions are a significant problem for safe and comfortable transportation. The importance of road infrastructure for society can be compared with the importance of blood vessels for humans. For better road surface quality, it should be monitored continuously and repaired as necessary. The optimal distribution of resources for road repairs is possible by providing the availability of comprehensive and objective real-time data about the state of the roads. Developing countries with an escalating economy have an enormously extensive network of roads. Events within the past have shown that countries like the USA have invested about 568 billion a year on the maintenance of roads, bridges, and highways. These potholes also contribute to the degradation of suspension and fuel efficiency. In India, roads are the most common means of mobility; roads carry 90% of passengers and 65% of freight. Even with such a massive network, traveling is tiring in India as the roads are not sufficiently wide and the maintenance is inadequate. Regardless of where you are, driving is a stressful and potentially life-threatening affair. Over the last two decades, with an exponential rise in population, the number of vehicles has increased at a tremendous rate. The road infrastructure is not at par with the number of vehicles to support it, resulting in traffic congestion and accidents. As the ECONOMIC TIME's report of January 2018 suggests, at the very least, 400 people lose their lives every day in the country to road accidents due to potholes [1]. According to the report, \"Road Accidents in India, 2016 [1] \", by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, there were 480,652 road accidents in 2016 as opposed to 501,423 in 2015. However, fatalities resulting from these accidents have risen by about 3.2%, which means that nearly 150,785 people were killed in 2016 compared to 46,133 in 2015 [1]. In India, most of the vehicles (unusually small hatchbacks) sold are either a 0-star rating or a 1-star rating in correspondence to the European standards, which implies that there could be fatal injuries even at moderate speeds. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on reducing traffic congestion and the number of ever-growing accidents. Vast sums of money are spent on repairing these potholes and bumps, however, small developing countries cannot afford to invest these amounts, which are a significant cause of road degradation. Irregularities on the road such as potholes caused by activities like erosion, weather, traffic, and some other factors may lead to accidents. Moreover, human-induced bumps such as speed breakers, which are made in the form of speed bumps, are used to control the speed of the vehicles, but they are not distributed at even distances, and the heights of the speed bumps have not been scientifically justified, which could also cause accidents. While said obstacles ought to be signaled according to specific road regulations, they are not always correctly labeled. One of the primary goals of this research was to detect road irregularities and decrease the number of accidents and fatalities. This approach is cost-efficient and can be applied worldwide. Generically, in modern-day field practices, the evaluation of the road irregularity data is done entirely via the raw data assessment [2]. Several road irregularity stats are used for the same. The existing technique can be categorically classified into three main types: imaging-based, sensor, and manual techniques. There has been a substantial amount of research done in the past on the detection of potholes [3; 4; 5] using various techniques like reconstruction using laser [6], stereo vision [7; 8], Light Detection and Raanging (LIDAR) [9], ultrasonic [10; 11; 12; 13], etc. [PERSON] et al. [10] proposed a method of detecting road surface disruptions based on ultrasonic sensors in which the pothole detection rate of 62% was achieved on a paved road. [PERSON] et al.