## 3 Results and Discussion
### Assessment for Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of EOs in Contact Tests  
The results of the antimicrobial activity of oregano and clove extracts in contact tests revealed that the two oils had an inhibitory effect against the growth of all bacteria and almost all fungal clusters (23 out of 24) (Table 1). In particular, fungi belonging to _Penicillium chrysogenum_, _Cephaloteca__foveolata_, _Cephaloteca_ sp., _Aspergillus versicolor_, and Chaetomiaceae were highly inhibited in the presence of oregano EO (indicated with \"++\"), while a mild effect (indicated with \"+\") was observed for _Aspergillus_ sp., _Ctalosporium panalaltolerans_, _Penicillium_ sp., and strains of the families Phaeosphaeraiaceae \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**CONTACT TEST**} \\ \hline  & ISOLATES & TAXA & OREGANO & CLOVE \\ \hline  & I\({}_{\text{c}}\) & _Bacillus subtilis_ subsp. _ subtilis_ & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\  & II\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Xanthomonadaceae & 1.1 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\  & III\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Streptomyces_ sp. & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\  & IV\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & 1 \(\pm\) 0 cm & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm \\  & V\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\ BACTERIA & VI\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Stentroplomonas_ & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\  & VII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Pseudomonas psychrotolerans_ & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm & 0.2 \(\pm\) 0 cm \\  & VIII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Xanthomonadaceae & 1 \(\pm\) 0 cm & 0.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm \\  & IX\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Cellulosinicrobin cellulans_ & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm & 0.5 \(\pm\) 0 cm \\  & X\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Penibacillusaceae & 1.4 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm & 0.4 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm \\  & XI\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.1 cm \\  & XII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penaibacillus_ sp. & 1.2 \(\pm\) 0 cm & 0.9 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm \\ XIII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Bacillus simplex_ & 2 \(\pm\) 0 cm & 0.6 \(\pm\) 0.2 cm \\ \hline  & I\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penicillium chrysogenum_ & ++ & + \\  & II\({}_{\text{c}}\) & NI & + & + \\  & III\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penicillium chrysogenum_ & ++ & ++ \\  & IV\({}_{\text{b}}\) & _Cephaloteca foveolata_ & ++ & ++ \\  & V\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _A Aspergillus_ sp. & + & + \\  & VI\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Cephaloteca foveolata_ & ++ & ++ \\  & VII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Clalosporium panaloltolerans_ & + & + \\  & VIII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & ++ & + \\  & IX\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Cephaloteca foveolata_ & ++ & ++ \\  & X\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Aspergillus versicolor_ & ++ & ++ \\  & XI\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & ++ & ++ \\ FUNGI & XII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penicillium chrysogenum_ & ++ & ++ \\  & XIV\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Trichocompaceae & + & + \\  & XV\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Chaetomiaceae & ++ & ++ \\  & XVI\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penicillium chrysogenum_ & ++ & ++ \\  & XVII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Cephalothea foveolata_ & ++ & ++ \\  & XVIII\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & + & + \\  & XIX\({}_{\text{a}}\) & Phaeosphaeraiaceae & + & + \\  & XX\({}_{\text{a}}\) & _Penicillium_ sp. & + & + \\  & XXI\({}_{\text{b}}\) & NI & + & + \\  & XXII\({}_{\text{b}}\) & NI & + & + \\ XXIV\({}_{\text{a}}\) & NI & ++ & + \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Inhibition halo of oregano and clove essential oils on bacteria and fungi in contact tests. Tests were performed in duplicate and standard deviation was calculated. NI = not identified strain. Ethanol 70% was used as a negative control as it did not show any inhibitory effect against the isolates. and Trichocomaceae. Clove EO exhibited a high inhibitory activity on _Penicillium chrysogenum_, _Cephaloteca foveolata_, _Cephaloteca_ sp., _Aspergillus versicolor_, and Chaetomiaceae and a medium inhibition on the other clusters (Table 1). A previous work reported the antifungal activity exhibited by clove and garlic oils against different fungal species including _A. niger_[59]. Camphor and clove EO showed antifungal activity against _A. niger_ and _A.