esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Results of Literature Analysis
### Content Analysis
#### 2.2.2 Process
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author** & **Approach** & **Stage** & **Objective** & **Parameters** & **Period** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [38]} & \multirow{2}{*}{MILP} & \multirow{2}{*}{Bi stage} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost minimization} & Internal facility, Holding 3D \\  & & & & printers, Part Production, \\  & & & Delivery costs & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [11]} & \multirow{2}{*}{SDP} & \multirow{2}{*}{Single stage} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost minimization} & Holding, discarding for parts \\  & & & & and tools, purchasing, \\  & & & setup, backorder & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [57]} & \multirow{2}{*}{MDP} & \multirow{2}{*}{Single stage} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost minimization} & purchasing, maintenance, \\  & & & & holding, backorder \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] [6]} & \multirow{2}{*}{MDP} & \multirow{2}{*}{Bi stage} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cost minimization} & Holding, backorder \\  & & & & Unit Ordering, Unit Printing, \\  & & & Inventory Holding, Backorder & Multi-period \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Yilmaz [1]} & \multirow{2}{*}{Heuristics} & \multirow{2}{*}{Bi stage} & Make span time minimization & Jobs completion time \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{He [50]} & \multirow{2}{*}{MILP} & \multirow{2}{*}{Single stage} & Delivery time minimization & Transportation, Route \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Approach, stage, objective, parameters, and period for optimization quantitative methods. Discrete event simulation is widely used in the analysis of the AM environment to simulate operational and tactical decisions. These models adopt variability and uncertainty; therefore, they may represent the dynamics of the spare parts business [5]. System dynamics (SD)-based simulations are also used in the spare parts SC. They are useful for analyzing the outcomes of different scenarios by analyzing variations in parameters [64]. System dynamics are widely applicable in situations where different ranges of materials, information flows, and complex dynamic problems intersect [29]. The review shows that SD-based simulation models were only employed in the scenario analysis. Optimization and simulation modeling, cost models, business models, and theoretical models are utilized for many purposes. The purposes of the models include lifecycle costing analysis, the feasibility of 3D printer installation, and tackling the production of AM spares in remote locations. Cost models incorporate cost objectives in their analysis. The stages and parameters of the economic cost models are listed in Table 5.
# Phytomicrobiones: A Potential Approach for Sustainable Pesticide Biodegradation
## 4 Omics Approaches in Pesticide Biodegradation
### Cell Sorting  
The task of unraveling the intricate functions of various cell types within a plant is a formidable one. In a multicellular organism like a plant, each cell type contributes its specialized functions towards the collective well-being of the organism. For instance, in the roots, pericyclic cells divide to give rise to lateral root primordia, while in the leaves, mesophyll cells are dedicated to the vital process of carbon fixation during gaseous exchange with the environment. To decipher the genetic factors orchestrating these specialized functions, the process of cell sorting emerges as an indispensable tool. Cell sorting, achieved through techniques such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagging, fluorescence-activatedcell sorting (FACS) [149], and laser-capture microdissection [150], plays a pivotal role in the oomics toolkit of deciphering pesticide-degrading microorganisms. Among these methods, FACS stands out as one of the most cost-effective and efficient techniques for analyzing the omics characteristics of specific cell types. This flow cytometry-based approach offers the capability to separate cells based on morphological characteristics and the expression of multiple proteins, thereby enabling a focused exploration of the functional diversity within phytomicrobiomes. FACS operates by utilizing a fluorescent laser beam to screen and isolate target cells as they pass through the laser's path. The collected cells are then promptly subjected to lysis for molecular extraction. Having the capability of sorting well-defined cell populations, omics technologies step into the spotlight to provide a holistic understanding of pesticide-degrading microorganisms. Transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics form a robust ensemble of tools for assessing the genomic characteristics of these potential microbes [151]. These omics approaches unlock the genetic information, shedding light on the complex interactions, regulatory networks, and metabolic pathways that drive pesticide degradation. As we navigate the omics technologies, we decipher the genomic blueprints of pesticide degraders, unraveling their molecular strategies for detoxifying these chemical foes. In the following sections, we will explore the insights offered by each of these omics disciplines, uncovering the genetic secrets that underpin the vital role of microorganisms in the biodegradation of pesticides. Through these revelations, we will forge new pathways towards sustainable pesticide management and environmental protection.
# MZM Optimization of PAM-4 Transmission in Data Center Interconnect
## 1 Introduction  
The dramatic growth in capacity requirement in optical communication systems increases the motivation to encode the digital information in multilevel optical signals [1; 2]. Multilevel modulation introduces lower symbol rate and narrower spectra which relax the bandwidth requirements of the optoelectronic components. On the other hand, multilevel signaling reduces the distance between the levels, resulting in lower immunity to electrical noise, optical noise, non-linear distortions, and other impairments.  
One of the leading multilevel modulation techniques in the recent years for 100 Gbit/s (and beyond) and for both intra- and inter-data center optical links is 4-levelpulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) [2; 3; 4] mainly due to its higher signal to noise ratio (SNR). Optical transmitters based on Mach-Zender Modulator (MZM) using indium phosphate and silicon photonics are becoming increasingly available for data center connections [5], especially for data centers inter-connection (DCI) which aim to connect data centers over up to 80 km [2; 4; 5]. Therefore, it is of great interest to introduce performance improvement techniques for PAM-4 transmission over link distance of 80 km using MZM and optical amplifiers, which is required for such fiber length. In this paper, we show two mechanisms of performance improvement to PAM-4 transmission. One mechanism of improvement is associated with the optimizing of the transmitted power levels by performing \"optical uneven PAM\" transmission, using the inherent non-linearity transfer function of MZM together with a non-linear equalizer, maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE). The second mechanism of improvement is related to the optical modulation amplitude (OMA) improvement, utilizing the transfer function of the MZM together with a booster optical amplifier.  
The remainder of this paper is divided into four sections. Section 2 presents fundamental equations associated with the power level optimization technique. Section 3 shows how MZM's transfer function is used to generate the power level and OMA optimizations. Section 4 presents lab measurements of 53 Gbaud PAM-4 (106 Gbps) optical transmission setup, while Section 5 presents the conclusions of this research. In addition, in the Appendix A we present analytical derivation of PAM-4 signal with optimum transmission levels.
## 2 Mechanism of a Frame Beam with URSP Connectors  
The shear force at the steel-concrete interface in composite beams generates slip and induces additional deflections. A stress and strain analysis considering the interface slip behavior of the composite beam is depicted in Figure 2. When a composite beam section is subjected to a negative bending moment, the stress and strain generated on the section can be divided into two parts: truss mode and bending mode [35]. In the truss mode, the shear force at the steel-concrete interface provided by shear studs is considered. Therefore, the concrete and steel are subjected to axial tensile and compressive loads, respectively. While in the bending mode, the bending moments of the concrete slab and steel beam are considered, and the two components behave as two independent beam elements with individual neutral axes. It has been demonstrated that the contribution of the truss action is proportional to the degree of shear connection [36]. For composite beams using URSP connectors in regions of a negative moment, the longitudinal constraint along the span direction at the steel-concrete interface is released. Therefore, the truss mode can be neglected, and only the bending mode is taken into consideration. Since the flexural modulus of the concrete slab is much smaller than that of composite components, the tensile strain and stress of the concrete slab can be sharply decreased in beams under negative bending [37].  
Based on the above analysis, the tensile stress of the concrete slab is expected to be significantly reduced through the application of the URSP connectors in the hogging moment region of frame beams. However, the quantitative improvement of the anti-cracking performance of the frame beam and the influences on the ultimate capacity and overall stiffness remain unclear, which should be investigated to further promote the practical application of URSP connectors in steel-concrete composite building structures.
# Practical Application of Mesh Opportunistic Networks
## 4 Results
### Survey
#### 4.1.3 Use of Localization Tools Integrated into the Communication Flow  
The devices integrate pins and location points into the chat communications as GPS location tools. These tools were considered to be effective for the coordinator to indicate where a broadcaster should be and what information should be covered by 90.1% of the participants (10 out of 11). During the experiment, all the participants considered that the indications were sufficiently clear and practically all of them (90.1%) considered that using this system facilitated the coordinator's work in a professional environment in which information must be covered by several informants. Only one participant (9.1%) considered the device difficult to use and ineffective in locating the coordinator so that he could manage the team. Conversely, practically all the participants (90.9%) considered it easy to use and useful. None considered that this location system was invasive at an event of this type. The use of a pin to establish a meeting point to situate all members of the team at a given moment was considered useful by all the participants. As alternatives to the tool used here, they proposed: WhatsApp (four participants), Google Maps (two) and walkie-talkies (one).
# High-Resolution Digital-to-Time Converter Implemented in an FPGA Chip
## 4 Experiments
### Comparison with Other DTCs  
Table 1 compares the performance of the proposed DTC with previous work. Compared with other DTCs implemented in an FPGA device, the proposed DTC achieves the best resolution. The dynamic range and the linearity are also good among the DTCs in the table. The jitter and skew of the proposed DTC is larger than ASIC-based DTCs. That is mainly because the circuit and architecture of ASIC-based DTC is fully customized, while the FPGA is commercial and its architecture is not specialized for DTC.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Work** & **This Work** & **[1] (2014)** & **[4] (2004)** & **[2] (2013)** & **[5] (2010)** \\ \hline CMOS 1 Technology & 40 nm & 0.18 μm & 0.35 μm & 65 nm & 65 nm \\  & FPGA 1 & ASIC 1 & ASIC & ASIC & FPGA \\ Principle & VPDL 1 & Dual PLL 1 & CDL 1 & Dual PLL & Dual PLL \\ Reference Clock & 200 MHz & 625 MHz & 100 MHz & 10 MHz & 1025 MHz \\ Power & 165 mW & 3.3 W & - & 76 mW & 681 mW \\ Resolution & 1.02 ps & 5 ps & 37.5 ps & 6.25 ps & 1.58 ps \\ DNL 1 & \(-\)0.17–0.13 LSB & - & \(-\)0.6\(\sim\)0.6 LSB & \(-\)0.8–1 LSB & - \\ INL 1 & \(-\)0.35–0.62 LSB & - & \(-\)1\(\sim\)7 LSB & 15 LSB & - \\ Maximum Range & 590.0 ns & 80 ns & 5 ms & 100 ns & 59.3 min \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* CMOS: complementary metal oxide semiconductor, FPGA: field programmable gate array; ASIC: application specific integrated circuit; VPDL: vernier programmable delay lines; Dual PLL (Phase Locked Loop) is actually a Vernier ring oscillator; CDL: cyclic delay line; DNL: differential nonlinearity; INL: integral nonlinearity.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Performance summary and comparison with previous work.  
Figure 12: (a) Temperature stability of the proposed DTC. (b) Voltage stability of the proposed DTC.
# Behavior of Circular CFST Columns Subjected to Different Lateral Impact Energy
## 2 Experimental Investigation
### Axial Compression Test  
In order to observe the behavior of circular CFST columns with the damage of lateral impact under axial load adequately, the ultimate axial capacity of the specimens has been estimated before the axial compression test. The estimated ultimate axial capacity is calculated as the following Equation (1) probably:  
\[N^{\mathrm{P}}=f_{\mathrm{y}}\times A_{\mathrm{s}}+f_{\mathrm{cu}}\times A_{ \mathrm{c}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(A_{\mathrm{s}}\) is area of steel and \(A_{\mathrm{c}}\) refers to area of concrete in the cross section of circular CFST columns. The estimated ultimate axial capacity of circular CFST columns is 490 kN, 544 kN and 598 kN when the concrete compressive strength is 20 MPa, 30 MPa and 40 MPa, respectively.  
An electro hydraulic servo universal testing setup (the ultimate capacity of the setup is 1000 kN) was used to carry out the axial compression test. Before the axial compression tests, 12 specimens (C20-L0-E0, C30-L0-E0, C40-L0-E0, C20-L0.50-E10000, C30-L0.50-E5000, C30-L0.50-E7500, C30-L0.50-E10000, C30-L0.50-E12500, C30-L0.50-E15000, C30-L0.25-E10000, C30-L0.33-E10000, C40-L0.50-E10000) were selected to collect strain data to investigate strain development. Before strain gauges were pasted to specimens, the rust or paint of the outer surface of these 12 specimens had been cleaned up. Three measurement points were selected to paste transverse strain gauges and another three measurement points were selected for the vertical strain gauges for each specimen. For each specimen, the impact location, the side of the impact location and the back of the impact location were surface-bonded with two strain gauges. A total of six strain gauges was connected to a DH3816 automatic data acquisition system, which was used to collect strain data. This test setup is shown in Figure 4 and the arrangement of the strain gauges is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: Electro hydraulic servo universal testing setup.  
Figure 3: Specimens after lateral impact: (**a**) 0.50 \(H\) impact location; (**b**) 0.33 \(H\) impact location; (**c**) 0.25 \(H\) impact location.  
increased gradually by \(1/10\) of the estimated value in each stage load when the material was within the elastic stage. Then, compressive load was gradually increased by \(1/20\) of the estimated value in each stage load when the material was within the elastic-plastic stage. At the end of the compression test, two methods were applied to confirm the failure of the specimen: (1) when displacement reached \(10\%\) of the height of the specimen, the specimen failed; (2) when bearing capacity increased to the maximum value and then decreased, the specimen failed.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Origin-Destination Networks  
In this work we analyzed the Origin-Destination regional 2016 Matrix (OD 2016) freely available on \"Portale OpenData Regione Lombardia\" (www.dati.lombardia.it/Mobilit-e-trasporti/Matrice-OD2016-Passeggeri/tezw-ewgk accessed on 12 March 2020). The OD matrix 2016 reports commuting flows by origin, destination, time slot, reason and prevailing travelling modality. The matrix refers to an average working day in the period February-May and includes 1525 zones (of which 1450 urban areas within the Lombardy region). It includes eight modalities (driver car, passenger car, rubber LTP, iron LTP, motorbike, bicycle, foot and other) and five reasons (work, study, occasional, business, return home). The OD 2016 matrix was obtained from the update of the OD 2014 matrix by using the analysis of socio-economic datasets and the analysis of urban and territorial developments. In turn, the OD 2014 matrix was compiled by integrating transport modelling, online questionnaires, vis-a-vis interviews, analysis of available surveys and existing demand. In order to model the mobility flows in Lombardy Region due to the three main categories \"work\", \"study\" and \"occaional\", we aggregated the commuting flows concerning each travelling motivation by considering all transport modalities and all time slots. In this way we constructed three mobility matrices with \(N=1450\) nodes in which each entry \(w_{ij}\) indicates the number of absolute transfers between zone \(i\) and zone \(j\). In addition, we constructed the matrix of \"total\" commuting flows in the Lombardy region by summing the total flows of the three categories.  
We computed the degree of each node as:  
\[k_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{N}a_{ij} \tag{1}\]  
where \(a_{ij}\) is the binarized entry of the \(w_{ij}\) entry of each matrix, i.e., \(a_{ij}=1\) if \(w_{ij}>0\) or \(a_{ij}=0\) otherwise. We also computed the strength of each node to also consider the traffic between nodes:  
\[s_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{N}w_{ij} \tag{2}\]  
In order to characterize both structure and organization of mobility networks at the statistical level, we used the distribution of their degree \(p(k)=\frac{N_{i}}{N}\) and the strength distribution \(p(s)=\frac{N_{s}}{N}\), where \(N_{k}\) is number of nodes with degree \(k\) and \(N_{s}\) is number of nodes with degree \(s\). These two quantities have been extensively used as intuitive topological metrics to check the level of heterogeneity in the systems and compare the central roles of the nodes [16; 17; 18]. In addition, we performed a correlation analysis to verify whether a statistical dependence exists between the degree and strength of each node of the networks.
## 3 Interference Mitigation Schemes
### MAC Approach
#### 3.2.7 Continuous Frame Transmission  
Continuous frame transmission (CFT) is a method to reduce the energy consumption in an interference environment involving remote and home healthcare system applications [31]. The CFT MAC protocol is based on the TDMA implemented in ultra-low-power devices. CFT utilizes carrier sensing to control each transmission time to avoid signal interference from nearby devices. The medium inter-frame space (MIFS) indicates recognition of interference. If a device detects interference during a node's transmission, it suspends its transmission and retransmits at the end of the final interfering frame. I_SIFS is the inter-frame space between consecutive frames sent by one node. I_LIFS is sent from devices in the network to avoid frame collision. If IDLE time occurs longer than MIFS after a frame transmission, MIFS indicates that the interfering frame is over, whereas a shorter IDLE time indicates that the interfering frame is the next frame.  
The CFT method is implemented as follows: If devices sense that the channel status is IDLE, they start to transmit. Otherwise, they wait until the channel status becomes IDLE and, then, they wait for a MIFS interval and transmit the next frame. MIFS is determined by the value of I_SIFS and I_LIFS.
# Decentralization of Virtual Linkage in Formation Control of Multi-Agents via Consensus Strategies
## 5 Comparison with Hierarchical Virtual Linkage Approach
### Role Assignments  
The detailed architecture of the hierarchical virtual linkage approach when performing the same simulation in Section 4.2 are presented in Figure 12. In the hierarchical virtual linkage approach, there exist virtual link/linkage servers which handle part of the formation control and communicate with part of agents. In reality, the virtual link/linkage server can be implemented in a specified agent, which implies there exist some agents (virtual link/linkage server) which need to perform the formation control computations. However, other agents only need to communicate with their corresponding virtual link server and move according to the states of the corresponding virtual link. In conclusion, there exist different kinds of agents which play different roles and need extra role assignments in the previous approach.  
In the decentralized virtual linkage approach, there does not need to be extra role assignment in Figure 3 since all the agents run the same formation control algorithm in Equations (4) and (8).  
Figure 11: Simulation results formation reconfiguration using virtual linkage.
## 3 Status and Application
### Single-Pass Interference
#### 3.2.2 AT-InSAR
In early 2012, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [83; 84] obtained two sets of data with nearly optimal baselines from the TDX satellite formation. The imaging area was in the northern part of Scotland and the Orkney Islands to its north. In addition to the along-track interferometric data from the TDX satellite formation, Aperture Switching (AS) mode data from the TSX satellite was acquired in this area in 2009, and DRA mode data from the TSX satellite was acquired in this area in 2010. By comparing the processing results of TSX satellite DRA mode data processed by DCA and TDX satellite formation data processed by ATI, it was found that the DRA mode must be averaged within a resolution of 1000 m \(\times\) 1000 m to achieve an error of 0.1 m/s, while in the ATI mode, an error of 0.1 m/s can reach a resolution of 33 m \(\times\) 33 m. The results show that the accuracy of the ocean surface current of DCA is lower than that of the ATI method, approaching the accuracy of the short-baseline ATI method. DCA is an effective alternative method to the single-star dual-channel receiving antenna mode ATI. The ATI processing results of the TDX satellite formation prove the true potential of ATI technology when approaching the optimal baseline [85]. China has also made significant breakthroughs in the field of AT-InSAR. The GF-3 satellite demonstrates excellent capability for AT-InSAR. The satellite was equipped with a 15 m \(\times\) 1.232 m four-polarization waveguide slot phased array SAR antenna [86]. The antenna array surface was divided into four deployable panels, and each panel contained six identical modules, and each module contained sixteen unit dual-polarization waveguide slot subarrays, supporting the single-antenna dual-aperture ATI experimental mode [87]. In 2019, [PERSON] et al. [88] conducted the first experiment measuring ocean surface currents using the ATI mode of a GF-3 satellite in Jiaozhou Bay, China, see Figure 13. As shown in Figure 14, the full-aperture transmitting radar signal was emitted, and the echoes were received simultaneously by two sub-apertures divided in half along the orbit. The effective baseline of the interferometric measurement was 3.75 m. The ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Weather Forecasts) wind field was used for the on-site wind speed, and the root mean square error between the HFSWR (High Frequency Surface Wave Radar) data and the measured values was less than 0.2 m/s [88].