esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Quantum-Based Analytical Techniques on the Tackling of Well Placement Optimization
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Description of Case Studies  
To select the test cases, the reservoirs that are not identical are considered. The surface of the reservoir can be highly non-smooth or it can multimodal for well placement optimization problem. The PUNQ S3 reservoir can be highly multimodal [26]. So, it will test capacity to tackle the multimodal optimization problem. Again, SPE-1 is fairly simple. So, the case studies will test the capacity to tackle highly multimodal optimization problem and simple multimodal optimization problem.  
PUNQ-S3 is a real field-based model and had been used for Elf Exploration production. The detailed characteristics of this reservoir model are analyzed in the literature [58] and shown in Figure 4. The PUNQ-S3 consists of \(19\times 28\times 5\) blocks of the grid. To evaluate the proposed technique, the authors have chosen 4 vertical wells that need to be optimized, where each well has \((x,y)\) coordinates. Thus, the overall number of the variables that need to be optimized in this experiment is \(2\times 4\).  
To conduct the second case study, the first SPE model is adopted. The first SPE model is formulated based on a 3D black oil reservoir simulation. Hence, this type of synthetic reservoir model is exploited in this study. The detailed characteristics and specification of this reservoir model are discussed in the literature [59] and shown in Figure 5. There are \(10\times 10\times 3\) grid blocks in the First SPE model. Two vertical wells locations are optimized in this case study. Since, each well is defined by \((x,y)\) coordinates, \(2\times 2\) variables are optimized in this case study.
## 2 Background
### Internet Foundation  
Let us first recall that the Internet was built under the premise of the \"rise of the stupid network\" [8], where a one-size-fits-all network would allow to deliver all telecommunication services by focusing on the fast transmission and forwarding of packets while specific application \"intelligence\" would be located on the user's computer and/or the remote server. The client-server model has remained the dominant model for providing services along that principle, although it has evolved into a number of variants aimed at optimizing operations. In the process, some form of intelligence has found a niche in the network, typically to better support content delivery and remote computing facilities.
## 1 Introduction
[19] investigated the longitudinal internal force response of tunnels crossing various widths of fault fracture zones subjected to seismic action using numerical simulations and shaking table tests. They proposed a rational longitudinal protection range for tunnels based on the third principal stress principle. [PERSON] et al. [20] developed a numerical model for tunnels crossing faults of varying widths. Utilizing the principle of releasable elastic strain energy, they proposed seismic impact zoning for such tunnels, demonstrating that a segmental lining can enhance tunnel safety under seismic conditions. [PERSON] et al. [21] examined the influence of changes in surrounding rock quality and tunnel lining stiffness on the longitudinal seismic response of tunnels. They introduced an analytical method to assess the longitudinal seismic response of tunnels passing through the interface of soft and hard rocks. The majority of the aforementioned studies were conducted in isolation, focusing solely on either the effects of fault dislocation or the effects of an earthquake on tunnels. In these studies, it is typically assumed that tunnels remain undamaged before earthquakes. However, tunnels crossing faults with creep-slip faults are susceptible to immediate damage due to the creep-slip activity of the faults upon construction and operation. The cumulative displacement resulting from creep-slip dislocation over the nearly century-long operation of the tunnel leads to significant damage. The tunnel lining structure and surrounding rock are adversely affected by the creep-slip dislocation. Consequently, the damage pattern of tunnels experiencing initial damage from creep-slip dislocation under superimposed seismic effects will differ from that of intact tunnels. In conclusion, limited research exists on tunnel damage in response to combined fault dislocation and seismic effects. The 2022 Menyuan earthquake in Qinghai, China, exemplifies this issue. It caused significant damage to the Daliang Tunnel and other tunnels in active fault zones, underscoring the urgent need for further study in this area [22]. In view of this, in order to study the damage law of tunnels under the coupled actions of fault dislocation and seismic action, a 3D nonlinear numerical model of fault dislocation superimposed on seismic action was established to analyze the damage response of tunnels under the coupled actions of fault dislocation and seismic action with a background of a tunnel project crossing an active fault and considering the nonlinear damage characteristics of the tunnel lining materials. The research results can provide a reference for the design of tunnels crossing active fault zones.
# Cloud Storage Data Verification Using Signcryption Scheme
## 4 Discussion and Security Analysis
### Desirable Properties Analysis  
In this section, we present an analysis of the compatibility of our scheme with the three desirable properties. Additionally, we compare our proposed scheme with four other works related to data verification using the signcryption schemes in Table 2 as follows.  
* **Public verifiability.** Our proposed scheme provides the public verifiability property shown in Equation (5), where we presented a use case in which a TPA can verify data stored in CSP. So, the user can appoint another party besides CSP to do the data integrity verification process. The comparison with four other works in Table 2 shows that only [14] fulfilled this property. Unfortunately, in [19; 20; 21], only the appointed recipient that can verify the data because their protocols did not permit other parties to verify stored data.
* **Privacy-preserving.** Our scheme can guarantee that the TPA cannot know the users' data during a verification process. As shown in Equation (3), the CSP sends proof \(\delta\) to the TPA that is not generated from the user's original data. Furthermore, in Equation (4) generation, the TPA only computes the message's signature \(V_{i}\), not the original data. Thus, our scheme can prevent data leaks to the TPA during the verification process. The other works that provide this property are [19; 20; 21]. Meanwhile, [14] does not support this property because, in his protocol, the user must send the verifier the original message that wants to be verified. By doing so, the user's confidential data would be leaked to other parties.
* **Blockless Verification.** Our scheme supports blockless verification. In blockless verification, the verifier does not need to download all the challenged data blocks to do the verification process. Equation (5) shows that no original data is downloaded from CSP when TPA does a verification process. It increases efficiency rather than downloading the data beforehand. Table 2 shows that only [20] supports this property. While three other  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **Public Verifiability** & **Privacy-Preserving** & **Blockless Verification** \\ \hline
[14] & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline
[19] & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline
[20] & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline
[21] & \(\times\) & \(\surd\) & \(\times\) \\ \hline Proposed & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ Scheme & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) & \(\surd\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of desirable properties.  
works [14; 19; 21] did not offer the availability of this property because the verifier must possess the original message before he can do the verification process.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Eminlectrophoresis  
Isolation of Total SDS-Soluble and Sarcoplasmic Protein Fractions:  
The extraction process was performed following the method described by [PERSON] et al. [27]. Two fractions of proteins were prepared: total SDS-soluble proteins and sarcoplasmic proteins. For the total SDS-soluble proteins, 0.5 g of pangasius gels was homogenized with eight volumes of Tris buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2) containing 2% SDS as a denaturing agent and 5 mM PMSF as a protease inhibitor. The homogenate was boiled, then processed with an Ultra-Turrax homogenizer, and centrifuged at 40,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 12 min at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The supernatant was collected as the total SDS-soluble protein fraction. Sarcoplasmic proteins were extracted by homogenizing 0.5 g of the fish gels in eight volumes of non-denaturing Tris buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2) containing 5 mM PMSF for 2 min. After centrifugation at 40,000\(\times\)\(g\) for 12 min at \({}^{\circ}\)C, the supernatant was collected and labeled as the sarcoplasmic protein fraction. Both protein fractions were stored at \(-\)80 \({}^{\circ}\)C until electrophoretic analysis.  
SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis:  
SDS-PAGE was performed using laboratory-prepared 10% (\(v/v\)) polyacrylamide gels with an acrylamide:N,N'-ethylene bis-acrylamide ratio of 200:1. The stacking gel (4% polyacrylamide) was run at 60 V for 30 min, followed by the separating gel at 100 V for 90 min in a Mini-PROTEAN 3 cell system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Each well was loaded with 30 \(\upmu\)g of protein. The running buffer contained 1.44% (\(w/v\)) glycine, 0.67% Tris-base, and 0.1% SDS. After electrophoresis, gels were stained overnight with Coomassieic PhastGel Blue R-350 dye (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The stained gels were scanned and analyzed by the LabImage 1 D software (Kapelan Bio-Imaging Solutions GmbH, Halle, Germany).  
SDS-PAGE provides information on molecular weight distribution and solubility of proteins; it does not reveal changes in secondary structure. Therefore, FTIR analysis was used to investigate changes in the secondary structure of proteins, providing complementary insights into pressure-induced protein denaturation and gelation mechanisms.
# A Review on the Importance of Microbial Biopolymers Such as Xanthan Gum to Improve Soil Properties
## 4 Xanthan Gum Biopolymer
### Effects of Xanthan Gum on Soil Properties for Geotechnical Engineering
#### 4.3.3 Stability and Durability  
Another important concern that must be addressed when using xanthan gum is related to durability. It is considered to be the case that all types of polymers, even those that are petroleum or biological-based, are biodegradable in nature. However, the rate of degradation changes according to its type of composition. So, polymers that degrade slowly or at slow rates may be considered non-biodegradable or durable [27]. Thus, the long term durability conditions for a biopolymer treated soil must be considered against its bio-decomposition, specifically under humidification and drying cycles. These conditions should be studied for each case and confirmed to provide safety recommendations concerning the use of biopolymers used in Geotechnical Engineering [30].  
Xanthan gum, which is considered a very stable biopolymer, is resistant to different conditions such as thermal decomposition below 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, oxidation, acid/alkaline environments and high concentrations of salt [18]. Results from [PERSON] et al. [41] showed that the stabilization of a soil composed of sand, gravel and kaolin with 1% xanthan gum has a satisfactory durability performance against water-induced deterioration and good hygroscopic performance. Moreover, the results of slake durability carried out with xanthan gum-treated sand indicated that the resistance to disintegration upon interaction with water of the treated soil is stronger than that of the sand stabilized with Portland cement [33].  
The issue of durability in the case of biopolymers applied as soil improvement materials should be evaluated in more detail on a case-by-case basis and knowledge about this subject would thus improve with more research in this area. Although it can be considered that the use of xanthan gum has numerous benefits for soil improvement, it is important to mention that the interaction between this biopolymer and the soil depends on some conditions, such as soil type, soil-biopolymer interactions or temperature and reaction with water. In general, it is expected that the physical interaction and chemical properties of xanthan gum will be better understood, in the future, so that it can be appropriately applied to the soil type and purpose according to the relevant geotechnical characteristics [22].
## 6 System Testing and Results
### Preliminary Tests
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Test** & **Test site** & **GPS coordinates** & **Reference** & **Line of sight** & **RSSI** & **Good** & **Bad** \\
**point ID** & **name** & & **test point** & **Yes/No** & **\%** & **packets** & **packets** \\ \hline
1 & Las Cruces & 577062 E & 2 & YES & 99.8 & 1,251 & 2 \\  & & 1695731 N & & & & & \\
2 & Las Cruces & 577062 E & 1 & YES & 100 & 2,000 & 0 \\  & & 1695731 N & & & & & \\
3 & Nueva & 563612 E & 1 & YES & 99.8 & 1,251 & 2 \\  & Victoria & 1690648 N & & & & & \\
4 & Agua Prieta & 568104 E & 1 & NO & 0 & 0 & 1,250 \\  & & 1682104 N & & & & & \\
5 & Niquivil & 582519 E & 1 & NO & 0 & 0 & 1,250 \\  & & 1684780N & & & & & \\
6 & Nueva & 563612 E & 6 & YES & 100 & 2,000 & 0 \\  & Victoria & 1690648 N & & & & & \\
7 & Agua Prieta & 568104 E & 6 & YES & 99.8 & 1,249 & 3 \\  & & 1682104 N & & & & & \\
8 & Niquivil & 582519 E & 6 & NO & 0 & 0 & 1,250 \\  & & 1684780N & & & & & \\
9 & El & 584262 E & 9 & YES & 100 & 2,000 & 0 \\  & Chaparrón & 1672452 N & & & & & \\
10 & Niquivil & 582519 E & 9 & NO & 0 & 0 & 1,250 \\  & & 1684780N & & & & & \\
11 & Unión Roja & 584125 E & 9 & NO & 0 & 0 & 1,250 \\  & & 1663839 N & & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Field measurement results in the selected RTU installation points.
## 4 Artificial Neural Networks
### Hopfield Neural Network
}^{N}\frac{v_{j}V_{i}}{R_{ij}}-\sum_{i=1}^{N}I_{i}v_{i} \tag{5}\]  
The change in energy, due to the change in the state of neuron \(i\), is:  
\[\frac{\partial E}{\partial v_{i}}=-\sum_{j=1}^{N}\frac{v_{j}}{R_{ij}}-\sum_{i =1}^{N}I_{i} \tag{6}\]  
If right side of Equation (6) includes Equation (4), we have:  
\[C_{i}\frac{du_{i}}{dt}=-\frac{u_{i}}{R_{i}}-\frac{\partial E}{\partial v_{i}} \tag{7}\]  
or, in stable state, when signals are unchangeable: \(du_{i}=dt=0\), one can obtain:  
\[\partial E=-\frac{u_{i}}{R_{i}}\partial v_{i} \tag{8}\]  
Based on Equation (8), we can conclude that energy change must be either zero or negative. This will be one of system stability conditions. Figure 12: Activation function \(v_{i}=g(u_{i})\). The architecture of the continuous model that can be implemented using passive and active elements such as resistors, capacitors and Op-Amps is represented in [83]. Based on this network, in [75] the well known TSP optimization problem was solved. Proposed energy function for this solution is:  
\[E=\frac{A}{2}\sum_{x}\sum_{i,x}\sum_{j=n}v_{x}v_{x}+\frac{B}{2}\sum_{i,x}\sum_{ x,x}v_{x}v_{x}+\frac{C}{2}\bigg{(}\sum_{x}\sum_{i,x}v_{x}-n\bigg{)}^{2}+\frac{D}{2} \sum_{x}\sum_{i,x}\sum_{i,x}d_{x}v_{x}(v_{x,x}+v_{x,x}) \tag{9}\]  
In this way a Hopfield neural network can provide good solution for other NP complete problems [84]. Significant improvements in the neural network algorithm are derived in paper offered by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [76]. For \(N\) routers problem, their computational network uses \(N\) (\(N-1\)) neurons--the diagonal elements in the connection matrix \(N\times N\) are removed--and the shortest path from final stable neuron states was found. A suitable energy function is of the form:  
\[ \begin{split} E=&\frac{\mu_{1}}{2}\sum_{X}\sum_{ \begin{subarray}{c}i,x\\ (X,j)\
eq(d,s)\end{subarray}}C_{x}v_{x}+\frac{\mu_{2}}{2}\sum_{X}\sum_{ \begin{subarray}{c}i,x\\ (X,j)\
eq(d,s)\end{subarray}}\rho_{x}v_{x}+\frac{\mu_{5}}{2}\left(1-v_{x} \right)\\ +&\frac{\mu_{3}}{2}\sum_{X}\Bigg{(}\sum_{i,x}v_{x}- \sum_{i,x}v_{x}\Bigg{)}^{2}+\frac{\mu_{4}}{2}\sum_{i,x}\sum_{x\
eq i}v_{x}(1-v _{x})\end{split}  \tag{10}\]  
Coefficients \(C_{x}\) are the link costs from router \(X\) to router \(i\) and the terms \(\rho_{x}\) describe the connection between routers: the value is 1 if routers are not connected, and 0 for connected routers. The terms \(\mu_{i}\) are preciously described in [76]. In the same paper authors defined elements of weight matrix as a constant value given by:  
\[T_{X\!i,\!Y\!j}=\mu_{4}\delta_{XY}\delta_{ij}-\mu_{3}(\delta_{XY}+\delta_{ij} -\delta_{jX}-\delta_{iY}) \tag{11}\]  
In this way, authors suggest final network parameters relation suitable for computational operation as:  
\[\begin{split} C
## 2 Theory
### Ordinary Muon Capture (OMC)  
The OMC is a well-studied nuclear process, both experimentally and theoretically [9]. In this work, we compare our calculated \(0\
u\beta\beta\)-decay amplitudes with the OMC rates of Reference [33]. The OMC formalism of Reference [33] is an extended Morita-Fujii formalism described in detail in [47; 48]. Lately, the use of realistic muon wave functions has been implemented [49], and up-to-date computations for OMC rates of \({}^{136}\)Ba are presented in Reference [33]. We refer readers to these results, as we use them for the purposes of this work. For completeness, we present here some key relations for computing the OMC rates, where OMC of \({}^{136}\)Ba proceeds as follows:  
\[\mu^{-}+^{136}\text{Ba}(0^{+}_{g.s.})\to\
u_{\mu}+^{136}\text{Cs}(J^{\pi}_{f}), \tag{1}\]  
where a negative muon (\(\mu^{-}\)) is captured by the atomic 1s ground state of \({}^{136}\)Ba, leading to final spin-parity states \(J^{\pi}_{f}\) in \({}^{136}\)Cs. At the same time, a muon neutrino (\(\
u_{\mu}\)) is emitted. The general expression of the OMC rate is given as follows:  
\[W=2P(2J_{f}+1)\bigg{(}1-\frac{q}{m_{\mu}+AM}\bigg{)}q^{2}, \tag{2}\]  
where the momentum exchange \(q\) is expressed as  
\[q=(m_{\mu}-W_{0})\bigg{(}1-\frac{m_{\mu}}{2(m_{\mu}+AM)}\bigg{)}. \tag{3}\]  
Here, \(J_{f}\) is the final-state spin-parity, \(M\) is the average nucleon mass, \(A\) is the nuclear mass number, and \(m_{\mu}\) (\(m_{e}\)) is the rest mass of the muon (electron). The threshold energy is given by  
\[W_{0}=M_{f}-M_{i}+m_{e}+E_{X}, \tag{4}\]  
where \(M_{i}\) and \(M_{f}\) are the masses of the initial and final nuclei, and \(E_{X}\) is the excitation energy of the final nuclear state, in our case of \({}^{136}\)Cs. The rate function \(P\) contains the NMEs, phase-space factors, and combinations of weak couplings \(g_{A}\) (axial-vector), \(g_{P}\) (induced pseudoscalar), and \(g_{M}=1+\mu_{p}-\mu_{n}\) (induced weak-magnetism), with \(\mu_{p}\) and \(\mu_{n}\) being the anomalous magnetic moments of the proton and neutron, respectively.
## 1 Introduction
### Advantages of Using CR in WSNs
#### Avoiding Attacks  
Unlike CRWS, most off-the-shelf wireless sensors work only on particular frequency bands. Taking advantage of the wide range of spectrum usability, SUs in CR-WSNs can avoid several types of attacks. Attacks in CR-WSNs are discussed in Section 3.11. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt}|p{113.8 pt}|p{113.8 pt}|p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Factor** & _Ad Hoc_ CRNs** & **WSNs** & **CR-WSNs** \\ \hline Wireless medium & Licensed spectrum bands (Data channels) & ISM bands & Licensed spectrum bands (Data channels) \\  & Licensed or ISM band (control channel) & Licensed or ISM band (control channel) \\ \hline Traffic & Random & One to many, many to one, many to many & One to many, many to one, many to many \\ Hardware & Intelligent _ad hoc_ mobile devices & Small, low processing capacity, & Intelligent, cognition capabilities, small, moderate \\ constraints & with cognition capability & low memory capacity & processing capacity, moderate memory capacity \\ Availability & Under development & Readily available & Not readily available (under conceptual phase) \\ \hline Bandwidth & Yes & Sometimes & Yes \\ deficient & & & \\ \hline Identification & Unique ID by its MAC address & Not unique & Not unique \\ \hline Standards & Not yet defined & ZigBee, IEEE 802.15.4, ISA100, IEEE 1451 & Not yet defined \\ \hline Fault tolerance & Less critical points of failure & High fault tolerance required & High fault tolerance required \\ Communication & Long & Short & Short (intelligently controllable) \\ Range & & & \\ \hline Communication & Broadcast & Point-to-Point & Point-to-Point \\ \hline Failure rate & Low & High & Moderate (*expected) \\ Population of nodes & Sparsely populated & Densely populated & Densely populated \\ \hline Interaction & Close to humans e.g. laptops, PDAs, mobile radio terminals, etc. & Focus on interaction with the environment & Focus on interaction with the environment \\ \hline Topology changes & Frequent & Less frequent & Less frequent \\ \hline Semless operation & Depends on the PUs & Not concerned with PUs & Depends on the PUs \\ \hline Suitable for & Where ISM band is overcrowded & Where ISM band is not crowded & Where ISM band is overcrowded \\ \hline Whitespace & Yes & No & Yes \\ utilization concern & & & \\ \hline Data centric & Generally address-centric networking & Generally data-centric & Generally data-centric \\ \hline Application & Generally not & Yes & Yes \\ Specific & & & \\ \hline Self-organization & Cognitive decision support system & Yes, but no cognitive decision support system & Cognitive decision support system \\ \hline Multi-hop communication & Often & Often & Often \\ \hline Energy conservation & Concern & Highly concern & Highly concern \\ \hline TrustSecurity & Usually, no central coordinator & One administrative control & One administrative control \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Comparison of _ad hoc_ CRNs, WSNs and CR-WSNs.
# Noise-Free Security Assessment of Eviction Set Construction Algorithms with Randomized Caches
## 3 Problem Statement  
### Motivations  
Several works have shown that cache attacks are possible in all levels and all types of cache memory. The Prime+Probe[33] attack was initially performed on first-level data caches to attack AES[5; 32; 33] or instruction caches[40]. The LLC is a more interesting attack target because adversaries and victims do not need to share the same CPU. Improvements to the Prime+Probe[31; 49] technique have allowed it to work on LLCs. [PERSON] et al.[50] further relaxed the assumptions of the attacks and achieved a better resolution. Various extensive survey studies have listed the threats at different cache levels[51; 52].  
Unlike sharing-based cache attacks, conflict-based cache attacks can be applied in any cache level independently[5; 31; 33; 49; 50], even when a secure last-level cache exists. Attacking the L1 cache has some advantages because fewer load instructions are required to fill or evict the L1 cache due to its small size. However, since the difference in access time between L1 and L2 caches in modern processors is only a few cycles, performing L1 cache attacks can be complicated due to noise in the timing measurements.  
Therefore, to protect a memory hierarchy against conflict-based cache attacks, the different levels of the memory hierarchy should be protected. This raises the question of which countermeasures should be deployed at each cache level. To mitigate conflict-based attacks, it is essential to prevent eviction set construction through the existing single address elimination[31], group testing[48] and Prime-Prune-Probe[53] algorithms. Cache randomization is an effective technique to mitigate against such attacks (see Section 2.4), but the existing solutions have been mainly designed for LLCs. Therefore, an analysis of the effect of low-level cache randomization on existing attacks would help to determine relevant strategies to secure the entire memory hierarchy.