esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Enhanced Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Classifying Indian Classical Dance Forms
## 5 Conclusions  
Indian classical dance form recognition is an interesting subject due to complex body postures and subtle hand _mudras_. It gives a playground to experiment with different CNN architectures for classification purposes. Although significant contributions have been made in the existing literature for recognition and classification of different Indian classical dance forms, the possibility of improving on these works with more dance forms is an interesting field of research. This paper proposes a model to recognize and classify the eight major classical dance forms identified by [PERSON] as Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, and Kathakali Sattriya, Manipuri, and Mohiniyattam. We propose to use deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN), using ResNet50 as the base model by fine-tuning the last 14 layers. For this purpose, a dataset consisting of 800 images of different dance forms has been created and augmented. Following this, several pre-processing steps, including image thresholding and sampling, have aided the feature extraction process. The model is based on a small but diverse dataset, achieving an accuracy score of 0.911 and an F1-score of 0.90. The results also compare the other (two) DCNN's performance and the proposed approach. Another evidence-based comparison of ResNet50 with and without pre-processing shows that the former outperforms the latter. We further intend to increase the dataset size and explore the problem statement with a viewpoint of auto-generation dance poses and _mudras_.  
Conceptualization, N.J. and V.G.; methodology, N.J.; software, V.B.; validation, N.J., V.G. and V.B.; formal analysis, N.J.; investigation, D.V.; resources, V.B.; data curation, N.J.; writing--original draft preparation, V.G.; writing--review and editing, D.V.; visualization, L.S.-M. and L.G.-H.; supervision, L.S.-M. and L.G.-H.; project administration, L.S.-M. and L.G.-H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Nirityantar [3]** & **CS\_ISI [7]** & **ICD\_IITR [3]** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Proposed** \\ **Approach** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Precision & 0.75 & - & 75.42 & 0.93 \\ Recall & 0.72 & - & 70.96 & 0.91 \\ F1-score & 0.71 & - & 73.12 & 0.9 \\ Accuracy & 72.35 & 86.67 & 75.83 & 91.1 \\ Number of classes & 6 & 3 & 7 & 8 \\ Learning rate & 1e-4 & - & - & 3.00E-04 \\ Optimiser & Adam & - & - & Adam \\ Loss & Categorical Entropy & - & - & Categorical \\ Decay & 0.000001 & - & - & 0.000001 \\ Batch size & 32 & - & - & 32 \\ Maximum & 100 & - & - & 15 \\ Epoch & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Existing literature and proposed methodology.
# Study of Partial Discharge Inception Voltage in Inverter Fed Electric Motor Insulation Systems
## 4 Analysis of PDIV and Modelling Tool Performance for Variable Temperature
### The Effect of Temperature on PDIV  
As mentioned in the literature review, the temperature largely affects the air properties and enamel permittivity. To distinguish between the effects of the two factors, two models (explained in Section 2.2), which consider air properties or relative permittivity to estimate the PDIV, were used. The first model, Dakin model, proposed in [74], can consider the change of the relative permittivity. The second model, Lusuardi model, proposed in [26], takes into account the effect of the air density on the evolution of the PDIV. In the analysis, room temperature PDIV measurements of sample group C (624.5 Vrms) and sample group B (627.2 Vrms) were collected as a reference, where the permittivity was more stable with the temperature (variation: 7%) or varied by 16%, respectively, (Figure 8).  
Figure 10 shows the comparison between the effect of the relative permittivity (using the Dakin model presented in [74]) and the air density (using the Lusuardi model proposed in [26]) on the PDIV with the increase in temperature. In Figure 10a, the difference in the air density and both materials' permittivity with the temperature is depicted. The evolution is normalised for each variable value at room temperature. It is clear that the air density is the major factor affected by temperature. Accordingly, it is expected that the PDIV evolution is more affected by the Lusuardi model [26] than by the Dakin model [74]. This is clear in Figure 10b. The PDIV is more affected due to the air density than the  
Figure 9: Experimental set-up for PDIV measurement at different temperatures: (**a**) schematic; (**b**) real layout.  
permittivity. It can be concluded that the predominant factor affecting the PDIV due to the temperature is the change in air properties. Consequently, even if the relative permittivity of the insulation material is reduced with the temperature, the combined effect will generally tend to decrease the PDIV with temperature. This is reinforced by the experimental results shown later in Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2.  
All in all, the PDIV is affected by temperature due to the decrease in air electric breakdown strength and the dependence of relative permittivity on temperature. Despite the temperature decreasing the relative permittivity for some enamel materials (sample group C, for example), which can increase the PDIV, the effect of temperature on the air density is more significant to define. It can be said that, generally, a temperature increase has the inverse effect on the PDIV. For instance, at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the relative permittivity of sample C (\(\epsilon_{\rm r}=2.89\) at 180 \({}^{\circ}\)C) should decrease by around 25% in order to neutralise the effect of the air. Nonetheless, the air properties and relative permittivity should be considered to evaluate in what proportion the PDIV decreased with temperature.
## 5 Biosensor Application of Electrodeposited Composite Nanostructures
### Composite Electrodes Containing Carbon Nanomaterials
The detection limit was 0.12 ug mL-1 as determined by DPV, and the electrode was useful for the detection of CH3 Hg+ in contaminated fish samples. The electrodeposition of gold nanocubes onto a two-mm gold disk to which a thiolated graphene material had been fixed was used to make a third-generation glucose biosensor [123]. The deposition solution contained HAuCl4 and KClO4. When a potential of \(-0.2\) V (versus Ag/AgCl) was used, 100-nm gold nanocubes were formed on the surface, and this structure was not observed at other potentials. Additionally, it was observed that if the total charge that passed exceeded five mC, then the morphology would begin to change from cube-like to denser flower-like nanostructures. Glucose oxidase was adsorbed onto the surface with the expectation that the thiol groups that projected from the graphene surface would undergo exchange with disulfide bridges in the enzyme. The sensor prepared on the gold nanocube-modified graphene showed the highest sensitivity of the morphologies examined, and gave a high sensitivity of 221.0 uA mmol L-1 cm-2 at an operating potential of \(-0.4\) V (versus Ag/AgCl).
## 3 Harmonics of Inverter Outputs
However, the results of field measurement and data analysis were very different to the LCL resonance: the inter-harmonic voltages and currents in filtering capacitor branches were not significant anymore. The harmonic currents (\(I_{\rm C}\)) of the capacitor branches are very small, and the installation of the damping resistors in the capacitor branches did not suppress the harmonics. Therefore, it can be concluded that the inter-harmonics at PV PCC are not generated by LCL resonances of inverter output filters, and the investigations of harmonics at PV PCC in the PV plant should be associated with the inverter control methods, PV plant topology and micro-grid impedances. When the line impedances are significant (in weak grid), parallel resonances may occur among multiple PV inverters tied in the same PV PCC, and series resonances may occur between the inverter group and line impedances. The latest studies indicate that the parallel or series resonant frequencies are related to the number of inverters operating in parallel: the more inverters there are, the lower frequencies the resonance have [8; 9; 10; 11]. There is a set of measurement data obtained by field test that contained the PCC harmonic waveforms as one PV inverter was online and then offline. Six inverters in the PV plant were connected to one grid-tied transformer in parallel. The waveforms of voltages and currents at PV PCC of changing the number of PV inverters in parallel were specifically studied and the analysis results are presented in Figure 10. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \(f\) **(Hz)** & **144.60** & **202.90** & **302.90** \\ \hline \(I_{\rm LO}\) (A) & 5.47 (\(-70.8^{\circ}\)) & 40.75 (\(3.6^{\circ}\)) & 25.99 (\(-23.6^{\circ}\)) \\ \(I_{\rm LE}\) (A) & 5.58 (\(-70.9^{\circ}\)) & 42.88 (\(3.3^{\circ}\)) & 29.56 (\(-23.8^{\circ}\)) \\ \(I_{\rm C}\) (A) & 0.11 (\(103.8^{\circ}\)) & 2.14 (\(178.6^{\circ}\)) & 3.57 (\(154.4^{\circ}\)) \\ \(U_{\rm C}\) (V) & 0.85 (\(13.8^{\circ}\)) & 11.90 (\(88.6^{\circ}\)) & 13.32 (\(64.4^{\circ}\)) \\ \(U_{\rm Inverters}\) (V) & 2.09 (\(17.0^{\circ}\)) & 24.86 (\(91.2^{\circ}\)) & 25.68 (\(65.4^{\circ}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Currents and Voltages of the Inter-harmonics. Figure 10: _Cont._  
As illustrated in Figure 10, the harmonic voltages and currents increased significantly at the time of 5 s, which indicates that one inverter was start-up; all harmonic voltages and currents were stepped down at the time of 22 s, indicating that one inverter was shutdown. During the start-up and shutdown of the inverter, there was almost no change in the inter-harmonic frequencies at PV PCC. In this case, the effect of changing the number of PV inverters in parallel was that the harmonic voltage and current amplitudes changed but the frequencies did not. It can be considered that the harmonic frequencies at PCC in the PV plant were not related with the number of grid-tied inverters, and the harmonics were not generated by the series/parallel resonances of multi-inverters.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Photoplethysmographic (PPG) and Electrocardiographic (ECG) Recordings  
Photoplethysmographic data were acquired with a home-made multi-channel system [34; 35; 36] (Figure 2a) equipped with 7 PPG probes. Each probe was composed of a light emitting diode at 940 nm of wavelength (SMC940 LED, Roithner Laser Technik, Vienna, Austria) and a photodetector based on large area n-on-p silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) [37; 38] produced at STMicroelectronics (Catania, Italy). The source and the detector were located in a back-scattering configuration with an inter-optode distance of 4 cm (Figure 2b). The sampling frequency was set at 1 kHz.  
The sensors were held in place using custom-built probes equipped with pressurized cuffs (Figure 2b), which provided a small pressure (60 mmHg) to support the optical coupling between the sensors and the skin without inducing supra-diastolic vascular occlusion.  
A total of 7 available probes were placed on the left carotid artery, on the brachial arteries, on the radial arteries and immediately proximal to the malleoli investigating the tibial arteries. The elevated number of probes allowed to simultaneously perform the measurements on the two body sides (right and left). The system also permitted to synchronously acquire ECG (Lead I, Lead II and Lead III; Figure 2c) [39] at the same sample frequency of 1 kHz. The locations of PPG probes and ECG electrodes is reported in Figure 2c.  
During the experiment, the subjects laid supine on a medical cot. PPG and ECG data were recorded for 30 s.  
Figure 1: (**a**) Pictures of the Enverdis Vascular Explorer device; (**b**) example of the Vascular Explorer probes and cuffs placement on a participant.
# An Effective AUSM-Type Scheme for Both Cases of Low Mach Number and High Mach Number
## 8 Conclusions Remarks  
In this paper, a new AUSM-type scheme called AUSMAS is proposed. Theoretical analyses are conducted in Sections 4-6 and they indicated that the AUSMAS scheme has the following two advantages, independent of any tuning coefficient: (a) for low speeds, it gains a high level of accuracy when the Mach number approaches to 0, (b) for high speeds, it is robust against the shock anomaly and free from the appearance of the unphysical expansion shocks. Two one-dimensional test cases (Sections 7.1 and 7.2) show that AUSMAS is able to capture the shocks and contact discontinuities as sharply as other schemes including SLAU, AUSM+ and AUSMPW+. Moreover, it is free from the appearance of the unphysical expansion shocks in supersonic/hypersonic flow simulations. In Section 7.3, AUSMAS displays its high resolution at low speeds. [PERSON]'s test in Section 7.4 shows that AUSMAS is robust against the shock anomaly while the others are not. Furthermore, other methods can not satisfy these merits at the same time.  
All in all, AUSMAS can be widely used in both engineering applications and in research due to its high resolution, efficiency and robustness at all speeds.  
Data curation, D.S.; Formal analysis, N.L.; Resources, G.W.; Writing--original draft, F.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was co-supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11972308 and No. 11902265).  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 17: Density contours of the odd–even grid perturbation problem (\(M_{\mathrm{s}}=6.0\), second order MUSCL reconstruction with the minmod limiter, \(\Delta\mathrm{r}=1\)); (a) AUSM+; (b) AUSMPW+; (c) SLAU; (d) AUSMAS.
## 2 Passive Radar Performance Principle
### Bistatic Radar Cross-Section
Results are presented in Figure 12.  
Maximum, minimum and average values of the mean bistatic RCS along the \(\phi_{s}\) dimension are summarized in Table 1. Results show that for the lower incidence angle (close to normal incidence), the monostatic RCS is higher than the bistatic one, but for higher values of the incidence angle, the bistatic RCS can be higher than the monostatic one.
_Appl. Sci._**2013**, \(3\), 168-188; doi:10.3390/app3010168  
_Applied sciences_  
**ISSN 2076-3417**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci  
Linear Electro Optic Effect for High Repetition Rate Carrier Envelope Phase Control of Ultra Short Laser Pulses  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1,***  
* CEA-Saclay, IRAMIS, Service des Photons, Atomes et Molecules, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; E-Mails: olivier.gobert(@cea.fr (O.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.M.)
* LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris-LNE-CNRS-UPMC, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +33-1-69-08-59-37; Fax: +33-1-69-08-12-13.  
_Received: 3 December 2012; in revised form: 28 January 2013 / Accepted: 19 February 2013 / Published: 26 February 2013_  
This paper is devoted to analyzing the principle and applications of the linear electro-optic (EO) effect for the control of the carrier-envelope-phase (CEP). We introduce and detail here an original method, which relies on the use of an EO dispersive prism pair in a compressor-like configuration. We show that, by choosing an adequate geometry, it is possible to shift the CEP without changing the group delay (isochronous carrier-envelope-phase shifter) or change the induced group delay without varying the CEP. According to our calculations, when applying an electric field around 400 V/cm to the rubidium titanyl phosphate (RTP) prisms in a double pass configuration (2 \(\times\) 40 mm total length), one obtains a CEP shift of \(\pi\) rad at 800 nm without inducing a group delay. In contrast, this CEP shift is obtained for an electric field around 1.4 kV/cm in a RTP rectangular slab of the same total length and, in this case, the group delay is of the order of a few fs.  
electro-optic; carrier-envelope-phase; ultrafast optics; prism compressor; group delay; dispersion
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a comparative analysis of distribution transformers with varying power ratings and insulation conditions using Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS). The investigation was conducted both by comparing transformers with different performance ratings (from 100 to 1000 kVA) and insulation quality at a constant ambient temperature, and by evaluating insulation properties of a transformer across varying temperatures. The FDS method allows for separate assessments of oil quality and moisture content in solid insulation. An advantage of using capacitance measured by FDS for insulation assessment is its relatively lower sensitivity to temperature variations compared to the loss factor, a finding confirmed by temperature-effect analyses. However, assessing transformer insulation via capacitance measurements is influenced by the insulation's geometric configuration, which depends on the transformer type and power rating. Therefore, when comparing the quality of insulating parts of transformers with different powers, it is recommended to compare the capacitance ratio depending on low frequencies against the capacitance at 50 Hz.  
transformer; insulation; FDS method; frequency Article
## 2 Model of the Total Exposure Dose for VLS Grating Patterning
Equation (6) can be rewritten as  
\[D_{k}(x)=B(x-X_{k})+A(x-X_{k})\cos(2\pi f_{0}x+\varphi_{k}) \tag{7}\]  
where \(\varphi_{k}\) is the phase increment between the (\(k+1\))-th scan and the initial scan, which can be expressed as  
\[\varphi_{k}(x)=2\pi\Bigg{(}x\sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}\Delta_{i}\ -\ f_{0}X_{k}-X_{k} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{k}\Delta_{i}\Bigg{)}+\delta_{k} \tag{8}\]  
From Equation (8), the phase increment between the (\(k+1\))-th scan and \(k\)-th scan can be expressed as  
\[\varphi_{kd}(x)=\varphi_{k}(x)-\varphi_{k-1}(x)=\varphi_{bdx}(x)+\varphi_{bdx }+(\delta_{k}-\delta_{k-1}) \tag{9}\]  
Figure 1: The exposure doses in three adjacent scans. where \(\varphi_{bdx}(x)\) is the term varying with \(x\), \(\varphi_{bdx}(x)=2\pi x\Delta_{k}\). \(\varphi_{bdx}\) is the term independent of \(x\). \(\varphi_{bdx}=-2\pi\left(X_{k-1}\Delta_{k}+S_{k}f_{k}\right)\). The resist on the substrate is deposited after \(N\) steps and \(N+1\) scans. The total exposure dose in the resist is the sum of all individual doses and can be expressed as  
\[ \begin{array}{ll}D_{T}(x)&=D_{0}(x)+D_{1}(x)+\cdots D_{N}(x)\\ &=D_{TB}(x)+A_{T}(x)\cos\Psi_{T}(x)\end{array}  \tag{10}\]  
where \(D_{TB}(x)\) is the total background dose, \(A_{T}(x)\) is the total dose amplitude, and \(\Psi_{T}(x)\) is the exposure phase distribution. They can be expressed with Equations (11) and (12). \[D_{TB}(x)=B(x)+B(x-X_{1})+\cdots B(x-X_{k}) \tag{11}\]  
\[ \begin{array}{ll}A_{T}(x)\cos\Psi_{T}(x)&=A(x)\cos(2\pi f_{0}x+\varphi_{0}) +A(x-X_{1})\cos(2\pi f_{0}x+\varphi_{1})\\ &\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad+A(x-X_{N})\cos(2\pi f_{0}x+\varphi_{N}) \end{array}  \tag{12}\]  
From Equation (12), \(A_{T}(x)\) and \(\Psi_{T}(x)\) can be expressed as  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}A_{T}(x)=\sqrt{E(x)^{2}+F(x)^{2}}\\ \Psi_{T}(x)=2\pi xf_{0}+\Psi(x)\\ \Psi(x)=\arctan[F(x)/E(x)]\\ E(x)=A(x)\cos\varphi_{0}+A(x-X_{1})\cos\varphi_{1}+\cdots A(x-X_{N})\cos\varphi _{N}\\ F(x)=A(x)\sin\varphi_{0}+A(x-X_{1})\sin\varphi_{1}+\cdots A(x-X_{N})\sin\varphi _{N}\end{array} \right. \tag{13}\]  
Let us assume that the resist on the substrate is uniform and linear to the exposure dose. \(\Psi_{T}(x)\) determines the theoretical phase distribution of the fabricated grating. The phase error between the fabricated grating and the desired grating can be expressed as  
\[\Phi_{e}(x)=\Psi_{T}(x)-\Phi_{g}(x) \tag{14}\]  
The patterned grating with the desired \(g(x)\) can be acquired under the condition of \(\Phi_{e}(x)=0\), which is the goal of the phase modulation. The total exposure contrast can be expressed as  
\[\gamma(x)=A_{T}(x)/D_{TB}(x) \tag{15}\]  
Equations (10)-(13) are the mathematical exposure dose model for the VLS grating exposure with VP-SBIL in the parallel scanning style. If \(f_{k}\) is constant in all scans, the dose model coincides with that in equal-period SBIL (EP-SBIL) [18; 19].
## 3 Results  
### Experimental Results  
Figure 3a shows the transmission spectra of the 574 nm PS beads suspended in solution, as a sub-monolayer, and as a multilayer (dotted blue, dashed brown, and dash-dotted red lines, respectively), and that of a close-packed monolayer of the PS beads (solid black line). While the spectra presented as broken lines are rather smooth and do not have distinct features, the solid black line has apparent dips. Moreover, the positions of the first dips in the transmission spectra shift monotonically and linearly toward longer wavelengths as the size of the beads increases (Figure 3b). The ideal close-packed monolayer of the spheres is arrayed in a hexagonal lattice with lattice constant \(d\). Theoretical works showed that for the case of a free-standing 2D hexagonal lattice of PS beads (\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{sphere}}=2.56\)), dips in the transmission spectra arise at the spectral positions where parameter \(Z=\big{(}\sqrt{3}\;d\big{)}/2\lambda\) satisfies condition \(Z=\) 0.71, 0.85, 1.00, 1.34, or 1.55 [27]. Our simulation for the case of a hexagonal lattice of PS beads (\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{sphere}}=2.25\)) on a glass substrate (\(\varepsilon_{\mathrm{sub}}=2.5\)) shows that the most pronounced dip (the first dip from the left) in the transmission spectra in Figure 3b corresponds to \(Z=\) 0.7.  
Figure 2: The layout of the computational unit cell of a close-packed hexagonal monolayer of dielectric spheres on a dielectric substrate: (**a**) perspective view and (**b**) top view.
## 4 Conclusions  
By studying the relationship between NDVI and temperature and precipitation sensitivity, we have a better understanding of global climate change and the vegetation response of grassland ecosystems. In this study, we found that the grassland NDVI in Inner Mongolia was affected more by precipitation than by temperature. In terms of space, the climate had a greater impact on NDVI in dry areas than in wet regions. NDVI was most affected by climate when the temperature and precipitation were \(\sim\)2 \({}^{\circ}\)C and \(\sim\)200 mm in space, respectively. In time series, as the temperature increased, the effect of temperature on NDVI was almost unchanged. As precipitation decreased, the impact of precipitation on NDVI decreased.  
Although our finding demonstrated that the NDVI was more sensitive to the change in precipitation than the temperature change, more factors that can affect the NDVI should be considered, such as the soil nutrients, soil microbes, and the percentage of cities, fields, terrain, etc. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the potential effect of climate on plants in arid and semi-arid regions during different seasons.  
Conceptualization, L.Y. and T.Z.; methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, Y.L. and T.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.L.; writing--review and editing, visualization, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, D.W. and L.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi'an Jiaotong University (2021 WHZ0089).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.