## 5 Results and Discussions
### Discrepancies in Collected Seismicity Data
Regarding magnitude variation, the SANDSN's broader magnitude spectrum with a peak at lower magnitudes echoes the general principle that smaller earthquakes occur more frequently, and the distinct peaks in the SNSN and KSUSN datasets may be representative of the networks' detection thresholds or specific geological structures influencing regional seismicity. In the depth profile, all networks show a preference for recording shallow seismic events, with a rapid decrease in density with increasing depth, indicating that the majority of detectable seismic activity in these networks occurs at shallower geological strata. Conclusively, this analysis reveals the intricate variances in seismic activity as captured by the triad of networks, underscoring differences in detection capabilities and regional seismotectonic characteristics. The pronounced peaks in specifictemporal and spatial parameters underscore potential loci and intervals of increased seismic hazard, providing invaluable insights for the formulation of comprehensive seismic hazard assessments and the development of mitigation strategies within the region. Figure 3: Kernel density estimations (KDE) of seismic activity parameters as recorded by three seismic networks in Saudi Arabia: SANDSN, SNSN, and KSUSN. The distributions across eight different parameters: Year, Month, Day, Hour, Latitude, Longitude, Magnitude, and Depth. The figure presents exclusively non-duplicated data as reported by each individual seismic network. The hourly distribution of seismic activity density for the KSUSN and SNSN networks, as shown in Figure 3, exhibits a pronounced discrepancy during daytime hours. This discrepancy can be attributed to several factors. One contributing factor could be the significant seismic activity associated with the large-magnitude earthquake that occurred in the Gulf of Aqaba in 1995. This event and its subsequent aftershocks likely influenced the seismic activity recorded during that period, potentially resulting in an anomalous distribution in the data. Moreover, the observed relative increase in seismic activity during nighttime can be explained by the enhanced detection capability of the networks during these hours. At night, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is typically higher, leading to improved detection of smaller seismic events that might not be as easily identified during the day due to increased ambient noise levels [2]. The kernel density estimations of seismic parameters reported and depicted in Figure 3 bear significant implications for understanding both data contamination issues and the tectonics of the Red Sea region. Data contamination can arise from various sources such as instrumental noise, environmental factors, or human-induced seismicity, which can be inferred from the temporal distribution patterns. The pronounced peaks and troughs in the annual seismicity data from SANDSN might not solely represent actual changes in seismic activity but could also reflect periods of increased noise or changes in detection thresholds, which constitute a form of data contamination. Similarly, the diurnal patterns observed in the hourly distributions could be attributed to anthropogenic noise, which is particularly relevant near urban centers or industrial activities. The spatial distributions of seismic events, as indicated by the latitude and longitude density plots, show a clustering of seismicity which should be interpreted in the context of the Red Sea's tectonics. The Red Sea is a region of active continental rifting, and the concentration of events in certain latitudinal and longitudinal bands suggests alignment with the tectonic features such as the central rift axis or transform faults. The variation in the magnitude and depth distributions across the networks could be related to the differential capability of each network to detect the smaller, more frequent events that are characteristic of rifting processes, versus the larger, less frequent events associated with transform faulting.