## 3 Results
### Examining the Novelty/Contribution Claims Associated with the Three-Topic Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{34.1 pt} p{341.3 pt}} \hline
**Degree of Association** **to Topic 3** & **Claims Associated with Topic 3: Unique Properties of Photonic Devices Based on SWG Metamaterials** \\ \hline
0.948 & In this paper we present design solutions that eliminate these sources of loss and demonstrate that SWG couplers can outperform inverse taper couplers in terms of both coupling loss and polarization dependent loss. \\ \hline
0.948 & Here we present the use of SWGs for facet reflectivity reduction by the gradient-index (GRIN) effect. We use SWGs with triangular teeth, etched into the facet from the top. \\ \hline
0.946 & In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the realization of an ultra-directional L-shaped grating coupler, seamlessly fabricated by using 193-nm deep-ultraviolet (deep-UV) lithography. We also include a subwavelength index engineered waveguide-to-grating transition that provides an eight-fold reduction of the grating reflectivity. \\ \hline
0.933 & In this Letter, we propose a new grating coupler concept which achieves for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, both broadband operation bandwidth and high coupling efficiency, simultaneously. The coupler operation principle is based on the use of the zero diffraction order, instead of the first order that is typically employed in conventional surface grating couplers. In this specific (zero-order) regime, the radiation angle variation with wavelength is minimized, hence substantially broadening the coupler bandwidth. \\ \hline
0.932 & The coupler exploits the principle of subwavelength refractive index engineering which mitigates loss and wavelength resonances by suppressing diffraction effects. The proposed technique allows precise control of the modal field at the coupler tip to optimize coupling efficiency between the optical fiber and the silicon chip, for both TE and TM polarizations simultaneously, which helps minimizing the polarization dependence. \\ \hline
0.931 & In this paper, we propose a new approach which, building upon these techniques, exploits the unique advantage of dispersion properties of SWG waveguides. For the first time, a Bragg grating comprising SWG metamaterial waveguide core loaded with lateral segments is proposed an analyzed. \\ \hline
0.831 & Here we use, for the first time, the dispersive properties of sub-wavelength gratings to achieve a fivefold enhancement in the operation bandwidth of a silicon-on-insulator directional coupler. This approach does not compromise the size or the phase response of the device. \\ \hline
0.664 & We have demonstrated a set of suspended MIR silicon SWG engineered devices. \\ \hline
0.661 & Here, we propose a new type of sensing waveguide based on subwavelength gratings (SWGs). \\ \hline
0.661 & Here we propose, for the first time, the use of sub-wavelength gratings (SWGs) to design broadband directional couplers. \\ \hline
0.647 & An important advantage of our SWG structures is that they can be fabricated with a single etch step. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: \(Cont\). document the content of the invention. The emergence of SWG photonic metamaterial could be associated with a double reciprocal effect: first, the publications of articles and patents, as well as the experimental validation of the novel photonics designs based on the SWG waveguiding effect enabled the emergence of the new SWG metamaterial; second, the transition to the photonic metamaterial language has marked the actual existence of the SWG photonic metamaterials. One can identify a striking similarity with one of [PERSON]'s most radical claims that microbes did not exist before [PERSON]'s work, meaning that while microbes were always present, their existence as a scientific concept and the understanding of their role as an actant in disease were socially constructed through [PERSON]'s research and the subsequent acceptance of his theories by the medical community.