# Temporal and Spatial Diversity of Renewable Groundwater Resources in the River Valley
## 4 Results
### Renewable Groundwater Resources
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multirow{2}{*}{**Geomorphological Unit**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Renewable Resources [L/s km\({}^{2}\)]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area [km\({}^{2}\)]**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Variant 1** (Figure 9)} & Lower flood plain (IVb) & \(-\)2.01 & 1.11 & 1.74 & 0.81 & 59.20 \\  & Higher flood plain (IVa) & \(-\)1.61 & 0.52 & 1.74 & 0.80 & 39.00 \\  & Praga Terrace (III) & \(-\)2.17 & 0.34 & 1.74 & 1.18 & 171.03 \\  & Palenic Terrace (II) & \(-\)2.37 & 0.05 & 1.74 & 1.19 & 108.88 \\  & Otwock Terrace (I) & \(-\)2.37 & 1.16 & 1.74 & 0.90 & 185.07 \\  & Warsaw plain & \(-\)0.31 & 1.05 & 1.74 & 0.57 & 6.54 \\  & Average value: & & 0.65 & & sum: & 569.72 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Variant 2** (Figure 10)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Geomorphological Unit**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Renewable Resources [L/s km\({}^{2}\)]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area [km\({}^{2}\)]**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \cline{2-6}  & Lower flood plain (IVb) & \(-\)2.37 & 0.47 & 2.06 & 1.12 & 59.20 \\  & Higher flood plain (IVa) & \(-\)1.85 & \(-\)0.21 & 2.06 & 0.96 & 39.00 \\  & Praga Terrace (III) & \(-\)2.37 & \(-\)0.45 & 2.06 & 1.73 & 171.03 \\  & Falencia Terrace (II) & \(-\)2.37 & -0.73 & 2.06 & 1.45 & 108.88 \\  & Otwock Terrace (I) & \(-\)2.37 & 0.94 & 2.06 & 1.26 & 185.07 \\  & Warsaw plain & \(-\)0.29 & 1.30 & 2.06 & 0.64 & 6.54 \\  & Average value: & & 0.08 & & sum: & 569.72 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Variant 3** (Figure 10)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Geomorphological Unit**} & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Renewable Resources [L/s km\({}^{2}\)]**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Area [km\({}^{2}\)]**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Min** & **Mean** & **Max** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \cline{2-6}  & Lower flood plain (IVb) & \(-\)2.22 & 0.68 & 2.06 & 0.49 & 59.2 \\  & Higher flood plain (IVa) & \(-\)1.55 & 0.44 & 2.04 & 0.50 & 39 \\  & Praga Terrace (III) & \(-\)2.36 & 0.25 & 2.04 & 0.87 & 171.03 \\  & Falencia Terrace (II) & \(-\)2.83 & 0.09 & 2.06 & 0.85 & 108.88 \\  & Otwock Terrace (I) & \(-\)2.70 & 0.81 & 2.06 & 0.64 & 185.07 \\  & Warsaw plain & \(-\)0.23 & 0.51 & 1.06 & 0.32 & 6.54 \\  & Average value: & & 0.46 & & sum: & 569.72 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Changes of groundwater resources in groundwater model variants. Figure 10: Renewable resources and their changes according to steady state: (**A**): variant 2; (**B**): variant 3. Figure 9: Spatial distribution and average values of renewable resources in geomorphological units in variant 1. During the lowest levels (variant 3), the volume of renewable resources was 0.46 L/s km\({}^{2}\) on average, ranging from 0.09 to 0.68 L/s km\({}^{2}\). Predominance of evapotranspiration over the amount of infiltration recharge was not found in any geomorphological unit of the valley; hence, the value of average renewable resources was positive. In the geomorphological units of low groundwater levels, a significant decrease in the renewability of groundwater resources was found, i.e., it was lower by 51% in the Warsaw Plain, by 39% in floodplain IVb, and by 30% in the Owock Terrace (I). In the areas of shallower groundwater table, the decrease ranged from 15% in the upper floodplain (IVa) to 27% in the Praga Terrace (II). The average renewability attained higher values than in variant 1 only in the case of the Falenica Terrace (179% of the variant 1 value). Locally, the resources in all units still had negative values, even up to \(-\)2.83 L/s km\({}^{2}\) (Table 4; Figure 10). The volume of renewable groundwater resources was verified by comparing it with the water outflow determining by hydrological observation. For the variant 1, the outflow value calculated on the model was 0.103 m\({}^{3}\)/s, while the average low flow was determined at 0.022 m\({}^{3}\)/s [48]. This difference accounts for around 8% of the specified renewable resources.