# Sustainable Development of Concrete through Aggregates and Innovative Materials: A Review
## 2 Recycled Materials
### Industrial Waste  
A sustainable concrete is obtained by employing industrial recycled materials, helping the reduction of greenhouse gases and decreasing the impact of global warming [57]. To replace Portland cement or aggregates, various types of waste may be used such as sand, casting waste, steel slag, copper slag, slag from smelting processes, coal ash, ferrochrome slag and palm oil [58]. [PERSON] et al. [10] presented a review about agroresidual waste, which are employed as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. This review reported the properties of fresh and hardened concrete as well as its durability, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, flexural strength and elastic modulus. It considered the properties of concrete that contains agro-alimentary waste and self-compacting mortars, and the properties of several agroresidual materials (i.e., peanut shells, oyster shells, cork, rice hull ashes, tobacco waste, bagasse ashes and sawdust ashes). [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59] carried out a research about the implementation and feasibility of hazardous waste (mutds), which are produced of water purifying systems, in the manufacture of concrete. This can preserve the environment and reduce costs of aggregate used in concrete. Five percent of mud content as aggregate can be used in constructions that do not need a high mechanical strength as sidewalks and concrete pathways. [PERSON] et al. [60] studied the use of mud products of integrated circuits industries, which contain hazardous materials of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and calcium fluoride. The compressive strength, stress-strain and elastic modulus of samples after the curing days (7, 14, 28, 56 and 91 days) were compared with control sample. Properties of the fresh sample (weight, air and chloride content) had a similar behavior. Based on these results, an efficiency of its use can be demonstrated within the construction industry. Ceramic powders can have pozzolanic activity and be used as a cementing agent or as aggregate in concrete. [PERSON] et al. [6] researched a sustainable concrete employing ceramic waste and evaluating its efficiency as a replacement of aggregate to conserve natural resources. The results show that concrete with 30% replacement proportion generates high compressive strength and a lesser impact to the environment and an option for a sustainable concrete. Concrete samples of cubes (150 mm \(\times\) 150 mm \(\times\) 150 mm) were evaluated. The water absorption of the samples was increased when the ceramic waste percentage increased. The water absorption of the concrete sample containing 30% replacement of ceramic waste achieved 11.18%, which was higher than that (7.84%) of the conventional concrete. This increase in the water absorption capacity is due to the clay quality. On the other hand, the workability of the samples was reduced 10.2% with the increase of the ceramic aggregate quantity. In addition, the compressive strength of the samples increased with the time in all mixtures and always was higher than the control specimen measured after 28 and 63 days. The concrete volume was linearly reduced up to 17% with 30% replacement of ceramic waste [6]. [PERSON] et al. [8] studied the effect of casting waste as aggregate material on the properties of concrete. For replacement proportions up to 30% with fine and coarse casting waste aggregates, there is no impact on mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and elastic modulus) of the concrete after of 28 days. Thus, the partial use of casting waste in concrete can be used to save natural resources and increase the recycling of this material. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [61] measured concrete compressive strength and porosity properties employing ultra-fine slag. For 10% proportion of ultra-fine slag incorporated in concrete, optimum conditions of compressive strength and durability of the concrete were obtained. The compression strength of the concrete was determined in cubes (100 mm\(\times\) 100 mm \(\times\) 100 mm).