The term \"evidence-based medicine\" (EBM) was first introduced in 1992 in the _Journal of American Medical Association_ (_JAMA_), referring to the use and the critical appraisal of the best scientific evidence to support clinical decision-making. This idea purported that all medical activities intended for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy should be based, not primarily on clinical experiences, but on solid scientific evidences coming from clinical research. Since then, EBM approach has continued to grow and spread, taking a pivotal place beside the competence of the clinician and the care preferences of the single patient. This new way of thinking and acting now accounts the most updated evidence resulting from methodologically rigorous studies, mainly randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, which correspond to the highest level of scientific quality and represent the top of the EBM pyramid (Figure 1). The base consists of pre-clinical research (in vitro and in vivo experiments), expert opinions and case reports/series, while the middle part is composed of observational studies including case-control and cohort studies, and RCTs and systematic reviews constitute the top. RCTs are intervention studies considered the gold standard of clinical research to evaluate the efficacy/effectiveness of a therapy, because of their ability to minimize the biases over other types of clinical trials [1]. The cornerstone of RCT is randomization, which allows distributing each prognostic factor homogeneously between the test group and the control group. The tip of the pyramid, however, is occupied by systematic reviews, belonging to secondary literature. They are tools aimed at summarizing data coming from primary literature, such as RCTs, cohort and/or case-control studies. They aim at answering a well-focused question about etiology, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of a certain disease, paying particular attention to the search methodology of studies to be included and providing a critical evaluation of the resulting quality of evidence. Systematic reviews are, whenever possible, associated with meta-analysis, which is a statistical analysis of all data coming from the different studies included; the latter provides a quantitative analysis of findings in support or against a certain treatment or risk factor in the contest of a specific disease. Underlying the importance of systematic review, the Cochrane Collaboration was founded in 1993, an international network with the specific aim of preparing and maintaining continuously updated and publically available systematic reviews on the impact of health interventions, which follow a unique standard of methodology. In the EBM, the clinician is trained to identify the best scientific evidence currently available on a medical issue, after constructing an appropriate research question and using the reference database for medical literature (PubMed) for reviewing studies. To construct the clinical question, EBM proposes the PICO strategy, where P stands for Patients (with a particular condition or disease), I for the Intervention of interest (therapeutic, preventive, prognostic, diagnostic), C for Control or Comparison (the former defined as no intervention such as placebo, the latter as the standard intervention to be compared) and O for Outcome (the expected results coming from the intervention). In the phytoiatric/phytopathological area, an evidence-based approach is still missing. Similar to the medical sciences, the efficacy of plant protection products can be assessed with diverse experimental designs each with different levels of scientific evidence. In general, active substances are initially assayed with in vitro tests evaluating their biostatic/biocidal activity on cultivable plant pathogens.