# Application of Tungsten-Oxide-Based Electrochromic Devices for Supercapacitors
## 2 Tungsten Oxide Electrodes
### One Dimension
\begin{table}
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**Time** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Film** \\ **Fabrication** \\ **Technology** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Working** \\ **Voltage** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Specific** \\ **Capacitance** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Coloring** \\ **Efficiency** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Light** \\ **Modulation** \\ **Parameters** \\ \end{tabular} & **Base Plate** & **Article Content** \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Using polyaniline (PANI) as the \\ anode, WO\({}_{3}\) as the cathode, and \\ polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-LiClO\({}_{4}\) \\ as the solid electrolyte, an \\ all-solid-state supercapacitor with \\ electrochromic function was \\ successfully prepared, in which the \\ color change represents the change \\ in energy levels during charging \\ and discharging. \\ \end{tabular} \\
2017 & \begin{tabular}{c} Spraying \\ \(2.5\) V \\ \end{tabular} & \(406\) F/g & \(64.8\) cm\({}^{2}\) C\({}^{-1}\) & \(40\%\) & Flexible & \begin{tabular}{c} Light-responsive electrochromic \\ supercapacitor with cellulose \\ nanofiber/silver nanowire/reduced \\ graphene oxide/WO\({}_{3}\) composite \\ electrode, integrated with a solar \\ sensor to achieve intelligent color \\ change of the device. \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hydothermal \\ method \\ \end{tabular} & \(1.8\) V & \(459\) F/cm\({}^{3}\) & \(0.22\) a.u & Flexible &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(W_{18}\)O\({}_{49}\) nanowire and carbon \\ nanotube composite electrodes \\ were prepared, using Al-based \\ electrolytes, confirming the promise \\ of Al-based applications in flexible \\ electronic devices. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
2017 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Hydrothermal \\ method \\ \end{tabular} & \(1.8\) V & \(459\) F/cm\({}^{3}\) & \(0.22\) a.u & Flexible &
\begin{tabular}{c} \(W_{18}\)O\({}_{49}\) nanowire and carbon \\ nanotube composite electrodes \\ were prepared, using Al-based \\ electrolytes, confirming the promise \\ of Al-based applications in flexible \\ electronic devices. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Relevant tungsten oxide ECSC reports in recent years. Figure 8: Different high-dimensional tungsten oxide nanostructures: (**a**) stacked nanosheet [98], (**b**) nanoarray [99], (**c**) three-dimensional [100]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time** & **Film Fabrication Technology** & **Working Voltage** & **Specific Capaciance** & **Coloring Efficiency** & **Light Modulation Parameters** & **Base Plate** & **Article Content** \\ \hline
2017 & Hydrothermal & & & & & & A new flexible electrochromic supercapacitor designed by preparing tungsten trioxide/zinc oxide (WO\({}_{3}\)/ZnO) nanocomposites on a flexible substrate, which can visually monitor the energy storage level through fast and reversible color change. & Tungsten oxide (WO\({}_{3}\)) nanostructures were synthesized using a wet chemical method and treated using microwave irradiation. The effects of microwaves on the structure, morphology, and performance of WO\({}_{3}\) supercapacitors are discussed. & Tungsten oxide (WO\({}_{3}\)) nanostructures were synthesized using a wet chemical method and treated using microwave irradiation. The effects of microwaves on the structure, morphology, and performance of WO\({}_{3}\) supercapacitors are discussed. & An electrochromic multifunctional smart glass was assembled by using WO\({}_{3}\) crystal nanosheets (a single purely phase-active layer was used for visual and near-infrared (NIR) modulation). The device can be restored to degradation over a period of one year. & & & \\
2018 & Solution method & \(\pm\)2.5 V & 173 F/cm\({}^{3}\) & 63\% & Rigid & & \\
2019 & Electrostatic spinning & 1.5 V & 471 F/g & 83.9 cm\({}^{2}\)/C & 40\% &