## 3 Discussion
(2009) [43] highlighted an important role of solasodine in the control of wound-related microbes such as _S. aureus_, _S. epidermidis_, _E. coli_ and _P. aeruginosa_. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. (2008) [44] indicated that some steroid compounds are responsible for the activity of other plants from the _Solanaceae_ family; _S. villosum_ can regulate the reproduction of _S. aegypti_, which may have a significant impact on the spread of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Earlier reports highlighted that _S. nigrum_ extracts exhibited biological activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as fungi (e.g., [37; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49]). The antimicrobial activity of _S. nigrum_ extracts was tested in the concentration range from 25 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL to 200 mg/mL and was found to depend on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the test extracts [7; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49]. In our research, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of _S. nigrum_ from aerial parts and roots was tested by the disc diffusion method and serial dilution method to determine MIC/MCB. Our results showed different degrees of inhibition of growth against the pathogens tested. The methanolic extracts showed a broad antibacterial spectrum against the tested bacteria with the diameter of the zone of inhibition varying from 4 to 11.5 mm (13-41% against the control). However, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC\({}_{90}\)) ranged from 125 to 500 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL. However, the extract from aerial parts showed a stronger antimicrobial effect than the extract from roots. Plant pathogens (_Pectobacterium_ spp. and _Erwinia_ spp.) and gram-positive cocci were the most sensitive to the tested extracts. The observed antibacterial activity is probably related to the contents of plants, including _Solanaceae_, including alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, tannins and terpenoids, which can penetrate the bacterial wall and/or cell membrane and have bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects by penetrating deep into the cell [45]. The tested extracts showed activity against cells of tumor lines by inhibiting cell growth. There are few reports in the literature on the activity of extracts obtained from _S. nigrum_. Ongoing research [30] showed activity with significant cytotoxicity in human endometrial cancer cells by activating autophagy and cell death. An aqueous leaf extract was used in the study; however, its composition is missing. The following paper on in vitro activity evaluates the antioxidant activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts. The extracts were partially characterized in terms of composition. SN leaf extracts could reduce oxidative stress in primary cultures of rat astrogglial cells. In addition, the extracts showed antioxidant properties and neuroprotective effects. According to the authors, natural phenolic antioxidants in functional foods prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Another study investigated the extracts' antiproliferative activity against cells of leukemia lines. Furthermore, in this study, the activity of the extracts was confirmed [28]. In the study of antitumor activity, methanol and chloroform extracts from _S. nigrum_ leaves and stems were also used [30]. The authors assessed the activity of the extracts in vitro studies on the PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line and the HeLa cervical cancer cell line. Additionally, tests were carried out on normal cells. All extracts at a 100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL concentration showed anti-tumor activity and were not toxic to normal cells. This study confirmed _S. nigrum_ in treating cancer in traditional medicine in Sudan [30]. _S. nigrum_ is used in traditional medicine as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory and hep-atoprotective agent [28; 30; 50; 51; 52; 53]. The cited literature data confirm the results obtained. The tested extracts show activity consisting in inhibiting cell growth. It is visible in MTT test results and approved by a direct cytotoxicity test (Figure 1).