## 3 Results
### Ecosystem Service Assessments
#### 3.2.2 Expert ESA Application in Danish Coastal Waters
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Commercial Mitigation Farm**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**IMTA (Denmark)**} \\  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**(Denmark)**} & \\ \hline Provisioning Ecosystem Services & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Diff. in Mean & Diff. in Median \\ \hline Wild plant outputs & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.0\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Wild animal outputs & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.0\) & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(0.9\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Aquaculture & \(3\) & \(3\) & \(1.5\) & \(4\) & \(4\) & \(0.9\) & \(1\) & \(1\) \\ Materials for processing and agriculture & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.2\) & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.3\) & \(1\) & \(1\) \\ Physical and bioenergy & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.3\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.3\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Navigation and waterways & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(0.9\) & \(-1\) & \(-2\) & \(1.1\) & \(0\) & \(-1\) \\ Harbors and maritime industries & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.3\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ \hline Regulating Ecosystem Services & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Diff. in Mean & Diff. in Median \\ \hline Burial of nutrients and organic matter & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(1.4\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(2.1\) & \(1\) & \(1\) \\ Nutrient removal & \(3\) & \(3\) & \(1.8\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.7\) & \(-3\) & \(-3\) \\ Primary productivity & \(-2\) & \(-2\) & \(0.7\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(0.9\) & \(3\) & \(3\) \\ Water transparency & \(3\) & \(3\) & \(1.3\) & \(1\) & \(0\) & \(1.1\) & \(-2\) & \(-3\) \\ Matter transformation & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.8\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.7\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ Oxygen provision & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.4\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(0.5\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Pest control & \(1\) & \(0\) & \(1.1\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(1.5\) & \(2\) & \(-1\) \\ Nursery grounds & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.4\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.8\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Habitat diversity & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(0.8\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.3\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Mass stabilization & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(0.9\) & \(1\) & \(1\) & \(1.5\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Flood protection & \(1\) & \(0\) & \(1.0\) & \(1\) & \(0\) & \(1.0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) \\ \hline Cultural Ecosystem Services & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Mean & Median & St. Dev. & Diff. in Mean & Diff. in Median \\ \hline Bathing and sunbathing & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.2\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.4\) & \(-2\) & \(-2\) \\ Recreation and water sports & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.5\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(1.3\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Aesthetic experience & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.1\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(1.2\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Attractiveness for seaside housing & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.2\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) & \(1.4\) & \(-1\) & \(-1\) \\ Experimental use & \(1\) & \(0\) & \(2.0\) & \(0\) & \(0\) & \(1.2\) & \(-1\) & \(0\) \\ Scientific and educational & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.7\) & \(3\) & \(3\) & \(1.9\) & \(1\) & \(1\) \\ Economic development & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.4\) & \(2\) & \(2\) & \(1.5\) & \(-1\) & \(0\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Comparison of two mussel farm applications assessing the effects (changes) on ecosystem services. The mussel farm applications included an IMTA approach (Horsens Fjord) and a large-scale commercial mitigation mussel farm (Skive Fjord), both located in Danish coastal waters. The assessment was conducted by experts with mussel cultivation backgrounds. The mean and median values were calculated based on the aggregated number of ratings. These results show that an ESA can not only be beneficial for experts which have less or no experience with mussel cultivation but also be a good supplement for discussions of mussel cultivation. It is suitable to evaluate and discuss the perception of strengths and weaknesses of different mussel farm set-ups.