esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# The Impact of 6G-IoT Technologies on the Development of Agriculture 5.0: A Review
## 2 Agriculture 5.0: Revolutionizing Agriculture with Cutting-Edge Technologies
### The Ultra-High Requirements of Agriculture 5.0
#### 2.2.1 High-Density and Ultra-High Precision Sensing at the Plant Level  
In the current version of precision agriculture, sensors are sparsely scattered over a vast region to provide a rough perspective of the conditions occurring in that area [38]. However, it is expected that, in the future, a far more comprehensive and detailed view will be achievable by employing a much higher density of sensors [39]. One of the most exciting concepts that is slowly taking shape and is expected to be fully implemented on a large scale in the future is the possibility of collecting information at the plant level by installing sensors at each plant, as shown in Figure 2.  
As each plant responds differently to environmental elements such as soil and weather, this approach will enable us to meet the specific needs of each plant. This ensures that the optimal amount of inputs is utilized at all times, which benefits both the farmer and the end consumer. However, even assuming a very low planting density of 2 plants per square meter, this results in a total of 2,000,000 sensors per square kilometer, which is well beyond the capabilities of the currently developing 5G networks [39; 40; 41].  
The next logical step, given the availability of such a dense network of sensors, is to improve the precision of each individual sensor. Improved sensors are required not only to identify the exact location of each plant more accurately and reliably, but also to diagnose its health in greater detail, so that subsequent troubleshooting actions are equally precise and effective. This enables a precise diagnosis to be made for each plant individually, allowing for the best course of action to be determined, such as whether chemicals should be applied to the plant's roots or leaves, or even injected using microneedles [42].  
Consequently, applying liquid fertilizers or pesticides in an environmentally friendly and precise manner increases their effectiveness, which can reduce the use of hazardous and polluting plant protection chemicals by as much as 95%, resulting in more sustainable products [43]. Evidently, the aforementioned processes will be more efficient the more precise the sensor measurements are. Significant development has been realized in recent years in the field of quantum sensors, which appear to be a very promising technology  
Figure 2: High-density and ultra-high-precision sensing at the plant level.  
for multiplying the sensing capacity of IoT monitoring systems. In conclusion, the ability to collect data with high precision and spatial density would enable artificial intelligence data analysis tools to provide more precise and efficient action predictions, resulting in increased yields with reduced energy and environmental costs [44; 45].
## 3. Results and Discussion
### Future Projection of CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions Derived from Japanese Music and Videos Streaming  
Figure 2 shows the future of domestic CO\({}_{2}\) emissions derived from online music and video streaming from 2019 to 2025. If the current trend continues until 2025, the number of users for online music streaming will increase from 21.60 million in 2019 to 32.54 million in 2025. Similarly, online video streaming users will increase from 65.96 million in 2019 to 106.62 million in 2025. As a result, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions might reach up to 1545 thousand t-CO\({}_{2}\) in 2025.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline PCs: music streaming/subscription and free & \(5.88\times 10^{-4}\) \\ PCs: video streaming/subscription & \(1.57\times 10^{-4}\) \\ PCs: video streaming/free & \(1.72\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Smartphones: music screaming/subscription and free & \(1.43\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Smartphones: video streaming/subscription & \(1.40\times 10^{-4}\) \\ Smartphones: video streaming/free & \(1.40\times 10^{-4}\) \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{3}{l}{Unit: kg-CO\({}_{2}\)/MB.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Life cycle CO\({}_{2}\) emission.  
CO\({}_{2}\) emissions associated with online music and video streaming may become non-negligible in future. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to address CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from online music and video streaming. OECD [49] defines Green ICT in the narrow sense as referring to ICTs with low environmental burdens, and using ICT as an enabler reduces environmental impacts across the economy outside of the ICT sector. The Green ICT activities include not only smart buildings and smart grids, but also teleworking, video conferencing, and e-commerce [50]. [PERSON] et al. [5] indicate that the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and ICT index that consists of ICT development, ICT readiness, and ICT use and intensity leads to a U-shaped relationship. Based on such a claim, technology innovation and promoting Green ICTs in online music and videos streaming services requires the improvement of the energy efficiencies of ICT equipment. At the same time, education is necessary to the general public to give them the understanding necessary to make changes [51].
# A Preliminary Study on the Potential of the New Red-Fleshed 'JB' Clone Apple for Cider Production
## 3 Results and Discussion
In conclusion, it can be inferred that the red-fleshed apple cultivar inherently has a higher polyphenol content than other cultivars. [PERSON] et al. [38] studied the impact of apple purece addition on cider polyphenol content. The raw material used was Fuji apples, and the biological material was a strain of noble yeast from the _Saccharomyces_ genus. Fermentation lasted 21 days at 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and polyphenol content was determined in the must and after 1, 4, 7, 11, and 15 days of fermentation. For the variant without the addition of apple purece, the polyphenol content changed over time as follows: 407 (in must), 374, 344, 296, 317, and 299 mg chlorogenic acid/L. The results of the second variant were obtained as follows: 500 (in must with purece), 458, 421, 374, 338, and 327 mg chlorogenic acid/L. In both variants, the polyphenol content decreased during fermentation, and the differences between the variants after 15 days of this process were not substantial. In the case of ciders from the red-fleshed cultivar, the polyphenol content also decreased throughout fermentation. The cider obtained by fermenting must from the red-fleshed apples was characterized by an alcohol content of 5.6% _v/v_ (Table 3), which falls within the range of 1.2 to 8.5% _v/v_ specified in the 2 December 2021 legislation for this product category [30]. The preliminary organoleptic analysis resulted in a favorable overall rating (average score of 4.1); however, further in-depth sensory studies are needed. The key quality attributes of the red-fleshed apple clone?B? must and the cider obtained from it demonstrate its strong potential for high-quality cider production.
# Evaluating MPTCP Congestion Control Algorithms: Implications for Streaming in Open Internet
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Implications and Future Research  
The presented study evaluated the common MPTCP and SPTCP algorithms from the perspective of real-time and streaming services.  
LIA with BBR acting at the path level seems best suited for applications where packet loss is a critical concern, while OLIA with BBR and BALIA with Reno are intended for bandwidth-intensive ones. The lower HoL Blocking Degree attained by BALIA paired either with Reno or BBR is particularly attractive for conveying multimedia content. They allow for smaller buffers (important for resource-constrained mobile appliances) and reduced jitter.  
Nevertheless, these standard CC algorithms face fundamental structural limitations in the considered application area originating from different design premises--boosting throughput while keeping fairness--which are not critical for real-time systems. A valuable direction for future research is to develop new MPTCP CC algorithms that would target the major challenges of streaming in the multipath paradigm, i.e., to maintain coherency and high quality despite the inevitable jitter and HoL blocking in the open Internet.
# Compact Bistatic Iterative Passive Radar Based on Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting Signals
## 3 Proposal Description
### Complexity Analysis  
In terms of time complexity analysis, assuming that matrix inversions are performed using the most efficient algorithm based on p-adic expansions, which exhibits a complexity of \(\mathcal{O}\Big{(}3^{3}\log^{2}3\Big{)}=\mathcal{O}(6.14)\), the square matrix multiplications are carried out using [PERSON]'s algorithm, with a complexity of \(\mathcal{O}\big{(}3^{2.807}\big{)}=\mathcal{O}(21.84)\). For the non-square matrix multiplication of the form \(A^{M\times N}\times B^{N\times P}\times C^{P\times M}\), the Naive algorithm is employed, with a complexity of \(\mathcal{O}\big{(}M\cdot N\cdot P+M^{2}\cdot P\big{)}\). The sorting algorithm used is the _tree-sort_, which is based on the Binary Search Tree and has a complexity of \(\mathcal{O}(6\log 6)=\mathcal{O}(4.69)\). The time complexities of the various steps in the algorithm are as follows:  
* Step 2: \(3\mathcal{O}(12)\)
* Step 3: \(3\mathcal{O}(21.84)+\mathcal{O}(6.14)+\mathcal{O}(9)\)
* Step 5: \(\mathcal{O}(20)\)
* Step 6: \(\mathcal{O}(4)\)
* Each epoch:
* 6 times:
* Step 11: \(\mathcal{O}(6)\)
* Step 12: \(3\mathcal{O}(21.84)+\mathcal{O}(6.14)+\mathcal{O}(9)\) like step 3
* Step 14: \(\mathcal{O}(20)\) like step 5
* Step 15: \(\mathcal{O}(6)\)
* Step 17: \(\mathcal{O}(4.69)\)
* Step 19: \(\mathcal{O}(6)\)
* Step 23: \(\mathcal{O}(4)\)  
In any case, such a degree of complexity is linear and affordable for simple devices. For example, for a simple Raspberry Pi of 4.4 giga floating point operations per second (GFLOPS), in the worst case, in which 10k iterations are needed, the algorithm will take approximately 1 ms to complete them.
## 4 Technologies for Nanocellulose Production
### Production of Nanocellulose from Cellulose
#### 4.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis  
The simplest and traditional chemical process for creating nanocellulose from cellulosic sources is acid hydrolysis, which is widely used for the production of CNCs. In acid hydrolysis, the disordered amorphous regions are digested owing to their more susceptibility to acids, as compared to the crystalline regions, leading to the high crystallinity of CNCs. Strong acids such as sulfuric acid (H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)), hydrochloric acid (HBr) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) are usually employed to produce highly crystalline and rod-shaped CNCs. Weak acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid have also been reported for the production of CNCs; nevertheless, due to their low dissociation constant, the protonated ions ineffectively remove amorphous regions, resulting in a lower crystallinity and fibrous structure. This limitation of weak acids can be overcome by combining the process with mechanical disintegration to produce a good-quality NC [31]. Among strong acids, sulfuric acid hydrolysis is the most extensively used method, during which the esterification of the hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose occurs, resulting in the large number of negatively charged sulphate groups (sulphate half-ester groups, OSO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\)) on the surface of CNCs. These anionic groups promote the dispersion of CNCs in water by forming and covering the CNCs, and prevent their aggregation in water. However, CNCs produced using sulfuric acid have moderate thermal stability, which can be resolved by neutralizing CNCs with sodium hydroxide [95; 96]. The morphology, crystallinity, size, thermal stability and surface charge of CNCs are highly influenced by the type of LB, acid type, concentration, reaction time and temperature [97]. However, this process has a number of drawbacks, including high water usage, the generation of acidic effluent, a lengthy processing period, high operational and maintenance expenses, equipment corrosion, the formation of inhibitors and malignancy to the environment [30]. [PERSON] et al. produced CNCs from sugarcane bagasse using 65 wt% H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 60 min under sonication. The length and diameter of the produced CNCs was found to be 200-300 nm and 20-40 nm, respectively [98].
# Optimized DM-RS Configuration for Improved 5G New Radio Network Capacity and Performance.
## 3 Theoretical Background  
### 5G/NR Introduction  
The history of mobile communications started more than 40 years ago, with early deployed systems like Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT), considered first-generation mobile systems. These systems were limited to voice services. Today, we have fifth-generation systems deployed commercially and sixth-generation systems under development. During the evolution of mobile communication, new use cases were introduced, like data transfers and web browsing supported by _Wireless Application Protocol_ (WAP) in the second generation, video calls in the third and truly mobile broadband experience in the fourth. The fifth generation was designed to support additional use cases, accelerate the _Internet of Things_ (IoT) and boost the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The use cases were categorized into three segments, with different requirements:  
* Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), with requirements for extreme capacity (as high as 10 Mbps/m\({}^{2}\)), high data rates (peak up to 20 Gbps) and high spectral efficiency (peak 30 bps/Hz for downlink);
* Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC), with requirements for extreme mobility (as high as 500 km/h), low latency (as low as 1 ms) and ultra-high reliability (99.99% success probability for up to 32 bytes within 1 ms);
* Massive Internet of Things/Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC), with requirements for high connection density (as high as \(10^{6}/\mathrm{km}^{2}\)), low complexity and energy efficiency.  
The design of 5G NR systems is based on several principles, as shown in Figure 1. To obtain additional spectrum assets and channels with higher bandwidth, it is clear that the system must operate on higher frequency bands.  
Figure 1: 5G/NR Design principles.  
The system was built to support very low latency, which is one of the major requirements. Learning from mistakes in LTE deployments, where always-on signals like Cell Reference Signal (CRS) affected system performance and capacity, the 5G system was designed to be ultra-lean. Both principles are reflected in DM-RS design, which will be discussed in detail in the following sub-section.  
Another important design principle embedded from the first day is forward compatibility and flexibility, to support different requirements, not only to address early anticipated use cases segmented in the three domains discussed, but also to cope with new use cases that were not known initially. To meet all requirements, the system relies on advanced antenna systems, with beamforming as a key functionality that requires a whole mind shift towards beam-centric system design, again reflected in the realization of DM-RS signals.
## 2 Enzymatic Defensive Mechanisms
### Ascorbate Peroxidase  
The ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.1.11.1) enzyme functions in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and regularly exists in chloroplasts (stroma and thylakoid), mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytosols, vacuoles, and the apoplast [4; 11]. Five main isoforms of the APX family in rice plants are named after their constituent amino acids and their subcellular localisation [134]. Recent studies on the _Arabidopsis_ genome revealed the presence of nearly nine putative APX genes, localised in the cytosol (APX\({}_{1}\), APX\({}_{2}\), APX6), peroxisomes (APX\({}_{3}\) and APX\({}_{5}\)), chloroplast stroma (sAPX), chloroplast thylakoid (tAPX) [135; 136], and mitochondria (sAPX) [137], with two of them (APC\({}_{4}\) and APX\({}_{7}\)) being annotated as genes lacking H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) detoxifying activity and pseudogene, respectively [138]. The critical importance of cytosolic APXs is not so much linked to their conference of plant tolerance to cold [139], salinity (APX\({}_{2}\)), high light (APX\({}_{2}\)), heat and drought (APX\({}_{1}\)) [140; 141] stresses as to their depletion (e.g., APX\({}_{1}\)) which tends to inactivate chloroplastic H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) detoxification [142; 143].  
More importantly, APXs deal with H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) signalling during developmental stages [144; 145] through scavenging H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) toxicity in the chloroplast and cytosol [26; 146]. APX enzymes possess a strong affinity for H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\), indicating that the ascorbate-glutathione (AA-GSH) cycle plays a vital role in controlling ROS levels in cellular organelles [138]. The way this enzyme decomposes H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) into water and oxygen is to use ascorbate (ascorbic acid-AA) as a reducing factor [11]. In this reaction, ascorbate is converted to monodehydroascorbate (MDHA) by APX activity, and this compound is also converted to dehydroacorbate (DHA) through a non-enzymatic pathway. Additionally, the ascorbate is a prerequisite substance to maintain the production cycle. In the AA-GSH cycle, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) converts the MDHA to AA utilising NADPH. Also, the conversion reaction of DHA to AA is catalysed by dehydroacorbate reductase (DHAR) with redox glutathione (GSH) oxidation in the process (Figure 1) [147].  
Similar to the enzyme CAT, APX also presents either in the thylakoid membrane or as a solution in the stroma. The form attached to the thylakoid membrane immediately detoxifies the hydrogen peroxide at the production site, and the stroma-soluble type decomposes the hydrogen peroxide released into the stroma. In comparison to CAT, APX has a stronger affinity for H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\); hence it is a better scavenger at times of stress [26]. The noticeable concentration of SOD, CAT and APX in the heavy metal (HM)-resistant plant _Pteris vittata_ in proportion to the HM-sensitive plant _Pteris ensiformis_ suggests that the so-called enzymes play a central role in the detoxification of zinc oxide nanoparticles [148].
# Efficient False Positive Control Algorithms in Big Data Mining
## 3 PFWER-Based Distributed False Positive Control Algorithm
### Overall Framework of the Algorithm  
The general framework of the distributed PFWER false positive control algorithm proposed in this paper is shown in Figure 1.  
Since the null hypothesis, \(H_{0}\), proposed in this paper is that pattern \(S\) is not significantly associated with label \(l_{i}\), more than one pattern \(S\) can be mined in the transactional dataset \(D\). There is a dependency between different patterns, \(S\), and the \(p\)-values computed from the labels \(l_{i}\), so the PFWER false positive control is performed using the permutation method proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30; 43]. The permutation-based method is very computationally intensive, so the Spark framework is used for parallel computing to improve the overall computational rate. The algorithm proposed in this chapter can be broadly divided into the following three stages.  
1. Label permutation operation. According to the replacement method proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30; 43], it is known that to calculate the truncated \(p\)-value (corrected significance level \(\delta\)) more accurately, it is necessary to perform a replacement operation on the label \(l_{i}\) (generally performing \(jr=10^{3}\sim 10^{4}\) times replacement) to achieve the purpose of breaking the association between pattern \(S\) and label \(l_{i}\).
2. Finding the hypothesis to be tested in multiple hypothesis testing. Since the null hypothesis is composed of two key elements, pattern \(S\) and label \(l_{i}\), the main task of the second stage of the algorithm is to find all patterns \(S\) and their corresponding labels \(l_{i}\) in the transactional dataset \(D\).  
Figure 1: Overall framework of distributed PFWER false positive control.  
3. False-positive correction calculation. After finding the hypotheses to be tested and permuting the labels, the \(p\)-value of each hypothesis was calculated according to [PERSON]'s exact test. The false-positive correction was then performed according to the [PERSON] and [PERSON] [30; 43] replacement method, and finally, the FWER was controlled at the \(\alpha\) level.
# A Lightweight Hash-Based Blockchain Architecture for Industrial IoT
## 1 Introduction
Following our survey results, some lightweight hash functions show better performance than SHA-2. In this paper, we study blockchain IIoT architecture to improve the availability using lightweight hash functions. First, we survey the existing results of blockchain-based IoT and analyze the considerations for blockchain-based IIoT. Then, we conducted surveys for lightweight hash functions and select some hash functions through the performance analysis. Finally, we propose a lightweight hash-based blockchain architecture for IIoT. This architecture includes the blockchain network between the field device layer and control layer, and thereby it can ensure the data integrity of the collected data and control command. Our main contributions can be summarized below. * We survey existing blockchain-based IoT solutions and summarize their primary considerations in the perspective of modifying the consensus protocol, constructing an architecture, using lightweight cryptography for performance. * We analyze the considerations for blockchain-based IIoT in perspective of improving availability. * We survey the lightweight hash functions and conduct a performance analysis. Finally, we propose a lightweight hash-based blockchain architecture for IIoT. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce related work about blockchain-based IoT, hash functions of existing cryptocurrency and we also explain considerations (computational resources, latency, and scalability) for the availability of blockchain-based IIoT. In Section 3, we propose blockchain-based IIoT architecture operating between field layer and control layer. Also, we explain the features of our blockchain architecture and interaction process. In Section 4, we explain how our proposed architecture satisfies considerations for availability. Last, in Section 5, we conclude our work and present future work directions.