## 3 Results and Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Zone of Inhibition in mm (Mean \(\pm\) SD)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **STEC O157** & **MDR _Klebsiella pneumoniae_ & _Bacillus cereus_ & **Methicillin-Resistant** \\  & & **_pneumiae_** & & _Staphylococcus aureus_ (MRSA) \\ \hline Negative control & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 9.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * \\ PEN & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 6.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 * \\ GEN & 20.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & 9.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & & \\ VAN & - & - & 9.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & 18.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * \\
9-metoxyellipticine & 18 \(\pm\) 1 * & 21 \(\pm\) 0.577 * & 5 \(\pm\) 0.577 * & 3 \(\pm\) 1.00 * \\ PEN + 9-methoxyellipticine & 23.0 \(\pm\) 0.577 * & 22.0 \(\pm\) 0.577 * & 6 \(\pm\) 0.577 * & 11 \(\pm\) 0.577 * \\ GEN + 9-methoxyellipticine & 25.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & 23.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & - & - \\ VAN + 9-methoxyellipticine & - & - & 18.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * & 23.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} GEN: gentamycin, PEN: penicillin, VAN: vancomycin. * Resistant, * Sensitive. The experiment was performed in triplicates. SD: standard deviation.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Antibacterial activity (Zone of Inhibition) of 9-methoxyellipticine on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**MIC (\(\mu\)g/mL)**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Shiga-Toxin-** & **MDR _Klebsiella_** & **Methicillin-Resistant** \\  & **Producing _Escherichia coli_** **O157 (STEC O157)** & _pneumiae_ & **Staphylococcus aureus_** & MDR _Bacillus cereus_ \\ \hline
9-methoxyellipticine & 512 (1853) * & 256 (926.52) * & \textgreater{}2048 & \textgreater{}2048 \\ GEN & 2 (4.18) * & 10 (20.93) * & - & - \\ VAN & - & - & 2 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} GEN: gentamycin, VAN: vancomycin. * The value in uM.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 9-methoxyellipticine on multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. otics, such as PEN and GEN, with which 9-methoxyelliptic showed potent synergistic activity. MIC results for _K. pneumoniae_ and STEC O157 were lower than those reported previously by [PERSON] et al. [20] in which MIC ranged from 0.5 and 4 mg/L. This is perhaps due to the difference in chemical structure between 9-methoxyellipticine and ellipticine HCl. This proves that presence of the methoxy moiety is crucial for a potent bactericidal activity. Upon testing bactericidal activity against MRSA, it was resistant to 9-methoxyellipticine alone but was sensitive when combined with VAN and showed a remarkable synergistic effect by increasing the zone of inhibition from 18.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 mm to 23.0 \(\pm\) 1.00 mm. On the other hand, _B. cereus_ was totally resistant to 9-methoxyellipticine either alone or when combined with VAN. According to our results, VAN is recommended to be co-administered with 9-methoxyellipticine during MRSA treatment, highlighting the importance of drug combination when facing MDR strains. The most common bacterial infections are signified by inflammation caused by lipopolysaccharide-saccharide (LPS), which is the principle outer membrane component in Gram-negative bacteria and the main role player in the pathophysiological processes of septicemia, toxic shock syndrome, and inflammation [35; 36; 37]. Nowadays, each infection treatment protocol must contain antibacterial as well as anti-inflammatory agents [20; 38]. Previous studies have reported the anti-inflammatory effect of ellipticine against NF-kB [39]. Moreover, the ellipticine that was isolated from the Ochrosia species was labeled as an anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent [40; 41; 42]. The aforementioned studies demonstrated that ellipticine could notably decrease the bacterial loads and tissue destruction in colistin-resistant _E. coli_-infected mice [20], which is in agreement with our report.