## 3 Materials and Methods
### Coexistence of 5G Networks and IoT Applications  
The coexistence of 5G networks and IoT applications has the potential to revolutionize several industries by providing ultra-reliable and low-latency communication, massive machine-type communications, and network slicing for multiple services and applications [18]. One novel idea is the use of 5G networks for industrial automation and autonomous vehicles, where ultra-reliable and low-latency communication is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of the system. Another innovative application is the use of 5G networks for vehicle-to-everything communication, where autonomous vehicles can exchange information with other vehicles and infrastructure to improve traffic management and safety [69]. The use of 5G networks for smart cities and agriculture can also be highly beneficial, as it can enable massive machine-type communication to support a large number of IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, and facilitate data collection, analysis, and decision making. Additionally, the use of network slicing can enable multiple services and applications to coexist on the same infrastructure while maintaining their unique requirements for security, reliability, and latency. However, the coexistence of 5G networks and IoT applications also presents several challenges, such as security, interference, compatibility, and cost [35]. For example, security is critical for protecting IoT devices and networks from cyber attacks, while interference from other wireless devices and environmental factors can affect both 5G and IoT services. Moreover, compatibility issues can arise when IoT devices \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Problem** & **5G** & **IoT Services** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Security} & 5G networks are vulnerable to various security threats, such as DDoS attacks, identity theft, and man-in-the-middle attacks. & IoT devices are susceptible to security breaches due to poor encryption, weak passwords, and outdated firmware. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Latency} & 5G networks have lower latency, which can be a problem for certain IoT applications that require real-time response. & IoT services may suffer from latency due to network congestion, distance from the server, and the number of devices connected to the network. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Interference} & 5G networks can experience interference from other wireless devices, which can disrupt the transmission of data. & IoT services may also suffer from interference due to environmental factors, such as obstacles and interference from other wireless devices. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Cost} & The cost of 5G infrastructure and services may be prohibitively high for many IoT applications, particularly those that require large-scale deployment. & IoT services may also be expensive to deploy and maintain, particularly if they require high bandwidth or specialized hardware. \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Compatibility} & Some IoT devices may not be compatible with 5G networks, which can limit their usefulness in certain applications. & IoT services may also be limited by compatibility issues, particularly if they rely on proprietary hardware or software. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Comparison of problems presented by 5G and IoT servicesare not compatible with 5G networks, and the high cost of deploying and maintaining 5G infrastructure and IoT services can limit their widespread adoption. Overall, the coexistence of 5G networks and IoT applications presents both opportunities and challenges and requires careful consideration of their technical requirements, security, and compatibility to realize their full potential. Table 3 provides a summary of the coexistence of various 5G services and networks with IoT applications. It highlights the wireless technology, algorithms used, and coexistence of services with 4G and Wi-Fi.