## 4 A Comprehensive Survey and Related Works
Beyond the requirements for achieving optimal QoS in the proposed new 5G-IoT implementation for high data rates, based on large volumes of IoT devices [33], the authors highlight real-world applications and modules for Smart Cities, buildings, universities [34], smart grids, health, transport and smart industry, including a brief history of network evolution from 2G to the current 5G standard. Regarding network convergence and the integration of cloud, edge and fog computing, a study [16] explores opportunities to apply DL methods across various network layers. The researchers delve into the potential of utilizing DL in Fog or Edge Computing. Recommended application areas include online content delivery, streaming, routing control, traffic control and QoS optimization. The study presents compelling results on its tables about edge optimization using DL in various application scenarios and models, showcasing the advantages of bringing decision-making closer to the network edge. The new article of 2025, reference [35], offers a comprehensive review of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) literature, analyzing the evolution, applications and limitations of the SRI framework in the context of SBs. The study employs a systematic literature review, including qualitative analysis, to evaluate the current state of research on the SRI. The bibliometric analysis reveals a growing research interest in smart readiness, particularly concerning energy efficiency and SBs. The qualitative analysis identifies key themes in SRI research, such as its applicability across different contexts, biases due to subjectivity in assessments, alignment with other standards and its role in smart retrofitting, highlighting areas needing further exploration to advance SB evolution. The qualitative analysis of the SRI literature reveals key themes that highlight areas for further exploration in advancing Smart Building evolution. Notably, the applicability of the SRI across diverse contexts requires nuanced consideration of climatic influences, occupant behavior, energy perspectives, economic viability and social impacts. This review contributes to the ongoing discussion about the SRI's role and its tool in evaluating and promoting smart, energy-efficient buildings, offering insights for future research and development in this evolving field [36]. [PERSON]'s research [37] proposes a service-oriented middle-ware called Cloud of Things and Fog supporting a wide diversity of applications in the Smart City, and develops a conceptual study and the main functions of the middleware called SmartCityWare. SmartCityWare is an example of a proposed architecture, including for the SB of the present study, with the implementation of a prototype with an experiment of Java agents distributed in IoT devices and Content Broker. The middleware application developed by the authors meets eleven requirements to develop and operate the various services of the SmartCity adopting Fog computing and distributed application in the main locations with computational intelligence. Using APIs and SOAP connected through Fog and then replicated directly with the cloud, they make an application to compare the call response time (lookup time) of an IoT service running locally on SB, with an expected success for the experimental application in Fog. [PERSON] et al. 's 2018 study [38] aligns well with the Fog-based approach advocated in this research for a federation or geographically proximate set of Smart Buildings. The authors propose a Fog-integrated smart grid application model, dividing it into the three well-known layers: the end-user layer (or SB layer in this study), the Fog layer and the cloud-based central layer, as seen in Figure 5[38; 39]. They propose novel load-balancing algorithms and conduct response time simulations using a newly proposed tool, CloudAnalyst. This work suggests a promising avenue for future research. Focusing on the network edge and IoT device deployment, the Italian study [24] provides a valuable overview of globally deployed devices.