## 1 Introduction
According to the results presented, there is a great need for transparency regarding the relevant information on the product carbon impact methodology adopted by the car manufacturers to allow the comparison of the emissions of their vehicles. This work excludes the examination of reports on the carbon impact for vehicles powered by renewable energy sources. Through LCA, the carbon impact of a battery EV and an internal combustion engine vehicle are calculated and compared under a nationwide electricity mix in China [13]. For provinces with a high share of electricity based on coal, the development of battery EVs should be encouraged. In [14], a statistical model that relates charging station infrastructure and other potential factors such as the adoption rate of rechargeable EVs in 58 counties in California was developed, where the life-cycle petroleum use, costs, and emissions, of light vehicles is studied. A modeling and comparison of two case studies from Los Angeles, California, and Detroit, Michigan for the two cities' current energy mix in 2017 was carried out [15]. LCA evaluation was presented in this study to measure the impact of climatic temperatures and different regional energy mix on both electric and conventional vehicles. The results demonstrate that low temperatures increase GHG emissions and lead to inefficient battery charging. This paper [16] focuses on the United Kingdom's EVs' charging strategy toward the goals of 2030 and 2040, i.e., vehicle-to-grid or smart charging. This study results are lower CO\({}_{2}\) emission, higher integration of renewable energy sources, and more positive impact on the power grid. Hybrid EVs are found to be the most energy-efficient option, while EVs are found to be the least carbon-intensive vehicle option. However, the scope of this study is limited to the carbon impact of the EVs' charging strategy. In addition to the study of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from PVCS, an estimation of the global cost was discussed in the literature over the lifetime of an installation. Optimal technical sizing of the PV system and stationary storage systems for recharging EVs is critical to ensure their economic feasibility, which corresponds to sizing system components with minimum cost. In [17], an analysis of the technical and economic performances of autonomous PVCS associated with stationary battery storage is discussed using the HOMER software. In [18], an optimal configuration of PVCS is discussed economically and technically with several solar irradiation in Vietnam. The results of the study demonstrate that the irradiation is a crucial factor in choosing to install and invest in a PVCS. A sizing optimization of a PVCS with stationary storage is proposed in [19] for fast EV charging. The optimization method allows the cost of the charging station to be minimized, including the maintenance and investment costs of the PV and the storage system. A problem of sizing the EVs' charging station, i.e., decisions on the number and types of chargers, was resolved in [20] due to an optimization framework that reduces the investment cost of the operators' charging stations, subject to reaching a certain quality of service for their customers (EV owners). Through the aforementioned literature review, it can be noticed that some problems have not been addressed by the existing investigations:  
1. The previously cited references have not discussed the carbon impact of a PVCS, or the LCA is not included (estimation of the carbon emission from the manufacturing phase to the disposal of each element of the infrastructure). 2. In most works, the cost of building, allowing the creation and the coverage of parking places, is not included in the total cost, as well as the replacement cost of the charging terminals. 3. It is not moderate to estimate the global cost of the PVCS and its carbon impact separately. 4. Lack of approaches to reduce the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions.