## 4 UV-VIS-IR Radiation Detectors
### Luminescence Induced by Electrons, Ions and X-rays
The versatility of this system is the main reason that drove the design of the instrument: all the luminescence outputs can be collected, depending on which aspect has to be highlighted; if a complete characterization of a point is needed, the whole luminescence spectrum of a single point can be recorded; if the luminescence characteristics of the sample are already known and only the distribution of the different luminescent phases is needed, then a mono or pan-chromatic maps can be quickly acquired. A simpler removable apparatus for luminescence has been developed by the Turin node in collaboration with the INFN-LNL, where it is usually setup at the AN2000 accelerator microbeam line in a \(\upmu\)-IL version. An Ocean Optics 74-UV collimating lens is fixed inside the high-vacuum chamber and connected to a spectrometer through two optical fibers, one inside and one outside the chamber (both with diameter of 600 \(\upmu\)m), linked by a vacuum feed-through [205]. The spectrometer currently in use is a thermoelectrically cooled Ocean Optics QEPro, with a bandwidth from 300 to 1000 nm and interchangeable entrance slits, that provides spectra with an optimal signal to noise ratio that can be calibrated in efficiency [206]. At both INFN-LABEC and INFN-LNL facilities, IL can be coupled with PIXE analysis, as well as RBS and PIGE. Additionally, first attempts to exploit non-continuous ion beams have been performed applying time-resolved ion beam-induced luminescence (TRI-BIL) [207] at DEFEL [208], the pulsed beam facility of INFN-LABEC. These measurements, carried out in vacuum, enable studying the time evolution of IL, revealing diverse average decay time for different dose rates, and thus resolving in some cases overlapping features that would be indistinguishable using a continuous beam. Since the acquisition has to be fast and synchronized with the ion beam, the whole spectrum is not acquired at once, but the luminescence signal is detected using a photomultiplier tube (PMT, Electron Tubes/9256 KB) with a spectral range between 290 and 680 nm and enhanced green sensitivity. Additionally, in this case, optical filters can be used for wavelength selection before the PMT output is sent to a sampling digitizer VME module (CAEN/V1720). Aiming at investigating the potential of XRL technique in the CH field, the Turin node also designed and implemented two different setups, one for laboratory measurements and the second dedicated to in situ analysis. In laboratory, XRL signal is collected through a modified Ocean Optics ISP-REF integrating sphere and led to the spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB4000 fitted with a 600 L/mm grating blazed at 500 nm) through a 1 m long optical fiber with a diameter of 600 \(\upmu\)m. For the portable apparatus, the setup is exactly the same used for \(\upmu\)-IL at LNL, except for the vacuum feed-through, not needed in air: signals are gathered by an Ocean Optics 74-UV collimating lens, at -105\({}^{\circ}\) with respect to the beam direction, linked to the Ocean Optics QEPro spectrometer through the same optical fiber of the previously described setup. The possibility to use the same setup for different kinds of measurements is really useful, both for the direct comparison of data acquired with different probes and in the speed-up of the intensity calibration process. The research on XRL for archaeometry is still at its very beginning and one of the next steps might be the application of the time-resolved mode, using a pulsed X-ray source.