# Augmenting CCAM Infrastructure for Creating Smart Roads and Enabling Autonomous Driving
## 5 Proposed CCAM Solution for Autonomous Driving
### Communication bit-pipes for Autonomous Driving
This is to say that the goals of L5 AD can only be met by using a CCAM infrastructure that is enhanced with external information. This calls for the availability of the right set of (processed) data sources at the proper time and location, as well as a reliable and almost real-time communication bit-pipe. Assume that the network operators have made communication bit-pipes available along with an evolved CCAM system incorporating a road infrastructure with intelligent edges. In this case, the regulations and policies are undoubtedly the first to appear. Still, the more significant task is finding technology solutions that permit the composition of dynamic inter-stakeholder relationships. Therefore, the solution component should ideally achieve the design objectives. Figure 6: Inter-stakeholders relationship for L-5 AD. **(iii)** _C-V2X Communication from Standardization Perspective:_ The 3 GPP has been one of the standardization organizations contributing to the technological standardization for implementing various AD use cases, as described in Section 2.2. In this regard, 3 GPP initially outlined the fundamental use cases and potential requirements for addressing safety and non-safety aspects through environmental awareness and warning messages [20]. These use cases require different needs such as latency of 100 ms, message size of 50-1200 bytes, mobility performance (absolute speed of 160 km/h and relative velocity of 160-280 km/h), a response time of 4 s, the maximum frequency of 10 messages/s, high anonymity and integrity, high reliability, communication (message transfer, message received, authorization via MNO or RSU, etc. ), as well as other requirements such as battery and power consumption, and location. The readers are directed to the authors' previous research work [21], which provides a summary of the basic safety and non-safety use cases organized according to V2X communication technologies and a comparison of the potential requirements for each use case. Standardization of 4G and 5G technologies has mostly addressed the important V2X communication concerns, enabling the stakeholders to achieve the design objectives of L5 AD. The C-V2X has drawn a lot of interest from the industry, academic world, and research community in recent years. As a result, there are several documents, design methods, and reports on solution-related components. These documents are not mutually exclusive, and their information tends to overlap (though the degree of overlap may vary). There is no classification of technical reports and specifications in the literature. For instance, Ref. [22] offers broad perspectives rather than an exhaustive study to cover all components of V2X applications. To cope with these challenges, we thoroughly examine the 3 GPP standard documents pertinent to AD in general and C-V2X communication in particular. In this regard, we did the categorization of technical documents that are motivated by V2X services. Moreover, we proposed a straightforward yet descriptive taxonomy of the standard documents, as illustrated in Figure 7 to align the standard documents with current developments and direct readers to the right documents. We do believe that the proposed categorization would considerably help to direct the stakeholders in their research and industrial operations. It is important to highlight that the standard documents include comprehensive V2X applicable guidance for future use cases, although they are dispersed throughout several different documents. The identified use cases and other crucial information from the 3 GPP standards documents for 4G (before) and 5G (now) V2X communication services are analyzed in our most recent work [3; 10].