# Novel Processing Methods of Low-Clinker Multi-Component Cementitious Materials--A Review
## 3 Magnetic Field Treatment (MF-T) Methodology
### MF-T of Cementitious Materials/Concrete and SCMs  
[PERSON] et al. [72] examined the effects of magnetic water on concrete properties under various magnetic field exposure durations. SEM images reveal the presence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)) crystals in cement paste with tap water (Figure 6a) and M-Water (Figure 6b) after 28 days of curing. Specimens prepared with tap water (Figure 6a) included larger CH crystal particles. This is due to the structure of the packing in the transition zone, followed by the cement reaction, which creates clusters of water molecules. The small M-Water molecules react with cement, resulting in the formation of single or smaller molecules. As a result, water activity has improved. At the same time, the hydration process benefits magnetic-field-treated water in a more direct way, which improves concrete efficiency and strength. Figure 5: (**a**) The coefficient of ST of M-Water treated with various MF-Ts; (**b**) optimal magnetization times for various MF-T (with permission from [77]). The microstructure images of the specimens revealed the presence of CH crystals and fractional voids, while concrete prepared with tap water exhibited larger voids and a lack of CH crystals [72]. Nevertheless, the concrete with M-Water exhibited a higher dispersion of CH crystals and negligible fractional voids, resulting in enhanced structural strength and crack resistance. When M-Water is used in a concrete mix, it allows well water to pass through the cement particles, enhancing the hydration mechanism [72]. The qualities of the concrete mix benefit from improved hydration. It has been discovered that using M-Water in the concrete mix can achieve a high degree of cement hydration and increase concrete strength. The improvement in workability with increasing magnetic field exposure could potentially be related to an increase in Lorentz forces. In this situation, the molecules connected with hydrogen bonds become separated, indicating orbital motion caused by electrons covering the nucleus of water molecules. Subsequently, the O2\({}^{-}\) and H+ ions are spontaneously expelled from the chemical bond and therefore serving as the primary cause for the heightened activation of the M-Water in a solitary operation. The applied magnetic field exclusively modifies the physical structure of water molecules by changing their shape without impacting individual molecules or smaller entities. Due to the decreased size of water molecules, the layer of water around the cement becomes thinner than usual, leading to a decrease in the amount of water needed to prepare concrete. Simultaneously, the M-Water molecules possess the capability to infiltrate the cement grains, leading to enhanced concrete strength [72]. Recent studies [73; 74; 75] indicate that altering the concrete mixing water with M-Water can improve fresh and hardened concrete properties, including water absorption; flexural, compressive, and splitting tensile strength (fst); workability; bleeding characteristics; and resistance to freezing and thawing. The physiochemical and mechanical characteristics of concrete are influenced by solid constituents and the type and quantity of water used  
Figure 6: SEM images of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) crystals in cement paste prepared with (**a**) tap water and (**b**) M-Water (open access status) [72]. during production [72; 73; 74; 75]. Water plays a crucial role in cement setting and concrete hardening through hydrolysis, hydration, and curing stages [75]. Concrete mixed with M-Water exhibits a higher packing density, improving its properties and potentially reducing the impact of chemical additives on cement hydration [72]. M-Water also enhances cement particle dispersion and hydration, leading to higher quality and density in concrete [76; 80; 81; 82]. Mixing water with cement initiates the hydration process on cement particle surfaces, resulting in the formation of a thin layer of hydration products that hinder further hydration and slow down strength development [79; 82; 83].