# Searching for Potential Markers of Glomerulopathy in Urine by HS-SPME-GC\(\times\)GC TOFMS
## 2 Results
### Statistical Analyses
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**ID** & **Compound** & **SSGroup** & **df** & **SSError** & **df** & **\(\boldsymbol{F}\)** & **\(\boldsymbol{p}\)** \\ \hline
1 & Cyclohexanone & 160.14 & 1 & 99.80 & 39 & 54.56 & 0.000 \\
2 & 3-Ethylcyclopentanone & 60.33 & 1 & 121.36 & 39 & 16.90 & 0.000 \\
3 & 3-Hexanone & 87.83 & 1 & 166.31 & 39 & 17.96 & 0.000 \\
4 & 3-Heptanone & 102.78 & 1 & 145.92 & 39 & 23.95 & 0.000 \\
5 & Methyl hexadecanoate & 68.88 & 1 & 134.76 & 39 & 17.38 & 0.000 \\
6 & 9-Hexadecen-1-ol & 75.72 & 1 & 142.22 & 39 & 18.10 & 0.000 \\
7 & 3-Methyl-2-pentanone & 73.83 & 1 & 209.25 & 39 & 12.00 & 0.001 \\
8 & 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9- & undecadien-2-one & 49.61 & 1 & 117.49 & 39 & 14.36 & 0.001 \\
9 & 2-Pentanone & 44.38 & 1 & 144.91 & 39 & 10.41 & 0.003 \\
10 & Acetophenone & 25.60 & 1 & 117.55 & 39 & 7.40 & 0.010 \\
11 & 2-ethoxy-4-vinylphenol & 19.72 & 1 & 119.53 & 39 & 5.61 & 0.024 \\
12 & 1-Decanol & 28.56 & 1 & 184.65 & 39 & 5.26 & 0.028 \\
13 & N-Acetylpyrrole & 28.44 & 1 & 204.56 & 39 & 4.73 & 0.037 \\
14 & 6-Methylhept-5-en-2-one & 22.96 & 1 & 198.97 & 39 & 3.92 & 0.056 \\
15 & Dimethyl sulfone & 3.24 & 1 & 37.79 & 39 & 2.91 & 0.097 \\
16 & 1-Tetradecanol & 14.96 & 1 & 190.06 & 39 & 2.68 & 0.111 \\
17 & 4-Heptanone & 9.43 & 1 & 128.86 & 39 & 2.49 & 0.124 \\
18 & Benzaldehyde & 1.66 & 1 & 23.90 & 39 & 2.36 & 0.134 \\
19 & 2-Nonanone & 14.35 & 1 & 213.06 & 39 & 2.29 & 0.139 \\
20 & 5-Methyl-3-hexanone & 13.07 & 1 & 210.41 & 39 & 2.11 & 0.155 \\
21 & Dimethyl trisulfide & 10.23 & 1 & 190.57 & 39 & 1.83 & 0.186 \\
22 & 2-Aminobenzaldehyde & 9.40 & 1 & 222.11 & 39 & 1.44 & 0.239 \\
23 & 3-Methylcyclopentanone & 8.12 & 1 & 230.47 & 39 & 1.20 & 0.281 \\
24 & Hexanal & 3.85 & 1 & 217.07 & 39 & 0.60 & 0.443 \\
25 & 1-Octanol & 3.59 & 1 & 245.37 & 39 & 0.50 & 0.485 \\
26 & Benzeneacetaldehyde & 3.43 & 1 & 234.68 & 39 & 0.50 & 0.486 \\
27 & 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine & 2.85 & 1 & 198.49 & 39 & 0.49 & 0.490 \\
28 & Nonanal & 1.50 & 1 & 155.73 & 39 & 0.33 & 0.571 \\
29 & 9-Octadecen-1-ol & 1.47 & 1 & 183.26 & 39 & 0.27 & 0.605 \\
30 & Indole & 0.35 & 1 & 49.34 & 39 & 0.24 & 0.626 \\
31 & Theaspirane & 1.37 & 1 & 218.11 & 39 & 0.21 & 0.647 \\
32 & Benzonitrile & 0.52 & 1 & 185.47 & 39 & 0.09 & 0.760 \\
33 & 2-Heptanone & 0.27 & 1 & 157.55 & 39 & 0.06 & 0.811 \\
34 & 4-Methylphenol & 0.27 & 1 & 170.99 & 39 & 0.05 & 0.818 \\
35 & Phenol & 0.24 & 1 & 166.54 & 39 & 0.05 & 0.828 \\
36 & Decanal & 0.09 & 1 & 73.76 & 39 & 0.04 & 0.837 \\
37 & 1-Methyl-4-(1- & 0.08 & 1 & 192.35 & 39 & 0.01 & 0.905 \\ methylphenyl)-benzene & & & & & & & \\
38 & N-Phenylformamide & 0.00 & 1 & 227.31 & 39 & 0.00 & 0.979 \\
39 & Ethyl acetate & 0.00 & 1 & 328.20 & 39 & 0.00 & 0.986 \\
40 & Octanal & 0.00 & 1 & 199.51 & 39 & 0.00 & 0.986 \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: ANOVA grouping results of VOC in k-mean analysis (disease group vs. control). where: SS Group–squared sum, df-degree of freedom, SS Error-error sum of square, F-F test, p-probability value. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Diseased Group**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Healthy Group**} \\ \hline
**ID** & **Compound** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** & **Mean** & **Min** & **Max** \\ \hline  
enzeneacetaldehyde & \(1.43\times 10^{5}\) & \(2.67\times 10^{4}\) & \(1.25\times 10^{6}\) & \(1.47\times 10^{5}\) & \(5.34\times 10^{4}\)In Table 2, the VOCs are listed in the order from the highest to the lowest level of significance at which they were present in urine samples. They were obtained by the standardization of the total matrix, in order to divide the VOCs into significantly distinct groups. All the components in Table 2 were classified based on the grouping of volatile compounds using the k-mean method. The method shows that all persons with glomerular diseases had elevated level of all 40 compounds presented in Table 2.  
Additionally, the compounds that present a decreasing trend can be treated as secondary chemo indicators of this category of diseases.