esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Development, Experimental Assessment, and Application of a Vacuum-Driven Soft Bending Actuator
## 2 Materials and Methods
Achieving this is challenging, so we implemented an innovative design with a distancing element (distancer) between the rings, through which the limiting strip passes, ensuring equal spacing. The selected ribbed below has an outer diameter of 55 mm, a length of 200 mm, and a wall thickness of 2 mm. All other actuator parts, such as the lids, reinforcement rings, and distancers, were made using 3D printing with PLA filament, while a zip tie was chosen for the limiting element due to its good flexibility properties, as shown in Figure 1b. An existing hole in the ribbed bellows was used to mount the supply vacuum hose. The fabricated first version of the actuator (VSBA-1) was tested for airtightness, and preliminary performance measurements were conducted. For experimental measurements, a laboratory structure made of aluminum profiles was used to securely anchor one end of the VSBA while positioning the load cell relative to the other movable end, as shown in Figure 2. While measuring the maximum blocking force of soft pneumatic actuators, they often deform [32], which was also observed in this experiment. This deformation occurs due to the method of measuring the blocking force, where the VSBA's movement is restricted in the operating axis, causing it to deform in another axis due to its flexible structure, as shown in Figure 2a. It was found that this effect is significantly influenced by the position of the load cell, which, in the initial measurements, was aligned with the VSBA's axis, as shown in Figure 2b. This led to the movement of the load cell to a new position, ensuring that the actuator force always acts perpendicular to the load cell's axis (Figure 2c). This action eliminates VSBA deformation at all angles and vacuum values. The results demonstrated a maximum bending angle of 140\({}^{\circ}\) and maximum force of 110 N at a vacuum pressure of \(-\)0.8 bar, as shown in Figure 1c. A cyclic fatigue test was also conducted, during which the VSBA-1 was cyclically activated for 60 min and achieved up to 1200 cycles. The test was carried out by activating the VSBA-1 with a vacuum pressure of \(-\)0.8 bar, causing it to bend to its final position. After that, the vacuum was released, and the VSBA-1 returned to its initial position. Finally, a visual inspection of the ribbed bellow was conducted, and the results showed no material fatigue. The proposed design of the VSBA-1 successfully met all the specified requirements, effectively addressing the shortcomings identified in other soft pneumatic actuator designs. The only limitation of the VSBA-1 design is the standardized dimensions of the commercial ribbed bellows, restricting the fabrication of smaller-sized actuators. To address this  
Figure 2: Experimental assessment of blocking force: (**a**) deformation of VSBA; (**b**) measurements with the load cell and VSBA aligned on axis; (**c**) new load cell position eliminated deformation. limitation, we will develop a VSBA utilizing soft heat-shrinkable materials to enable its miniaturization.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### In Vitro Dissolution Studies  
The performance of the fibrous sheets was evaluated by dissolution in 0.1 N HCl (Figure 4) compared to pure ITZ. The dissolution curve of pure crystalline ITZ showed a dissolved amount of 16.7% after 60 min. All the fibrous sheets proved to have a superior dissolution rate, as the dissolved amount of ITZ was between 78 and 100% after 60 min. For N1, ITZ was fully dissolved during this test. One speculation is that differences in the dissolution rates may be related to solvent accessibility between fibrous sheets [38].  
Figure 4: Comparative dissolution curves of the samples and pure ITZ.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Fiber** \\ **Diameter (nm) \(\pm\) SD** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Disintegration** \\ **Time (s)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **5 min (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **10 min (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **17Z Released** \\ **15 min (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **30 min (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **60 min (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline N1 & 887 \(\pm\) 238 & 1.47 \(\pm\) 3.  
Solid dispersions of drugs with low water solubility and highly hydrophilic polymers present a hidrophobization effect, making dissolution study results highly variable and poorly reproductible, as described by [PERSON] et al. for ITZ and PVPVA64 [24]. In our case, the rotating basket method ensured an acceptable sample variability. An almost complete dissolution in 0.1 N HCl medium after 60 min, comparable with our results for N1, was also obtained with PVPVA64-based high-speed-electrospun ITZ fibers and single-needle electrospun ITZ fibers [24]. In another study, optimizing the electrospinning parameters offered a tailored drug release of ITZ from HPMC-based fibers [22].
# A Preemptive-Resume Priority MAC Protocol for Efficient BSM Transmission in UAV-Assisted VANETs
## 2 Related Works
[29; 30; 31], our work comprehensively considers these three aspects, which we believe will lead to better results. To present a comprehensive comparison, we summarize the related work, its shortcomings, and our proposed solution in Table 1. This table will allow readers to gain a clear understanding of the existing research landscape and how our approach stands out in addressing the identified limitations. The main objective of our research is to address the congestion traffic control problem in BSM transmission. Unlike existing research, we focus on the specific needs of vehicles for BSM transmission. Specifically, we adjust the frequency of BSM generation so that faster-moving vehicles can transmit safety information at shorter intervals, thereby meeting their higher safety standards. In addition, we improve the 802.11P-based DCF protocol by combining it with a preemptive priority M/G/1 queue mathematical model. According to this protocol as the MAC layer protocol of the link, we perform uplink data transmission and allocate resources based on delay as the primary performance indicator in resource-constrained scenarios. This approach ensures that vehicles with higher priorities receive a greater share of resources to meet their shorter transmission interval requirements and better meet the needs of safe driving. Through extensive experimental validation, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method in controlling congested traffic and improving overall system performance.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this study, we comprehensively detailed the two pivotal modules of the semantic segmentation network for RS imagery and elucidated their respective roles. The Rapid Redundant Feature-Generation module, integrating lightweight convolutional strategies and feature selection techniques, significantly diminishes computational complexity during feature extraction. This methodology not only curtails the parameter count of the network, but also sustains the integrity of feature extraction. Concurrently, the multi-level spatial aggregation strategy module, through the amalgamation of feature maps across diverse hierarchical levels, adeptly captures the foundational semantic attributes of targets within RS imagery. For instance, it adeptly handles both high-resolution terrestrial details and expansive features at lower resolutions, thereby facilitating a holistic interpretation of multi-scale data inherent in RS imagery. This nuanced approach to feature integration empowers the network to more precisely discern and categorize a variety of terrestrial phenomena within RS images, thereby augmenting the overall efficacy of semantic segmentation in this domain. Empirical evidence from our experiments demonstrates that our approach surpasses contemporary advanced methodologies, including Thinet, NISP, Versatile filters, and Sparse Structure Selection (SSS), particularly for the PASCAL VOC dataset, marking a pinnacle in performance.  
Looking ahead, we aim to investigate the applicability of these modules in handling an expansive array of RS data types. Moreover, their operational viability in scenarios characterized by real-time constraints and limited resources will be a focal point of our future research endeavors, thereby propelling the progress in the field of RS semantic segmentation.  
Conceptualization, R.L. and L.X.; software, R.L.; validation, R.L. and Y.C.; investigation, R.L. and L.S.; methodology, X.M.; formal analysis, R.L. and S.X.; resources, R.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 7: The visualization application of RRMSA-Net’s segmentation results.
# Laboratory Testing and Analysis of Clay Soil Stabilization Using Waste Marble Powder
## 2 Materials and Method
### Soil  
Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, China, provided the natural soil used in the study. Basic geo-engineering experiments were conducted to determine the soil's physical parameters listed in Table 2. The natural soils were classified as high-plasticity clay (CH) soils in the Unified Soil Classification System. Figure 1 also shows the grain size distribution.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Experimental Class**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Specimen**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Curing Period**} \\ \cline{3-8} \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Natural Soil (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Marble Dust (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Symbol**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Tests**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Dimension**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**H Class**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Class**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**w (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Curing Period**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**ET (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} \\ \cline{3-8} \multicolumn{1}{c}{} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Soil (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Dust (\%)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(mm)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(mm)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**(mm)**} & & & & \\ \hline
100 & 0 & X1 & PP, UCS & & & & & & & \\ \hline
85 & 15 & X2 & & & & & & & \\ \hline
70 & 30 & X3 & & & & & & & \\ \hline
55 & 45 & X4 & & 38 & 76 & CH & 20, 22.5, 24.5 & 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 & \(\sim\)20–28 \\ \hline
40 & 60 & X5 & & & & & & \\ \hline
25 & 75 & X6 & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Keys: PP = physical properties, UCS = unconfined compressive strength, UPV = ultrasonic pulse velocity, D = diameter, H = height, w = water contents, ET = experimental temperature.  
\end{table}
Table 1: A view of the experimental plan.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Geo-Engineering Characteristics of the Clay Soil**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Amount**} \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Specific Gravity, \%} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{2.73} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{l} \\ \end{tabular} } & Liquid Limit, \% & 62.2 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Plastic Limit, \% & 29.6 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Plasticity Index, \% & 32.6 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{l}{Finer Component} & \% Passed No. 200 Mesh, \% & 71.6 \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{l}{USCS Classification} & CH & - \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Compaction Parameter} & Optimum Moisture Content, \% & 22.5 \\ \cline{2-3}  & Maximum Dry Density, Mg/m\({}^{3}\) & 1.60 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The geo-engineering properties of the natural soil.
## 4 Application of AI in Food Integrity
### AI and ML in Real-Time Monitoring of Food in the Supply Chain
They created a Foodborne Illness Detector in Real-time (FINDER), an ML algorithm that uses location and anonymized aggregated web search data to predict foodborne disease in real-time. FINDER determined the percentage of patrons who went to a specific restaurant and then looked up terms related to food poisoning online. Using this data, eateries/restaurants that may be hazardous can be identified, enabling inspection agencies and health workers to focus their restaurant inspection efforts. According to the study, restaurants identified by FINDER are 3.1 times more likely to be found hazardous during inspections than restaurants identified by other existing methods. [PERSON] et al. [87] presented an advanced and intelligent system that enables continuous monitoring of food products in real-time. The system integrated multiple IoT devices (such as temperature, humidity, and gas concentration sensors) and ML technologies to constantly monitor food products' freshness in real-time. The system also includes a web-based dashboard that presents real-time data and generates alarms when food products exceed predetermined threshold levels. Users have the ability to remotely access the dashboard via a mobile application, allowing for convenient monitoring from any location. The system is designed to be cost-effective and intuitive, making it accessible for both commercial and personal use. Evaluation of the performance of the system showed it was effective in predicting the freshness of food with high accuracy.
## 4 Platform Design
### Agents' Interactions and Workflow in the Proposed Platform  
Different agents interact with the pair of smart contracts, according to the defined credentials granted. On the one hand, the provider, consumer, and DSO interact with the smart contract by calling authorized functions. On the other hand, smart contracts also interact with the rest of the platform agents through events, as shown in Table 2. The event trigger is defined within the smart contract. Agents subscribe to a particular event through their back-end application and get systematically notified whenever the event is fired during the smart contract execution, with parameters being passed by the smart contract to the subscribing application. Moreover, an event handler is set within the agents' applications to respond accordingly to the particular event and process the parameters passed along. The pseudocode of the functions in the provider's smart contract is given below. Along with these functions, calls to functions of the DSO smart contract are also defined within the provider's smart contract as procedures; they take as parametersthe DSO smart contract address beside the parameter to pass to the DSO smart contract function to call.  
Moreover, the interaction and workflow between the platform agents are highlighted in Figures 9 and 10. The respective responses are given in chronological order in Figure 9. When the trading round starts, all subscribers' energy demand is supplied until prepaid amount exhaustion. In the case of a client's premature un-subscription, he is charged according to his actual consumption and the change from his prepaid deposit is returned to him. The provider's balance is updated as well, by setting back n spent tokens to unspent, where n represents the number of tokens corresponding to the change amount returned to the consumer.  
Figure 9: The proposed P2P Energy trading sequence diagram.
## 3 Map Construction Method  
While constructing a lane-level map based on the GIS map, a key step is to extract the road centerlines. In detail, we adopt the constrained Delaunay triangulation method to achieve the extraction of the road centerline [23]. Then, based on the extracted road centerlines, each lane line is further determined through the linear reference method considering the standard lane width. This section gives a description of these two steps.
## 4 Applications to Field Data
### Estimation of Equivalent Shear-Wave Velocity
The continuous shear-wave velocity profiles obtained by microtremor survey can replace drilling to determine site category in some sites, which can reduce drilling workload to a certain extent.
## 3. Key Supporting Technologies for the WSN
### Network Synchronization Mechanism  
The mesh WSN with multi-parameter monitoring for underground coal mines mainly works in the periodic inspection mode, but the accuracy of the crystal oscillators of the WSN nodes is generally low, which means their clocks are not accurate, so it is hard to keep WSN nodes working synchronously. In this case, a relative synchronization mechanism is proposed. In this mechanism, the sink node, which is the coordinator of the WSN, is selected as the basic benchmark node of the WSN.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pressure** & **Wind Speed** & **Humidity** & **Temperature** & **Smoke** & **Coal Dust** & **CO** & **Gas** & **Type Value** \\ \hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0x00 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0x01 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0x02 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0x03 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0x04 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0x05 \\ - & - & - & - & - & - & - & - \\
1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 xFF \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Relationship between type-value and parameter type.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**1 Byte** & **1 Byte** & **2 Byte** & **1 Byte** & **Variable** & **.......** & **2 Byte** & **1 Byte** & **Variable** \\ \hline _ROUTER (0X0E)_ & _Num_ & _Addr 1_ & _Type 1_ & _Para 1_ & _......._ & _Addr n_ & _Type n_ & _Para n_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Frame format on routing node.  
The other nodes select their own parent node as their benchmark node. The designed network synchronization means relative synchronization on working and sleeping, rather than absolute synchronization on a physical clock [3]. As the coordinator, the sink node is selected as the benchmark node of the whole WSN, and other WSN nodes select their own parent nodes as the benchmark node.  
As designed, the sink node periodically broadcasts the parameter collection command. The command frame is also the synchronous frame in the proposed synchronous mechanism. When a WSN node receives a synchronous frame, it will check whether the synchronous frame comes from its parent. If not, it discards it directly; otherwise, it compares the sequence number of the frame with that of the last one. If they are identical, it discards the frame directly; otherwise, it records the sequence number, and regards that moment as the beginning of a new cycle.  
In addition, in order to reduce the impact of clock skew, the sensor node listens to the channel both at the beginning and the end of each cycle until it receives a synchronous frame, rather than only at the beginning. In this way, the WSN nodes are capable of working synchronously without accurate clocks, ensuring the reliable delivery of environmental information.
# A Survey on Recent Advanced Research of CPS Security
## 4 Discussion
### Application Scenarios
#### 4.2.1 Smart Grids  
A smart grid embeds more intelligence into a power grid and can monitor and control the grid in real time. Through these sensors and controllers, a smart grid can improve the reliability and efficiencies of operations. Moreover, smart grids can also handle bidirectional energy flows, which allows distributed generation and reduces power consumption.  
Smart grids are responsible for the energy scheduling of numerous devices, and the greatest challenge is load-changing attacks. With the assistance of botnet, adversaries can create power fluctuations to paralyze a power grid [12]. Researchers have evaluated the impact carefully [14; 15] and found that attackers could create large-scale blackouts by changing the energy load quickly. To defend against this kind of attack, they proposed a monitoring scheme that leverages radio frequency [10] to observe a power grid's status. This scheme can detect specific types of power grid attacks.
# Evaluation of Orbital Drift Effect on Proba-V Surface Reflectances Time Series
## 2 Background and Rationale
### Orbital Drift  
Proba-V platform is lacking for an on-board propulsion system to maintain the orbit within a stable overpass time. As a result, the orbital plane was naturally drifting since launch, and the Local Time at Descending Node (LTDN) crossing the Equator was steadily varying during mission lifetime. The orbit's injection was made as to delay the start of the orbital decay and to maintain the LTDN within an acceptable range of 10:45 a.m. +/-15 min during the first 4 years of mission. This late morning overpass time was set in continuity to SPOT-VGT and it is typically adopted for land-focused missions to minimize cloud coverage, as defined for Sentinel-2 [21] mission.  
The evolution of the LTDN (see Figure 2) was estimated using flight model simulations, which predict the precession of the orbital plane along the mission, driven by the sun and moon gravitational pulls. These predictions were verified and routinely fine-tuned during the mission operations. The LTDN increased during the first 1.5 years of the mission, reaching approximately 10:50 a.m. in December 2014, before starting a constant decline towards early morning overpasses, reaching 10:30 a.m. in October 2017, 10:00 a.m. in April 2019 and 9:23 a.m. during June 2020.  
Figure 1: The figure presents a simplified scheme of Proba-V across-track observation geometry, which is composed of three overlapping cameras arranged in a fan-shaped configuration. The geometry of observation in three cameras is presented in the panels: (**a**) left camera, (**b**) nadir camera, (**c**) right camera. The position of the sun is simplified for the sake of clarity, although the basic angular configuration of the descending morning orbit is maintained, meaning the left camera is looking westward, away from the sun, with prevalence of backscattering conditions, while the right one is looking eastward, towards the sun, with prevalence of forward scattering.  
In order to limit the impact of the degraded illumination conditions, the Proba-V Operational Phase was terminated on 1 July 2020 and an Experimental Phase started, with geographical coverage limited to Europe and Africa, but with the perspective to prepare for future exploitation in combination with Cubesat companion satellites [22].
# A Novel Active Polyphase Filter Employing Frequency-Dependent Image Rejection Enhancement Technique
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposes and verifies the frequency-dependent image rejection enhancement technique based on the secondary pole compensation. The proposed technique also has an excellent image rejection effect for quadrature input signals with phase imbalance. The implemented single-stage APPF has an optimum IRR of \(-56\) dB at the operating frequency of 100 MHz. Meanwhile, the proposed APPF also has a gain of 3.53 dB, the desired signal. By cascading multistage APPFs, the bandwidth can be expanded to meet the requirements of broadband applications. In more advanced CMOS process nodes, the APPF operating frequency can be increased up to GHz by utilizing the image rejection enhancement technique proposed in this paper.  
Conceptualization, Y.Y.; methodology, H.Q.; software, H.L.; validation, Z.F. and J.H.; data curation, X.Z. and L.L.; writing--original draft preparation, H.Q.; writing--review and editing, Z.F. and J.H.; supervision, X.Q.; project administration, X.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Key Project of Industrial Technology Infrastructure Platform of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, grant number 000645-23 ZB0717 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China, grant number D5000240188.  
The data are contained within the article; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.