## 5 Discussion  
The main goals of diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in children with primary dentition are to relieve pain and to prevent premature loss of the affected tooth [12, 19, 20, 21, 22]. However, there is a lack of studies in the contemporary literature that investigate the long-term consequences on the permanent dentition following TDIs involving primary dentition [23, 24, 25]. Notably, the period between 1 and 4 years of age represents a crucial developmental phase for the occurrence of central incisor disorders. Close attention must be given to the proximity of the deciduous tooth root apex to the permanent germ, as improper management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in primary teeth could cause more damage than the initial trauma itself. Several factors should be carefully considered, including the severity of tooth displacement, the presence of tooth mobility, the degree of root maturation, and the child's compliance [20, 21]. While there is limited documentation regarding the treatment of root fractures in deciduous teeth, the existing literature predominantly focuses on cases related to the management of lateral dislocation and intrusion [20, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The present retrospective investigation of etiological data in the analyzed samples aligns with findings reported in the literature, with accidental falls at home being the most prevalent cause, followed by incidents in school environments and during outdoor games [30]. Furthermore, studies indicate that the upper central incisors are the most commonly affected teeth in TDI cases [12, 31]. The sample findings reported in this study align closely with the literature results. In Group 1, the protocols outlined in the latest International Association of Dental Traumatology (IATD) guidelines were followed [3, 32]. In cases of root fracture, the affected tooth was delicately repositioned and orthodonically splinted to the adjacent teeth. It is important to highlight a significant distinction, namely that orthodontic splinting, which was predominant in Group 1, resulted in fewer instances of occlusal micro-trauma due to reduced interference with opposing teeth. Consequently, there were fewer cases of early tooth loss among the traumatized teeth (only 4 out of 25). In Group 2, where orthodontic splinting was not feasible, manual repositioning of teeth was performed when immediately possible. This group exhibited more occlusal micro-interferences, resulting in a higher occurrence of premature tooth loss and subsequent ectopic and delayed eruptions of corresponding permanent teeth. These findings were consistent with a retrospective study by [PERSON] et al., which suggested that occlusal interference contributed to a poorer prognosis for traumatized teeth [14]. Based on the achieved outcomes, the authors recommend repositioning and splinting of the coronal fragment to prevent further traumatic injuries. This is crucial, since the coronal fragment is often displaced, resulting in trauma to the periodontal ligament that leads to a dislocation injury. However, unlike dislocation injuries in intact teeth, the root coronal fragment is shorter, so is less resistant to subsequent trauma. The severity of sequelae in the permanent tooth depends on various factors, including the type of trauma to the primary tooth, the child's age, the treatment performed, and the direction of tooth displacement [33, 34]. In Group 2, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & **1** & **2** & **Total** \\ \hline
1 & 17 & 10 & 27 \\ \hline  & 62.96 & 37.04 & 100.00 \\ \hline
2 & 10 & 28 & 38 \\ \hline  & 26.32 & 73.68 & 100.00 \\ \hline Total & 27 & 38 & 65 \\ \hline  & 41.54 & 58.46 & 100.00 \\ \hline  & Fisher’s exact = & & 0.005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Statistical analysis of PCO. some cases of hypoplastic coronal outcomes were observed.