# Enhancing Street-Crossing Safety for Visually Impaired Pedestrians with Haptic and Visual Feedback
## 5 Discussion
### Analysis of Confidence Levels in Relation to Decision Time and Crossing Behavior
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Feedback Modality**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**State**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Size (Direction)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Response**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Frequency**} \\ \cline{5-7}  & & & **0.5 Hz** & **1.0 Hz** & **2.0 Hz** & **4.0 Hz** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Dynamic} & \multirow{8}{*}{Medium (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 4 & 1 & 5 & 13 \\  & & Cross Count (100\%) & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\  & & Cross Count & 5 & 5 & 1 & 3 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Medium (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 4 & 1 & 5 & 12 \\  & & Cross Count (100\%) & 1 & 1 & 0 & 3 \\  & & Cross Count & 5 & 4 & 1 & 4 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 7 & 2 & 1 & 11 \\  & & Cross Count & 7 & 1 & 1 & 4 \\  & & Cross Count & 14 & 11 & 7 & 5 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 7 & 2 & 1 & 11 \\  & & Cross Count & 7 & 1 & 1 & 4 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Medium (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 3 & 2 & 3 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\  & & Cross Count & 5 & 5 & 1 & 3 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Medium (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 3 & 2 & 3 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\  & & Cross Count & 5 & 5 & 1 & 3 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 3 & 2 & 3 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\  & & Cross Count & 5 & 5 & 1 & 2 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 9 & 1 & 1 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count & 15 & 11 & 7 & 4 \\ \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 9 & 1 & 1 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count & 100\% & 8 & 1 & 1 & 4 \\  & & Cross Count & 14 & 14 & 7 & 5 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Dynamic} & \multirow{8}{*}{Medium (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 4 & 1 & 5 & 11 \\  & & Cross Count (100\%) & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 100\% & 4 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 13 & 9 & 2 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 8 & 3 & 2 & 12 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 15 & 10 & 2 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 7 & 2 & 1 & 11 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 100\% & 7 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 14 & 10 & 3 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 4 & 2 & 5 & 11 \\  & & Cross Count & 13 & 12 & 2 & 2 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 4 & 2 & 5 & 11 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 100\% & 3 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 13 & 12 & 1 & 0 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Static} & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Right)} & Confidence = 100\% & 8 & 3 & 2 & 10 \\  & & Cross Count (100\%) & 8 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 15 & 14 & 3 & 1 \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-7}  & \multirow{8}{*}{Small (Left)} & Confidence = 100\% & 8 & 3 & 2 & 10 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 8 & 3 & 2 & 10 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Cross Count & 15 & 14 & 3 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: Confidence = 100% shows the number of users who reported complete confidence in their decisions. The cross count (100%) indicates the number of users who made positive (cross) decisions with 100% confidence. The cross count shows the total number of positive (cross) decisions across all confidence levels.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: User responses to various feedback parameters in Study 2. From the perspective of confidence levels, the decision time data were analyzed by categorizing confidence into three levels: full confidence (100%), high confidence (90-99%), and low confidence (<90%). In Study 1 (see Table 6), we examined the effect of different confidence levels on decision times in the signal-controlled crossing scenario. The results showed that decision times (see Table 7) for haptic feedback (full confidence: 3.65 s < high confidence: 4.24 s < low confidence: 4.79 s) were generally longer than those for visual feedback (full confidence: 3.45 s < low confidence: 3.82 s < high confidence: 4.15 s). This result indicates that visual feedback supports faster decisions across all confidence levels.