# (-)-Fenchone Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colitis
## 2 Results
### Effect of (-)-Fenchone in Intestinal Acute Inflammation in a TNBS-Induced Colitis Model
#### SOD  
Animals in the colitic group (5% tween 80) demonstrated a significant reduction in the activity of the SOD enzyme to 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.30 U of SOD/mg of protein compared to the normal group (4.88 \(\pm\) 0.72 U SOD/mg protein). However, SOD activity was significantly increased (_p_ < 0.001) with the administration of (-)-fenchone (150 mg/kg) to 5.34 \(\pm\) 0.68 of SOD/mg of protein, respectively, when compared to the colitic group (5% tween 80) (Figure 10B). MDA  
The colitic group (5% tween 80) showed an increase in MDA levels to 175.1 \(\pm\) 18.1 nmol MDA/g tissue compared to the normal group (83.4 \(\pm\) 8.21 nmol MDA/g tissue). However,  
Figure 10: Effect of oral administration of (-)-fenchone and prednisolone in A GSH (**A**), SOD (**B**), MDA (**C**), and MPO (**D**) levels form in sub-chronic phase with recurrence of the intestinal inflammatory process in a TNBS-induced colitis model in rats. Results are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SE of the parameters analyzed (n = 5-8). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by [PERSON]’s and [PERSON]’s test. ***\(p\) < 0.001 vs. non-colitic group. the administration of (-)-fenchone (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced (\(p<\) 0.001) MDA levels (86.25 \(\pm\) 12.6 nmol MDA/g of tissue) when compared to the colitic group (Figure 10C). MPO  
The results showed that in the colitic group (5% tween 80), there was an increase in MPO levels to 55.41 \(\pm\) 7.03 units of MPO/g of tissue when compared to the normal group (4.95 \(\pm\) 0.82 units MPO/g tissue). However, the groups treated with (-)-fenchone (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced (\(p<\) 0.001) MPO levels to 23.55 \(\pm\) 2.55 unit of MPO/g of tissue in relation to the colitic group (Figure 10D). Levels of IL-1\(\beta\), TNF-\(\alpha\), and IL-10  
Next, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects by measuring the levels of cytokines. (-)-Fenchone significantly decreased (\(p<\) 0.001) the levels of IL-1\(\beta\) (pg/mL) to 896.2 \(\pm\) 138.3 compared to the colitic group (5% tween 80) (3126.0 \(\pm\) 317.1) (Figure 11A). TNF-\(\alpha\) levels (pg/mL) were also decreased after treatment with (-)-fenchone (\(p<\) 0.001) (556.3 \(\pm\) 36.64) when compared to the colitic group (5% tween 80) (790.2 \(\pm\) 43.60) (Figure 11B). Furthermore, (-)-fenchone prevented (\(p<\) 0.01) the reduction in IL-10 (pg/mL) (289.3 \(\pm\) 24.82) in comparison to the control group (213.5 \(\pm\) 20.83) (Figure 11C). Figure 11: Effect of (-)-fenchone and prednisolone in IL-1\(\beta\) (**A**), TNF-\(\alpha\) (**B**), and IL-10 (**C**) levels form in sub-chronic phase with recurrence of the intestinal inflammatory process in a TNBS-induced colitis model in rats. Results are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SE of the parameters analyzed (n = 6–8). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by [PERSON]’s and Tukey’s test. **\(p<\) 0.01 or ***\(p<\) 0.001 vs. control group. 2.3. Immunohistochemical Analysis for NF-kB, TGF-\(\beta\), and ZO-1 in Colon Samples Submitted to Chronic Phase Colitis with Recurrence of the Intestinal Inflammatory Process  
The colons submitted to TNBS and treated with (-)-fenchone showed a focal and concentrated presence of NF-kB in the distal entrocytes close to the lumen of the organ, which significantly reduced immunostaining to 4.00 (2.0-5.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) when compared to the colitic group (11.00 (9.0-14.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\)) (Figure 12). In the evaluation of immunostaining for TGF-\(\beta\), the results showed that treatment with (-)-fenchone significantly increased positive cells marked for TGF-\(\beta\) to 12.00 (11.0-15.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) when compared to the control group (2.50 (1.0-5.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\)) (Figure 13). In the evaluation for ZO-1, the treatment with fenchone increased the marking to 68.00 (64.0-72.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\) with a regular and evenly distributed presence of staining in the mucosal colon; in the colitic group, partial and irregular marking is observed in the colonic mucosa (48.5 (35.0-54.0) \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\)) (Figure 14).