## 2 Incorporating OSI Layers in WSN Clustering
The node initiative concept allows nodes to adapt dynamically to changing network conditions, minimizing the complexity and overhead of multi-layer systems. Dispersed congestion management prevents data bottlenecks, enhancing network efficiency. Robust geographic routing ensures efficient data transmission paths, reducing packet loss and ensuring timely delivery. Medium access contention networking orderly manages communication medium access, reducing collisions and improving reliability. Simulation results show CREC significantly improves energy usage and network performance compared with previous multi-layer systems, making it a valuable solution for WSNs. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed the Topological Structure by Layered Configuration (TSLC) algorithm to enhance data transmission performance in WSNs. TSLC leverages cross-layer design to integrate network and MAC layer functionalities, optimizing overall performance. The algorithm dynamically accesses node status information across both layers, enabling informed routing and data transmission decisions. TSLC aims to conserve energy by selecting optimal routes that minimize transmissions and retransmissions, thereby extending network lifespan. The algorithm balances energy consumption across all nodes to prevent premature battery depletion, which is crucial for WSNs in remote areas. TSLC's cross-layer design improves service performance by reducing latency, enhancing data throughput, and ensuring reliable data transmission. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in energy savings, network lifespan, and service performance quality compared with traditional routing algorithms, validating the benefits of the cross-layer approach. To address high energy consumption, collision detection, transmission delay, and throughput in mobile WSNs (MWSNs), [PERSON] et al. [32] proposed a Cross-layer Energy Efficiency (CEE) model. This model integrates the physical (PHY), MAC, and network layers to enhance performance. The PHY layer uses full-duplex interfaces for simultaneous data transmission and reception, reducing exchange time and collisions, improving throughput, and minimizing delays. The network layer focuses on strategic node placement to ensure efficient coverage, connectivity, and energy conservation, prolonging sensor node lifespan. The MAC layer includes an advanced protocol for effective data access and transmission, reducing collisions and maintaining low energy consumption. Compared with existing models, CEE dynamically adjusts transmission power, ensuring energy efficiency without compromising communication quality. The model also excels in reducing transmission delays and improving throughput, which is essential for timely data transmission in MWSNs. Performance assessments show CEE's effectiveness in minimizing energy dissipation and outperforming other transmission models, demonstrating its utility in practical MWSN deployments. [PERSON] et al. [33] introduced the interlayer Cluster-Based Energy-efficient routing (CCBE) method to extend the network lifespan and enhance the energy efficiency of WSNs. CCBE organizes nodes into hexagonal architectures, with CH selection based on distance from the BS and remaining energy. This dual consideration minimizes energy consumption during transmissions and ensures efficient energy resource management. A contention-free protocol prevents collisions during transmission, maintaining efficient communication. CHs assign transmission slots based on cluster members' remaining energy, conserving battery life and balancing energy consumption. Simulations showed that CCBE outperforms HEED and LEACH in energy dissipation, network lifespan, and throughput. By optimizing CH selection, collision prevention, and energy-aware slot assignment, CCBE significantly enhances energy efficiency and longevity. [PERSON] et al.