# Integration of Geoscience Information for Disaster Resilience in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Integration of Geoscience Models and Zonation  
Data acquired from different sources were incorporated using GIS where spatial integration was employed using a simple geostatistical method and qualitative evaluation. The geohazard susceptibility maps and engineering ground classification (EGC) map aim to visually deliver geoscience information effectively to wider target end-users and lessen the knowledge gap between different fields in urban development and disaster risk reduction initiatives. The complexity of the underlying ground interaction with the environment is able to be visually explained using the spatial thematic maps. Urban Development Suitability (UDS) is based on the notion that the occurrence of landslides and floods will reduce the suitability of an area for development. The criteria are based on potential occurrences of landslides and floods as well as engineering ground classification as presented in Table 1. Areas deemed to have potential landslides are those of high and very high susceptibility. The flood extent defined by 200-year return periods represents zones with potential for flooding. From the selected criteria, landslide is given a higher weightage because the intensity of landslide events is higher than that of floods [18; 50]. Scores of 1, 3, 5, and 7 are given to negligible geohazard, flood, landslide and both geohazards (figure in Section 3.3). The five EGC classes are used directly for the overlay and given a score from 1 to 5 for Class I to Class IV, respectively. The product of the scores was calculated from geohazard susceptibility and EGC maps by the overlay analysis technique [28; 53]. A negative relationship between the product of the scores and suitability was used; the smaller the score, the higher the suitability level for development. Expert judgement is used as a basis to manually classify the final UDS map using the range of values assigned to the three classes (UDS Class I--High, UDS Class II--Moderate, UDS Class III--Low). The UDS map is simplified where the whole city is divided into spatially contiguous zones based on the prevalent UDS classes. The final outcome is the zoning map of Kuala Lumpur, which delineates areas having similar classification on urban suitability for development defined by classes of I--high, II--moderate, and III--low. The process of developing the development suitability zones (DSZ) map is presented in the methodology flowchart shown in Figure 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Suitability** & **Description** \\ \hline I—High & Areas with negligible flood or landslides occurrence and where the ground is classified as having EGC Class I or Class II. \\ (UDS Class I) & \\ \hline II—Moderate & Areas where geohazards are negligible; the ground is identified as having EGC Class III or Class IV. \\ (UDS Class II) & Flood hazard may be present in areas where the ground is classified as having EGC Class I. \\ \hline III—Low & Flood hazard may be present in areas where the ground is classified as having EGC Class II to Class V. Landslide hazard or both geohazards may be present in areas underlain by ground classified as having EGC Class I to Class V. \\ (UDS Class III) & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Criteria for classification of land suitability for urban development.