# Management Information Systems for Tree Fruit--1: A Review
## 4 Commercial Practice
### Commercial Orchard MIS
Some are'simple' record-keeping systems, e.g., labour timekeeping or chemical usage, while others provide decision support, e.g., on when to spray based on weather and pest pressure inputs. Recognising the difficulty of working with multiple platforms, some providers offer a 'dashboard' service, which integrates output from other systems, e.g., Pairtree [132]. Recognising the bespoke needs of individual tree-fruit producers, several providers also offer the creation of a dashboard tailored to the client's needs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l l l} \hline \hline
**\#** & **Study** & **Crop** & **Name** & **Description** \\ \hline
18 & [PERSON] et al. [9] & orchard & Irriman & Irrigation management \\
19 & [PERSON] et al. [119] & orchard & Irry & Irrigation management \\
20 & [PERSON] et al. [73] & olive & PISys & Irrigation management \\
21 & [PERSON] et al. [8] & orchard & Rideco & Irrigation management \\
22 & [PERSON] et al. [120] & apple, peach & FruitSim & Orchard (spray/fruit size/thinning/etc.) \\  & & & & Orchard (spray/fruit size/thinning/etc.) \\
23 & [PERSON] et al. [13] & apple & MaluSim & Orchard (spray/fruit size/thinning/etc.) \\
24 & [PERSON] et al. [121] & apple, kiwi & Orchard 2000 & Orchard (spray/fruit size/thinning/etc.) \\
25 & [PERSON] et al. [84] & apple & CoHort & Pest management \\
26 & [PERSON] et al. [122] & olive & C-Plas & Pest management \\
27 & [PERSON] et al. [123] & orchard & Dripps & Pest management \\
28 & [PERSON] et al. [124] & pear & IPMA & Pest management \\
29 & [PERSON] et al. [66] & citrus & MedCila & Pest management \\
30 & [PERSON] et al. [125] & orchard & Pest-Man & Pest management \\
31 & [PERSON] et al. [126] & apple, pear, cherry, plum & SOPRA & Pest management \\
32 & [PERSON] et al. [127] & apple & SOPRA & Pest management \\
33 & [PERSON] et al. [128] & orchard & Specware & Pest management \\
34 & [PERSON] [78] & orchard & Agrilaxy & Pest/disease/weed management \\
35 & [PERSON] et al. [41] & orchard & Agrimeteo & Pest/disease/weed management \\
36 & [PERSON] et al. [10] & grape & DOSA3D & Pest/disease/weed management \\
37 & [PERSON] et al. [129] & olive & Oliveria & Pest/disease/weed management \\
38 & [PERSON] et al. [11] & orchard, apple & WSU-DAS & Pest/disease/weed management \\
39 & [PERSON] et al. [130] & fruit & Frupat & Production management \\
40 & [PERSON] et al. [7] & apple & MMDAQ & Water stress assessment \\
41 & [PERSON] et al. [109] & apple & AIEDST & Yield estimation \\
42 & [PERSON] et al. [50] & apple & AKruitData & Yield estimation \\
43 & [PERSON] et al. [102] & citrus & FlyJcItrus & Yield estimation \\
44 & [PERSON] et al. [131] & apple, pear & Green Atlas & Yield estimation \\
45 & [PERSON] et al. [101] & kiwi & KiwiDetector & Yield estimation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline
**OFMIS** & **Tree Crop** & **Function** & **Company Headquarters** \\ \hline eOrchard [133] & Any & Activity tracking, pesticide use, irrigation, & \\  & & production cost, harvest labour management & \\  & & Activity tracking, scout, pesticide and fertiliser use, & \\  & & labour management, sales management & \\  & & Labour management, pesticide and fertiliser use, & \\  & & irrigation, production cost, harvest tracking & \\  & & Irrigation, pesticide and fertiliser use & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Functions of commercial cloud-based electronic management in use in Australia. The regulatory requirement for the maintenance of chemical usage and labour records, e.g., under the Horticulture Award 2020 [148], were identified as adoption drivers by the commercial orchard MIS providers. Regulatory pressure can also drive the development of public sector-delivered decision support systems. For example, regulations on horticultural practice have been developed to mitigate nitrate pollution of the wetlands in Spain, e.g., for the Campo de Cartagena catchment [149]. In response, the Irriman system was developed for irrigation communities.