## 1 Introduction  
There is growing concern in the world over climate change and global warming. Since one of the main causes of global warming is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, its reduction is an indisputable and urgent need. According to a report presented by the International Energy Agency (IEA), transportation and electricity/heat generation sectors represent more than 60% of the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions as shown in Figure 1[1, 2]. Although the total energy spent in the transportation sector is used primarily by road, railway, ship, and aviation transport, road transport represents three quarters of the total [3]. The report also shows that, in 2017, worldwide CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from fossil fuel combustion, such as coal and oil approached to 14.5 GT and 11.37 GT, respectively [2]. In more recent studies, it has been analyzed that even global consumption fossil fuel will be lower with high penetration of EV in transportation, but the efficacy in long-term GHG reduction will only be achieved when EV policy incorporates maximum uses of renewable energy with carbon pricing [4]. Both conventional electric power and conventional vehicles rely on the combustion of fossil fuels, which contributes to the emission of CO\({}_{2}\)[5, 6]. Therefore, the use of grid-connected renewable energy sources, electric vehicles (EVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are a realistic solution that will reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions and dependence on fossil-based sources, promising to be the future of energy and mobility [5, 7]. This is where the smart grid plays an important role in the game, making processes more efficient, ensuring optimal system energy management, reducing costs, increasing reliability, and facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic solar energy, and electric transport [8, 9, 10]. Over the last 5-10 years, there has been significant advancement in technology in various fields, especially those that contribute to a smart grid infrastructure and real-time communication/pricing--smart meters, advanced information/communication technology, etc. [11]. If there were a method to organize and schedule EV charging efficiently without adding stress to the power distribution source, such a model would serve as a great standard for a new modern power system [11]. Currently, much of the control systems technology is not sophisticated enough to handle real-time-pricing scenarios; however, increasing world demand has allowed for technological advancements, but ultimately, introducing a deregulated power market would allow such advancements to occur rapidly. What would result would be a shift to a smart grid network from the existing grid system in place. The smart grid would allow enhancements to be made in the form of dynamic loads and a potential energy buffer to the EVs and dynamic loads [11]. The current trend of renewable energy sources dominating an ever-increasing share of the world's power grid mix has being increasing steadily over the past year. According to a report presented by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, Abu Dhabi, UAE) [12], by the end of 2019, renewable capacity had increased by 176 gigawatts (GW), compared to the previous year, to a capacity of 2537 GW. In the same report, it was also stated that in the last 10 years, the global solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity has increased from 40.2 GW to 580.1 GW. There are several influences that have resulted  
Figure 1: Global CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by sector from 1971 to 2017 according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [2]. Source: IEA (2019) CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions from Fuel Combustion—Highlights. All rights reserved. in the continuous integration of solar PV into EV charging system--rapid growth in global demand for EVs, concerns over the effects of GHG, and a decrease in the price of solar PV modules [13]. In various studies, the EV market is expected to grow 800% by 2030 [14].