esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Method for Select Best AIS Data in Prediction Vessel Movements and Route Estimation
## 4 Data Analysis and Preliminary Experiments  
The vessel prediction accuracy depends extensively on the existent information's behavior, what the process obtains, and the appropriate selection of data. Historical AIS data can be obtained in different ways; our process obtains the data through a polygon calculated by the departure and destination points. The data are used to design a polygon, but this can include different AIS data. After filtering the maritime area, a considerable amount of data can be reduced by using a diverse time range, such as one month. In this way, it is crucial to preserve the behavior of our target. If all AIS data are considered in the maritime area, then it could break the general behavior from a different route.
###### Abstract  
Due to the enormous amounts of data being generated between users, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are complex Cyber-Physical Systems that necessitate a reliable and safe infrastructure. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is the term that describes the interconnection for every single node, device, sensor, and actuator that are Internet enabled, whether attached or unattached to vehicles. A single smart vehicle will generate a huge amount of data. Concurrently, it needs an instant response to avoid accidents since vehicles are fast-moving objects. In this work, we explore Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and collect data about consensus algorithms and their applicability to be used in the IoV as the backbone of ITS. Multiple distributed ledger networks are currently in operation. Some are used in finance or supply chains, and others are used for general decentralized applications. Despite the secure and decentralized nature of the blockchain, each of these networks has trade-offs and compromises. Based on the analysis of consensus algorithms, a conclusion has been made to design one that fits the requirements of ITS-IOV. FlexiChain 3.0 is proposed in this work to serve as a Layer0 network for different stakeholders in the IoV. A time analysis has been conducted and shows a capacity of 2.3 transactions per second, which is an acceptable speed to be used in IoV. Moreover, a security analysis was conducted as well and shows high security and high independence of the node number in terms of security level per the number of participants.  
blockchain; Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT); Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS); intelligent transportation (ITS); vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 17 April 2023
# Improved Adaptive Successive Cancellation List Decoding of Polar Codes
## 5 Conclusion  
In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing adaptive SCL algorithm, this paper proposes an improved SAD-SCL algorithm, which is from the idea of segmented CRC of SCAD-SCL. The algorithm uses a new method to reduce the complexity of the AD-SCL algorithm. Before the re-decoding of updating value \(L\) each time, SAD-SCL first uses the existing LLR information to detect the range of burst error bits, and then decode the information sequence of this range again. Moreover, when SAD-SCL cannot get the correct decoding value in the first part of the information sequence, it uses SC decoding with less computation to complete the decoding in the second part of the information sequence. Its decoding performance is almost the same as that in the second part of the information sequence using the AD-SCL algorithm. The simulation results show that the SAD-SCL algorithm has lower computational complexity than AD-SCL and SCAD-SCL without loss of performance.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] initiated the idea and designed the experiment scheme. [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] analyzed the experiment data and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] made the revisions for the paper. All authors participated in writing the manuscript, and have read and approved the final manuscript.  
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, under Grant No. 51874264, 61571108, 61379027.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Trust-Driven Incentive and Aggregation Mechanism
### Integrated Federated Training Procedure  
By combining trust modeling, game-theoretic incentive allocation, and soft aggregation, the TAIM training process is summarized as follows (see Algorithm 1).  
```
0: Initial model \(w_{0}\), total rounds \(T\), initialize \(\tau_{i}^{0}=0.5\)
1:for each round \(t=1\) to \(T\)do
2: Server selects client set \(S_{t}\) and broadcasts \(w_{t}\)
3:for each client \(c_{i}\in\mathcal{S}_{t}\)do
4: Train on \(\mathcal{D}_{t}\) to obtain \(\Delta w_{i}^{t}\)
5: Upload \(\Delta w_{i}^{t}\); server computes \(v_{i}^{t}\), \(\omega_{i}^{t}\)
6: Update trust \(\tau_{i}^{t}\), correct contribution \(\hat{v}_{i}^{t}\)
7: Compute reward \(r_{i}^{t}\), assign aggregation weight \(\alpha_{i}^{t}\)
8:endfor
9: Aggregate: \(w_{t+1}=w_{t}+\sum_{i}\alpha_{i}^{t}\cdot\Delta w_{i}^{t}\)
10:endfor
11:return\(w_{T}\)
```  
**Algorithm 1** TAIM: Trust-Aware Incentive and Robust Aggregation Algorithm  
This training process maintains the deployability of the standard FedAvg framework while constructing a complete trust-incentive-aggregation feedback loop. It offers enhanced security and strategy adaptiveness, making it particularly suitable for heterogeneous, dynamic, and untrusted open edge environments.  
For complexity analysis, the computational overhead introduced by TAIM is manageable and does not alter the overall complexity of the federated learning process. Let \(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\) be the number of selected clients per round and \(d\) be the dimensionality of the model parameters. The primary computations in TAIM include the following: (1) Trust score update: Calculating gradient consistency (cosine similarity) for each client against the average update requires \(O(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\cdot d)\) operations. Other components are \(O(1)\) per client. (2) Incentive allocation: This step involves normalization and summations over \(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\) clients, resulting in an overhead of \(O(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|)\). (3) Soft aggregation: Computing the aggregation weights also requires \(O(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|)\) operations. The final weighted aggregation of the model updates remains \(O(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\cdot d)\). Therefore, the total complexity per round is dominated by model-related vector operations, remaining at \(O(|\mathcal{S}_{t}|\cdot d)\). The additional trust and incentive calculations introduce a constant factor increase in server-side computation but do not scale with model complexity in a prohibitive way, making TAIM practical for large-scale deployments, as supported by the empirical overhead analysis in Section 5.5.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fresh Performance
#### 3.1.2 3-Bar L-Box Test  
The 3-bar L-box blocking ratio was calculated as the quotient between SCC height at the end of the horizontal flow area and before the gate when SCC movement finished. The results obtained are shown in Figure 9. Only the _RW_ mix reached the minimum value required of 0.80 to establish an L-box class to SCC, so a PA2 class could only be assigned to this SCC mix [61]. Therefore, it is clear that the RCWTB interfered with the motion of the other SCC components under such flow conditions [72], even when this residue was added in small amounts, as the \(W\)1.5 mix showed a 3-bar L-box blocking ratio 18.5% lower than that of the reference mix. When RCWTB was added in a content of 3.0%, the decrease in the blocking ratio increased to 42.9%.  
It follows from these results that the impact of RCWTB on the L-box passing ability of SCC was much more noticeable and negative than in terms of free flow (Figure 7), which is thought to be primarily because of the effect of the GFRP fibers. As other types of commercial fibers in SCC, they were trapped between the bars that simulate the concrete reinforcement [28; 46]. Therefore, fibers generally require a denser cement paste in SCC to be able to successfully drag them through the bars of the testing apparatus.
## 3 Results and Discussion
For P(l-LA:GA:TMC) matrix-LTP, the release process of LTP took place in three phases, over 15 days, 63 days, and 35 days, with 2.2%, 90.4%, and 7.4% of LTP released, respectively (Figure 6). In the first phase, the lack of a burst effect was noted, which may reflect the high efficiency of LTP loading (95.0%) in P(l-LA:GA:TMC) and/or its rheological features. A relatively long second phase may have resulted from the lack of surface pores (Figure 4). Moreover, the surface erosion caused by the presence of TMC may have been responsible for the prolonged second phase. The second phase was also related to changes in the degradation parameters, such as \(T_{g}\), \(M_{n}\), \(WU\), and \(W\)L (Table 2). For repeated administration, the last phase is not of significant therapeutic importance due to the low amount of LTP released. For EB-P(l-LA:GA:TMC) matrix-LTP, the drug substance was also released in three phases. However, differences in the duration of the individual phases and release rate were revealed. The release phases lasted sequentially for 8 days, 70 days, and 35 days, with 1.9%, 95.3%, and 2.8%, respectively, of the released drug substance (Figure 6). It should be pointed out that the EB-P(l-LA:GA:TMC) matrix-LTP had a lower initial \(M_{n}\), higher \(WU\) ability, and faster LTP release (Figure 6 and Table 2), which provides the opportunity to partially eliminate the use of drops during the first phase of the release process. The lack of significant changes in other phases of the LTP release profile is an advantage in DDS design with prolonged release. Figure 6: LTP cumulative release profiles achieved for P(l-LA:GA:TMC) matrix-LTP and EB-P(l-LA:GA:TMC) matrix-LTP.
## 5 Membrane Proteins in SMALPs
Solving NMR structures of novel proteins in SMALPs remains difficult due to the polydispersity of the non-alternating SMA polymers, which could be addressed by the synthesis of more homogeneous polymers. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase expressed in _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ has been solubilized using SMA(3:1) to form 12 nm nanodiscs that also contain biological source lipids and display the native ligand binding and reaction kinetic properties [54]. The SMALP'd memtein include two additional respiratory supercomplex factors which are weakly bound and dissociate upon detergent extraction [55]. The entire assembly has dimensions of 11 by 14 nm, including the entire supercomplex of 11 protein subunits and mitochondrial lipids that together pump protons across membranes. The holo-translocon assembly that secretes proteins through bacterial inner membranes includes SecYEG, SecDF, YajC, and YidC subunits. These are solubilized along with bound lipids from membrane using SMA(2:1) treatment and can be recognized by specific antibodies [56]. The native SecYEG translocon complex solubilizes with the motor protein SecA and essential biological lipids upon SMA(3:1) exposure, while conventional detergents do not maintain the complex [57]. This assembly was moved into proteoliposomes using Bio-Beads and displayed its abilities to translocate transmembrane proteins and engage the ribosome. These examples illustrate some of the successful characterizations of memteins in nanodiscs. However, not all are as easy to purify and maintain in active forms, motivating further studies on maximally efficient polymers that are minimally interactive with proteins.
# Morphological Foot Model for Temperature Pattern Analysis Proposed for Diabetic Foot Disorders
## 1 Introduction
Recently, several technical issues were tackled before such a workflow can be integrated into standard diabetic care protocols. Basically, a low-cost infrared (IR) sensor [10] provides the superficial temperature of the plantar aspects of both feet employing a non-constrained image acquisition protocol. An additional RGB-D (RGB: Red, Green and Blue color space; D: Depth) camera supplies the structural information required for image registration and segmentation [24; 25; 26]. Since temperature gradients indicate abnormal blood flow [8], further inspection and analysis of the temperature patterns will direct clinical practitioners towards anomalous areas within the foot sole. These affected regions will be subsequently analyzed by microwave radiometry, enabling in depth temperature measurements [27; 28]. Therefore, significant information is gathered to achieve an imperative personalized medical diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Although the described workflow is currently intended for diabetic foot disorders, its application is foreseen to other pathologies such as skin neoplasms [29; 30]. In the present work, the aim is to identify areas of higher risk for further analysis and track their progress via longitudinal monitoring. A non-invasive methodology was established, based on thermography, standard image analysis, and traditional statistical methods, for the inspection and further detection of anomalies in temperature measurements. In order to do so, only healthy subjects have been considered in this proof-of-concept work to give an account of the underlying, baseline heterogeneity that may be expected. Thus, confounding factors causing thermal asymmetry, such as inflammation, ulceration and/or infection, were reduced. In addition, a tool is provided to deal with patients affected by deformities and partial amputations by creating a standard foot model that can be used as a template. Consequently, the comparison of the contralateral foot can be readily performed on the same subject as well as the average healthy model extracted.
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### When \(D_{1}\) and \(D\) Remain Unchanged, the Influence of \(H\) Change on Flow Force  
When the fixed values \(D_{1}=16\) mm, \(D=8\) mm, spool opening \(x_{v}=1\) mm are unchanged, \(H\) changes within a range of 2-6 mm, and every 1 mm is a measuring point. As can be seen from Figure 9, when \(H\) increases, the force on surface 1 basically remains unchanged, and the difference is only 0.59 N compared with the unimproved spool. The reason for this is the same as in the above analysis. As shown in Figure 10, since changing \(H\) does not affect the spatial distribution of surface 2, the force on surface 2 remains basically unchanged.  
As \(H\) increases, the included angle between surface 3 and the horizontal plane decreases, and the impact of liquid flow on surface 3 decreases, resulting in a small increase in force on surface 3, as shown in Figure 11. As the included angle between surface 4 and the horizontal plane becomes smaller, the liquid flows to surface 4 after the diverting effect of  
Figure 8: Flow force of two spools.  
Figure 10: Force on surface 2 of two spools.  
Figure 9: Force on surface 1 of two spools.  
surface 3; the impact effect on surface 4 increases, as does the force on surface 4, as shown in Figure 12. As can be seen from Figure 13, as \(H\) increases, the reverse flow angle of the liquid flowing through surface 4 increases, and the reversed, diverting effect of surface 4 increases. The liquid flowing in the negative direction reverses the liquid flowing in the positive direction, resulting in an increased jet angle at the outlet.  
As shown in Figure 14, the jet angle of the improved spool is significantly larger than that of the unimproved spool. The relationship between the jet angle and \(H\) is shown in Figure 15. As the jet angle increases, the flow force decreases, and the change of flow force is shown in Figure 16.
## 3 Results
### Doping of HA Nanoparticles
#### 3.3.7 Cobalt-Doped Nano-Hydroxyapatite (Co-Nano-HA)  
Cobalt (Co), a transition metal known for its redox-active properties, has garnered attention in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its ability to enhance both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. When cobalt ions (Co\({}^{2+}\)) are incorporated into hydroxyapatite (HA), the resulting Co-doped HA (Co-HA) exhibits unique properties, including the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation during implantation [60]. Cobalt's redox activity plays a pivotal role in creating a microenvironment conducive to bone regeneration by reducing oxidative damage.  
Cobalt ions are also known to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1\(\alpha\)), a critical regulator of angiogenesis. By simulating hypoxic conditions, HIF-1\(\alpha\) promotes the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), facilitating the link between angiogenesis and osteogenesis, processes essential for effective bone formation [61]. Studies confirm that Co doping enhances the angiogenic potential of HA without impairing its osteogenic properties, making Co-HA a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration [62].  
Research by [PERSON] et al. demonstrated that Co\({}^{2+}\)-doped HA promotes osteoblast differentiation, enhances osteoconductivity, and increases VEGF secretion, highlighting its potential as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering [61]. Additionally, Co-HA has been shown to reduce bacterial infections, providing an added antimicrobialbenefit [63]. The magnetic properties of Co-HA nanoparticles have also enabled their use as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, expanding their applications beyond bone repair [61].  
Despite its advantages, the release of cobalt ions raises concerns about potential toxicity, as excessive cobalt exposure can lead to adverse effects such as nausea, hypothyroidism, and goiter [61]. Variations in osteogenic, angiogenic, and inflammatory responses observed with cobalt-based biomaterials may be attributed to differences in the release rates of Co\({}^{2+}\) ions [64]. Limiting cobalt ion release through controlled doping strategies ensures the material's safety and efficacy in clinical applications.  
Co-nano-HA presents a multifunctional platform for bone tissue engineering, combining osteogenic, angiogenic, and antimicrobial properties while supporting advanced diagnostic imaging. Careful regulation of cobalt content is essential to maximize its therapeutic benefits and minimize potential risks.
## 4 Impossibility Results
### Synchronization and State Observation Problems
#### 4.1.5 Distributed Predicate Detection (PD)  
The PD problem is specified as follows.  
* **Safety specification of PD** states that a global predicate \(\psi\) is not declared as true when the global predicate is false.  
* **Liveness specification of PD** states that some process should eventually be able to detect that a global predicate had become true after the predicate became true.  
In a system with even one Byzantine process, the distributed PD problem is subject to the same limitations (exposure to false positives and false negatives) as the CD problem, resulting in safety and liveness violations.  
Solving PD requires satisfying  
\[\Phi_{PD}(e_{i}^{\psi})\stackrel{{ def}}{{=}}\bigwedge_{h}(e_{h}^{x_{ h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{E}=e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{F}=1)\wedge\phi(e_{i}^{ \psi}),\]  
where \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\) is an event where the local variable at the process takes a value that can satisfy the global predicate \(\psi\), \((\forall h)\ y_{h}\leq\psi\), \(\psi\) is a predicate capturing the other requirements of the PD problem--conditions on how the various local variable values can be combined to satisfy the global predicate \(\psi\)--besides the first predicate, \(e_{i}^{\psi}\) is an event where the global predicate \(\psi\) is detected as true, and \(\rightarrow\) is defined on predicate detection algorithm messages.  
As \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\) is an internal event, from Theorem 3.1 for the CD problem, detecting \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}\) is susceptible to false positives and false negatives. Thus, it cannot be guaranteed that the predicate \(e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{E}=e_{h}^{x_{h}}\to e_{i}^{y_{h}}|_{F}\) in the formula \(\Phi_{PD}\) can be satisfied. Hence, PD cannot be solved.  
A false positive of the CD problem is a safety violation--there is no real satisfaction of the global predicate \(\psi\)--in the PD problem. A false negative of the CD problem is a liveness violation--the global predicate \(\psi\) that becomes true is never detected (because the process did not disclose its local value that could satisfy \(\psi\))--in the PD problem.
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper presents a study of the high-precision pointing and tracking problem of a telescope pointing system subject to multiple disturbances. Addressing the model uncertainties and multiple disturbance challenges faced by the telescope pointing system, the study proposes a high-performance robust composite control approach, aiming to enhance the system's robust stability and disturbance rejection capabilities. Firstly, the  
Figure 16: The control performances without DOB, with traditional DOB, and with optimized DOB are compared. (**a**) The tracking error. (**b**) The pointing stability.  
Figure 17: The pointing stability: Comparison of the control performances of HODOB-based \(H_{\infty}\) and HODOB-based PID.  
dynamic models for the telescope pointing mechanism and the actuator were established, and an analysis of the primary disturbance noise models affecting the telescope pointing system was conducted. Subsequently, considering the system's uncertainties and torque disturbances, an \(H_{\infty}\) mixed-sensitivity controller was designed. Additionally, to further attenuate and suppress nonlinear friction torque noise, an \(H_{\infty}\) norm-optimized disturbance observer was introduced. The simulation analysis indicates that the HODOB method, compared to the traditional DOB design, improved the system's tracking accuracy and pointing stability by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the proposed composite control method enhanced the overall performance of the system, ensuring that the stability of the telescope pointing system far exceeds the requirements of the TianQin mission.  
Therefore, utilizing this composite control approach enables the telescope pointing system to exhibit excellent control performance in terms of tracking accuracy, pointing stability, and robustness against multiple disturbances. This is of good reference value for the pointing control of the space gravitational wave detection's respiration angle compensation. In our further works, we will conduct experimental research on the drive device of the telescope pointing system to validate the effectiveness of the control algorithms and improve the operational stability of the drive device.  
Conceptualization, R.Z. and Y.Y.; methodology, R.Z. and K.Z.; software, R.Z.; validation, R.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, R.Z. and S.F.; writing--review, R.Z., W.F., H.H., J.L., B.L., Q.S. and J.S.; project administration, Y.Y.; supervision, Y.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021 YFC2202200k2021 YFC2202202).  
Not applicable.  
Data availability Statement: Data are contained within the article..  
The authors would like to thank the editors and reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the paper.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.