# Statistical Analysis of Cutting Force and Vibration in Turning X5 CrNi18-10 Steel
## 2 Materials and Methods  
The test material for this study is steel X5 CrNi18-10; it is an austenitic chrome nickel steel. Nickel is an austenitic-forming element that expands the austenite region in Fe alloys. Although chromium belongs to ferrite-forming elements, with a suitable concentration of Cr and Ni, these steels have an austenitic structure at room temperature [27]. The chemical composition with a weight percentage of X5 CrNi18-10 (1.4301), according to EN10088-2, is provided in Table 1.  
Figure 2 highlights the diameter of the workpiece. The specimen was divided into five equal surfaces of 30 mm length, each with a gap of 4 mm between the surfaces and a 5 mm depth, creating a groove parting the surfaces. These surfaces were divided to experiment with the different machining parameters where the feed, depth of cut, and cutting speed were varied according to the design of the experiments. The vibration and cutting forces data were recorded on each surface. Initially, the specimen was a 50 mm cylinder. Four specimens were used in the experiment, providing a total of twenty surfaces; however, only eighteen surfaces were used in the experiment, per the design of the experiment. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**C** & **Si** & **Mn** & **Ni** & **P** & **S** & **Cr** & **N** \\ \hline \(\leq\)0.07 & \(\leq\)1 & \(\leq\)2 & 8–10.5 & \(\leq\)0.045 & \(\leq\)0.015 & 17.5–19.5 & \(\leq\)0.11 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Chemical composition of steel X5 CrNi18-10 (1.4301): EN10088-2 (weight%) [28]. The tool used in the experiment was the DDJNL252 SM15 from Seco Tools, Bjornbacksvagen, Sweden [29], shown in Figure 3. The tool's shank is 25 mm in height (H) and breadth (B), providing stability while turning. The rotary holder version given is R for right-handed operation. The turning inserts have a basic shape known as D, which relates to a 55\({}^{\circ}\) insert angle. The tool's overall length L1 is 150 mm, ensuring sufficient reach during operations, and the clamping system is labelled as D, indicating the method used to secure the insert. The angle of attack of the holder is defined as J at 93\({}^{\circ}\), which influences the tool's alignment during the cut. In addition, the cutting edge of the cutting insert is 15 mm. The specification of the tool is presented in Table 2.  
A Seco Tools DNMG150604-MF1 insert was used during all the experiments; the insert specifications are provided in Figure 3. The insert size and form are denoted by DN 1506, which denotes a specific geometric arrangement suited for a variety of turning operations. It is made of carbide with a PVD coating, which improves the wear resistance and cutting performance. The insert is labelled neutral in terms of hand orientation, which means it can be used in both left- and right-handed applications. The cutting-edge length is 15.5 mm, providing a large cutting surface for material removal. The insert's thickness is 6.35 mm, ensuring endurance and strength during cutting operations. The corner radius is 0.4 mm, which affects the finishing quality and lowers the cutting forces. The finish turn OD turning operation was carried out to obtain experimental data in the wet condition. The HAAS ST-20 Y series machine from Leoben, Austria, was used to conduct all the experiments, as shown in Figure 4a; this machine is a Y-axis CNC turning center, with a max capacity of 298 \(\times\) 572 mm, 63.5 mm bar, 533 mm swing, \(\pm\) 50.8 mm Y-axis travel, 20 hp vector drive, 4000 rpm, A2-6 spindle, 210 mm chuck, and a 12-station BMT 65 turret. This machine is suitable for larger workpieces and for complex operations [30]. The coolant used during the experiment was a 5% emulsion of CIKS HKF 420 type oil. It was necessary to use this coolant to achieve the best results.