## 1 Introduction  
With the evolution from climate change to an era of climate crisis, efforts to transition to cleaner renewable energy are becoming increasingly important [1]. The transportation sector, which relies considerably on fossil fuels, is one of the leading sources of carbon emissions and is at the center of global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [2, 3]. The European Union is on track to achieve carbon neutrality in mobility, with targets to reduce carbon emissions from new cars by 55% by 2030 and 100% by 2035 compared with 2021 [4]. Global automotive companies are experiencing a paradigm shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EVs) [5, 6]. Although EVs offer clean and sustainable alternatives to internal combustion engines, they have several limitations. Issues such as limited range, long charging times, and insufficient charging infrastructure are major barriers to their widespread adoption [7]. Furthermore, the environmental benefits of EVs are partially negated if the electricity used for charging comes from nonrenewable sources. Addressing these issues is essential for maximizing the environmental and economic benefits of EVs and improving their functions in sustainable transportation ecosystems. Solar EVs (also referred to as solar cars or solar-powered EVs) or vehicle-integrated photovoltaics (VIPVs) integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems into EVs and are considered promising alternatives to minimize battery charging issues in EVs [8]. VIPVs integrate PV modules into various parts of the vehicle, such as the roof, bonnet, rear window, and side doors, to generate electricity from PV power while driving or parked [9]. Becausethese PV modules are mounted on the vehicle shell and connected to the EV drive battery, the generated power can be used for charging [10]. Thus, these systems contribute to increasing the range of EVs, reducing their dependence on external charging infrastructure, and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Owing to these advantages, leading automotive companies worldwide are developing and expanding the production of various solar EV models (Sono Motors' Son; Lightyear's Lightyear One; Hanegy's Solar O, L, R, A; Aptera Motors' Luna; Hyundai Motor Group's Sonata Hybrid; and other models) [11]. However, despite the declining manufacturing costs of solar EVs, high unit costs owing to technical limitations in manufacturing complexity and low public awareness of their utility remain issues that need to be addressed [12]. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the amount of electricity that can be generated and the economic and environmental impacts of operating a solar EV is crucial for optimizing the design and functionality of the EV and evaluating its utility as a battery-charging supplement. Various studies have been conducted to advance this technology and increase the utility of solar EVs. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [13] presented a design study on conceptual PV applications for solar mobility systems, highlighting multidisciplinary approaches and evaluating design challenges in integrating PV technology for various transport modes. [PERSON] et al. [14] reviewed and summarized the rapid advancements in VIPV (e.g., car, ship, drone, plane, bus, train, truck) technologies, highlighting the increasing deployment of various PV cell and module technologies for EVs. In solar EVs, PVs are primarily utilized for propulsion or powering accessories. Cells are mainly silicon mono-crystalline (20-24% efficiency), with triple junction cells (34%) and GaAs III-V flexible (29%), also reported in vehicles. Advancements in PV technology or more data on different solar cells and efficiencies for solar EVs can be found in [PERSON] et al. [15]. In Japan, researchers have examined the applicability of different types of solar cells to develop high-efficiency or low-cost solar cells and modules that can be applied to solar EVs and have presented the expected cost savings or benefits [16; 17; 18].