## 3 Results
### Biochemical Indicators
#### 3.1.3 Vitamins  
Vitamin composition is a crucial indicator of the nutritional value of germinated grains. Most vitamins, especially water-soluble ones, are not synthesized in the human body in sufficient quantities, making regular food intake physiologically necessary [94]. Germination of cereal crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and sorghum promotes an increase in the content of vitamins A and E (tocompenols) [95; 96; 97] and B vitamins--thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), and niacin (B3)--due to the activation of biosynthetic processes in the sprouts [98; 99]. Table 3 presents the vitamin content of WGT, GT18, GT20, GT22, and GT24. During the germination of triticale grain, a notable increase in the levels of several B vitamins was observed, indicating the activation of biosynthetic processes. For instance, the niacin (vitamin B3) content increased from 0.03 mg/kg in raw grain (WGT) to a peak \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Germination** & & & & **Vitamin Content, mg/kg** & & & \\
**Time, h** & **B1** & **B2** & **B3** & **B5** & **B6** & **B9** & **E** \\ \hline WGT & n/d & n/d & 0.029 \(\pm\) 0.002 a & n/d & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.06 a & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 2.98 \(\pm\) 0.29 b \\ \hline GT 18 & n/d & n/d & 0.34 \(\pm\) 0.03 c & n/d & n/d & 1.66 \(\pm\) 0.16 b & 1.84 \(\pm\) 0.18 a \\ \hline GT 20 & n/d & n/d & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.01 b & n/d & 0.045 \(\pm\) 0.004 a & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.004 a & 2.01 \(\pm\) 0.20 a \\ \hline GT 22 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.01 c & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & 0.52 \(\pm\) 0.05 d & n/d & n/d & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.006 a & 2.03 \(\pm\) 0.20 a \\ \hline GT 24 & 0.11 \(\pm\) 0.01 b & 2.51 \(\pm\) 0.25 b & 0.48 \(\pm\) 0.04 a & n/d & n/d & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.009 a & 2.28 \(\pm\) 0.22 a \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Vitamin content of WGT and GTs. of 0.52 mg/kg at the 22-h germination mark (GT22). Riboflavin (vitamin B2), which was absent in the initial sample, was detected only at the 22-h (GT22) and 24-h (GT24) germination stages, reaching a maximum of 2.51 mg/kg at the 24-h mark (GT24). A similar trend was noted for thiamine (vitamin B1), which was present only at the 22-h mark (GT22--0.17 mg/kg), followed by a decrease at the 24-h stage (GT24). Vitamin B6 appeared at the 22-h germination stage (GT22), likely linked to the active metabolism of the grain and the synthesis of coenzymes. However, by the 24-h stage (GT24), the B6 level diminished, presumably due to the depletion of nutritional resources and environmental changes, such as oxygen levels. The maximum folic acid (vitamin B9) content was observed at the 18-h germination mark (GT18--1.66 mg/kg), followed by a noticeable decline. This decrease could be attributed to initial synthesis activation, followed by degradation or redistribution into the roots and sprouts [100]. These findings are consistent with studies on other crops, such as wheat [101], sorghum [102], and barley [103]. in which germination also contributes to elevated B vitamin levels. [PERSON] et al. [104] noted that some water-soluble vitamins may be partially lost during germination due to leaching from soaking. Nevertheless, the active synthesis of vitamins by young sprouts [96] significantly contributes to the increase in the B vitamin content of germinated grains. In contrast, the level of vitamin E (tocopherol), a fat-soluble antioxidant, tended to decline at all germination stages. Specifically, vitamin E levels decreased by 38% after 18 h, 32% after 20 h, 31% after 22 h, and 23% after 24 h. [PERSON] et al. [105] link the reduction in vitamin E levels to its protective role against lipid oxidation during germination, characterized by intensive metabolic and respiratory processes. Furthermore, tocopheroids are consumed as part of the cell's antioxidant defense, accounting for their reduction during germination. The germination of triticale grains leads to significant biochemical changes, notably the increase in B vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, B6, and B9, resulting from the activation of biosynthetic and enzymatic processes.