# The Human Performance Impact on OEE in the Adoption of New Production Technologies
## 2 Literature Review  
During the adoption phase of new production technologies, disturbances affecting both productivity and product quality are encountered more frequently due to system instability, reconfigurations or process changes. The main challenges to be faced concern the adaptation of the capacity of the production system, the reliability of the production equipment to meet the target production rate, the understanding of the new process behavior and the increase in product quality [6]. The production process is adjusted until it becomes sufficiently stable and the output reaches a target level, reducing disturbances to a minimum. The time required for this phase is highly dependent on the complexity of the system and the planners' ability to make good decisions based on their experience. The ramp-up is a man-machine coordination process that varies in each instance based on the experience of the staff and the complexity of the system, thus being highly unpredictable [2].  
[PERSON] et al. (2018) [6] and [PERSON] (2001) [1] offer a description of the types of production ramp-up: launch of new products, start of a new process, and reconfiguration of an existing process. The differences between the various types can be retrieved in the complexity of the studied variables and in the variation of the life cycle of new products or new technologies. Considering the product launch, the production start-up begins with the approval of pre-series production, which is described as the development of a large number of prototypes mainly used to teach workers about new processes and to identify and resolve errors [6]. Differently, when dealing with new processes, such as the introduction of new equipment, the system assembly is required before the production start, following the approval and correction of the functions and parts of the system, where necessary [18].  
For the measurement of the production rate, the production throughput (TH) is considered one of the most important parameters of a production system [19]. The three main factors that directly impact TH are: availability affected by downtime events, low performance due to slow operations, and product quality affected by defects [19]. [PERSON] et al. (2018) [6] discuss the methodology to evaluate the actual lost TH during the ramp-up phase following a system reconfiguration, where the actual TH is given by the production of compliant products. In their contributions, the authors define the ramp-up of a process as the time interval between the production of the first article after a system reconfiguration and the stable production of articles at a target TH. The loss of TH occurs and is accentuated with each reconfiguration of the system because the actual production rate during the reconfiguration period is equal to zero, and a new ramp-up period is observed each time the production is restarted. The authors also classify the causes of TH loss into two categories: internal, which originates within the studied system and includes both human and technological factors; and external, which originates outside the system and may have an indirect effect on the behavior of the system [6].  
From this consideration, a literature background on the human factors and technological factors impacting the initial adoption phase of new production technologies is provided, as well as an assessment of the relevant criteria for its evaluation. Indeed, after discussing the human and technological factors, the applicability of each criterion to the ramp-up phase is assessed and described.