# Preliminary Valorization of Climatic Conditions Effects on
## 4 Results and Discussions  
The mortars produced and cured in laboratory and site were characterized, and their open porosity (by MIP) and water absorption after 24 h immersion (WA24h) values are reported in Table 4. As has been already observed in previous studies, additions of oils (and usually other organics) in mortar mixes increase the formations of air voids [10; 12; 15]. This is normally clear from superficial formation of air bubbles when mortars are immersed in water during water absorption tests. Generally, many of these macro-pores fall out of MIP detection range (60 microns); however, they can alter water absorption and other hydric properties of the mortars. The type of additive oil in mixes did not leave a visible alteration in water absorption values when the mortars were cured in the laboratory. However, when the mortars were cured in the site conditions slightly higher unsaturation level of the oil Type 1 compared to the oil Type 2 caused higher water absorption for SA2 sample compared to SA1. The effect of unsaturation level of the fatty acids additives was deeply discussed in a previous study [12]. As a confirmation to conclusion of previous studies, additions of high-linoleic acid oils in lime mortars generally increase their hydrophobicity, loan evident extent, especially when the materials were casted and cured in in-situ conditions. The addition of sesame cooking oils in air lime mortars led to considerable hydrophobic effects such as reductions in water absorption values: 71-72% reduction when mortars were cured in laboratory and 88-93% reduction when the mortars were cured in the site conditions. From Figure 3 it can be concluded that the curing condition did not adversely affect the pore size distribution of the mortars. A considerable challenge for in-situ application of mortars in many historical sites (including Pasargadae and Perseopolis) is substantial alterations of site climatic conditions during the last decades due to climate change; hence, a single formulation cannot guaranty meeting the compatibility requirements for decades. This can be due to the fact that in these sites, the previously applied restorative mortars have been hydraulic (HL) or natural hydraulic lime (NHL) mortars. These materials need humidity for their setting and hardening actions and their initial and eventual setting and hardening phases. The addition of oils with higher unsaturation level (Type 1) significantly affected the microstructures; however, this effect was not evident in presence of the oil with lower content of linoleic acid. This confirms the observations regarding the relation between microstructure alterations and unsaturation level of fatty acids additions reported in a previous study with sunflower oil additions [12]. Figure 4 demonstrates the substantial relative humidity reduction in the driest month of the year (June) over decades in Fars province of Iran due to decreased quantity and quality of groundwater as a consequence of global warming. Hence, during the last years applications of HL and NHL, mortars did not manifest durable and compatible results in the field [13]. However, application of air lime mortars seemed to be a reliable solution in the field as they substantially need carbon dioxide for their setting and hardening. Figure 5 demonstrates increments in calcium carbonate content of the mortars when cured in the site ambient compared to laboratory curing. Generally, oil additions in lime mortars had demonstrated considerable reduction in carbonation rates. This was due to a reduction of carbon dioxide gain for cavities and surfaces [12; 15]. Nevertheless, Figure 5 demonstrates proper values of carbonation for both oiled mortars and non-oiled mortars when cured in site condition. Reductions in calcium carbonation formation of mortars in addition of fatty acids were observed for laboratory cured samples and were not observed when the oiled mortars were cured in the site condition.