# Sustainable Development of Concrete through Aggregates and Innovative Materials: A Review
## 2 Recycled Materials
### Crushed Glass  
Glass is an abundant waste in domestic, commercial, electrical and car industries. This material is widely employed in containers, car glass, solar glass, blown glass and glass fiber [44]. It has various characteristics such as a transparent surface, abrasion resistance, durable and easy for manufacturing. The consumption of glass is growing due to the development of new glass-based products. The United Nations estimated that around two hundred million tons of waste are generated on the planet every year and glass waste represents 7% of this amount [45]. Generally, the behavior of concrete containing glass aggregate may increase its mixture workability, bleeding and segregation. However, this glass replaced concrete reduces its mechanical strength and drying shrinkage and increases its chemical and fire resistance as well as the carbonation resistance [46]. In order to monitor material microstructure and its adherence to the concrete mixture, it is necessary to obtain multiscale microscopic images with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) [46]. [PERSON] et al. [45] evaluated the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures obtained by replacing Portland cement with metakaolin and quartz aggregate with waste glass to generate novel sustainable concrete tiles. Three hundred and ninety-six specimens were measured to determine the bulk density, permeability and dynamic modulus. Based on the test results (Figure 5), the specimens became lighter decreasing 2.87% of bulk density when the proportion ratio of glass increases to 15%. Furthermore, the permeability of the concrete specimens increased 33% for 15% proportion glass. In addition, the dynamic modulus of the concrete specimens increased from 33.09 GPa in the control concrete to 37.79 GPa for specimen with 10% proportion glass. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [47] manufactured concrete by replacing construction aggregate with different mixtures of glass aggregate (fine and coarse) with percentage rate of 0%, 5%, 10% and 20%. They measured the durability behavior of this concrete studding the water absorption through carbonation resistance, capillarity and immersion, chloride penetration and shrinkage tests. In addition, the effect of the size of the glass aggregates (GA) was evaluated in ten concrete samples. The results showed that the aggregate size has a high influence on the workability of the glass aggregate concrete (GAC). This workability of GAC had an increase for water-cement ratio between 0.55 and 0.58 and 20% percentage of fine GA. The density of GAC in a fresh state registered a small decrease when the percentage of glass aggregate increased. The compressive strength of the GAC was reduced with increasing the glass percentage. The water absorption of the GAC decreased between 14 and 24% for 5 and 10% replacement percentage of fine glass aggregate. In general, the GA do not significantly affect the durability behavior of GAC. Thus, the recycled GA is an  
Figure 5: Results of bulk density and permeability versus glass particle fraction. Reprinted with permission from [45]. Copyright© 2015, Elsevier B.V.  
option to be used in the construction sector, which helps in the reduction of the extraction of primary resources and the waste recycling. For a self-compacting concrete based on the ASTM C1610-17 standard test method [48], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49] studied the influence of recycled glass fine aggregate (RGFA) on the properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC). They used 18 concrete samples at water-cement ratio of 0.4 and RGFA in replacement percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength and static modulus of elasticity of SCC containing RGFA decreased with increasing the FGFA percentage. For cement content of 450 kg/m\({}^{3}\), the 28 days compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of FGFA replaced SCC with proportion ratio of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were decreased to 3.7%, 10.5%, 13.5%, 17.5% and 21%, and 4.2%, 8.5%, 9.9%, 12.7% and 22.5%, respectively.