## 3 Results and Discussion
### Nanocoated Fabric Pull-Out Properties  
#### 3.2.1 Single and Multiple Nanocoated Fabric Pull-Out Force-Displacement Results  
Figure 5 shows a general characterization of the pull-out force (N)-displacement (mm) graphs for a nanocoated p-aramid fabric structure considering a n-B4C-coated single-yarn pull-out graph. In addition, Figure 6(a1-c4) shows single-yarn and multiple-yarn (two ends and three ends) consecutive pull-out force (N)-displacement (mm) graphs for all nanocoated p-aramid fabric structures. As illustrated in Figure 5, while the single-yarn pull-out graph for the nanocoated fabric closely aligns with that of the control sample, it demonstrates a distinct, slight non-linear escalation approaching the maximum pull-out force within the initial phase, identified as the crimp extension region. This phase arises from the accumulated yarn length attributed to warp-filling interlacement essential for fabric structure formation, and it encompasses the initial frictional region. The second region, designated as the initial interlacement rupture zone, extends to the initial interlacement force and is marked by an initial significant decline following the maximum pull-out force, where the warp initially detaches from the filling. The third region consists of the stick-slip (translation) zone, where the pull-out force follows a cyclic decrease-increase pattern, gradually stabilizing as the warp incrementally detaches from each filling yarn. At the beginning of this region, the cumulative influence of nanoparticles results in irregular and coarse stick-slip intervals. This phenomenon likely contributes to enhanced energy absorption due to frictional interactions. Additionally, the phase succeeding the initial interlacement force, during which the yarn fully disengages from the fabric structure, is designated as the kinetic friction stage [31; 32]. Figure 4: Surface morphology of various nanocoated p-aramid fabric structures. (**a1**) Nano B\({}_{4}\)C-coated plain fabric surface (OM, magnification 6.7\(\times\)). (**a2,a3**) Nano B\({}_{4}\)C-coated fabric and filament surfaces (SEM, 35\(\times\), 2000\(\times\), respectively). (**a4**) Magnified (SEM, 10,000\(\times\)) view of nano B\({}_{4}\)C on the filament surface. (**b1**) MWCNT-coated fabric surface (OM, 6.7\(\times\)). (**b2,b3**) Surface of MWCNT-coated fabric (SEM 35\(\times\), 2000\(\times\), respectively). (**b4**) Magnified (SEM, 10,000\(\times\)) view of MWCNTs on the filament surface. (**c1**) GNP-coated fabric surface (OM, 6.7\(\times\)). (**c2,c3**) GNP-coated fabric surface (SEM, 35\(\times\), 2000\(\times\), respectively). (**c4**) Magnified (SEM, 10,000\(\times\)) view of GNPs on the filament surface. (**d1**) Control fabric surface (OM, 6.7\(\times\)). (**d2,d3**) Control fabric surface (SEM, 35\(\times\), 300\(\times\), respectively). Figure 5: General characterization of the pull-out force (N)–displacement (mm) graphs for nanocoated p-aramid fabric structure (single yarn, n-B\({}_{4}\)C-coated). As exhibited in Figure 6(a1-a4), the first single-yarm pull-out tests revealed an exceptionally high pull-out force relative to the successive second and third yarns (Figure 6(a1-a4)). The subsequent pull-out tests produced comparable results [1; 63; 64]. Notably, the nanocoated B4C structure (Figure 6(a1)) displayed significantly elevated values, particularly within the crimp extension region, in contrast to MWCNT- and GNP-coated and control structures (Figure 6(a2-a4)). Moreover, the single-yarm stick-slip zone of the n-B4C-coated structure demonstrated more irregular and widely ranged declining force values in comparison to MPO, GPO, and KPO structures. In addition, the pull-out forces observed in the subsequent second and third yarns for the n-B4C- and MWCNT-coated structures in stage I were significantly higher than those of the GNP-coated and control structures. Their pull-out forces in stick-slip region (stage III) exhibited slightly lower frequency and higher amplitude values compared to the GNP and control structures.