## 3 Results and Discussion
Hierarchy and signal priority are the main advantages of this protocol, where only users with the required access can read the broker's messages, ensuring confidentiality and data protection [44]. Zigbee is a low-power wireless protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It is commonly used in home automation and smart energy systems due its ease of installation, reliability, low cost and safety feature [45]. It supports mesh networking for reliable communication in dense urban environments where wireless communications are difficult to propagate, providing a highly user friendly interface. Another study [46] proved that Zigbee-enabled meters can be employed locally at the central panel to generate invoices and monitor continuous electricity usage with 99.8% accuracy. Computed data are then transmitted and stored to a database with online access. Hence, users can understand how their needs affect the power profile in real-time to reduce energy use, as they are better informed and motivated to do so. In addition, the energy consumption behavior of a user can be modified to encourage more energy-saving habits, such as avoiding leaving the lights or the heating on if it not required. LoRa is a long-range, low-power protocol suited for rural and remote smart metering applications. Its features include a wide coverage area with minimal infrastructure and high penetration in dense environments [47]. A study [48] implemented a LoRa module using the LoRa-WAN protocol to monitor the temperature and electricity utilization of the household central heating system. The results showed that data losses were minimized within a 1 km radius, while the module consumed barely any power, implementing mobile access and overcoming the disadvantages; data loss and low security, of 4G router currently employed. Hence, the user only utilizes heat when it is really required, so energy waste is reduced. Formerly known as the Smart Energy Profile (SEP), the IEEE 2030.5 protocol supports distributed energy resources (DERs) and demand-response programs. The dynamic response scheme deploys the energy profile of each user through data encryption models, for maximum safety, and utilizes an optimization technique for load shifting, leading to a reduction in peak demand by 22% [49]. The protocol features include enabling two-way communication between utilities and DERs and securing data exchange using HTTPS and TLS. IEEE 2030.5 can be integrated with DER management systems (DERMS) cloud servers as all messages are transcribed to optimize DER participation. This layout can be applied to V2G systems where the smart meters communicates with the bidirectional converter that the EV is plugged into. Then, SEP is employed to monitor the power exchange between the EV and the household, ensuring energy sufficiency [50]. To summarize, protocols such as IEC 61850 ensure high-speed, real-time data transfer, enabling accurate monitoring and control. Standards such as IEC 61850 and IEEE 2030.5 facilitate seamless integration of smart meters with other grid components, reducing operational silos. Protocols such as MQTT and LoRa enable scalable smart meter networks, adaptable to both urban and rural environments. Advanced encryption methods in MQTT and IEEE 2030.5 safeguard sensitive data, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. Wireless protocols such as Zigbee and LoRa minimize infrastructure costs, particularly in areas with limited connectivity. Future efforts may focus on the development of hybrid communication models combining multiple protocols for optimized performance, employing AI-driven analytics to process data collected via smart meters.