esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sample Size and Statistical Analysis  
The revised sample size of 60 participants including a 95% confidence interval was calculated on the bases of the estimate of what this would provide the percentage of power for each outcome variable. The power is the ability to detect if there is an effect present and is important for reducing the chances of a type II error. A 95% power for strength ratio, 89% for IR isometric strength, 99% for extensibility, 97% for tone, 100% for stiffness, 100% for relaxation, and 70% for creep were found. Only less than 50% power were obtained for ER isometric strength and elasticity. The statistical power was calculated using G*Power 3.1.  
SPSS version 20.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. The test-retest reliability was calculated for all the variables. The reliability was considered excellent when the values of ICC exceeded 0.75. When the ICC ranged from 0.4 to 0.74, the reliability was considered good to fair, and when the value was less than 0.4, it was considered poor. The SEM was calculated with this formula: SEM = SD \(\times\)\(\surd(1-\) ICC); and the MDC was calculated with the next formula: MDC = 1.96 \(\times\) sem \(\times\)\(\surd\)2 [35].  
Quantitative variables were presented as mean (M) and standard deviation (SD). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normal or non-normal distribution of the variables. Between-groups comparisons of clinical and demographic variables were analyzed using the Student's _t_-test or the Mann-Whitney U test, for normally distributed data or non-normally distributed data. Between-shoulders comparison was analyzed using the paired _t_-test or the Wilcoxon test, for normally distributed data or non-normally distributed data. A _p_-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Applied_  
_Topological Charge Detection Using Generalized_  
_Contour-Sum Method from Distorted Donut-Shaped_  
_Optical Vortex Beams: Experimental Comparison of_  
_Closed Path Determination Methods_  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 1,*  
1 College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
2 Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., Hamamatsu 434-8601, Japan; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.H.J.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.L.)**  
Received: 30 August 2019; Accepted: 17 September 2019; Published: 20 September 2019  
**Featured Application: This study will be valuable to researchers working in optical metrology and in the diagnosis of optical communication links through long-distance free-space propagation.**  
**Abstract:** A generalized contour-sum method has been proposed to measure the topological charge (TC) of an optical vortex (OV) beam using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SH-WFS). Moreover, a recent study extended it to be workable for measuring an aberrated OV beam. However, when the OV beam suffers from severe distortion, the closed path for circulation calculation becomes crucial. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of five closed path determination methods, including watershed transformation, maximum average-intensity circle extraction, a combination of watershed transformation and maximum average-intensity circle extraction, and perfectly round circles assignation. In the experiments, we used a phase-only spatial light modulator to generate OV beams and aberrations, while an SH-WFS was used to measure the intensity profile and phase slopes. The results show that when determining the TC values of distorted donut-shaped OV beams, the watershed-transformed maximum average-intensity circle method performed the best, and the maximum average-intensity circle method and the watershed transformation method came second and third, while the worst was the perfect circles assignation method. The discussions that explain our experimental results are also given.  
**Keywords:** wavefront sensor; spatial light modulator; contour-sum method; topological charge; orbital angular momentum
# Line Scan Spatial Speckle Contrast Imaging and Its Application in Blood Flow Imaging
###### Abstract  
Laser speckle imaging has been an indispensable tool for visualizing blood flow in biomedical applications. We proposed a novel design of the laser speckle imaging system, which combines confocal illumination and detection with various speckle analysis methods. The system can be operated by three imaging modes. One is surface illumination laser speckle contrast imaging (SI-LSCI) and the other two are line scan temporal speckle contrast imaging (LS-TSCI) and line scan spatial speckle contrast imaging (LS-SSCI). The experimental results of flow phantoms have validated the mixture model, which combines the Lorentzian and Gaussian models to describe the simultaneous existence of both Brownian motions and ordered flow. Our experimental results of in vivo chick embryos demonstrate that LS-SSCI maintains high temporal resolution and is less affected by motion artifacts. LS-SSCI can provide better image quality for in vivo imaging blood chick embryos than LS-TSCI. Furthermore, the experiential results present that LS-SSCI can detect and quantify the blood flow change during vascular clipping, and shows great potential in diagnosing vascular diseases, such as angiogenesis, angiostenosis, or angiembraxis.  
laser speckle; line-scan; cardiac; blood flow; confocal; chick embryo
## 3 Results
### Evaluation on Credit Card Dataset  
This is a publicly available dataset to predict churning customers.  
Table 2 demonstrates that SMOTE-ENC yielded significantly better results than SMOTE-NC in terms of precision and F1-score at threshold 0.5 on minority class instances for this dataset, and Figure 3 shows that SMOTE-ENC attained higher ROC and PRC scores  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dataset** & **IR 1** & **N 2** & **C 3** & **Sampling Method** & **Precision** & **Recall** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline Banking telemarketing dataset [28] & 9:1 & 12 & 5 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 31.95 & 46.84 & 37.99 \\ \cline{3-6} Credit card dataset [29] & 12:1 & 5 & 14 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 27.33 & 50.40 & 35.45 \\ \hline Credit card dataset [29] & 12:1 & 5 & 14 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 65.61 & 81.75 & 72.79 \\ \cline{3-6} Car dataset [30] & 3:1 & 6 & 0 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 59.78 & 84.92 & 70.16 \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Correct cover dataset \\ (class 2 and 6) [31] \\ \end{tabular} & 3:1 & 6 & 0 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 87.91 & 79.21 & 83.33 \\ \cline{3-6} Car dataset [30] & 3:1 & 6 & 0 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & NA 4 & NA 4 & NA 4 \\ \hline Forest cover dataset & 17:1 & 2 & 12 & \begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 74.76 & 99.84 & 85.50 \\ \cline{3-6} Rain in Australia dataset [32] & 4:1 & 3 & 13 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 58.45 & 72.24 & 64.62 \\ \cline{3-6}  & & & &
\begin{tabular}{c} SMOTE-ENC \\ SMOTE-NC \\ \end{tabular} & 58.30 & 72.51 & 64.63 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* IR (imbalance ratio) = total number of samples in training set/number of minority class samples. 2 N = number of nominal features in the dataset. 3 C = number of continuous features in the dataset. 4 NA = SMOTE-NC cannot be applied to this dataset.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison between SMOTE-ENC (new method) and SMOTE-NC on minority class data points at threshold 0.5.  
From Figure 4, it can be observed that none of the five nominal features of this dataset came up in the top 10 feature importance ranking using the random forest classifier. Application of our method, SMOTE-ENC, did not change this ranking showing that our SMOTE-ENC improved performance by interpreting nominal features in a different way; however, it did not diminish the continuous features' contribution in model prediction.
## 2 Materials, Methods, and Discussion
### Topographic Constraints
The results of the analysis show that, for almost the entire territory, the layover effects that are observed for the descending geometry over slopes facing E can be compensated by employing the ascending geometry, and vice versa, for W-facing slopes (Figure 5). Areas resulting in layover or shadow distortions in both geometries, corresponding to \(\sim\)185 km\({}^{2}\), cannot be monitored using SAR imagery with either orbital mode, but our simulation shows that fortunately these do not occur anywhere in Great Britain but are limited to Northwest Highlands and Grampian Mountains. This allows to include in the InSAR studies also challenging phenomena like coastal landslides whose analyses otherwise are strongly compromised by geometrical distorsions. Areas of foreshortening were determined by considering an R-index of 0 to +0.6 (the RI\({}_{0}\) of S-1), and extended to 75,070 km\({}^{2}\) (\(\sim\)32.7% of the landmass) in ascending, and 74,994 km\({}^{2}\) (\(\sim\)32.6%) in descending mode. The absence of any type of distortions is observed over around 153,273 km\({}^{2}\) (\(\sim\)67.2%) in ascending and 155,054 km\({}^{2}\) (\(\sim\)67.5%) in descending mode (Figure 5). Differently from the results of the simulation for the ERS and ENVISAT acquisition modes [10] the larger \(\theta\) of Sentinel-1 (\(\sim\)37.5\({}^{\circ}\) instead of \(\sim\)23.3\({}^{\circ}\)), reduces the overall size of the areas affected by SAR foreshortening and shadow effects in both geometries over the entire territory.
### Multi-Path Routing
#### 1.2.1 Advantages  
The following are some of the characteristics of multi-path routing [6]:  
1. Load balancing: Splitting network traffic across various pathways can help balance network traffic demand.
2. Reliability and fault tolerance: The likelihood that packets will successfully reach from the source to the destination is defined as reliability. Multi-path routing can increase dependability by transmitting numerous copies of data via separate pathways. Ifone of the duplicated packets is successfully received by the receiver, the packet is considered to be sent successfully.
3. Quality of service (QoS Improvement): One of the essential objectives of designing multi-path routing protocols is to improve the QoS in terms of end-to-end latency, data delivery ratio, and network throughput [7]. Depending on the QoS demand of the application, multi-path routing can be designed.
## 7 Conclusions  
Over the last few years, we have witnessed the success of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard as a recommendation to be employed in LR-WPAN. However, this standard was designed for one-hop data transmission among cost-efficient, ultra-low power and small-size wireless sensor devices. Some recommendations and proposals arose to extend the use of this standard in order to promote multi-hop communications by means of mesh topologies. These proposals provide, among other functionalities, large-scale area monitoring and multiple communication paths between sources and destinations. This type of solutions, denoted as Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (WMSNs), entails a significant advance in the WSNs arena, enabling a plethora of applications such as protection for fire forest, tele-surveillance in large crops, situational awareness and precision asset location, and health services. This fact involves a strong boost for the penetration of this technology in the consumer market.  
In this paper, we reviewed the most competing current mesh proposals to make possible efficient communications in LR-WPAN. The most significant WMSN requirements that allow us to know the benefits and shortcomings of each proposal were also identified. In this sense, as far as the authors know, this is the first study that deals with this concern, which implies a contribution to this technological area. Additionally to this review, we once more inspected the group of proposals following different design guidelines which help to select the best proposal according to the application under consideration. Among all the approaches reviewed, we should highlight the IEEE 802.15.5 standard, a recent WMSN specification that takes full advantage of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to satisfactorily enforce, among other requirements, interoperability, robustness, link reliability, scalability and, above all, energy-efficiency in mesh topologies formed by WPAN devices. The larger amount of requirements and design guidelines fulfilled by IEEE.802.15.5 implies that the current and future number of applications/services supported by this standard is superior to the majority of approaches presented in this work. Therefore, we also hold a discussion of IEEE 802.15.5, offering hints to improve it with the aim of achieving the first approach that thoroughly guarantees all WMSN requirements and design guidelines. As upcoming research, we plan to continue exploring the WMSN technological field with the goal of, on the one hand, verifying/checking the real penetration in the consumer market of the different standards and recommendations described in this paper, in particular, the IEEE 802.15.5 proposal, and, on the other hand, learning about new WMSN solutions which will emerge in this promising area of knowledge.
## 2 Review of PV Model and MPPT Control Methods
### Review of MPPT Control Methods
#### 2.2.1. Perturb and Observe (P&O)  
Due to its low computational complexity, the P&O technique is a straightforward MPPT algorithm and is likely the most used [9; 10; 11; 12; 13].  
The implementation of P&O is performed in single-loop or multi-loop [38]. In single-loop, the algorithm acts directly on the duty cycle of the electronic power converter, while in multi-loop, the algorithm controls the reference voltage or current. The outcomes in both scenarios are comparable. This paper focuses on the outcomes obtained using single-loop P&O.  
Figure 2: Current–voltage and power–voltage characteristic curves of PV A10J-M60-240: (**a**) different irradiances at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C; and (**b**) different temperatures at 1000 W/m\({}^{2}\).  
The flowchart in Figure 3 depicts the basic form of the P&O method. The algorithm computes the differences between the power and voltage of two samples at a given time, and decides to increase or decrease the duty cycle \(D\) of the downstream converter by a constant amount \(\Delta D\) in order to iteratively converge into the MPP [11].  
In practice, the system never reaches the operating MPP; instead, it oscillates around it with a resolution related to the duty-cycle variation \(\Delta D\). It should be noted that a larger \(\Delta D\) causes higher perturbation and, as a result, higher oscillation of the voltage and current, whereas a lower \(\Delta D\) causes a lower oscillation but slows the response speed [12].  
Aside from the undesirable oscillations around the MPP, another disadvantage of this algorithm occurs when the irradiance gradually increases [10]. In these cases, the P&O algorithm temporarily loses the MPP, resulting in power loss.  
Some improvements to this algorithm have been proposed, such as the use of adaptive steps or modified flowcharts [9; 13]. In this work, a version of P&O with fixed steps is considered.
## 3 Mathematical Model of the Proposed MEMS Gyroscope
### Stiffness Calculation for the Mechanical Beams  
Mechanical spring beams in the design are modeled as fixed-guided beams that are connected in parallel. The overall stiffness in the drive axis \(k_{x}\) is due to four folded microbeams that are compliant in the \(x\)-axis and connect the drive mass to the sense frame. The drive direction stiffness can be calculated as:  
\[k_{x}=4\frac{Etw_{x}^{3}}{2L_{x}^{3}} \tag{3}\]  
where \(E\) is the Young's modulus, \(t\) is the thickness of the microbeams, and \(w_{x}\) and \(L_{x}\) are the width and length of the folded microbeams, respectively. In the sense direction, the mechanical suspension consists of eight folded microbeams that connect the sense mass to the anchors. The sense direction mechanical stiffness can be calculated as:  
\[k_{y}=8\frac{Etw_{y}^{3}}{2L_{y}^{3}} \tag{4}\]  
where \(w_{y}\) and \(L_{y}\) are the width and length of the folded microbeams, respectively, in the sense axis.
# Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Cyanophage Encoding Multiple Auxiliary Metabolic Genes
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cyanophages Structural Proteome
A previous study suggested that _YadA_ domain-containing structural protein encoded by _Enterobacteria_ phage T7 takes part in assembly of phage tail fiber, and its membrane adhesion-like domain may play a role in the infection attachment to the host cell [96].
## 4 Results and Discussion
The calculated salt adsorption capacity of the LDH coated activated carbon electrode was 13.9 mg/gelectrode, which showed a better desalination capacity than the uncoated activated carbon electrode (11.7 mg/gelectrode). Also, the value was a comparable with that of the commercially available activated carbon materials as shown in Table 1[29]. This enhanced salt adsorption capacity indicates the improvement of the wettability of the porous carbon electrodes because of a rapid ion transfer at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte [16; 18]. In conclusion, the hydrophilic LDH layer on the activated carbon electrode increases the accessibility of ions into the pores resulting in an improved desalination performance of the CDI system. Figure 7: (**a**) The conductivity changes of the effluent in an activated carbon electrode and LDH coated activated carbon electrode system during operations (1.2 V for charging; 0 V for discharging) with 10 mL/min flow rate (source water: 10 mM NaCl). (**b**) Accumulated salt adsorption capacity during the third cycle of the discharging step.
## 2 Related Work  
### Cloud-Based Emergency Management Systems  
Cloud computing provides a service-oriented architecture that harnesses the computing capability of massive inter-networked computers. Since the concept was explored in the 1960s, the scope of cloud computing has grown tremendously over the last few decades and has motivated considerable research in the field of emergency management. For example, [14] proposes a community-based cloud-enabled emergency management system that leverages existing social network sites (SNS) to collect and disseminate emergent information. This platform consists of a information repository layer and a social networking layer, and a semantics-based query is used to overcome heterogeneous data from diverse organizations. In [15], an intelligent transportation system (ITS) is presented with the aid of vehicular _ad hoc_ networks (VANETs) and cloud computing. Different computational models are available in the cloud to generate the optimum strategy for diverse situations. Simulations are performed in the transportation network of a city where the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model is used to mimic the traffic. Results indicate that this large-scale emergency response system, which can collect and propagate information through different communication modes, overcomes the traditional analogues using media. Because of the handicaps, such as limited battery power and computing speed in the hybrid fire evacuation system (HBFES) [16], which uses mobile phones and radio frequency identification (RFID) to locate evacuees and calculate evacuation routes, in [17], this system is extended by employingan external cloud server to perform computations. Due to the limitations of common indoor positioning technologies and the unavailability of GPS, in [18], a smart phone-assisted system to locate evacuees with pedometry-based localization and image-based positioning is suggested. The cloud-based server can obtain the position of individuals by matching the image snapshots uploaded by evacuees and then provide uncrowded routes for users. However, current cloud-enabled emergency response systems with the aid of portable devices do not consider the impact of significant energy utilisation in the client side during the communication process. On the other hand, smart phones using the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) protocol require base stations and a substantial infrastructure, which may be destroyed or overloaded during an emergency. Furthermore, UMTS systems themselves can easily come under attack [19,20], including by various forms of denial of service attacks [21].
# Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Thioredoxin-2 from _Deinococcus radiotrans_
## 1 Introduction
radiolurans_ has evolved strategies to reduce endogenous ROS production, such as lowering the number of respiratory chain enzymes, importing peptides and amino acids from the environment, and inducing the glyoxylate bypass of the tricarboxylic acid cycle following IR [33; 39]. In addition, _D. radiolurans_ has efficient enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, peroxideroxin, and peroxidase) and non-enzymatic (deinoxanthin, bacillitibol, pyrroloquinoline-quinone, polyphosphate, and Mn\({}^{2+}\)-metabolite complexes) antioxidant systems that remove the ROS generated by radiation and desiccation [33; 34; 40]. _D. radiolurans_ possesses enzymatic antioxidant systems Trx1 (DrTrx1) and Trx2 (DrTrx2) encoded by _dr0944_ and _drA0164_, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis has indicated that Trx1 was present in all 11 analyzed _Deinococcus_ species, while Trx2 was only found in three species (_D. radiolurans_, _D. geothermalis_, and _D. deserti_) [35]. It was reported that DrTrx2 has a reduction activity in DrTrxR/NADPH coupled reaction [41]. The crystal structure of DrTrxR was also reported by the same study. When _D. radiolurans_ was treated with several TrxR inhibitors, its resistance toward H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) decreased [42]. In this study, we observed the phenotypes of \(\Delta\)_drtrx1_ and \(\Delta\)_drtrx2_ mutants exposed to H\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{2}\) and measured the reduction activities of native and mutant DrTrx1 and DrTrx2 proteins. Moreover, we solved the crystal structure of DrTrx2 at 1.96 A resolution, as the first full-length Trx2 structure in a Gram-positive bacterium. A structural comparison with the only two reported full-length Trx2 structures from _Rhodobacter capsulatus_ and _Yersinia pestis_ revealed that the N-terminal zinc-finger domain orientation of DrTrx2 is rotated 120\({}^{\circ}\) counterclockwise, compared to the other Trx2 proteins.