## 7 Review of Studies Related to Integration in the Context of Multi-Modal Mobility
### Review of Studies
Question: Are consumers willing to pay for collaboration activities arising from institutionally facilitated interaction between operators? Results: The study [105] analyzed integrated travel choice experiments based on random parameters logit models. The study showed that consumers would prefer collaboration of operators, engage in integrated transport solutions and be willing to pay for collaboration activities as long as better door-to-door travel options for their whole journey can be delivered. 2. Question: How to model demand and plan for ride-shared mobility services running in integration with mass transit? Results: In the study [80], the multi-agent transport simulation platform, MATSim, was used to model two mobility services. The simulation results for the trip chains aggregated mobile phone network dataset with 722,752 agents generated gain a better insight into users' travel patterns. The proposed model maximizes the number of users served and quantifies the benefits of integrating with public transport services to enable modal shift from private cars. 3. Question: How to evaluate the integrated behavior of MaaS? Results: In the study [81], a mechanism was proposed to integrate event-based simulator based on attaching/detaching existing simulation models as well as mobility services through application programming interfaces to evaluate MaaS. The mechan  
Figure 8: Distribution of research issues and the number of papers published annually between 2017 and 2024 in the Web of Science Core Collection with keywords “MaaS” and “integration/pricing” in the abstract. nism includes independent generation of transportation demands and simulation of user preferences. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism was demonstrated by applying it to one scenario with private and small area MaaS and the other scenario with public and middle size area MaaS to evaluate the transportation performance. The proposed mechanism enables realizing and evaluating practical MaaS through improving user experiences and quality of services. 4. Question: Can consumers benefit from bundling transportation services? Results: In [115], experiments were performed to estimate and compare consumers' willingness to pay for stand-alone transportation services with service bundles. One finding of the study was that bundled public transportation, car sharing, and park and ride services were valuated significantly higher than a stand-alone service. Another finding of this study was that bundled bike/e-bike sharing and taxi services was valuated lower. Potential users were highly willing to pay for a smartphone application integrating the services, booking and payment. 5. Question: How to integrate freight transport into a Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) environment? Results: Capacity utilization of transport systems in cities might contribute to the improvement of passenger transport and freight movement efficiency and sustainability. To assess the potential impact of potential integration service models, relevant logistics segments were identified to propose service models and evaluate them from the perspective of multi-stakeholder and sustainability in the study [109]. The analysis shows the fitness between on-demand freight and passenger systems combined in MaaS. 6. Questions: How to achieve operational, informational and transactional integration required for MaaS to deliver an exceptional user experience to rival the private cars? What factors affect how people make travel choices for adoption of any MaaS offer? Results: The paper [110] focusses on the user perspective, offers and prospects of MaaS. The paper examines what is understood to date about MaaS and highlights the key point that MaaS is a system beyond the private cars with a mobility intermediary layer. A 'levels of MaaS integration (LMI) taxonomy' is presented to capture a hierarchy of user need, including cognitive user efforts, operational concerns, information and transactional integration involved in MaaS. 7.