esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Essential Oil** & **IC\({}_{50}\) (exp), mg/mL** & **IC\({}_{50}\) (lit) 1, mg/mL** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Lemon peel & 17.4888 \(\pm\) 1.1356 & 0.66–83.76 & [20; 25] \\ Bay leaf & 0.3777 \(\pm\) 0.0063 & 0.05–1.43 & [73; 83] \\ Clove buds & 0.0130 \(\pm\) 0.0002 & 0.008–0.109 & [19; 64] \\ Star anise & 49.1026 \(\pm\) 1.0012 & 0.154–409.14 & [33; 84] \\ Oregono & 0.3643 \(\pm\) 0.0101 & 0.0047–4.34 & [35; 77] \\ Nutmeg & 5.2875 \(\pm\) 0.0213 & 0.003–1.35 & [8; 56] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\dagger}\) The literature IC\({}_{50}\) values are given for the lowest and highest reported values.  
\end{table} 
Table 5: IC\({}_{50}\) values of essential oils in DPPH assay—experimental data compared to the published data. and IC\({}_{50}\) values from DPPH and ABTS assays is not always clear due to differences in antioxidant mechanisms, phenolic compound structure, assay sensitivities, reaction kinetics, and the presence of non-phenolic antioxidants. While phenolic content provides an estimate of the total amount of phenolics, the actual antioxidant activity in terms of IC\({}_{50}\) values depends on the quality, type and interaction of the antioxidants present. Therefore, phenolic content alone cannot fully predict antioxidant performance in radical scavenging assays. Comparing the most abundant constituents in the essential oils from lemon [20], bay leaf [85; 86], clove buds [19; 29] and nutmeg [88] with the literature data, a significant difference in composition can be observed. Since the biological activity of EO is influenced by both the primary and secondary components, variations in the IC\({}_{50}\) values for EOs are to be expected. Due to differences in method protocols, IC\({}_{50}\) values are also sometimes difficult to compare. The interaction of the compounds contained in essential oils (synergistic and antagonistic effects) can influence the antioxidant activity of essential oils. Some examples are as follows:  
* [PERSON] et al. reported a significantly higher antioxidant activity from star anise essential oil and explained this with a synergistic effect between _trans_-anethole, limonene and estragole [76];
* [PERSON] et al. reported a higher antioxidant activity from eugenol than from clove essential oil, indicating an antagonistic influence from some compounds in close essential oil [29]. * The scavenging activity of thymol and carvacrol is significantly lower than that of oregano essential oil [45]. * According to [PERSON] and [PERSON] [90], \(\alpha\)-pinene and \(\beta\)-pinene did not show strong antioxidant activity when tested individually. * It has also been published that myristicin contributes to the antioxidant activity of nutmeg essential oil [56]. After separation of myristicin from nutmeg essential oil by fractional distillation, the IC\({}_{50}\) value (DPPH assay) was increased from 3.181 ppm to 33.254 ppm.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Samples Collection  
Human bone samples were collected from 9 tumuli in the Garamantian necropolis of the Fewet oasis (Libyan Sahara). The necropolis can be divided into three burial areas: a flat lower area located in the SW of the Wadi Takarkori valley (named BA1); a central area with a gentle slope (name BA2), and a flat upper area located in the NE of the Fewet plateau (named BA3). Figure 1 shows the location of the tumuli within these areas: tumuli T-41, T-1191, and T-1226 are in BA1; tumuli T-669, T-715, and T-716 are in BA2, and tumuli T-914, T-954, and T-976 are in BA3. More specifically, all the tumuli were placed on a flat bedrock and the results were well-built, except for the tumuli T-41, T-1191, T-1226 (in BA1), and T-954 (in BA3), which were characterized by deflation and sanding over [23].  
Portions of human (H) bones (mainly limb, rib, and fibula) were collected from the skeletons of 9 adult individuals (5 males, M, and 4 females, F); all the information regarding these samples is reported in Table 1[24]. Samples H-41M, H-669F, H-715F, H-914F, H-954F, H-976M, and H-1191M showed a good state of preservation and completeness; conversely, the main anatomical parts of skeleton H-716M were poorly preserved, and, lastly, the skeleton H-1226M exhibited a very low degree of preservation and anatomical completeness.  
In addition, 3 bone samples belonging to modern ruminants (2 jaws of Ovis/Capra, named A-2, A-6, and 1 pelvis fragment of a gazelle, named A-106) were retrieved from the Fewet village (named ENV) for comparative analysis with the archaeological human remains.  
Figure 1: Satellite image of the Fewet oasis area in the Sahara of SW Libya (modified from Google maps), showing the three burial areas of the necropolis and the tumuli from which human bone samples were collected. Light blue stars: tumuli in BA1; red stars: tumuli in BA2; yellow stars: tumuli in BA3; white circle: Fewet village’s main settlement.
# Evaluation of the Impact of Fines on the Performance of Sub-Base Materials
###### Abstract
Moreover, the effect of density, fines, and the degree of saturation on the resilient modulus and Poisson's ratio was marginal. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [11] mentioned that, for a specific particle size distribution of coarser materials, the proportion of fines affect the performance of the base course. Rigid pavements experiencing pumping have 3-4 percent or more fines than pavements that do not experience this phenomenon, which revealed the significance of fines on the performance of base or sub-base materials. [PERSON] et al. [12] observed that the maximum dry density and California bearing ratio (CBR) increases with the increase in the fine content and the maximum value is attained at unique fine and moisture contents. The peak values reported were different for the varying type of fines. [PERSON] [13] stated that the CBR test can be used as a performance indicator for materials under traffic load. Additionally, limiting the value of the plasticity index for fines present in aggregates does not ensure the suitable performance of road materials under traffic load. [PERSON] [14] stated that the sub-base layer contributes almost 45% of the total pavement structure for stability against failure. Furthermore, the engineering characterization of road material is necessary prior to use in any rehabilitation or reconstruction of road works. [PERSON] [15] proposed that the useful life of a pavement can be increased three times by using a free draining base/sub-base layer. [PERSON] et al. [16] conducted a study to evaluate the engineering properties of granular materials with an emphasis on the particle size and fine content. From their study, it was revealed that fines have a large impact on the engineering performance of base materials and the fine content be limited to 10% in the base course. If the fines remain within the range of 5% to 10% in the base course, it possesses a high compressive strength and modulus of resilience. The Federal Highway Administration [20] stated that the granular unbound layers provided in the pavement have a significant contribution in the overall structural capacity of the pavement. The thickness of the pavement layer above the subgrade decreases significantly as the CBR value of the subgrade increases.
## 3 Results
### Antimicrobial Properties  
In the studies included in the systematic review, the antimicrobial properties were also analyzed. Most of the dental resins produced with CAD-CAM showed better antimicrobial properties when combined with the investigated compounds. It was found that the incorporation of zirconia nanoparticles [14], aluminum nitride and barium titanate [34], titanium dioxide nanoparticles and PEEK [16], nanodiamonds [36], zwitterionic materials [19], and nitrides [18] into the PMMA resin resulted in a lower number of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) than the control group. The incorporation of graphene nanoplatelets [14] and Ag-MSN [15] into 3D-printed PMMA resin reduced the adhesion of _Candida albicans_ to the resin surface (Table 2).  
The incorporation of silver-enriched cellulose nanocrystals [17] and titanium dioxide [39] into the PMMA resin also showed a decrease in the concentration of Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cells, proving that these nanomaterials have an antimicrobial effect.  
The titanium dioxide also inhibited the growth of the strain Candida scotti, demonstrating that titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms and fungi [16; 40]. The antimicrobial activity of ceramic nitrides was also investigated in an in vitro test against _E. coli_ and _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ (Table 2).
## 3 Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Sprouted Grains
### Functional Food Applications of Sprouted Grains  
Sprouted grains have gained significant attention in the functional food industry due to their enhanced nutritional profile and bioactive compound content compared to their non-sprouted counterparts. The sprouting process increases the bioavailability of essential nutrients such as vitamins (vitamin C and B-complex), amino acids, and minerals, while reducing anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid and tannins, and simultaneously inducing the synthesis of health-promoting compounds, including GABA, phenolic acids, and antioxidants, which contribute to potential anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects [13,63,64]. The food industry has increasingly incorporated sprouted grains into various product categories, including breakfast cereals, energy bars, baked goods (e.g., breads, cookies, crackers, muffins, tortillas), plant-based snacks, functional beverages, and nutraceutical products to meet consumer demand for nutrient-dense and functional foods [16,65]. Sprouted grain flours are particularly valuable as raw ingredients due to their improved nutritional profile and bioactive properties, making them suitable for developing foods targeted at specific health concerns, such as metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease [64]. Consumer lifestyle shifts towards \"healthy living and healthier foods\" have driven food demand toward diets rich in bioactive molecules, with sprouted grains playing a crucial role as minimally processed, clean-label ingredients [13]. As consumer awareness of the health benefits of sprouted grains continues to grow, their application in functional food development is expected to expand further, representing a promising category of ingredients that bridge nutrition, functionality, and sustainability in modern food systems.
## 1 Introduction  
This paper presents some of the results of the remote sensing and geomagnetic survey of Neolithic enclosed sites in eastern Croatia. Until recently, very few sites from that period have been recognized as enclosures, and most of the sites were interpreted as small, flat settlements [1; 2; 3]. Our knowledge and recognition of Neolithic habitational practices in this part of Europe is still poorly understood. Enclosed sites are very well documented in other parts of Europe [4; 5; 6; 7], but often regarded as sacred and religious places rather than habitational areas [8].  
The aim of this work was to present new results and a new interpretation of Neolithic Spot culture settlements in Slavonia, Croatia, which was supported in part by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project IP-2019-04-5344. Most of the sites were detected through remote sensing techniques [9; 10] and were previously not recognized beyond the presence of pottery fragments. This research significantly broadens the average size of Neolithic settlements and for the first time provides insight into Spot culture settlement organization and infrastructure. Spot culture is the name used for the late Neolithic period in the area of eastern Croatia, northern Bosnia, and SW Hungary. It is contemporary with larger recognized Neolithic complexes such as Lengyel and Vinca, but its relationship to the latter two is yet to be recognized. The majority of radiocarbon dates is distributed between 5,200 and 4,300 cal BC. The dates for the site included in this paper, Gorjani Kremenjaca, fall in this time range [10]. Although several hundred sites have been documented, until recently, little was known about its settlement structure and layout.  
The sites analyzed in this text were twin enclosures and sites with more than two enclosures (multiple enclosures), whose size was measured in hectares (Table 1).  
For a better understanding and deeper insight into the site layouts and infrastructure, they were constantly monitored by publicly available Sentinel 2 satellite images and other publicly available images as well as periodic aerial recordings [11; 12; 13].
## 4 Experiment and Result Analysis
### Experimental Result Analysis  
#### 4.4.1 Training Process Analysis  
The variation curves of loss during the training process and accuracy during the verification process are shown in Figure 9. It can be seen from this figure that the RepVGG-SimAM model is faster than the RepVGG-A2 model in terms of convergence speed, and as the number of iterations increases, the accuracy of the RepVGG-SimAM model improves. This is mainly due to the SimAM attention module. The addition of SimAM enables the network to focus on image features that positively contribute to the model classification results while ignoring useless features, thereby improving the accuracy of classification and lowering the value of loss function calculations.
# Photovoltaics on Landmark Buildings with Distinctive Geometries
## 3 Presentation of the Samples
### Apple Headquarters--Apple Park  
The Apple Headquarters is a large circular building within the Apple Park in Cupertino (CA, USA) and a representative example of a landmark object in its neighbourhood (Figure 6).  
Because of its peculiar geometry, the building is called \"The Ring\", its opening being announced by architecture periodicals in 2017 as a \"spaceship landing\". Designed by the Pritzker prize awarded UK architect Sir [PERSON], it is the largest LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) platinum certified building in the United States [30]. It is also considered one of the biggest on-site rooftop solar arrays (17 MWp) in the world [31]. The building hosts 12,000 employees and in the peak working time the solar system produces 75% of the power demand, while the remaining 25% comes from other renewable sources (4 MWp of biogas fuel cells) [32; 33]. The building of the new headquarters is one of numerous Apple buildings powered with green energy and is part of the corporations' worldwide initiative to obtain 100% green energy for its entire business [33]. The fifth facade of the building (the aerial view, Figure 6) is the dominant one and the PV system is its integral part, although mounted on the building roof. The PV modules, arrayed along the circular roof, makes a fine texture rather than a collection of elements.  
Figure 5: Maracaná Stadium (bird eye view from Google Earth, Google 2020) (**on the top left**); rendering detail (copyright Schlaich Bergermann Partner) (**on the top right**); Integration and characteristics of PV systems (**on the bottom**).
# Experiments and Design of an Anti-Disaster Support System for Apple Orchards
## 1 Introduction  
Recent weather anomalies with increased typhoon occurrence are causing increased damage to orchards. In particular, the falling of apples and collapse of apple trees just prior to harvest time leads to a great economic loss for farmers. This calls for effective orchard management and precaution against typhoon disasters. Although there are many types of support systems for apples in South Korea, the design and construction of support systems have been mainly carried out heuristically by experienced farmers, not scientifically by engineers, due to the poor economic conditions of the orchards. Hence, typhoon damage to apple trees still repeats year after year. Therefore, the improvement in the types of support system for apple trees has been investigated domestically and abroad. Various support systems and structures to prevent damage from typhoons have been used in South Korea [1]. A study was conducted to analyze the elevation to calculate the wind load acting on apple trees for the design of a pipe support [2], and the structural analysis of an orchard with a fence-type apple tree support facility was performed to evaluate its stability [3]. In addition, the integration behavior was evaluated by analyzing the bonding strength of a clamp for connection between an apple tree and its support [4].  
The support systems of orchards over the last 50 years have changed dramatically. Individual support, steel pipe fence support, and concrete fence support can be cited as the three typical types of apple tree support systems. [PERSON] et al. [5] estimated that tall spindles are the current and future best support system for apple orchards because of the advantage of using a narrower canopy maintained by mechanical side wall shearing to reduce labor costs and improve fruit quality. In Australia, V trellis, Tatural trellis, and Spindlebush systems have been used to increase the productivity and performance ofapple orchards by maintaining a narrow canopy depth in all directions [6]. However, these support systems have been introduced from regions where strong tropical typhoons do not take place [7], and the majority of the research on support systems has focused on annual fruit productivity and the subsequent profit from it [8; 9]. Thus, it is necessary to develop a support system for apple trees that is conducive to the domestic situation through an accurate evaluation of its capacity to resist wind load. Therefore, this paper presents static tests and design procedures for an anti-disaster-type support that can prevent overturning moment damage to apple trees based on the maximum wind speed for each region in South Korea.
# Parameter Identification Methods for Hyperelastic and Hyper-Viscoelastic Models
## 3 Parameter Identification Method for the Hyper-Viscoelastic Model
### Results and Discussions
#### 3.5.2 Simple Shear Tests  
For the four groups of simple shear experiment data in Figure 5, they are not employed separately like the relaxation tests, instead all data with different shear velocities are combined together to determine the global optimal results. Similarly, the PSA is utilized and the identified parameters are shown in Table 4.  
It can be seen from Table 4 that the parameters in different groups are almost the same with each other, and the weights \(u_{1}\) and \(u_{2}\) are almost accurately identified with the relaxation time a bit deviated  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{S_{2}}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{3}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\mathbf{S_{2}}\)} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{7-11}  & **10** & **0.4** & & & & **10** & & **0.4** & **0.1** & **0** & \\ \hline
1 & 9.547 & 0.403 & 0.1004 & \(1.31\times 10^{-5}\) & 3 & 9.544 & 0.4030 & 0.1001 & \(-0.001\) & \(1.3\times 10^{-5}\) \\
2 & 9.546 & 0.403 & 0.1004 & \(1.31\times 10^{-5}\) & 4 & 9.5235 & 0.4025 & 0.1016 & \(-0.001\) & \(1.3\times 10^{-5}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The identified parameters by simple shear tests.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{3}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 12.54 & 0.1 & 0.05 & 3 & 12.54 & 0.1 & 0.05 & 0.01 \\
2 & 30 & 0.7 & 0.2 & 4 & 30 & 0.7 & 0.2 & 0.05 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The initial values for undetermined parameters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{**Group**} & \(\mathbf{t_{1}/s}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{u_{3}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 11.564 & 0.405 & 0.088 & - & \(9.23\times 10^{-5}\) & 10.917 & 0.399 & 0.093 & - & \(3.53\  
from its true value. However, an abnormal negative value \(-0.001\), extremely close to 0, of the weight u\({}_{3}\) is observed even though we have set constraints for all the weights as shown in Equation (20), this unusual phenomenon may be an indication of the weight \(u_{3}\) redundant for the problem.
## Instrument Description
### Time-Tagging  
Data is recorded with precise time-tagging information obtained from a GPS receiver and a navigation antenna (see Figure 1). This GPS receiver provides 1 PPS pulses synchronized to UTC time, as well as time and position observables in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format.
## 4 Simulation
### Simulation Analysis Results  
Figure 10 compares the radiation characteristics (theta-cut patterns at \(\phi=0^{\circ}\) and \(\phi=90^{\circ}\)) analyzed using the presented method, GRASP, and CST for each antenna configuration shown in Table 2. In the legend of Figure 10, \"PM\" represents the presented method.  
Figure 10: _Cont._  
Figure 9: Antenna configuration for simulations: (**a**) case #1; (**b**) case #2; (**c**) case #3; (**d**) case #4; (**e**) case #5; (**f**) case #6; (**g**) case #7; (**h**) case #8; (**i**) case #9; (**j**) case #10.  
Figure 10: _Cont._  
Figure 10: Comparison of simulation results: (**a**) case #1; (**b**) case #2; (**c**) case #3; (**d**) case #4; (**e**) case #5; (**f**) case #6; (**g**) case #7; (**h**) case #8; (**i**) case #9; (**j**) case #10.  
Table 3 presents the quantitative comparison results for the pattern comparison depicted in Figure 10. This comparison highlights the Absolute Error (AE) differences in gain, the HPBW, and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) differences of pattern differences within the region of primary interest (near the main beam) for each analysis technique (the presented method, GRASP, and CST). Based on the quantitative comparison results for the various defocus-fed parabolic reflectors listed in Table 2, the presented method, in comparison with GRASP and CST, demonstrated average directivity differences of 0.76 dB (compared with GRASP) and 0.83 dB (compared with CST), average HPBW differences of 0.1 deg. (compared with GRASP) and 0.07 deg. (compared with CST), and average power pattern differences (MAEs) in the region of primary interest of 0.99 dB (compared with GRASP) and 1.14 dB (compared with CST). As is evident from the analysis results in Figure 10, the presented defocus-fed parabolic antenna analysis method in this paper produces results of a very similar shape to those obtained from GRASP and CST. Through these results, it can be confirmed that the presented method can be used to analyze the radiation characteristics of various defocus-fed parabolic reflector antennas.