# Risk Assessment for the Development of Emergency Scenarios for Tram Driver Training
## 1 Introduction  
More and more training companies in Poland understand the need to change the forms of training for employees in the transport sector. Both trainers and trainees currently evaluate traditional forms of training as ineffective solutions. This is because conventional forms of training are theoretical, and practical skills are only acquired by the participant in the first weeks of work. This entails a high level of risk, as the lack of experience and practical skills exposes the employee and those around him to the consequences of his mistakes. For this reason, there is growing interest in training tools that use VR technology. The use of VR technology in training new employees and improving the skills of existing employees offers more significant opportunities to increase the effectiveness of learning theoretical issues and enhancing practical skills. This is mainly because the trainees learn faster and can test their skills in a safe virtual world rather than in the real world [1]. At the same time, the team's research indicates that driving simulators are now being used in many urban transport companies for training dedicated to tram drivers. Among the solutions used in the companies surveyed, driving simulators based on [2] were identified:* Desktop structures in which the image is projected onto a flat external screen;
* Compact designs, in which the image is usually displayed on several independent monitors. However, research indicates that the effectiveness of the solutions used is unsatisfactory. This is primarily due to the limited level of immersion present in these solutions. The trainee can observe the progress of the training task, but his or her level of 'immersion' in the operations being performed is low. This means that his or her level of engagement may be unsatisfactory while at the same time not being accompanied by full emotions and reactions to the training situations that arise. Applying a sufficiently high level of immersion through the implementation of dedicated VR solutions increases trainee engagement. It also provides the opportunity for more effective acquisition of practical skills needed in crises. The ability to replicate crises represents a massive potential for developing VR-based tools. Never before have trainees had such opportunities to test their skills and emotions in dangerous or low-probability situations. Such situations in traditional training are most often presented to trainees only in theoretical terms due to the lack of opportunities to test them in practice. Attempting to reproduce them through practical exercises could endanger the lives and health of trainees or cause property damage. For this reason, trainees undergoing traditional training can only test their practical skills in standard situations and do not have the opportunity to rehearse emergencies. This can result in them being unable to take appropriate actions and behaviors during an emergency. VR training addresses these challenges. They make it possible to prepare trainees for their everyday duties and develop the proper behavior in dangerous situations. This, however, requires the development of appropriate training scenarios that replicate situations for which the risk index exceeds the acceptance level. Therefore, identifying such situations must be preceded by a proper risk analysis, highlighting the events that should be included in the training scenarios program for a given group of employees. This paper presents the research results from the project 'Innovative training system for tram drivers based on a full-cabin simulator using cognitive science', funded by the National Center for Research and Development. The project aims to create a simulator in which the trainee is isolated from the outside world and immersed in a virtual world through the sense of sight (virtual projection of the environment) and the sense of hearing (sound projection), subjecting the participant to overload states.