esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
In this article, a new signal processing algorithm to estimate the phase delay \(\Phi^{d}\) of AFWLI is proposed. This article consists of five sections. Section 2 describes the previous related works for time delay estimation methods. In Section 3, a signal processing algorithm to measure the phase difference \(\Phi^{d}\) of AFWLI is proposed. In Section 4 the performance of the proposed signal processing algorithm has been demonstrated using computer simulations. Section 5 shows the comparison to the previous literature and Section 6 is the conclusion of this article.
## 4 Implemented MCDM Methods
### COPRAS Method
#### 4.5.2 Method of Criterion Impact Loss (CILOS)  
This is another promising method of criteria impact loss and determination of objective weights [49]. The method evaluates the loss of each criterion, until one of the remaining criteria acquires the optimum--the maximum or the minimum value. The algorithm of the method, formalization, description, and application have been presented [50]. The logic of the method of criteria significance loss, the basic ideas, stages and the calculation algorithm are given below.  
The minimized criteria have been transformed to maximizing according to the following equation:  
\[\widetilde{r}_{ij}=\frac{\min_{i}r_{ij}}{r_{ij}}, \tag{28}\]The new matrix is denoted as \(X=\|x_{ij}\|\). The maximum values of each column, i.e., every criterion, are calculated: \(x_{j}=max_{i}\ x_{ij}=x_{kij,}\) where \(k_{ij}\) is the number of the row of \(j\)th column, and the largest value is attained.  
A square matrix \(A=\)\(\|a_{ij}\|\) is formed from \(k_{j}\)-th rows values of matrix \(X\): \(x_{k,ij}\) correspond to the \(j\)-maximum criterion: \(a_{ij}=x_{j}\ (i,j=1,\,2,\,...,\,m;\,m\) is the number of criteria), that is the maximum values of all the criteria will appear in the main diagonal of the matrix.  
The matrix \(P=\|p_{ij}\|\) of the relative losses is made:  
\[p_{ij}=\frac{x_{j}-a_{ij}}{x_{j}}(p_{ii}=0;\ \ \ \ \ i,j=1,2,\ldots,m)\ \, \tag{29}\]  
Elements \(p_{ij}\) of matrix \(P\) show how the alternative relatively of the \(j\)-th criterion is lost if the \(i\)-th criteria is selected as the best one.  
Weights \(q=(q_{1},\,q_{2},\,\ldots\,\,q_{m})\) can be found from the system:  
\[Fq^{T}=0, \tag{30}\]  
Here, matrix \(F\) is as follows:  
\[F=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}-\sum_{i=1}^{m}p_{i1}&p_{12}&\ldots&p_{1m}\\ p_{21}&-\sum_{i=1}^{m}p_{i2}&p_{2m}\\ &\ldots&&\\ p_{m1}&p_{m2}&\ldots&-\sum_{i=1}^{m}p_{im}\end{array}\right). \tag{31}\]  
The method based on the criterion significance loss offsets the drawback of the entropy method. Thus, when the values of a criterion do not considerably differ, the elements \(p_{ij}\) of the matrix \(P\) of relative loss of criterion impact (Equation (30)) approach zero, while the respective criterion weight increases and has a strong impact on the evaluation. In the case of homogeneity, when the values of one of the criteria are the same in all alternatives, all relative losses of the criterion, as well as its total loss, are equal to zero. Therefore, the linear system of Equation (30) makes no sense because one column of elements in matrix \(P\) is equal to zero.
# A Method Based on an Autoencoder for Anomaly Detection in DC Motor Body Temperature
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Anomaly Detection Methods
#### 2.2.2 Three-Sigma Outlier (3-SgOut)  
An anomaly is also known as an outlier. We use the 3-SgOut method to show whether it is sufficient to simply find outliers for detecting anomalies. The performance results of the method are used for comparison.  
3-SgOut is a control-chart-related technique for anomaly detection [21]. It is based on the two basic statistical properties of data, the mean (\(m\)) and standard deviation (\(std\)). Data points that are outside of the three-sigma interval are called outliers, as in Equation (4) [21; 22].  
\[outliers=data\_points\ (out\ of\ [m-3 std,m+3 std]) \tag{4}\]
###### Abstract
The LARCASE laboratory at ETS presented a wide range of research activities in the multidisciplinary fields of aeroservoelasticity. Some of these studies were applied on unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The LARCASE team developed sophisticated methodologies for predicting the aerodynamic behavior and performance of the unmanned aerial systems UAS-S4 and UAS-S45 of Hydra Technologies [22; 23; 24]. This work concentrated on the structural analysis and optimization of unmanned aerial systems UAS-S4 and UAS-S45 based on CFD optimization results (aerodynamic performance, viscous damping and oscillations) [25; 26]. The aerodynamic lift distribution over a wing's entire surface was calculated using a numerical analysis based on the XFLR5 code results [27]. This wing was designed based on the variable-span morphing of the tapered wing (VSMTW) concept [28]. The optimization was implemented for the morphing wing, and it was developed based on the results of the preceding optimization process [10]. The topology optimization technique was used to determine the optimal positions of the wing components [29]. The optimization approach evaluated the efficiency of selecting candidate materials inside wing components, such as spars, ribs, and stringers, for high weight savings. Mechanical constraints impacted material characteristics, such as their overall strength, hardness, and robustness. TO established the optimal structural configuration with the highest reduction in its structural weight [30]. The optimized components of the wing must comply with the maximum rigidity of the structural wing configuration [31]. The first part of this investigation deals with allocating the best locations of wing components inside the VSMTW, based on the results of our TO methodology [29]. TO was applied based on the aerodynamic performance results obtained at the full wingspan extension and at the maximum speed (68 m/s); a safety factor and a 3 g load factor were considered. TO also suggested incorporating two spars, seven ribs, and several other support elements on the fixed and the moving segments with the aim to decrease the solid wing weights of fixed and moving segments for the optimized morphing wing from 112 kg to 16.3 kg, and from 45 kg to 10.3 kg, respectively. The Finite Element Analyses (FEA) were then executed, and their results indicated that the optimized VSMTW fulfilled the required mechanical properties such as linear elasticity and structural wing integrity. Thus, the optimized wing will withstand structural failure under extreme flight conditions.
# Recent Developments of Solar Cells from PbS Colloidal Quantum Dots
## 3 PbS Quantum Dot Schottky Solar Cells
While the tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) treatment of PbS resulted in an \(n\)-type semiconductor, EDT-capping PbS was used to prepare a \(p\)-type semiconductor, as also depicted in Figure 5. \(p\)-doping was performed by post-treatment with a sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) solution, and resulted in an efficiency increase from 7.1% to 7.6%. Investigations of these systems without p-doping showed decreasing electron and hole mobilities with a decreasing temperature, combined with temperature-independent diffusion lengths in EDT-capped PbS and decreasing diffusion length with decreasing temperature in TBAI-capped PbS [65]. Figure 4: Formation of the PbS-MAPI core-shell nanoparticles by ligand exchange. From [62], reprinted with permission. Copyright © Elsevier 2017. Figure 5: Energy band diagram of a ZnO/PbS-TBAI/PbS-EDT/Au solar cell under illumination, with PbS-EDT working as an electron blocking layer forming a Schottky barrier for holes, thus avoiding their movement to the Au anode. From [66], reprinted with permission. Copyright © Elsevier 2016. The influence of the hole mobility in such Schottky solar cells with PbS-TBAI and PbS-EDT was simulated by [PERSON] et al., with the corresponding band diagram being depicted in Figure 5[66]. They found a strongly increasing fill factor and short circuit current for increasing hole mobility until saturation was reached, which was explained by a support of charge carrier extraction to the external anode due to a higher mobility. [PERSON] et al. concentrated instead on varying the band gap by varying the quantum dot size, in this way enabling building Schottky type solar cells with graded bandgaps. They found higher short circuit current densities combined with lower open circuit voltages in comparison with cells with PbS quantum dots with a uniform bandgap. Under examination, an additional thin electron energy-boosting layer with quantum dots of the highest bandgap could be used to increase both values, in this way improving the overall efficiency [67]. In summary, PbS quantum dots show a high potential for increasing the efficiency of common or inverse Schottky solar cells. The main research focus is placed on the ligands, since ligand exchange or other forms of ligand modification, as well as combinations of PbS quantum dots with different ligands, are promising approaches for further optimization of the Schottky solar cell efficiency.
## 2 Literature Review  
Many scientists have studied the problems of reducing energy consumption and operating costs of products transportation. The inland waterway transport is a spotlight of many studies. [PERSON] was a pioneer in studying the use of IWT for the transportation of agricultural products [15]. [PERSON] et al. [16] analyzed the regulation of curbing harmful emissions for river and sea vessels which depend on energy efficiency too. [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [17] considered the prospects of improving energy efficiency. [PERSON] [18] studied the energy efficiency of engines for transport. There are scientific works devoted to the assessment of the use of different types of fuels, including alternative ones [19; 20; 21]. It is noteworthy that agricultural residues can be used as an energy resource [22]. [PERSON] et al. [23] investigated energy consumption and energy efficiency of the transportation sector in Shanghai. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [24] recommended applying a life-cycle analysis (LCA) to assess the environmental impact of IWT. [PERSON] et al. [25] presented a tool that can be used to evaluate how IWT contributes to energy and carbon dioxide saving. The NAIADES (Navigation and Inland Waterway Action and Development in Europe) action program aims at enhancing the quality of IWT. The further integration of IWT in the supply chains studied by [PERSON] et al. [26]. A concept of freight trains for the Dnieper, Black Sea, and the Danube has been developed [27]. The historical stages and problems of the inland waterways transport in Ukraine have been analyzed by [PERSON] [28].  
IWT is a link in the export transport chain of agricultural products: agricultural production \(\rightarrow\) road transport \(\rightarrow\) IWT \(\rightarrow\) maritime transportation \(\rightarrow\) consumers. Its energy efficiency directly affects the cost of transportation and, consequently, the competitiveness of farmers. However, at present, more attention is paid to economic indicators, and the energy component has not been studied enough. Currently, there is a lack of studies devoted to comparing the actual and theoretically possible energy efficiency of IWT. This information is of importance for the correct identification of promising energy-saving technologies. Some issues of determining innovative ways to reduce the energy intensity of product transportation need further research. We have put forward a hypothesis that the energy efficiency of IWT is far apart from a technically possible value. The novelty of this study is the evaluation of the difference between the actual and technically achievable energy efficiency and, on this base, the choosing prospect ways to improve this energy indicator.  
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine energy efficiency of IWT and to identify perspective energy-saving technologies for IWT. Objectives are as follows: to determine the export potential of agricultural products (grain and sunflower oil) in the Dnieper Basin; to analyze the energy efficiency of inland waterway transportation (potential and actual); to reveal the prospective way for energy saving.
# Natural Motion for Energy Saving in Robotic and Mechatronic Systems
## 3 Design of Desired Natural Dynamics
### Free-Vibration Response  
In the context of natural motion, few methods exploit the free-vibration response of the robotic system for performing a desired task. [PERSON] et al. [104] propose a method to exploit the natural dynamics of serial robots driven by adjustable compliant actuators mounted in series. A feedback linearization control is used to linearize the system dynamics and to generate modally decoupled limit cycles. Having decoupled the system dynamics, it is possible to analytically write the response of the closed-loop system and to set its natural frequencies to the target values by properly tuning the compliant elements. The control scheme generates a smooth reference link position to excite an individual mode, as well as a combinations of modes allowing for the desired periodic motion with a minimal energy expenditure.  
[PERSON] et al. exploit the free response of a five bar linkage mechanism [103] and of a Delta robot (Figure 7) [81] to move the system between two given points for a pick-and-place operation in a prescribed time. To reach such a result, a set of springs with optimized parameters (stiffness and equilibrium positions) are added in parallel to the motors. The optimal spring parameters are found by solving the system direct dynamics with the aid of a multibody simulator. By imposing the initial desired position of the system (pick position) and taking a first guess for the spring parameters, the simulator computes the system positions and velocities after the task time, which are compared to the desired ones (place positions and velocities). Iterative simulations are carried out until small enough errors are obtained. Ideally, the resulting system does not require any actuation torque to perform the motion. However, to stop the system in the pick-and-place positions, actuators counteracting the springs or mechanical breaks are needed.  
Figure 6: **(a)** Pick-and-place operation performed by a five-bar mechanism equipped with parallel variable stiffness springs (VSS). **(b)** Scheme of the VSS power transmission system employed by [PERSON] et al. [91], where \(q_{i}\) represents the \(i\)-th robot joint coordinate, whereas \(q_{sj}\) the \(j\)-th variable stiffness spring coordinate.  
Figure 7: Delta robot equipped with parallel torsional springs.
# Fibers Effects on Contract Turbulence Using a Coupling Euler Model
## 3 Validation  
The fibers has a nominal length of 3.2 mm, a diameter of 57 um and a volume concentration \(nL^{3}\) of 0.0053 here by [PERSON]'s experimental data [7], which is a dilute suspension. It is assumed that the initial condition of fiber distribution is uniform. \(a_{1111}\) is the component of the fourth order tensor _<pppp_> of averaged fibers orientation and it is an index of fiber orientation alignment. The data of the mean flow field is calculated from the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) on the inlet conditions as Table 1, and the parameter subscript \"0\" represents the inlet conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \(\varepsilon_{0}\) (m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{3}\)) & \(k_{0}\) (m\({}^{2}\)/s\({}^{2}\)) & \(u_{0}\) (m/s) & \(a\) & \(b\) \\ \hline \(3.05\times 10^{-3}\) & \(1.034\times 10^{-3}\) & 0.4375 & 8.0 & 1.2 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameters of carrier fluid.  
Under the same flow conditions, the one-way coupling and the two-way coupling model are used respectively and then simulation results of mean velocity in the x direction and the orientation distribution \(a_{1111}\) are compared with those of [PERSON] et al. [8] in Figure 2.  
The simulation results are almost consistent with [PERSON]'s. The mean flow is approximately one-dimensional potential one at the central area of the contraction in Figure 2a. When \(C_{x}\) is 2.8, the relative velocity profile is in good agreement with the experimental measured value. When the contraction ratio is 9.0, the simulated data is slightly higher than the experimental value. That's because the velocity calculation is more easily affected by the grid difference precision when the contraction ratio \(C_{x}\) is large. The overall error between them is no more than 5%, which meets the calculation accuracy.  
As shown in Figure 2a,b, the fiber orientation tends to be consistent rapidly with the increase of contraction ratio \(C\), especially above \(C_{x}>2\). When \(C_{x}<2\), fibers present a local random distribution. This is mainly because the suspended fibers are orientated by turbulent effect and tensile effect in the contraction flow. When the effect of the former is higher than or equal to that of the latter in the flow field, the fiber orientation distribution will be more uniform. On the contrary it will show obvious alignment.  
At the same time, simulation shows that there is no significant difference in fiber orientation distribution between one-way coupling and two-way coupling calculation, which indicates that the influence of additional fiber stress term can be ignored for extremely dilute fiber suspended flow, and the unidirectional coupling method can satisfy the calculation accuracy.
# Design of Miniaturized Dual-Band Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application
## 3 Design of Miniaturized Dual-Band Broadband Printed Antennas  
This part designs a broadband dual-frequency printed monopole antenna for WLAN, which works in two frequency bands of 2.4 GHz-2.52 GHz and 4.5 GHz-7.5 GHz, covering 2.4 GHz, 5.2 GHz  
Figure 2: Structure chart of a printed monopole antenna.  
and 5.8 GHz, three working frequencies of WLAN. The gain of 4.4 dB, 4.1 dB and 5 dB are obtained in the maximum radiation direction of the three frequency bands, respectively.
## 5 Application Domain
### Maintenance Inspection
UAVs fitted with infrared sensors have been used for monitoring of thermal efficiency of buildings [157, 158, 159]. They have also been used to create heat maps of a building envelope to detect thermal anomalies using thermal cameras [22]. This process is called thermography [160]. [PERSON] et al. [161] argued that using a robotic system for inspection improves repeatability in measurement and reduces human involvement.
# Prediction Model for Shield Tunneling Roll Angle and Pitch Angle: A PCA-PSO-LGBM Approach
## 3 Case Study
### Data Analysis and Processing  
The factors affecting the changes in shield roll angle and pitch angle can be divided into three categories: tunnel geometric factors, excavation parameter factors, and geological parameter factors. The geometric shape and diameter of the tunnel cross-section in this project are fixed, and the length of the shield main machine is 11.5 m. During the short-distance tunnelling process of one ring, the tunnel axis trend can be considered as a straight line. Therefore, the influence of tunnel geometric factors on the shield machine's roll angle and pitch angle is not considered. The following analysis and processing were conducted on the excavation parameter data and geological parameter data.
# Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence for Designing Accessible Cultural Heritage
## 4 Accessible Cultural Heritage through Explainable Artificial Intelligence
### Explaining Art through Language
#### 4.2.1 Image Captioning Models  
Image captioning models [110] produce a text describing the scene given an input image. With the aim of producing clarifying explanations on why a particular image caption model fails or succeeds, recent strategies make sure that the objects the captions talk about are indeed detected in the images [111; 112]. Textual explanations [15; 113; 114; 115; 116; 117] can also contribute to make vision and language models more robust, in the sense of being more semantically grounded [118; 119; 120].  
Since image captioning models pretrained on datasets outside the art domain fail completely at describing out of distribution inputs (e.g., pictorial compositions not found in natural images), some metrics evaluating the semantic fidelity of the model have been devised [111]. These call for models more semantically faithful to the input information, in order to reduce the bias that image caption models suffer [121], as well as object hallucination. The latter is a well-known phenomenon where image captioning models caption an image with objects not present in the image [122].  
Captioning models including sentiment have also been developed [110], either using the viewer's attitude and emotions towards the image [123], or including emotional content inherent to the artwork image [124].  
* Could (X)AI explain art?
* Could (X)AI distinguish among a) content vs b) form explanations?
* Could (X)AI produce a) content and b) form explanations?
* Can XAI explain a given artwork in terms of the underlying influencing artistic styles?  
The above RQs highlight the challenge of synthesizing figurative sense (interpretation) vs literary sense (content) explanations of an artwork.
## 4 Implementation and Benchmarking of L4S in FreeBSD  
In this section, we explain how we incorporated the low latency, low loss, and scalable throughput (L4S) algorithm into the FreeBSD operating system.  
In this paper [16], the authors have implemented CoDel, FQ-CoDel, PIE and FQ-PIE in FreeBSD successfully. FQ-PIE combines both flow-queuing (FQ) and proportional-integral controller enhanced (PIE). We use the already existing FQ-PIE algorithm as the base for our L4S AQM scheme. L4S works by filtering ECN and non-ECN into separate queues and couples their drop probabilities to ensure L4S packets are given the right proportion of priority when sending packets while not ignoring classic packets.  
There are four steps to the process:  
* Limiting the number of flows or queues to the required amount
* Enqueuing and filtering packets based on their ECN flag
* Coupling the probabilities of the L4S and classic queues
# Non-Mechanical Beam Steering with Polarization Gratings: A Review
## 2 Non-Mechanical Beam Steering with PGs
### Optical Properties of PG-Based Non-Mechanical Steering Systems
#### 2.2.4 Switching Dynamics
Ferroelectric liquid crystal switches can also offer advantages in viewing angle and achromaticity, however, FLC cells tend to be more difficult to yield in large apertures and more sensitive to mechanical shock and vibration [52]. For broadband applications, a twisted nematic (TN) cell can be used as a switchable polarization rotator for linearly polarized light and sandwiched between achromatic quarterwave retarders [53] at the expense of added complexity and slower switching. Ultimately, the switching solution used becomes a key design factor in any PG steering assembly. Designs that aim to sample a large number of angles at a fast full frame rate place pressure on switching speed. However, systems with large numbers of angles, and thus many stages, are highly sensitive to optical efficiency of the switch design. These are frequently competing factors that require careful design optimization for a user's specific application. Figure 6: Sub-millisecond switching of a nematic ECB cell acting as a handedness switch for 915 nm light. This oscilloscope screen capture was taken while using the ECB cell to control handedness of light incident on a PG, thereby steering 915 nm light onto and off of a photodetector. The trace depicts photodetector output voltage as a function of time. For clarity, the amplitude and timebase have been enlarged and reproduced in the upper right inset. Each vertical division of the screen is 500 mV and each horizontal division is 1 ms.