esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Methodology and Experimental Design
#### 3.2.2 Bond Wrench Test  
The bond wrench test (Australian Standard-AS 3700-2001) [38] has relevance for both in situ and lab applications. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C 1072-00a (2000)) [39] test setup and the bond wrench test are more sensible for in situ testing [3; 40]. The bond torque arm (appearing in Figure 2) was made as stipulated in Australian Standard (AS 3700-2001) [38], with a bucket displayed toward the end of the bond torque arm. A void holder was attached to the catch, and after that, a small piece was at once filled, utilizing sand to apply bowing tries to the mortar joint until flexural bond bafflement happened. The weight of the bucket and sand was measured to the nearest 0.01 gram and used to calculate the flexural bond failure stress [3].  
The bond wrench test was utilized for stonework flexural bond quality. The constraint was connected through a cantilevered arm course of action, which instigated the flexural worries over the mortar bed joint (the mechanical assembly appears in Figure 2). The gross area flexural bond strength was calculated by using Equation (1):  
\[F_{g}\ =\ 6\frac{(PL+P_{1}L_{1})}{bd^{2}}-\frac{(P+P_{1})}{bd}, \tag{1}\]  
where, \(F_{g}\) = the gross area flexural bond strength (MPa); \(P\) = the maximum load applied (N); \(P_{1}\) = the weight of the loading arm (N); \(L\) = the distance from the centre of the prism to the loading point (mm); \(L_{1}\) = the distance from the letter of the prism to the centroid of the loading arm (mm); and \(b\) = the cross-sectional width of the mortar bedded area measured perpendicularly to the loading arm of the upper clamping bracket.  
Figure 2: Wrench test assembly.
# Stock Price Prediction Using a Frequency Decomposition Based GRU Transformer Neural Network
## 4 Experiment
### Implementation Details
#### 4.3.2 Baseline Method  
In previous price stock papers, the hybrid models always outperform traditional models such as linear model, SVM, LSTM, GRU or CNN. Hence, in this paper all the baseline methods will not include traditional models. Instead, 3 strong hybrid models are chosen as baseline models for comparison.  
In [28] the model (DeepLOB) consists of 6 CNN layers, 3 parallel inception layers and 1 LSTM layer. In [29], the model (MHF) combines the aforementioned DeepLOB with an encoder-decoder structure to do the prediction. The encoder part is a DeepLOB model, through which the stock data is transformed into a vector, followed by a decoder to get the final predictions. In [54], the model contains 5 sequential CNN layers, batch normalized after each of the layers, followed by 1 LSTM layer.  
In addition, wavelet transform and Fourier transform will be tried on the frequency decomposition part for the comparison with CEEMD.
## 3 Use-Case-Based Categorisation of Technologies
### Transfering Clusters into an Application-Related Classification
Early research suggests that they have a high range in harsh underground environments, making them suitable for sensor network applications and potential further underground use-cases. These use-case-related wireless communication technology classes are now used in the following to define use cases and derive network properties in more detail.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Coffee Staining and Color Change Analysis Using Spectrophotometer  
After surface finishing, the discs were subjected to coffee staining. The coffee beverage (Nescafe Classic, Nestle Middle East Manufacturing LLC., Dubai, United Arab Emirates) was prepared and stored in accordance with a previous study [35]. The discs were stored in a Petri dish filled with a sufficient quantity of the coffee beverage. The discs were submerged for 12 days, which is equal to one year of coffee intake by an individual [21]. The beverage was prepared fresh daily.  
The color of the discs was measured at baseline and following surface finishing and coffee immersion using a spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta Sensing Inc., Osaka, Japan). A D65 light source illuminant and a black background with integrated geometry for the specular component were used to measure the color. The system software program used the measured spectral reflectance of each disc to calculate color changes (\(\Delta\)E) using the CIELab Formula (1) [29]:  
\[\Delta\mathrm{E}=\sqrt{\left(L_{2}^{*}-L_{1}^{*}\right)+\left(a_{2}^{*}-a_{1}^ {*}\right)+\left(b_{2}^{*}-b_{1}^{*}\right)^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
where \(L\) is the disparity between light and darkness, \(a\) is the disparity in the green and red axes, and \(b\) is the disparity between the blue and yellow [29]. \(L_{1}\), \(a_{1}\), and \(b_{1}\) are the \(Lab\) coordinates of the baseline color, while \(L_{2}\), \(a_{2}\), and \(b_{2}\) are the coordinates of the post-surface finishing and coffee staining color. Each disc was measured at three equidistant areas, and the mean was calculated.
# A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things
## 5 LoRaWAN Analysis
### The Network Server Role  
LoRaWAN specifies the behavior of the devices, but not the behavior of the network server. As shown in Section 5.3, it is important to keep the load on the network low, and the network server has to enforce this by sending MAC commands to the devices. However, as this is not part of the specification and as there is no open source reference implementation (as of the writing of this article), a correct behavior of the network server is hard to be evaluated.  
The network server can easily degrade the performance of the network. For instance, it can use the _LinkADRReq_ command to configure the number of times a device will send each data frame. This parameter is advertised as a way to control the quality of service for a device. Setting this parameter to more than one will increase the load on the network, increasing the amount of collisions, and thus, should be done very cautiously.  
Moreover, LoRaWAN networks are advertised to be able to handle millions of devices. The network server will be responsible for the optimization of all of these nodes. Even if the event rate in sensor networks is significantly lower than in traditional networks, the performance of the network server should be carefully evaluated by the network operators, to ensure the scaling of the network.
# Postbiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains in Functional Minimally Processed Oranges
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antimicrobial Activity of LAB Isolates  
The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against different target bacteria--including _L. innocua_ DSM 20649, _P. aeruginosa_ DSM 1117, _E. coli_ DSM 1103, and _S. aureus_ DSM 30862, the latter is known to produce biofilms in the food industry--on surfaces and equipment that come into contact with food [19]. In this study, the cells and CFS of the different strains were tested, both in single and in mixed cultures. Overall, the results of the antimicrobial activity showed that the CFS, used as it was, exhibited greater inhibitory activity compared to the cells. In detail, the CFS mix obtained from _L. plantarum_ AS1 and AS3 showed the highest inhibitory activity against _E. coli, P. aeruginosa_, and _S. aureus_ (Table S1). These results confirm the findings reported by [PERSON] and coworkers [20], who proposed the application of a CFS mix as a new approach to increase antimicrobial activity.  
The antimicrobial activity of the CFS from LAB appeared to be mainly related to the acidic content and, in particular, to the lactic and acetic acid content. In addition, the antimicrobial activity could rely on the presence of other compounds, such as bioactive peptides and bacteriocins.
## 7 Conclusions  
The present study proposes a GSTBC-EFOGSM system that operates over atmospheric joint attenuation channels with M distribution. The average bit error rate performance of the system was evaluated while considering the combined impact of path loss, pointing errors and irradiance. Table 4 shows the parameter variables in the full paper. An upper bound for the Meijer-G form of the ABER expression of the system was derived, and the theoretical results were subsequently validated via Monte Carlo simulations. Compared with OSM, OGSM and EFOGSM methods, GSTBC-EFOGSM showed great superiority in system performance. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the GSTBC-EFOGSM scheme is successful in enhancing the ABER performance of the system and offering higher data transmission rates, energy efficiency and lower receiver computational complexity. In addition, the influence of key factors, such as data transmission rate, coding ratio and the number of photodetectors on the system, was also studied in the simulation. The simulation results show that the GSTBC-EFOGSM scheme with encoding ratio R = 0.75 can provide significant performance gains. In addition, the anti-jamming ability of the system will decrease with the increase in the data transmission rate. Therefore, the data transmission rate of the system cannot be blindly increased to lose the ABER of the system. Moreover, the system's performance advantage can become more prominent by augmenting the number of photodetectors. In conclusion, GSTBC-EFOGSM is a promising technology, which provides a good measure for the implementation of free-space optical communication with large capacity, high rate and high diversity gain.
# A Bibliometric Overview of Twitter-Related Studies Indexed in Web of Science
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Analysis
#### 4.1.2 Most Relevant Sources  
PLOS ONE is the most popular journal in publishing academic works for studies on Twitter. A total number of 251 articles were published on this scientific journal. In addition to PLOS ONE, there are 7 journals _(Computers in Human Behavior, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Information, Communication & Society, New Media & Society, Social Network Analysis and Mining, International Journal of Communication and Social Media + Society)_ that have published more than 100 articles with the theme 'Twitter'. Table 2 shows our results in detail; the column 'Subject' refers to the journals' domain according to the classification information of Web of Science.  
Corresponding to the most relevant sources of academic publication, most of them belong to the subjects of communication and computer science. The rest of the subjects are mostly related to social sciences and informational science. Only a few journals dedicated to psychology and medical information. Figure 3 presents a year-by year evolution line chart of the fore-mentioned subjects: x-axis represents the year and the y-axis represents the number of publications under a certain subject. This line chart has proved our previous argument, that communication and computer science are the two main subjects in Twitter-related researches--both of the two disciplines have been largely developed since 2012. Twitter studies published in social science and information science journals are slightly more numerous than those in psychology and medical journals. All the four minor disciplines kept a relatively low increase rate.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Rank** & **Sources** & **Subject** & **Articles** \\ \hline
1 & PLOS One & Multidisciplinary Sciences & 251 \\
2 & International Conference on Advances in & Computer Science, Computer Networks & 239 \\  & Social Networks Analysis and Mining1 & and Communications, Information Systems & 176 \\
3 & Computers in Human Behavior & Psychology, Experimental; Psychology, & 145 \\
4 & IEEE International Conference on Big Data2 & Computer Science, & 142 \\
5 & Journal of Medical Internet Research & Health Care Sciences \& Services; Medical & 142 \\
6 & Information Communication\& Society & Communication; Sociology & 141 \\
7 & New Media \& Society & Communication & 118 \\
8 & Social Network Analysis and Mining & Computer Science; Information Systems & 118 \\
9 & International Journal of Communication & Communication & 108 \\
10 & Social Media + Society & Computer Science Applications, & 107 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Different editions (years) have been grouped together; 2 Different editions (years) have been grouped together.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Most Relevant Sources.
## 3 Shaking Table Tests
### Shaking Table System and Data Acquisition  
Following the property test of the rubber bearings and the fabrication of structural models, a series of shaking table tests were then carried out. The shaking table systems have a table size of 3 m \(\times\) 3 m, the load capacity of 10 t, the maximum acceleration of 1.0 g, the maximum displacement \(\pm\)127 mm, and the maximum velocity of 600 mm/s. With these parameters and the corresponding capacity, the shaking table system meets the requirements of a typical shaking table test.  
The measurement equipment for the dynamic test in the data acquisition system mainly includes the IMC (Instrumentation and controls) dynamic data acquisition system and linear displacement sensors (941B sensor) that are placed on every two stories of the substructure below the isolation layer, the isolation layer and the superstructure above the isolation system to measure the story displacement. The accelerometers (horizontal IMC vibration pickup) in the X direction are placed on each story. For the substructure, the accelerometer is placed on the steel plate that connects the middle column and the isolation rubber bearings. For the stories from the isolation layer to the seventh layer, the accelerometers are placed in the middle of the steel plate surface.  
The structural model was first subjected to a white noise frequency sweep to test if the model fabrication work causes a negligible error. Note that this white noise with such a small PGA (0.10 g) would produce no damage to the structural model. The natural vibration characteristics of the isolation model and non-isolated model were then measured by modal analysis. The results show that the isolation model and non-isolated model have the first natural periods of 0.77 s and 0.64 s, which are respectively larger only by 8% and 5% than those of the simulated models, indicating that the test model has a negligible fabrication error and thus can be used for the subsequent shaking table test. The first natural period of the non-isolated model is smaller than that of the isolation model. This is expected as the mass of the non-isolated model is 10,223 kg that is less than that of the isolation model.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Stage 3--Development and Validation of the Dynamic HE Model
* Peak time \(t_{p}\)--time interval to the maximum of \(y(t)\), that is, \(y(t_{p})=y_{max}\). * Delay time \(t_{d}\)--time interval to the step response reaching 50% of its value at steady state, that is, \(y(t_{d})=0.5\,y_{\text{ss}}\). * Rise time \(t_{r}\)--time interval to the step response reaching 80% of its value at steady state, that is, \(y(t_{r})=0.8\,y_{\text{ss}}\). * Settling time \(t_{s}\)--time interval to the step response staying within the tolerance margin of its steady-state value, usually \(y_{\text{ss}}\pm 5\%\) (see Figure 7b). Being easy to determine, the abovementioned quality indices can be used to evaluate the characteristics of the control system on the basis of its response to step changes of process variables. The dynamic characteristics were simulated at different stages of fouling build-up, that is, after one, two and three years of the continuous operation of the HE unit. Initially, transient responses of an exemplary HE unit were simulated assuming PID control with constant values of the gain coefficients that were determined for clean heat exchange surface (that is, without fouling). As can be seen in the responses obtained for the consecutive periods of HE operation (Figure 7c), the build-up of fouling and the increased thermal resistance would lead to oscillations of the controlled temperature, a too slow response to set-point changes and the risk of significant temperature overshoot that may be dangerous especially during the execution of start-up procedures. However, adverse changes in control quality can be prevented by periodic adjustments of the gain coefficients. This can be seen in Figure 7d, which depicts simulated step responses of an exemplary HE with controller tuning parameters adjusted for  
Figure 7: Scheme of a HE unit with PID temperature control (**a**) and closed-loop step responses of HE models: typical response (**b**), without adjustment (**c**) and after adjustment (**d**) of PID tuning parameters. the consecutive periods of fouling build-up. These characteristics indicate that if the real-life controller tuning was adjusted to fit the requirements of efficient control, then despite increased values of the thermal resistance, the indices of control quality would not be adversely affected. Overall, the presented results for control loop of a HE (Figure 7) indicate that if the thermal resistance of fouling is increased, unchanged parameters of controller tuning could lead to the deterioration of the indices of control quality. By adjusting the values of proportional-integral-derivative gains \(K_{p}\), \(K_{i}\), \(K_{d}\), these adverse effects of fouling could be prevented. For a given value of the thermal resistance of fouling, appropriate gain values could be determined using the dynamic model of the heat exchanger and the suitability of these values can be tested by simulation - which is the last step in the Stage 4 of the proposed procedure (see Figure 4).
# Switchable Filter with Four Operating Modes Implemented on a 50-Ohm Microstrip Line
## 1 Introduction
In this study, the filter was designed by inserting a resonator inside a 50-ohm line, and its size was minimized to 0.4 \(\times\) 0.05 \(\lambda_{\mathrm{g}}\)\({}^{2}\). The proposed filter operates in the 1.35-1.45 GHz, 2.30-2.50 GHz, 4.00-4.30 GHz, 4.85-5.30 GHz, and 2.0-4.5 GHz bands, and all band-pass modes can cover 0-7 GHz. These frequency ranges include the 1.4 GHz extended band of NB-IoT, the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands of IEEE 802.11, and the n77 (3.3-4.2 GHz), n78 (3.3-3.8 GHz), and n79 (4.4-5.0 GHz) bands of 5G NR. The proposed architecture demonstrates that it can operate in multiple band frequency ranges within a single circuit and can support operations in 5G and IoT of various standards.
# MUXER--A New Equipment for Energy Saving in Ethernet
## Materials and Methods
### MUXER's Communication
#### 3.4.1 MUXER and End-Terminals  
The communications between MUXER and end-terminals are very simple with two functions: MUXERs receive Ethernet MAC Frames from end-terminals and notify to IC chip when they receive data signals from end-terminals.  
To receive MAC Frames from end-terminals, MUXERs use their ingress ports with RJ-45 form to guarantee them can receive data signals fully from end-terminals. When MUXERs are receiving data signals from end-terminals, their ingress ports also recognize if there are signals coming them, and they send a flag bit to IC Chip to notify that there are data signals on these ports.  
Figure 4 shows the way that MUXER receives the data signals at ingress ports from end-terminals and notify to IC Chip. This process is simple. When end-terminals send data signals to ingress ports of MUXER, each ingress port which is received the data signals set its flag bit is one, and the other portsset their flag bits to zero, and send these bits to IC chip. So, IC chip can calculate how many ports are active (it means these ports are receiving data signals from end-terminals) to use for next actions.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Connected Health Devices  
To complement the subjective data from the assessment, we used various connected health devices to collect objective health data, such as vital parameters and activity data. We chose devices by manufacturer Withings France SA (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France), who offer medical-grade sensors that have been used and validated in various studies, e.g., [39; 40; 41]. Moreover, Withings offers an open API that allows the integration of the devices into third-party applications [42]. Within the course of our study, the participants tested a wearable (ScanWatch), a smart thermometer (Thermo), as well as a blood pressure monitor (BPM core).  
The ScanWatch is a hybrid smartwatch with a range of features and functions. In addition to the continuous monitoring of vital parameters and activity detection, it also serves as an oximeter and performs a medical-grade EKG [40; 43]. The smart thermometer Thermo is a no-contact device for measuring core body temperature from the temporal artery. The result of a measurement is equivalent to the rectal temperature with a clinical accuracy of 0.2 \({}^{\circ}\)C [43]. The blood pressure monitor BPM core measures systolic and diastolic blood pressure with an accuracy of 2% of the reading. It can also perform a full EKG and record heart sounds. A detailed overview of the system architecture and the explanations for the chosen devices and their measurable parameters can be found in [6].
# A Three-Port Power Electronic Transformer Based on Magnetic Integration
## 2 Description of the Proposed PET Topology
**DC loop:** since the filter capacitor \(C_{\text{f}}\) provides a low-impedance for HF voltages, \(u_{\text{mx}}\) does not influence the MVDC voltages and hence is ignored for simplicity. LF voltages in upper and lower have opposite polarity so they are eliminated in DC loop. Finally, the DC loop dynamics can be expressed as  
\[U_{\text{MVDC}}+\left[4n^{2}L_{\alpha}L_{\text{m}}/(4n^{2}L_{\alpha}+L_{\text{ m}})\right]_{\text{MVDC}}^{\prime}-u_{\text{MVDC}}=0 \tag{2}\]  
where \(U_{\text{MVDC}}\) is MVDC port voltage. **LF loop:** voltage equations of the upper and lower arms are  
\[u_{gx}+L_{g}i_{x}^{\prime}+\frac{1}{2}L_{\text{m}}(\frac{1}{2}i_{x})^{\prime} -u_{x}-u_{\text{mx}}+\frac{1}{2}u_{\text{MVDC}}=\frac{1}{2}u_{\text{CF}} \tag{3}\]  
\[-u_{gx}-L_{g}i_{x}^{\prime}+\frac{1}{2}L_{\text{m}}(\frac{1}{2}i_{x})^{\prime }+u_{x}-u_{\text{mx}}+\frac{1}{2}u_{\text{MVDC}}=\frac{1}{2}u_{\text{CF}}. \tag{4}\]  
Subtracting (4) from (3), the DC and HF components in the upper and lower arms are eliminated, thus we have  
\[u_{x}-L_{g}i_{x}^{\prime}-u_{gx}=0 \tag{5}\]  
**HF loop:** for the HF voltages, inductance \(L_{\text{m}}\) and \(L_{\text{f}}\) can be approximated as open circuit, and \(C_{\text{f}}\) represented by a short circuit. Then expression of the HF loop can be obtained as  
\[4n^{2}L_{\text{cr}}i_{\text{mx}}^{\prime}+uu_{\text{sr}}-u_{\text{mx}}=0 \tag{6}\]  
In summary, it can be seen from (2), (5) and (6), the current of the MVDC, MVAC and LVDC ports can be independently controlled by adjusting the DC \(u_{\text{MVDC}}\), LF \(u_{x}\), and HF \(u_{\text{mx}}\) components of the arm voltage, respectively.
# Contrast Enhancement for Topographic Imaging in Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
## 1 Introduction
We present simulated data and experimental results and demonstrate how to configure a CLSM system in a way to achieve higher contrast for topographic investigations. Furthermore, we show the functionality of contrast enhancement for the application of imaging integrated circuits. The presented approach can be an essential tool for quality management of microcontroller production or in the processing of semiconductors. Due to the contrast enhancement, even structures with low height variance can be observed and the flatness of a layer can be verified.