esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Methodology and Data Collection
### Source of Data and Sample Selection  
This research selects users of the Chinese social media platform with the biggest number of daily active users, namely WeChat, as samples for data collection. WeChat currently has 1.299 billion monthly active users, which makes it the mobile social media platform with the highest monthly active users and the most widely used mobile social media platform in China. As a matter of fact, WeChat has penetrated into people's daily life and has broad implications for the development of civil society [44; 45]. Data collection is conducted through the largest Chinese online questionnaire platform at present ([[https://www.wjx.cn](https://www.wjx.cn)]([https://www.wjx.cn](https://www.wjx.cn)), accessed on 19 September 2021). Items in the questionnaire consist of two sections. Items about users' demographic characteristics and social media usage characteristics make up the first section, with those on variables related to privacy fatigue the second. A total of 1734 valid samples are obtained for this study. Descriptive statistics of the survey sample are shown in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Variables\({}^{\prime}\) Dimensions** & **Choices and Values** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Individual characteristics} & \multirow{2}{*}{Gender} & “Male” = 1 \\  & & “Female” = 2 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & “Under 20” = 1 \\  & & “20–30” = 2 \\  & & “30–40” = 3 \\  & & “40–50” = 4 \\  & & “Over 50” = 5 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & “High school and under” = 1 \\  & Level of education & “Undergraduate and tertiary” \\  & & = 2 \\  & & “Master’s student” = 3 \\  & & “Doctor’s student” = 4 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Usage characteristics} & \multirow{6}{*}{No. of friends on WeChat} & “Under 100” = 1 \\  & & “100–300” = 2 \\  & & “300–600” = 3 \\  & & “600–1000” = 4 \\  & & “Over 1000” = 5 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & “Under one hour per day” = 1 \\ \cline{3-3}  & & “1–3 h daily” = 2 \\ \cline{3-3}  & Usage duration & “3–5 h daily” = 3 \\  & & “5–8 h daily” = 4 \\  & & “Over 8 h per day” = 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Measurement indicator system for variables of individuals and usage characteristics.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l c c} \hline \hline
**Characteristic Variables** & **Variables** & **Choices** & **Number** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Demographic characteristics} & \multirow{2}{*}{Gender} & Male & 439 & 25.3 \\  & & Female & 1295 & 74.7 \\ \cline{3-5}  & & Under 20 & 214 & 12.3 \\  & & 20–30 & 406 & 23.4 \\  & & 30–40 & 802 & 46.3 \\  & & 40–50 & 265 & 15.3 \\  & & Over 50 & 47 & 2.7 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Level of education} & \multirow{2}{*}{High school and under} & 961 & 55.4 \\  & & Undergraduate and & 631 & 36.4 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & tertiary & 99 & 5.7 \\ \cline{1-1}  & & Doctor’s student & 43 & 2.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Descriptive statistics of the sample.
# A Multichannel-Based Deep Learning Framework for Ocean SAR Scene Classification
## 4 Experimental Evaluation
### Geophysical Application
Despite observable distinctions in extratropical regions, areas characterized by heightened RC occurrences, as identified by the MCNN and CMwv algorithms, exhibit significant alignment with regions characterized by elevated GPM precipitation, particularly within the Intertropical Convergence Zone and South Pacific Convergence Zone. This concordance is consistent with the precipitation climatology outlined in prior studies [68; 69].
# Stability of Silver-Nanowire-Based Flexible Transparent Electrodes under Mechanical Stress
###### Abstract  
Flexible transparent electrodes are integral to the advancement of flexible optoelectronic devices such as flexible displays and solar cells. However, indium tin oxide (ITO), a traditional material used in transparent electrodes, exhibits a significant increase in resistance under mechanical stress, which limits the long-term stability of flexible devices. Here, we prepare various types of silver nanowire (AgNW)-based transparent electrodes and investigate their stability in terms of electrical resistance and optical transmittance under compressive and tensile stresses. Under compressive stress, ITO on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate exhibits a significantly high electrical resistance of \(>\)3000 \(\Omega\) after 1000 stress cycles, while the AgNW-coated electrode on a PET film exhibits a relatively smaller resistance of \(<\)1200 \(\Omega\). The AgNW-embedded electrode in a UV-curable polymer matrix (NOA63 or NOA71) exhibits an even lower electrical resistance of \(<\)450 \(\Omega\) because AgNWs can easily maintain their network. A similar trend is observed under tensile stress. The AgNW-embedded electrode shows the highest resistance stability, whereas the ITO on the PET substrate shows the poorest stability. The optical transmittance is comparable regardless of the type of stress or electrode used. This superior stability of the AgNW-based electrodes, realized by integrating it with a polymer matrix, is promising for the development of durable and high-performance flexible optoelectronic devices.  
silver nanowire; flexible electrode; electrical resistance; compressive stress; tensile stress Article
###### Abstract  
Aiming at on-orbit automatic assembly, an improved uncalibrated visual servo strategy for hyper-redundant manipulators based on projective homography is proposed. This strategy uses an improved homography-based task function with lower dimensions while maintaining its robustness to image defects and noise. This not only improves the real-time performance but also makes the joint space of hyper-redundant manipulator redundant to the homography-based task function. Considering that the kinematic parameters of the manipulator are easily changed in a space environment, the total Jacobian between the task function and manipulator joints is estimated online and used to construct a controller to directly control the manipulator joints without a kinematics model. When designing the controller, the above-mentioned redundancy is exploited to solve the problem of the over-limiting of the joint angles of the manipulator. The KF-SVSF method, which combines the optimality of the Kalman filter (KF) and the robustness of the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF), is introduced to the field of uncalibrated visual servos for the first time to perform the online estimation of the total Jacobian. In addition, the singular value filtering (SVF) method is adopted for the first time to avoid the interference caused by the unstable condition number of the estimated total Jacobian. Finally, simulations and experiments verify the superiority of this strategy in terms of its real-time performance and precision.  
hyper-redundant manipulator; projective homography; uncalibrated visual servo; KF-SVSF method; singular value filtering +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
###### Abstract  
To improve the accuracy and efficiency of fault data identification of traffic detectors is crucial in order to decrease the probability of unexpected failures of the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Since convolutional fault data recognition based on traffic flow three-parameter law has a poor capability for multiscale of fault data, PCA (principal component analysis) is adopted for traffic fault data identification. This paper proposes the fault data detection models based on the PCA model, MSPCA (multiscale principal component analysis) model and improved MSPCA model, respectively. In order to improve the recognition rate of traffic detectors' fault data, the improved MSPCA model combines the wavelet packet energy analysis and PCA to achieve traffic detector data fault identification. On the basis of traditional MSPCA, wavelet packet multi-scale decomposition is used to get detailed information, and principal component analysis models are established on different scale matrices, and fault data are separated by wavelet packet energy difference. Through case analysis, the feasibility verification of traffic flow data identification method is carried out. The results show that the improved method proposed in this paper is effective for identifying traffic fault data.  
traffic detector; traffic flow data; fault data detection; wavelet packet energy analysis; principal component analysis Article
# An Enhanced Aircraft Carrier Runway Detection Method Based on Image Dehazing
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Dehaze Implementation
#### 3.1.1 Network Overall  
The overall framework of the network, as depicted in Figure 2, comprises a U-shaped hierarchical structure consisting of symmetric encoders and decoders. The encoder is composed of down-sampling modules, MixAttention, and Mobilevit modules, while the decoder consists of up-sampling modules, MixAttention, and SKFusion [10] modules. Each level of the encoder and decoder has a skip connection. The SKFusion module fuses the input of each layer of the decoder with the output of the skip connection through the SKFusion module and passes it to the next layer. With each layer of down-sampling modules, the channel number of the feature map doubles while the spatial dimension halves. Conversely, with each layer of up-sampling modules, the channel number of the feature map halves while the spatial dimension doubles. For a hazed image \(I\in\mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times 3}\), it first passes through an introduction module to obtain low-dimensional feature information \(F_{s}\in\mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times C}\). Then, it undergoes a bottom-up encoding process to gradually obtain deep-level high-dimensional features \(F_{d}\in\mathbb{R}^{\frac{H}{4}\times\frac{W}{4}\times 4C}\). Subsequently, it passes through a top-down decoder and a convolutional operation with a kernel size of \(3\times 3\) to obtain residual features \(F_{res}\in\mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times 4}\). Finally, \(F_{res}\) is split into two feature maps, \(K\) and \(B\), with different dimensionalities. Then, analogized by the classic Atmospheric Scattering Model theory, passing through element-wise multiplication between \(K\in\mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times 1}\) and \(B\in\mathbb{R}^{H\times W\times 3}\) to reconstruct the dehazed image \(\hat{I}\), i.e., \(\hat{I}=K\odot I-B+I\), \(\odot\) means the element-wise multiplication. For downsample operation and upsample operation, we implement convolution with a kernel size of 2 and a stride of 2 and Pixelshuffle PixelShuffle with an upsampling factor of 2, respectively.
###### Abstract  
In view of the stick-slip phenomenon in deep and hard rock drilling, a new type of torsional impactor that can provide torsional impact vibration was designed. According to the working principle and structural characteristics of the designed torsional impactor, this paper theoretically analyzes the influences of different structural parameters and motion parameters on the impact frequency, impact force, and impact torque of the torsional impactor. The results show that the impact frequency \(f\) is directly proportional to the rotational speed \(V_{Z}\) of the transmission shaft and the installed number \(n\) of torsional impact generating devices. Additionally, the impact force \(F\) is directly proportional to sine value of the impact angle \(\alpha\) (i.e., sinn), impact hammer mass \(m\), impact hammer rotation speed \(V_{Z}\) (i.e., transmission shaft rotation speed), and impact hammer rotation radius \(r\) and is inversely proportional to action time \(\Delta t\) of the impact hammer and impact arrival. Furthermore, the impact torque \(M\) is directly proportional to the impact force \(F\) and rotary radius \(r\) of the impact hammer. This article lays a foundation for further theoretical and experimental research of torsional impactors and provides a reference for the design and testing of torsional impactors.  
M 2021 1  
countries. The TorkBuster torsional impactor has a good use effect, but its use cost is high in China due to patent protection [7; 8; 9]. The domestic torsional impactor is represented by the SLTIDT torsional impactor developed by the Drilling Technology Research Institute of the Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau in 2012. The torque impactor has a good use effect with independent intellectual property rights, but the sand and gravel deposition in the drilling fluid can easily lead to the abnormal operation of the tool [7; 8; 9].  
This paper designs a new type of torsional impactor that can be directly installed on the drill bit and that can apply periodic torsional impact to the drill bit to generate continuous and stable torque in cooperation with the drill string, assist the drill bit in efficiently breaking rocks, reduce or eliminate the stick-slip vibration of the drill bit, improve the penetration rate, and prolong the service life of the drill bit.
# Optimized Deployment of Generalized OCDM in Deep-Sea Shadow-Zone Underwater Acoustic Channels
## 2 Research Foundation
### Impact of Non-Uniform Doppler Effects on OCDM  
Underwater acoustic channels are subjected to non-uniform Doppler effects, which can significantly impact the performance of OCDM systems. The following analysis examines the influence of non-uniform Doppler effects on OCDM signal transmission.  
Let \(d(k)\), where \(k\) = 0, 1, 2, \(\ldots\), \(N-1\), represent the transmitted data symbols, and let \(g(t)\) denote the window function. The transmitted OCDM signal can then be expressed as follows:  
\[s(t)=\text{Re}\Bigg{\{}\Bigg{[}\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}d(k)e^{\frac{\pi}{4}}e^{-j\pi \frac{N}{12}\left(t-k\frac{T}{N}\right)^{2}}g(t)\Bigg{]}e^{2\pi f_{c}t}\Bigg{\}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(f_{c}\) is the carrier frequency, \(T\) is the OCDM symbol duration, and the time-varying path delay of the underwater acoustic channel is denoted as \(\tau_{p}(t)=\tau_{0}-\alpha t\). The received signal can be expressed as follows:  
\[\begin{array}{l}y(t)=\text{Re}\Bigg{\{}\sum_{p=1}^{P}A(p)\ e^{2\pi f_{c}(t+ \alpha t-\tau_{0}(p))}\times\\ \left[\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}d(k)e^{\frac{\pi}{4}}e^{-j\pi\frac{N}{12}\left(t+\alpha t -\tau_{0}(p)-k\frac{T}{N}\right)^{2}}g(t+\alpha t-\tau_{0}(p))\right]\Bigg{\}} +w(t).\end{array} \tag{3}\]After down-conversion, the baseband signal is given by the following:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}&y_{b}(t)=\sum\limits_{p=1}^{P}A(p)e^{-j2\pi f_{c}\tau_{0}(p)}g (t+\alpha t-\tau_{0}(p))\\ &\times\left[\sum\limits_{k=0}^{N-1}d(k)e^{\frac{\pi}{4}}e^{-j\pi\frac{N}{2}(1 +\alpha)^{2}\left(t-\frac{\tau_{0}(p)}{1+\alpha}-k\frac{T}{N(1+\alpha)}\right) ^{2}}e^{2\pi f_{c}\alpha t}\right]+w(t).\end{array} \tag{4}\]  
where \(\alpha\) represents the Doppler scaling factor, primarily caused by vessel motion. From the above equation, it can be observed that the chirp rate of each subcarrier in the received OCDM signal becomes \((1+\alpha)^{2}\) times the original rate, leading to a change in subcarrier spacing:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}f_{i}&=\frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{d}{dt}\left(\pi\frac{N}{T^{2}} \left((1+\alpha)t-k\frac{T}{N}\right)^{2}-\pi\frac{N}{T^{2}}\left((1+\alpha)t -(k+1)\frac{T}{N}\right)^{2}\right)\\ &=\Delta f(1+\alpha).\end{array} \tag{5}\]  
It can be observed that the subcarrier spacing changes from \(\Delta f\) to \(\Delta f(1+\alpha)\), which is the same as in OFDM.  
From this analysis, it is evident that the non-uniform Doppler effect in underwater acoustic communication has a significant impact on the OCDM system. To mitigate this effect, a two-step method, as proposed in [13], can be employed for Doppler equalization.
# Neighbor-Aware Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Scheme for Energy Harvesting Internet of Things
## 5 Evaluation Results
### Convergence to Nash Equilibrium  
Figure 2 describes a process that the policies of IoT devices converge to the integrated optimal policy (i.e., Nash equilibrium). As illustrated in Figure 2, the proposed algorithm (i.e., Algorithm 1) can find the integrated optimal policy within a few iterations (i.e., 1) (note that the initial policy of each IoT device is randomly set). Specifically, the initial policy on the transmission of IoT devices is randomly set (see 0 iterations in Figure 2). Then, based on the proposed algorithm, each IoT device finds the optimal policy (i.e., Nash equilibrium) only after one iteration. After finding the optimal policy, each IoT device does not need to change its policy, and therefore the policies of the IoT devices do not change after the first iteration. This result implies that our algorithm can be realized in the energy harvesting NOMA environment without high signaling overhead.  
Meanwhile, from Figure 2, it can be found that each IoT device chooses its action by considering the other devices' actions at the best response. Specifically, after the convergence, because IoT device 1 chooses the maximum transmission power (i.e., \(A=4\)) with low probability, other IoT devices choose the maximum transmission power with a higher probability to improve the expected SINR.
## 4 Verification
### Reference Model  
Following the aforementioned settings, numerical simulations were conducted for a 1/10 scaled-down, perfectly similar model, designed based on the prototype illustrated in Section 2.1. In the simulation, the impact block of the system was subjected to the same initial velocity, whereas the impact mass was scaled down using Equation (14) as listed in Table 4. The resulting resistance acceleration versus plastic displacement responses were simulated and are presented in Table 6 and Figure 12. Here, the plastic displacement refers to the average value between the crest and trough of the oscillation stage in the response curve. Furthermore, the simulation results of the reference model are compared with the corresponding data of the prototype, which were reversed using Table 4. Additionally, it is illustrated that under reversed time, the acceleration and deformation history curves without structural failure performed identically to those of the prototype, as presented in Figure 5. Notably, the feature points of the reference model aligned remarkably well with those of the prototype, exhibiting a discrepancy of less than 1.03%. This alignment confirmed the efficacy of the proposed scaling law for a perfectly similar model.  
In addition, the sectional moment and force of the corresponding section in the reference model were extracted from the numerical results. The definitions of the significant sections and components of the sectional moment and force align with those of the prototype, as described in Section 2.3. The fully plastic moment \(M_{0}\) and fully plastic force \(N_{0}\) are calculated as 620,233.6 N\(\cdot\)mm and 71,191.9 N, respectively, using Equations (6) and (7). The normalized sectional moment \(M/M_{0}\) and force \(N/N_{0}\) of the reference model are shown in Figure 13.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**No.** & **Item** & **Unit** & **Prototype** & **Reference Model** \\ \hline Load case & Impact velocity \(v_{0}\) & m/s & 3 & 3 \\  & Impact mass \(M_{l}\) & t & 400 & 0.4 \\ Results & Reversed plastic displacement & mm & 398.14 & 394.05 \\  & Difference & & - & 1.03\% \\  & Reversed peak acceleration & mm/s\({}^{2}\) & 20,184 & 20,230 \\  & Difference & & - & 0.23\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Simulation results of prototype and reference model.  
Figure 12: Acceleration and displacement history curves of prototype and reference model.  
In Section S1, the reference model exhibits a near-equivalent duration of negative M2 compared to the prototype. Moreover, the normalized sectional moment and force within the reference model closely mirrored those observed in the prototype, demonstrating a consistent resemblance in Sections S1 and S2. This correspondence suggests a similarity in the dominant actions between the reference model and the prototype. Consequently, the reference model conforming to the scaling law effectively replicates the resistance characteristics inherent in the prototype, as shown in Figure 12. Hence, this reference model serves as a benchmark for the subsequent design of the distorted models in the following sections.
## 4 Experimental Stations
### Experimental Station Bernina
#### 4.2.2 X-ray Optics  
A detailed summary of the X-ray optics is given in Section 3.1, here we will focus on the aspects specific to Bernina. The layout of the X-ray optics [88] is shown in Figure 17. For pink beam a pair of bendable plane elliptical mirrors (offset mirrors, coating SiC/B\({}_{4}\)C, Si, Mo/B\({}_{4}\)C) installed in the optics hutch (OH) deflect the beam vertically by 6 mrad. For monochromatic beam the offset mirrors are retracted. In this case the double crystal monochromator (DCM) is the first optical element in the beam. A motorized horizontal translation allows switching between Si(111), Si(311) and InSb(111) crystal pairs.  
Figure 17: Schematic layout of the Aramis-2 X-ray optics for pink beam (**top**) and monochromatic beam (**bottom**).  
Figure 18: The Experimental Station Bernina X-ray hutch. The various components located in the hutch are labelled.  
The DCM has a variable offset (20-32 mm) to allow for future operation in combination with harmonic rejection mirrors (HRM, coating B\({}_{4}\)C/SiC) with variable deflection angles in a 4-bounce scheme.  
Installed in the ESB hutch at working distance 2.6 m upstream of the sample position, a pair of bendable KB mirrors provide achromatic focusing with horizontal and vertical spot size of (1)2-100 \(\upmu\)m FWHM for (ideal) real performance of the focusing optics. Upstream of the KB mirror pair free space is allocated to optionally install a movable in-vacuum Be compound refractive lens (CRL) transfocator for in-line focusing or to install an in-line electron time-of-flight (eTOF) polarization monitor to allow online monitoring of the incident polarization once a phase retarder is installed.
# Cloning and Functional Identification of _Sipg49_ in _Solanum Lyopersicum_
## 3 Results  
### Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of SIPG49  
A PG gene (Solyc08g082170.2.1), named SIPG49, was isolated and cloned from Micro-Tom on the basis of the sequence available in Sol Genomics Network (solgenomics.net). SIPG49 contains seven exons and six introns (Figure 1A), and encodes a protein of 452 amino acid residues (49.03 kD). Transmembrane domain analysis indicated that SIPG49 contains a transmembrane domain and belongs to the category of membrane localization proteins (Figure 1B). To determine the evolutionary position of SIPG49, a phylogenetic tree containing SIPG49 and 37 PGs (Table S2) from other species was constructed. The results showed that SIPG49 belongs to clade E, and clustered with the other eight PGs, including AtPG5 in Arabidopsis thaliana and BcMF23 in _Brassica rapa_ (Figure 1C). Then, sequence alignment was performed on the nine PGs from clade E and the other four PGs from different clades. As expected, the nine PGs that belong to the clade E showed higher amino acid sequence similarity. Further analysis revealed that the PGs in clade E all contained conserved domains I, II, and IV, but domain III was less conserved (Figure 1D).