esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effect of Tomato Juice and Different Drying Methods on Selected Properties of Courgette
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Gelation Index (VGI)  
Understanding the impact of different technological processes on the gelation index in courgettes is crucial for the food industry, which strives to provide products that combine nutritional value with high sensory quality [19]. Analysis of the results (Figure 4) indicated that the highest value of the gelation index (VGI) was recorded for the courgette samples not subjected to the impregnation process before freeze drying, where it reached 308.33%, and the lowest value was for the courgette after the vacuum impregnation process before convection drying at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (108.33%).  
The drying method appeared to have a significant effect on the gelation index (Figure 4). Samples subjected to FD and VD showed the highest VGI values compared to convection-dried samples. FD and VD are more delicate in removing water, so they yielded a product with the best gelling properties. In addition, the lower values of vacuum and convection drying compared to freeze drying prove that the vacuum and convection method destroys the chambers in the material, so it is more difficult to absorb water in the dried product [14].  
The process of impregnation with tomato juice contributed to lower values of the gelation index (VGI) of the courgette in all the drying methods tested (Figure 5), suggesting that impregnation may also negatively affect the courgette's ability to gel after rehydration. The greatest decrease in VGI values after impregnation was observed in freeze-dried samples, indicating that in this method, impregnation significantly reduced the courgette's ability to gel.  
Increasing the temperature of convection drying results in obtaining dried material with lower VGI values. These results make it possible to infer relationships between thermal conditions and the gel structure of courgettes, which is important for rehydration processes in the context of industrial applications.  
Figure 4: Gelation index of courgette (C) and courgette after vacuum impregnation (CT), freeze-dried (FD), vacuum-dried (VD), and convection-dried at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C (CD50), 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C (CD60), and 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C (CD70).
# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Reviewing DT Applications in Agriculture and Farming Domain
### The Second Categorization of Researched Literature, Related to Specific Technical Research Aspects  
Table 3 below gathers various aspects of the target applications related to sensors, IoT or other smart platforms, smart agriculture, and DT technologies and protocols implemented in the addressed literature for comparison and evaluation. If the topic of a corresponding cell has no relevant data provided in the literature \"-\" sign is displayed in the corresponding cell. If the topic is merely mentioned, a \"\(\surd\)\" sign is displayed in the corresponding cell. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Citation** & **Case** & **Type of** & **DT** & **Target** & **Sensors** & **IoT/Platforms** & **Deployments/ Technologies- Protocols** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[28]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\surd\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\surd\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\surd\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Precision irrigation} & Field probes measure air and soil temperature, humidity, soil moisture, ambient light, geospatial, position, (Venus GPS) & SWAMP-IoT smart water management, smartphone application, real-time IoT platform communication. & \\  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[73]} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\surd\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{\(\surd\)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Precision irrigation for water saving} & \multirow{4}{*}{Soil probe} & SWAMP, OPC UA server & Fuzzy \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Various aspects of the target applications concerning sensors, IoT, or other smart platforms relevant to smart agriculture and DT technologies and protocols.
## 2 Federated Learning Systems
Such attacks are known as inference attacks and require capturing model parameters such as neural network gradients in order to perform it. Thus, the practical complexity of the inference attack is much higher than the attacks targeting data directly as it requires not only gaining access to model parameters but also applying specific techniques to analyze them. The latter depend on attacker's knowledge about trained analysis model, type of the analysis system, and their computational capabilities. Though inference attacks have high complexity, the additional privacy-preserving techniques have been proposed:  
* Mechanisms based on differential privacy (DP);
* Data and model encryption techniques that include multi-party secure computations (MPC), homomorphic and functional encryption;
* Trusted execution environment (TEE). The mechanisms based on differential privacy use random noise to mask user inputs, and, therefore, their application requires finding a balance between model accuracy and data owner privacy. They are suitable for the cross-device settings as they can tolerate client's dropouts. Encryption-based techniques use different protocols to secure either input data or the whole training process. Their application significantly limits the choice of architectural solutions and places high demands on both computing resources and bandwidth of the computer network [29]. For example, the current solutions based on multi-party secure computations require two or three trusted computational entities to be set up in order to  
Figure 2: Types of the data partition: horizontally partitioned data (**a**), vertically partitioned data (**b**). perform secure model training. Thus, this type of privacy-preserving mechanism is more suitable for cross-silo FL setting, the exception is constituted by the secure aggregation protocol proposed by [PERSON] et al. [33]. It is a lightweight encryption protocol that could be applied in cross-device settings. TEE is a hardware-based solution; it provides a trusted environment for secure and verified code execution and strict data access control. TEEs are widely used in industrial IoT devices; thus, it could be a natural choice to design secured and privacy-protected industrial FL-based systems. In [6], the set of design patterns, including privacy-enhancing techniques for FL architectures, is proposed. It includes three client management patterns (client registry, client selection, and client clustering), four model management patterns, three model training patterns, and four model aggregation patterns. The authors associate the patterns with the stages of the federated learning lifecycle and map them to the existing software or research papers.
## 4 IoT Systems in the Pre-Disaster Stage
### Sensors
#### 4.1.2 Landslides  
People detect landslides with more sensors, such as inertial sensors [55], accelerometers [55], bar extensometers [56; 57], borehole inclinometers [56], rainfall sensors (e.g., rain gauge [58]), and displacement meters [58]. The models of inertial sensors include the IMU6050 [55]. The models of accelerometers include LIS3331 LDH [55]. The models of microprocessors include the ESP32 [55; 59]. The models of single computer boards include the Waspmote PRO board [55]. Usually, the sensors can store data locally on SD cards [55]. Batteries [55; 56; 57] and solar [56] are the major power sources. To improve energy efficiency, [PERSON] [60] designed a wavelet-based sampling process for landslide sensors. This process allowed the sensors to reduce data gathering while maintaining performance and system reliability, which allows the battery to run continuously for 3-5 months without recharging during the monsoon period. [PERSON] et al. [57] suggested using the WorkStop recycling control mode in the batteries.
# Security and Independence of Process Safety and Control Systems in the Petroleum Industry
## 7 To What Extent Will the Requirements for Independence Be Met?  
We can first conclude that it is difficult to give a definitive answer as to whether the requirements for independence in IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 are met. Both standards open up for allowing some degree of dependency, as long as the dependencies are identified and managed so that the ability of each safety function to act independently is not impaired.  
Over time, the industries have established a set of design and operation principles and strategies where an adequate level of independence has been achieved. These principles and strategies are partly reflected in regulations (such as the PSA regulations and their guidelines) and national and international standards. What is learned from our study is that security threats and cyber attacks are able to impair the OT and IT systems in new ways, meaning that dependencies that were acceptable in the past can now pose a risk.  
The fundamental requirement that any SIS system should be able to perform independently from other systems (including PCS) are more tangible and the following observations and comments can be linked to them:  
* Current risk and reliability analyses contain limited detailed assessments of new hazards and threats related to existing links and dependencies between systems.
* As a result of increased complexity and multiple links, it is very challenging to show that any error that can occur in one system cannot adversely affect another system.
* Suppliers generally do not appear to have standard documentation showing that their solution provides full independence and/or does not adversely affect other systems.
* The operators also do not have any such documentation.  
If we attempt to answer the question in the headline, the answer must be: The requirements for independence may be met; however, there is no documentation to show it.  
This discussion can also be linked to the PSA's new definition of the risk concept, which, in the guidelines for Section 11 of the Framework Regulations, states that risk means the consequences of the activities with associated uncertainty. In the clarification of \"associated uncertainty\", it is that the degree of complexity in and knowledge of the phenomena, systems, and operations one faces should be emphasized in risk management.  
Since today's risk and reliability analyses primarily focus on how dependencies may be impaired from uncontrolled physical phenomena and operational errors in the process, and documentation of independence considering the new risks of cybersecurity is somewhat absent, one can conclude that the uncertainty, and thus the risk, associated with possible unknown dependencies is considerable.
## 3 Results
### Voltammetry Equipment, Variables and Setting Parameters
#### 3.2.3 Scan Rate  
Scanning rate determines the rate of voltage ramping, 28 studies reported setting the scan rate to 100 mV/s and four studies setting it to 50 mV/s. One study each used scan rates at 400 mV/s, 200 mV/s and 10 mV/s.
# Natural Frequency Response of FG-CNT Coupled Curved Beams in Thermal Conditions
## 6 Parametric Investigation
Despite the expected decrease in frequency for an increased environment temperature, we do not observe any meaningful variation in the vibration response of the selected system, since both curved beams are subjected to the similar temperature simultaneously, therefore, the frequency of the total system does not change. In the last example, we study the vibration response of the structural system in thermal conditions, such that the temperature of one beam maintains constant to 300\({}^{\circ}\) and the temperature on the other beam varies from 300\({}^{\circ}\) to 1000\({}^{\circ}\). In both beams, the CNT volume fraction is equal to 0.12 and a uniform distribution is assumed for the reinforcement phase. All geometrical properties of the beam, together with \(k_{\text{s}}\) and \(\theta\), are assumed the same as in the previous example. In Table 11, we summarize the frequency response of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{S-S/S-S} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{C-C/C-C} \\ \cline{2-11}  & & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)K)} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Temperature (\({}^{\circ}\)K)} \\ \cline{2-11}  & 300 & 400 & 600 & 800 & 1000 & 300 & 400 & 600 & 800 & 1000 \\ \hline
1 & 0.9258 & 0.9259 & 0.9258 & 0.9258 & 0.9258 & 1.1733 & 1.1733 & 1.1733 & 1.1733 & 1.1733 \\
2 & 1.5133 & 1.5133 & 1.5133 & 1.5133 & 2.1276 & 2.1276 & 2.1276 & 2.1276 & 2.1276 \\
3 & 3.1968 & 3.1968 & 3.1968 & 3.197 & 3.1968 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 \\
4 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.7566 & 3.8338 & 3.8338 & 3.8338 & 3.8338 & 3.8338 \\
5 & 3.8318 & 3.8318 & 3.8318 & 3.8316 & 3.8318 & 3.8476 & 3.8476 & 3.8476 & 3.8476 & 3.8476 \\
6 & 5.1474 & 5.1474 & 5.1472 & 5.1472 & 5.1472 & 5.7232 & 5.7232 & 5.7232 & 5.7232 \\
7 & 7.1842 & 7.1844 & 7.1840 & 7.1840 & 7.1842 & 7.4620 & 7.4620 & 7.4620 & 7.4620 & 7.4620 \\
8 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 & 7.5114 & 7.5114 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 & 7.5116 \\
9 & 7.5964 & 7.5966 & 7.5962 & 7.5962 & 7.5964 & 7.7844 & 7.7844 & 7.7844 & 7.7844 \\
10 & 9.4024 & 9.4028 & 9.4024 & 9.4024 & 9.4026 & 9.7662 & 9.7662 & 9.7662 & 9.7662 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Effect of the environmental temperature on frequencies of S-S/S-S and C-C systems with beams made of pure PMMA matrix. the system. Results show that by increasing the bottom beam temperature from 300 to 1000, the frequencies of the system slightly decrease. For example, for a S-S/S-S system, when T\({}_{\text{bottom}}\) = 400\({}^{\circ}\), the first frequency is equal to 5.6356 and reduces to 5.5142 when T\({}_{\text{bottom}}\) = 1000\({}^{\circ}\). An increased temperature at the top beam induces a variation in the structural behavior, when the temperature of the bottom beam is kept constant to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)K. Based on Table 11, an increased temperature at the top beam yields an increased frequency response of the system, whereas the contrary occurs for an increased temperature at the bottom beam, which decreases the frequency response.
# Reflection Propagation Law of Electromagnetic Waves in U-Shaped Roadway
## 6 Analyses of Simulation Experiments  
In order to verify the above conclusions, a U-shaped roadway is designed in HFSS electromagnetic simulation software, and a half-wave dipole antenna is placed at the relay node with the specific parameters shown in Table 1.  
Due to the limitation of the calculation memory, let the lengths of the two roadways along the \(y\)-axis direction in the U-shaped roadway be both 3.3 m and the length along the \(x\)-axis direction be 2.6 m; the height and width are 0.6 m, and the thickness of the roadway walls is 0.1 m, as shown in Figure 18.  
The radiation resistance of the antenna is set to be 73.2 \(\Omega\). The specific solution parameters are shown in Table 2, and the specific steps of HFSS simulation are presented in Figure 19. From the above, it can be seen that the field strength at the receiving point is affected by the transmitting frequency of the antenna, the relative permittivity of the roadway walls, the width of the roadway, and the location between the relay node and the receiving point. The effects of these factors on the field strength will be analyzed separately below.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable Definition** & **Variable Name** & **Variable Size (mm)** \\ \hline Operating wavelength & lambda & c/f \\ Total antenna length & length & 0.48 \(\times\) lambda \\ Port distance & gap & 0.24 \\ Individual polaron length & dip\_length & length/2–gap/2 \\ Radius of the antenna & dip\_radius & lambda/200 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Parameter list of half-wave dipole antenna.  
Figure 18: Modeled U-shaped roadway with antennae.
## 5 Overview of 5G-Enabling Technologies
### Key 5G-Enabling Technologies
#### 5.1.9 Beamforming  
Beamforming is a key wireless network technology that directionally sends signals to the intended destination at minimal loss. 5G beamforming establishes a directed wireless network transmission to the receiver. It is difficult to move signals in a specific direction in conventional systems. This problem is addressed by using small cells that can send signals in a specific direction to a device such as a laptop, mobile phone, autonomous vehicle, or IoT device. Beamforming can be classified into digital, analog, and hybrid beamforming [9].  
In massive MIMO systems, the base station can provide data to the user over several pathways, and beamforming controls packet movement and predicted arrival time to allow more users to submit data simultaneously. Because millimeter waves cannot pass through obstructions and do not propagate over longer distances due to their shorter wavelength, beamforming is employed to provide concentrated beams to consumers. As a result of beamforming, a user can receive a powerful signal while avoiding interference from other users [87]. When beamforming is employed in 5G communication networks, energy efficiency and conservation can be maximized.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Inlet Velocity
In the case of ferrofluid cooling, the inverter maximum temperature decreases from \(100.3\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(64.34\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(96.41\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(40.49\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(93.14\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(43.07\)\({}^{\circ}\)C, \(92.73\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(41.71\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(71.93\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to \(40.96\)\({}^{\circ}\)C for inlet velocities of \(2\) mm/s, \(3\) mm/s, \(4\) mm/s, \(5\) mm/s, and \(10\) mm/s, respectively, with a rise in voltage from \(0.1\) V to \(0.5\) V. The inverter maximum temperature of \(49.65\)\({}^{\circ}\)C could be achieved for water cooling at an inlet velocity of \(10\) mm/s, however, the similar range of temperature for a traction inverter could be achieved at just \(2\) mm/s inlet velocity with the assistance of an MHD pump in the case of ferrofluid cooling. Therefore, the power consumption from a conventional pump could be optimized with assistance of MHD pump cooling to provide effective thermal management of a traction inverter. Figure 8: Comparison of inverter maximum temperature for water and ferrofluid cooling under various conditions of inlet velocity and voltage. The effect of water and ferrofluid cooling with various conditions of inlet velocity and voltage on the Nusselt number is presented in Figure 9. The lower inverter temperature indicates higher dissipation of heat from the traction inverter to coolant, which results in a higher Nusselt number. The lower temperature of the traction inverter is noticed in the case of ferrofluid cooling compared to water cooling, hence, the Nusselt number is superior for ferrofluid cooling compared to water cooling under the same conditions. The Nusselt number for water cooling remains constant with changes in voltage because of constant velocity and inverter temperature However, with an increase in inlet velocity, the inverter temperature decreases for water cooling, which shows an increase in the Nusselt number. The Nusselt numbers of 2.20, 3.83, 5.59, 7.40, and 15.35 are evaluated in the case of water cooling for inlet velocities of 2 mm/s, 3 mm/s, 4 mm/s, 5 mm/s, and 10 mm/s, respectively. The Nusselt number increases with an increase in voltage for ferrofluid cooling due to an improved convection effect with use of an MHD pump. However, the impact of inlet velocity on the Nusselt number in the case of ferrofluid cooling is significant at lower voltage and significance decreases with an increase in voltage. Therefore, in the case of ferrofluid cooling, the increasing rate in the Nusselt number with inlet velocity is higher at lower voltage. In the case of ferrofluid cooling, with an increase in voltage from 0.1 V to 0.5 V, the Nusselt number increases from 3.86 to 18.49 at an inlet velocity of 2 mm/s, 4.11 to 17.74 at an inlet velocity of 3 mm/s, 4.36 to 17.28 at an inlet velocity of 4 mm/s, 5.07 to 17.62 at an inlet velocity of 5 mm/s, and 11.29 to 18.49 at an inlet velocity of 10 mm/s, respectively. Figure 9: Effect of water and ferrofluid cooling with various conditions of inlet velocity and voltage on Nusselt number.
## 1 Introduction
A correlation between the cutting parameters and surface finish can be established when the valleys transform into peaks or the opposite. This argument cannot be established using Ra [9; 16]. A single roughness parameter is insufficient to analyze surface texture or recognize patterns [17]. The amplitude parameters skewness (Rsk) and kurtosis (Rku) assess surface structure, surface defects, and wear conditions, offering a more comprehensive surface characterization [10; 14; 16]. Skewness (Rsk) [7; 14] is an effective parameter to characterize the symmetry level within the distribution function. It is particularly responsive to occasional deep valleys or high peaks, allowing us to differentiate between asymmetrical profiles that might otherwise share the same Ra value [7]. Kurtosis (Rku) quantifies the sharpness of the probability density distribution within the profile by measuring the extent of pointedness or flatness in a distribution function [7; 14]. The conjunct analysis of Rsk and Rku can precisely determine the surface condition and elucidate whether it exhibits excessively high peaks or valleys [17]. Considering the constraints highlighted in prior investigations, the present authors propose an analytical comparison between two different polishing methods, manual and mechanical, to establish a different approach for analyzing the surface roughness height parameters in dental acrylic resins.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we proposed a sampling design method with both good spatial coverage and feature space coverage for precise farm field-level soil mapping for a limited sample size. The super-grid helps to achieve good sample dispersion in geographical space, and some remote sensing products, which are highly correlated with target farm soil properties (i.e., the SOM content in this paper), are helpful in achieving good sample dispersion in the feature space. First, the influence of the super-grid size on SOM content mapping was analyzed, and the OK method was embedded to conduct the soil mapping. The experimental results showed that the \(400\times 400\) m\({}^{2}\) super-grid had the highest SOM content mapping accuracy. Then, to further validate the proposed method, we compared it to the regular grid sampling and k-means sampling, where the former provided good spatial coverage, while the latter provides good feature space coverage. The quantitative results indicated that the proposed method had more potential for recognizing the representative soil samples that produce more precise SOM content maps. In the future, we will explore the possibilities of more remote sensing products for farm field soil sampling, the farm-level soil sampling method, and the soil mapping method.  
Conceptualization, Y.W. and L.J.; methodology, Y.W.; validation, Y.W., and Y.L.; investigation, Y.W., and J.W.; data curation, Q.Q.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.W.; writing--review and editing, Y.W., and L.J.; visualization, Y.W.; and supervision, L.J.  
This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under project number 2017 YFB0503500, as well as the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under project number XDA19040402.  
The authors thank Sheltara Farm and the Aerospace Information Research Institute, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for supplying the study data. The authors would like to thank the reviewers and editors for their valuable comments and suggestions.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.