## 2 Study Area  
We analyzed seven coastal cities with urban areas adjacent to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The first group, located on the western side bordering the Pacific Ocean, includes the cities of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (Vall), Manzanillo, Colima (Mzn), and Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacan (LC). The second group, situated on the eastern side bordering the Gulf of Mexico, comprises Tampico, Tamaulipas (Tmp), Veracruz, Veracruz (Vrz), Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz (Ctz), and Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche (CC) (Figure 1). The selection considers these cities as essential ports with very active tourist activity; these cities therefore have similar characteristics in terms of land use and activities in the urban population. Table 1 shows their geographical characteristics and general data. The ambient temperature behavior in the selected cities, based on information obtained from official meteorological stations [36], is presented in Table 2. The table shows the average monthly temperature data for June and July of 2019 and 2020, limited to the study period; it enables us to determine that their behavior is similar. However, since the LandSat8 satellite crosses approximately twice per month in the same quadrant, those images must show stable weather conditions, and clear skies should be selected. The days selected for analysis, which fall in the summer period in 2019 and 2020, are shown in Table 2.  
Our research comprehensively explores the profound impact of mobility on urban thermal patterns, using 2019 and 2020 as comparative years. The year 2020, marked by a global decline in mobility due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, saw significant changes in travel and crowd avoidance behaviors [38]. This shift in mobility behaviors has profound implications for our understanding of urban thermal dynamics. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**City** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** & **Altitude** & **Climatic** & **Precipitation** \\  & & & **(m)** & **Classification** & **(mm)** \\ \hline
1. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (Vall) & \(20.6136\) & \(-105.227\) & \(111\) & Aw & \(1385\) \\
2. Manzanillo, Colima (Mzn) & \(19.0522\) & \(-104.316\) & \(17\) & Aw & \(900\) \\
3. Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacán (LC) & \(17.9561\) & \(-102.192\) & \(15\) & Aw & \(1277\) \\
4. Tampico, Tamaulipas (Tmp) & \(22.2553\) & \(-97.8686\) & \(39\) & Aw & \(916\) \\
5. Veracruz, Veracruz (Vrz) & \(19.1727\) & \(-96.1333\) & \(11\) & Aw & \(1500\) \\
6. Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz (Ctz) & \(18.1378\) & \(-94.4353\) & \(33\) & Am & \(3000\) \\
7. Ciudad Carmen, Campeche (CC) & \(18.2672\) & \(-91.8001\) & \(3\) & Aw & \(1155\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\) Free-access information from the Mexican government [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36] was used to determine the climatic classification of the analyzed cities based on Köppen–Geiger world maps, where Aw is Tropical–Rainforest and Am is Tropical–Monsoon [37].  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Characteristics of the cities selected for measurement \({}^{1}\). Figure 1: Locations of the seven cities analyzed. 1. Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (Vall), 2. Manzanillo, Colima (Mzn), 3. Lazaro Cardenas, Michoacán (LC), 4. Tampico, Tamaulipas (Tmp), 5. Veracruz, Veracruz (Vrz), 6. Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz (Ctz) and 7. Ciudad Carmen, Campeche (CC) [29]. The mobility index is a measure of the movement of people in a specific area. For the analysis of Mexico's \"Sana Distancia Program' during the COVID-19 pandemic, this index was determined using anonymized geolocation data from telecommunications and mobile applications. These data were compared with mobility patterns starting from 15 February 2020, to identify changes in behavior. The mobility categories included trips to workplaces, residential areas, parks, stores, and entertainment centers. This index allowed authorities to assess the effectiveness of lockdowns and other social distancing measures and to adjust policies according to the need to control the spread of the virus.