esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Finite Element Modeling of the Soil-Nailing Process in Nailed-Soil Slopes
## 5 Parametric Study: Finite Element Analysis of a Nailed-Soil Slope with Varying Soil Densities
### Horizontal Stresses on the Slope Face  
Figures 14 and 15 present the influence of soil density on the horizontal stresses at the face of the slope at construction and overburden pressure stages. It is observed from the figures that decreasing relative density of the sand leads to increasing the horizontal stresses on the face of the slope, and stress enlargement ratio ranged from 12.50% to 61.54% for the soil type changing from dense sand to loose sand. It is observed from the graphs of variation of horizontal stress on the slope face developed in different densities of nailed-soil slopes that, when the overburden pressure is applied (stage 6) after construction of the slope, the horizontal stress decreases in the loose sand slope and increases in the dense sand slope, while it has no effect on the horizontal stress of the medium dense sand slope with the increase of soil density.  
Figure 14: Horizontal stresses at the slope face with various soil densities. (**a**) Loose sand. (**b**) Medium dense sand. (**c**) Dense sand.  
Figure 13: Vertical settlement of the footing with various soil densities.
###### Abstract  
Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes are broadly used to correct errors in flash memory systems and digital communications. These codes are cyclic block codes and have their arithmetic fixed over the splitting field of their generator polynomial. There are many solutions proposed using CPUs, hardware, and Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) for the BCH decoders. The performance of these BCH decoders is of ultimate importance for systems involving flash memory. However, it is essential to have a flexible solution to correct multiple bit errors over the different finite fields (GF(\(2^{m}\))). In this paper, we propose a pragmatic approach to decode BCH codes over the different finite fields using hardware circuits and GPUs in tandem. We propose to employ hardware design for a modified syndrome generator and GPUs for a key-equation solver and an error corrector. Using the above partition, we have shown the ability to support multiple bit errors across different BCH block codes without compromising on the performance. Furthermore, the proposed method to generate modified syndrome has zero latency for scenarios where there are no errors. When there is an error detected, the GPUs are deployed to correct the errors using the iBM and Chien search algorithm. The results have shown that using the modified syndrome approach, we can support different multiple finite fields with high throughput.  
BCH; decoder; iBM; GPU; hybrid; flash memory; Galois field; CUDA +
Footnote †: journal:
## 4 Testing
### Calibration Results
The plots illustrate the estimated elements of the matrix \(\overline{\mathbf{C}}\)_versus_ the number of measurements from the first minimization in Equation (12). The results show that after a few hundred measurements, the estimated coefficients do not change significantly. Figure 8: Measured phases for Antenna 2 and Antenna 3 for PRNs 20, 16, 30, 32, 31 and 23. Figure 7: Measured amplitudes for Antenna 2 and Antenna 3 for PRNs 20, 16, 30, 32, 31 and 23. The estimated compensation amplitudes and phases from the second optimization in Equation (12) are stored in look up tables. For the grid, \(g_{A}\) and \(g_{E}\) are chosen as 360 and 18, respectively. This stage of calibration compensates for the differences in antennas gain and phase patterns, phase centres variations, antenna configuration perturbation, platform scattering and other parameters that depend on the signal DOA. In order to evaluate the performance of each stage of the calibration process, Figure 10 shows the normalized errors for these two stages, which are calculated using the following expressions:  
Figure 10: Normalized errors for two stages of the calibration process. Figure 9: Amplitude and phase of the estimated calibration coefficients. \[stage1) \quad error=\frac{\left\|\bar{\mathbf{y}}_{i}\delta^{T}\overline{ \mathbf{C}}\mathbf{a}_{i}-\overline{\mathbf{C}}\mathbf{a}_{i}\right\|}{\left\| \bar{\mathbf{y}}_{i}\delta^{T}\overline{\mathbf{C}}\mathbf{a}_{i}\right\|}\] \[stage2) \quad error=\frac{\left\|\bar{\mathbf{y}}_{i}\delta^{T}\overline{ \mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{P}}(\Phi_{l},\Lambda_{k})\mathbf{a}_{i}-\overline {\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{P}}(\Phi_{l},\Lambda_{k})\mathbf{a}_{i}\right\|} {\left\|\bar{\mathbf{y}}_{i}\delta^{T}\overline{\mathbf{C}}\overline{\mathbf{P }}(\Phi_{l},\Lambda_{k})\mathbf{a}_{i}\right\|}\] \[\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\left(\varphi_{i}^{B},\lambda_{i}^{B} \right)\in(\Phi_{l},\Lambda_{k})\quad l=1,\cdots,g_{{}_{A}},\quad k=1,\cdots,g_ {{}_{E}}\]
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Materials  
In Figure 1, we depict the block diagram of the cost-effective and portable instrument to enable accurate pH measurements for global VF and, more generally, _Industry 4.0_ applications, as proposed and implemented by our group. The instrument described in this work is unique, compared to other pH sensing devices, because it incorporates a three-layer IoT architecture with _Perception_, _Network_, and _Application Layers_.  
Figure 1: The cost-effective and portable pH instrument has been implemented in a three-layer IoT architecture, consisting of (**a**) _Perception_, (**b**) _Network_, and (**c**) _Application Layers_. The _Perception Layer_ is further divided into: (**a.1**) _Sensing_, (**a.2**) _Signal Conditioning_, and (**a.3**) Signal Acquisition stages. The _Network Layer_ has been enabled by means of a Bluetooth (BLE) _Communications_ stage. The _Application Layer_ utilizes a gateway, in the form of a _Smartphone_ or a _Personal Computer_, for user interaction.  
As illustrated in Figure 1, the three-layer architecture of the instrument incorporates: (a) _Perception Layer_, (b) _Network Layer_, and (c) _Application Layer_. The _Perception_ or _Physical Sensor Layer_ is further divided into: (a.1) _Sensing_, (a.2) _Signal Conditioning_, and (a.3) _Signal Acquisition_ stages. Meanwhile, the _Network Layer_, used to connect the pH sensor to other sensors, network devices, or servers, is implemented through a _Wireless Bluetooth (BLE) Communications_ stage. Finally, the Instrument _Application Layer_, which is in charge of providing useful information to the user, is enabled by means of a smartphone or a personal computer. Hereafter, we describe the materials necessary to implement the sections of the accurate, cost-effective, and portable instrumentation for pH measurements.
# Privacy and Security in Federated Learning: A Survey
## 3 Security in Federated Learning
### Techniques for Defending against Attacks in FL
#### 3.3.3 Defense against Backdoor Attacks  
The main approach consists of minimizing the size of the model to reduce its complexity and capacity while potentially improving its accuracy. This technique is called pruning [32]. Since the resulting model is less expressive, backdoor attacks are more complex to carry out. Such a method also introduces some beneficial side effects. The reduced number of parameters indeed reduces communication costs and reduces message interception probability.  
One can highlight the fact that the absence of a central server avoids the risk of an attack at the heart of the system. Thus, peer-to-peer federated learning infrastructure could be an interesting solution. However, this would reduce global monitoring capacities and delegate a fraction of this task to each client. Peer-to-peer approaches then introduce additional constraints on the potentially limited capacity edge nodes, thus limiting its application.
# A Survey of Secure Time Synchronization
## 4 Secure Time Synchronization  
### Background  
The main function of wireless sensor networks is to sense the environment and to transmit the acquired information for further processing with secure time information [6]. Previous studies [2; 3; 22] have shown that the best way to provide security for sensor networks is to consider security at the design stage. Time synchronization is vulnerable to several cyber-physical attacks such as Sybil attacks, replay attacks, message manipulation attacks, delay attacks, and Dos attacks [22]. These attacks that drop and transmit fake synchronization messages into the network are called message manipulation attacks, and according to the definition, replay attacks, delay attacks, and fault data injection attacks can also be considered to be different types of message manipulation attacks. It has also been observed that current protocols are not able to provide secure time synchronization. [PERSON] et al. stated that wireless sensor networks are vulnerable to potential attacks which include Sybil attacks, wormhole attacks, replay attacks, pulse-delay attacks, silent attacks, jamming attacks, and malicious reference attacks [3]. Furthermore, they analyzed that security was not the top priority during the designing stage of the current protocols. Therefore, it is suggested that security should be considered during the designing stage of a protocol. There are many different threats to WSN security including a malicious outside attacker with jamming and replay abilities that compromise nodes [2]. An attacker can eavesdrop by inserting malicious nodes in the network which sends corrupt data to the sink node, whereas an attacker with jamming and replay abilities can deploy a pulse-delay attack which results in jamming a message, storing it, and replaying it later as required by the attacker. An attacker can misguide the friendly nodes by compromising them with an enemy node which creates ambiguity. However, all these threats can be avoided by providing secure time synchronization.
# Sound Localization Framework for Construction Site Monitoring
## 4 Construction Sound Localization Framework (CSLF)
### Analysis of Spatial Characteristics of Construction Sites  
Building spaces can be classified into 65 types depending on the construction type, opening type, functions, environment, and structures (MOILT 2002). These spaces can be further reorganized into vertical exterior, horizontal exterior, open interior, and closed interior, depending on the location of the work performed at the construction site (Figure 2).  
Work is performed in several interior and exterior areas at construction sites. In exterior areas, work is performed in horizontal exterior areas, such as a building lot or at  
Figure 2: Different locations of work performed for acoustic analysis.  
the top of a building structure. Furthermore, work is performed in vertical exterior areas while climbing a building structure. Therefore, it is necessary to design an algorithm that can perform localization in both 2D and 3D.  
Open interior areas include large open spaces such as main lobbies, pilotis, and open halls. Although sounds in open interior areas can spread through air, reverberations can also reflect off the structure. Closed interior areas include classrooms and office rooms, where sound reflections and reverberations occur easily. These sounds can affect the localization results considerably. Therefore, the algorithm must be robust against reverberations and sound reflections to localize sound sources at a construction site.  
Various situations arise at construction sites, with new spaces continually created as the workspaces, work types, and personnel, and the work timings change until the work is completed. Owing to the variable and fluid nature of construction sites, moving and installing monitoring equipment at a construction site must be easy to maximize system effectiveness. Therefore, it is necessary to configure an efficient system with less computing power.
# Electrochemical Removal of Chromium (VI) from Wastewater
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Electro-Reduction of Chromium (VI)
#### 3.1.2 Effect of Concentration of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)  
The effect of the concentration of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) on the reduction efficiency was investigated, while other conditions--the initial concentration of Cr (VI) of 1.000 g/L, current density of 50 A/m\({}^{2}\), reaction temperature of 70 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and stirring rate of 500 rpm--were kept constant. The concentration of H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\) was set as 20 g/L, 40 g/L, 60 g/L, 80 g/L, and 100 g/L.  
The results shown in Figure 2 indicate that the reduction efficiency of chromium (VI) increased as reaction time and acid concentration were increased. Also, the reduction process of chromium (VI) is acid-dependent and a higher chromium (VI) reduction efficiency could be achieved at a higher acid concentration. The acceleration of the Cr(VI) reduction in the system at higher acid concentrations could be attributed to the fact that the chromium (VI) species existing as Cr\({}_{2}\)O\(\gamma^{2-}\) was more easily reduced in acidic conditions than in neutral/alkaline conditions. This can be seen in Figure 1, where the \(\Delta\)G was smallest according to Equations (7), (9), and (10) [8]. The chemical equilibrium of Equation (8) was destroyed and the reaction proceeded to the generation of Cr\({}_{2}\)O\(\gamma^{2-}\) with the increasing acid concentration. Following this, the molar fraction of the Cr\({}_{2}\)O\(\gamma^{2-}\) was drastically increased, which was beneficial for the reduction of chromium (VI). Therefore, a concentration of 100 g/L was selected for further experiments.
# Biosynthesis of Edible Terpenoids: Hosts and Applications
## 2 Microbial Chassis as Cell Factories for Edible Terpenoids
### Eukaryotic microorganisms
#### 2.2.1 S. cerevisiae  
S. cerevisiae is a GRAS species with a clear genetic background and metabolic pathway, efficient tools for gene manipulation, and metabolic regulation, making it the most popular chassis in microbial cell factories. It has been used for the production of monoterenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and even more complex terpenoids, such as menthol, sclared, squalene, and so on [73; 74; 75]. [PERSON] et al. identified a \(\beta\)-myrcene synthase (MS) t\(Qi\)MS from six plant-derived sources that can induce _S. cerevisiae_ to produce myrcene. Combined with rational design, reverse fusion with ERG20\({}^{\mathrm{WW}}\), and peroxisome localization, a \(\beta\)-myrcene titer of 142.64 mg/L was obtained in a 5 L bioreactor [51]. [PERSON] et al. discovered a (-)-bornyl diphosphate synthase \(Bb\)TPS3 based on transcriptome. With further codon optimization and fusion expression with ERG20\({}^{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{6W}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{127W}}\), a (-)-bornel titer of 148.59 mg/L in a 5 L bioreactor was achieved [52]. In the case of retinol, [PERSON] et al. integrated the \(\beta\)-carotene dioxygenase (BLH) gene into the previously constructed \(\beta\)-carotene engineering strain to constitute a complete vitamin A synthesis pathway. They further increased the supply of precursor \(\beta\)-carotene and cofactor NADPH through metabolic engineering. Additionally, two reductases, Env9 and YbbO, were introduced into the strain to further enhance retinol production. To reduce the oxidation of the produced retinol, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant was added during high-density fermentation, ultimately yielding 2479.34 mg/L of retinol [53]. For the more complex phenolic tricyclic diterpene carnoxic acid (CA), scientists not only overexpressed \(Sm\)CPS and \(Sm\)KSL to provide the terpen skeleton miltiradiene but also expressed the related modifying enzymes CYP76 AK6, CYP76H24, and CYP76 AH1 to synthesize carnoxic acid. In order to promote electron transportation and release oxidative stress, they expressed cytochrome P450 reductase and NADPH B5 fusion protein (\(Sm\)CPR\(\rightarrow\)t28\(Sp\)Cytb5) and \(Sc\)CTT1 catalase. Finally, by enhancing the supply of NADPH and heme and activating the transcription of proteins folding-related genes in the endoplasmic reticulum, they obtained the best strain, WCA11, with a CA titer of 75.18 mg/L [54]. The natural isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway is often limited by low carbon and energy efficiency. Researchers have designed a novel pathway, namely the isopentenol utilization pathway (IUP), in _E. coli_, which can generate DMAPP and IPP through sequential
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Changes in Colour during Storage  
With storage time, metabolic changes such as the oxidation of myoglobin and lipids occur in meat, which consequently affect the quality and colour of the product [36]. The effect of _Nigella sativa_ L. oil addition on the colour (measured in CIELab) of fresh and frozen ground meat stored in the freezer (\(-20\pm 1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C) is shown in Table 1.  
The addition of _Nigella sativa_ L. oil (O1, O2) caused an a* saturation change by decreasing the proportion of red colour and a b* saturation change by increasing the proportion of yellow colour. Meat stored in the freezer becomes discoloured. The value of the a* component was reduced, meaning the redness of the meat was reduced, while the L* parameter was increased [37]. Such changes were observed for negative control C (no additive) and CB (0.01% BHA), where significant differences in colour were found between the fresh and freezer-stored meat. Larger changes in colour occurred in the groups with oil addition, which were significantly different from the C and CB groups. Changes in the saturation of red, blue, green, and yellow hues were due to the addition of black cumin oil. Depending on the extraction method, black cumin oil is characterised by the colour parameters: L*, 28.8; a*, 0.5; and b*, 1.36 [38]. Assessment of colour differences using \(\Delta\)E showed that the differences between C and CB for fresh meat and meat stored for one and three months are not noticeable. In contrast, only the addition of 1.9% oil made the difference between fresh meat without the additive (C) and the O1 group barely noticeable to the human eye at \(\Delta\)E = 1.36 on day zero [39]. The difference increased in subsequent storage periods and the colour change was clearly noticeable.
# Evaluation of Contextual and Game-Based Training for
###### Abstract
This relationship has been evaluated in the security domain and found to hold [17]. Information Security Awareness Training (ISAT) is commonly suggested as the way to improve user awareness [18; 19; 20]. There are several different ways to train users presented in the literature. These include providing lectures, text-based warnings, video instructions sent out via email at regular intervals, instructive games and training automatically provided to users in risky situations [21; 22; 23; 24; 25]. There are, however, several publications suggesting that many training efforts fail to support users towards secure behavior to a high enough degree [26; 27]. Suggested reasons include that it is hard to make users participate in on-demand training, that acquired knowledge is not retained for long enough, and that knowledge does not necessarily translate to correct behavior [20; 28]. Some research even suggests that training methods are not empirically evaluated to a high enough extent [29; 30]. This paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of two promising methods for ISAT; game-based training and Context-Based Micro-Training (CBMT). Game-based training means that users are presented with an educative game and is argued to increase user participation rates and provide a more realistic training environment compared to lectures, videos, or similar [31]. CBMT means that users are presented with condensed information in situations where the training is of direct relevance. In the context of phishing, a user will receive training when opening a mailbox. CBMT is argued to increase users' awareness and has been evaluated in the context of password security with positive results [32]. The research question addressed in this paper is:  
To what extent can the two methods, game-based training and CBMT, support users to accurately differentiate between phishing and legitimate email?The research was carried out as a simulated experiment with 41 participants. The participants were asked to identify phishing emails while their behavior was monitored using an eye-tracking technique. The results show that both training methods can support users towards secure behavior and that CBMT does so to a higher degree than game-based training, which makes the first contribution of this research. The research further shows that most participants were susceptible to phishing, even after training which suggests that training alone is not enough to make users behave securely. The upcoming section will elaborate on ISAT and justify the selection of CBMT and game-based training as the focus of this research. The rest of this paper will, in turn, present the research methodology results, and discuss those results and their limitations.
# BL0K: A New Stage of Privacy-Preserving Scope for Location-Based Services
###### Abstract  
Location-based services present an inherent challenge of finding the delicate balance between efficiency when answering queries and maintaining user privacy. Inevitable security issues arise as the server needs to be informed of the query location to provide accurate responses. Despite the many advancements in localization security in wireless sensor networks, servers can still be infected with malicious software. It is now possible to ensure queries do not generate any fake responses that may appear real to users. When a fake response is used, there are mechanisms that can be employed so that the user can identify the authenticity of the query. For this reason, this paper proposes Bloom Filter 0 Knowledge (BL0K), which is novel phase privacy method that preserves the framework for location-based service (LBS) and combines a Bloom filter and the Zero knowledge protocol. The usefulness of these methods has been shown for securing private user information. Analysis of the results demonstrated that BL0K performance is decidedly better when compared to the referenced approaches using the privacy entropy metric.  
privacy; location-based services; bloom filter; zero-knowledge proof; BL0K Article
# A Survey of Routing Protocols in WBAN for Healthcare Applications
## 3 Classification of Routing Protocols for WBAN
### Temperature-Based Routing
#### 3.2.4 A Mobility-Based Temperature-Aware Routing Protocol (MTR)  
[PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a temperature-aware routing protocol MTR, based on mobility. The existing temperature-based routing does not take into account the changes of human posture and mobility. Topological separation will lead to a large number of data loss. This protocol is optimized and improved to solve the above problems. It not only solves the temperature problem, but also uses the storage and carrying mechanism of the DTN network to solve it. The problem of data packet loss caused by topological separation is, thus, solved. The protocol divides the nodes of the body area network into two categories--static nodes and dynamic nodes. Static node refers to the nodes located in the center of the human body that are not affected by human movement, while dynamic node refers to nodes located in the mobile position of a human arm or leg.  
In the routing stage, the routing process of the static node is as follows--if there is a connected path between the node and the sink node, then it will communicate directly with the sink; otherwise, the temperature of the neighbor node and the connection probability of the dynamic node will be calculated, and the dynamic neighbor node with low temperature and high connection probability, will be selected as the next hop, then the data packet will be sent directly to the sink node, by the movement of the dynamic node. The routing process of dynamic nodes is as follows--when the current node is a dynamic node, all data are cached, if the connectivity between the current node and the sink node is detected, data are sent directly to the sink node, otherwise the cache time of the data packet are updated; when the cache time exceeds a certain value, no waiting is needed to find the static neighbor node with the lowest temperature, and if it exists, then the data are transferred to the section. Then the routing process is repeated for the static nodes.