# An Overview of the Historical Retrofitting Interventions on Churches in Central Italy
## 2 Churches in Central Italy
### Seismic History and Churches Post-Earthquake Reconstructions
During the 19 th century, no high-intensity earthquakes hit Central Italy (Figure 9c); hence, the empirical knowledge about seismic prevention that had been passed down orally over the centuries began to be forgotten and started to be replaced by \"official\" codified practices and common building regulations. A reduced use of anti-seismic devices for masonry churches is documented in this period [69]. Only in the 20 th century did the Italian State manage to define post-earthquake reconstruction models. Although not very strong, the numerous seismic events that marked this period (Figure 9.d) became the pretext for experimenting with new building materials and construction techniques [70]. For the sake of clarity, Table 1 shows the location and magnitude of the most influential earthquakes, with Mw \(\geq\) 5.0, that hit Central Italy over the centuries, highlighting those with Mw \(\geq\) 6. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Year** & **Epicentral Area** & **Mw** & **Year** & **Epicentral Area** & **Mw** & **Year** & **Epicentral Area** & **Mw** \\ \hline
1612 & Appemino & 5.1 & 1804 & Gran Sasso & 5.4 & 1916 & Aquilano & 5.1 \\
1619 & Aquilano & 5.3 & 1806 & Colli Albani & 5.6 & 1916 & Alto Reatino & 5.5 \\
1626 & Macerata & 5.1 & 1815 & Valnerina & 5.6 & 1917 & Ternano & 5.0 \\
1627 & Monti della Laga & 5.3 & 1821 & Rieti & 5.1 & 1922 & Val Roveto & 5.2 \\
1631 & Appemino & 5.1 & 1832 & Valle Umbra & 6.4 & 1927 & Marsica & 5.2 \\  & umbro-marchigiano & & & & & & & \\
1639 & Monti della Laga & 6.2 & 1832 & Appemino & 5.4 & 1933 & Maiella & 5.9 \\
1646 & Monti della Laga & 5.9 & 1838 & Valnerina & 5.1 & 1933 & Maiella & 5.1 \\
1654 & Sorano & 6.6 & 1838 & Valnerina & 5.5 & 1941 & Monti Sibillini & 5.0 \\
1667 & Spoleto & 5.1 & 1838 & Valnerina & 5.2 & 1943 & Monti Sibillini & 5.0 \\
1672 & Monti della Laga & 5.3 & 1854 & Valle Umbra & 5.6 & 1943 & Ascolano & 5.7 \\
1689 & Reatino & 5.1 & 1859 & Valnerina & 5.7 & 1948 & Monti Reatini & 5.4 \\
1695 & Lazio setrentinole & 5.8 & 1873 & Appemino & 5.9 & 1950 & Gran Sasso & 5.7 \\  & marchigiano & & & & & & & \\
1703 & Valnerina & 5.7 & 1873 & Val Comino & 5.4 & 1951 & Gran Sasso & 5.3 \\
1703 & Aquilano & 6.7 & 1874 & Aquilano & 5.1 & 1951 & Monti Sibillini & 5.3 \\
1706 & Maiella & 6.5 & 1874 & Val Comino & 5.5 & 1958 & Aquilano & 5.0 \\
1707 & Monti Martani & 5.2 & 1876 & Monti Prenestini & 5.1 & 1961 & Reatino & 5.1 \\
1714 & Narni & 5.3 & 1877 & Lazio merditionale & 5.2 & 1962 & Valnerina & 5.0 \\
1719 & Valnerina & 5.6 & 1878 & Valle Umbra & 5.5 & 1962 & Valle Umbra & 5.3 \\
1721 & Appemino & 5.1 & 1879 & Valnerina & 5.6 & 1972 & Marche meridionali & 5.5 \\  & umbro-marchigiano & & & & & & & \\
1730 & Valnerina & 5.1 & 1881 & Chietino & 5.4 & 1973 & Valle del Chiascio & 5.1 \\
1745 & Valle Umbra & 5.1 & 1882 & Chietino & 5.3 & 1979 & Valnerina & 5.8 \\
1747 & Appemino & & & & & & & \\
1747 & umbro-marchigiano & & & & & & \\
1747 & Apemino & & & & & & \\
1747 & umbro-marchigiano & & & & & & \\
1751 & Termano & 5.1 & 1883 & Monti della Laga & 5.1 & 1997 & Appennino & 5.7 \\  & Appennino & & & & & & \\  & umbro-marchigiano & & & & & & & \\
1762 & Aquilano & 5.5 & 1898 & Reatino & 5.5 & 1997 & Appennino & 5.2 \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Location and magnitude of the major earthquakes (Mw \(\geq\) 5.0) that occurred in Central Italy over the last four centuries. Large earthquakes with Mw \(\geq\) 6.0 are highlighted in dark red.