# Building Realistic Mobility Models for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Battlefield Simulation Model
### Scenario Description and Implementation
#### 5.5.2 The Military Operation  
The scenario presented takes place on the second floor of a building on a university campus. This is a pragmatic choice based on the availability of plans of the building, shown in Figure 3 on the next page. There are two floors above and two below, which are not considered in this model. This floor comprises 16 rooms plus various corridors and halls, with a stairwell near either end and a  
Figure 1: Final position of fire team for corner entry room (US Army, 2002, [183]).  
Figure 2: Final position of fire team for side entry room (US Army, 2002, [183]).  
lift opposite one of the stairwells. The overall dimension of the floor is approximately 48 m by 13 m. All interior walls are stud, constructed from plasterboard on a metal framework. Tests within the building indicate that this construction restricts 802.11b wireless Ethernet range to about 10 m where there are intervening walls and a similar distance along the main corridor when the fire doors are closed. This very limited range means that a multi-hop network will be required to communicate from one end of the building to the other using 802.11b. Given that this is a battle and there is no time to deploy infrastructure, it is an obvious candidate for a MANET. The operation modelled is the military clearance of this floor that might take place during an urban battle or in a siege or hostage situation. The tactics are to use a platoon of 64 soldiers operating in fire teams of four. This is a high number for the area in this model but would be appropriate if the platoon is in the process of securing the whole building. Each fire team is allocated a specific task, mostly a specific room to clear (note the numbers in the square indicate the room numbers). The entry point to this floor is the staircase at the southern end (to the bottom of the plan) of the building. It is assumed that the floors above are already secure and that the attack on this floor is coming from next floor up, following previously discussed tactics. The first fire team secures the stairwell. The second team clears room 203, which opens onto the stairwell. With the entry to the floor secured, the lift hall is cleared and from here, fire teams progress south and north through the building. The speed of soldiers' movement during the operation is based on the results of tests using Leeds Beckett University sports science students who followed the movement patterns, supported by well-known speeds of human movement and published information on military operations, such as the relief of the Iranian Embassy Siege in London in 1980 ([PERSON], 2002, [184]). Standard military tactics are adhered to and entry into some rooms are gained via doorways, whilst others are entered through \"mouse holes\" blown through the walls. In this example, there is one team of explosives experts charged with the blowing of these holes. The north stairwell is deliberately left open until the rest of the floor is clear, as the objective is to secure the building rather than capture the enemy. This model considers only the time taken to clear this floor: two minutes and 45 s, plus an additional 45 s for communications to complete. No time is allowed for starting up the MANET or for communications and routing protocols to settle down before the operation commences, as this would not be possible in the real situation.