# Influence of Micro-Textures on Cutting Insert Heat Dissipation
The combination of coatings with nano-textures has also allowed improving the cutting performance and surface finish of high-hardness steels in turning operations [27]. Micro-pools of cutting fluid contribute to the decrease of the contact area between the chip and the tool, leading to a reduction of friction coefficient and, therefore, the cutting forces [26; 28]. Some studies reported that the improvement of cutting performance depends on texture dimensions, shape, and orientation [19]. The grooves' orientation parallel to chip flow improves the cutting performance [26; 29; 30; 31]. However, these textures must be located away from the cutting edge to preserve their integrity, being the minimum distance function of the thickness of the uncut chip [24]. The major amount of research is focused on the reduction of cutting forces and friction coefficient. The decrease in cutting temperature and the increase in the tool's life is treated as a consequence of these improvements. On the other hand, the enhancement of heat extraction from the chip-tool contact zone has become a new research field in the last years. The theoretical assumption is that surface textures promote a more turbulent flow of cutting fluid, resulting in a significant increase in the cooling process [26]. The effect of thermal contact resistance between the cutting insert and the assembly parts was also investigated numerically [31]. The introduction of silicone oil to remove the air gap between the cutting insert and the holder allowed for a decrease in the tool's maximum temperature from 913.72 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 818.93 \({}^{\circ}\)C [31]. Some works address the interaction between coolant and the cutting insert by studying the drop spreading behavior on WC-Co cutting tools surface of the water and machining cutting fluid [2; 32; 33; 31; 34; 32; 2; 33]. The mechanism of interaction between the coolant and the surface texture is still not fully understood due to the simultaneous action of several physical phenomena and, from an experimental point of view, several limitations inhibit temperature monitoring in the chip-tool contact region. The effectiveness of cooling in the tool-chip contact region is normally evaluated indirectly by measuring tool wear on the rake face, the cutting forces, the remote temperature, and chip morphologies, in the case of experimental tests [2; 3; 4; 13; 22; 4]. For the case of numerical simulations of the cutting process using the Finite Element Method, the temperature is directly computed [12; 13; 31; 33]. There have been a few attempts to measure the temperature in the contact region, but the technique is either very restrictive concerning workpiece materials or the measurement includes regions beyond the chip-tool contact [34; 35]. Even with the technological advances of recent years, it remains a great challenge to accurately measure the temperature in this region. The main techniques applied to temperature measurement near the chip-tool contact region are based on the physical principle of conduction and radiation [36; 37]. The thermocouples and thermal paints belong to the conduction group, whereas the optical infrared laser pyrometer and thermographic cameras fit into the radiation [38]. However, in the presence of cooling fluid, the temperature measurement is limited to conduction techniques since the fluid can drastically affect thermal radiation. Also, it is not advisable to mount a built-in thermocouple close to the tip, as this can lead to an increase in stress concentration and lower the tool's life [39]. Another limitation encountered when performing cutting operations is the difficulty in controlling the parameters that can influence the temperature generated in the chip-tool interface, namely: material properties, chip evacuation, tool wear, micro-texturing filing, material adhesion, coolant direction/pressure, and more [2; 40; 28].