esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Study on the Light Field Regulation of UVC-LED Disinfection for Cold Chain Transportation
## 4 Results
### Results of Experiments
Thirdly, comparing the curve of \"Inner of Group 1\" and \"Inner of Group 2\", it can be seen that the disinfection rates of the inner frame in both groups were close, which indicates that the light field regulation of UVC-LED will not reduce the energy in the central area. In addition, by comparing the curve of \"Outer of Group 1\" and \"Outer of Group 2\", it can be seen that the disinfection effect of the outer frame of Group 2 was bad, which further confirms that UVC-LED needs light field regulation to solve the problem of low energy in the surrounding area. Finally, by comparing the total disinfection rates of Groups 1 and 2, it can be seen that the disinfection effect of Group 1 was significantly better than that of Group 2. The disinfection rate of Group 1 in 30 min was close to 100% with a dose of 7.92 mJ\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\), while that of Group 2 in 40 min was less than 90%. While the disinfection rate of the inner frame was comparable to that of Group 1, that of the outer frame was much lower, less than 80% at 40 min. In conclusion, the disinfection efficiency can be increased nearly by 30% with the proposed system. (It is worth noting that the power of the UVC-LED used in this experiment is not high, resulting in a complete disinfection time of nearly 30 min. In practical application, the power of the UVC-LED can be appropriately increased to improve the disinfection efficiency. ). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Times** & **Group 1 (in)** & **Group 1 (out)** & **Group 1 (Total)** & **Group 2 (in)** & **Group 2 (out)** & **Group 2 (Total)** \\ \hline
0 min & / & / & / & / & / & / \\
5 min & 19.95 & 18.39 & 18.72 & 15.22 & 8.32 & 9.80 \\
10 min & 49.87 & 50.30 & 50.21 & 48.16 & 31.20 & 34.82 \\
20 min & 82.94 & 78.98 & 79.82 & 75.20 & 42.05 & 49.12 \\
30 min & 96.19 & 94.91 & 95.19 & 88.71 & 57.56 & 64.20 \\
40 min & 98.82 & 99.04 & 98.99 & 97.90 & 83.53 & 86.59 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The disinfection rates of each group (%). Figure 8: The relationship between the disinfection rate and period in different areas for the two systems. The results of experiments verify the feasibility of the design again, and match the results of simulation in Section 4.2 as well. With the proposed system, the disinfection efficiency can be improved by nearly 30%, which means energy saving and efficiency improvement, and plays a positive role in the disinfection methods in cold chain transportation.
# A New Engine Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Multi-Sensor Data Fusion
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] [53] utilized the relationship between test data and the Gaussian distribution model generated by training data to determine BPA, while using single measurement data as test data may fail in addressing uncertainty when the fluctuation of sensor data is large. [PERSON] et al. [54] and [PERSON] et al. [55] modeled the knowledge provided by each information source using probability density functions, while the mass value associated with each compound hypothesis is obtained by subtracting the mass values of the involved individual hypotheses. In this paper, a new fault diagnosis method based on multi-sensor data fusion is proposed. In the step of modeling, for both fault models and test models, considering the Gaussian type interference of mechanical noise and electromagnetic waves in sensor working environments, the Gaussian type membership function is established as the model. The proposed modeling method matches measured data of sensor well. In the step of BPA determination, the intersection area between model curves under the identical attribute is transformed into a set of BPA. The proposed BPA determination method, which fully utilize the variance information of models, can better express uncertain information. In the step of BPA combination and decision making, a weighted average approach for evidence combination [56] is used to combine the obtained BPAs and multiple criteria are established for decision making. The proposed method establishes reasonable fault models and test models based on the complex working environment of sensors and takes into account the variance information of the model, which can better express the uncertain information in the system and improve the reliability of the fault diagnosis. The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the preliminaries are briefly introduced. In Section 3, a new fault diagnosis method based on multi-sensor data fusion is proposed. The proposed method is used for Iris data set classification and engine fault diagnosis in Section 4. Conclusions are made in Section 5.
## 2 Database and Characteristics
### Characteristics Analysis  
Interaural Time Difference (ITD) and Interaural Level Difference (ILD) are two important features that can be used to test the accuracy of HRTFs. Figure 1 shows the average value of ITD at different  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Elevation** & **Interval of Azimuth** & **Measured Direction Number** \\
**(\(\phi\))** & **(\(\Delta\theta\))** & **Measured Direction Number** \\ \hline
0 \({}^{\circ}\) & 5\({}^{\circ}\) & 73 \\ \(\pm\)10\({}^{\circ}\) & 5\({}^{\circ}\) & 73 \\ \(\pm\)20\({}^{\circ}\) & 5\({}^{\circ}\) & 73 \\ \(\pm\)30\({}^{\circ}\) & 6\({}^{\circ}\) & 61 \\ \(\pm\)40\({}^{\circ}\) & 6\({}^{\circ}\) and 7\({}^{\circ}\) by turn & 57 \\ 50\({}^{\circ}\) & 8\({}^{\circ}\) & 47 \\ 60\({}^{\circ}\) & 10\({}^{\circ}\) & 37 \\ 70\({}^{\circ}\) & 15\({}^{\circ}\) & 25 \\ 80\({}^{\circ}\) & 30\({}^{\circ}\) & 13 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Measurement resolution of the used database.  
directions calculated from the HRTFs of 56 subjects in the database. Figure 2 shows the broadband average ILD (0\(\sim\)22.5 kHz) at different directions calculated from the HRTFs of 56 subjects in the database.  
ITDs were calculated through the method of rising edge with 20% [18]. For a certain elevation, the ITDs at \(0^{\circ}\leq\theta\leq 180^{\circ}\) are symmetric to those at \(180^{\circ}\leq\theta\leq 360^{\circ}\). As sound moves laterally, the absolute value of ITD increases and reaches a maximum value near \(\theta=90^{\circ}\) and \(\theta=270^{\circ}\). Additionally, the elevation at horizontal plane has the largest ITD range, the ITD range decreases gradually as \(\phi\) deviates from the horizontal plane. These results are consistent with existing literature [19].  
As shown in Figure 2, ILDs are obviously asymmetric. The ILD generally has the largest variable range on the horizontal plane, which declines when the elevation increases. These are also consistent with the existing literature [18].  
Furthermore, seven subjects were selected randomly to calculate their ITDs in the direction of \(\theta=0^{\circ}\), \(\phi=0^{\circ}\) as shown in Figure 3. Although the ITDs of all the seven subjects perform the same  
Figure 1: Average Interaural Time Difference (ITD) value of 56 subjects at different directions. The X-axis stands for the azimuths of sound source, and the Y-axis stands for the ITD value. Curves in different colors represent the ITD variation trends of sound sources with different elevations.  
Figure 2: Broadband average Interaural Level Difference (ILD) (0\(\sim\)22.5 kHz) at different directions in audible band of 56 subjects. X-axis and Y-axis denote the azimuth and ILD value of sound source, respectively. Curves in different color represent the ILD variation trend of sound sources with different elevations.  
tendency, there are still some apparent differences, such as the accurate location and value of the peak and valley, which also suggest the necessity of individualization for HRTFs.
###### Abstract  
Understanding the link between root morphological traits and yields is crucial for improving crop management. To evaluate this link, a pot experiment was conducted in the net house of the Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the _hor_(dry season irrigated) rice growing season of 2019-20. Thirteen cultivars, named BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan85, BRRI dhan87, BRRI dhan74, BRRI dhan81, Binadhan-8, Binadhan-10, Hira-2, Tej gold, SL8H, Jagiboro, Rata boro, and Lakhai, were used following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The cultivars were screened for root number (RN), root length (RL), root volume (RV), root porosity (RP), leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), and grain yield (GY). A considerable variation in root traits, LAI, and TDM were found among the studied cultivars, and the highest GY (26.26 g pot\({}^{-1}\))was found for Binahan-10. Thirteen cultivars were grouped into three clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis, where clusters 1, 2, and 3 assembled with 3, 5, and 5 cultivars, respectively. Considering all of the studied traits, Cluster 3 (Binadhan-10, Hira-2, BRRI dhan29, BRRI dhan58, and Teigold) showed promise, followed by Cluster 2 (BRRI dhan81, BRRI dhan67, SL8H, BRRI dhan74, and Binadhan-8). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the RV, RDW, RFW, TDM, and GY are effective traits for rice cultivation.  
root porosity; total dry matter; principal component analysis; correlation matrix; yield
# Ballast Flow Characteristics of Discharging Pipeline in Shield Slurry System
## 5 Engineering Verification  
In the above study, we analyzed the influence of slurry flow rate, ballast size, and ballast volumetric concentration on the mass flow rate, obtained mass percentage, and ballast distribution state. It was not feasible to verify the influence laws of ballast mass flow rate and detained mass percentage in the numerical model at the construction site due to the construction risks and difficulties in data monitoring and information acquisition. However, we found that after a certain period of time, each pipeline section experiences different degrees of wear. During ballast transportation, a sliding friction sound is heard at the bottom of the pipe in the slurry system. The ballast size in the slurry system is greater than 15 mm and the slurry flow rate is about 3.5 m/s; compared with the research in literature [7; 27], we judged that the ballast mainly moves at the bottom of the pipe. This indicates that the interaction between the ballast and the pipe inner wall during the motion process mainly causes the wear on the pipe. The pipe wear image was extracted on-site and the ballast distribution state from the simulation under the same working condition was acquired, as shown in Figure 14.  
Figure 13: The ballast distribution state in each pipeline section of the slurry system. The effect of (**a**) ballast volumetric concentration, (**b**) slurry flow rate, and (**c**) ballast size.  
According to the field investigation above, [PERSON]'s wear theory could explain the pipe wear [28]. The wear model is:  
\[M_{v}=KHF_{n}L_{t} \tag{9}\]  
where \(M_{v}\) is the volume of the steel pipe removed, \(K\) is a dimensionless constant, \(H\) is the hardness of the steel pipe, \(F_{n}\) is the normal contact force from the ballast, and \(L_{t}\) is the tangential displacement distance of the ballast.  
Based on this theory, we concluded that the pipe wear degree is directly linked to the amount of the ballast, which infers that the pipe wear degree is higher in places with more ballast and lower in places with less ballast. The pipe wear degree can be obtained by measuring the thickness of the pipeline in various regions. The Model Smart AS860 ultrasonic wall thickness tester (SMART SENSOR, Dongguan City, China), maintaining an accuracy of 0.01 mm, was used to measure the wall thickness of 16 regions on the pipeline cross-section. Each region was measured three times and the average value was taken as the wall thickness of the pipeline in this region. The original wall thickness of the measured pipe was 12 mm. Through the areas where the wall thickness varied, the ballast distribution regions and wear degree were obtained. The three positions of each pipeline section were measured on-site and are marked in Figure 15b-d.  
Figure 14: (**a**) Pipe wear image on-site; and, (**b**) the ballast distribution map of the pipe cross-section.  
Figure 15: Pipeline measurement position on-site: (**a**) measuring area, (**b**) inclined pipeline, (**c**) horizontal pipeline, and (**d**) vertical pipeline.
# Enhancing the 3 GPP V2X Architecture with Information-Centric Networking
## 4 Including NDN in the 3 GPP V2X Architecture  
### Gap Analysis and Contribution of This Paper  
Thanks to its built-in name-based data delivery and in-network caching features, ICN has been recognized by 3 GPP and big industrial telco players, such as Intel, Cisco, and Huawei, as a key enabler for latency reduction and bandwidth savings in the core transport and backhaul segments of 5G systems [31]. Recently, an interesting discussion about the ICN deployment in cellular networks has started within some Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) groups. In [32], the authors preliminarily proposed to leverage the non-IP protocol capabilities included in 3 GPP LTE Release 13 and onward specifications, to deploy the ICN protocol stack in all involved nodes, such as UEs, eNodeBs, and core network gateways. The authors of [32] argued that deploying ICN in the eNodeB is crucial for an efficient data transfer between the eNodeB and the mobile gateways in the core network. In [33], a proof of concept is presented to showcase an ICN-based RAN for 4G networks. Such works legitimate the viability of our proposal targeting the NDN deployment in UEs and eNodeBs.  
In [34], the potential of ICN in 5G systems and, specifically, in the 5G core network (5 GC) is discussed, by specifying extensions to the 5 GC's control plane (CP) and user plane (UP) to support ICN traffic. Unlike the aforementioned work, our proposal mainly focuses on the RAN segment and specifically considers the NDN architecture.  
Overall, despite the aforementioned efforts, to the best of our knowledge, a thorough study is missing which dissects the benefits of coupling NDN with the 3 GPP mechanisms, entities, and routines specifically devised for V2X communications. This is a neat novelty compared to the scanned literature. This work aims at treasuring the aforementioned recent achievements to enforce NDN in 3 GPP domains and going beyond them to address the challenging and unique V2X use cases in the 5G realm. To this purpose, in this paper, a set of changes and enhancements are designed for an effective inclusion of NDN into the 3 GPP V2X architecture. They mainly encompass: (i) new functionalities in the V2X entities and other 3 GPP network elements; (ii) new (NDN) packet processing and resource allocation algorithms; and (iii) novel packet fields.  
Being the V2X technology still at an early deployment stage, we believe that introducing now NDN by design can be a viable solution. In the following, we first identify the targeted V2X application scenarios and then point out the proposed extension to the protocol stacks of the main involved 3 GPP entities.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Remote Sensing Data
#### 2.2.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)  
The NDVI data were obtained from the MODIS13Q1 product dataset of the MODIS Web ([[https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)]([https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/)), accessed on 11 December 2021) with a spatial resolution of 250 m and a temporal resolution of 16 days. The study period was 2001-2020. Remote sensing images of the study area were obtained using the MRT software data conversion format, projection coordinates, and ArcGIS software vector cropping. The 16 day NDVI data were combined into monthly NDVI data using the maximum synthesis method, and the seasonal NDVI data were obtained using the mean synthesis method [51]. Using NDVI data, we analyzed the relationship between changes in SO\({}_{2}\) concentration and changes in vegetation NDVI in different seasons.
_applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Prediction of Ground Movements and Impacts on Adjacent Buildings Due to Inclined-Vertical Framed Retaining Wall-Retained Excavations**  
**[PERSON] 1,2**, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1,2,*  
1 School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China  
2 Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education,  
Tianjin 300072, China  
*Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
**Featured Application: This article presents a prediction method for the displacement of the soil outside inclined-vertical framed-retaining-wall-retained excavations and evaluates the probability of damage to nearby buildings.**  
**Abstract:** Inclined-vertical framed retaining walls were recently developed and successfully adopted in engineering practice. However, relevant empirical methods for the evaluation of ground movements due to excavation have not been established. This study aimed to establish a calculation method for assessing ground movement due to excavation and to evaluate the damage probability of nearby buildings. A series of numerical models were carried out, and a database was established with their results. In this paper, simplified equations are proposed for predicting the profiles of subsurface and surface settlements, as well as lateral movements, utilizing the database. The accuracy of the simplified equations was validated by monitoring data from three case histories of the inclined-vertical framed retaining wall. Finally, the damage potential index was used to obtain the probability of damage to buildings located outside the excavations, while considering different positions.  
**Keywords:** excavation; inclined-vertical framed retaining wall; settlement; lateral displacement; damage assessment
# Enhanced Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis for Indoor Positioning in Wireless Local Area Network
## 3 Evaluation
### Positioning Accuracy Comparison  
This section compares the performance of E-LFDA with the widely used WKNN, MLE, and ANN method. LFDA without signal perturbation is also compared. As seen in Table 1, for E-LFDA, the accuracy within 2 m is 75.2%, while those of LFDA, LDA, PCA, MLE, WKNN and ANN are 68.8%, 62.7%, 60.1%, 58.3%, 54.8% and 56.4%, respectively. The accuracy within 3 m of E-LFDA is 86.1%, while those of LFDA, LDA, PCA, MLE, WKNN and ANN are 80.2%, 75.3%, 73.6%, 70.7%, 67.4% and 69.2%, respectively. Figure 4 shows the positioning accuracy of compared methods more clearly. MLE obtains higher positioning accuracy than WKNN and ANN, since the RSS signal probability distribution information at each reference point is sufficiently explored. Unlike MLE method deploying original RSS signals, LDA and PCA improve accuracy by extracting useful location features and discarding redundancy. Particularly, LDA performs slightly better than PCA by further exploring the discrimination information in RSS signal space. The proposed E-LFDA method achieves significant performance improvement than LDA. Only the mean positioning errors of the proposed LFDA and E-LFDA are within 2 m. That is because LFDA adapts the multimodality of RSS signals better than LDA. LFDA preserves the within-class local structure of RSS signal while maximizes the between-class separability. In our experiments, signal perturbation is used to increase the number of RSS training samples from 100 to 1000. By generating new useful RSS training samples, the generalization ability of LFDA is further enhanced. The best performance is achieved by E-LFDA method. Compared with LDA and PCA, E-LFDA reduces the mean and standard deviation of positioning error by 23.9% and 33.0%, respectively.  
Figure 3: Layout of reference and test points in realistic indoor environment.
# Fault Estimation for Semi-Markov Jump Neural Networks Based on the Extended State Method
## 3 Main Results
In this study, we introduce the extended state method to tackle the challenges associated with state and fault estimation in s-MJNNs. Specifically, actuator and sensor faults are incorporated into the system as state variables, resulting in an augmented model. To mitigate communication congestion, the RRP is employed, which schedules sensor data transmission effectively. This section provides detailed derivations based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals and discrete Wirtinger inequalities, ensuring the MSES and strict dissipative performance. Remark 2: _Notably, compared to Reference [28], the RRP exhibits significant advantages in alleviating network congestion and facilitating a fairer allocation of bandwidth, which has made it widely applied in neural networks, image processing, and communication networks. However, no research has been reported on the dissipative fault estimation problem for s-MJNNs with actuator and sensor faults. In this paper, the extended state method is employed to address the fault estimation problem for discrete complex systems with RRP, which distinguishes this work from existing studies. Table 1 provides a comparison of the studied systems and methods._
## 3 Chitosan Modification and Functionalization
### Chitosan Chemistry
#### 3.1.1 Quaternized Chitosan Derivatives  
Many publications [36; 37; 38; 39; 40] have shown the possibility to modify the positive (NH\({}_{3}\)\({}^{+}\)) charge of CS for making it soluble in a large range of pH values, but also in neutral or slightly alkaline medium. Quaternization is an example of a procedure to enhance the solubility of CS in water. CS is positively charged at pH under 6.5, whereas quaternized CS is still permanently positively charged at pH above 6.5. A quaternion reaction occurs between alkyl iodide and CS under basic conditions media. \(N\),\(N\),_N_-trimethylCS chloride (TMC) is the best known quaternized CS and has been described for numerous applications [4]. As shown in Figure 3, TMC is obtained after two consecutive reactions, firstly between methyl iodide CH\({}_{3}\)I and CS in the presence of _N_-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), which is used as a solvent in alkaline conditions (NaOH), and secondly by changing iodide ions with chloride ones thanks to an anionic exchange resin. Various types of quaternized CS can easily be obtained by modifying the carbon length of alkyl halides.
## 4 Experimentation and Results
### Failing Dual Attacks on Paired Devices  
The robust security measures implemented significantly raise the bar for attackers attempting to target both devices within a pair. This heightened security is primarily attributed to the secure storage of vital pairing information, such as the unique pair ID assigned to ECUs (for ECU pairing) or vehicles (for vehicle pairing). This crucial data are securely stored within the processing unit where the TinyML algorithm operates. Consequently, malicious actors face formidable challenges in attempting to uncover the elusive pair ID and orchestrating coordinated attacks on both ECUs and vehicles. The results of our study validate the hypothesis that the dual-layer pairing approach enhances the security of ECUs in CAVs. Key findings include:  
**Accuracy:** the integrated SVM and TinyML techniques achieved a remarkable accuracy rate of 97.2% in data validation.  
Figure 6: SVM and SNN learning results comparison.  
**Scalability:** The proposed method did not impose any additional memory or network burden on the ECUs. Instead, it facilitated seamless data cross-validation by the central ECUs or RSUs.  
These results substantiate our hypothesis, highlighting the effectiveness of the dual-layer pairing methodology in strengthening the security posture of CAVs against potential cyberattacks.