# Anthocyanin Delivery Systems: A Critical Review of Recent Research Findings
## 3 ACN Delivery Systems
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Source** & **Encapsulation Material** & **Study Outcome** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Saffron petal} & \multirow{3}{*}{Saffron petal} & \multirow{3}{*}{Cress seed gum, Gum arabica, Maltodextrin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Cress seed gum had the same results for ACNs stability as other conventional wall materials however, lower color constancy} & \multirow{3}{*}{[91]} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Electrospraying} & \multirow{3}{*}{Black carrot extract} & \multirow{3}{*}{Gelatin and chitosan} & \multirow{3}{*}{Faster release in the acetic acid medium with greater encapsulation efficiency} & \multirow{9}{*}{[16]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Ultrasonication} & \multirow{3}{*}{Anthocyanin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Lecithin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Sustained release and high stability of anthocyanin} & \multirow{3}{*}{[93]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Electrospinning} & \multirow{3}{*}{Sour cherry extract} & \multirow{3}{*}{Condroitin sulfate and kappa carrageenanan} & \multirow{3}{*}{Effective protection against degradation at low pH} & \multirow{3}{*}{[95]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Copigmentation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Anthocyanin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Guar gum} & \multirow{3}{*}{High encapsulation efficiency and high kinetic stability} & \multirow{3}{*}{[57]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{ACNs extract} & \multirow{3}{*}{Gum arabica} & \multirow{3}{*}{Gum arabica} & \multirow{3}{*}{GAA coating increased color stability and half-life of ACNs at high temperatures} & \multirow{3}{*}{[97]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Silpercritical CO\({}_{2}\)} & \multirow{3}{*}{Bilberry} & \multirow{3}{*}{Soy lecithin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Higher stability and encapsulation efficiency} & \multirow{3}{*}{[99]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Microwave} & \multirow{3}{*}{Roselle and Red Cabbage} & \multirow{3}{*}{Maltodextrin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Encapsulated ACNs were able to improve margarine stability against phase separation and oxidation} & \multirow{3}{*}{[100]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Evaporation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Haskap berries} & \multirow{3}{*}{Calcium-alginate} & \multirow{3}{*}{The increased residence time of microparticle gels in the stomach suggests a more controlled release of ACNs} & \multirow{3}{*}{[101,102]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Gelation} & \multirow{3}{*}{Jussara extract} & \multirow{3}{*}{Alginate, chitosan, whey proteins, gelatin} & \multirow{3}{*}{Alginate hydrogel beads and chitosan showed greater antioxidant capacity [higher protection] as compared to WP and gelatin} & \multirow{3}{*}{[104]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Black rice} & \multirow{3}{*}{Maltodextrin, Gum arabica, whey proteins} & \multirow{3}{*}{Whey protein isolates exhibited a greater release of anthocyanin in GIT with enhanced antioxidant activity} & \multirow{3}{*}{[105]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Mulberry} & \multirow{3}{*}{Alginate and chitosan beads} & \multirow{3}{*}{High ACN encapsulation efficiency} & \multirow{3}{*}{[106]} \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}