# Combined MvdXML and Semantic Technologies for Green Construction Code Checking
## 2 Research Background
### Code-Checking Approaches in Construction Industry
#### 2.3.1 Code Checking Based on Logical Rules  
The most common language in interpreting the natural language is first-order predicate logic. [PERSON] et al. created links between the Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) and Extensible Markup Language (XML) formats to develop a standardized automated inspection system to share architectural drawings and document information [15]. MvdXML is an XML format file including MVD information. BIM Rule Language (BIMRL) was developed by SQL to support code checking, which is a query and manipulation language used for managing the rule data [16]. [PERSON] et al. demonstrated the construction plan with the BIM model and used the model-checking software to achieve automatic inspection of the normative terms, while the specification and standards were in monotonous and rigid formats [17]. [PERSON] et al. pointed out that the implementation of the automatic specification check is based on two main parts; one is to convert building code to computable rules, i.e., Smart Codes, the other is to use the BIM model to ensure the level of detail [18]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a framework for providing an integrated platform to facilitate the green code generation. The proposed model helps design team-assigned sustainable properties and helps assess sustainability performance of a project during the design stage so that decisions can be made on time for Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREAM) certification [19]. [PERSON] et al. implemented an interoperable IFC-based process to support code checking through four-dimensional (4D) BIM; an auto-matching between BIM objects and construction activities was achieved [20]. [PERSON] et al. developed algorithms that automatically analyze a building model to detect safety hazards and suggest preventive measures to users for different cases involving fall-related hazards. A rule-based engine was implemented on the top of a commercially available BIM platform to show the feasibility [21]. [PERSON] et al. presented a generic approach for automating BIM compliance, checking with standards and best practice with a focus on sustainability-related standards. A methodology was presented to provide a reusable solution for compliance checking within a similar context. The proposed approach was generic in nature, thus allowing implementation in different fields of engineering including electrical engineering, energy, water, and electronic engineering. In this approach, the RASE (Requirement, Applicability, Selection, Exception) methodology was utilized to extract requirements from sustainability-based regulations, with the goal of converting them into coded rules for execution by a rule engine [22]. [PERSON] et al. suggested a robust MVD validation process using a modularized validation platform that evaluates an IFC instance file according to diverse types of rule sets of MVDs. This research employed the MVD of the precast concrete domain using the identified rule logic and checking structures to extract rule templates that consisted of 10 types of rule logic [23]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a formalized way to capture these requirements using a graphical notation to represent code rules in a machine- and human-readable language, which allowed unambiguous description of the requirements. Such unambiguous description could be understood by all the participants in the implementation efforts [24; 25]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an automated compliance checking system for automatically extracting information from construction regulatory textual documents and transforming them into logic clauses using semantic Natural Language Processing (NLP) and logic inference, which focused on presenting quantitative requirements and the corresponding algorithms. The system could be extended to support the checking of different types of existential requirements containing certain building elements in rules [26; 27; 28].