# Energy Efficiency for Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks: A Survey +
###### Abstract  
The last decade has witnessed the rise of the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices. The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming ever more pervasive in everyday life, connecting an ever-greater array of diverse physical objects. The key vision of the IoT is to bring a massive number of smart devices together in integrated and interconnected heterogeneous networks, making the Internet even more useful. Therefore, this paper introduces a brief introduction to the history and evolution of the Internet. Then, it presents the IoT, which is followed by a list of application domains and enabling technologies. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is revealed as one of the important elements in IoT applications, and the paper describes the relationship between WSNs and the IoT. This research is concerned with developing energy-efficiency techniques for WSNs that enable the IoT. After having identified sources of energy wastage, this paper reviews the literature that discusses the most relevant methods to minimizing the energy exhaustion of IoT and WSNs. We also identify the gaps in the existing literature in terms of energy preservation measures that could be researched and it can be considered in future works. The survey gives a near-complete and up-to-date view of the IoT in the energy field. It provides a summary and recommendations of a large range of energy-efficiency methods proposed in the literature that will help and support future researchers. Please note that the manuscript is an extended version and based on the summary of the Ph.D. thesis. This paper will give to the researchers an introduction to what they need to know and understand about the networks, WSNs, and IoT applications from scratch. Thus, the fundamental purpose of this paper is to introduce research trends and recent work on the use of IoT technology and the conclusion that has been reached as a result of undertaking the Ph.D. study. Internet of Things (IoT); IoT enabling technologies; communications; energy consumption; wireless sensor networks (WSNs); energy optimization +
Footnote †: This paper an extended version of our thesis published in [PERSON] (2020) Energy Efficiency in Green Internet of Things (IoT) Networks at Manchester Metropolitan University. receive the data via various types of media [1]. Numerous technologies have contributed to development of the Internet in its current form [2]. This has enabled more and more devices to link together and give the opportunity for these devices/things to communicate within a local network, across different networking types, and to create a much more connected world. These devices and smart objects are becoming more and more ubiquitous in our everyday life, and have given rise to a new concept of networking which is called the Internet of Things (IoT). The history of the Internet development over the last half century [2]. It started with connecting two computers together (small network) and it is moving fast to connecting millions or even billions of physical smart devices to the internet [3]. The IoT is the inter-networking of smart objects/devices used in our daily lives that use standard communication architectures to provide new services to the end-users [4]. The IoT brings together various emerging and enabling technologies and is changing drastically what can be achieved from the Internet. The phrase \"Internet of Things\" was first coined by [PERSON] in 1999 when he used radio frequency identification (RFID) in supply chain management [5]. Since then, the IoT has been used to define a paradigm of any and all possible devices or things that can be connected and communicated to the Internet for data transfer and collection, knowledge formation and automation [4]. According to a forecast from the U.S. National Intelligence Council (NIC) in 2008 \"by 2020 internet sensors may be implemented in everything such as food packets, animals, cars, plants, forests, furniture, etc.\".