## 1 Introduction  
In recent years, the rapid progress of technology has caused considerable advancement in both the network industry and communication infrastructure, which has introduced a modern networking concept named the Internet of Things (IoT) to the realm of networks and technology [1, 2]. Furthermore, the imperative issue is that the IoT has established its position in the current communication landscape, demonstrating notable importance and effectiveness in facilitating the connection of a wide range of elements and devices [3, 4]. A specialized network category known as Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) hasbeen identified within the communication infrastructure of the Internet of Things [5; 6]. The utilization of LLNs can be seen as both effective and practical in the design and development of infrastructure and business devices, contributing to the emergence of new markets. Within the expansive domain covered by the IoT, low-power networks (LLNs) are featured, incorporating devices with restricted resources such as sensors and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags [7]. The routing procedure for network elements possessing restricted resources within Low-Power and Lossy Networks necessitates a protocol capable of operating effectively within the present constraints while also fulfilling the necessary criteria [8]. In light of the challenges that arise due to the constraints encountered by Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) in facilitating communication within an Internet of Things (IoT) network, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) put forth a practical and efficient protocol known as 6 LOWPAN to assist these components [9]. The IoT network addresses a diverse set of applications, including intelligent urban infrastructure, advanced transportation technology, smart agriculture, rapid odor detection [10], health care, earthquake alert and detection systems, and intelligent electricity distribution systems [11]. The IoT faces many security challenges, which can be classified into two distinct groups: foundational security aspects that IoT should provide, and the specific security concerns at every level of the IoT framework. Two factors pose security challenges within the network [10]: (a) The nature of advanced networking technology--utilizing lightweight encryption and decryption algorithms known for streamlined operations and implementation. (b) Utilizing standardized protocols can be used to reduce the amount of data that network nodes exchange with one another. Challenges that affect the security and privacy of network components are addressed during the implementation phase of secure communications within the IoT. The technology of this network includes various components at the network level, so ensuring secure communication for all components is a significant challenge. Also, a substantial volume of data are transmitted within the Internet of Things network, which causes concerns about data privacy and confidentiality. However, the network is populated with a large number of devices, which makes it challenging to identify, evaluate, and monitor them to ensure compliance with security policies [12]. Within frameworks, data play a vital role, particularly in industrial infrastructures where sensitive and influential data play a vital role in system decisions and security is a critical consideration. Since the transmission of data takes place via an unsecured channel, attackers have the capability to intercept the data harvested from the sensors without difficulty. In addition, attackers possess the ability to impersonate user nodes, sensor nodes, or gateway nodes, thereby enabling them to conduct various attacks such as replay attacks and guessing attacks. Therefore, to ensure the safety of communication within the network, which involves communication between industrial users and sensors, as well as communication from sensors through gateway nodes, it is vital to design communication protocols following the specific requirements of these components.