## 3 Results
### Liquid Hydrocarbons  
3.3.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics  
The properties and elemental compositions of the test sample of liquid hydrocarbons are presented in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Test Sample**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fuel Oil [19]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Pyrolysis Oil from Tires at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C (in Steam Environment) [19]**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Classic Pyrolysis**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Pyrolysis Oil**} \\  & & **Fuel Oil [19]** & **at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C (in Steam Environment) [19]** & **Oil from Tires at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C [36]** & **from Plastic at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C [37]** \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Density, kg/m\({}^{3}\)} & & & & \\ \hline At 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 884.2 & 950.6 & 928.9 & 937 & 734 \\ At 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 880.7 & - & - & - & - \\ At 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 866.7 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Dynamic viscosity, mPa\(\cdot\)s} & & & & \\ \hline At 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 13.6 & - & - & - & - \\ At 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 10.1 & - & - & - & - \\ At 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 4.9 & 545.7 & 9.7 & - & - \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{Kinematic viscosity, mm\({}^{2}\)/s} & & & & \\ \hline At 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 15.4 & - & - & - & - \\ At 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 11.5 & - & - & - & - \\ At 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.6 & 583.7 & 10.6 & 4.7 & 2.9 \\ Pour point T\({}_{\text{p}}\), \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5 & 10 & \(-\)5 The properties of liquid hydrocarbons affect their characteristics in terms of potential parameters in the combustion system, storage, transportation, potential emissions, and distillation range, etc., [38]. Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of the test sample with other fuel types (Table 3) shows that liquid hydrocarbons in general have similar characteristics to classic fuel oil, as well as oils obtained by pyrolysis from various industrial wastes. The density and viscosity values determine fuel spraying in the combustion chamber. Fuel combustion and evaporation efficiency, as well as the boiler efficiency, depend on spraying conditions. An increased fuel viscosity decreases its combustion efficiency, followed by an increase in the specific fuel consumption and smokiness of combustion products. An increase in temperature from 15 to 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C led to the density change equal to 17.5 kg/m\({}^{3}\). The viscosity values indicate that liquid hydrocarbons yielded by OS pyrolysis are appropriate for spraying in the burner nozzles of power boilers. The obtained value of the pour point was 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which indicates the impossibility of it being used in a cold climate and the need for additional heating or anti-freezing additives, in particular, diesel fuel that shows a low pour point (\(-\)40-- 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and high heating value (44-46 MJ/kg) [39]. The flash point was 89 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is comparable to that of other types of pyrolysis oils [40]. This indicates the presence of a higher content of light fractions in the composition of liquid hydrocarbons derived from steam pyrolysis of OS in comparison with conventional fuel oil [41]. Despite the use of superheated steam as a pyrolysis medium, the water content in the test sample of liquid hydrocarbons attained 0.2 wt%, which is comparable with that in other conventional liquid fuels [42]. An insignificant amount of ash content was recorded for all the test samples. High ash content leads to the formation of carbon deposits in tanks and the emission of solid particles with combustion products. Therefore, low ash content is extremely preferable for such fuel application. The determined pH value of 6.8 is comparable to that for conventional fuel oil. The heating value (LHV = 42.6 MJ/kg) is sufficient for energy use and is comparable to that for diesel fuel (43.3 MJ/kg), gasoline (44.4 MJ/kg), biodiesel (36.8 MJ/kg) [43], and pyrolysis oils obtained during the processing of tires [44] and plastic [45].