## 1 Introduction  
In light of the increasing popularity of electric and hybrid cars as viable alternatives to internal combustion engines, it has been observed that IC (internal combustion) engines remain a dependable and cost-effective power generation mechanism for both automotive and stationary purposes. Modern businesses and cars emit exhaust gases that warm the atmosphere and increase nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide levels. As this may cause major environmental issues, it must be handled promptly. Rapid diesel consumption and exhaust gas emissions continue to burden the environment. Compression ignition engines have proven to be efficient, reliable, study, and robust in long-distance transportation, heavy-duty engines, machines, and many carriers. Compression ignition engines are very polluting; hence, attempts are needed to combine these qualities into a trademark engine with low exhaust gas emissions for a renewable, less polluting transportation engine [1, 2]. [PERSON] et al. (2021) investigated the effects of advanced fuel injection timing (AFIT) from \(-6\) to \(-16\) aTDC (after top dead centre) on a direct injection engine fuelled by hydrogen, diesel, and carbon monoxide in comparison to IC engines of alternative sources. Compared to the baseline, PDC (Pure Diesel Combustion), DSC20 (Diesel to syngas energy (20%)), and DSC40 (diesel to syngas energy (40%)) blends, the thermal efficiency of the engine improved by 2.76%, 1.9%, and 1.34% with the DSC20 and DSC40 blends. On the other hand, heat transfer loss grew [3]. [PERSON] et al. (2023) demonstrate the effects of compression ratio (16.5 to 18.5), fuel injection pressure (220 to 240 bar), and injection timing (24.5\({}^{\circ}\) to 27.5\({}^{\circ}\) before top dead centre) when hydrogen is blended with biodiesel and diesel. The results demonstrated a 6.6% increase in thermal efficiency with hydrogen-JME20 (Jatropha biodiesel-diesel blend) at 240 bar, 26.5\({}^{\circ}\) b TDC, and 18.5 CR (compression ratio), but lower emissions of smoke, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons [4]. [PERSON] et al. (2023) studied the effects of injection timings ranging from 23\({}^{\circ}\) b TDC to 27\({}^{\circ}\) b TDC with azadirachta indica biodiesel containing nickel oxide nanoparticles (25 ppm and 50 ppm) in a diesel engine. They discovered that the NB25 blend reduced fuel consumption and radiation energy loss by 2.3% and 3.1% for 23\({}^{\circ}\) b TDC to 27\({}^{\circ}\) b TDC, respectively [5]. The study conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2023) examined the impact of hydrogen fuel mixtures containing diesel and Calophyll inophyll oil (CIO) on a single cylinder diesel engine operating at 75% and 100% engine capacity. A 20% blend of CIO with hydrogen was found to increase brake thermal efficiency by 5.34%, reduce CO and HC emissions by 14.8 and 90.1%, and decrease particulate emissions by 32.6%, compared to diesel fuel alone [6]. The study conducted by [PERSON] et al. (2023) examined the impact of hydrogen fuel mixtures containing diesel on a single cylinder diesel engine operating at different load and compression ratios. A blend of hydrogen-diesel was found to increase brake thermal efficiency by 6.38% and reduce specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency by 4.8 and 1.89% compared to diesel fuel alone [7]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2023) investigated the effect of alcohol-diesel fuel mixes on a single cylinder diesel engine with a fuel injection. The findings revealed that with an advanced fuel injection time, the cylinder pressure rose, the heat release rate increased, and the combustion duration decreased as the alcohol content increased. With the usage of mixed gasoline, the engine's knocking propensity worsened [8]. [PERSON] et al. (2023) evaluated the impact of a hydrogen-diesel mix on a diesel engine at various loads (3, 4.5, 9, 7.5, 9 N.m) and intake valve lifts (4.0, 4.46, 4.9 mm) at 1850 rpm. They discovered that a 7.0% hydrogen energy share reduced soot emissions by 40.0% and CO emissions by 33.0% [9]. [PERSON] et al.