## 2 Literature Review
The AHP methodology was used to structure and evaluate stakeholders' opinions and decisions on the environmental impacts of solid waste disposal. The most important environmental effects include flora and fauna, habitat degradation, and land use. The environmental impacts of landfilling, recycling, incineration, and composting were assessed in Johor Bahru, Malaysia [31]. Designing for recycling has been a major issue for businesses, and it has proven to be difficult to enforce. The explanation for this is that most designers are unable to assess the rate of product recycling because design time is limited. AHP aids in resource conservation in Taiwan. The vital components that cannot be easily recycled can be easily reprocessed in the early design stages using the AHP technique [32]. In Iran, biogas technology based on AHP is the first option for biomass energy generation. This technology is one of the cleanest innovations for replacing fossil fuels due to its environmental benefits. In contrast to other innovations, biogas has a lower impact on air quality. Another benefit of this technology is its scalability when it comes to using decentralized biomass resources [33]. Using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP), multiple factors such as infrastructure, geology, and social and environmental factors are used to calculate global priority weights (FAHP). The proposed model's main benefits are that it can help with the multi-criteria facility location issue by guiding the selection of a new suitable location based on quantitative and qualitative factors (Wichapa). The combination of GIS and the AHP model can be a powerful tool for determining the best waste disposal site [34]. AHP is a complex method for locating hazardous waste landfills in vast areas. As a realistic solution, this method considers resource availability in the Qazvin province of Iran [35]. The use of both the GIS and the AHP together can aid decision-makers in making quick assessments and, as a result, solving any issue, such as landfill site selection in Al-Hillah Qadhaa in Iraq [36]. Concerning the chosen parameters, the AHP approach can be used to select the most sustainable energy recovery from the Municipal solid waste (MSW) alternative in Tehran, Iran [37]. The AHP technique confirms that environmental regulation is critical for developing policy initiatives in the United States [38]. Environmentally sustainable product design and production have become an important part of business policy in recent years. The AHP decision model aids the decision-making process for ISO 14,001 EMS (Environmental Management System) adoption by objectively assessing the applicable requirements and logically assisting the decision-making process. The AHP method may be used by evaluators or managers from various organizations in Hong Kong to decide the objectives among decision criteria and benefits and assess the efficacy of their EMS adoption [39]. The co-combustion method is the most favorable, followed by the animal feed option, and disposal without treatment is the least favorable, according to the AHP model performance. The proposed analytical hierarchy process model's sensitivity was discussed because the goals in Jordan's olive mill solid waste management alternative may change in Jordan [40]. MSW is a global issue that affects both developed and emerging cities. Municipal solid waste can be a source of various pollutants in water, air, and soil if it is not properly handled. While landfills are at the bottom of the priority list for urban solid waste management techniques, their importance in emerging economies cannot be overlooked. The selection of a landfill site is a challenging puzzle involving political, social, economic, and environmental factors. The regional screening was conducted using a GIS and AHP system to identify potential landfill sites, and six areas in Makkah were found. By 2020, the existing MSW dumping site will be closed. If the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia moves closer to achieving Vision 2030, AHP should be implemented [41].