# The Spatiotemporal Variability of Temperature and Precipitation Over the Upper Indus Basin:
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
Moreover, the results show that both precipitation and temperature output are largely improved with the increase of the resolution. Some future research possibilities arise from this discussion. One is that an in-depth sensitivity analysis with different physical parameterization schemes (microphysics, LSM, PBL, and cumulus) may be beneficial in this region. In addition, we used the WRF model to simulate the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and temperature over the Indus Basin from 2000 through 2015 with boundary conditions derived from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data. The CFSR data have been shown to capture the trends overall. However, it would be potentially useful to assess the alternative global reanalysis data products (such as ERA-Interim) to derive the boundary conditions over this region. It is possible that some of those alternative global reanalysis datasets may produce even better results. In this study, we have used the station data and TRMM 3B42V7 dataset to validate the WRF output. However, employing multiple gridded datasets such as GPCC, CRU, and MODIS snow cover product to assess the WRF output would be recommended. Knowing the limitations of GCMs over complex and rugged terrain, regional climate models were the best available tools to simulate climate change. This study did not intend to analyze the climatic processes that influence the precipitation and temperature, but provided an overview of the ability of WRF to simulate spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and temperature over the UIB. These analyses could provide a better understanding of the limitations and reliability of WRF simulations. In addition, this study presented high-resolution climatological datasets, which could be useful for climate change and other hydrological studies in this region. Conceptualization, G.H.D., C.S., and A.K.K. ; data curation, K.A. and S.H.A. ; formal analysis, G.H.D., C.S., and A.K.K. ; funding acquisition, G.H.D., C.S., and A.K.K. ; methodology, G.H.D., C.S., A.K.K., and K.A. ; project administration, G.H.D. and C.S. ; software and visualization, A.K. and G.H.D. ; writing, original draft, G.H.D. and K.A. ; writing, review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by the U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Water (USPCAS-W), Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, under the competitive research grant program. The USPCAS-W has been established with a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USPCAS-W, USAID, the United States, nor the Government of Pakistan. The authors would like to thank the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), Karachi, the Water, and the Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for their kind support and for providing meteorological data. The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; nor in the decision to publish the results.