# Challenges of Engineering Skillsets Essential for Driving Circularity of Smart Cities
## 2 State-of-the-Art Review
### Implementation of Circular Economy (CE) for Smart Cities
#### 2.3.2 Governance of Circular Economy in Smart Cities
For example, the government may decide to promote the 'Internet of Things' technologies in schemes or incentives, making it easier and cheaper for businesses to set up the technology, or maybe the government could subsidize certain software that could be used to make more streamlined and energy-efficient business decisions. It also means that the government could introduce more strict regulations on new technologies implemented, like a cap on energy usage and carbon emissions and, potentially, new guidelines on the disposal of products that have reached the end of their lives. All these steps are controlled by the government (usually in association with innovative and skilled engineers) in order to promote CE in smart cities. Governance is a key factor in the inclusion of engineering skillsets in CE implementation in smart cities; such practices, including schemes and education, must be collaboratively researched, drawn up, and delivered by engineers. Digitality requires a particular software and computing-based engineering skillset to make the technology operational and to continually maintain and update the systems to create a smart system that is as energy-efficient and decarbonized as possible. Impacts: Jobs, Environment, and Ethics  
Circular economy, the practice of extending a product's regenerative life cycle via means such as the eight or ten Rs and other government schemes, reducing the need to import raw materials, means that smart city goals such as a prospering economy and improved environmental aspects will be achieved more easily by reducing the use of natural resources and enhancing knowledge about its implementation [22]. The positive impacts on the environment are endless, ranging from lower emissions to better land use, 'deconstruction', and the reuse of building materials for a less destructive impact on the urban environment [36]. Advantages can come from extending a product's life for a much longer period, such as better value for the customer (due to lower costs and because the customer will be pleased knowing that they are consciously prioritizing waste reduction and management), and it will have an unprecedented positive impact on the aims and tasks of smart city authorities [37], i.e., reducing manufacturing emissions and other deliverables. For instance,if most manufactured items that are used daily in cities, ranging from cars and bikes to coffee cups and water bottles, had their lifecycles extended, it could result in great externalities, such as improved well-being (human health and state of mind [38]) since more people would have access to different transport modes and due to cheaper day-to-day costs, coupled with the peace of mind obtained from the fact that they are choosing to make changes to live more sustainably. It would also have the potential to create many jobs in this sector, ranging from project and process management to marketing and warehouse workers, who will have jobs such as recycling processors or machine operators.