## 1 Introduction  
Recent research has focused on intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), which have the potential to provide automated and smart transportation services. ITSs use wireless devices, sensing technologies, and advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to address transportation issues such as safety, travel time, and pollution [1, 2]. ITSs apply to various modes of transportation, including planes, ships, trains, trucks, buses, and automobiles. ITS deployments require dependable communication systems, like cellular networks [1, 2]. There are three types of vehicular communication: vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2E). (i) V2V is a sort of two-way communication in which vehicles exchange data, such as velocity, current location, and destination, with other vehicles. V2V transmissions can also incorporate information about nearby moving cars, enabling the driver to quickly identify vehicles in their blind spot. (ii) V2I is a technology that allows automobiles to communicate with other infrastructures. V2I is a sort of two-way communication that allows vehicles to connect and share data with external entities, including traffic lights, parking spots, bicycles, and speed limits. V2I additionally incorporates radio communications that report on the surrounding environment within a few kilometers of a vehicle's position [3]. (iii) V2E enables rapid communication for road safety applications such as forward collision alerts, lane change warnings, blind spot warnings, and emergency electric brake light warnings. V2E connects vehicles to external services, such as satellite-based destinations. This service can be one-way, like the Global Positioning System (GPS), or two-way, as requested. Shortly, there will probably be more cars on the road, which will cause a boom in vehicle communications and associated sensors. In the automotive cyberspace, the current lack of firewalls and gateways to withstand various forms of intrusion will likely result in the emergence of new security vulnerabilities. Cyberattacks, such as the takeover of a vehicle or the dissemination of misleading information to influence the navigation algorithm's decision, can have serious negative physical effects on individuals. Among other techniques, attackers can replace the vehicle's current video with a fake stream for image processing, thereby gaining control over most or all of the vehicle's characteristics [4]. GPS signal attacks fall into two categories: spoofing, false identification, and jamming, intentional interference [5]. To lower the signal-to-noise ratio of GPS broadcasts, jamming attacks usually involve the direct creation of radio waves. Spoofing threats include utilizing a bogus GPS device, posing as an image sensor to steal data, and using an infected GPS to disseminate malware or circumvent access control systems by gathering security data. Both attacks change and deliver bogus GPS signals to puzzled GPS receivers within cars. Attackers may synchronize (Syn) the signals received from the satellite, weakening them even further. Then they may increase the frequency of the phishing signal, causing the car's GPS to detect false signals and drive it in the wrong direction. Spoofing attacks, which deceive the system into believing there is a barrier nearby that the car must avoid, can also impair Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). The vehicle's LiDAR system gets millisecond-level signals to carry out the attack. An attacker can disable the device's ability to detect obstructions by altering the LiDAR signal or structure. Attacks against inter-vehicle communications include denial-of-service (DoS), distributed reflection DoS (DrDoS), and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS). To disrupt the normal operation of automotive systems, such as internal or external communication and navigation, all these attacks rely on infecting the server and flooding it with internet traffic or sending malicious requests to various components and communication networks.