# Effects of Propanol on the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Industrial Diesel Engine
## 1 Introduction
The increase in ignition delay causes combustion to occur more rapidly, with a large increase in pressure, which causes an increase in temperature in the combustion chamber. The combustion takes place over a shorter time, which may contribute to an increase in an industrial engine's efficiency [19]. The objective of the paper [20] was to investigate the thermal performance, exhaust emissions, and combustion process of a small-displacement stationary compression ignition dual-fuel engine using fumigated ethanol. It was found that the addition of ethanol in a CI engine increased the rate of heat release, peak pressure, and thermal efficiency. Cycle-by-cycle variations were minimal with the diesel fuel. Engine cycle variations presented by the higher value of COV of IMEP were evidently related to various ethanol flow rates. In the paper by [PERSON] et al. [21] regarding the investigation of blend combustion, the authors presented the results of the investigation of the diesel-ethanol combustion process in the diesel engine. The experimental work was conducted on a single-cylinder, 4 stroke, water-cooled, naturally aspirated, and stationary DI engine that can produce a maximum brake power of 3.6 kW at 1500 rpm. The ethanol percentage was increased from 5% to 20% with a step of 5%, with a reduction of the diesel oil's participation. [PERSON] et al. stated that a blend with 15% ethanol showed the best engine performance characteristics, with a 21.17% increase in thermal brake efficiency and 4.61% decrease in BSEC at full load. The combustion analysis also revealed an increase in the cylinder pressure and the heat release rate indicating an improvement in combustion conditions for the blend, as mentioned earlier. The blend also showed a substantial improvement in THC and CO emissions with a slight increase in NO\({}_{\text{x}}\) emission. The exergy analysis showed a 25.64% increase in energetic efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [22] presented the results of the assessment of combustion in an industrial engine powered by a mixture of diesel and propanol. They also found that the alcohol content increases the ignition delay time and shortens the duration of combustion. They also achieved a significant reduction in soot emissions but an increase in NO\({}_{\text{x}}\) emissions compared to an engine powered by diesel fuel alone. Study [23] investigated the effect of the fuel premixing ratio, direct fuel injection timings, and engine compression ratio on the soot particle emissions in the nano-size range from a non-road compression ignition engine. Experiments were conducted on a modified dual fuel single-cylinder engine at 1500 rpm. Methanol fuel premixing was found to have higher cyclic variations than gasoline premixing in the dual-fuel engine. [PERSON] et al. [24] investigated the combustion of propanol mixtures with diesel fuel in a stationary compression ignition engine with alcohol volume fractions of 10, 15, 20, and 25%. Combustion parameters such as cylinder pressure, ignition delay, heat release rate, and pressure increase rate were analyzed. The engine performance and emission characteristics were also tested. Propanol-diesel blends showed more prolonged ignition delay, higher heat release rates, and increased pressure. The engine's thermal efficiency decreased slightly with the combustion of the mixtures. Propanol-diesel blends significantly reduced CO, NOx, and soot emissions. Experimental research on the co-combustion of n-butanol with a mixture of pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel (TDF) was carried out by [PERSON] [25]. The experiment demonstrated that using high doses of TDF in a fuel mixture causes a significant increase in NOx, CO, and HC emissions. However, by adding n-butanol (up to 15%), the emission of these components can be reduced. For mixtures of TDF with alcohol, a reduction in the specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was achieved. Due to the high proportion of n-butanol in the mixture with TDF, the engine's thermal efficiency (BTE) was improved.