## 3 Results and Discussion
### Post-Management System of LM Canola  
Spring canola (_Brassica campustris_ L.) seeds have been shown to survive in snow-covered fields, overwinter in no-till fields, and even persist with broken stems [58; 59]. In Canada, wild canola plants were found in fields 4-5 years after canola cultivation, suggesting that if the seed bank remains viable, spontaneous germination is possible [57; 59]. It has been reported that LM canola volunteers were observed in farmland or release areas for up to 8 years in France, more than 10 years in Sweden, and up to 15 years in Germany [60; 61; 62]. These observations suggest that canola seeds exhibit greater seed dormancy compared to other crops. Dormant seeds have a high potential to germinate into undesirable weeds at subsequent planting sites. Given that South Korea has a climate \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **2009** & **2010** & **2011** & **2012** & **2013** & **2014** & **2015** & **2016** & **2017** & **2018** & **2019** & **2020** & **2021** & **2022** & **2023** & **Total** \\ \hline
**Re-collection sites** 1  & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 4 & 1 & 3 & 3 & 4 & 7 & 24 \\
**LM canola** 2  & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 28 & 31 & 23 & 7 & 63 & 67 & 243 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The number of LM canola re-collection sites and LM canola samples from 2009 to 2023. Figure 4: Distribution of LM canola re-collection sites in South Korea for fifteen years. with average temperatures and rainfall similar to France and Germany, it is plausible that the seed dormancy of Brassica family crops in South Korea might also be comparable to that in these countries. Additionally, it has been reported that canola seeds in the soil seed bank degrade up to 95% within 3 to 9 years, and up to 99% within 5 to 17 years [60]. Therefore, post-management based on LM canola seed characteristics is crucial to prevent its re-collection. During LM canola monitoring, if suspicious samples are found, a rapid preliminary LMO determination should be performed on-site using a strip test (Figure 5A). If the samples are confirmed as LM canola, individual canola plants should be sampled, and event-specific PCR should be conducted to confirm the event name. When re-surveying the LMO collection site for post-management, a 1 km radius of the monitoring site should be surveyed to check for related species such as mustard (_B. juncea_), cabbage (_B. olerca_), and Chinese cabbage (_B. rapa_) (Figure 5B). Collected related species of the Brassicaaceae family are subjected to event analysis similar to LM canola monitoring. Figure 5: Monitoring and management of LM canola. (**A**) General LM canola monitoring process. (**B**) The post-management process for the fulfillment of LMO safety policy and research in South Korea (4 times per year). Even if no LM canola or gene-transferred species are found, the monitoring sites should be surveyed four times a year to ensure the absence of LMOs. If a small population of LM canola is found, its removal must be carried out following the management manual provided by relevant government agencies, as outlined by the LMO Act. In cases where LM canola growth is extensive, the monitoring results should be reported to the head of the relevant central administrative agency, and removal actions such as moving and herbicide application may be necessary to control the settlement of LM canola. Over the past five years in South Korea, only GT73 LM canola, developed by Monsanto and containing the glyphosate-resistant gene CP4-EPSPS, has been discovered. The post-management for GT73 has involved hand weeding and applying herbicides like glufosinate in natural environments. Given that canola includes both winter and spring varieties, which can be cultivated in winter, LM canola monitoring must be conducted throughout the year [63; 64; 65]. Over the past five years, a priority management site has been designated if LM canola is detected more than twice during monitoring [45].