# Computer Vision-Based Approach for Reading Analog Multimeter
## 5 Results and Discussions
### Experimental Results on Nonlinear Cases
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(a) Mean accuracy = 96.26\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(0^{\circ}\) & 124.4 & DCV 2.5 & 1.3 & DCV 2.5 & 1.331 & 97.62\% \\ \(13.776^{\circ}\) & 46.9 & DCV 2.5 & 1.3 & DCV 2.5 & 1.343 & 96.69\% \\ \({}^{*}22.618^{\circ}\) & 140.4 & DCV 2.5 & 1.225 & DCV 2.5 & 1.328 & 91.59\% \\ \({}^{-16.801^{\circ}}\) & 128.6 & DCV 2.5 & 1.35 & DCV 2.5 & 1.379 & 97.85\% \\ \({}^{-12.599^{\circ}}\) & 34.7 & DCV 2.5 & 1.26 & DCV 2.5 & 1.291 & 97.54\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(b) Mean accuracy = 95.15\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(-0.045^{\circ}\) & 134.9 & DCV 10 & 5.1 & DCV 10 & 4.757 & 93.27\% \\ \(14.166^{\circ}\) & 128.4 & DCV 10 & 5 & DCV 10 & 4.657 & 93.14\% \\ \(28.847^{\circ}\) & 38.4 & DCV 10 & 4.81 & DCV 10 & 5.162 & 92.68\% \\ \(-14.337^{\circ}\) & 105.2 & DCV 10 & 5.1 & DCV 10 & 5.084 & 99.69\% \\ \(-29.657^{\circ}\) & 41.3 & DCV 10 & 5 & DCV 10 & 5.152 & 96.96\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(c) Mean accuracy = 97.06\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(1.328^{\circ}\) & 95.3 & DCV 10 & 7.7 & DCV 10 & 7.519 & 97.65\% \\ \(25.032^{\circ}\) & 37.7 & DCV 10 & 7.2 & DCV 10 & 7.177 & 99.68\% \\ \(16.194^{\circ}\) & 126.8 & DCV 10 & 7.9 & DCV 10 & 7.212 & 91.29\% \\ \(-16.977^{\circ}\) & 132.8 & DCV 10 & 7.5 & DCV 10 & 7.403 & 98.71\% \\ \(-31.175^{\circ}\) & 52.5 & DCV 10 & 7.41 & DCV 10 & 7.561 & 97.96\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(d) Mean accuracy = 99.27\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(1.55^{\circ}\) & 132.7 & DCV 10 & 9.1 & DCV 10 & 9.027 & 99.20\% \\ \(24.932^{\circ}\) & 42.9 & DCV 10 & 8.59 & DCV 10 & 8.572 & 99.79\% \\ \(-19.011^{\circ}\) & 68.1 & DCV 10 & 8.7 & DCV 10 & 8.769 & 99.21\% \\ \(28.253^{\circ}\) & 127.1 & DCV 10 & 8.9 & DCV 10 & 8.986 & 99.03\% \\ \(-4.976^{\circ}\) & 33.7 & DCV 10 & 8.69 & DCV 10 & 8.768 & 99.10\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(e) Mean accuracy = 94.66\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(0.639^{\circ}\) & 133.6 & DCV 50 & 11 & DCV 50 & 11.845 & 92.32\% \\ \(15.813^{\circ}\) & 46.6 & DCV 50 & 11.4 & DCV 50 & 12.103 & 93.83\% \\ \(17.861^{\circ}\) & 74.9 & DCV 50 & 11 & DCV 50 & 11.159 & 98.55\% \\ \(-12.345^{\circ}\) & 35.6 & DCV 50 & 11 & DCV 50 & 11.668 & 93.93\% \\ \(-14.098^{\circ}\) & 7.2 & Difficult to read & DCV 50 & 12.385 & NA \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(f) Mean accuracy = 94.72\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(0^{\circ}\) & 52.1 & DCV 50 & 23 & DCV 50 & 24.695 & 92.63\% \\ \(28.829^{\circ}\) & 74.8 & DCV 50 & 23 & DCV 50 & 22.073 & 95.97\% \\ \(-0.055^{\circ}\) & 67.7 & DCV 50 & 22.9 & DCV 50 & 23.836 & 95.91\% \\ \(-29.672^{\circ}\) & 44.2 & DCV 50 & 23 & DCV 50 & 24.574 & 93.16\% \\ \(-14.997^{\circ}\) & 16.8 & DCV 50 & 23 & DCV 50 & 24.025 & 95.94\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(g) Mean accuracy = 94.72\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{p}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{p}}\) (Vdc) & _Accuracy (\%)_ \\ \hline \(0^{\circ}\) & 40.3 & DCmA 25 & 10.3 & DCmA 25 & 10.391 & 99.12\% \\ \(22.184^{\circ}\) & 39.8 & DCmA 25 & 9.5 & DCmA 25 & 9.639 & 98.54\% \\ \({}^{*}13.007^{\circ}\) & 54.7 & DCmA 25 & 10.2 & DCmA 25 & 10.425 & 97.97\% \\ \(-30.043^{\circ}\) & 134.9 & DCmA 25 & 11 & DCmA 25 & 11.311 & 97.17\% \\ \(-16.447^{\circ}\) & 133.7 & DCmA 25 & 11 & DCmA 25 & 10.080 & 91.64\% \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**(g) Mean accuracy = 94.66\%**} \\ \hline \(\boldsymbol{Rotation_{A\text{-}utter}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{\bar{I}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{FS_{h}}\) & \(\boldsymbol{V_{h}}\) (Vdc) & \