# EduTVA: Metadata Schema for Educational Audiovisual Contents in Digital Television Environments
## 6 Conclusions and Future Work  
Digital television must consider the values and principles of a culture, influence knowledge, and promote the viewer's attitudes and skills in order to be effective in the learning process. In this paper, we proposed the EduTVA metadata schema for enabling a complete description of educational audiovisual content and educational segments of the content in digital television. EduTVA extends the TV-Anytime metadata schema by adding educational metadata (e.g., skills) derived from a mapping between different E-learning metadata schemas, including LOM, MLR, and LRMI. EduTVA adds the following metadata elements: interactivity type, educational resource type, educational use, intended end-user role, typical age range, intended end-user language, educational context, annotation, and ability. Note that reusing an existing television standard provides cost savings, access to support and advice, usability, resource discovery, and sustainability. We evaluated the acceptance of the educational metadata by surveying a group of users that described educational content with the proposed EduTVA metadata schema. These users interacted with EduTVA. load, a metadata authoring tool that we implemented for EduTVA. The responses from the users show that the EduTVA metadata schema facilitates both simple and detailed descriptions of educational content by providing specific elements for educational metadata and supporting the creation of educational segments of the content. We also evaluated the functionality of the EduTVA metadata schema by validating the obtained educational content from a digital television search service, named Crayon, when executing different search queries. The content results from the search queries show \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Search** \\ **Query** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**ER \({}^{*}\)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**TV-Anytime**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**EduTVA**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **OR \({}^{\dagger}\)** & **IR \({}^{\ddagger}\)** & **OPC \({}^{\lx@sectionsign}\)** & **OR \({}^{\ddagger}\)** & **IR \({}^{\ddagger}\)** & **OPC \({}^{\lx@sectionsign}\)** \\ \hline S1 & 29 & 26 & 3 & 0.896 & 28 & 1 & 0.965 \\ \hline S2 & 25 & 0 & 25 & 0 & 24 & 1 & 0.960 \\ \hline S3 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S4 & 6 & 7 & 1 & 0.833 & 8 & 2 & 0.666 \\ \hline S5 & 6 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S6 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S7 & 19 & 19 & 0 & 1 & 19 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S8 & 8 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 8 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S9 & 6 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 6 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline S10 & 11 & 8 & 3 & 0.727 & 11 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) Expected Results (ER) from Table 5. \({}^{\dagger}\) Obtained Results (OR). \({}^{\ddagger}\) Inconsistent Results (IR). \({}^{\lx@sectionsign}\) OPerational Consistency (OPC).  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Search results using Crayon when marking up the educational content with both TV-Anytime and EduTVA metadata schemasthat Crayon performs more accurate when looking for educational content described with EduTVA than with TV-Anytime. Finally, although this paper demonstrated that the EduTVA metadata schema facilitates the description and improves the search service of educational content for digital television, there are still research challenges to be addressed. * Further metadata elements might enrich the EduTVA metadata schema for establishing relationships between educational resources and reaching formal learning processes in digital television. For example, evaluation, pre/post activity, curriculum, and the optional elements from TV-Anytime. * Applications with more complexity than a search service, such as recommendation systems and content indexing, might leverage the EduTVA metadata schema for improving their results. For example, the artificial intelligence engine of a recommendation system might use the educational metadata of EduTVA for presenting customized content based on the student's skills.