## 7 Limitations and Avenues for Future Research  
While the study provides valuable implications for the field of HRI, it is subject to several limitations. As with most online survey-based studies, our study relied on self-reporting to measure constructs. Although the measurement items were adapted from validated scales, self-reported data may be subject to potential biases, such as social desirability and recall bias [118; 119]. To enhance the validity and accuracy of the findings, future research could incorporate more diverse data sources or experimental approaches, such as collecting physiological or behavioral data during real-time user-robot interactions, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of users' actual response patterns.  
Moreover, the current study is limited to users' cognitive and affective dimensions during non-physical interactions with social robots. However, recent studies in robotics have increasingly emphasized the importance of physical interaction in shaping user experience [120; 121], offering a broader perspective for social robot design and interaction. Future research could expand the current SOR framework by incorporating physical interaction modalities, such as force-based control or tactile feedback, to provide a more holistic understanding of HRI.  
Another limitation lies in the focus on a specific social robot, MOCCA. While this study provides valuable insights into the field of HRI, the findings may have limited generalizability to other social robots with different interaction modalities or functional characteristics. To strengthen the applicability of the findings, future research could explore a broader range of social robots with diverse design features. Additionally, recruiting participants from more diverse demographic backgrounds could offer deeper insights into how different users perceive and engage with social robots.  
Conceptualization, Y.Y., H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K.; methodology, H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K.; validation, Y.Y.; formal analysis, Y.Y., H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K.; resources, Y.Y. and M.-Y.K.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.Y. and H.-K.C.; writing--review and editing, Y.Y., H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K.; supervision, H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K.; project administration, H.-K.C.; funding acquisition, H.-K.C. and M.-Y.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding.  
Ethical review and approval were waived for this study because it was a non-interventional, anonymous online survey that did not involve any personally identifiable information or sensitive personal data. According to institutional guidelines and national bioethics regulations, such studies are exempt from formal IRB approval.  
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. All participants were presented with a clear and detailed informed consent statement at the beginning of the questionnaire. This statement assured participants of anonymity, data protection, and the exclusive academic use of their responses. Participants were required to acknowledge the statement before proceeding with the survey.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to restrictions, but can be made available upon reasonable request.  
Thanks to all the anonymous reviewers for their academic effort in ascertaining quality research.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.