## 3 Challenges with Smart City Applications
These challenges are summarized as follows [13; 14; 15; 23; 24]:  
1. Dense deployment: The development of future smart city applications necessitates the provision of dense deployment, thus imposing numerous limits on network development. With a high density of devices and sensors, there is a high risk of network congestion. This can result in data transmission delays, increased latency, and decreased system efficacy overall. It is essential to ensure efficient network management and traffic prioritization. Dense deployments in IoT-based smart city networks can cause signal interference in regions with limited spectrum availability. This interference can reduce the quality of data transmission and compromise network dependability. Moreover, managing, processing, and analyzing the massive amount of data resulting from dense deployment is a challenging dilemma. For efficient network performance, efficient data storage, processing, and analytics are required. Accommodating rising demands through scalable dense deployments becomes vital as the city and its needs expand. Incorporating scaling considerations into the design of systems is crucial for ensuring their long-term sustainability. 2. Security and privacy: This is critical to secure the smart city's infrastructure against cyberattacks. As cyber dangers grow, it becomes more challenging to maintain an adequate level of protection. With a large number of networking points and devices distributed over smart cities, network security becomes a major problem. The pro \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Smart City Application** & **Latency** & **Availability** & **Reliability** & **Mobility** & **Deployment Scenarios** \\ \hline Smart grid & Moderate-low & Ultra-high & High & Zero–low & Dense-ultra-dense deployment \\ \hline Smart homes & Low–ultra-low & High–ultra-high & High–ultra-high & Zero–low & Indoor deployment, dense deployment \\ \hline Smart building & Moderate-low & Ultra-high & High–ultra-high & Zero & Urban deployment \\ \hline Smart parking & Moderate-low & High–ultra-high & Medium–high & Low–moderate & Dense deployment \\ \hline Smart traffic & Low–ultra-low & High–ultra-high & High & Low–high & Dense deployment \\ \hline Smart healthcare & Ultra-low & Ultra-high & Ultra-high & Low–high & Dense deployment \\ \hline Industry automation & Ultra-low & Ultra-high & Ultra-high & Zero–low & Dense deployment \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Networking requirements for different smart city applications. Figure 5: Challenges of smart city applications. tection of sensitive data and the prevention of unwanted access or cyberattacks are significant priorities. Concerns about privacy and security may be increased by collecting and processing massive volumes of data from various sources. It is a continual challenge to protect sensitive data while allowing users to access it. * Infrastructure: the infrastructure required to enable smart city applications, such as high-speed Internet access, sensor networks, and power sources, may be costly and time-consuming to build. * Scalability: Smart city systems must be scalable in terms of both user numbers and data volume. Designing systems that can grow effectively to assure long-term profitability is critical. * Cost of installation: the cost of installation of smart city applications can vary widely depending on various factors, including the size of the city, the scope of the project, the complexity of the applications, and the existing infrastructure. * Reliability: Most smart city applications require ultra-reliable transmission of less than \(10^{-5}\). This is challenging with the existing connections and interfaces. Thus, smart cities should introduce novel ways to ensure data reliability, including edge computing, AI, and SDN. * Energy efficiency: The growing use of smart city technologies may lead to substantial increases in energy demand. Thus, designing energy-efficient systems and including renewable energy sources is crucial.