# A Comparative Analysis of Arabic Text Steganography
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid expansion of Internet technologies enables flow of vast amounts of information across the public channel with risks of attacks. Under those circumstances, securing sensitive information has become a serious issue for by governments, organizations, and individuals due to the risk of attack (Different techniques for hiding the text information using text steganography [1, 2]). To address this challenge, researchers have proposed various methods to protect secure messages transmitted via public and private communication channels. The two essential methods that play significant roles in information security are data encryption and data hiding. Data encryption is an aspect of cryptography applied to protect the confidential message being transmitted across private and public channels by converting it to a scribbled enciphered form. Thus, the carrier object after encryption is meaningless. Meanwhile, information hiding conceals the secret message to make it unnoticed/invisible in the course of its transmission via the public (untrusted) communication channel [3]. Invisibility is the fundamental difference between cryptography and information hiding [4]. Information hiding can take one of two forms: Watermarking or steganography. Employing a watermarking to embed the secret information provides proof of ownership of the carrier object, so it is suitable for copyright protection [5]. Steganography conceals the existence of secret information in the cover carrier [6]. Steganography uses several classes of cover media (i.e., audio, video, image, text, network, and DNA). A text is an \"object\" used by users of the public channel in their daily activities. It is an ideal cover item for the data travelling between a sender and a receiver because of its small size compared to other objects [7,8]. Moreover, text steganography improves the hidden capacity by exploiting language characteristics, grammatical or orthographic, which differs from one language to another [9, 10, 11]. Nevertheless, text stenography is one of the most challenged classes of stenography because of the lack of redundant data in text files [12]. In addition, text documents have an almost identical structure, which makes changes easily visible. Social engagements are the most frequent activities of public channel users [13], with 93% of users visiting social networking platforms and 98.1% of users communicating by text. These online activities, which also involve confidential information, present the need for information hiding such as text steganography. At the same time, these activities offer convenient opportunities and advantages to hide information among the huge availability of online text. For example, social media posts, mail messages, and books in large libraries pose obstacles to eavesdroppers. This is attributed to the difficulty associated with examining, analyzing, and filtering the vast amount of text to determine which text may contain hidden information. In text steganography, the structure and language characteristics of texts are used to hide secret information. English script is mostly utilized compared to Arabic script in text hiding [14].