## 4 Results  
### TE Matrices and Electrode Correlations  
To better understand the underlying neural connectivity patterns in schizophrenia patients, TE analysis of the EEG data was applied. TE provides insights into the directional flow of information between brain regions, highlighting potential disruptions in connectivity associated with cognitive and emotional processing, particularly in schizophrenia.  
The TE matrices from the EEG data were generated using a 5 s time window for both schizophrenia patients and HCs. The analysis focused on nine key electrodes (Fz, FCz, Cz, FC3, FC4, C3, C4, CP3, and CP4), which are crucial for capturing neural activity related to cognitive and sensory processing. These electrodes were selected based on their relevance to the existing literature on schizophrenia-related brain abnormalities.  
The TE matrix for a schizophrenia patient (Figure 1a) shows reduced connectivity between several electrode pairs, particularly in the frontal (Fz, FCz, and Cz) and central regions (C3, C4). These regions are known to play a significant role in cognitive function and emotional regulation, both of which are often impaired in schizophrenia. The disrupted connectivity, as indicated by lower TE values, aligns with prior studies highlighting frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia patients.  
The TE matrix for an HC (Figure 1b) reveals more robust connectivity, particularly between central and parietal regions. The higher TE values indicate stronger information  
Figure 1: Heatmap representation of directional connectivity between brain regions based on TE values (unitless): (**a**) schizophrenia and (**b**) HCs.  
flow between these electrodes, suggesting normal cognitive functioning. This contrasts with the disrupted patterns seen in schizophrenia patients.  
This analysis reveals significant insights into the connectivity patterns between different brain regions in both schizophrenia patients and HCs. Specifically, the electrodes used in the TE matrix (Fz, FCz, Cz, FC3, FC4, C3, C4, CP3, and CP4) are strategically positioned to capture neural activity associated with cognitive functions, emotional regulation, and sensory processing.  
The Muse 2 headband, though it has a different set of electrodes (TP9, AF7, AF8, TP10), also covers crucial frontal and temporal regions of the brain. These regions are closely tied to the cognitive processes affected by schizophrenia, such as attention, working memory, and emotional regulation. The disrupted connectivity observed in the TE analysis for schizophrenia patients, particularly in the frontal and central regions, highlights the potential for the Muse 2 headband to capture similar neural disturbances.  
The TE analysis shows that schizophrenia patients exhibit weakened connectivity in the frontal lobe and surrounding areas, which are areas heavily monitored by the Muse 2 headband. This highlights the headband's ability to detect critical early markers of cognitive decline or neural dysregulation related to schizophrenia. For example, the TP9 and TP10 electrodes (located near the temporal lobes) are well positioned to capture changes in emotional regulation and memory processing, which are often disrupted in schizophrenia. Similarly, AF7 and AF8 (frontal electrodes) can capture altered attention and decision-making processes, which are also affected by the disorder.