## 3 Results and Discussion
The present results may also be derived from the synergistic effect of the three tested components. Probiotics can influence the mechanisms of cholesterol reduction by several means, such as deconjugation of bile via bile salt hydrolase activity, assimilation and incor \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & & **Cytokine Levels (pg/mL)** & \\ \hline
**Chlorella** & **TNF-\(\alpha\)** & **IL-17** & **IL-6** & **IL-4** & **IFN-\(\gamma\)** \\ \hline
1\% (\(\omega/v\)) & 15.4 \(\pm\) 9.1 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 143.6 \(\pm\) 96.8 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) & 2.7 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 0.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) \\ \hline
3\% (\(\omega/v\)) & 1.3 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 0.9 \(\pm\) 1.0 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 37.9 \(\pm\) 11.8 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 3.2 \(\pm\) 0.4 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) & 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.5 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) \\ \hline
0\% (Control) & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.7 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 2.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) & 7.3 \(\pm\) 2.9 \({}^{\mathrm{A}}\) & 4.9 \(\pm\) 1.3 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) & 3.5 \(\pm\) 1.1 \({}^{\mathrm{B}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Values represent the means \(\pm\) SD, \(n\) = 8. Data in each row with different superscripts (\({}^{\mathrm{A}}\)B) differ significantly (\(p<0.05\)). TNF: tumor necrosis factor, INF: interferon, IL: interleukin.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Cytokine levels following _Chlorella_ stimulation. poration of cholesterol into the cell membrane, production of short-chain fatty acids from oligosaccharides, and coprecipitation of cholesterol with deconjugated bile [46; 47]. Leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1, which is present in bovine colostrum, can also influence the levels of cholesterol and TAG because they are associated with the fat breakdown in muscle [48]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Tested Parameters**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Time**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Group of Rats**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **GI (control)** & **GII** & **GIII** & **GIV** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{VLDL (mg/dL)} & week 4 & 88.0 \(\pm\) 16.8 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 130.5 \(\pm\) 22.5 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 142.0 \(\pm\) 27.1 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 118.0 \(\pm\) 23.4 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & week 8 & 153.0 \(\pm\) 59.8 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 163.5 \(\pm\) 21.2 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 95.0 \(\pm\) 86.9 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 91.0 \(\pm\) 37.3 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IDL-C (mg/dL)} & week 4 & 63.0 \(\pm\) 9.4 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 77.5 \(\pm\) 25.9 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 49.0 \(\pm\) 5.2 \({}^{\text{BC}}\) & 43.0 \(\pm\) 12.3 \({}^{\text{C}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & week 8 & 89.0 \(\pm\) 22.4 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 65.0 \(\pm\) 15.1 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 122.0 \(\pm\) 30.4 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 160.0 \(\pm\) 33.7 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IDL-B (mg/dL)} & week 4 & 27.0 \(\pm\) 4.8 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 50.5 \(\pm\) 10.4 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 24.0 \(\pm\) 5.9 \({}^{\text{C}}\) & 19.0 \(\pm\) 7.5 \({}^{\text{C}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & week 8 & 35.0 \(\pm\) 19.9 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 35.0 \(\pm\) 11.2 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 73.0 \(\pm\) 10.3 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 78.0 \(\pm\) 21.4 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{IDL-A (mg/dL)} & week 4 & 5.0 \(\pm\) 1.2 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 12.0 \(\pm\) 2.5 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 6.0 \(\pm\) 1.8 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 3.0 \(\pm\) 3.3 \({}^{\text{A}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & week 8 & 13.0 \(\pm\) 6.05 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 10.5 \(\pm\) 3.20 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 23.0 \(\pm\) 4.31 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 29.0 \(\pm\) 5.54 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{HDL (mg/dL)} & week 4 & 51.0 \(\pm\) 6.4 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 68.0 \(\pm\) 13.2 \({}^{\text{B}}\) & 67.0 \(\pm\) 10.9 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 78.5 \(\pm\) 19.1 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \cline{2-6}  & week 8 & 73.0 \(\pm\) 12.7 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 81.5 \(\pm\) 8.4 \({}^{\text{AB}}\) & 71.0 \(\pm\) 11.3 \({}^{\text{A}}\) & 92.0 \(\pm\) 10.6 \({}^{\text{B}}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Serum lipid concentrations as determined using the Lipopprint® LDL System.