esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Materials and Methods
### RGC Damage Assessment  
Standard automated perimetry (SAP) was performed to assess visual field (VF) with the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany), using the 30-2 SITA-Standard strategy. The following parameters were obtained: total photosensitivity of the central VF, mean deviation (mD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD). Damage to the retinal ganglion cell complex (RGCC) was measured by means of high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) (RTVue-100, Optovue, 2800 Bayview Dr, Fremont, CA, USA). The average amount of GCC loss over the entire GCC map (global loss volume, GLV, %) and the average amount of localized thinning over the entire GCC map (focal loss volume, FLV, %) were estimated. Optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) scanning protocols 3.45 were used, GCC for the RTVue-100 tomograph. Depending on two-eye mean RGC GLV%, four groups were formed: 1. GLV = 1-5%; 2: GLV = 5-10%, GLV = 15-25%; and GLV > 25%. There were no patients with two-eye mean GLV% between 10 and 15%.
###### Abstract  
Analyses of teaching behaviors in physical education (PE) classrooms are critical for evaluating teaching quality. Traditional evaluation methods primarily rely on manual analysis, which suffers from complex coding procedures, low efficiency, and suboptimal accuracy, hindering long-term sustainability in teaching quality improvement. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology offers a novel approach by enabling real-time data collection, automated annotation, and in-depth analysis of teaching behaviors, thereby supporting sustainable PE teaching optimization. Leveraging the CogVLM2-Video model, the research presents a system for real-time data collection, automated annotation, and in-depth analysis of teaching behaviors. It consists of four key modules: The perception layer handles data acquisition and input providing foundational data for analysis. The platform layer manages data processing and storage, ensuring integrity and security for long-term evaluation. The model layer focuses on behavior recognition and analysis, employing advanced algorithms for precise interpretation of teaching behaviors. The application layer delivers real-time feedback and adaptive recommendations, promoting sustained teaching improvement. The system architecture was initially validated using 50 basketball lesson videos. Then, the recognition model was trained on a Kinetics-400 subset, achieving 92% accuracy and 95% consistency with manual annotations. These results demonstrate the system's practical value and long-term applicability, offering an efficient, precise solution for PE classroom teaching behavior assessment.  
AI-driven data processing; teaching behavior analysis; CogVLM2-Video; automated assessment; long-term pedagogical development Article
## 5 Results
### Satellite Product Intercomparison
#### 5.1.5 Inter-Annual Precision  
PROBA-V SA v1.0 black-sky albedo shows an inter-annual precision of approximately 1%, showing improved results compared to SPOT/VGT SA v1.0 (2-3%). MCD43A3 C6 provides better inter-annual precision, with median absolute deviations lower than 1%. As observed for the intra-annual precision, all products provided worse results for white-sky albedos compared to black-sky albedos (Table 13).
# Comparing PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 Imagery for Mapping Mountain Pines in the Sarntal Alps, Italy
###### Abstract  
The mountain pine (_Pinus mugo_ ssp. _Mugo_ Turra) is an important component of the alpine treeline ecotone and fulfills numerous ecosystem functions. To understand and quantify the impacts of increasing logging activities and climatic changes in the European Alps, accurate information on the occurrence and distribution of mountain pine stands is needed. While Earth observation provides up-to-date information on land cover, space-borne mapping of mountain pines is challenging as different coniferous species are spectrally similar, and small-structured patches may remain undetected due to the sensor's spatial resolution. This study uses multi-temporal optical imagery from PlanetScope (3 m) and Sentinel-2 (10 m) and combines them with additional features (e.g., textural statistics (homogeneity, contrast, entropy, spatial mean and spatial variance) from gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), topographic features (elevation, slope and aspect) and canopy height information) to overcome the present challenges in mapping mountain pine stands. Specifically, we assessed the influence of spatial resolution and feature space composition including the GLCM window size for textural features. The study site is covering the Sarntal Alps, Italy, a region known for large stands of mountain pine. Our results show that mountain pines can be accurately mapped (PlanetScope (90.96%) and Sentinel-2 (90.65%)) by combining all features. In general, Sentinel-2 can achieve comparable results to PlanetScope independent of the feature set composition, despite the lower spatial resolution. In particular, the inclusion of textural features improved the accuracy by +8% (PlanetScope) and +3% (Sentinel-2), whereas accuracy improvements of topographic features and canopy height were low. The derived map of mountain pines in the Sarntal Alps supports local forest management to monitor and assess recent and ongoing anthropogenic and climatic changes at the treeline. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of freely available Sentinel-2 data and image-derived textural features to accurately map mountain pines in Alpine environments.  
mountain pines; PlanetScope; Sentinel-2; gray level co-occurrence matrix
# A 32-GHz Eight-Way Power Amplifier MMIC in 150 nm GaN HEMT Technology
## 2 32 GHz High-Power Amplifier Design  
The designed 32 GHz eight-way high-power amplifier (HPA) was implemented in GaN/SiC HEMT technology with a gate length of 0.15 \(\upmu\)m. The GaN heterostructure was grown on a SiC substrate, and the source-coupled field plate structure provides an improved high-breakdown voltage required for high-power RF applications. The technology supports the backside via process, providing improved thermal conductance and reduced parasitic inductance. It is noteworthy that the backside via the model from the process design kit (PDK) was tailored based on the measurements for a more accurate millimeter-wave PA design. The circuit and electromagnetic simulations were performed using Keysight ADS.  
The schematic of the 32 GHz HPA is presented in Figure 1. A cascaded two-stage common source (CS) amplifier topology is used to achieve more than 15 dB gain at the operating frequency. To achieve an output power higher than 38 dBm, an eight-way power combining network in the current mode was employed to effectively combine the power delivered from the parallel output stages. For each parallel HEMT, a 50 \(\Omega\) resistor is connected between each gate of the transistors to avoid any undesirable odd mode oscillation issues caused by the devices' asymmetry from fabrication. As the HEMT devices operate at 25 V with a high-DC current, double metal layers were used for the bias line to minimize undesirable drops in voltage.
# An Introduction to Nonlinear Integrated Photonics: Structures and Devices
## 4 Nonlinear Photonics Devices
### All-Optical Processing  
#### 4.2.1 Signal Amplification  
Light amplification over a broad gain bandwidth, in principle, enables generating and processing an array of wavelength channels, leading to significant advancement for densely integrated photonic circuits. In the FWM conversion scheme, typically, a high-power pump laser at \(\omega_{p}\) can be used to convert a signal frequency \(\omega_{s}\) into a new frequency at \(2\omega_{p}-\omega_{s}\). The main advantages of FWM converters are: (1) their sensitivity to both amplitude and phase information; (2) their ability to support ultra-high bit-rates beyond 160 Gbits/s; (3) simultaneous conversions of multiple input wavelengths to multiple output wavelengths; (4) their ability to support advanced modulation formats of input data signals [31; 35]. A major limitation is that phase-matching must be maintained over the gain spectrum of interest, requiring careful dispersion engineering.  
As of 2006, a silicon amplifier with net peak on/off gain of 1.9 dB and a broadband gain over a wavelength range of 28 nm through FWM was demonstrated in suitably designed SOI channel waveguides with a length 6.4 mm [153]. In addition, wavelength conversion in the range 1511-1591 nm with peak conversion efficiencies of +5.2 dB was reported as well. A few years later, on-Si-chip mid-infrared gain up to 25.4 dB around a wavelength of 2220 nm with a gain bandwidth exceeding 220 nm was demonstrated [154], providing zero-dispersion at 2260 nm and producing anomalous dispersion of 1000 ps nm\({}^{-1}\) km\({}^{-1}\) around the pump wavelength at 2170 nm. In 2017, an optical parametric gain of 42.5 dB, as well as cascaded four-wave mixing with gain down to the third idler, was experimentally demonstrated by FWM in an ultra-silicon-rich nitride (USRN) waveguide [155]. It was attributed to the high photon efficiency achieved through operating above the two-photon absorption edge, representing one of the largest optical parametric gains to date on a CMOS platform.  
Another approach to achieve high gain is to exploit hybrid integration. As an example, an efficient semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) may be introduced into a Si PIC by adding III-V materials as a chip over a selective area of the Si wafer [156]. An unsaturated gain of 12.25 dB/mm with 65 nm of 3 dB bandwidth was measured in an SOA with a 0.95 \(\upmu\)m wide waveguide; the InP chip was directly bonded to individual dies on a processed SOI wafer.
# A Review of Vertical Shaft Technology and Application in Soft Soil for Urban Underground Space
## 2 Early Development and Evolution of Shaft Construction Technology
An assembly-type circular shaft support structure [24] directly utilizing tunneling segment pieces as the shaft wall structure offers advantages such as good stress resistance and convenient construction. During the sinking process, various assembly forms derived from the prefabricated concept have been introduced to achieve speedy construction of the structure. However, the current prefabricated segment design includes numerous special functional blocks, complicating connection operations. Additionally, conventional methods for aiding caisson sinking conflict with the assembly of prefabricated segments [25]. The VSM, a new fully automatic mechanical shaft excavation technology developed by Herrenknecht, addresses these challenges [26]. VSM technology is primarily employed to excavate overburden soil or weak- to strong-strength rocks with compressive strength less than 140 MPa and has proven capable of cutting through boulders with compressive strength up to 200 MPa in the St. Petersburg Sewage Project. It operates predominantly in submerged conditions, utilizing high specific gravity bentonite slurry for temporary excavation support and prefabricated concrete segments for permanent lining [27]. VSM employs undrained excavation and complete suspension sinking of caissons. The mechanical arm, combined with the concept of a milling barrel and wellbore prefabricated assembly, demonstrates robust compliance in unstable operational settings prone to disturbances. It has proven efficient and beneficial in terms of economy, construction time, and work safety. Since its first operation in 2006, 80 VSM projects with a total depth of approximately 4630 m have successfully completed shaft sinking [28]. A shaft project [29] in Shanghai, where soft clay is widely distributed, serves as an engineering background. Due to the undrained operation of VSM technology, minimal disturbance to surrounding soil and negligible creep was observed. Furthermore, measured results and numerical analysis revealed that ground settlement and in-depth deformation were significantly smaller compared to other construction techniques. The design concept and benefits of VSM shaft construction, as compared to caisson shaft construction, present numerous advantages, including enhanced construction safety, productivity, cost efficiency, effects on surrounding structures, and efficient utilization of site space [30]. The development of shaft construction technology has broadened the application scope of vertical shaft excavation in various ground conditions for multiple purposes. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the distribution percentage of these technological systems and their geographical applications are shown in Table 1.
# From Femtoseconds to Hours--Measuring Dynamics over 18 Orders of Magnitude with Coherent X-rays
## 4 Studies
### Towards Microsecond Real-Time XPCS at Storage-Ring Sources
#### 4.1.6 Sub-Ms Relaxation Times and Beyond  
The availability of new fast detector generation recently resulted in studies focussing on sub-ms relaxation times. In particular at beamline 8-ID at APS the UFXC32k chip and its commercialized version as XSPA-500k have been used in many studies, providing repetition rates faster than 1 \(\upmu\)s using a special burst mode of the detector, see Figure 9a [81]. Here we want to highlight some of such \(\upmu\)s XPCS studies at storage rings.  
In a combined XPCS and rheology experiment [PERSON] and co-workers probed the dynamics of Laponite clay over almost 8 orders of magnitude [141]. This system evolves over time, changing from a fluid to a soft glass which is governed by aging. At short time scales, indications of the faster relaxation process have been found that is mostly unaccessible as discussed above. The data suggest that heterogeneous localization plays a key role in the evolution towards nonergodicity.  
[PERSON] et al. studied critical fluctuation dynamics in a complex fluid [142]. It consisted of a mixture of dodecane mixed with a large-molecule amphiphilic extractant and Ce(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\). Such a systems is used in liquid-liquid extraction of ions. Studies of critical dynamics are usually performed by DLS as they are typically too fast for standard XPCS experiments.  
Figure 8: (**a**) \(g_{2}\) functions from interpenetrating networks of microgel particles at \(T=311\) K and \(q=0.022\) nm\({}^{-1}\) at different concentrations. The inset shows the temperature dependence of the hydrodynamic radius measured by DLS at low concentrations. (**b**) Exponent \(n\) showing the \(q\)-dependence of the relaxation rate (\(\tau\propto q^{-n}\)). The inset shows the relaxation times as a function of \(q\) for selected concentrations. Reprinted with permission from [PERSON] et al. Macromolecules 2020, 53, 1596–1603 (2020) [136]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.  
In this study, the authors could reach a time resolution of 20 us, allowing them to cover the relevant time and-different from DLS experiments-length scale. A good agreement with both static and dynamic scaling was found and the critical exponents agree with Ising models.  
In a recent study by [PERSON] et al. at beamline P10 of PETRA III, the ultimate time resolution at a storage ring for XPCS was achieved [35]. The authors used a single ASIC of the AGIPD [93] which was designed for the sub-us resolution of the European XFEL. This enabled the measurement of speckle patterns from single X-ray pulses using the 40-bunch mode of PETRA III, corresponding to a pulse separation of 192 ns, see Figure 9b. In this way, the diffusion dynamics of nanoparticles in water were tracked by measuring the full \(g_{2}\)-function. This study demonstrate the possibility of nanosecond XPCS using the full time window at next-generation storage-ring sources.
# A Reliable Routing Algorithm Based on Path Satisfaction in the Energy Internet
###### Abstract  
To meet the ever-increasing strict transmission requirements of services in the Energy Internet (EI), reliable routing algorithms for service are necessary. Most of the existing routing algorithms in the Internet Protocol (IP) layer concentrate on service requirements and network topology features while neglecting spectrum resource utilization in the optical transport layer. The status of spectrum resources in the optical transport layer also affects the availability of the routing path. However, there are few studies that combined service transmission requirements and network structure with spectrum resources of the link. In light of this, it is more practical to design routing algorithms integrated with the IP layer and the optical layer. There are three main innovations as follows: (1) The indicator of path satisfaction is proposed meanwhile the system model and service model are constructed. (2) Searching routing paths for services is abstracted into a constrained optimization problem. The optimal objective is to maximize path satisfaction. At the same time, various service requirements, such as end-to-end latency and bandwidth, should be satisfied. (3) To reduce computational complexity, a heuristic path satisfaction-based service-aware routing algorithm (PSBRA) is designed to resolve it. Extensive experiments are carried out with varied service requests on different network topologies. The final results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms regarding the service blocking ratio and service distribution fairness index.  
E 202514393
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Quantum Chemistry Calculation  
The structures of the complexes themselves are shown in Supplementary Information (Figure S11 and Tables S7-S10). Figure 9 shows the energies of (a) [Eu(H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{8}\)]\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on precursor LDHs and (b) Eu\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on EDTA-intercalated LDH relative to the dissociation limit. It can be seen that Eu\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on EDTA-intercalated LDH is more stable than the dissociation limit (panel (b)), whereas [Eu(H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{8}\)]\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on precursor LDH is more unstable than the dissociation limit (panel (a)). This implies that the adsorption of Eu\({}^{3+}\) on EDTA-intercalated LDH is energetically more probable  
Figure 8: Temporal evolutions of the ion concentrations of (**a**) Eu(III) and (**b**) La(III) in the aqueous solution.  
than that on precursor LDH. Actually, the strongly intercalated structure between EDTA and LDH, shown in panel (b), indicates a more stable configuration than the weakly bonded structure between coordination H\({}_{2}\)O and LDH, shown in panel (a). This is reasonable because the Coulomb repulsion between precursor LDHs (charge = +14) and [Eu(H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{8}\)]\({}^{3+}\) (charge = +3) brings about the electric instability of [Eu(H\({}_{2}\)O)\({}_{8}\)]\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on precursor LDH in panel (a), whereas the Coulomb attraction between precursor LDH (charge = +14) and [Eu(EDTA)(H\({}_{2}\)O)]\({}^{-}\) (charge = \(-1\)) brings about the electric stability of Eu\({}^{3+}\) adsorbed on EDTA-intercalated LDH in panel (b). This is a result consistent with the experimental finding that the complexation of EDTA improves the adsorption capacity of LDH.  
We note that the experimental results were shown for different adsorption efficiencies of phosphate anions on [Mg-Al]-LDH and [Zn-Al]-LDH [15]. The work concluded that the adsorption efficiency of the latter is larger than that of the former. This is basically due to the fact that the different ionic radii lead to different crystalline structures. Because of this, [Mg-Al]-LDH does not change its crystalline structure upon the adsorption of phosphate, while [Zn-Al]-LDH dramatically changes it, in order to ease the adsorption of phosphate. If this is the case, the replacement of Mg cations by Zn cations may lead to different adsorption efficiencies, shown in the present work, which originates from their different crystalline structures.
## 5 Asynchronous Sample Encryption Validation and Context Flow Correlation  
After the previous procedure, the current sample data are the segregated core network traffic samples for an application, not the complete application-level encrypted traffic sample. Therefore, to obtain complete application-level encrypted traffic samples, it is necessary to verify the current sample's encryption, authenticity, and context flow integrity. This part corresponds to the offline validation procedure in the A3C system, including the detection module to realize the sample encryption validation, the cross-validation module to realize the TLS sample authenticity validation, and the offline DNS correlation module.
# Advanced Technologies in Optical Wireless Communications
## 6 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for OWC  
In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward integrating PICs into optical communication systems, especially in optical fiber communications, to meet the increasing demand for compactness, energy efficiency, and high-speed signal processing. The use of PICs in OWC remains relatively underexplored. This Special Issue includes a review article, Contribution 16, which highlights some of the recent progress in PIC development for OWC, particularly focusing on the PICs developed by Fraunhofer HHI.
## 5 Conclusions
Conditions: room temperature; microwave frequencies: 9.325410 GHz (PMMA+ (**4**) 2 wt.%), 9.324910 GHz (PMMA+ (**4**) 5 wt.%), 9.325450 GHz (PMMA+ (**4**) 10 wt.%), 9.325550 GHz (PMMA+ (**4**) 20 wt.%), and 9.322220 GHz (**4**); modulation amplitude: 1 mT; sweep: 400 mT (composites) and 200 mT (**4**); sweep time: 8 min (composites) and 4 min (**4**); time constant: 0.1 s; receiver gain: 6.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) (composites) and 4 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) (**4**). Figure S11. EPR spectra of the PMMA composites with (**5**) and of powdered complex. Conditions: room temperature; microwave frequencies: 9.325300 GHz (PMMA+ (**5**) 2 wt.%), 9.325630 GHz (PMMA+ (**5**) 5 wt.%), 9.325390 GHz (PMMA+ (**5**) 10 wt.%), 9.325470 GHz (PMMA+ (**5**) 20 wt.%), and 9.323610 GHz (**5**); modulation amplitude: 1 mT; sweep: 500 mT; sweep time: 2 min (**5**) and 4 min (composites); time constant: 0.1 s; receiver gain: 3.2 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\) (composites and (**5**)). **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.R., O.I. and B.K. ; methodology, B.K., P.P., T.M., O.I., A.T. and A.K. ; validation, R.v.E., P.P. and A.R. ; formal analysis, P.P., A.K. and O.I. ; investigation, B.K., T.M. and A.T.; resources, B.K. ; data curation, B.K., A.T., O.I., T.M and P.P. ; writing--original draft preparation, B.K. and P.P. ; writing--review and editing, P.P., A.R., A.T., T.M., R.v.E. and A.K. ; visualization, P.P., B.K., A.T. and T.M. ; supervision, P.P. and R.v.E. ; project administration, P.P. ; funding acquisition, R.v.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This research was funded by the National Science Center (Grant No. 2020/37/B/ST4/01082). **Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable. **Data Availability Statement:** The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors upon request. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.