# Concept Justification of Future 3 DPVS and Novel Approach towards its Conceptual Development
## 1 Introduction
### 3D Printed Vibratory Scaffold (3 DPVS) in Future  
The concept of the future vibration-integrated scaffold product, as discussed, which would play significant role in 3 DDCC, might be named \"3D Vibratory Scaffold\". There are several indications why 3D static or passive scaffolding, in the next stage of scaffold engineering, would most likely evolve into 3D vibratory scaffolding. Laws for general system evolution [15; 16; 17; 18], in first place, indicate the direction; for example separate elements of multiple systems generally evolve into the single integrated system with multiple functions. Detailed knowledge will be discussed in the following section. Besides this, the urgency and necessity to address current limitations or gaps as discussed make it of significant value to develop better integrated vibration mechanisms. Also, since vibration has been studied, it might be easier to integrate it with scaffolding than with other factors existing in dynamic cell culture. Other reasons will be discussed in the concept justification section.  
In connection with the 3D vibratory scaffold, designers logically need to consider the fabrication tools or means for achieving such a novel product. After a systematic study, 3 DP (3D printing), containing a range of additive manufacturing methods, would be considered as the best fabricating approach. Several reasons could be provided here. Put briefly, since 3 DP techniques are further fine-tailored [19; 20] and more bio-functional materials become available [21; 22; 23; 24; 25], it has been used for achieving both traditional scaffolds and advanced 3D static ones. Design of the 3D vibratory scaffold could be partly attributed to how to make the best 3 DP characteristics inside the scaffold itself, namely geometric control and material composition. Studying 3 DP techniques and 3 DP dynamic materials may contribute to some design solutions which enable scaffold generating tailored vibrations. In addition, since 2 DVS can be considered as one layer of 3 DVS, as illustrated, designing 2 DVS first then fabricating it in layer-by-layer way to constitute 3 DVS would be a highly useful approach. 3 DP technologies have an exact layer-based CAD (computer-aided design) approach and make this probably the optimal tool for achieving 3 DVS. In brief, the potential future 3D scaffold product, being both \"3D vibratory\" and \"3D printable\", can be of high potential, and this combination might probably  
Figure 1: A graphic illustration regarding (**a**) four main stages in cell culture development; and (**b**) development aspects in terms of scaffold engineering for cell culture applications.  
contribute to a new term in the future scaffold engineering world, namely the \"3D printed vibratory scaffold\" (3 DPVS). Predictably, 3 DPVS will make best of the positive effects in triple worlds, that is, advanced 3 DP, vibration and 3D scaffold. Separate mechanisms of vibration and scaffolding would turn into a unified functioning system with some required vibratory functions attributed inside the scaffold itself. Localized vibration and tailored frequency/dynamicity control could be enabled to reach higher cell culture efficiency and usefulness.