## 3 Methods  
### Selection of The Research Area  
In 2015, through the careful evaluation of the recommendations received from the local government, the Korea Tourism Organization (hereafter KTO) chose the 16 traditional markets that are most worth visiting for tourists in Korea [26]. Traditional markets can serve as tourism resources to drive regional economic growth; in 2018, the Korean government selected 20 representative traditional markets, including Yukgeori Market [27].  
According to the \"Enforcement Rules of The Special Act on The Development of Traditional Markets And Shopping Districts\", based on the size, a traditional market is categorized as a large market if it has 1000 stores or more; as a large middle market if it has 500 or more stores but less than 1000 stores; as a middle market if it has 100 or more stores but less than 500 stores; and as a small market if it has less than 100 stores [28].  
There are 15 traditional markets in Cheongju, of which 11 are small, three are medium-sized markets and one is a large market, that is, Yukgeori Market.  
As the largest and most prosperous among all of the traditional markets in the province, Yukgeori Market, in the unique tradition of Korean markets, operates as a street market with a 5-day and dawn market, held 5 days every month (2 nd, 7 th, 12 th, 17 th, 22 nd, and 27 th of each month). While continuing to uphold the unique traditions of Korean markets, Yukgeori Market has achieved commercial success by promoting merchant organizational activities. From 2007 to 2009, the market received two Presidential Awards and two Ministerial Awards; it was also given the title of \"excellent market\" for three consecutive years from 2009 to 2011 at the South Korean Leading Market Expo hosted by the Small and Medium Business Administration (now known as the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises and Startup). As a result, Yukgeori Market was recognized as an outstanding market with growth potential and was selected in 2015 as the target site for the Project for Promoting Global Premium Markets by the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA) and the KTO [29].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline
**Categories** & **Traditional Markets** & **Modern Markets** \\ \hline Formation method & Formed in an unplanned manner. & Formed in a planned manner. \\ Ownership & Ownership is fragmented. & In the case of the big box store, \\  & Most are in the form of street markets & ownership is usually single and private. \\ Spatial form & with many small buildings while the & Most are built in the form of a street \\  & upper part of the street is often covered & market or big box store. \\  & by a canopy. & Shoppers’ passages are wider and more \\ Shoppers’ passage & Usually, shoppers’ passages are narrow. & spacious than those of the traditional \\ Price of products & Negotiable. & Predetermined. \\ Street vendors & Many street vendors do business on the & Strong controls and surveillance prevent \\  & sidewalks at the market boundaries. & street vendors from doing business \\  & & around the market. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Different features of traditional markets and modern markets in Korea.  
As Yukgeori Market represents a traditional Korean market that has had commercial and reputational success, it was selected as the research subject of this study.  
In this study, both a city-level analysis of Cheongju and a neighborhood-level analysis of the central business district (CBD), which includes Yukgeori Market and its vicinity within the old center of the city, were conducted. As shown on the map in Figure 1, the district is separated from the surrounding urban area by a wide road for car traffic (thick yellow lines on the map) and a long stream.