## 5 Analysis of Recent Smart Campus and University Deployments
### Smart Campus and University Applications  
Both indoor and outdoor applications can be deployed in a smart campus/university [8], but such smart applications differ in their requirements. The most relevant difference is that, in indoor environments, IoT nodes can be usually powered through the electrical grid and can make use of fixed communications infrastructure (e.g., Ethernet, WiFi access points). In contrast, outdoors, IoT nodes usually depend on batteries and need to exchange data at relatively long distances (at least several hundred meters, up to 2 kilometers). The following are some of the most relevant applications for both scenarios:  
* Smart mobility and intelligent transport services. This kind of applications require outdoor communications coverage from traditional Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) or specific vehicular networks [71; 72]. For instance, researchers of Soochow University proposed to use in their campus an automatic gate access system and diverse services for smart parking, bus positioning or for renting bicycles [68]. Similar services have been suggested by other universities for providing a smart parking service [73], electric mobility [74; 75], smart electric charging [76], the use of autonomous vehicles [77], or for locating the campus buses [78; 79]. * Smart energy and smart grid monitoring. These applications are used for controlling and monitoring the generation, distribution, and consumption of the campus energy sources (e.g., photovoltaic systems or wind generators). Specifically, in the last years, multiple authors focused their research on the study of smart campus microgrids [80; 81; 82], smart grids [83; 84], and smart energy systems [85; 86]. * Resource consumption efficiency. The use of the resources of a campus can be monitored through specific systems for garbage collection [87], water management [69], power consumption monitoring [88; 89], and other solutions aimed at preserving sustainability [16]. * Infrastructure and building control and monitoring. The state of certain buildings and assets that are scattered throughout the campus can be monitored and controlled remotely. For instance, solutions have been suggested for monitoring campus greenhouses [90], for controlling the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems of the campus buildings [91] or for automating critical infrastructure supervision through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) [92]. * Green area monitoring. The health of the trees of campus can be monitored remotely through IoT sensor-based systems [93]. * User pattern and behavior monitoring. The smart campus services and infrastructure can be optimized thanks to the analysis of the user patterns and behaviors. For instance, mobility patterns, user activities, or social interactions can be determined through smartphone apps [94; 95], by monitoring WiFi communications [96; 97] or by collecting data from smartphone sensors [98], wearables, or even garments [99]. * Guidance and context-aware applications. These applications often depend on sensors and actuators spread across the campus and can help people by giving useful contextual information and indications on how to reach their destination. For instance, there is interesting research on guidance systems to aid hearing and visually impaired people [100] or for navigating the campus paths [101; 102]. There are also augmented reality applications that provide relevant contextual information on the campus or that are able to guide the users through it [103; 104; 105]. * Classroom attendance. Different student monitoring systems have been proposed, which make use of IoT and artificial intelligence to control student classroom attendance [106] and their access to sport facilities [107]. * Remote health monitoring. Some of the latest smart campus applications are aimed at monitoring the health of certain campus users in real-time [108] or at measuring student stress [109] and health consciousness [110]. * Smart card applications.