## 3 Results and Discussion
### Simulating Agro-Based Materials Production
#### 3.5.1 Agro-Based Concrete Simulation--Alkaline Extraction
When two chains of galacturonic acid are demethylesterified, they are able to interact with surrounding calcium ions, forming a stable and rigid structure known as the \"egg-box\" model [54]. This egg-box structure is facilitated by the binding of calcium (Ca\({}^{2+}\)) to the carboxyl groups of adjacent demethylesterified galacturonic acid residues, creating cross-links between the chains. In the context of lime (Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)) extraction, the calcium present in the solution could promote the formation of these egg-box structures, further stabilizing the pectin network. This interaction may impact the overall \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Time (Minute)** & **0** & **30** & **60** & \(\Delta_{\textbf{0-60}}\) \\ \hline HS1 RT & 5.60 & 5.66 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 5.65 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.05 \\ \hline HS2 RT & 5.66 & 5.63 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 5.64 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.02 \\ \hline HS1 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.86 & 5.67 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 5.64 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.22 \\ \hline HS2 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 5.81 & 6.26 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 6.27 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 0.46 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{NaOH} \\ \hline HS1 NaOH RT & 12.50 & 12.13 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 12.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.42 \\ \hline HS2 NaOH RT & 12.47 & 12.38 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 12.34 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.13 \\ \hline HS1 NaOH 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 12.50 & 11.61 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 11.32 \(\pm\) 0.16 & 1.18 \\ \hline HS2 NaOH 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 12.47 & 11.85 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 11.67 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.8 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\)} \\ \hline HS1 Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) RT & 12.50 & 12.26 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 12.23 \(\pm\) 0.020 & 0.27 \\ \hline HS2 Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) RT & 12.48 & 12.34 \(\pm\) 0.006 & 12.20 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 0.28 \\ \hline HS1 Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 12.50 & 11.52 \(\pm\) 0.015 & 11.30 \(\pm\) 0.025 & 1.2 \\ \hline HS2 Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 12.48 & 11.34 \(\pm\) 0.026 & 11.13 \(\pm\) 0.035 & 1.35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Average pH monitoring at 0, 30 and 60 min of extraction simulating process for “agro-based concrete” simulation in HS1 and HS2. structural integrity of the plant material, influencing its behavior in the formulation of agro-based concrete and particle board composites. * Hemp shiv mass losses  
Mass losses were taken before and after extraction and the results are presented in Figure 5.  
The mass losses at room temperature (RT) were 9.7% for HS1 and 2.1% for HS2. When the temperature was increased to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the mass losses for HS1 increased to 13.2% and to 7.3% for HS2. The results for NaOH extraction, both at RT and at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C, were similar, showing mass losses of approximately 13% for HS1 and 7% for HS2. In contrast, Ca(OH)2 extractions resulted in approximately 10% mass loss at RT for both hemp shiv samples, which increased to around 12% with temperature for both HS1 and HS2. The mass losses observed ranged from 9.7% to 13.7% for HS1 and from 2.1% to 11.3% for HS2, depending on the extraction conditions. These results indicate that temperature has a more significant effect on extraction efficiency compared to the choice of base. Specifically, the mass losses at 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C were comparable to those achieved with NaOH, regardless of temperature, suggesting that NaOH is a more effective extraction agent than Ca(OH)2. The cumulative effect of both pH and temperature does not contribute significantly to increased mass losses or the release of extractive compounds. Nevertheless, HS1 generally releases more extractive compounds compared to HS2 under all conditions, except for the Ca(OH)2 extractions, both with and without temperature. The variability observed in the results may be influenced by the origin of the hemp shiv, which is not well documented. According to [PERSON]'s method [31], factors such as biomass variety, cultivation conditions, storage, and age can significantly impact the chemical composition and extractive yields. Therefore, differences in these factors could explain the observed variations in mass losses and extractive compound release between HS1 and HS2.