# Evaluating the Effects of Deep Excavation on Nearby Structures Through Numerical Simulation
## 5 Conclusions
### Recommendations  
The difficulties encountered during the modeling process include mesh density and structural node conversions. Therefore, obtaining original AutoCAD design drawings during model construction can expedite the modeling process. Validating soil parameters was also time-consuming. For future research on similar cases, acquiring more comprehensive engineering data will lead to more accurate and efficient simulations.  
According to the PLAXIS 3D manual, the hardening soil small strain (HSS) model provided the most accurate analysis for underground excavation simulations. This study used three soil constitutive models for analysis, and while the magnitudes of the results varied, the trends were similar. Future research on soil constitutive models should include extensive validation to ensure the accuracy of parameter use.  
This study simulated neighboring underground structures using relevant construction experience, and employed load equivalency to represent above-ground structures as equivalent plate thicknesses for structural loading in simulations. This approach differed from previous methods that applied surface loads directly to simulate the surrounding structures. Future studies could benefit from using this approach for simulations and collecting additional data to refine the models.  
This study was based on a single case in the Sanchong District (Ji Mei Street area), New Taipei City, Taiwan, with soil layers limited to this region. Future research could explore the impact of neighboring buildings on new deep excavation sites in different soil conditions through additional case studies. For future monitoring device setup, placing inclinometer at the junctions of cross walls and diaphragm walls could directly observe the impact of cross walls on diaphragm walls, facilitating validation with numerical simulations. Steel stress in cross walls should be installed on both sides of the wall to explore the force behavior of cross walls.  
Conceptualization, C.-F.H. and S.-L.C.; Methodology, C.-F.H., C.H. and S.-L.C.; Formal analysis, C.-F.H. and C.H.; Data curation, C.H.; Investigation, C.-F.H. and C.H.; Validation, Y.-F.L.; Resources, Y.-F.L.; Funding acquisition, Y.-F.L.; Writing--original draft preparation, C.-F.H.; Writing--review and editing, Y.-F.L. and S.-L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the \"Research Center of Energy Conservation for New Generation of Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Sectors\" from the Ministry of Education in Taiwan under contract no. L7131101-19.  
Not applicable.  
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Goodman Construction Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the re-search was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & \(\psi^{\prime}\), \({}^{\circ}\) & **m** & \(R_{intr}\) & **OCR** & **POP** \\ \hline
**Explanation** & \(\psi^{\prime}=\psi^{\prime}-30^{\circ}\) & **Recommended** & **In-Situ Soil** & **Experimental Value** & **Formula Estimation** \\  & & **Value** & **Properie** & **Experimental Value** & **Formula Estimation** \\ \hline
1 & 0 & 1 & 0.9 & 1 & 0 \\ \hline
2 & 0 & 0.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \hline
3 & 0 & 1 & 0.9 & 1 & 0 \\ \hline
4 & 0 & 0.5 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Continued soil parameters.  
Figure 13: Comparison of inclinometer SID3 and numerical analysis results at each excavation stage (HSS model).  
Figure A5: Comparison of maximum deformation under different distances (HS model): (a) 1 He; (b) 2 He; (c) 3 He.  
Figure 6: Comparison of maximum deformation under different distances (HSS model): (a) 1 He\({}_{2}\) (b) 2 He; (c) 3 He.