# A Review of Modelling and Simulation Methods for Flashover Prediction in Confined Space Fires
## 2 Modelling and Simulation of Flashover Phenomenon
### Flashover Modelling
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Title** & **Source** & **Year** & **B and References** \\ \hline Tests of the Severity of Building Fires & NFPA & 1928 & [PERSON] et al. [17] \\ Fire Behaviour In Rooms & Building research institute, Japan & 1958 & [PERSON] et al. [6] \\ Room flashover—Criteria and synthesis & Fire Technology & 1968 & [PERSON] et al. [18] \\ The Fire Resistance Required to Survive a Burnout & Fire Research Station & 1970 & [PERSON] et al. [19] \\ Experimental Study of Small Enclosure Fire with Liquid Fuel & Japan Natural Resources Panel on Fire Research and Safety & 1976 & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [20] \\ An Experimental Study of flashover & Stanford Research Institute & 1979 & [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [21] \\ Criteria for Compartment & & & \\ Flashover and Instabilities in Fire & Combustion and Flame & 1980 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [22] \\ Behaviour & Estimating Room Flashover & Fire Technology & 1981 & [PERSON] et al. [23] \\ Fire induced flows through room openings-flow coefficients & Symposium (International) & 1985 & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [24] \\ Fires in compartments: The phenomenon of flashover & Royal Society & 1998 & [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [25] \\ Defining flashover for fire hazard & Fire Safety Journal & 1999 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [26] \\ On the equations for flashover in small compartments & International Journal on Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes & 2001 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [27] \\ Combustion and heat transfer in compartment fires & Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [28] \\ Defining flashover for fire hazard calculations: Part II & Fire Safety Journal & 2003 & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [29] \\ On modelling combustion, radiation and soot processes in compartment fires & Building and Environment & 2003 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [30] \\ Heat fluxes and flame heights in facades from fires in enclosures of varying geometry & Proceedings of the Combustion Institute & [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [31] \\ An experimental study of the rate of gas temperature rise in enclosure fires & Fire Safety Journal & 2011 & [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] \& [PERSON] et al. [32] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Relevant work about fire dynamics in enclosures. upon on the materials and room simplified mass and energy balance. In this case, full-scale experiments were conducted in an enclosure \(\leq\) 16 m\({}^{2}\) with a specified kind of fuel. In the same vein, the area and location influence of ventilation sources in the fire compartment (ventilation factor) was evaluated by [PERSON] et al. [27]. The equation, which describes flashover, was studied to apply the results for a better design of small commercial establishments to improve safety. The authors relied on the two-layer model to explain that when the flashover occurs, the fire changes from fuel-controlled to ventilation-controlled. These methods--[PERSON] [6], [PERSON] [23], [PERSON] [22] and [PERSON] [33]--were also analysed and revealed different ways to find the value of the critical heat for the occurrence of flashover. In [27], ventilation factor was evaluated with an experiment using three different sizes of diesel pool fires. The experimental studies carried out by [27] were in a small compartment of length 4 m, width 3 m and height 3 m. The chamber was constructed with double layers of fire-rated and a 7 mm thick Gypsum board was used for the experimental study. The door measures were 1.6 m in width and 2.2 m in height. Their experiments were compared to results obtained from different equations proposed by [6; 23; 33; 34]. This study concluded with an equation for calculating the critical heat release rate (HRR) for flashover occurrence in a small chamber, taking into account the ventilation factor for large openings.