## 4 Discussion
### Discussion on Similarities and Differences in Manual and Automated Driving  
Multiple EEG channels showed significant increases in the Theta band and Theta/Alpha ratio during high vigilance in manual driving mode. In contrast, only the P3 and P7 channels showed a significant decrease in the Alpha band during high vigilance in automated driving mode. Enhancement of the Theta band is usually associated with high levels of cognitive activity and information processing, especially in tasks involving memory and attention focus [45]. In the driving task, the increase in Theta waves may reflect the fact that drivers \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline  & **ACC** & **Pre** & **Rec** & **F1** \\ \hline K1 & 83.55\% & 83.09\% & 84.23\% & 0.837 \\ K2 & 89.14\% & 91.01\% & 87.64\% & 0.893 \\ K3 & 86.77\% & 86.36\% & 84.14\% & 0.852 \\ K4 & 82.41\% & 85.23\% & 80.74\% & 0.829 \\ K5 & 88.73\% & 89.91\% & 86.50\% & 0.882 \\ CV & 0.033 & 0.035 & 0.029 & 0.031 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Five-fold cross-validation results. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Manual**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Automated**} \\
**Inputs** & **40 Min** & **First Half** & **Latter Half** & **40 Min** & **First Half** & **Latter Half** \\ \hline ADMD & 86.32\% & 85.73\% & 86.91\% & 87.12\% & 87.45\% & 86.79\% \\ MD & 77.01\% & 82.95\% & 71.07\% & 68.74\% & 73.52\% & 63.96\% \\ AD & 69.91\% & 74.14\% & 65.68\% & 78.64\% & 85.23\% & 72.05\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Model validation results. invest more cognitive resources to maintain vigilance [46]. This change supports a role for Theta waves in maintaining task-related attention and executive control. The significant decrease in Alpha wave power during high vigilance may be related to the continuous active state of the brain [47]. In driving situations that require high vigilance and fast reaction time, the reduction in Alpha waves may be an indication that the brain is reducing the allocation of internal resources to non-critical tasks [46]. This reduction helps drivers to be less distracted and more focused on the driving task. Under manual driving, the head heading deviated significantly to the left in the high-vigilance state. In left-hand drive vehicles, drivers check the left side (e.g., the left mirror) more frequently, especially during high vigilance, and this behavior may be more pronounced. The increase in the driver's pupil diameter reflects the heightened psychological stress or cognitive load of a high vigilance state [48]. Even though the vehicle's operation is controlled by an automated system, the driver needs to remain vigilant to monitor the system's performance and be ready to take over control. This pupil dilation is a physiological response to potential threats or situations requiring high attention. Decreases in ECG indicators usually reflect reduced parasympathetic activity and increased sympathetic activity [49]. In both manual and automated driving modes, the mean values of ECG indicators were significantly lower when the driver was in a high state of vigilance compared to a low state. This suggests an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity when a high level of vigilance is required. Commonality Analysis: In both manual and automated driving modes, the P3 and P7 channels show a decrease in Alpha band power during high vigilance, suggesting that the brain reduces attention to non-critical stimuli to maintain vigilance. Additionally, high vigilance in both driving modes leads to a decrease in ECG indicators, indicating a general autonomic nervous system response to psychological stress and increased vigilance. Analysis of Differences: In manual driving mode, significant increases in Theta waves and Theta/Alpha ratios indicate that drivers require more attention and information-processing capacity during driving tasks.