esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Susceptibility to Seismic Amplification (SSA)  
The study area falls within seismic zones II and III. Therefore, SSA results obtained from this study are not surprising, as they follow seismic zones (Figure 7). However, PGA observed in this study ranges between 0-0.53 g, which was implemented after SSA and could reach up to 0.092 g. According to the obtained results, the highest intensity could reach up to VI with the highest PGA value of 0.092-0.18g, which was determined by considering several factors, such as amplification factors of rock types, slope, location elevation, and recent sediments in the basin. The highest velocity of the surface waves could reach up to 8.1-16 (cm/s). This gives an indication of strong ground shaking. The shaking was strong despite the potential damage ranging from light to moderate. The highest ground shaking was observed in coastal Odisha and Mahanadi graben. Moderate shaking was observed in the IB river basin, Talchir basin, and Jajpur-Chandbali basin situated in the northwestern part, while Athgarh and Salepur basins are on the southern part of the Mahanadi rift valley. The seismic ground velocity divides the state into three major parts: 0-6, 6-10 and 10-15 cm/s. The final map was classified into four classes of very high, high, moderate, and low ground shaking. The east coast of the Mahanadi river basin and coastal parts of the Bay of Bengal basin, including Chilika Lake, have very high ground shaking. The cities with very high-to-high susceptible areas are Ganjam, Puri, Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapada, Bhadrakh, and Baleswar, as well as some parts of Khordha, Cuttack, and Jajpur. In the moderate ground shaking category are Dhenkanal, Anugul, Sambalpur, and Jharsuguda. In addition, all other districts fall in the low category.
## 2 Methodology
### Fabrication and Measurement of the Proposed Antenna  
The antenna structure was fabricated by using a E33 model LPKF prototyping PCB machine at Department of Electrical and Electronics, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, Turkey. In our research work, we had a chance to only fabricate the proposed antennas without organic solar cell due to the instrumentation limitation in our labs. A single sided copper covered the IS680 substrate with a thickness of 0.762 mm chosen in the manufacturing process for the proposed antenna. After the fabrication of the antenna, a 50 \(\Omega\) SMA connector was soldered to the feeding line and ground plane, as illustrated in Figure 3. The experimental investigation was carried out via the Agilent PNA-L N5234A vector network analyzer in an operating frequency ranging from 10 MHz to 43.5 GHz. The VNA was first calibrated by using a proper calibration kit, considering the short circuit, open circuit, and load situations in the frequency range from 5 to 16 GHz. Finally, the antenna was connected to the VNA and the return loss parameter was measured accordingly.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Value (mm)** & **Parameters** & **Value (mm)** \\ \hline W & 17 & L\({}_{2}\) & 1.5 \\ L & 21 & L\({}_{3}\) & 1.5 \\ G\({}_{1}\) & 7.8 & L\({}_{4}\) & 1.4 \\ G\({}_{2}\) & 7.3 & P\({}_{5}\) & 15.2 \\ G\({}_{\rm w}\) & 7.27 & W\({}_{1}\) & 4 \\ Wf\({}_{1}\) & 2 & W\({}_{2}\) & 10 \\ Wf\({}_{2}\) & 2.2 & W\({}_{3}\) & 6 \\ Lf & 8.5 & W\({}_{4}\) & 3 \\ L\({}_{1}\) & 1.3 & W\({}_{5}\) & 6.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The dimension related parameters of the proposed CPW antenna used in the simulation design.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **P3 HT: PCBM** & **ITO** \\ \hline Relative permittivity & 3.920 & 3.6150 \\ Relative permeability & 1.010 & 1.0001 \\ Bulk conductivity (S/m) & 0.300 & \(10^{6}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The electrical and magnetic parameters of the OSC integrated with the proposed antenna.  
Figure 2: Schematic presentation of the proposed organic solar cell.
## 2 Flat Panel Antenna Design
### Design Principles  
The antenna is designed based on a substrate-guided grounded (SGG) concept. This technique requires metallic patterns, feed, guiding substrate, and a ground plane (reflector), as depicted in Figure 3. As can be seen from Figure 3a, the metallic patterns are printed on the top side of the substrate, whereas the ground plane is located on the bottom side of the substrate. The metallic patterns are excited via the waveguide port in the simulator CST microwave studio (see Figure 3b). The waveguide port generates a plane wave, as shown in Figure 3b, which is guided through the substrate and hits the metallic patterns from the edge of the substrate. Once the metallic patterns are excited through the plane wave, it starts radiating the waves into the air, as shown in Figure 3c. This type of radiation is referred to as leaky waves. This structure provides highly directive radiation patterns with low-side lobes, as shown in Figure 3c. Beam scanning is accomplished through the utilization of the mechanical rotation of metallic patterns. Thus, the metallic patterns in the proposed design are printed in a circular shape. The final design can scan the beam from \(-60^{\circ}\) to \(+60^{\circ}\), which is an extraordinary performance compared to the existing literature [4; 39; 40; 35]. The detailed results are presented in Section 3.
# Ultrasound-Guided Procedures in Common Tendinopathies at the Elbow: From Image to Needle
## 3 Common Elbow Pathologies
### Golfer's Elbow  
Golfer's elbow (i.e., medial epicondylits) usually presents as pain at the medial elbow. It is three- or six-fold less frequent than tendinopathy of the lateral elbow (i.e., tennis elbow). It is often associated with sports activities (particularly overhead throwing) and manual labor, e.g., carpenters and plumbers [52]. Medial epicondylits reaches nearly 10% of all cases of epicondylits [53]. Its prevalence is approximately 0.3-0.6% in men and 0.3-1.1% in women [28]. Repetitious wrist flexion or forearm pronation at least two hours every day, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and obesity were identified as risk factors of medial epicondylits [54]. The pain manifests itself especially when the fingers and wrist are bent. Overhead throwers are at risk due to the elbow's valgus torque during the acceleration phase of throwing, causing significant strain on the common flexor tendon. Some throwers may have other pathologies, including medial collateral ligament insufficiency, and some of them also show chronic signs of impingement known as \"chronic valgus overload syndrome\" [55]. Medial elbow tendinopathy diagnosis is usually not as easy as a lateral one [38]. In the differential diagnosis, one must also think of pain caused by unbar or medial antebracchial cutaneous nerve entrapments [56; 57]. Cervical radiocupathy of C6 and C7 could be associated with weakness and dysfunction of promoter trees (PT), flexor carpi ulnaris (FCR), palmaris longus (PL), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles. Their imbalance can lead to the onset of medial epicondylits [58]. For diagnosis, US imaging and an MRI are beneficial, mainly when history and physical examination are noncontributory [59]. In adolescent pitchers, a common cause of medial elbow pain is due to the fact of repetitive valgus overload. This condition is known as \"Little League elbow\". In severe cases, the medial epicondyle fracture may occur [60].
# A Review of Progress and Hydrodynamic Design of Integrated Motor Pump-Jet Propulsion
## 4 Dynamic Coupling Technology
### Dynamic Coupling between IMPs and Ship Hulls
(2014) [82] investigated the influence of the number of RDTs (either two or four sets) and the location of the RDT installation on the hydrodynamic performances of an underwater vehicle (Figure 9). Due to the influence of the stern wake, reducing the distance between the RDT and the hull improved the RDT's efficiency and the thrust deduction factor. To increase the vehicle's hydrodynamic performance, the RDTs could be placed at the parallel middle body towards the aft body. This would result in a negative thrust deduction factor. When RDTs were installed on the stern planes, increasing the number of RDTs resulted in a significant reduction in the total propulsive efficiency; however, when the RDTs were mounted on the parallel middle body, there was only a small reduction in the total propulsive efficiency. The design, integration, and testing of a steerable rim-driven thruster for the short takeoff aviation support ship (STASS) model was the subject of [PERSON] et al. (2019) [83]. To analyze the influence of the newly designed and integrated system on the drag force, the testing matrix used four configurations of the bare hull, supplemented with SHIPS, ballard pull, and self-propelled phases. The drag force for SHIPS was found to be enhanced by 20% due to a variety of factors, including the increased wetted surface area and the blocking effect caused by the presence of the motor cage and steering column in the flow direction. After the thruster was integrated, there was a further increase in the drag force. Figure 8: Interaction between duct and hull of a yacht: (**a**) yacht equipped with two RDTs; (**b**) water flow pattern behind the RDT [39]. Figure 9: Different numbers and installation locations of RDTs [82].
# Recent Advances in Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Ultrasound Scanning
## 2 Standard Planes Recognition with AI
### Image Quality Assessment  
One important aspect of selecting or identifying good standard planes in an ultrasound acquisition is the evaluation of the image quality of each frame. There are multiple criteria for evaluating the quality of the images in the 2D ultrasound-captured frames, such as the presence of artifacts or blurring effects.  
Since the local anatomical structure is important in the US, standard quality measures of US imaging are based on contrast statistics [50]. As standard contrast recovery (CR) does not take into account the noise-to-signal ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is a preferred metric. However, recent research has demonstrated that dynamic range adjustments can arbitrarily create high CNR values without having any discernible impact on the likelihood of lesion identification [51]. In order to solve this problem, other metrics, such as the generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR) in ultrasound, have been proposed [52]. gCNR is supposed to prevent possible bias from dynamic range alterations.  
Other recent works have used task-based metrics for automatic quality assessment of standard planes in 2D fetal US. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [53] proposed a multi-task approach combining three CNNs. As essential anatomical structures should appear full and remarkable with a clear boundary in each standard plane, the identification (or lack thereof) of these structures can be used to determine whether a fetal ultrasound image is the standard plane.  
Another relevant aspect of ultrasound images is the speckle patterns, which could be exploited to track the relative movement and orientation of the transducer [54; 55]. Although commonly referred to as speckle noise, it is not an actual noise. The name was given as it is considered an unwanted signal. However, it produces deterministic patterns that depend on the local tissue composition and can be used to locate them. Therefore, it may be important that the image processing used in the US preserves that information so that AI algorithms can retrieve and use it.
## 1 Introduction
### Background and Motivation  
Through WBAN, vital parameters of the body are to be sent or transferred to a medical server to attain better assistance. Well organized routing becomes the essence of the network to minimize energy dissipation and increase network lifetime. Performance comparison of various routing protocols has been performed in various research papers [6; 7; 8] along with different mobility models, but they have focused on various mobile networks such as VANET, MANET, and FANET whereas this work provides us the performance analysis of Various routing protocols for WBAN, which is way different from the above-mentioned mobile network due to its limitations of battery size and life, size of various sensors, and the way they are deployed on the human body. Due to the above facts, it becomes more important to choose routing protocol in an efficient way. Through this research, we evaluate different already available routing protocols and compare their performance for varying numbers of nodes in WBAN.
# Wavelet Transform Application for/in Non-Stationary Time-Series Analysis: A Review
## 2 Theoretical Background of Wavelet Transforms  
The WT decomposes a signal at different timescales. It is defined as a set of basic functions \(\psi_{a,b}(t)\) that can be generated by translating and scaling the so-called mother wavelet as follows [6]:  
\[\psi_{a,b}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}\psi(\frac{t-b}{a});a>0,-\infty<b<\infty, \tag{4}\]  
where \(a\) is the scale parameter and \(b\) determines the location of the wavelet. In this paper, we describe the mostly used WT in the literature. In practice, there are different WT types where many mother wavelets are used. They are summarized as follows.
# Internet of Things Meets Computer Vision to Make an Intelligent Pest Monitoring Network
## 3 Proposed Approach
### IoT Network
#### 3.2.3 Mobile Application  
The mobile application was developed using React Native, and allows the user to monitor pests through a mobile device (see Figure 11). For that, the user can choose a plantation site and a specific edge node (one of the ESP32-CAMs) on a map. For that node, the user can see the evolution of the detected pests and the images obtained for each day. The middle image shows a pest evolution where the traps were changed almost every day. To complement this approach, it is also possible to take a photo of a trap, which is sent to the backend part of the IoT network. Then, the CV model makes the detection and returns results to the application.  
Figure 11: Part of the mobile app that allows users to monitor pests.  
Figure 10: Example of a daily pest detection by the CV model.
# Directional Suppression of Monotone Noises with A Parametric Array Loudspeaker
## 5 Experimental Evaluation for Directional Monotone Noise Suppression with PALs
### Evaluation of PAL for Directional Monotone Noise Suppression  
As described in Section 2, the proposed ANC method requires an offline identification of the secondary path as the first step. Hence, the secondary path filters \(\hat{\mathfrak{s}}(n)\) from using either VCL or PAL are measured with white noise following Figure 1b in the setups illustrated in Figure 5. This estimated \(\hat{\mathfrak{s}}(n)\) is further embedded in the complete FxLMS algorithm to update the ANC control filter \(\mathbf{w}(n)\). In our implementation, both filters have a tap number of 128, and the optimum filter learning rate is selected as \(10^{-2}\) and \(10^{-4}\) for the VCL and PAL cases, respectively, as concluded from repeated tests.  
For a monotone noise of 1 kHz under test, the ANC results from using both VCL and PAL are analyzed with frequency spectra, as presented in Figure 6. The results show that either VCL or PAL can perform effective reduction of the monotone noise through the PC-powered ANC platform. At the frequency of 1 kHz, the noise level is suppressed by 14 dB in the VCL case and 8 dB in the PAL case. However, in the PAL case, the secondary path is 5.8 times longer than the VCL, which verifies the effectiveness of using PAL to achieve comparable noise reduction while at a much further distance. In Figure 6b, an extra frequency component at 2 kHz appears when the ANC is active. This undesired effect can be attributed to the harmonics distortion introduced by the bandwidth-limited transducers driven by signals modulated with simple DSBAM techniques, which can be further eliminated by using more elaborate AM methods [24; 33; 35].  
Figure 6: Measurement of 1 kHz monotone noise suppression results with (**a**) VCL or (**b**) PAL as the secondary source in the ANC system.  
To confirm the directional noise suppression by using PAL, we further measured the practical noise reduction level along a horizontal range of 80 cm while keeping a constant perpendicular distance of 60 cm between the source plane and the measured plane where the error microphones are located, as shown in Figure 7a. We also used 1 kHz monotone noise for the test. The original and residual noises are measured for either the VCL or PAL case, and the noise attenuation levels are calculated as summarized in Figure 7b. For both the VCL and PAL cases, the maximum noise attenuation level appears at 0\({}^{\circ}\) along the normal axis of the secondary source's surface with values of 10.7 dB and 7.6 dB for the VCL and PAL cases, respectively. This measurement correlates with the spectra analysis in Figure 6. The directivity characteristics of different loudspeakers in noise suppression can be concluded by analyzing the 6 dB ANC range. In the VCL case, the 6 dB ANC range covers a horizontal distance of around 44 cm, which is reduced to 20 cm when using the PAL. This result also cross-validates with Figure 3 to confirm PAL's advantage of narrower directivity for targeting localized noise sources.
# Grasp Analysis for the Robot-Based Manipulation of Pre-Assembled Cables with Electrical Connectors
## 4 Results
### Manual Adaptation of the Automatically Generated Trajectories  
The results from Section 4.2 enable identification of WPs with avoidable high grasp force. Using this information, a user can adjust the two trajectories to reduce the cable deformation and, thus, the magnitude of the cable wrenches. For example, for cable 1 in Figure 9, this is particularly the case for WPs 6-12. Therefore, a manual adjustment of the trajectories is conducted. Precisely, a temporal delay is applied to the trajectory of gripper 1 at WPs 5-12 so that the unfavorable cable deformation is avoided. Towards WP 13, both grippers are temporally synchronized so that they follow the initial trajectories. The corresponding eras  
Figure 10: Comparison of the required grasp force for cable 1 with the initialized trajectories as well as manually adapted between WPs 5 and 12. The initial grasp force courses correspond to the ones shown in Figure 9,b. For clarity, only surface pairs 1 and 2 are shown. WP 16* represents the superposition of WP 15 with the force for mating the plug to the socket.  
By comparing the initial trajectories with the adapted ones, it can be observed that the required grasp force is significantly reduced for WPs 5-12. For gripper 1, WPs 13-15 still offer a slight potential for improvement compared to WP 16* and, thus, avoidance of overdimensioning. For cables 2 and 3, the required grasp force can also be significantly reduced by manually adapting the trajectories; see Figure A1 in Appendix A.  
So far, different grasping surfaces, trajectories and cable lengths have been compared. In addition, the effective cable parameters affect the required grasp force, which is discussed below.
# Cloud Incubator Car: A Reliable Platform for Autonomous Driving
## 3 High-Level CICar Architecture
### Perception System  
The perception system is divided into two subsystems: short- (SRS) and long-range (LRS). The perception system forms two concentric rings overlapping around the vehicle (Figure 4). The SRS allows objects to be detected up to 10 m from the front and the rear of the vehicle (2D LIDARs) and around 3 m from the right and left side of the vehicle (ToF cameras). ToF cameras are a seldom used technology in autonomous vehicles but they result to be a very attractive solution for the vehicle for short-range detection. ToFs allow 3D object detection with a high frame rate, are less affected by light conditions and shadows, and have an acceptable cost [21; 22]. The objects that enter into the short-range ring suppose an inherent risk and danger for the actions of the CICar. For this reason, the sensors involved in the SRS are commanded by the RT processing unit. On the other hand, the LRS perception is based on a 3D High-Definition LIDAR (HDL64 SE from Velodyne) [19]. Its 64 laser beams turn at 800 rpm and can detect objects up to 100 m away with an accuracy of 2 cm. The 3D LIDAR allows trajectories to be established (lane change, obstacle avoidance, speed reduction depending on the traffic conditions, etc.), object tracking, object classification, and behaviour prediction of other drivers. The information from the two subsystems is fused and processed to detect obstacles such as: cars, bikes, pedestrians, traffic lights, and so on. A colour camera is placed on the roof of the vehicle and is used to detect the road, lanes, road lines, and traffic signs.  
The CICar has a localization system based on an RTK unit (Real-Time Kinematic), an IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), and a relative position encoder installed on the wheel of the vehicle. RTK satellite  
Figure 4: (a) CICar 3D model with reference frames; (b,c) plant and side views of the perception system ranges and components.  
navigation consists of a technique used to enhance the precision of the position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global navigation satellite systems, GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. The RTK is composed of a base station and a mobile unit (or rover) and it supplies an accuracy from 20 cm to 1 cm. The localization system cancels out the RTK positioning when the number of satellites detected is less than or equal to four or when the HDOP (Horizontal Dilution of Precision) is greater than five [23; 24]. In these cases, the IMU and the positioning encoder installed on the vehicle are used for the localisation task. Table 4 presents a summary of the onboard sensors in the CICar.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cost Saving Rates with Payback Period
This suggests that applying an appropriate insulation thickness is a cost-effective strategy for improving energy efficiency in buildings, regardless of their specific orientation. Energy cost savings (ECSs) values are calculated for all directions as shown in Figure 11. It is evident that north- and northeast-facing walls have the greatest ECSs with 24.56 and 24.52 USD/m\({}^{2}\), respectively. These orientations receive the least amount of solar radiation, resulting in higher heating demands, which in turn leads to greater energy savings when insulation is applied. On the other hand, the south-facing wall shows the lowest energy cost savings of 23.48 USD/m\({}^{2}\) as it benefits from the highest amount of solar radiation, thereby reducing its heating requirements and the potential savings from insulation. Savings rates and payback periods have been determined according to the energy cost savings for cooling and heating throughout the building's lifespan and utilizing ideal insulation thicknesses based on the annual energy demands. The energy savings rate and payback period variations for each direction are presented in Figure 12. Payback periods, which demonstrate how many years are required to recover the investment, vary between 5.94 and 6.05 years. In addition, the average energy saving rate is found to be 70%. As can be seen in Figure 12, the walls that have greater savings rates, payback periods are shorter, such as north- and northeast-facing walls. A short payback period means that the investment recoups its costs in a shorter time, which is financially beneficial. From this perspective, it can be concluded that investing in insulation for walls facing north and northeast directions is more advantageous than investing in other walls, as the investment recoups itself in a shorter period of time. Figure 10: Variations of total costs of insulated and uninsulated walls for various directions.