## 4 Discussion
However, the DMW effectively acts against the genera _Citrobacter_, _Proteus_, _Enterococcus_, _Actinobacillus_, and _Psychrobacter_, which are uniquely noted in Table S3 (Supplementary File S2). Similarly, the genera _Pseudomonas_, _Veillonella_, _Stenotrophomonas_, _Achromobacter_, _Serratia_, _Brevundimonus_, _Klebsiella_, _Agrobacterium_, _Lactobacillus_, and _Treponema_ were completely rooted out in the post-treated samples of G2, as can be observed in Table S4 (Supplementary File S2). Citrobacter, like other Enterobacteriaceae, may cause a variety of infections in humans, including urethritis, upper airways, sores, bone, peritoneal, endocardium, meninges, and bloodstream infections. The urinary system is the most frequent source of infection, preceded by the gut, skin/soft tissues (including surgical site infection), and influenza. _Citrobacter_ spp. infection can be transmitted internally from the mother or laterally from carriers or other hospital sources [69; 70; 71; 72]. Oral enterococcal colonies have the appropriate virulence characteristics, particularly antimicrobial resistance, to make them suitable candidates that might cause oral or systemic infections [73; 57]. In addition, the genus _Actinobacillus_ has been identified as a significant contender in the development of periodontitis [74; 75; 76]. _Psychrobacter_ has been identified from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and other internal organs in individuals and is thought to be an uncommon opportunistic infection [42; 77]. However, _Psychrobacter_ may be transmitted from periodontal blood, as it has existed in healthy subjects before using a mouthwash, which may enter the bloodstream and cause infectious disease in humans. Fortunately, the mouthwash formulation curtailed the growth of species from the genera _Citrobacter_, _Actinobacillus_, and _Psychrobacter_ in G1 post-treated samples (Table S4) (Supplementary File S2). _Pseudomonas_ spp. are significant bacteria linked to periodontal disorders in hospitalized and institutionalized patients. The mouth cavity might be a key reservoir for these infections, especially in the case of inadequate dental hygiene and periodontitis [78]. _Veil_lonella_ species were found mainly in subjects who had poor oral hygiene compared to those with good or moderate oral hygiene. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. reported the distribution and high frequency of _V. rogosae_ in tongue biofilms of Thai children, and the biofilms were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin [79; 80]. _Achromobacter_ species cause periodontal-related disease and impact immunocompromised individuals with high-risk malignancies followed by circulation and respiratory infections [81; 82; 83; 84]. _Brevundimonas diminuta_ was detected in the refractory periodontitis patients and plays a vital role in advancing periodontitis [85; 86]. Similarly, _B. diminuta_ was amplified and sequenced in patients with hematological malignancies, severely obstructed uropathy, and angiosarcoma of the heart [87]. Lactobacillus were the first microbes linked to the development of dental caries [88]. It is also depicted as an opportunistic bacterium that has adapted to a specialized niche produced by the instability of a healthy oral microbiome and has led to the development of dental caries and the formation of a significant reservoir in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [26]. According to [PERSON] et al., Treponema species and their lineages are primarily found in the oral cavities of those suffering from periodontitis and gingivitis [89]. Likewise, the DNMW completely exitrpated the growth of _Veillonella, Achromobacter, Brevundimonas, Lactobacillus,_ and _Treponema_ in G2 post-treated volunteers. In addition, the bacterial species _B. diminuta_ was found in our healthy volunteers and was eradicated following the use of DNMW (Table S4, Supplementary File S2). [PERSON] et al., 2020 reported that _S.