# From Bottom of Sea to Space: Quo Vadis IoT? So What About Security?
## 3 Security Challenges and Mechanisms
### IoT on the Ground
#### 3.2.2 Extensions with Applications in Transportation
Testing of the method shows an increase in accuracy when compared to other models. * Signcryption As discussed earlier, edge computing is an advancing technology that has many applications in IoV. The use of edge computing with 5G networks allows for a scheme free from latency. In [140], the authors propose a multi-message and multi-receiver signcryption scheme that uses multicast channels. The issue with typical multicast channels is that they are prone to many attacks due to the fact that they are more exposed. The proposed scheme uses a certificateless setting to help with these challenges. This is because a key's security is dependent on the security of a channel. The method the authors use creates a pseudo partial key to be used on a public channel. The method also uses HCC because of the smaller key size allowing the scheme to be lighter weight. Through testing, the scheme shows that it has high security with a low cost of computation. * Authentication Security in the IoV is something that has not been studied enough in recent years. In [141], the authors propose a method of authentication through the use of a fog-based identity scheme. They do this through the use of two layers. The first layer of the scheme is a security authentication scheme outside the fog. The second layer is a security monitoring layer for all of the other vehicles in the network. The authentication method used is a two-way form between the identity of the vehicle and a deep learning algorithm that conducts real-time security. Through testing, the scheme was proven to be accurate and able to adapt to the increasing number of high-speed networks in IoV. Ad hoc networks allow for vehicles to connect in real time. This allows high levels of communication, but most of these communications happen on open channels. There are plenty of attacks, such as eavesdropping, which can take advantage of these channels, leaving users vulnerable. To help protect the location and identity of the vehicle, the authors of [142] propose a new key agreement and mutual authentication scheme using elliptic curve cryptography. Vehicles are grouped into clusters based on the location of their closest road-side unit. In each cluster, there is a designated cluster head. One area of authentication and session key creation is between a vehicle and its cluster head. The second area of authentication is between the vehicle and other vehicles around it. After analysis, the authors found that the scheme was able to defend against many of the attacks that happen on open channels for IoV. The authors of [143] propose a similar form of mutual authentication called three-byte-based Media Access Control. The architecture of the network is split into two chains: local and public. Similar to the previous scheme, the local chain is controlled by the cluster head in terms of authentication and communication. The public chain is controlled by the base station. To communicate the vehicles use their Media Access Control address and can alter the authentication by using the last 3 bytes of it. The constant use of those bytes allows the network to constantly authenticate and keep a high level of integrity. The system is able to remain lightweight as most of the heavy computation is performed through base stations and cluster heads. The scheme proved to be a usable method of authentication as it had very high detection rates, low computational costs, and low latency. There are many different authentication methods but many are not lightweight which is very important in IoV (and many other resource-constrained devices). The authors of [144] introduce a lightweight key authentication protocol that enables a server and device to share a secret key. This can be used to create a secure session between the server and the device in a way that is more lightweight. Testing shows that the proposed scheme is more efficient in computation and communication costs than current systems while still maintaining security. This is performed through the use of XOR operations and SHA-3.