## 4 Results and Analysis
### Landing: Analysis  
#### 4.4.1 Landing: Fleiss' Kappa  
A Fleiss' kappa test was conducted for different scenarios regarding landing. There were more landing scenario questions, so the analysis was broken up into two parts. The results are as follows in Table 12.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**Answer** & **Proportion** \\ \hline Conduct a comprehensive pre-landing & 25\% \\ briefing & \\ Always assume changes in the & 15\% \\ environment and approach with caution & 29\% \\ Overfly the aerodrome to inspect for any & 17\% \\ changes or obstacles if visibility allows & 17\% \\ Use charts and GPS to confirm the location & 13\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: How do you ensure situational awareness when approaching an aerodrome you are not familiar with? Select all that apply.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Question** & **P\({}_{\mathbf{o}}\)** & **P\({}_{\mathbf{e}}\)** & **Kappa** \\ \hline (33 2) Whilst trying to land, you significantly overfly the aim & 0.615 & 0.159 & 0.542 \\ point. What course of action would you take to rectify this? & & 0.249 & 0.072 & 0.191 \\ (34 2) In your opinion, at what point would it be the last stage & & 0.222 & 0.038 & 0.191 \\ to recover from an unstabilised landing? & & & 0.281 & 0.064 & 0.232 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 12: Results of Landing Fleiss’ kappa (part 1).  
There was moderate agreement amongst pilots who answered question 33, with most of the pilots deciding to perform a go-around during the flare. None of the pilots selected the option to \"push nose down for a landing\".  
Moreover, only a slight agreement was seen among pilots in question 34 (proportions shown in Table 13). However, many pilots answered that touchdown and rollout are the last stages to recover from, which are also the highest-risk stages.  
For question 35, many pilots chose to focus on a safe landing, monitoring the engine performance closely. This was followed by preparing for a possible forced landing in the rugged terrain. Preparation is key to ensuring pilots have the necessary ability to fly with maximum effectiveness and safety [97], especially during high-risk phases of flight. Meanwhile, pilots chose \"maintaining aircraft control and troubleshooting concurrently\", as well as \"keeping options open for a safe resolution, such as a forced landing\", as the focus in this scenario.  
The responses to these questions indicate a slight to fair agreement among participants. Most pilots who answered 36a opted for either continuing the landing, aiming to manoeuvre around the debris, or attempting to stop before reaching the debris, accepting the risk of a hard stop. This suggests that pilots will prioritise a landing before considering a go-around, even if there are mitigating factors to a safe landing.  
Furthermore, for question 36b, most pilots indicated that they primarily relied on their previous experience with similar situations, followed by practising emergency procedures and adhering to (SOPs) for handling unexpected obstacles. This emphasises the role that experience plays in decision-making.  
Comparatively, for question 37, many pilots elected for a go-around in this scenario, in line with Flight Safety Foundation [98] advice, followed by an attempt to stabilise the aircraft and continue the landing roll, then reduce power and attempt to gently lower the aircraft back onto the runway.