# Integrated Digital-Twin-Based Decision Support System for
## 8 Conclusions  
In conclusion, this study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a DT-based decision support system for optimizing the allocation and management of relocatable modular units. The proposed system integrates BIM, IoT, and GIS technologies to enable real-time tracking, automated module selection, and data-driven logistical planning. The system significantly enhances module allocation efficiency by assessing module conditions, aligning with project requirements, and considering geographical proximity. The practical applicability of the proposed system was validated through a case study on South Korea's first RMS system. Expert evaluations further reinforced the system's advantages over traditional manual allocation methods, particularly in improving decision making through real-time data visualization, streamlining logistics, and enhancing user interaction with an intuitive web-based dashboard. The framework lays the groundwork for scalable digital management of RMBs, with potential applications extending beyond educational facilities to sectors such as military, healthcare, and emergency shelters.  
Despite its promising results, several challenges remain. Key areas for future development include improving scalability for larger and more complex projects, enhancing real-time data processing capabilities, and strengthening system resilience to dynamic project conditions and real-world challenges. Future research and development should focus on integrating advanced technologies, such as AI-driven analytics and enhanced sensor networks, to further augment the system's functionality. In addition, while this research primarily focuses on modular unit allocation, reuse, and logistical efficiency, broader lifecycle considerations such as energy performance optimization and end-of-life recyclability are important areas for future exploration. Integrating these aspects into future DT frameworks could further enhance the sustainability and circularity of MC, supporting a more comprehensive approach to lifecycle management. This study is expected to contribute to the digital transformation of the MC industry, highlighting the critical role of DT technologies in achieving sustainable resource utilization, optimized lifecycle management, and greater adaptability in the evolving landscape of MC.  
Conceptualization, T.D.H.N.N. and Y.A.; methodology, T.D.H.N.N.; software, T.D.H.N.N.; validation, T.D.H.N.N.; resources, T.D.H.N.N. and Y.A.; writing--original draft preparation, T.D.H.N.N.; writing--review and editing, B.K.; visualization, T.D.H.N.N.; supervision, Y.A. and B.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (no. RS-2024-00398693) and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2022R11A1A01072835) and the research fund of Hanyang University (HY-2022-0746).  
Not applicable.  
Data Availability Statement: Data supporting this study cannot be made available due to confidentiality agreements with the modular manufacturer.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.