esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Related Work
### Literary Review on Bengali Sign Language (BSL)  
BSL is the modified form of American, British, Australian, and Indian sign language. Although many researchers have been working to develop a BSL recognizer to help deaf and hard of hearing people in the Bengali community, it is not yet explored as much as needed. [PERSON] et al. applied a cross-correlation for two-handed sign language recognition for Bengali characters in 2012 [22]. They used 80 images for ten BSL datasets classes to evaluate their model and achieved 96% accuracy. In the same way, an ensemble neural network was applied in [23], feature-based cascaded classifiers like Haar [24], contour analysis [25], support vector machine (SVM) [26].  
Nowadays, CNN based feature extraction and classification approaches are effective for sign language classification due to increasing the size of the dataset, and most of the research work for BSL have developed using this. [PERSON] et al. in 2017 proposed a CNN based on a Leap motion controller (LMC) to track the hand motion of the signer. They operated this with a limited dataset for 14 classes of BSL, and their error rate is 3% [27]. [PERSON] et al. in 2018 proposed a faster regional-based CNN to detect real-time BSL with ten classes dataset [28]. Authors successfully trained the system on the 1700 images and achieved 98.20% accuracy for recognizing 10 signs. However, the model's performance has not been confirmed because the author collected a small size dataset that could raise an underfitting problem in their model. To solve the BSL dataset problem, [PERSON] et al. in 2018 built a new 36 class BSL dataset with 1800 samples, and the name of the dataset is Ishara-Lippi [29]. [PERSON] et al. applied a CNN model to recognize the Ishara-Lippi dataset and achieved 94.74% accuracy [13]. [PERSON] et al., in 2020, applied a two steps approach to recognize 36 classes and achieved 95.83% accuracy [30]. Correspondingly, CNN with data augmentation technique is employed to achieved satisfactory performance accuracy from BSL recognition [31; 32]. In contrast, the evaluated size of the dataset is still inadequate and they used only one dataset which cannot confirms the effectiveness of the model. To solve the insufficient dataset problem, [PERSON] et al. [11] built the 38 classes open-source dataset for BSL with an efficient number of images, and the name of the dataset is 38-BdSL which contains 12,160 samples. Then they applied VGG19 architecture to recognize sign language and achieved 89.6% accuracy. To improve the performance accuracy [PERSON] et al. proposed a concatenated CNN and achieved 91.50% accuracy for the 38 BdSL dataset evaluation [33]. However, it is difficult to implement a sign language system using it due to lower accuracy. We did not find a generalized BSL recognition system where the researchers evaluate their model with a different open-source BSL dataset. To overcome the research gap we have developed a novel BenSignNet model to examine the generalizability of the solution for diverse BSL datasets.
# Research on Influence of Switching Angle on the Vibration of Switched Reluctance Motor
## 3 Influence of Switching Angle on Vibration  
### Current Harmonic Model  
The phase current of the SRM can be viewed as the Fourier series summation of several harmonic components. The torque ripple, vibration noise and operating efficiency of the SRM are mutually constrained, which can be established to quantitatively analyze the coupling relationship between different performance indicators. When the switched reluctance motor is running, considering the periodic characteristics of the switched reluctance motor, the current waveform can be expressed as a mathematical expression in the form of a Fourier series. This mathematical expression is called the current harmonic model, which is expressed as follows [25]:  
\[i(\theta_{e})=i_{0}+\sum_{n=1}^{N}i_{nc}\cdot\cos(n\theta_{e})+\sum_{n=1}^{N}i _{ns}\cdot\sin(n\theta_{e}) \tag{17}\]  
where \(i_{0}\), \(i_{ns}\) and \(i_{nc}\) are the DC component, the \(n\)-th order sine component and the \(n\)-th order cosine component, respectively. \(N\) is the order of the cutoff frequency and \(\theta_{e}\) is the rotor position angle (electrical angle).
###### Abstract  
The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of using biochar, functionalized with layered double hydroxides, as a fertilizer after its use in phosphate treatment (P-BC-LDHs). It was conducted with several levels of P-BC-LDHs using seed germination and early growth assays of lettuce (_Latuca sativa_ L.). The application of P-BC-LDHs resulted in successful seedling emergence, with an excellent germination capacity of over 96% for all treatments. However, compared to the controls, P-BC-LDHs did not provide favorable seedling traits. In contrast, in the latter experiments, lettuce cultivated under mixtures with P-BC-LDHs, particularly at an application rate of 2.5% (_w/w_), displayed superior growth quality to those under non-treated conditions. The length of lettuce shoots and roots from this optimal dosage were increased by at least 24% compared to untreated samples. A 17% reduction in biomass yield was observed for the samples from non-supplemented substrates. The nutrient release profiles showed that P-BC-LDHs were capable of slowly supplying phosphorus, thereby increasing the long-term nutrient availability for plants. The findings reported here provide important insights into these materials and confirm that P-BC-LDHs can be used for agricultural purposes after phosphate remediation applications. The results of this study provide constructive information to facilitate the implementation of biochar-based LDH composites for sustainable phosphate removal and recovery.  
biochar; layered double hydroxides; nutrient recycling; phosphate recovery; fertilizer; plant growth +
Footnote †: 2021: 11, 6489. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146489](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146489)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146489](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146489))
# Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network
## 5 Performance Analysis
### Energy Issue
The quantity of organic feedstock used by the hybrid solar PV/BG system under different system bandwidths is illustrated in Figure 14. It is observed that a larger quantity of biomass was used by the PV/BG solar system, which was linked to grid sharing. In particular, the networked system always generates higher energy than is necessary. The extra energy is therefore conveyed to the electrical network, which reduces grid pressures as well as the cost of capital through the maximum use of renewable energy sources. For a macro-base station under 10 MHz system bandwidth, the total number of batteries required is 32:8 in series and 4 in parallel to support the load demand in case of the shortage/failure of renewable energy. Due to better features of charge and discharge rate, the \"Trojan L16P\" battery has been selected. Using (4) HOMER determines the autonomy of the battery bank by 80.9 h. The yearly battery bank's autonomy under various network topologies is displayed in Figure 15. According to (5), the battery's throughput is proportional to the BS energy needs, while its autonomy is inversely proportionate. Therefore, the larger bandwidth of the system shows a lower battery autonomy value and a higher battery performance. Furthermore, a good battery bank modeling and the battery bank charge/discharge rating can enhance the reliability of the renewable-energy-driven supply system. The monthly statistics of renewable energy sold to the electrical grid system under different network conditions are shown in Table 4. In line with our expectations, after meeting the needed energy demand of the BSs, the grid-connected hybrid solar PV/BG system may share a considerable amount of renewable energy with the power grid system. On the other hand, Figure 16 displays the sold energy at various system bandwidths. In the case of the macro-base station system, the solar PV/BG may return about 3172 kWh of energy per year, according to the data provided in Table 4, through the selling of excess energy to the electric grids system. It is also observed that in pico- and femto-base station cases, the amount of sold energy is comparatively higher due to the lower value of the load demand. However, the solar PV/BG system can transfer a greater amount of renewable energy to the grid, therefore reducing energy costs and grid pressure. Therefore, three objectives can be achieved with the energy generated: (i) A significant part of the energy generation is required to meet the BS load demand; (ii) in the battery system, a certain  
Figure 8:0 Biomass consumed for the proposed grid-tied system.
# The Iterative Solution to Discrete-Time \(H_{\infty}\) Control Problems for Periodic Systems
## 2 Iterative Methods for Stabilizing Solution
### The Iterative Procedure with Two Matrix Sequences
We take \(\check{Y}^{(0)}=diag(21,\ldots,2I)\) and use the following recurrence equation:  
\[\check{Y}^{(i)}=\check{\mathbb{W}}(\check{Y}^{(i)}) :=(J\,\check{A}+J\check{B}_{2}\,\check{F}_{\check{Y}^{(i-1)}})^{T }\check{Y}^{(i)}\,(J\,\check{A}+J\check{B}_{2}\,\check{F}_{\check{Y}^{(i-1)}}) \tag{9}\] \[+(\check{F}_{\check{Y}^{(i-1)}})^{T}\,\check{R}_{2}^{(k)}\,\check {F}_{\check{Y}^{(i-1)}})+\check{M}^{(k)}\,,\quad i=1,2,...\]  
The iteration process stops with \(\|\check{Y}^{(i)}-\check{\mathbb{W}}(\check{Y}^{(i_{0})})\|\leq\textit{eps}\). We use MATLAB command dlyap for solving Equation (9). This approach is adapted in our investigation [13]. 3. **Successive Approximations: Equation by Equation**. On the basis of performed experimetes we introduce a new (third) method for solving Equation (6). It belongs to the class of successive approximations methods and we call it Equation by Equation. We apply this approach to Equation (1) with \(Y^{(0)}(0)=2I\). Therefore, the set of new iterative equations is : (\(i=1,2,...\))  
\[Y^{(i)}(\theta)=\mathbb{W}(Y^{(i-1)}(0))\,,\quad Y^{(i)}(\theta-1)=\mathbb{W}( Y^{(i)}(\theta))\,,\ \ \ldots\,,\ \ Y^{(i)}(0)=\mathbb{W}(Y^{(i)}(1)) \tag{10}\]  
The iteration process stops with \(\max_{t}\ \ \|\check{Y}^{(i_{0})}(t)-\mathbb{W}(\check{Y}^{(i_{0})}(t))\|\leq \textit{eps}\). In order to execute the iterative procedure Equation (6), the following algorithm is applied:  
**Algorithm TMS** (Two Matrix Sequences)1. We take \(X^{(0)}(t)=0,t\in\mathbb{Z}\), as well as small positive numbers \(\varepsilon\) and \(eps\). 2. We compute \(Z^{(0)}(\cdot)\) as \(\theta\)-periodic and stabilizing solution of the Riccati equation:  
\[Z^{(0)}(t) =A^{T}(t)Z^{(0)}(t+1)A(t)-\left[A^{T}(t)Z^{(0)}(t+1)B_{2}(t)+C^{T} (t)D_{2}(t)\right]+C^{T}(t)C(t)\] \[\times\left[D_{2}^{T}(t)D_{2}(t)+B_{2}^{T}(t)Z^{(0)}(t+1)B_{2}(t) \right]^{-1}\,\left[A^{T}(t)Z^{(0)}(t+1)B_{2}(t)+C^{T}(t)D_{2}(t)\right]^{T}\]
3. For \(k=1,2,3,\ldots\) we carry out the following steps:
3.1. We take \(X^{(k)}(t)=Z^{(k-1)}(t)+X^{(k-1)}(t)\). 3.2. We compute \(Z^{(k)}(\cdot)\) as the stabilizing solution of the set of Riccati equations with a defined sign Equation (6). This step might be executed with one of the following approaches (with the tolerance \(eps\)):  
3.2.1. Block Successive Approximations presented via Equation (8). 3.2.2. A Block Stein Iteration presented via Equation (9). 3.2.3. Successive Approximations: Equation by Equation presented via Equation (10). 3.3. The algorithm stops if for some integer \(k_{0}>0\), the inequality \(\max_{t}\ \ \|X^{(k_{0})}(t)-\mathcal{R}(t,X^{(k_{0})})\|\leq\ \varepsilon\) holds. 4. The stabilizing solution is \(\tilde{X}(t)=X^{(k_{0})}(t),t=0,\ldots,\theta\). It should be noted that the approaches involved in the algorithm via points in 3.2.1, 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 preserve the convergence properties of the iterative procedure derived in Theorem 3.1 proved in [7].
# Gaze Estimation Based on a Multi-Stream Adaptive Feature Fusion Network
## 1 Introduction
To comprehensively integrate the contributions of facial and ocular information to gaze estimation and effectively extract critical features from eye images for gaze direction prediction, we propose a MSMI-Net. This network architecture can accommodate multiple image inputs and process them through two specifically designed streams: one for extracting high-dimensional features from eye images and the other for fusing eye-face correlation features. This multi-stream design leverages the complementary information between the eye and face regions, providing more precise information for gaze estimation and significantly enhancing prediction accuracy. In summary, the contributions of this paper are as follows:  
* A novel MSMI-Net is proposed, which extracts high-dimensional eye features and low-dimensional facial features through a multi-stream design. The first stream focuses on eye feature extraction, while the second stream utilizes a shallow convolutional network to extract eye-face features. Both streams work collaboratively to optimize gaze direction estimation. * In the feature fusion stream, a Joint Convolutional Block Attention Module (JointCBAM) is introduced to efficiently integrate binocular and facial features. Furthermore, to adequately account for the weight distribution of eye and facial features during fusion, an AWAM is designed. This mechanism dynamically optimizes feature weight distribution during training, increasing the proportion of effective features and further enhancing gaze estimation accuracy. * Experiments on three benchmark datasets, MPIIFaceGaze, EYEDIAP, and Gaze360, demonstrate that MSMI-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance in gaze estimation. Ablation studies further validate the effectiveness of our contributions. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the related work. Section 3 presents the network design and provides a detailed description of our MSMI-Net. Section 4 introduces the experimental setup and results. Section 5 concludes the paper.
# A New LoRa-like Transceiver Suited for LEO Satellite Communications +
## 2 Synchronization Issues in LoRa
### LoRa Physical Layer Principle
After some calculations, \(d_{p}(n)\) can be expressed as:  
\[d_{p}(n)=e^{j2\pi n\frac{S_{p}}{M}} \tag{9}\]  
Finally, considering a non-coherent receiver, the symbol estimate \(\hat{S}_{p}\) is obtained as:  
\[\hat{S}_{p}=\underset{k\in\left[\!0,M-1\!\right]}{argmax}\;(|Y[k,p]|). \tag{10}\]  
Let us now consider a real communication link, to evaluate the STO and CFO impact on the demodulated signals.
## 3 Results
### Bioinformatic Analysis of miR-483-5p, miR-205-5p, and let-7f-5p Target Genes  
We also carried out data-mining to analyze the significance of these miRNAs in the development of cancer. In the first step, the functional annotation of the target genes of miR-483-5p, let-7f-5p, and miR-205-5p was studied using the MiRtargetLink database. According to the result, miR-483-5p targets only 4 genes, in contrast to let-7f-5p and miR-205-5p that have 17 and 37 target genes, respectively. Both the low basal expression level of miR-483-5p and the low number of targets suggest lower biological relevance for this miRNA compared to let-7f-5p and miR-205-5p in ovarian cells. We applied functional annotation clustering option of the DAVID annotation tool using the target genes of the three miRNAs. No functional clusters were found using the targets of miR-483-5p. The targets of let-7f-5p and miR-205-5p were clustered according to the Genetic Association Database-Disease (GAD_DISEASE), Gene Ontology-Biological Process (GOTERM_BP), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes-Pathway (KEGG_PATHAY) databases. According to the GAD_DISEASE database, the targets of let-7f-5p and miR-205-5p are involved in the development of several cancer types, including ovarian cancer (Table 1). It is important to mention that the targets of miR-205-5p might be involved in the development of more cancer types than the targets of let-7f-5p (Table 1). According to the GOTERM_BP database, miR-205-5p might be involved in the regulation of several processes linked to the regulation of cell proliferation or migration, and let-7f-5p might be important in the regulation of DNA repair processes (Table 1). The significance of miR-205-5p in the pathways linked to cancer development is also suggested by the KEGG_PATHAY database (Table 1).  
Figure 3: Scatter plot of miR-483-5p, miR-205-5p, and let-7f-5p expression in the plasma samples of patients suffered from ovarian cancer (OC) and in healthy controls (H). Significance was determined by Mann–Whitney U test between the \(\Delta\)CT values of healthy and malignant samples; \(\mathbf{{}^{\star\bullet}}\)\(p<0.01\).
# Correction Compensation and Adaptive Cost Aggregation for Deep Laparoscopic Stereo Matching
## 2 Related Work
### Stereo Matching for Laparoscopic Images  
With the great progress that modern deep learning systems have made on nature images, a promising next challenge is surgical stereo vision, e.g., laparoscopic images [10]. It has been widely researched as a prerequisite for downstream medical tasks such as surgical robot navigation and virtual reality. [PERSON] et al. [28] were the first to utilize a sequence-to-sequence Transformer model to address the stereo matching task. Benefiting from the global receptive field of the Transformer, the proposed STTR model demonstrated superior performance in regions with large disparity ranges and occlusions, and exhibited better generalization capabilities compared to traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) methods, achieving impressive results when directly tested on laparoscopic datasets. [PERSON] et al. [10] explored the performance of CNN and Transformer architectures in various components of stereo matching networks for laparoscopic images. They concluded that using Transformers for learning feature representations and CNNs for aggregating matching costs led to faster convergence, higher accuracy, and improved generalization capabilities. Concurrently, the authors introduced a stereo matching network, HybridStereo, which integrates CNN and Transformer structures. This network achieved state-of-the-art performance on laparoscopic datasets due to its generalization. [PERSON] et al. [15] observed the significant correction errors in laparoscopic images and developed a vertical correction module to address this challenge in a self-supervised manner. However, this work ignored the correction errors along the horizontal direction. [PERSON] et al. [17] also pointed out that camera adjustments during an intervention make it uncommon to acquire endoscopy image acquisition accompanied by accurately calibrated camera parameters. Hence, they utilized an unsupervised optical flow network to estimate depth, during which no camera parameters were required. However, the authors recovered the depth from the optical flow using the mid-point triangulation method, during which the stereo calibration parameters were still essential and errors were unavoidable.  
In summary, current mainstream efforts have not explicitly captured the correction errors in laparoscopic images and compensated for alignment in both vertical and horizontal directions to overcome correction errors. Moreover, recent work has barely addressed improving the quality of disparity prediction in ill-posed areas from the perspective of value differences in cost volume elements.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Volatile Compounds  
A method already described and validated by [PERSON] et al. [19] was used for volatile extraction. A hundred \(\upmu\)L of a 2-octanol solution at 500 mg/L was added to 20 mL of wine as internal standard and deposed on a Lichroult EN cartridge previously activated. Analytes were eluted with 5 mL of dichloromethane and concentrated to 200 \(\upmu\)L under a stream of nitrogen prior to GC-MS analysis. The Trace Gas Chromatography (GC) ultra-apparatus coupled with a Trace DSQ mass selective detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy) was equipped with a fused silica capillary column Stabilwax DA (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA; 30 m, 0.25 mm i.d., and 0.25 \(\upmu\)m film thickness). The carrier gas was He at a constant flow of 1.0 mL/min. The GC programmed temperature was: 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C (held for 3 min) to 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C (held for 1 min) at 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min, then to 240 \({}^{\circ}\)C (held for 10 min) at 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C/min. Splitless mode injection (1 \(\upmu\)L) was performed at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Detection was carried out by electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry in full scan mode, using ionization energy of 70 eV. Transfer line interface was set at 220 \({}^{\circ}\)C and ion source at 260 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Mass acquisition range was \(m\)/\(z\) 30-400. Compounds were identified by a triple criterion: (i) by comparing their mass spectra and retention time with those of authentic standards, (ii) compounds lacking of standards were identified after matching their respective mass spectra with those present in the commercial libraries NIST 08 and Wiley 7, (iii) matching the linear retention index (LRI) obtained under our conditions, with already published LRI on comparable polar columns. Quantification of compounds was carried out via the respective total ion current peak areas after normalization with the area of the internal standard. Calibration curves were obtained by injections of standard solutions, subjected to the cited extraction procedure, containing a mixture of commercial standard compounds at concentrations between 0.01 and 200 mg/L, and internal standard at the same concentration as in the samples. The calibration equations for each compound were obtained by plotting the peak area response ratio (target compound/internal standard) versus the corresponding concentration. For compounds lacking reference standards, the calibration curves of standards with similar chemical structure were used. Analyses were done in triplicate.
## 4 Analysis and Discussion
### PUF-Based Authentication Challenges and Solutions
#### 4.4.4 Challenge 4: Cost Efficiency  
The cost of production in the design, structure, and authentication process should account for negligible resources of all kinds, including memory, energy consumption, and communication bandwidth. Cost reduction in design and structure is generally associated with the maturity of the product. However, lightweight authentication algorithms can be designed to improve cost efficiency. This will assist the further penetration of PUFs in the consumer market.