esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Post Cycle Analysis of LTO  
The post cycle of the LTO structure was analyzed to evaluate the volume expansion of the LTO material after 1060 cycles. Figure 6a displays the XRD pattern of LTO-4 wt % NaCl after 1060 cycles compared to the initial XRD pattern. The XRD patterns demonstrate that there are no changes on the peaks of LTO before and after the cycling test. However, new peaks are observable at 20 of 27.42\({}^{\circ}\), 33.08\({}^{\circ}\), and 36.15\({}^{\circ}\), which strongly correspond to the peaks of residual acetylene black (AB) [61], Li\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\)[62], and LiF [62; 63], respectively. The presence of Li\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) originated from the side reaction between lithium and alkyl carbonates (electrolyte solvent) during the intercalation/de-intercalation process [62]. Then, the existence of LiF was due to the decomposition of LiPF\({}_{6}\) to LiF and PF\({}_{5}\)[62]. Moreover, the formation of PF\({}_{5}\) can also react with Li\({}_{2}\)CO\({}_{3}\) to LiF\({}_{6}\), as reported by [PERSON] et al. [63].  
Based on Figure 6b, the SEM image of LTO-4 wt % NaCl is still similar to the initial SEM image (Figure 2c) with cubic morphology. However, the cubic-shaped particles of LTO-4 wt % NaCl are covered by a thin film. It is predicted that the film consists of residual electrolyte and a solid electrolyte interface as referred by previous studies [62; 63].  
The structural parameter of LTO-4 wt % NaCl can be evaluated using XRD data, and the results are displayed in Table 4. The lattice constant of LTO-4 wt % NaCl after cycles is non-significantly different compared to the initial LTO-4 wt % NaCl, which provides strong evidence of a zero-strain material [48; 49]. The FWHM analysis indicates that the crystallinity of LTO is slightly decreased after 1060 cycles, which is correlated with the bigger size of LTO crystallite.  
Figure 6: Post cycle of LTO-4 wt % NaCl after 1000 cycles by (**a**) XRD and (**b**) SEM.
## 3 AD and PD and Bioactive Rosemary Compounds with Health-Promoting Effects
### Rosmarinic Acid
#### 3.6.2 In Vivo Health-Promoting Effects against AD and PD  
In an in vivo study on PD, RA was used in 6-OHDA-treated rats. The ROS reduced the DA levels in the striatum, while RA reversed these changes. Once again, the oxidizing factor increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio at the gene level, while RA attenuated this increase, demonstrating a neuro-rescue effect [9]. Another in vivo study in mice induced with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), along with treatment with RA, was performed to evaluate RA's potential protective properties. RA alleviated the hyper-locomotive activity of MPTP-treated animals. Moreover, DA signaling was increased under RA treatment, which also boosted the monoaminergic system in healthy untreated mice (without MPTP). Lastly, the MAO content was upregulated in the MPTP+AR group [96].  
In an AD study that used Wistar rats, RA prevented the cholinergic damage and oxidative imbalances caused by A\(\beta\), and was hypothesized to aid in the improvement  
Figure 4: RA downregulates A\(\beta\)-induced oxidative stress (ROS activity) by activating Nrf2 and Akt/GSK-3\(\beta\)/Fyn pathways in PC12 cells. RA crosses the cell membrane and induces the activation of a series of crucial factors in the Akt/GSK-3\(\beta\)/Fyn pathway inside the nucleus. Nrf2 increases in quantity and, via AREs, induces the activation of factors including HO-1, GCLc, NQO1, and TrxR, which inhibit the ROS activity that was previously initiated via A\(\beta\)’s action.  
of neural network synapses and auditory processes [97]. RA also significantly improved cognitive function and object perception in male ICR mice (intracerebroventricular injection) with aggregated A\(\beta\)25-35-induced AD [98]. Similar research also examined the protective effects of RA, which was hypothesized to be a natural scavenger of ONOO\({}^{-}\), regarding memory impairment in mice subjected to acute i.c.v. injection of A\(\beta\)25-35. Co-injection of ONOO\({}^{-}\), a compound lacking memory-impairing effects, with A\(\beta\)25-35, impeded the favorable effects of RA (0.25 mg/kg). The authors concluded that the beneficial memory effects of RA in A\(\beta\)25-35-induced neurotoxicity are a result of its ability to scavenge ONOO\({}^{-}\), and consistent consumption of RA could serve as a protective agent against the memory loss observed in AD [99]. A study performed on female Wistar rats investigated the effects of RA administration on the pathology related to ovariectomy and D-galactose injection as a double-insult model for AD. This study concluded that RA could prevent both the biochemical and psychological alterations in the cerebrum in this AD model, which was attributed to its ability to attenuate lipid peroxidation and the inflammatory response [100]. The properties of RA for combating AD in vivo, via tau protein regulation, have been studied in adult and middle-aged male C57 BL/6 mice, where it was discovered that the amount of phosphorylated tau protein increased as a result of aging and chronic restraint stress (CRS) [101].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Sensor Effect and Capability to Detect and Identify the Different Sources
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Amplitude** & **Frequency** & **Peak** & **PP1** & **PP2** & **PP3** & **PP4** \\  & **(dB)** & **Centroid** & **Frequency** & **[0–125 kHz]** & **[125–225 kHz]** & **[225–450 kHz]** & **[450–1200 kHz]** \\  & & **(kHz)** & **(kHz)** & **(\%)** & **(\%)** & **(\%)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline Fiber & 62 & 237 & 211 & 23 & 28 & 42 & 7 \\ L = 20 \(\upmu\)m & 21 & 282 & 302 & 15 & 23 & 52 & 10 \\ Model A & 44 & 292 & 306 & 13 & 21 & 55 & 11 \\ L = 100 \(\upmu\)m & 42 & 288 & 299 & 14 & 22 & 53 & 10 \\ Model B & 40 & 262 & 291 & 16 & 24 & 54 & 6 \\ Model C & & & & & & & \\ L = 100 \(\upmu\)m & 34 & 226 & 167 & 28 & 29 & 36 & 7 \\ Model D & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Median values of the descriptors for the data collected by a nano 30 sensor for different sources. The data were collected from the epicenter of the source up to 30 mm away, without an acquisition threshold. For the same debonding condition (Model A), debonding length mainly affects the amplitude. Indeed, the comparison between the debonding with Model A for two lengths (20 and 100 \(\upmu\)m) showed different amplitudes but similar frequency content. Moreover, if we assumed a detection threshold of 30 dB, which is often experimentally chosen, the simulation showed a very low detection of 20 \(\upmu\)m debonding as well as 100 \(\upmu\)m debonding with Model D. On the other hand, for the fiber break for this propagation  
Figure 11: **(a)** Variation of Partial Power PP1 [0–125 kHz] as a function of amplitude obtained with a nano 30 sensor for several sources. The experimental data are also reported. **(b)** Evolution of PPi (%) as a function of the distance of propagation for fiber break and debonding (Model A, L = 100 \(\upmu\)m). distance, the detection rate was 100%. For this configuration and material, the signal associated with a 20 \(\upmu\)m debonding will not be detected after a propagation of 5 \(\upmu\)m, that of 100 \(\upmu\)m beyond 25 mm and that of 100 \(\upmu\)m Model D beyond 10 mm. All signals associated with debonding will not be detected after a propagation of 25 mm. This result confirms that all the damage mechanisms observed from microscopy may not always be detected depending on the position of the sensor [58]. Numerical simulation of AE offers the ability to evaluate if a damage mechanism occurring in the specimen may be detected by the AE system or not.
# Real-Time Text-to-Cypher Query Generation with Large Language Models for Graph Databases
## 4 Concept
### Design Principles  
Each of the aforementioned goals has been developed to bridge the gap between advanced database technology and user-friendly interfaces to enhance the field of natural language processing for database queries. Derived from these goals, the following design principles can now be derived, which were adopted in the development of the technical artifact.  
**Consistent approach**: The design of our artifact is driven by a consistent approach, ensuring uniformity in functionality across different modules and aspects of the application. This consistency is essential for providing a seamless user experience, making the transition between different types of queries and databases intuitive and straightforward. By maintaining a consistent approach, users can expect predictable outcomes and interactions, which is crucial for building user trust and proficiency with the application.  
**Accurate query generation**: Another fundamental aspect of our solution is its capability to generate correct queries from natural language inputs. This involves advanced processing models that can accurately interpret the user's intent and translate it into valid CQL queries. The system is designed to understand different verbal constructs and convert them into corresponding database operations, ensuring that the results match the user's expectations.  
**Robustness**: This marks another core principle guiding our design. The artifact is constructed to handle a wide range of queries reliably, maintaining performance and accuracy even under varying conditions. This robustness includes the ability to manage complex queries, interpret nuances in natural language, and provide results consistently. Additionally, the system is designed to be error tolerant, offering clear feedback to users to correct issues or refine their queries.  
**Appropriate database selection and correct reference to chat history**: The artifact intelligently selects the appropriate database based on the query context and user requirements. It includes a mechanism to understand the context within which a query is made,including references to chat history. This feature allows the system to provide more accurate and contextually relevant responses by understanding the user's interactions and the nature of their queries. The ability to reference and utilize chat history improves the system's ability to handle repetitive, multi-step interactions and thus improve performance.
## 3 Two-Hop Directional Quantum Communication  
Assume that [PERSON] intends to send an arbitrary qubit \(|\chi\rangle_{a}=(\alpha|0\rangle+\beta|1\rangle)_{a}\) to [PERSON]; at the same time, [PERSON] intends to send \(|\chi\rangle_{b}=(\gamma|0\rangle+\delta|1\rangle)_{b}\) to [PERSON], where \(|\alpha|^{2}+\left|\beta\right|^{2}=1\) and \(\left|\gamma\right|^{2}+\left|\delta\right|^{2}=1\), while there is no GHZ state shared directly between [PERSON] and [PERSON]. Suppose that [PERSON] previously shared a six-particle GHZ-GHZ state with [PERSON] and [PERSON], respectively, as shown in Figure 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Received Measurement Result** & **Unitary Operation** \\ \hline \(|000\rangle\) & I \\ \hline \(|011\rangle\) & X \\ \hline \(|100\rangle\) & Z \\ \hline \(|111\rangle\) & ZX \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The relations between [PERSON]’s and [PERSON]’s measurement results and unitary operations. Figure 3: The composite GHZ-GHZ entanglement channel in a two-hop quantum communication case. Without loss of generality, assume that \(\left|\psi^{1}\right\rangle_{A_{1}C_{1}A_{2}}-\left|\psi^{1}\right\rangle_{C_{2}A_{ 3}C_{3}}\) was previously shared between [PERSON] and [PERSON], while \(\left|\psi^{4}\right\rangle_{C_{4}B_{1}C_{5}}-\left|\psi^{4}\right\rangle_{B_{ 2}C_{6}B_{3}}\) was previously shared between [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The state of the initial fourteen-particle system \(\left|Y_{2}\right\rangle\) is given by  
\[ \begin{array}{c}\left|Y_{2}\right\rangle\\ \end{array}  =\left|\psi^{1}\right\rangle_{A_{1}C_{1}A_{2}}\otimes\left|\psi^{1} \right\rangle_{C_{2}A_{3}C_{3}}\otimes\left|\psi^{4}\right\rangle_{C_{4}B_{1}C _{5}}\otimes\left|\psi^{4}\right\rangle_{B_{2}C_{6}B_{3}}\otimes\left|\chi \right\rangle_{a}\otimes\left|\chi\right\rangle_{b}\\ \begin{array}{c}=\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(0000\right)+\left|111\right\rangle \right)_{A_{1}C_{1}A_{2}}\otimes\left(0000\right)+\left|111\right\rangle \right)_{C_{2}A_{3}C_{3}}\\ \otimes\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\left|011\right\rangle+\left|100\right\rangle \right)_{C_{4}B_{1}C_{5}}\otimes\left(011\right\rangle+\left|100\right\rangle \right)_{B_{2}C_{6}B_{3}}\end{array}  \tag{7}\]  
As shown in Figure 4, to achieve bidirectional two-hop qubit transmission, [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] perform CNOT, Hadamard operations, and quantum measurements in parallel. After that, the measurement results of [PERSON] and [PERSON] and the type of the composite GHZ-GHZ channel between [PERSON] and [PERSON] are transmitted to [PERSON]. Similarly, the measurement results of [PERSON] and [PERSON] and the type of the composite GHZ-GHZ channel between [PERSON] and [PERSON] are transmitted to [PERSON]. Based on the received information, [PERSON] and [PERSON] perform appropriate unitary operations on the particles \(A_{3}\) and \(B_{1}\) to recover the original qubit.
## 5 Future Prospects
### Smart Energy Generation for a Smart Campus
Smart campuses can also optimize the use of renewable energy resources while lowering energy costs and environmental effects, thanks to solar-hydrogen storage systems. Campuses can leverage real-time data, weather forecasts, and user preferences to improve energy generation, storage, and distribution through the integration of smart grid technology, energy management systems, and predictive analytics. In order to maximize energy efficiency and cost savings, intelligent algorithms can prioritize renewable energy sources, dynamically modify energy flows, and optimize energy use across campus buildings, facilities, and transportation fleets. Furthermore, solar-hydrogen storage systems enable smart campuses to improve their energy dependability and resilience in the event of catastrophes and disruptions. When there are grid failures or low solar irradiation times, the stored hydrogen acts as a backup energy source to keep vital facilities like research labs, hospitals, and emergency response units powered continuously. Furthermore, off-grid operations can be supported by hydrogen-powered fuel cell systems, allowing for remote and decentralized energy generation in campus buildings situated in isolated or sparsely connected areas. In addition, solar-hydrogen storage systems provide smart campuses with research and instructional opportunities to include researchers, faculty, and students in sustainable energy innovation and experimentation. Universities can encourage experiential learning, teamwork in research projects, and technological innovation in the areas of renewable energy, hydrogen technologies, and smart grid integration by integrating these systems into interdisciplinary curricula, research projects, and campus sustainability initiatives. These educational initiatives support the development of clean energy solutions, foster a culture of sustainability, and equip upcoming generations of energy leaders. Smart campuses have a compelling opportunity to create smart energy generation solutions that complement their technical ambitions and sustainability aims with the growing solar-hydrogen storage system. Campuses can improve energy resilience, optimize energy management, integrate renewable energy sources more effectively, and promote research and education in sustainable energy technologies by incorporating solar-hydrogen storage systems into their energy infrastructure. In addition to improving campus operations, this all-encompassing strategy supports larger societal initiatives to combat climate change and create a sustainable energy future.
# Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production: From a Planet to a Pixel
## 4 Results
### HANPP at a National Macroscale  
Authors at the Institute of Social Ecology in Vienna (e.g., [12]) provide a solid basis for comparing HANPP among the world's countries around the year 2000. By country, NPP varies from 10 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in Western Sahara, to 1144 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in French Guiana (Figure 2a). HANPP (harvest) varies from 0.1 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in Western Sahara to 518 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in the fertile multi-cropped fields of Bangladesh (Figure 2b). NPP (ecological) varies from about 10 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in Egypt and Western Sahara, to over 1100 gCm\({}^{-2}\)yr\({}^{-1}\) in Guyana, French Guyana and Suriname (Figure 2c). The percentage of NPP that is appropriated ranges from less than one percent in these three small Latin American countries, to 60% in Bangladesh, and 76% in Egypt (Figure 2d), where most NPP is induced in irrigated crop fields. Conversely, the percentage of NPP (ecological) ranges from 23% in Egypt and 30% in Bangladesh to over 99% in the Guianas (Figure 2e).  
These broad geographical comparisons and large variations are generated by underlying trends that bear upon fundamental human-ecological relationships that are central to issues of sustainability. HANPP per capita varies among countries, but less so than for more industrially-oriented footprints, such as carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Less densely populated countries and countries with greater ecological resource endowments, as measured by NPP/capita, have higher levels of HANPP/capita than more densely populated or ecologically impoverished countries [21]. These relationships reflect the greater opportunity cost of higher levels of HANPP/cap where ecologically productive land is scarce.  
HANPP/capita rises with affluence due to higher consumption of meat and wood-based products but also falls with affluence due to greater agro-ecological efficiencies, such as high crop yields and less pronounced soil degradation. Affluence, for example, is related to a higher ratio of HANPP (harvest) to HANPP (land use) [22]. Due to these trade-offs, the relationship between HANPP/capita and affluence is surprisingly weak, and this makes HANPP a useful lens through which to explore issues of human populations and the regional or national ecological capacity to support them. These relationships indicate that each country has its own unique HANPP signature that has much to offer in understanding the dependence of its population upon provisioning ecosystem services, how and where they are produced, and the quantity of remaining \"nature\" from which supporting, regulatory, and cultural ecosystem services are derived.
## 2 In Situ Acoustic Emission (AE) Monitoring--Fundamentals
### Comprehensive Consideration of the Scale
Figure 1: Relations between measured corner frequency \(f_{C}\), moment magnitude \(M_{W}\), seismic moment \(M_{0}\), and the source radius \(r_{0}\) for studies in earthquake seismology, microseismicity, In situ AE monitoring and AE in laboratory (see more details in Box 1) (modified from [13]). Seismic moments \(M_{0}\) and corner frequencies \(f_{c}\) in Figure 2 were estimated from the spectral level of ground velocity or displacement spectra corrected for instrument response and wave propagation effects, as described in detail in the references. It follows that the dependency in Figure 2 between seismic moment and corner frequency are based on data-driven observables. The seismic moment is a measure of how much \"work\" an earthquake does in sliding when rock slips off other rock. It is necessary to take into account that the physical unit of \(M_{0}\) is given in N-m (corresponds to \(10^{7}\) dyne-cm). The estimation of source radii, the lines of constant static stress drop, and the average fault slip are based on the model of [PERSON] [23] and [PERSON] [24]. Both modeled a circular fault and use the corner frequency \(f_{c}\) to calculate the source radius \(r_{0}\) and the static stress drop \(\Delta\sigma\). The stress drop and source radius is defined as \(\Delta\sigma=7/16\cdot M_{0}/r_{0}^{3}\) and \(r_{0}=c\cdot v_{s}/2\pi f_{c}\), respectively (\(c=2.34\) for [PERSON]'s model, \(c=1.32\) for [PERSON]'s model). The moment magnitude \(M_{W}\) is calculated using the standard relation for tectonic events developed by [PERSON] et al. [25]\(M_{W}=(log_{10}M_{0}-9.1)/1.5\). The formula is empirically established for tectonic earthquakes only. Extrapolation over so many orders of magnitude seems questionable, but is useful for visualization. The question to which extent AE events represent double-couple shear events or events with a dominant isotropic component remains open. Owing to the AE sensor calibration problem (see Box 2), few studies exist that investigate reliably the source mode of AE events e.g., calculating the full moment tensor. Results from hydraulic fracturing studies suggest that AE events may represent sources with a major double-couple component [26; 27], whereas studies related to stress-induced AE events find indications for isotropic components or mixed mode events [28; 29; 30; 31]. Figure 2: Dependence between seismic moment, moment magnitude, source radius, average fault slip, and corner frequency for natural earthquakes (gray rectangles) in comparison with data from other studies in the low-magnitude range. The [PERSON] [18] circular source model is assumed to calculate source radii and the lines of constant static stress drop from 0.01 MPa up to 100 MPa and \(v_{s}=3500\) m/s (see Box 1). This figure is an updated figure from [PERSON] et al. [16] and was first published in [17]. Reproduced with permission.
###### Abstract  
This study presents a statistical analysis of the ionospheric irregularities and topside ionospheric scintillation at low and middle latitudes by using in situ electron density and upward-looking total electron content data measured by the Swarm constellation during 2014-2021. The main purpose of this study is to determine whether the phase scintillation could present similar seasonal, longitudinal, latitudinal, local time, and solar activity features as the in situ ionospheric irregularities do at low and middle latitudes, and how the irregularities affect the phase scintillation. The results are summarized as follows: (1) At low latitudes, the occurrence rate of equatorial plasma irregularities (EPIs) at the equinoxes and December solstice peaks before midnight, but during the June solstice, the EPIs mainly occur after midnight. The occurrence rate of EPIs has a positive correlation with solar activity. The distribution of topside scintillation occurrence is relatively consistent with EPIs, but during the June solstice, the scintillation occurrence rate remains at a very low level. (2) The midlatitude irregularities mainly occur after midnight, and their occurrence rate is negatively correlated with solar activity. Midlatitude irregularities mainly occur during the solstices, concentrated over the Pacific region during the June solstice and over the Pacific American sector during the December solstice. Especially, the distribution of midlatitude irregularities has hemispheric asymmetry, with a higher occurrence rate in the winter hemisphere. However, the occurrence of midlatitude scintillation is comparable in both hemispheres during the June solstice, and it concentrates in the southern hemisphere during the December solstice. (3) The EPIs concentrate more at the altitudes of Swarm A, while the midlatitude irregularities mainly occur at the altitudes of Swarm B.  
ionospheric irregularities; phase scintillation; low and middle latitudes; seasonal variations 2022144780. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194780](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194780) [https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194780](https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194780) [https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing))