esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of BTH Treatment on the Activities of Key Enzymes of LOX Pathway
#### 3.4.4 OPLS-DA Analysis of C6 Compounds in Cabernet Gernischt Grapes  
To visualize the effect of BTH on the accumulation of C6 compounds, OPLS-DA analysis was performed using the concentration of free and bound C6 compounds identified during grape ripening as the variables. Figure 5A shows a score plot where the horizontal coordinates represent inter-group differences and the vertical coordinates represent intra-group differences in scores. BTH-treated samples were distributed on the negative x-axis, while CK samples were distributed on the positive x-axis, suggesting that BTH treatments had a substantial effect on C6 compounds. The distribution of sample points followed a \"V\" shape, extending from the negative to the positive half-axis of the y-axis, and the separation of sample points between BTH-treated and CK grapes was gradually evident from mid-veraison to grape ripening (weeks 9-15). This suggests that the impact of BTH treatment on C6 compounds became increasingly prominent as the grapes matured. Furthermore, the disparity in the type and concentration of C6 compounds between BTH-treated and CK grapes was the most significant in ripe grapes. The VIP scores plot (Figure 5B) further illustrated that BTH treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of bound Z-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, and free hexyl acetate, while also leading to a significant decrease in the levels of bound Z-3-hexenol and hexanol in grapes.
# Problems in Invariant Differential Operators on Homogeneous Manifolds
## 6 Invariant Differential Operators on \(\boldsymbol{GL_{n,m}/O(n,\mathbb{R})}\)
: _It is seen that \([D_{1},\Omega_{pq}^{(0)}]=2\,\Omega_{pq}^{(0)}\) (cf. [35], (Theorem 8.1, p. 304)). Therefore, \(\mathbb{D}(\mathscr{P}_{n,m})\) is not commutative. We refer to [35] for more details on invariant differential operators on the Minkowski-Euclid space \(\mathscr{P}_{n,m}\)._  
We want to mention the special invariant differential operator on \(\mathscr{P}_{n,m}\). In [37], the author studied the following differential operator \(M_{n,m;\mathscr{M}}\) on \(\mathscr{P}_{n,m}\) defined by  
\[M_{n,m;\mathscr{M}}=\det\big{(}Y\big{)}\cdot\det\bigg{(}\,\frac{\partial}{ \partial Y}+\frac{1}{8\pi}\,^{l}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial}{\partial V}\bigg{)} \,\mathscr{M}^{-1}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial}{\partial V}\bigg{)}\,\bigg{)}, \tag{79}\]  
where \(\mathscr{M}\) is a positive definite, symmetric half-integral matrix of degree \(m\). This differential operator characterizes _singular Jacobi forms_. For more detail, we refer to [37]. According to (62) and (63), we see easily that the differential operator \(M_{n,m;\mathscr{M}}\) is invariant under Action (61) of \(GL_{n,m}(\mathbb{R})\). **Question:** Calculate the inverse \(\Phi_{n,m}^{-1}\,(M_{n,m;\mathscr{M}})\) of \(M_{n,m;\mathscr{M}}\) under the Helgason map \(\Phi_{n,m}\).
## 5 Model Challenges and Feasible Solutions
However, profile federation overhead grows in proportion to the number of nodes. Quality profile federation is the process of aggregating multiple quality profiles into a single federated profile. The EWP contains a set of resource attributes, their tolerance values, and rules for resource optimization. The computational overhead of the FWP depends on various factors, such as the number of profiles being aggregated, the size of the profiles, and the complexity of the rules. The _computational overhead_ can be formulated as:  
\[\textit{Computational Overhead}=Number\,of\,Nodes*(TO+PO+EO+RO+FO) \tag{5}\]  
where the Transfer Overhead \((TO)\) is the computational cost of transferring the profile data between the nodes and the server, including serialization, deserialization, and network communication. It is directly proportional to the size of the profile. The Parsing Overhead \((PO)\) is the computational cost of parsing the input data, including XML parsing and other data transformations. The Extraction Overhead \((EO)\) is the computational cost of extracting the relevant information from the input data, such as the DQ attributes or other features. The Rules' Firing overhead \((RO)\) is the computational cost of applying the DQ rules to the extracted data, including any computations or comparisons required by the rules. The Federation Overhead \((FO)\) is the computational cost of aggregating the results of the quality rules across multiple nodes, including any additional computations or transformations required to produce the final output. Strategies that can help with reducing the overheads include:  
1. For massive XML documents, use a parser that is both lightweight and fast. 2. Save time and effort by caching parsed data. 3. Use effective algorithms and data structures to optimize the processing and aggregation of the profiles. 4. Use multithreading for parallel computation. Note that the specific values of each overhead component will depend on the size and complexity of the input data, the number of nodes involved, and the specific details of implementing the approach. Overall, the computational overhead of EWP aggregation can be significant, when the number of nodes is significantly high, but the benefits of having a single, comprehensive Federated Workload Profile (FWP) can outweigh the costs.
## 5 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Response Surface Modelling
Hence, from Equation (50), the mechanical error \(\Delta r_{8}\) can be represented as  
\[\Delta r_{8}=\delta L_{TP}\cos\theta_{8}(x_{TP})\approx 0.998865\delta L_{TP} \tag{51}\]  
By substituting Equation (51) into Equations (44)-(47), four approximate functions with respect to \(\delta L_{TP}\) and \(v\) can be obtained as  
\[\Delta S(\delta L_{TP},v) \approx 0.3723+0.0046v-0.1097\delta L_{TP}+0.0256v\delta L_{TP}-0.0000794v^{2} \tag{52}\] \[+0.1222\delta L_{TP}^{2}-0.000663v^{2}\delta L_{TP}-0.0027v \delta L_{TP}^{2}\] \[F_{\rm(rms)}(\delta L_{TP},v) \approx 27.1115-0.6196v-138.3866\delta L_{TP}+3.3939v\delta L_{TP}+0.0225v^{2}\] (53) \[+334.8480\delta L_{TP}^{2}-0.0269v^{2}\delta L_{TP}-1.8811v \delta L_{TP}^{2}\] \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]0 (54) \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]1 \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]2 (55) \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]3  
The response surface contour maps according to Equations (52)-(55) are depicted in Figures 17-20, respectively. The four approximate functions \(\Delta S(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\), \(F_{\rm(rms)}(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\), \(F_{\rm B(rms)}(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\), \(F_{\rm B(rms)}(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\), and \(F_{TP}(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\) can be used as quantitative indices for evaluating the operating performance of the constructed mold/die clamping mechanism caused by both the extents of its asymmetry and input speed. As can be observed, the varying trend of function \(\Delta S(\delta L_{TP},\,v)\) was more nonlinear than those of the other three functions. The magnitude of the stroke error \(\Delta S\) would be influenced by both the extends of \(v\) and \(\delta L_{TP}\), while those of the three input force-related indices \(F_{F(\rm rms)}\), \(F_{B(\rm rms)}\), and \(F_{TP}\) would be mainly dominated by the extend of \(\delta L_{TP}\). According to the response surface modelling results, conservative ranges of 10 < \(v\) < 20 mm/s and 0.1 < \(\delta L_{TP}\) < 0.4 mm could be suggested for benefiting the constructed mold/die clamping mechanism with better operating performance. The presented response surface contour maps, as those shown in Figures 17-20, may be applied to predict or monitor the operating performance of the mold/die clamping mechanism in an actual injection molding machine or die casting machine through actually measured data. \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]4 Response surface contour map of the root-mean-squared input force \(F_{B(\text{rms})}\). \[+361.5857\Delta r_{8}^{2}-0.0587v^{2}\Delta r_{8}+2.5694v\Delta r_{8} ^{2}\]5 Response surface contour map of the stroke error \(\Delta S\).
# Overrelaxed Sinkhorn-Knopp Algorithm for Regularized Optimal Transport
## 4 Sinkhorn-Knopp with Successive Overrelaxation  
In this section, we propose a globally convergent overrelaxed SK algorithm. Different from the RNA point of view of the previous section, our algorithm SK-SOR relies on successive overrelaxed (SOR) projections.  
As illustrated in Figure 4a,b, the original SK algorithm (5) performs alternate Bregman projections (4) onto the affine sets \(\mathcal{C}_{1}\) and \(\mathcal{C}_{2}\). In practice, the convergence may degrade when \(\varepsilon\to 0\). The idea developed in this section is to perform overrelaxed projections in order to accelerate the process, as displayed in Figure 4c.  
Figure 4: The trajectory of \(\gamma^{\ell}\) given by the SK algorithm is illustrated for decreasing values of \(\varepsilon\) in (**a**,**b**). Overrelaxed projections (**c**) typically accelerate the convergence rate.  
Figure 3: Comparison between RNA schemes with \(\omega=1.5\) and SK-SOR for a transport regularized with \(\varepsilon=0.01\). The SK-SOR performance is in between the ones of RNA of orders \(N=1\) and \(N=2\).  
In what follows, we first define overrelaxed Bregman projections. We then propose a Lyapunov function that is used to show the global convergence of our proposed algorithm in Section 4.3. The local convergence rate is then discussed in Section 4.4.
###### Abstract  
Printed flexible electrodes with conductive inks have attracted much attention in wearable electronics, flexible displays, radio-frequency identification, etc. Conventional conductive inks contain large amount of polymer which would increase the electrical resistivity of as-printed electrodes and require high sintering temperature. Here, composite electrodes without cracks were printed on polyimide substrate using binder-free silver nanoparticle based inks with zero-dimensional (activated carbon), one-dimensional (silver nanowire and carbon nanotube) or two-dimensional (graphene) fillers. The effect of fillers on resistivity and flexibility of printed composite electrodes were evaluated. The graphene filler could reduce the resistivity of electrodes, reaching 1.7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\)\(\Omega\cdot\)m after low power laser sintering, while the silver nanowire filler improved their flexibility largely during bending tests. The microstructural changes were examined to understand the nanojoining process and their properties.  
Keywords:ink printing; nanojoining; laser sintering; mechanical performance +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 2 Solar Cells Efficiency Improvement  
The Shockley-Queisser limit sets the upper bound for the conversion efficiency of a single junction solar cell at 33.7% for a bandgap of 1.3 eV in AM 1.5 G conditions. However, in a research paper, [PERSON] and colleagues [23] proposed a method to surpass this theoretical limit by applying a downconverter (DC) material on the front or rear surface of a solar cell. They presented an equivalent circuit model of a solar cell combined with a DC layer, which is shown in Figure 3A. The downconverter absorbs high energy photons and is modeled as three solar cells (C\({}_{2}\), C\({}_{3}\), and C\({}_{4}\)) that are connected in series. The solar cells C\({}_{2}\), C\({}_{3}\), and C\({}_{4}\) represent the band-band transitions and two intermediate transitions, respectively. C\({}_{1}\) is the actual solar cell.  
A solar cell's power conversion efficiency can be increased to 39.63% by applying a downconverter (DC) layer on the rear surface of a solar cell with a bandgap of 1.1 eV. If the DC layer is placed on the front of the solar cell, the power conversion efficiency is slightly lower at 36.8% for the same bandgap. In both cases, the efficiency surpasses the Shockley-Queisser limit of 33.7%. The maximum efficiency of solar cells with different bandgaps is plotted in Figure 3B. According to a theoretical analysis by [PERSON] and colleagues [24], the use of a DC layer can significantly improve the efficiency limit, reaching up to 43.5% and 40.5% when applied to the rear and front of a solar cell, respectively. Although the front surface is the optimal design for integration with any existing solar cell [23], the advantage of this position is that photons with energies between 2E\({}_{\text{g}}\) and E\({}_{\text{g}}\) that are not downconverted are transmitted through the DC layer to the solar cell.
## 3 C/N Penalty of RoF Link
### C/N Penalty of RoF Link with Irregular \(\theta\)
#### 3.3.4. C/N Penalty of the RoF Link with an Irregular \(\theta\) for All Schemes  
The performance of irregular \(\theta\) from all schemes in overcoming DPF can be observed through the DF value curve of irregular \(\theta\) in all schemes, as depicted in Figure 11. The performance sequence of all schemes in overcoming DPF at \(m=1\) from the best to the worst is scheme C4, A4, A1, B1, A3, A2, B4, C3, C1, B3, B2 and C2. DF values of schemes C4, A4, A1, B1, A3, A2, B4, C3, C1, B3, B2 and C2 is 0.030, 0.070, 0.089, 0.093, 0.113, 0.119, 0.131, 0.197, 0.309, 0.348, 0.524, and 1.196 in order. This shows that only scheme C2 has worse performance than OSSB modulation.  
To observe the effectiveness of irregular \(\theta\) of all schemes to overcome DPF, the C/N penalty is calculated for all schemes at \(m=1\). The calculation is performed with \(P_{in}=1\) mw (0 dBm), \(\lambda_{c}=1550\) nm (D = 17 ps/(nm.km)), and \(f_{m}=60\) GHz at \(L=0\), 0.1, 0.2,..., 5 km. For scheme C4, r = 1/4 and \  
At \(m=1\), the power fluctuation that occurs on scheme C4 (a scheme with the smallest DF) is very small, where the difference between the maximum and minimum C/N penalties (\(\Delta\) C/N penalty) is only 0.104 dB. The \(\Delta\) C/N penalty on scheme C2 (a scheme with the largest DF) reaches 3.444 dB.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### A Regulation of the Hydraulic System through the Defined Mathematical Model
The deviation of pressure \(p_{\text{v2}}\) in Model Example 3 with the preset coefficient \(\varepsilon=0\) ranged from \(-1.9\%\) to \(2.04\%\), while the deviation of flow rate \(Q_{3}\) ranged from \(-1.23\%\) to \(1.15\%\). Increasing the value of coefficient \(\varepsilon\) to 5 (Figure 11) resulted in a decrease in the maximum deviations of the regulated pressure \(p_{\text{V2}}\) to \(\pm 0.6\%\). The above simulations clearly indicate that the regulation system is capable of stabilising the required pressures at the end of the V2 and V4 Branches, as well as the regulated flow rate \(Q_{3}\). Increasing the coefficient \(\varepsilon\) reduced the oscillation amplitudes of the regulated parameters and shortened the time constant of the pipe, i.e., the time required for the regulated parameter that had deviated by 63.2% from its amplitude to stabilise. In Model Example 1, the time constant of the regulated parameters was reduced by 71% while the coefficient \(\varepsilon\) increased from 0 to 5. In all three regulation examples, increasing the coefficient \(\varepsilon\) resulted in a decrease in the deviation of regulated pressure \(p_{\text{V2}}\). However, more complex curves of pressures \(p_{1}\) and \(p_{3}\) at the outlet from the pumps are required, which may lead to sudden and frequent changes in the rotational speed. This is most apparent in the stochastic curve of the local loss factor. As a result, it may affect the service life of the pumps and subsequently also the economy of the transport of industrial water. Figure 10: The curves of the operational parameters in Model Example 3 with the value of coefficient \(\varepsilon=0\); (**a**) the curves of \(p_{1},p_{2}\) pressures and \(\zeta_{\text{eq}}\); (**b**) the regulated pressure of water at the inlet into the facility in the V2 Branch; (**c**) flow rates \(Q_{1}\) and \(Q_{4}\); (**d**) the regulated flow rate \(Q_{3}\).
## 2 Multibeam Bifocal Dual-Reflectarray Antennas in Ka-Band
In order to avoid the high interference of a two-color coverage scheme, the 1 GHz band allocated for Tx (19.5-20.5 GHz) can be divided into two sub-bands of 500 MHz, with central frequencies of 19.75 GHz and 20.25 GHz, so that the adjacent feeds will  
Figure 1: (**a**) Manufactured bifocal dual-reflectarray antenna (DRAA) demonstrator, (**b**) simulated and measured radiation patterns at 19.7 GHz of the 10 beams produced by 5 adjacent horns operating in dual polarization, (**c**) feed cluster and (**d**) beam configuration associated to the bifocal DRAA proposed in [20]. alternate in frequency. Thus, the adjacent beams in the same plane \"\(v\) = constant\" (generated in the same polarization by different feeds) will alternate in frequency. In previous applications of the bifocal technique with similar beam spacing to that of the monofocal case, no significant impact in the antenna gain and efficiency was observed, which allowed keeping the same aperture size as in the equivalent monofocal antenna [20; 21; 22; 25]. However, the application of the bifocal method for a high degree of beam spacing reduction, as proposed in this paper, leads to a larger spillover on the main RA and to a reduced radiation efficiency. To overcome this problem, the main RA has been oversized in the same dimension where the beam spacing is going to be reduced, resulting in an elliptical main RA of dimensions \(3.55\) m \(\times\) 1.81 m.
###### Abstract
In addition to the network topologies and architectures, the exploitation of large frequency spectrum is pivotal for supporting communication links with adequate QoS and deal with the ever-increasing wireless communications system's needs. Therefore, besides the sub-6 GHz frequency bands, the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, namely frequencies in the range of 30-300 GHz, will be promising for the next wireless communications systems. For this reason, the mmWave band has recently drawn great attention for 5G and beyond wireless communications systems [34; 35; 36; 37] to support higher data rates due to greater bandwidth. However, despite the advantage of a large spectrum, mmWave signal propagations are prone to some impairments with respect to those in the sub-6 GHz range [38; 39]. Significant propagation loss, lower coherence time due to rapid channel fluctuation, superior power consumption in the analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, higher sensitivity to radio-wave blockage and a low power amplifier efficiency represent some of the challenges that mmWave communications have to tackle [40; 41; 42]. Moreover, looking forward to the 6G era and beyond, the exploitation of even higher carrier frequencies such as terahertz (THz) or optical frequency bands are envisioned to play a crucial position by providing high bandwidth and huge components miniaturization [43]. Nevertheless, THz or optical communications reach out to stronger hardware challenges including antennas, power amplifiers, or modulators [44]. This article provides a general overview concerning Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network (SAGIN) and emphasizes some research activities to support the multi-dimensional and interoperational network of the future 6G wireless communications and beyond. Specifically, particular attention has been addressed on the available antenna systems in satellite, airborne and ground layers by highlighting strengths and challenges as well as by providing some promising research directions. Antennas are certainly among the most fundamental components, and they are determinant for the performance of the onboard transceiver subsystem. Table 1 provides a comparison among the review papers published in recent years dealing with 6G and SAGIN technology, highlighting the particular angle from which they have looked to this broad topic. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the space segment and developments, including a particular focus on satellite constellations, followed by a thorough overview on antenna technologies currently used onboard advanced satellite systems and under development for future satellite systems. A comprehensive investigation on Low Altitude Platform (LAP) and High Altitude Platform (HAP) challenges such as network topology, Spectral Efficiency (SE) and antennas technologies is reported in Section 3, whereas the ground segment is introduced in Section 4. Section 5 is devoted to the examination of the various application scenarios and potential opportunities regarding the paradigm of SAGIN in the future 6G wireless communications. Finally, the conclusions are reported in Section 6.
# Protection of Personal Data in the Context of E-Commerce
## 8 Future Work  
Various areas for additional research are suggested to tackle the changing difficulties and possibilities in data protection. By delving into sophisticated privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs), it is possible to provide more robust safeguards for consumer data while maintaining functionality. This can establish a standard for future security measures in digital commerce settings. Performing longitudinal research to evaluate the progression of consumer behaviors related to online shopping and data sharing related to shifting privacy rules and technologies will yield significant observations on consumer trust fluctuation over time.  
It would be advantageous to compare data protection laws and their efficacy in various cultural and regulatory contexts, particularly between EU nations subject to GDPR and those not under its jurisdiction. These studies would emphasize the worldwide influence of data protection standards and assist multinational e-commerce platforms in customizing their privacy policies more efficiently.  
Measuring the explicit and implicit expenses of data breaches for e-commerce enterprises, which include effects on consumer confidence and customer loyalty, should emphasize the economic significance of investing in thorough cybersecurity measures. Examining the consequences of developing technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain on the security of personal data in e-commerce is crucial, as these technologies are significantly changing the e-commerce industry.  
Given the swift advancement of technology and changes in consumer behavior, it is crucial to examine and maybe revise current regulatory frameworks that oversee data protection. Creating and evaluating real-time monitoring and response systems for data breaches could significantly reduce the harm caused by these events, hence increasing consumer trust. These projects aim to enhance e-commerce data protection by improving our understanding of technological, behavioral, and regulatory aspects. They ensure that strategies address existing deficiencies and anticipate future difficulties in the digital commerce sector.
## 1 Introduction
From the perspective of energy balance, this work aims to investigate the inversion of the FPAR, which is obtained from the FengYun-3C (FY-3C) medium resolution imaging spectrometer data of domestic satellites by using the PROSAIL model and the LUT algorithm for different vegetation types from various study areas (Figure 1). Figure 1: The insets a, b, c, d, and e represent sample locations in different parts of the country.