[PERSON]  
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.F.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.D. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.Z.) [PERSON]  
Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministrywith shock wave impaction, this may lead to wall deformation or container rupture when extreme excitation energies are used [15; 16]. The strongest confinement effect occurs in a fully confined space with rigid walls, which increases with increasing bubble size and decreasing liquid volume. In contrast, when walls are elastic, the confinement effect is reduced due to their elastic response to bubble oscillations but still leads to significant compression of bubble dynamics. Studies by [PERSON] et al. [17] and [PERSON] et al. [18], investigated the compressed bubble dynamics in a sealed tank induced by projectile penetration. [PERSON] et al. [19] demonstrated faster bubble dynamics than in free liquid when the negative pressure-driven bubble was induced in a fully confined space with elastic material by evaporation from the gel. In the meantime, theoretical models have been developed to describe the compressed bubble dynamics in a fully confined space by coupling the confined effect into the Rayleigh-Plesset or Keller-Miksis models [15; 17; 19; 20; 21; 22]. Moreover, when the bubble is formed in the confining container with elastic thin walls, there have been indications of additional tensile pressures possibly ensuing from this interaction [14; 23], giving rise to a pronounced secondary cavitation phenomenon [24; 25]. Our previous work also showed that pressure rises originating from both bubble expansion and the consequent liquid-mass oscillations can induce wall vibrations [23; 25]. These vibrations produce a sequence of alternating rarefaction waves characterized by potent tensile components with notable initiation time delay. Their feedback on the bubble results in a prolongation of the collapse phase, modulation to the second oscillation process, and time-delayed re-oscillations, as well as the formation of robust secondary cavitation in the liquid along the laser path [23; 25]. Such mutated bubble dynamics depend not only on the energy input from the laser but also on the intrinsic characteristics of the pressure waves such as the onset time, eigenperiod, and the time intervals between adjacent rarefaction waves. By modulating key parameters of these waves, controllable laser-induced cavitation dynamics can be achieved, which presents a potential avenue to realize the improvement of desired therapeutic effects while minimizing undesired side effects during medical procedures. These vibrational rarefaction wave series should be closely linked to characters of liquid-filled cuvettes such as the geometry of the wall and liquid, but the specific details are still unclear and worth deeper investigations. In this work, by monitoring laser-induced cavitation dynamics within partially confined cuvettes with varied cuvette inner sizes and liquid height, we investigated the influence of wall and liquid on the vibrational rarefaction waves. High-speed photography with a vast view in the horizontal direction and acoustic measurements were simultaneously used to measure the cavitation dynamics. The results revealed that, when increasing the liquid height within the same cuvette, the modulation period of \(R_{\text{max}}\) (\(T_{\text{osc1}}\)) was barely changed for the laser bubble, while both the inception time and the peak-to-peak interval of adjacent generations were increased for secondary bubble clouds. Conversely, all three parameters were increased on increasing the inner size of the cuvette with the same liquid height.