## 4 Results
### RQ3: Challenges in University Campus Wawfinding Using Mobile Navigation Apps
Moreover, the experiment group (participants using MazeMap) reported more access problems. This is because they were following the route provided by the app but had access issues to certain places within that route, which was more frustrating as they were following the directed path. Whereas for the control group (participants using Google Maps), the reported access issues were comparatively less as participants were not using Google Maps inside and orienting themselves, so they considered it as the wrong route instead of an access issue. The category \"navigation app related issues\" was based on three themes that included challenges linked to the used technology (Google Maps and MazeMap). The themes include broken in-campus/indoor navigation, missing or no information provided and app usage/usability. For \"broken in-campus/indoor navigation\", participants using Google Maps experienced more challenges compared to the MazeMap group as it did not provide indoor navigation. Most participants reported that they did not use Google Maps for indoor navigation as it was not helpful and pointless to use inside when it is not marked where you are in the building. In addition to this, some of the campus buildings were not registered in Google Maps, and participants needed to 'zoom in' the map to search for the building. On the contrary, participants using MazeMap did not have complaints about finding the building on the map. However, the issues they experienced were either the indoor location given in the app was not very accurate, or it was difficult to follow the map when the indoor positioning was not working so well. For \"missing or no information provided\", most participants using Google Maps complained that the app is not complete and detailed for campus wayfinding as no information was provided for indoor navigation, such as rooms and buildings are either not found in the map or the name is not clear. On the contrary, the issues faced by the MazeMap group were more related to missing information, such as missing room numbers, lack of proper indicators for each room or missing information related to lack of access to some places. Lastly, for \"App usage/usability\", the group using MazeMap reported more issues as compared to the group using Google Maps. The usability issues related to MazeMap included inconsistencies with room search, confusing floor bar on the left, did not find any option for language selection, or participants did not like the overall experience of using MazeMap. Whereas participants using Google Maps only had an issue that they needed to scan the map to find the building, and they were not satisfied with the app for campus navigation as it was not helpful for indoor navigation. The \"wayfinding issues\" category was related to the following themes: help and support for navigation, live current location, and university signage issues. Overall, the Google Maps group experienced more wayfinding issues as compared to the MazeMap group. For \"help and support for navigation\", most participants using Google Maps relied more on receiving as much help as possible from physical maps and directions within the university campus. This is because indoor navigation was not provided, and even for outdoor navigation, some building names were not clear or helpful. On the contrary, based on the qualitative analysis, the participants using MazeMap only asked for assistance when they got stuck or when certain information was not provided in the app. For example, when it was difficult to understand whether to go out of the building or continue inside while following the route in the app because either the signal dropped or the door was not accessible, or the current location was not clear. For \"live current location\", most issues were reported by the MazeMap group. Overall, the majority of participants were satisfied with the live location feature provided by Google Maps, except that it was not available for indoor navigation.