## 3 Auto-Insurance Systems Based on Cloud or Blockchain
### Blockchain-Based Auto-Insurance Applications and Frameworks  
By establishing coverage between policyholders and insurance companies, blockchain can automate claims processes and the settlement of claims between parties, reducing the administrative costs incurred by insurance companies. Additionally, insurance companies can use a blockchain to store and retrieve accident videos that are captured from vehicles and their surroundings. In this subsection, we present the current blockchain-based techniques and approaches in the auto-insurance sector. In this section, we discuss  
Figure 2: Systematic graphical representation of a cloud- and blockchain-based auto-insurance model. articles [29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36] and identify various mechanisms, such as data tampering, multiple insurance, and transaction-related challenges and their solutions. However, each article highlights a specific problem with the solution. We identified the advantages and issues in the aforementioned blockchain-based auto-insurance solutions and summarized them in Table 1.  
A lot of research has been conducted on blockchain and applied to many fields in recent years. However, blockchain technology has not yet been fully explored in the insurance industry [29]. [PERSON] et al. [29] discussed insurance businesses that use smart contracts, emphasizing the strengths, shortcomings, opportunities, and risks of blockchain technology. This study investigated use cases based on smart contracts in the insurance sector domain and left the readers to make the final decision regarding the actual benefits that can result from the use of this technology in a particular context. [PERSON] et al. [30] presented a blockchain-based car insurance administration system that addressed issues of collaboration, security, data privacy, transaction costs, scalability, and availability. According to the authors, blockchain could be used to create an insurance record system that can handle all aspects of insurance transactions. This blockchain-based system includes drivers, dealers, insurance firms, lawyers, and law enforcement agencies. In this regard, ref. [31] implemented a blockchain-based pay-as-you-go car insurance application to ensure transparency. This application ensured that all data related to the user's actual journey were recorded transparently. The research was initially undertaken by IBM Research in Australia, and all parties involved in the insurance contract were confident that the data were tamper-proof and traceable. In the insurance sector, fraud is a major problem that costs a lot of money [32]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32] proposed a blockchain-based solution to prevent fraud in automobile insurance. It was demonstrated that blockchain technology could be used to identify vehicle insurance fraud and reduce insurance company losses. The main objective of the work presented in [32] was to deal with double dipping, which is defined as follows: \"exploiting multiple insurance policies of the same vehicle in different companies\". To overcome the problem of double dipping, smart contracts were designed to validate claims and record the lifecycle of a vehicle in the blockchain. Data tampering is another type of fraud. A blockchain-based framework for auto-insurance claims and adjudication (B-FICA) was proposed in [33], a framework based on tamper-proof documents and immutable blockchain transactions. [PERSON] et al. [33] provided a complete framework for vehicular network forensics using blockchain technology. The authors used a permissioned blockchain and online tracking technique in which data were instantly provided to the registration authority or witnesses who were present during the data exchange. Using a permissioned blockchain, the system protected users' privacy by limiting the transactions that participating companies were authorized to make or view. This privacy-friendly liability model provided untampered proof for liability attribution and adjudication in the event of an accident.