# Empowering Pedestrian Safety: Unveiling a Lightweight Scheme for Improved Vehicle-Pedestrian Safety
## 1 Introduction  
Vehicle-to-everything communication might reduce crash rates, pollution, and poor road management [1]. Speed-related crashes account for four times as many homicide fatalities annually in certain countries [2]. Road accidents are mostly caused by human negligence while bolstering preventative efforts can lessen their impact [3]. According to [4], the mortality per capita rate in the USA increased by 6% between 2019 and 2020. Vulnerable road users (VRUs), defined in [5] as walkers, cyclists, and motor wheels with high accident involvement risk, are now a component of collision avoidance research. This is a positive shift since vulnerable road users (VRUs) accounted for over 50% of the 1.35 million fatalities on the roads in 2018 [6]. Collision damage is decreased via research on passive collision avoidance (PCA). Contrarily, autonomous collision avoidance (ACA) helps avoid crashes [7]. Bike lanes [8, 9], bumpers [10] that are friendly to pedestrians, LED-equipped gloves [11] and helmets [12], and sensor-enabled airbag systems [13] are a few PCA techniques. Since these safeguards have not been been tested, it is unclear how effective they will be [14]. The two main groups of autonomous collision avoidance techniques are those that presume visibility or a line of sight (LOS), such as radar, lidar, and vision-based systems [7], and those designed for non-line of sight (NLOS) circumstances, which are the subject of this study. Vehicle-to-vulnerable road user (V2X) communication via RFID, DSRC, WIFI, or cellular V2X are examples of NLOS ACA techniques. The strategies for avoiding collisions are listed in Figure 1.  
Weather and lighting have little impact on NLOS techniques [15]. They depend on OBU-VRU communication [16]. This is crucial since the majority of fatal traffic accidents are caused by poor visibility and slow response times [17]. Connectivity is made possible by these policies [18]. This makes use of these users' critical perception and information-sharing abilities with other road users [19]. In NLOS, several system design variables might categorize VRU safety systems, which are sometimes referred to as vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) systems. The role of the VRU device in the system is one significant distinction. Applications for awareness allow the driver total control and limit the VRU device to a \"Hello\" signal to announce its presence. The VRU device may carry out algorithmic computations and trajectory predictions in challenging collision avoidance applications [20]. Due to the startlingly high incidence of deadly VRU road accidents, research into V2P system design has expanded. These attempts make use of unique parameters with unique features and limitations, and there is still more work to be carried out in order to address problems with V2P system design. The contributions of this paper are as follows. * We build up on our previous V2P lightweight scheme [21] by enhancing an efficient VANET-based pedestrian protection scheme based on vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication between smart vehicles and vulnerable road users' smartphones. Consequently, our scheme contributes to a decrease in road collisions and casualties that are likely to occur, and roads are anticipated to become safer as a result. * We show the efficiency of our scheme through simulations and implementations to meet the real-time constraints of V2P communications in different traffic scenarios. We measured critical network parameters in terms of average throughput, processing delay, and network load. * We compare the different technologies used in V2P system design in terms of range, latency, and ease of deployment in our related work and study the factors that influence V2P system design specifications, like VRU types, VRU roles, VRU devices, communication technologies, notified parties, and purpose. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents our efficient VANET-based pedestrian protection scheme in detail.