## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Coal Mine Name** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Sudden Water** \\ **Time** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum Surge** \\ **Capacity (m\({}^{3}\)/h)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Hydrogeological Features** \\ \end{tabular} & **Impact** \\ \hline Cuimu Mine & 2013 & 1300 & \begin{tabular}{c} Water in the Yijun formation \\ sandstone and Luohe formation \\ sandstone aquifers \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Guojiahe Coal Mine & 2016 & 2300 & \begin{tabular}{c} Water in the Yijun formation \\ sandstone and Luohe formation \\ sandstone aquifers \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Yuanzigou Coal & 2019 & 570 & \begin{tabular}{c} Water in the Yijun formation \\ sandstone and Luohe formation \\ sandstone aquifers \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Gaojiabao Coal Mine & 2015 & 3000 & \begin{tabular}{c} Low river formation sandstone \\ aquifer \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Zhaojin Coal Mine & 2013 2016 & - & \begin{tabular}{c} Rock river formation sandstone \\ fissure aquifer \\ \end{tabular} & 11 deaths \\ \hline Yangliu Coal Mine & 2017 & - & \begin{tabular}{c} Water in the sandstone aquifer of \\ the stone box formation \\ \end{tabular} & Potential threats \\ \hline Fangezhuang Coal & 2016 & 60 & \begin{tabular}{c} Hydraulic fracture zones, sandstone \\ fracture-bearing aquifers \\ \end{tabular} & No impact \\ \hline Daiu Coal Mine & 2013 & 430 & \begin{tabular}{c} Water-conducting fracture \\ zones, geological for-mations \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Wanglou Coal Mine & 2013 & 1345.7 & \begin{tabular}{c} Jurassic sand and conglomerate \\ fissure aquifer \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Lijialou Coal Mine & 2016 & 3158 & \begin{tabular}{c} Water-conductive rift zone \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Shajihai Coal Mine & 2016 & - & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Water from the Headunhe \\ formation aquifer, water from the \\ Xishangyao formation \\ medium-coarse sandstone aquifer \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline Shilawusu Coal Mine & 2018 & 921.4 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cretaceous Luohe formation \\ sandstone aquifer \\ \end{tabular} & Discontinued \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of major water intrush incidents [2]. this process are divided into theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, physical similarity simulation, and field observation. Initially, the \"vertical line theory\", \"arch theory\", and \"zoning theory\" were proposed. These primitive structural models laid the foundation for further research, leading to the development of more advanced theories. One example of this was [PERSON]'s proposal of the cantilever beam theory to explain the phenomenon of periodic pressure. In another example, [PERSON] introduced the \"pre-fracture hypothesis\", suggesting that the overlying strata would cease to collapse after mining [3]. [PERSON] formulated the hinged rock block hypothesis, categorizing the rock strata into the irregular caving zone, regular caving zone, and regular moving zone [4]. [PERSON] [5] advanced the \"masonry beam theory\" based on classical overburden movement and failure hypotheses, explaining the formation of \"large structures\" and \"small structures\" as well as the occurrence of stop pressure in a fully mechanized longwall. [PERSON] [6] proposed the \"transfer rock beam theory\", which described the transmission path of stope overburden pressure and the pressure distribution in high-stress areas. The \"masonry beam theory\" served as the foundation for the \"key layer theory of strata control\". By integrating stope pressure, overburden migration law, and surface subsidence, the key layer theory provides a more comprehensive explanation of the evolution of fractures in overburden rock under mining influence [7]. [PERSON] et al. [8] proposed the \"hyperbolic model\", which posited that the focal point of the \"hyperbolic\" rock layer is located at the position of the main key layer.