# Exploring Virtual Environments to Assess the Quality of Public Spaces
## 2 Literature Review
### Related Works
The advantage of VR audits becomes more pronounced with the size of the study area. However, conducting research with HMDs can pose challenges when dealing with a large number of participants. For example, [PERSON] et al. [17] involved a 10-person expert panel, and [PERSON] et al. [18] included 28 students who audited four streets and four public places. While [PERSON] findings on perceptions of architectural styles are relatively straightforward, conclusions regarding perceptions of public space design, overall perceptions of public space, and affective appraisals of public space suggest dependencies on various factors rather than specific design features. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Ref** & **Modalities** & **Methodology** & **Objectives** \\ \hline
[3] & Onsite inspection of comfort and safety & Nine PLOS measures are proposed based upon aesthetics, safety, and ease of movement & Account for aesthetics and safety in addition to volume and capacity \\
[8] & Onsite field survey & Visual assessment of urban design qualities & Provide operational definitions and measurement protocols \\
[7] & Onsite physiological measurements and georeferenced & Combine geospatial analytics and analysis of physiological signals & Localization of stress and relaxation hotspot in urban areas \\
[6] & Onsite bicyclist survey & Functional method to model BLOS based on infrastructure & Analyze bicycle service quality at intersections \\
[11,12,19] & Recorded video of static Virtual Environments & Analysis of online questionnaires on perception of availability & Study of infrastructure attributes and identification of best designs \\
[14] & HMD walkable visit of static Virtual Environments & Post-experience survey on acceptability of VR realism & Determine the suitability of VR setup: cybersichness, realism \\ \hline
[20] & Street view panoramic images and field audit & Intraclass correlation coefficient of field visits and street view questionnaire surveys & Compare assessments using Google Street View and field visits \\
[21] & HMD with panoramic images of real environment and & Statistical analysis of questionnaires on streetscape & Compare landscape evaluation based on HMD or 2D-screen panoramic images \\
[21] & Street view panoramic images & & 20-screen panoramic images \\ \hline
[10] & Dynamic Virtual Environments in HMD on a bicycle & Participants rating of cycling infrastructures based on & Test cyclists’ environmental preferences in HMD versus still images \\
[15] & HMD visit of dynamic Virtual Environments with & Analysis of skin conductance level & Fear and stress response to scenarios (traffic density and noise) \\
[15] & HMD with recorded 360\({}^{o}\) panoramic videos of real environment & Questionnaire survey on affective appraisal and environment & Evaluations of contemporary versus traditional design styles in architecture and urban design. \\
[16] & HMD with recorded 360\({}^{o}\) panoramic videos of real environment, street view images and field audit & Post hoc interview and questionnaire survey of experts & Examines whether immersive visits can replace field audits \\
[22] & HMD of recorded real environments in 360\({}^{o}\) panoramic & Questionnaire on infrastructures and walking willingness & Characteristics of 360\({}^{o}\) cameras and HMD for streetscape evaluation \\
[23] & Videos and recorded videos of real environments & of diverse street environments in multiple nations & Evaluation \\
[24] & HMD with recorded 360\({}^{o}\) panoramic videos of real environment and field audit & Questionnaire related to aesthetic preference and landscape cognition & Agreement of on-site observation and VR stimulus in terms of public perception \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Studies of public space quality classified by modality of audit.