# A Survey on Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing
## 5 Classification of Efforts for Evolving the Control Plane
### Efforts to Evolve the Control Plane of Inter-Domain Routing
#### 5.2.1 Brand New Design  
Clean-slate redesigns seem to be a very attractive approach to make a new control plane for inter-domain routing without the cumbersome backward compatibilities requirements. For traditional networks, a new protocol for inter-domain routing has the potential to overcome the limitations and drawbacks of the BGP. Table 3 compiles works with a brand new design for inter-domain routing using the criteria presented in Section 5.1. Feedback-Based Routing (FBR) [54] was inspired by standard engineering practice of design dynamic systems with feedback control theory. Thus, instead of using just connectivity information for routing like the BGP, FBR creates the network state based on connectivity and structural information (such as quality and state of inter-domain links) received from routers that composed the final solution. FBR developed and used its own protocol for inter-domain routing, the Wide-area Relay Addressing Protocol (WRAP). With WRAP, FBR applies a sourcing routing scheme where the core routers of the Internet should be in charge of propagating structural information while the routing decisions occur at the routers at the edge of the network, in which they compute the network routing to achieve the end-to-end performance requirements. Bandwidth-Aware Routing in Overlay Networks (BARON) [55] was a proposal to overcome the limitations of the default best effort Internet routing. Hence, overlay routing was used to improve end-to-end performance parameters, especially the bandwidth requirement. Furthermore, to create a feasible and scalable solution, BARON explores the Distributed Information Nodes (DINs) database that was used to distribute the node information across the network. The major drawback of overlay solutions for evolving inter-domain routing is that they normally imply additional complexity regarding the overhead that the tunnels introduce in order to be properly managed. [PERSON] [56] proposed the Multi-Path BGP (MBGP) to improve the network bandwidth utilization and avoid dis-connectivity when an external link fails. MBGP was a new network protocol to explore the multipath with a solution based on BGP updates. Furthermore, to overcome a single route for a destination network, the Multipath BGP [57] proposed a change in the BGP's path selection and path dissemination rules to explore the utilization of multiple paths in concurrence without compromising loop-freeness. Although MBGP and Multipath BGP are solutions to increase the exploration of path diversity on the Internet, the proposals were only tested in simulations, and how the network traffic should be split across multiple paths was not appropriately discussed. Another Multipath Interdomain Routing (AMIR) [58] was a proposal for a new AS-level routing scheme to explore the use of concurrent multiple paths on the Internet. AMIR was designed to compute primary and alternative paths based on negotiating path provisioning among neighboring ASs. The AMIR scheme explores the best available paths for forwarding data in a source routing fashion. Thereby, a given domain can receive multiple paths from its inter-domain partners and choose the best one. Hence, AMIR had the potential to improve the experience of user applications from the network perspective and had the benefit of allowing a more intensified business relationship between ASs that deploy the solution. Regarding the architecture scheme, the work of [PERSON] et al. [59] presents a new inter-domain routing architecture called NIRA (\"New Internet Routing Architecture\") that gives the end-host (users) and stub ASs the ability to choose the sequence of ISPs that their packets can take. On the current Internet, the routes are chosen by ASs running the BGP without considered the network source to make routing decisions. The main idea of NIRA was to give the users the ability to choose routes for the Internet from a source routing approach. Thus, the users could select routes that lead to improvement of their network performance, reliability or user satisfaction.