esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Recent Advances in Plasmonic Sensor-Based Fiber Optic Probes for Biological Applications
## 2 Physics of Surface Plasmons
### Surface Plasmon Polaritons  
The interaction between the photon and the polar excitation of electric dipoles in a semiconductor or at the surface of a metal is known as a polariton. The strong coupling of the surface plasmons with the polaritons is called SPPs, shown in Figure 2. The propagation of SPPs takes place when the electromagnetic field strikes the free electrons in the interface of two media having negative and positive real parts of permittivity (a metal and a dielectric medium). The plasma oscillation is optically excited at the interface, which consists of positively charged ions on the planar metal layer surface. Therefore, the density of the electromagnetic field at the metal surface will not be the same. The positively charged ion background will attract the negatively charged free electrons. Hence, the movement of electrons takes place when the density of free electrons is lower than the average density in the given volume. The attracted electrons gain additional momentum and gradually grow in density. Therefore, a large number of negative electrical charges are formed. The coulombic repulsive force among the free electrons induces them to separate and the collective electron density oscillation is established. Therefore, an electromagnetic surface wave is generated due to the plasma oscillation. The quantum of plasma oscillation is referred to as SPP and is illustrated in Figure 2.
## 5 Results and Discussion
### Ablation Study on Effect of Size of N-Grams on LeBERT Model  
In order to verify the effectiveness of using LeBERT model as the embedding layer to generate word vectors, we first did an experiment to study the effect of the size of N-grams on the LeBERT model with CNN. In the experiment, the restaurant reviews datasets were used. The experimental results of N = 1,2, 3 and all words were as shown in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline \hline  & **Classified as Positive** & **Classified as Negative** \\ \hline Actual Positive & TP & FN \\ Actual Negative & FP & TN \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Contingency Table.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Text Data Item** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Before Using the Sentiment** \\ **Lexicon** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **After Using the Sentiment** \\ **Lexicon** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Characters(no spaces) & 46,744 & 14,182 \\ Characters(with spaces) & 56,616 & 19,212 \\ Number of words & 10,863 & 2989 \\ Number of paragraphs & 996 & 996 \\ Average Number of words per & 11 & 3 \\ Post/paragraph & 11 & 3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Details of the text data before and after using sentiment lexicon.  
For N = 1, it implies that, for each sentence, only one word was used, which was chosen by the sentiment lexicon. The results indicate a low performance since one word cannot represent the sentiment of the entire text. The highest model performance was obtained at N = 3. As shown in Table 6, we generated N-grams up to N = 4 due to computational resources. The category of 'All words' implies that the sentiment lexicon was not applied on the input text to select some words, hence, this reverts to the original BERT model. The results indicated that N = 3 is an ideal size of N-gram for the proposed model. Section 5.2 presents the performance results of the model in comparison to the baseline models in the three datasets.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, we designed an MRE-based ATDVA that reduces vibrations at the time of variable-frequency excitation and evaluated its vibration-reducing performance. Based on the findings, we have come to the following conclusions:  
1. The adaptive tuned dynamic vibration absorber exhibited superior performance of vibration reduction to SDOF and dual dynamic vibration absorbers at target frequencies under the condition of variable-frequency excitation.
2. We identified the natural frequencies of a plane plate as the target object for vibration reduction. MREs were designed for application to the MRE-based ATDVA. In addition, the mass and magnetic field of the MRE-based ATDVA's mass part were theoretically formulated, and design optimization was performed using a sensitivity analysis and genetic algorithm.
3. This study attempted to determine how the vibration reduction frequencies of the MRE-based ATDVA are related to the electric currents applied to the dynamic vibration absorber. Our evaluation of the MRE-based ATDVA's vibration-reducing performance under the condition of variable-frequency excitation found that vibrations were reduced in target frequency ranges.  
This research received no external funding.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
# Design and Evaluation of a Shaping and Pruning Machine for Dwarf and Densely Planted Jujube Trees
## 5 Conclusions  
1. Through investigation of dwarf and densely planted jujube gardens in Xinjiang, it was determined that the shapes of the main trunks of jujube trees have become the primary standard for the development of dwarf and densely planted jujube gardens in Xinjiang. Before artificial pruning, the height of the jujube canopy was between 600-1900 mm, and the diameter of the canopy was between 1050-2000 mm. After artificial pruning, the height of jujube canopy was between 400-1600 mm, and the diameter of the canopy was between 800-1400 mm.
2. In this study, a shaping and pruning machine for jujube trees was developed to address the difficulties of highly labor-intensive and poorly efficient artificial pruning of dwarf and densely planted jujube trees in Xinjiang. The machine is mainly composed of a pruning device, removal mechanism for jujube hangings, shaping and pruning frame, shaping and adjusting frame, connecting seat, hydraulic system, tractor, etc. The range of height adjustment for the machine is 600-2200 mm, and the range of width adjustment is 800-1400 mm. The designed height of the side pruning assembly is 1600 mm, and the length of the top pruning assembly is 1200 mm. Circular saw blades are used as the cutting tool for the pruning device. The critical speed of the cutting tool to avoid missed cuttings is 1020 r/min according to a theoretical analysis of the process of cutting jujube branches. The structural and operating specifications of the machine, as well as its major components, were determined. This machine can perform rapid shaping and pruning of large-scale dwarf and densely planted jujube trees.
3. A quadratic regression orthogonal test with three factors and three levels was designed according to the test principle of Box-Behnken with the machine forward speed, cutter rotation speed, and cutter diameter as influencing factors, and the missed pruning rate and stubble breakage rate as evaluation indexes. The experimental results were optimized by Design-Expert V8.0.6.1 software, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained as follows: The rotation speed of the cutter was 2300 r/min, the diameter of the cutter was 250 mm, and the forward speed was 0.3 m/s. The predicted missed pruning rate and stubble breakage rate of the model were 5.07% and 4.61%, respectively.
4. The field validation test was carried out according to the optimal parameter combination. The results showed that the average missed pruning rate was 5.46% and the average stubble breakage rate was 5.10%. The relative error between the actual test values and the predicted value of the missed pruning rate and the stubble breakage rate were 7.69% and 10.63%, respectively. The coefficients of variation for the missed pruning rate and stubble breakage rate were 9.16% and 11.76%, respectively. The results indicated that the operational performance of the shaping and pruning machine for jujube trees met the design requirements.
# A Novel Adaptive Image Data Hiding and Encryption Scheme Using Constructive Image Abstraction
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Security
#### 3.2.6 Key Security  
A suitable encryption algorithm must have a large key space to prevent brute force attacks. Additionally, it should be responsive to even subtle changes in the key, resulting in a completely different ciphered image in order to resist chosen key attacks. Key space and key sensitivity are two perspectives from which the security of a key can be analyzed:  
* **Key space**: When applying a 2D-LTMM to produce two pseudo-random sequences, three floating-point numbers, each consisting of 64 bits and in double-precision format, are utilized: \(h\), \(x_{K}\), and \(y_{K}\). Moreover, in order to eliminate the initial transient effect, we discard the first \(q\) items of the sequences, where \(q\) is represented by a 16-bit integer. In addition, during the encryption process, we adopt 8-bit integers as the initial values: \(\left(P_{0,R^{\prime}},P_{0,G^{\prime}},P_{0,B^{\prime}},P_{0,E^{\prime}},C_{0,E^{\prime}}\right)\) for HDR RGBE and \(\left(P_{0,R^{\prime}},P_{0,G^{\prime}},P_{0,B^{\prime}},C_{0,B^{\prime}}\right)\) for LDR images. Therefore, the key space exceeds the minimum requirement of \(2^{128}\), as it is greater than \(2^{240}\). The analysis shows that our scheme requires large key space; this provides the ability to resist brute force attacks.
* **Key sensitivity:** The sensitivity of the key in our algorithm was evaluated as follows: Initially, two keys, \(K_{1}\) and \(K_{1}\), were generated with a single-bit difference. We then applied \(K_{1}\) and \(K_{2}\) to encrypt the same abstracted stego image \(I_{S}\), thus producing \(I_{E1}\) and \(I_{E2}\), which are shown in Figure 10(b),d, respectively. Next, using \(K_{1}\), we decrypted \(I_{E1}\) and were able to obtain the original image, as demonstrated in Figure 10(e). However, if we attempt to decrypt \(I_{E1}\) using the other key, \(K_{2}\), the output appears similar to a  
Figure 10: The statistical tests results of (a) NPCR and (b) UACI for all encrypted abstracted stego test images.  
noisy image, as shown in Figure 11f. Analogous outcomes are attained in Figure 11g,h if we decrypt \(I_{E2}\) using \(K_{2}\) and \(K_{1}\), respectively. Furthermore, we analyzed NPCR and UACI between \(I_{E1}\) and \(I_{E2}\) in Figure 11c. The results are in close proximity to the ideal values of 99.6094 and 33.4635, indicating that our algorithm remains sensitive to secret keys, even when only a single bit differs between them. Consequently, the key sensitivity analysis confirms that our scheme can withstand chosen key attacks.
# Evaluating the Vulnerability of Several Geodetic GNSS Receivers under Chirp Signal L1/E1 Jamming
## 5 Data Analysis, Results and Discussion  
The processing of GNSS observations was performed in version 2.3.2 of Leica Infinity (Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) and version 2.4.3, b33 of RTKlib [47]. In the field, the coordinates were also acquired in RTK mode for most receivers (not for Trimble 4000 SSI), and for detail, post-study static observations at a time rate of one second were collected. Post-processing generally results in a more accurate, comprehensive solution than is possible in real-time and offers a great deal of flexibility, especially since the applications can involve stationary or moving processing strategies, as well as quality checks of the observations. In the processing, the \"continuous method\" of ambiguity integer resolutions allowed for integer ambiguities to be estimated in every single epoch.  
The input data for this research were RINEX-files from 1-second static measurements from 08:20:00 to 10:00:00 UTC. Figure 7 represents the satellite constellation at the start and end time, while the timespans, which show the availability of each specific satellite from all nine tested receivers, are shown in the Appendix A. Reference coordinates for each of the receivers were gained from static relative processing. A virtual reference station (VRS), which was generated from the Slovenian CORS network SIGNAL (Slovenia (SI)-Geodesy-NAvigation-Location), was used as a base station. Since the authors wanted to show the effect of jammers at each of the specific registrations, the kinematic positions were acquired using post-processing.  
From quality checks, the C/N\({}_{0}\) values for all satellites in view for each of the receivers were obtained in order to study each jammer's location.
## 4 Results and Discussion  
### Comparisons of Various Methods  
As the sum of the windage power losses and churning power losses, the total no-load power losses for the disc can be calculated and determined based on Section 2. Figure 8 compares these calculated power losses using different empirical formulas or theoretical models with the experimental measurements for the disc at a dimensionless depth \(h/R_{0}\) of 0.5. The empirical formula based on [PERSON] [54] grossly overestimates the total losses, while the theoretical method developed by [PERSON] [55] significantly underestimates the power losses. The estimations obtained by [PERSON] et al. [35] and theoretical analysis considering the effect of the oil-air ratio in this paper are in good agreement with those experimental findings, whose average errors are only 12.97% and 16.71%, respectively. Windage losses account for about 1% of the disc's no-load losses, again indicating that the windage effect can be ignored for the disc. However, the windage losses of gears are at least one order of magnitude higher than those of discs of the same size. It is also demonstrated that the gear teeth are main contributors to the windage power losses.  
The results from the semi-empirical formulas ([PERSON] et al. [35]) and the theoretical method in this paper are compared with the experiments at a depth \(h/R_{0}\) of 0.3 in Figure 9. The estimations obtained by [PERSON] et al. [35] slightly underestimate the power losses, while the theoretical analysis method in this paper slightly overestimates the losses; their average errors are 19.54% and 26.18%, respectively. Overall, both compared well with experimental findings.
## 4 Smart5 Grid NetApp Use Cases
### UC2--Remote Inspection of Automatically Delimited Working Areas at Distribution Power Systems  
#### 4.2.1 Description  
The physical security of personnel that work in electrical power substations is of major importance for every energy operator, since these substations, with voltage values over 66 kV, pose a very high risk. The safety standards in these substations are the highest, while constant revisions take place, integrating the latest technological advances. In the context of Smart5 Grid, the 5G functionalities, through the development of different NetApps, aim to enhance safety measures and provide a safer working environment.  
Currently, the maintenance process safety rules in the electrical power substations are very strict and are performed in direct coordination with the power substation's control room. Specifically, currently, a colored paper tape is placed by field workers to indicate the safe delimited working areas of the substation. Further, field work in the safe areas is always visually supervised by the worker's team maintenance supervisor.  
Figure 8: Site architecture of UC1.  
The current infrastructure uses two different safety systems. The first one is a camera with integrated image recognition software that provides an overview of the workers that are physically located in the substation. The second one is an ultra-wideband (UWB) system that provides basic location information through tags and anchors. The technological leap on the current infrastructure is to merge data from different sources, process them, and implement the communication channels using 5G technology.
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Analysis of Algorithm Complexity
From the analysis of the above three indicators, compared with the FCME algorithm, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces computational complexity while maintaining comparable detection probability and average false detection rate. This leads to a substantial improvement in detection efficiency. In contrast, although the proposed algorithm does not show a significant advantage in computational speed over the CME algorithm under single-tone and multi-tone interference, the CME algorithm exhibits clear shortcomings in detection performance, particularly under wideband interference, where its effectiveness is notably limited. Therefore, from the perspective of adaptability to various interference types and overall performance, the proposed algorithm not only maintains robust detection capability, but also achieves higher computational efficiency. It demonstrates superior detection performance even in wideband interference scenarios, making it an interference detection algorithm that is both efficient and reliable.
## 5 Conclusions  
(1) From the perspective of the influence of fracture properties on the well productivity of buried hill reservoirs, a new method for predicting the well productivity of buried hill fractured reservoirs was established based on the fracture effectiveness index and permeability index established from the fracture parameters calculated from imaging logging data and the Productivity coefficients created from well-test data.  
(2) Comprehensive comparison of the fracture effectiveness index and permeability index is carried out through multi-scale data such as conventional logging, mud logging and array acoustic wave logging. The results show that the fracture effectiveness index and permeability index can accurately reflect the characteristics of fracture development and seepage capacity in the formation.  
(3) The new method of productivity prediction is used to predict six wells in the study area, which is in good agreement with the actual production data. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can quickly and accurately predict the production capacity of a single well, which provides a new idea for the well productivity prediction of buried hill reservoirs.  
Conceptualization, H.B.; Methodology, H.B.; Validation, H.B. and P.C.; Data curation, P.C.; Writing--original draft, H.B.; Writing--review & editing, H.B.; Supervision, P.C.; Funding acquisition, P.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62273060).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Well Name** & **Productivity** & **Effectiveness** & **Permeability** & **Angle** & **Percentage** \\  & **Coefficient** & **Index** & **Index** & \(\circ\) & **Fractures** \\  & & & & & **\%** \\ \hline B well & 219.3 & \textless{}0.5 & \textless{}0.4 & 0 & 45 \\ D well & 58.2 & 0.5-0.7 & 0.4–0.7 & \textless{}30 & 33 \\ E well & 2.8 & \textgreater{}0.7 & \textgreater{}0.7 & \textgreater{}30 & 20 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Comparison of other fracture factors and productivity prediction method.  
Figure 9: Fracture strike and The direction of the present maximum principal stress.
## 3 Results
### LOC Fractions  
#### 3.2.1 Changes in DOC  
The impacts of diverse land use patterns on the content of DOC in each soil layer are illustrated in Figure 4. This study indicates that land use patterns significantly influence soil DOC levels. In terms of vertical distribution, the DOC content in each treatment decreases with increasing soil depth. The FB treatment exhibited the most substantial decrease at 30.94%, whereas the SC treatment demonstrated the smallest decrease at 20.03%. Notably, there are marked differences among the same treatments at equivalent depths. The DOC content in the 0-20 cm soil layer of each treatment follows the following order: FB > GB > MC > SC > MSR. Compared to GB, FB significantly enhanced the DOC content by 22.88%, while MC, SC, and MSR significantly reduced the soil DOC content, with decreases of 20.46%, 24.65%, and 31.78%, respectively. SC shows no significant difference when compared to MC and MSR; however, the DOC content of MSR is significantly lower than that of MC. Notably, the MSR treatment ranks the lowest among all treatments and also among the three treatments in the field. Considerable decreases are also observed in the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm soil layers, with trends similar to those observed at the surface.  
Figure 4: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in soil humus layers of mollus under different land use patterns. Note: The experiment treatments included continuous soybean cultivation (SC), continuous maize cultivation (MC), maize-soybean rotation (MSR), grass belt (GB), and forest belt (FB). Different letters mean significant differences among different land use patterns in the same soil layer at 0.05 level. \(n\) = 3. The same is below.  
Figure 3: Soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in soil humus layers of mollus under different land use patterns. Note: The experiment treatments included continuous soybean cultivation (SC), continuous maize cultivation (MC), maize-soybean rotation (MSR), grass belt (GB), and forest belt (FB). Different letters mean significant differences among different land use patterns in the same soil layer at 0.05 level. \(n\) = 3. The same is below.
## 3 Results
### Forage Dry Matter Yield and Crude Protein Yield  
The DM yield of alfalfa was very low during this co-existing period and only 0.82 and 0.95 t ha\({}^{-1}\) were harvested in 2017 and 2018, averaged across all treatment combinations, respectively. The DM yield of alfalfa was affected by the N rate, corn plant density, and their interaction in 2017 (\(p<0.001\)), but only by the corn plant density in 2018 (\(p=0.001\); Table 2). Corn plant density was the main factor that decreased the alfalfa DM yield by an average of 28.5% under D45 and 42.1% under D60 compared with that under D30. Intercropping, the N rate and corn plant density dramatically affected the corn DM yield (\(p<0.01\); Table 2). The DM yield of intercropped corn was pronouncedly decreased by up to 32.3% compared with that of monocultured CK during two experimental years (\(p<0.001\); Table 2). Although the increasing N rate and corn plant density significantly improved the DM yield of intercropped corn (\(p\leq 0.001\)), the total system DM yield of AC during summer was still 14.0%-50.3% lower than that of CK (\(p<0.001\); Figure 2).  
Figure 2: System total dry matter (DM) yield (**a**) and crude protein (CP) yield (**b**) of alfalfa–silage corn relay intercropping (AC) and silage corn monoculture control (CK) as affected by nitrogen application rate (NR) and corn plant density (PD). N0, N60, N120 and N180 mean N application rate of 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\). D30, D45 and D60 mean corn seeding rate of 30, 45 and 60 thousand plants ha\({}^{-1}\). Different letters indicate significant differences at the level of \(p<0.05\). *** indicates significant difference at \(p<0.001\); ns indicates not significant at \(p<0.05\).  
However, the total system CP yield of AC was dramatically improved for the mixture of alfalfa (\(p<0.001\); Table 2). Seven treatment combinations, especially under a high N rate and high corn density, achieved the same total system CP yield as CK did during the co-existing period across two experimental years (\(p>0.05\); Figure 2). Intercropping significantly improved the CP content of corn in 2017 and the increasing N rate had a positive effect on the CP content of intercropped corn in both 2017 and 2018 (\(p<0.05\)). Despite that the corn CP content had a decreasing trend as plant density increased, the corn CP yield in AC was dramatically improved by both the increasing N rate and plant density (\(p<0.05\); Table 2). The CP content of alfalfa was less affected by the treatments and its CP yield was decreased as the corn plant density increased in both years (\(p<0.001\); Table 2).