## 3 Results
### Pork Production  
The production of pork accounts for around half of the EU's meat total production, an estimated 23.8 million tonnes, and more than three-quarters of pork production occurs in just six Member States: Germany (22.4%), Spain (19%), France (9.1%), Poland (8.7%), Denmark (6.6%), the Netherlands (6.4%), and Italy (6.2%) [3].  
Pig production systems in the EU are generally characterized as intensive [13], closed systems where pigs are kept inside animal housing and feed is imported. However, there seem to exist large variations in the size and production focus among the different farms. [PERSON] et al. (2012) documented typical intensive pig production systems in the EU, which represent around 70% of the total production in the EU [18], while [PERSON] et al. (2012) conducted LCAs on the energy requirements of pork production in six different EU countries [21]. The figures presented in these studies ranged from 15.9 MJ/kg to 22.7 MJ/kg, and, in most cases, up to 75% was associated with feed (Figure 5 and Table 3).  
Figure 4: Direct energy inputs according to activity (based on [12]).  
There was also variation in the breakdown of the direct energy inputs in pig farming systems, but in all cases, most direct energy use was associated with manure management, housing, and feeding systems in the form of electricity and fuels. [PERSON] et al. (2012) provided an overview of on-farm energy use for Northern Europe; these conventional production systems cover 70% of pig farming in the EU. On average, this study found that 3.84 MJ of direct energy was required per kg of slaughter weight of pig meat [18], 22% of this was associated with diesel use for manure handling, while 50% was associated with electricity for housing, 10% with electricity for manure pumping and stirring, and 17% with oil in the form of heating (Table 3). The study also found that the use of manure for energy production, fertilization, and feed use were the most significant areas in reducing the use of fossil energy use in pig systems [18].  
[PERSON] et al. (2017) conducted energy audits on two pig farms in Cyprus. Regarding direct energy inputs, their study found that 44% of energy consumption was associated with transportation, 31% with feeding, 12% with ventilation, 3% with watering, 3% with waste removal, 2% with lighting, and 5% with other uses. Regarding specific energy carriers in direct energy consumption, the study found that 29% was electricity associated with lighting, ventilation, feeding, watering, and other uses, 23% was LPG mainly associated with heating, and 48% was diesel associated with vehicle use and heating [51]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2016) stated that in Austria and Germany, 1.26 MJ of electrical energy and 0.684 MJ of thermal energy was needed for heating, ventilation, light, and manure management, and 4.356 MJ of mechanical energy was used for field manipulation and on-farm transportation per kg of pork produced [52].  
Figure 5: Energy inputs for pig production slaughter weight MJ/kg (based on [13; 14; 21]).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Activity** & **Energy Input (M)** & **\% Of Direct Energy Inputs** \\ \hline Diesel use & 0.87 & 22\% \\ Housing—Electricity & 1.95 & 50\% \\ Housing heat—oil & 0.65 & 17\% \\ Manure pumping and stirring—Electricity & 0.4 & 10\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Direct energy inputs in pig production systems according to activity (based on [18]).