# Efficacy of Fire Protection Techniques on Impact Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete
## 2 Experimental Investigation
### Materials
#### 2.1.1 Supplementary Cementitious Materials  
In this study, concrete samples were prepared using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 53-grade that complied with the specifications outlined in IS 12269 (2013) [28]. For this investigation, the study incorporated Class-F FA and GGBFS as SCMs. Class-F FA exhibits pozzolanic reactivity with the lime generated during cement hydration. Additionally, GGBFS, a by-product of the steel industry, was employed in the study.  
Expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) is a lightweight and porous material derived from siliceous volcanic rock. It can remarkably expand up to twenty times its original volume and features a white appearance. EPA possesses several advantageous physical properties, such as reduced mass density, limited thermal conduction, and excellent heat resistance,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Type of** **Concrete (i)** & **Admixture** & **Temperature (°C)** & **Mode of Testing** & **Types of** **Tests (iii)** & **Remarks** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. [21]} & \multirow{2}{*}{NSC} & \multirow{2}{*}{OPC} & \multirow{2}{*}{100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600} & & & The strength of concrete & \\  & & & & & & diminishes by 50\% when & subjected to a temperature of \\  & & & & & 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C compared to the & & unheated specimen. \\  & & & & & & Additionally, the impact & strength of concrete \\  & & & & & & & experiences deterioration at \\  & & & & & & 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. & \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [22] & \multirow{2}{*}{HSCC} & \multirow{2}{*}{SF} & \multirow{2}{*}{300, 500 and 700} & \multirow{2}{*}{Residual} & \multirow{2}{*}{CS, TS, FS, and IS.} & At higher temperatures, the & \\  & & & & & & HSCC specimens show a & higher impact resistance value \\  & & & & & & than SCC. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [20] & \multirow{2}{*}{SFRC} & \multirow{2}{*}{SF} & \multirow{2}{*}{200, 400 and 600} & \multirow{2}{*}{Residual} & \multirow{2}{*}{WL, CS, and} & The specimens lost the impact & \\  & & & & condition & IS. & 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. & \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [23] & \multirow{2}{*}{SCC} & \multirow{2}{*}{SF, PF, and HF.} & \multirow{2}{*}{20, 200, 400, 600} & \multirow{2}{*}{Un-stressed} & \multirow{2}{*}{CS, TS, and} & At 400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the SCC-SF, and SCC-HF showed & \\  & & & and 800 & condition & ME & no strength has than the \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [24] & \multirow{2}{*}{HSSC} & \multirow{2}{*}{PF} & \multirow{2}{*}{20, 100, 300, 500} & \multirow{2}{*}{Un-stressed and} & \multirow{2}{*}{CS, TS, and} & With the addition of fibers, the & spalling and voids of concrete \\  & & & and 700 & residual condition & ME & reduce significantly. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [14] & \multirow{2}{*}{HSPC} & \multirow{2}{*}{PF} & \multirow{2}{*}{20, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 900} & \multirow{2}{*}{Residual} & \multirow{2}{*}{CS, TS, and} & With the addition of PF, & \\  & & & & 800 and 900 & condition & CS, TS, and & concrete spalling and \\  & & & & & & shrinkage cracks decrease & significantly. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [26] & \multirow{2}{*}{FRC} & \multirow{2}{*}{PF} & \multirow{2}{*}{20, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600} & \multirow{2}{*}{Residual} & \multirow{2}{*}{CS, TS, and} & PF shows less spalling and & \\  & & & 400, 500 and 600 & condition & ME & cracks in concrete after \\ \hline \hline \multirow{6}{*}{} & \multirow{6}{*}{Abbreviations: (i) FRC: Fibre Reinforced Concrete, HSSCC: High Strength Self-Compacting Concrete, HSPFC: High Strength Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete, NSC: Normal Strength Concrete; (ii) FRC: Fibre Reinforced Concrete; SF: Steel Fibre, PF: Polypropylene Fibre, HF: Hybrid Fibre, and OPC: Ordinary Portland Cement; (iii) CS: Compressive Strength, TS: Tensile Strength, PS: Flexural Strength, ME: Modulus of Elasticity, and WL: Weight Loss.} \\ \cline{1-1} \cl  
making it suitable for various commercial applications. An overview of the chemical and physical characteristics of the SCMs and EPAs is presented in Table 2.