# Vision System in Product Quality Control Systems
## 3 Discussion
At the same time, these activities require large financial investments (e.g., introducing surveillance and production control systems and constructing IT infrastructure). It seems that the manufacturing industry is moving toward developing Industry 5.0, which will be autonomous and extensively use human-machine interfaces while at the same time placing great emphasis on preventing the creation of waste in production structures, the use of recycling, and at the same time, significantly extending the product life cycle. Both increasing production efficiency and enhancing the product life cycle by increasing product quality are linked to developing control and measurement systems. This means an even greater saturation of production lines with equipment that enables multi-criteria evaluation of the manufactured product. The most significant development in the construction of industrial quality control systems will be seen in the high-speed inspection; multispectral/hyperspectral imaging in defect/flaw detection [56]. The use of 3D imaging methods in multi-dimensional product inspection tasks is also growing. Additionally emerging in industrial needs is the construction of hybrid inspection and measurement systems that combine different imaging methods (e.g., 2D imaging combined with 3D images and multidimensional product image analysis). Vision system implementations can be divided into two groups of applications. The first group includes simpler applications based on the use of off-the-shelf systems supplied by manufacturers. These applications are based on using smart cameras or vision sensors with varying degrees of sophistication. For example, these could be systems for reading barcodes or OCR characters. These systems are optimized by manufacturers and work very well in many industries. They are massively deployed on production lines and, in most applications, require no maintenance. The second group of vision systems includes custom-built systems designed for specific inspection and post-measurement tasks. However, the effectiveness of these systems is strongly dependent on the cooperation between the company building such a system and the company using it. In preparing such a vision system, which is often very innovative and uniquely designed, a very good exchange of information between the designer and the user of the vision system is needed. The first step needed to prepare an effective manufacturing quality control system is to conduct preliminary studies and develop a 'feasibility study of a system taking into account customer needs'. The completed research and the initial implementation quote should show the user to what extent the control task will be performed. At the same time, it should indicate the difficulties in implementing a vision system for a specific inspection task. Here, it should be made clear for what reason the developed vision system can only partially fulfill the customer's requirements. The question here is what reasons may affect the system's effectiveness. One reason may be that not all new imaging technologies are ready for industrial applications. The problem may be the very different operating parameters of vision systems. For example, imaging resolutions that are too low (e.g., ToF imaging in industrial applications), is currently limited to a resolution of 640 \(\times\) 480. This is still too low a resolution in many applications. Another reason is the lack of immunity of the cameras or imaging methods to industrial disturbances (e.g., operating temperature, vibrations, dust, and excessive humidity). Another reason is that the vision system is not equipped with communication interfaces for data exchange with industrial controllers. A seemingly minor difficulty involves the need to convert signals via intermediate devices, which increases the implementation costs while reducing the reliability of the production control system. Another obstacle can be the attitude of the engineering staff at production plants.