# An Overview on Push-Based Communication Models for Information-Centric Networking
## 5 Related Work  
While several ICN approaches have been developed, including CCN, NDN, NetInf [22], PURSUIT [23] there are still a number of challenges associated with ICN applicability to large-scale, resource-constrained and mobile heterogeneous scenarios, such as IoT scenarios.  
To overcome such challenges, related work has proposed, for instance, overlaying ICN over the M2M ETSI standard, or identifying high-level ICN requirements for IoT [24]. Research has been focused also in developing lightweight implementations for IoT, such as CCN-Lite, which has been ported to the RIOT operating system, or NDN-RIOT, that provides additional data security support [25]. Still, most of these contributions assume the usage of the ICN standard pull-based communication model, which may bring operational and performance issues in IoT scenarios.In (IoT) environments where there is high resource variability, a pull-based model may not be sufficient to satisfy network and/or application requirements. One potential problem is producer mobility support, for instance. Another potential problem is the overhead derived from the selected per packet pull-based model [14].  
[PERSON] et al. describe the initial steps for push-based communications, which lead to the subscription-driven models that are today the basis for multiple applications [8]. Their explanation assists in understanding the semantics behind push-based and pull-based communication solutions.  
[PERSON] et al. propose guidelines and a preliminary analytical evaluation based on local-area domain for reliable NDN push-based strategies to ensure reliable data pushing between consumers and producers: Interest notification; unsolicited Data; virtual Interest polling [26]. Their initial analytical evaluation shows that push-based communication for ICN can be relevant in the context of specific IoT environments.  
Figure 4: Communication sequence example, adjusting Long-lived Interests on gateway C based on date gathered from sensors A and B.  
[PERSON] et al. [27] show how an hybrid pull-push traffic model can be used for efficient data exchange in IoT applications. Research findings indicate that a hybrid approach may bring performance benefits by reducing the network load and packet dropping, while increasing packet delivery ratio.  
[PERSON] et al. describe an NDN proactive data dissemination scheme for pushing critical content in vehicular networks [28]. Their scheme is focused on local communication (one-hop push approach), having producers first sending a beacon message with metadata to assist local routers and direct consumers in adjusting to data to be sent, without the need to emit Interest packets. Their proposal may, nonetheless, lead to undesired loops, as information is temporarily stored in PITs. Related work focused on the adaptation of ICN paradigms to vehicular networks has also been dealing with the mitigation of data broadcast storms due to frequent interest forwarding [29; 30; 31].  
This paper contributes with an overview and guidelines to strengthen the deployment of ICN-based approaches in IoT, advocating for that purpose the inclusion of push-based models, and explaining when and how such push-based models should be deployed.