# State of the Art Review about Bio-Inspired Design and Applications: An Aerospace Perspective
## 5 Conclusions  
This review emphasizes bio-inspired design with its influence on materials, manufacturing methods, and aerospace applications. It highlights the properties such as strength, durability, and manufacturability. The approach aims at identifying upcoming materials such as Ti-6 Al 4V which use SLM techniques and can potentially be utilized in gathering space debris. The methodology used in bio-inspired structures and surfaces can be manufactured using AM techniques, with its underlying focus on UAV and MAV designs based on bio-inspired systems, which have not been thoroughly exploited. The characteristics of various material properties, such as toughness, flexibility, and self-repair, displayed in silk, turtle shell, and hair can be employed for aerospace technologies pertaining to contour crafting. Bio-inspired materials could potentially aid 3D printing structures in space. The key to future aerospace technologies' growth lies in sustainability, which can be achieved by AM techniques and bio-inspired tools. The multiple design processes that can be utilized for conversion into products range from the Aalborg method to the GAP methodology.  
MAV and UAV design is interpreted from flapping-wing mechanisms of birds and other winged insects and the presence of specific features of a bird's wings that aerodynamic aid flight has been explored. The possibility of developing a wing design based on the natural tendency of winged animals to take flight and adjust naturally to conditions that can alter the natural flight conditions has aided the development of similar aerial vehicles that have helped develop optimized designs. Coupling the newly developed techniques with lightweight materials, such as titanium alloys (Ti-6 Al-4V), aluminium alloys, and bio-inspired composites, and simultaneous additive implementation manufacturing can genuinely help create lightweight structures that can further help improve flight. The sensors which guide the aerial vehicle have been developed based on bio-inspired phenomena as discussed. The ability of sensors to perform in harsher conditions of space and other  
Figure 26: (**a**) The seeds of a dandelion being driven away by the wind (**b**) micro flying robots being detached from the spherical rover and being driven by the Martian wind [95].  
planetary environments still has further research scope. The implementation of lightweight structures and AM to supportfabrication for space exploration can be further explored. The development of bio-inspired facilities in the aerospace industry can aid weight reduction without a compromise in reliability, as is already observed in the performance of efficient biological structures. The aerospace industry could be massively benefited provided the said design structures and sensing capabilities are applied on a much larger scale and to much larger systems.  
Original draft preparation, S.B. and A.B.; investigation and supervision, S.A.R.; funding acquisition, M.T.H.S., A.U.M.S., and A.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Universiti Putra Malaysia, grant number GPB 9668200 and Ministry of Education Malaysia, grant number FRGS/1/2019/STG07/UPM/02/2. The APC was funded by Universiti Putra Malaysia.  
Not Applicable.  
The authors would like to thank Universiti Putra Malaysia for the financial support through the Gera Putra Berimpak (GPB9668200) and Ministry of Education Malaysia, grant number FRGS/1/2019/STG07/UPM/02/2. The authors would also like to thank the Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia and Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (HICOE) for the close collaboration in this research.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.