## 2 Related Work  
### OFDM-Based Image Communication System  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a standard communication system that has been adapted across various technologies and standards. In this section, we will discuss a few of the related works that utilize OFDM communication system for image transmission. The authors in [9] investigated the transmission of gray scale images using an OFDM system with various even-ordered M-QAM modulations (from 4-QAM to 256-QAM) and channels with different fading and shadowing parameters. The results demonstrate that lower order M-QAM modulation provides a higher quality of recovered image due to a lower Bit Error Rate (BER). Authors in [10] evaluated the performance of Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 4-QAM, 16-PSK, 16-QAM modulation for an OFDM-based image transmission system over an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Their results showed that 16-QAM provided the best performance in terms of image quality and BER. Authors in [11] investigates the integration of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based OFDM with QPSK modulation for the transmission of grayscale images in AWGN and Rayleigh channels. They propose the integration of two adaptive filtering techniques, least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS), to reduce BER and concludes LMS outperforms RLS in terms of noise pattern detection and efficient recovery of the modulating signal. Authors in [12] proposed a new technique for transmitting images over underwater time-dispersive fading channels, called Progressive Zero-Padding (PZP)-OFDM using QPSK modulation, which improves the BER in underwater environments. Authors in [13] analyzed the BER performance of image transmission in non-OFDM and OFDM communication systems under various channel conditions (AWGN, Rician and Rayleigh Fading channels) and modulation techniques (Binary-PSK, QPSK, 16-QAM). Their results show that OFDM has better performance compared to non-OFDM, and overall BPSK in AWGN had the lowest BER. Authors in [14] have implemented a real-time practical OFDM system for image transmission using Raspberry Pi (RPi) and Pluto software-defined radios (PlutoSDR). The performance of the system was evaluated by comparing the BER for different modulation schemes, including BPSK, QPSK, 16-PSK, and 256-PSK, where BPSK had the best performance. Authors in [15] investigated the impact of channel estimation for OFDM based image transmission through AWGN channel with various modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-QAM), and concluded that Least Square (LS) method significantly improved the quality of the restored images. Authors in [16] employed two types of OFDM systems, FFT-OFDM and DWT-OFDM, to transmit compressed images using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Wavelet (WAV) transform, and compressive sensing methods using different modulation techniques (BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) over AWGN channel. Their results showed that 16-QAM DWT-OFDM outperformed FFT-OFDM with lower Mean Square Error (MSE) while avoiding the use of a cyclic prefix. Authors in [17] compared different modulation techniques (QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) for transmitting grayscale and Red Green Blue (RGB) images over OFDM image communication system under varying channel conditions (AWGN and Rayleigh Fading), and filters (Wiener, Median, and No Filter). Their results show QPSK in AWGN channel had better recovered images using a median filterer for a lower Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) value. Authors in [18] investigated the effect of improved tone reservation (ITR) on the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a 16-QAM-OFDM system for transmitting images over AWGN channel. Their results show that ITR can effectively reduce PAPR, leading to improved image quality and fewer transmission errors. The authors in [19; 20] performed a comprehensive analysis of image communication under various conditions in Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output (SU-MIMO) and Massive MIMO OFDM systems, respectively.