# Biomolecules from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Applications and Market Survey
## 3 Current Uses of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria in Industry
### Use of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Biofuel Applications  
The use of microalgae in recent years for the production of \"third-generation\" biofuel is increasing as this renewable biosource is not in conflict with critical food production. Indeed, it does not compete with agriculture or at the expense of food, as is the case with first- and second-generation biofuels. In addition, biofuel production from microalgae does not cause deforestation or habitat destruction. These microorganisms are suitable for biofuel production thanks to their high content of lipids, which can reach over 84% of dry cell weight among some species. Lipids produced by microalgae are converted into biofuels, biogas, dihydrogen (H\({}_{2}\)), and bioelectricity. The term biofuels encompass biodiesel, bioethanol, and biomethane. From microalgae containing 30% oil by weight of dry biomass, 587,000 L of oil per hectare can be obtained [12]. Additionally, their richness of carbohydrates is convertible to fermentable sugars, making them convenient for bioethanol production [107]. Moreover, the production of biofuel by microalgae has the advantage of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preserving the environment. It has been reported that, during their growth, a production of 100 kg of algae consumes 182 kg of CO\({}_{2}\), which has a positive effect on the climate; in addition, some species could use NOx and NOx as a nutrient source [38; 105]. The global biofuel algae market is expected to have a CAGR of 8.8% and to reach USD 10.73 billion by 2025, with a dominance of their use in transportation to account for over 70% of the total demand (www.grandviewresearch.com/, accessed on 19 January 2021). However, until now, there have been many challenges and difficulties of this production, such as the enormous water demand and the necessity of maintaining algae cultivation across all climates. If wastewater is used to produce oil, the barrel of algae oil could cost USD 332, according to the estimation of [PERSON] et al. [108]. This price is too high compared to crude oil, which was USD 80 in 2010 as the average closing price and USD 56 in 2021. The proposed solutions are to capitalize the production and develop technologies for larger-scale productions. Some industries use genetically modified microalgae or Cyanobacteria to produce biofuel, as in the case of Algenol, which uses modified Cyanobacteria for ethanol production [109]. European Aeronautic Defence and Space (EADS), the parent company of Airbus, used, in 2010, 100% derived biofuel microalgae to fly a Diamond DA42 NG for 4 days. With the aim of testing and certification, Solazyme (San Francisco, CA, USA) produced over 36,000 L of 100% algae-derived biofuel destined for the U.S. Navy in 2010. In the next few years, it is awaited that North America will be the largest market, accounting \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline
**Industry** & **Product** & **Microalgae** & **Fraction Used** & **Effect** \\ \hline GREENSEA (Méze, France) & & & & \\ [[http://greense.afr/](http://greense.afr/)]([http://greense.afr/](http://greense.afr/)), accessed on 27 March 2021 & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Symsrite (Holzminden, Germany)} & \multirow{4}{*}{SymBronez\({}^{\#}\)1669} & \multirow{4}{*}{_Perphyridium purporum_ (Rhodophyta)} & \multirow{4}{*}{n.d.} & Skin care: reduces skim \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._for over 30% (www.grandviewresearch.com/, www.grandviewresearch.com/, accessed on 19 January 2021).