## 1 Introduction  
As the demand for housing increases due to rising real estate prices and the lack of supply, rebuilding and redevelopment have taken center stage, but on-site waste remains a serious problem [1, 2, 3]. According to '2019 Waste Occurrence by Type', which is the result of the investigation of the current status of waste generation, construction waste comprises 44.5% of all waste in Korea, which is the largest overall portion [4]. When construction waste is neglected, environmental pollution occurs, such as underground water pollution due to waste oil and rust; thus, it is important to recycle where possible, because otherwise, waste is incinerated or landfilled. However, since construction waste of over five tons was banned in landfills in 2022, those that cannot be buried must be recycled or incinerated. Nevertheless, as a result of the toxic substances that are released during incineration, it is impossible to increase the landfill in Korea whilst adhering to the international environment standard. Because of this, waste must be recycled as much as possible, and thus this field is of increasing research interest. Furthermore, Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea, has announced that it will terminate the operation of its main landfill by 2025, the biggest singular landfill in the world, due to waste saturation [5]. In order to prepare for this, recycling methods for construction waste, which comprises a significant portion of the landfill, are required. Although crushed waste, such as concrete and asphalt, is already being reproduced as recycled aggregate, the quality of the recycled products is low due to the high cost of sorting different materials, such as those used interiorly and exteriorly, and this low-quality aggregate is difficult to use on construction sites. However, as is described in the 'Construction Waste Recycling Promotion Act', the introduction of separate dismantling systems, which removes materials in advance that are difficult to recycle, such as synthetic resin and board, is planned to become mandatory for effective recycled-aggregate usage. Furthermore, according to the research results from 'Changes in Processing Methods by Waste Type in 2019', construction waste is 98.9% recycled; however, the Ministry of Environment requires the remaining 1.1% to be reduced. Thus, the demand for technological development in the field of recycling methods is of great interest [4]. Therefore, construction waste from the demolition or remodeling of old buildings as a consequence of housing policy is inevitable in the near future, and in the end, recycling through separate dismantling systems is the only solution when the landfill is insufficient. There is research into automatic sorting techniques using ventilators in separate dismantling systems [6]. Recycled sand and aggregate are reproduced after sorting mixed rock waste, sand, and soil by size so as to separate them automatically. Then, the fragmenting and cleansing process is performed [7; 8]. This technique utilizes a ventilator to push out lighter waste and drop heavier ones onto a conveyor belt using wind power before sorting in the next step. The downside of this technique is that wind power cannot be controlled; thus, not only light vinyl waste but also fragments of lumber, fine aggregate, and even sand are thrown out together with the other waste. Recycling is therefore ineffective as foreign substances are introduced into the recycled aggregate, or fine aggregates or sand, which are required on-site, are landfilled with the waste. As a result of the issues with the wind power sorting equipment, AI has been utilized on construction waste landfills [9; 10]. It demonstrates high accuracy since the automatic sorting robot equipped with AI differentiates waste and performs the classification task. Moreover, it is efficient as it is able to operate for 24 h/day [11].