esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Evaluation Scenario 1
#### 3.3.1 Evaluation Scenario 2  
In this scenario, 45 vehicles out of the 158 vehicles generate traffic, where 15 vehicles generate safety applications traffic, 15 vehicles generate infotainment applications traffic and 15 vehicles generate best-effort traffic. Table 5 summarizes the characteristics of different applications. Figures 7-10 illustrate the throughput results for all application servers. The results revealed an average aggregate throughput of 2.05 Mbps for all infotainment traffic in case of applying our proposed AQoS algorithm against 1.45 M in case of QoS-free model showing an improvement of 29.27%, once again due to reassigning the free bandwidth to infotainment traffic. The average throughput of safety applications is not improved as safety servers are connected directly to RSUs independent of the implemented algorithm since the traffic does not go through the network core.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Application** & **Minimum RTT** & **Average RTT** \\ \hline MEC (AQoS) & Safety Applications & 1.146 ms & 73.46 ms \\ MEC (AQoS) & Infotainment & 6.93 ms & 3061.63 ms \\ MEC (QoS-Free) & Safety Applications & 6.945 ms & 289.56 ms \\ MEC (QoS-Free) & Infotainment & 16,133.43 ms & 33,570.39 ms \\ No MEC (AQoS) & Safety Applications & 4.82 ms & 3849.49 ms \\ No MEC (QoS-Free) & Safety Applications & 2475.84 ms & 6878.73 ms \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Average round trip time results for all models in case of high traffic scenario.  
Figure 6: Simulation network setups used in evaluation scenarios.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Number of Vehicles & 158 \\ Number of RSUs & 3 \\ RSUs Range & 250 m \\ Number of Switches (Core Network) & 6 \\ Propagation Model & Log Distance \\ RAN MAC Layer & IEEE802.11 g \\ Number of Applications Types & 3 \\ Emulation Time & 300 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Parameters used in the performance evaluation scenarios.  
Figure 8: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of Scenario 2 for Safety Server 2.  
Figure 10: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of Scenario 2 for Infotainment Server e2.  
Figure 7: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of Scenario 2 for Safety Server 1.  
Figure 9: Average throughput results for both approaches: AQoS and QoS-free of scenario 2 for Infotainment Server e.
# Seismic Behavior of Steel Plate-Concrete Shear Walls with Holes
## 3 Experimental Analysis  
### Failure Mode  
Specimen SCW-1 is an SPSW without holes. The loading process of SCW-1 was relatively stable. When the cyclic loading approaches 700 kN, the concrete begins to crush, and the steel plate develops slight deformation. With the continuous increase in loads, the crushing region in the concrete and deformation of steel materials likewise continued. Heaves develop on the steel plate at the root side of the shear wall until the load reaches 1100 kN. When the cyclic loads increase to 1240 kN, heaves at the root side of the steel plate of the shear wall and surface steel plate intensify, accompanied with the crushing of concrete at root positions. Due to the processing deviation of specimens and influences of initial defects, deformations of steel plates at the two root sides of the shear wall are inconsistent but are symmetric to an extent.  
Figure 4: Loading system.  
In the tests of flat specimens with small holes, the horizontal loads are small in the initial loading stage, and specimens are still elastic. A linear relationship is observed between the horizontal load and vertex displacement of specimens. In the late stage, internal concrete begins to crack as horizontal loads increase. The side and surface plates yield successively. As lateral displacement increases, the steel plate begins to bend or crack. The weld joints of several specimens are pulled open, and internal concretes are crushed, resulting in failure (Figure 5). The main failure develops at the wall bottom and is evaluated as brittle failure. Several specimens develop slippage due to the lower stiffness of the bottom beams.  
Figure 6 shows the failure mode of I-shaped SPSW specimens with large holes. Bending shear failure is the dominant failure mode. In the test of SCW-8, the internal concrete in SPSW begins to crack at approximately 500 kN. Furthermore, the steel plate at the holes begins to yield and pull open at approximately 800 kN. The surface steel plate yields at 1100 kN. Subsequently, the surface plate cracks and bends, accompanied with wrinkles. The internal concrete of the steel plate is crushed after losing constraints. Moreover, the steel plate at the wing wall side buckles, and the wall develops serious deformation. The bearing capacity of SPSW specimens continue to decrease, and the loading test is terminated. According to the results, SCW-8 with holes at the center and SCW-9 with holes biased to the axis have no significant differences in terms of bearing capacity and failure mode.  
Figure 5: Bucklingof side plates, pulling failure of weld joints, and concrete crushing of flat steel plate-concrete shear wall (SPSW) specimens with small holes.  
Figure 6: Cont.
## 3 Sink-oriented Dynamic Location Service
### Sink Mobility and Data Forwarding Maintenance  
In this section, we propose a Location-based Shortest Relay (LSR) protocol to provide shortest path from a sink and a source node in mobile sink environments. In SDLS, once the sink obtains the location of the source node from the sink agent, the sink can directly send a query to the source node. Our protocol does not need to use a global grid structure to support a mobile sink. The sink selects the nearest sensor node as its Primary Agent (PA) to do so.  
After the source node receives the query from the sink, it sends data to the PA. Thereafter, the source node can continuously send the data to the sink, once the data stream starts flowing. We now introduce the following efficient rules to support sink's mobility. The algorithm 3 explains how to maintain sink mobility and data forwarding.  
**Algorithm 3. Pseudo-code to maintain sink mobility and data forwarding.**  
**Procedure:**  
01: sink finds the nearest sensor node as sink primary agent  
02:if (source node receives query message from sink)  
03: source node sends data to sink  
04:endif  
05:if (source node continuously sends data to sink)  
06:if (sink is automatic operation)  
Figure 5: An example of the comparison of ALS and LSR to support sink mobility and data forwarding (extracted result from the simulator). Routing path of ALS and LSR = \(P_{1}\) (same) on point \(A\), Routing path of ALS = \(P_{1}+P_{2}\) and LSR = \(P_{3}\) on point \(B\).  
* 07: **go to** algorithm 3-1
* 08: **end if**
* 09: **if** (sink is manual operation)
* 10: **go to** algorithm 3-2
* 11: **end if**
* 12: **end if**
###### Abstract  
Adsorption stands as an economically viable, efficient, recyclable, operationally straightforward, cost-effective, and low-sludge method extensively employed for phosphorus removal. In an effort to enhance the adsorption capabilities of the adsorbent, this study employs the rare-earth metal lanthanum in conjunction with the group's previously researched high-efficiency composite industrial residue phosphorus removal materials (EPRC) for modification, thereby generating lanthanum-modified reinforced composite phosphorus removal materials (La-EPRC). Subsequently, the novel material undergoes static modification, followed by experimental investigations into static and dynamic adsorption for phosphorus removal. Static adsorption experiments reveal optimal phosphorus removal efficiency when the initial phosphorus solution concentration is 20 mgP/L, with a La-EPRC particle dosage of 3 g/250 mL and a temperature of 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The removal efficiency of phosphorus particles is above 90% within the pH range of 4 to 10. Common coexisting anions in water, including Cl\({}^{-}\), SO\({}_{4}\)2\({}^{-}\), HCO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{-}\), and CO\({}_{3}\)\({}^{2-}\), demonstrate minimal impact on the efficacy of phosphorus removal. La-EPRC demonstrates a robust adsorption stability in both water and hot water environments. In a 2.5 mol/L NaOH solution, effective desorption of La-EPRC particles is observed, facilitating material regeneration. The raw materials for La-EPRC are easily accessible and cost-effective, imparting significant potential for widespread applications.  
adsorption; phosphorus removal; lanthanum modification; steel slag; fly ash Article
# Multi-Feature Fusion with Convolutional Neural Network for Ship Classification in Optical Images
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Classification Results and Analysis
#### 4.4.1 Comparison of Classification Accuracy
accuracies of the HOG + CNN and LBP + CNN methods for Tug were 95%, which was 60% higher than the classification accuracy of the traditional LBP + SVM method for Tug.
# Finding Optimal Stations Using Euclidean Distance and Adjustable Surrounding Sphere
## 4 Proposed Methods
### Euclidean Distance (ED)  
In this study, we apply the Euclidean Distance function to calculate distance from location (\(L_{i}\)) to three nearest neighbor stations \(\{NS_{1},\)\(NS_{2},\)\(NS_{3}\}\), as illustrated in Figure 3. We use k-NN (\(k=3\)) because the nearby stations can exchange data reliability with existing stations. Let \(NS_{1}\), \(NS_{2}\), and \(NS_{3}\) be members of the set of nearest neighboring stations of \(L_{i}\), where \(L_{i}\) is a position to calculate \(ED_{i}\). We calculate the Euclidean Distance (\(ED_{i}\)) at any \(L_{i}\) as:  
\[ED_{i}=\ \sqrt{\left(D_{L_{i},\ \ NS_{1}}\right)^{2}+\left(D_{L_{i},NS_{2}} \right)^{2}+\left(D_{L_{i},NS_{3}}\right)^{2}} \tag{1}\]  
\(ED_{i}\) denotes Euclidean Distance at \(L_{i}\), where \(i\) is an index of the location, and each parenthesized value is the distance from \(L_{i}\) to \(NS_{1}\), \(NS_{2}\), and \(NS_{3}\), respectively. If \(k<3\), then we adapt the equation by using only existing stations. For example, if \(k=2\), then \(D_{L_{i},NS_{3}}\) is equal to zero. Thus, \(ED_{i}\) is calculated using only \(D_{L_{i},NS_{1}}\) and \(D_{L_{i},NS_{2}}\).  
In order to calculate and find the next station, the following definitions are used. Let \(S\) denote a list of stations in a network and let \(L_{t}\) be a candidate station to be evaluated for the possibility of it being the next station. Thus, the current station network is \(S+L_{t}\). Here, we calculate \(ED_{i}\) according to Equation (1). Subsequently, we sum \(ED_{i}\) values as:  
\[TED_{L_{t}}=\ \sum_{i=0}^{N}ED_{i} \tag{2}\]  
\(TED_{Lt}\) denotes the total of \(ED_{i}\), where \(L_{t}\) is a candidate for the next station, and \(N\) is the number of locations. The candidate with the lowest \(TED_{Lt}\) will be defined as the additional station.  
Figure 3: The location of \(L_{i}\) and its nearest neighbor stations \(NS_{1}\), \(NS_{2}\), and \(NS_{3}\).
## 2 Description of the Non-Welded CFST  
The NoWS system is a method of bolting CFSTs to the exterior of existing RC beams and columns, as shown in Figure 1. The CFST members consist of steel channels installed in existing frames and filled with mortar. Their structural and seismic performance are excellent, and construction costs can be reduced because additional formwork is not necessary. Steel channels and connections used in the NoWS system are prefabricated, and existing structural members are not removed. Therefore, installing CFST members is quick and easy, while the needs of workers are reduced. In addition, this method minimizes damage to structural members.  
Figure 1: Non-welded CFST system (NoWS) retrofit scheme for an RC frame.  
When connecting between steel members, welding and bolted connections are generally used. The most important characteristic of the NoWS system is the use of bolts to join the members. Welding can reduce the usage of steels, exhibits strong connections, and there are no openings such as bolt-holes. However, welding is not the preferred method, especially on-site due to low productivity and the need for skilled workers [20]. In addition, conventional welded connections present difficulties with quality assurance, and connections can be detached under large deformations [21; 22; 23]. The NoWS system uses bolts to join the members; therefore, it can maintain constant quality regardless of the efficiency of the worker, and its additional advantages are the shorter construction period and lower cost. The construction procedure of retrofitting using the NoWS system is shown in Figure 2. First, the surface of an existing RC frame is cleaned (Figure 2a) and C-shaped steel channels are attached to surface using chemical anchors. The steel channels and covers are bolted together (Figure 2b) and mortar is injected. The cover is bolted on (Figure 2c) and the retrofitted surface is finished off (Figure 2d).
# Situation-Aware Survivable Network Design for Tactical Environments
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Branch Node Based Routing Algorithm  
We conduct a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the routing protocol in a tactical network. For the performance comparison with the proposed algorithm, we consider AODV, which is the representative routing protocol. Figure 16 shows the network configuration used for the simulation study. A total 14 nodes are distributed in a 2000 m by 1500 m space including source node S and destination node D. The branch node is positioned in the upper part of the network topology. In our scenario, we move away one of the nodes that is a part of the main route for the comparison of the network connection maintenance ability.  
The results of the performance comparison of end-to-end delay for the AODV routing algorithm and the branch node-based routing algorithm are presented in Figure 17. As we mentioned in a previous section, the proposed routing algorithm constructs a path through  
Figure 14: End-to-end delay distribution of video traffic of 100 simulations. (**a**) 802.11e EDCA. (**b**) Situational backoff reset algorithm.  
Figure 15: Average delay CDF for video traffic of 100 simulations.  
a branch node, and the AODV routing algorithm selects a path at the bottom of the network topology, the same path that the first RREP message passes through. In the simulation result of AODV routing algorithm, we observe that the end-to-end delay of the proposed algorithm is much lower than that of the AODV routing algorithm during 45 s to 50 s of the simulation time. The reason for increasing end-to-end delay is that when a link break occurs, there are no nodes near the main route to attempt local repair, and a substantial amount of time passes in the series of processes that forward the RERR message to the source node and discover the route at the source node. However, the proposed branch node-based routing algorithm shows quick packet forwarding through an alternative path without performance degradation.  
Figure 16: Network configuration for the simulation study.  
Figure 17: Performance comparison of end-to-end delay.
###### Abstract  
The difficult job of fighting fires and the nearly impossible task to stop a wildfire without great casualties requires an imperative implementation of proactive strategies. These strategies must decrease the number of fires, the burnt area and create better conditions for the firefighting. In this line of action, the Portuguese Institute of Nature and Forest Conservation defined a fire break network (FBN), which helps controlling wildfires. However, these fire breaks are efficient only if they are correctly maintained, which should be ensured by the local authorities and requires verification from the national authorities. This is a fastidious task since they have a large network of thousands of hectares to monitor over a full year. With the increasing quality and frequency of the Earth Observation Satellite imagery with Sentinel-2 and the definition of the FBN, a semi-automatic remote sensing methodology is proposed in this article for the detection of maintenance operations in a fire break. The proposed methodology is based on a time-series analysis, an object-based classification and a change detection process. The change detection is ensured by an artificial neural network, with reflectance bands and spectral indices as features. Additionally, an analysis of several bands and spectral indices is presented to show the behaviour of the data during a full year and in the presence of a maintenance operation. The proposed methodology achieved a relative error lower than 4% and a recall higher than 75% on the detection of maintenance operations.  
remote sensing; fire break; object-based classification; change detection; wildfires; artificial neural networks; sentinel-2 +
Footnote †: journal:
# Private and Secure Distribution of Targeted Advertisements to Mobile Phones
###### Abstract  
Online Behavioural Advertising (OBA) enables promotion companies to effectively target users with ads that best satisfy their purchasing needs. This is highly beneficial for both vendors and publishers who are the owners of the advertising platforms, such as websites and app developers, but at the same time creates a serious privacy threat for users who expose their consumer interests. In this paper, we categorize the available ad-distribution methods and identify their limitations in terms of security, privacy, targeting effectiveness and practicality. We contribute our own system, which utilizes opportunistic networking in order to distribute targeted adverts within a social network. We improve upon previous work by eliminating the need for trust among the users (network nodes) while at the same time achieving low memory and bandwidth overhead, which are inherent problems of many opportunistic networks. Our protocol accomplishes this by identifying similarities between the consumer interests of users and then allows them to share access to the same adverts, which need to be downloaded only once. Although the same ads may be viewed by multiple users, privacy is preserved as the users do not learn each other's advertising interests. An additional contribution is that malicious users cannot alter the ads in order to spread malicious content, and also, they cannot launch impersonation attacks.  
online behavioural advertising; opportunistic networks; mobile networks; privacy; privacy-preserving advertising +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2017**, 9, 16; doi:10.3390/f69020016
## 4 Results
### Image Texture as a Proxy for DEM Quality
#### 4.3.1 AC versus Neighboring Pairs  
Comparing DEMs generated from neighboring pairs (AB/BC) and the pair with maximum view-angle difference (AC), we observe that neighboring pairs produce DEMs with more artifacts and a rougher surface (Figure 4C,D). The higher quality of the AC pair is further supported by the intersection error (Figure 4E,F): the AC pair has a much lower intersection error overall than the AB pair. The reason for this is the weaker stereo geometry of neighboring pairs--matching pixels/points from the AB pair cannot be triangulated as well due to a smaller parallax (disparity). The striped pattern of satellite jitter is also apparent, more so for the AB pair (Figure 4F) compared to the AC pair (Figure 4E). The decrease in DEM quality is also confirmed by the elevation differences to the dGNSS measurements (Figure S3C), where the NMAD values are 2.2 m (AB) and 1.5 m (BC) compared to 1.3 m for the AC pair.  
Based on these findings, we conclude that the AC pair alone provided better DEM results than a mix of all pair combinations in this study area. Particularly, the low-sloping salar is better reconstructed through a larger B:H ratio, which is why we base subsequent analyses solely on DEMs generated from the AC pair. However, the nadir image is certainly useful when imaging deeply incised valleys or narrow alleys in urban areas where occlusions occur. This is highlighted in the Supplemental Figure S4, where the neighboring image pair (AB) shows a lower intersection error in the narrow valley bottom, while the oblique view images are not able to fully capture this area, resulting in more gaps in the final output. In such areas, combining the stereo correlation of AB, AC, and BC pairs may improve results.
# A Study of Eye-Tracking Gaze Point Classification and Application Based on Conditional Random Field
## 4 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Objective Result Analysis
It also integrates the influence of human visual characteristics into learning, and the overall result is higher than the objective evaluation value of the five methods. Similarly, the results of the test data are statistically analyzed and the gaze points classification results of 100 gaze images are evaluated. Figure 15 presents the average comparison of test experimental results. It can be seen from Figure 15 that the final evaluation results of the proposed method, _Precision = 86.81%_, _Recall = 86.79%_, _We = 86.79%_, they are still better than those of relevant methods. In general, the proposed method has slightly improved the comparison  
Figure 14: Image No. 3 which denotes the classification results of the SVM method in [10]. Figure 13: Image No. 1 which denotes the classification results of the clustering method in [10]. Figure 15: Average comparison of test experimental results (Clustering [10], SVM [11], RF [12], HMM [14], GHMM [13], CRF [16]). indexes compared with similar data classification methods, and the comparison of comprehensive performance is also slightly advantageous. However, the improved performance is not very prominent, and the percentage of improvement is not large. According to the presented analysis, on the one hand, the method still lacks the comprehensiveness of feature description in the description of gaze points and fails to better describe the feature relations between gaze points, and therefore the final classification result is not significantly superior to that of relevant methods. However, in the process of analysis from the starting of feature establishment, the method tries to establish gaze point features based on visual characteristic from different areas, and the same learning and training classification results are also better. On the other hand, this study tackles the case where the data distribution of the original gaze points is relatively concentrated, and the proportion of unintentional saccade is small. No matter what kind of gaze point classification is used, the distribution of the gaze points is more concentrated than that of the gaze consciousness, which is easy to classify.