## 1 Introduction  
Carbon emissions are an environmental issue rooted in the release of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of the use of fossil fuels, industrial activities, and various other human-induced activities. These emissions are associated with a range of adverse effects. Therefore, efforts to reduce carbon emissions globally are supported through measures such as transitioning to renewable energy sources, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable transportation models. Achieving international carbon reduction goals is critically important for effectively combating global warming and environmental changes [1, 2]. The transportation sector plays a significant role in carbon emissions worldwide. n particular, the widespread use of internal combustion engine vehicles causes intense consumption of fossil fuels [3]. In this context, efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the transportation sector are of paramount importance. Measures aimed at lowering carbon emissions in transportation include promoting electric and hybrid vehicles, enhancing energy-efficient transportation systems, increasing the use of public transportation, and improving bicycle paths and pedestrian areas. These efforts not only seek to mitigate the environmental impacts of transportation but also aim to contribute to a sustainable transportation future by enhancing energy efficiency [4, 5]. Since the early 2000s, increasing environmental concerns and the search for energy independence have increased interest in electric vehicles (EVs) and accelerated technological developments in this field [6; 7; 8]. EVs currently attract attention not only for their environmental benefits but also for their low operating costs and technological innovations. The automotive industry continues its efforts to invest in EV technology, focusing on developing more efficient battery technologies and enhancing vehicle performance [9]. EVs are seen as a part of the global energy transformation, and with the increasing use of these vehicles, they also create significant impacts on energy storage and distribution systems [10]. EVs operate using an electric motor instead of traditional internal combustion engines. This motor is powered by electricity usually supplied by lithium-ion batteries. The battery stores energy when charged or during braking. This energy is managed by a power control unit and directed to the electric motor to facilitate the vehicle's movement. EVs have a simpler drivetrain and provide a performance advantage with high torque and lower maintenance costs due to fewer moving parts. These characteristics make EVs attractive in terms of energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, new technologies, and analyses of their use, especially in terms of battery charging and motor controlare currently common research topics [11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18]. The widespread adoption of EVs will bring about both positive and negative effects across various sectors and different layers of society. These effects can be categorized into three main headings: environmental, economic, and grid impacts [19]. EVs offer significant environmental advantages due to their zero-emission driving principle. Unlike internal combustion engine vehicles, these vehicles minimize the release of CO\({}_{2}\) and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. This contributes to improving air quality and reducing air pollution in urban areas [20; 21]. EVs offer significant economic advantages. The decline in demand for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles may bring new business opportunities for EV manufacturers and their supply chain. On the other hand, the low usage costs of EVs offer various economic advantages to users. The higher energy efficiency of these vehicles compared to internal combustion engine alternatives results in lower energy costs and lowers the cost per kilometer. These advantages make EVs economically attractive, encouraging their adoption as a sustainable transportation solution [22; 23].