esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Family of ACO Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
###### Abstract  
In this work, an ACO routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks based on AntHocNet is specified. As its predecessor, this new protocol, called AntOR, is hybrid in the sense that it contains elements from both reactive and proactive routing. Specifically, it combines a reactive route setup process with a proactive route maintenance and improvement process. Key aspects of the AntOR protocol are the disjoint-link and disjoint-node routes, separation between the regular pheromone and the virtual pheromone in the diffusion process and the exploration of routes, taking into consideration the number of hops in the best routes. In this work, a family of ACO routing protocols based on AntOR is also specified. These protocols are based on protocol successive refinements. In this work, we also present a parallelized version of AntOR that we call PAntOR. Using programming multiprocessor architectures based on the shared memory protocol, PAntOR allows running tasks in parallel using threads. This parallelization is applicable in the route setup phase, route local repair process and link failure notification. In addition, a variant of PAntOR that consists of having more than one interface, which we call PAntOR-MI (PAntOR-Multiple Interface), is specified. This approach parallelizes the sending of broadcast messages by interface through threads.  
ant colony optimization; ACO; AntOR; bioinspired; mobile ad hoc networks; MANET; PAntOR; routing protocol; swarm intelligence +
Footnote †: journal: Sensors
## 5 Internal Control Techniques
### Comparative Results Analysis of Internal Control Techniques  
Internal control techniques can be implemented in the RSC and GSC to restrain rotor current, restrict stator voltage oscillations, and maintain DC-link voltage. To compare the control effect of various internal control techniques, the same test system and fault conditions as in Section 3 were adopted. Furthermore, all internal techniques adopted the same active crowbar circuits during the initial fault period to avoid the influence of protection circuits, and the duration of the active crowbar was set as 0.02 s. During the transient period, the simulation system applied five RSC control methods in DFIG-WTs for comparison: conventional PI controller, SMC method [73], DNC method [74], ISS-based controller [75], and SDRE-based controller [76]. The comparative results are shown in Figure 22. At the initial period, the terminal voltage dropped rapidly to around 0.1 p.u. due to the severe three-phase to ground fault, as shown in Figure 22c. Stator perturbations induced oscillations in rotor side, and the rotor current exceeded 2 p.u., as shown in Figure 22a. In this situation, the active crowbar circuit was activated. It can be seen from Figure 22a that the rotor current of the ISS controller and SDRE controller could be maintained at a high value to make full use of the control capability of converters. In Figure 22b, the wind farm with an SDRE controller could provide more reactive power support during the transient period. Thus, better voltage dynamics could be achieved, as shown in Figure 22c.  
Figure 22: Control effect comparison of internal control techniques in (**a**) rotor current, (**b**) reactive power support, (**c**) terminal voltage, and (**d**) DC-link voltage.  
Since the design of RSC internal control methods pays less attention on DC-link overvoltage restriction, the SMC method, DNC method, ISS-based controller, and SDRE-based controller are not presented in the comparison of DC-link voltage dynamics. The conventional PI controller, fuzzy control method [79], and coordinated control method [83] were implemented in the simulation, and the results are shown in Figure 22d. The PI controller could effectively restrain the DC-link overvoltage in the initial fault period, but a large voltage drop occurred later, which could influence the normal operation of converters. Compared with the PI controller, the coordinated control method could significantly restrict DC-link voltage drops. Through parameter optimization, the fluctuations in DC-link voltage could be limited via the fuzzy control method during grid faults. It can be seen from Figure 22d that fluctuations in DC-link voltage occurred after fault clearance. Thus, the fuzzy control method should be combined with other protection circuits such as a DC-chopper to improve the control performance.
## 5 Results
### Retrieval Demonstration and Self-Consistency Tests
defined as a correlation range between the true value and the inversion value. The results showed the final model retrieval values were in good agreement with the real values. Moreover, for the validation of the influence of different aerosol loads on the inversion results, another case was also performed. The viewing geometries, including solar zenith angle, view zenith angle, and relative azimuth angle, were 65\({}^{\circ}\), 0\({}^{\circ}\), and 120\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The state parameters varied by 50% themselves, with different aerosol AOD from 0.1 to 1.0, a total of 130 datasets are obtained. Figure 10a,b show the scatterplots between the retrieval results and the true value under different AODs. As seen in Figure 10a, the R\({}^{2}\) value and RMSE for Cab were 0.9998 and 0.205, which indicated the uncertainty of the retrieved Cab increased weakly with the varying aerosol loading compared with Figure 9a. It can be seen from Figure 10b that the retrieved LAI value is lower than the true value when the LAI is larger than 6. However, the validation results were almost similar to Figure 9a,b, with the R\({}^{2}\) values all larger than 0.99. The results indicated that the developed inversion framework showed good performance regardless of the varied aerosol-loading situation.
# Interval Extended Kalman Filter--Application to Underwater Localization and Control
## 2 Introductory Problem  
To introduce the linearization problem and the interest of different filters, here is an example of a static 2D localization problem of an AUV:  
This AUV is on the surface of a rectangle lake. It is not moving, and it can measure its distance to two seamarks with some noise. Figure 1 shows the estimation of different filters with one measurement. Since the IF and the PF are global methods, they reveal the two zones that are coherent with the measurements. Moreover, the EKF give an estimation with a better precision if the initial estimation--which is also the linearization point--is close to the right zone. However, if the initial estimation was close to the left zone, the EKF would have converged toward that latter.
## 5 Pre-Processing Techniques
### Non-Uniform Frequency Resolution
#### 5.2.1 Complex Smoothing  
Fractional octave-band smoothing of the power spectrum has been widely applied in audio processing. Its use can be traced back to analog equalizers (as for example the one-third-octave-band filterbank analyzers), and was later extended to digital spectrum analyzers. In [35; 94], the authors extend the technique by introducing a methodology for smoothing the complex transfer function of the measured room response with fractional octave profiles. The technique can be implemented in the time or frequency domains. It is perceptually compliant since the spectral smoothing follows the frequency resolution of the ear, with a fine resolution at low frequencies and a lower resolution at high frequencies. As a result, in the time domain the application of complex smoothing can retain the initial high-frequency content of the early components (i.e., the transient behavior of the direct sound and of the first reflections) and then can progressively introduce a low-pass filtering of the later components (i.e., of room reverberation) [95]. This is also desirable from another psychoacoustic point of view. In dispersive room environments, the ear is very sensitive to the signal onsets (i.e., to the full frequency range of the first part of the RIR), while it is less sensitive to the high-frequency components of late reflections [19; 22; 24; 35]. When the complex smoothed impulse responses are used for the design of an RRE, they allow the avoidance of compensating sharp notches at high frequencies in order to obtain a reduced length of the equalizer, and they provide a more robust equalization with lower sensitivity to possible changes in the listener position and to other variations in the room response [2; 35]. Figure 4 shows the complex smoothing effect on an RTF for different resolutions. By introducing an appropriate delay in the equalizer, complex smoothing allows the mixed-phase equalization of a room response. As an alternative to complex smoothing, frequency-dependent signal windowing [96] or a separate smoothing of the magnitude and phase of the transfer function [97] have been proposed.
## 3 Results and Discussion
#### 3.1.3 Opacity  
Opacity measures the impenetrability of the film to visible light, with both opaque (high opacity) and transparent (low opacity) films having utility in food industry applications [48]. The results (Figure 3) indicated that the gac pulp pectin edible film had the lowest opacity, at around 0.97%. The clear and transparent films based on pectin and  
Figure 1: Thickness of studied edible films incorporating essential oils and plant extracts. Data are means \(\pm\) standard deviations. Data of each column not sharing similar letters are significantly different, at \(p<0.05\).  
Figure 2: Moisture content of studied edible films incorporating essential oils and plant extracts. Data are means \(\pm\) standard deviations. Data of each column not sharing similar letters are significantly different, at \(p<0.05\).  
alginate were previously reported by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41]. The results also revealed that the films incorporated with essential oils also had lower opacity compared to the control gac pulp film, except for the GLG film, the opacity of which was at around 3.5%. Our results are in agreement with a previous study that found that kappa-carrageenanan films which incorporated different plant oils had a lower opacity [42]. In contrast, the addition of plant extracts, including lemon myrtle, blue berries ash, and macadamia extract, increased the film opacity (Figure 3). Opacity of GLE was 1.5 times higher than that of the gac pulp film with no additives. The increase in opacity showed a lesser transparency in edible films mixed with plant extracts. A similar result was also reported by [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [49], that the addition of plant extracts caused a higher degree of opacity. This was explained by [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] [50] because of the delay in light transmission caused by the incorporation of plant extracts.
## 3 Methodology
### Instrument  
An online questionnaire for educational technology experts was explicitly created for this experiment to assess the proposed platform's importance in teaching the skills necessary to design and produce online ETBs, its tools' usefulness for creating online ETBs, and the quality of its design. The instrument used to gather quantitative and qualitative data for this study was specifically designed and guided by previous studies on softwaredevelopment and web-based platform design [25; 26; 27; 28; 29]. It was divided into five sections: In addition to demographic questions, there were a set of 24 positive design closed-ended questions with a five-point Likert scale and one open-ended question to obtain feedback on the suggested ETBP from instructional technology experts. All quantitative data were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation as a descriptive analysis technique for the closed-ended questions. For the open-ended questions and comments, an inductive thematic analysis approach was used as the qualitative method. See Tables 1-3 in the next section for the question items. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Questions Items** & **SA** & **A** & **N** & **D** & **SD** & **Mean** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline
1. & The ETBP is considered a new digital teaching tool that supports learning to design and produce online educational talking books. & 12 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4.86 & 0.36 \\
2. & Using such a platform would assist in designing and creating online ETBs in multi-educational domains. & 13 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4.93 & 0.27 \\
3. & The proposed platform (ETBP) would help the instructors teach the design and production of online educational talking books more effectively. & 10 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4.71 & 0.47 \\
4. & Using such a platform would assist ”instructional and information technology students” in the digital instructional design of online ETB more efficiently through the ready-made templates for design. & 9 & 4 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 4.57 & 0.65 \\
5. & Using such a platform would assist ”instructional and information technology students” in developing online ETB without the difficulties of web programming. & 12 & 2 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4.86 & 0.36 \\
6. & Using such a platform would facilitate designing and producing online ETBs for both regular and blind students. & 7 & 6 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 4.29 & 1.07 \\
7. & Using such a platform would support developing online ETBs with some microlearning rules, especially the audio duration. & 11 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 4.79 & 0.43 \\ Overall Mean & & & & & & & 4.71 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Instructional technology experts’ perceptions of the importance of the proposed ETBP (N = 14).
## 3 Data and Methods  
### Radiosonde and Ground Observation Data  
To investigate the structures of the wintertime lower troposphere in an urban area, we performed an intensive observation using radiosondes (Jinyang RSG-20A) at Daemyeong Middle School, which was located in a central urban area of Seoul, South Korea (Figure 2). Jinyang RSG-20A has margins of error of 0.5 K, 1 hPa, and 5% for air temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity, respectively, which showed better performance with lower biases and errors compared with other operational radiosondes [4]. The observation period was from 2300 LST on 16 January to 0100 LST on 19 January 2017, and the radiosonde was launched every 1 h during the period. We launched a total of 51 radiosondes. We measured air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, altitude of the radiosonde, wind speed, and wind direction, and the data acquisition interval was 1 s. From the observed air pressure, air temperature, and relative humidity, water vapor mixing ratio was diagnosed. We set short radiosonde launching and data acquisition intervals to precisely examine temporal variations in the lower troposphere in an urban area. Due to the short radiosonde launching interval (1 h), we halted the data acquisition from the radiosonde when the radiosonde reached a height of ~5 km. Discarding 4937 missing values, we used a total of 578,083 radiosonde observation values (99.1% of total) in this study.  
Figure 1: Surface weather maps at 0900 LST on (**a**) 17 and (**b**) 18 January 2017. Horizontal wind vectors and water vapor mixing ratio at 900 hPa at 900 LST on (**c**) 17 and (**d**) 18 January 2017. The location of Seoul is indicated by the cross symbol. (**a,b**) L and H represent low- and high-pressure systems, respectively. Pressure trough and ridge in upper troposphere are indicated by the black straight and zigzag lines, respectively. Red lines and arrows represent jet streams in upper troposphere, and purple shaded areas represent jet streams in lower troposphere.  
To validate simulation results, we also used 2-m air temperature and 10-m wind speed observed at Gangnam Automatic Weather Station (AWS), which is located near the radiosonde launching site (Figure 2). The Gangnam AWS data were provided by the KMA. The AWS data recorded from 2300 LST on 16 January to 0100 LST on 19 January 2017 with the data interval of 1 h was used (i.e., 102 data points in total without any missing value).
# Impulse Signal Detection for Bearing Fault Diagnosis via Residual-Variational Mode Decomposition
## 2 Proposed Method
### Basic Theory of VMD  
In this study, VMD is applied to extract the impulse component from the noise signal. VMD, compared with EMD and EEMD, has a solid theoretical basis. It can decompose multi-component signals into a series of sub-modes by some adaptive Wiener filter banks. In VMD, the output can be written as solving a constrained variational problem. The equation can be presented as:  
\[\begin{array}{c}\min\limits_{\{u_{k}\},\{\omega_{k}\}}\ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}\left\| \partial_{t}\Big{[}\Big{(}\delta(t)+\frac{j}{\pi t}\Big{)}*u_{k}(t)\Big{]}e^{-j \omega_{k}t}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right\}\\ s.t.\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}u_{k}(t)=f\end{array}\right.\end{array} \tag{1}\]  
where \(K\) denotes the modal number, and \(\omega_{k}\) denotes the center frequency of each sub-modal \(u_{k}\). Usually, Lagrangian multipliers and penalty technology are applied to transform Equation (1) into an unconstrained problem. Thus, Equation (1) can be written as:  
\[\begin{array}{c}L(\{u_{k}\},\{\omega_{k}\},\lambda)=\alpha\sum\limits_{k=1} ^{K}\left\|\partial_{t}\Big{[}\Big{(}\delta(t)+\frac{j}{\pi t}\Big{)}*u_{k}(t )\Big{]}e^{-j\omega_{k}t}\right\|_{2}^{2}+\\ \left\|f(t)-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}u_{k}(t)\right\|_{2}^{2}+\left\langle\lambda( t),f(t)-\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}u_{k}(t)\right\rangle\end{array} \tag{2}\]  
where \(\alpha\) denotes the balance parameter, which can affect the bandwidth of \(u_{k}\). Here \(\lambda(t)\) denotes the Lagrangian multiplier parameter. In VMD, Equation (2) is solved by the alternate direction method of multipliers (ADMM) technology. Thus, the sub-modal and its corresponding center frequency will be updated as:  
\[\hat{u}_{k}^{n+1}(\omega)=\frac{\hat{f}(\omega)-\sum\limits_{i\
eq k}\hat{u}_ {i}(\omega)+\frac{\lambda(w)}{2}}{1+2\alpha(\omega-\omega_{k})^{2}}, \tag{3}\]  
\[\omega_{k}^{n+1}=\frac{\int_{0}^{\infty}\omega|\hat{u}_{k}(\omega)|^{2}d\omega }{\int_{0}^{\infty}|\hat{u}_{k}(\omega)|^{2}d\omega} \tag{4}\]  
Then, the remained Lagrangian multiplier \(\lambda\) can be updated by:  
\[\hat{\lambda}^{n+1}(\omega)=\hat{\lambda}^{n}(\omega)+\tau(\hat{f}(\omega)- \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}\hat{u}_{k}^{n+1}(\omega)) \tag{5}\]  
Finally, the stop criterion of ADMM is shown as:  
\[\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K}\frac{\left\|\hat{u}_{k}^{n+1}(\omega)-\hat{u}_{k}^{n}( \omega)\right\|_{2}^{2}}{\left\|\hat{u}_{k}^{n}(\omega)\right\|_{2}^{2}}<\varepsilon \tag{6}\]  
On the basis of the introduction of VMD, the modal number \(K\) and balance parameter \(\alpha\) go through the whole process of VMD. Thus, suitable parameters should be selected for VMD.
## 1 Introduction
### Research Contribution  
This study assesses and introduces a detailed systematic literature survey of artificial intelligent-based DGA interpretation techniques for transformer incipient fault detection and classification by providing a thorough review of current developments and research carried out in the DGA interpretation using the machine learning domain. The literature review provides valuable insights into the landscape of the research area in terms of countries at the forefront of this research, the sources providing research datasets, the machine learning algorithms employed, the software used for analysis, the specifications and standards consulted, the gas components analyzed, and the trajectory of publications in the research area. Furthermore, this systematic literature survey indicates the limitations of the current research undertaken in transformer fault detection and classification based on dissolved gas analysis interpretation methods, thus providing a platform for further research and development opportunities in the techniques for incipient fault detection and classification using machine learning.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Samples Fabrication  
The production of samples started with the poplar wood panels undergoing initial preparation using 320 grit abrasive paper to eliminate any exposed fibers and achieve a notably polished surface, enhancing the adherence of the coating and preventing the formation of imperfections. Subsequently, the coatings were applied through spray application, following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Specifically, a material rate of 100 g/m\({}^{2}\) was applied under a pressure of 3 bar.  
The research encompasses the characterization of four distinct series of samples, the compositions of which are outlined in Table 1. Two varying amounts of the bio-based additive were incorporated into the clear paint to assess their effects on aesthetics and functionality, particularly focusing on barrier and abrasion resistance properties. Specifically, concentrations of 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% were examined and selected based on preliminary tests to achieve the desired color in the coating. Consequently, samples G5 and G10 were produced, respectively. Given the manufacturer's caution regarding potential color degradation of the bio-based filler upon light exposure, sample G10U incorporated not only 10 wt.% of _Naturesof(r) 880 GT_ but also 3 wt.% of UV absorber _Uvasorb(r) S130_. The amount of UV absorber was determined based on preliminary tests performed in previous literature studies [56]. Ultimately, the effectiveness of these three groups of composite coatings was evaluated in comparison to the behavior exhibited by sample G0, which utilized transparent acrylic paint without any additives. This sample G0 thus acts as a reference point, aiding in the better understanding and evaluation of the contributions provided by the bio-based filler and the UV absorber.  
To achieve consistent dispersion of the different additives within the paint, each solution underwent mechanical blending for 30 min prior to application on the wooden substrate. This mixing process ensured a uniform distribution of the components in the solution, preventing any instances of settling or uneven distribution. The coating production involved spraying the first layer and allowing it to cure at room temperature for 4 h. Following this, a second layer was applied to achieve a final compact coating with a thickness of approximately 100 \(\upmu\)m.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Samples Nomenclature** & **Additives Incorporated into the Paint Formulation** \\ \hline G0 & / \\ G5 & 5 wt.\% _Naturesof® 880 GT_ \\ G10 & 10 wt.\% _Naturesof® 880 GT_ \\ G10U & 10 wt.\% _Naturesof® 880 GT_ + 3 wt.\% _Uvasorb® S130_ \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Composition of samples with corresponding nomenclature.