# Low-Cost COTS GNSS Interference Monitoring, Detection, and Classification System +
## 8 Conclusions  
A low-cost COTS interference signal detection and classification platform, including detailed hardware, software, and algorithmic design description, is presented. It is significantly less expensive than comparable systems and dramatically reduces setup, calibration, and maintenance effort. Furthermore, the system demonstrates real-time pre-processing, visualization, detection, and classification with only a SBC.  
Initial results show that accurate detection and classification are possible based on limited front end statistics and GNSS measurements. Tests in a measurement hall with severe multipath effects demonstrate successful classification despite NLOS or multipath reception. Further systematic tests in an anechoic chamber containing a full sizes van revealed that classification and distance estimation is possible, which paves the way for ML-based localization. Finally, tests in a measurement hall demonstrated that interference localization as a lane detection problem in high-way simulation is possible.  
A systematic performance evaluation and extended real-world trials are planned for future research. Further, generalizing the models for reliable operation is emphasized.  
In future work, the study of spectral features over time using temporal convolutional network (TCN) [103] and residual neural network (ResNet) [101] architectures and considering their model calibration and uncertainty estimation is proposed.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/s23073452/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/s23073452/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/s23073452/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/s23073452/s1)).  
Conceptualization, J.R.v.d.M., T.F. and A.R.; methodology, J.R.v.d.M. and T.F.; software, J.R.v.d.M., D.C.F., J.H., D.J., T.B. and T.F.; validation, D.C.F., D.J., T.F. and T.B.; formal analysis, J.R.M., D.C.F., D.J., T.B. and T.F.; investigation, J.R.M., D.C.F., T.F., J.H. and T.B.; resources, J.R.v.d.M., T.F., A.R. and W.F.; data curation, D.C.F., D.J. and T.F.; writing--original draft preparation, J.R.v.d.M., D.C.F., D.J., J.H., T.B., T.F. and F.O.; writing--review and editing, J.R.v.d.M., D.C.F., D.J., J.H., T.F., T.B., F.O., A.R. and W.F.; visualization, J.R.M., D.C.F., D.J., T.F. and T.B.; supervision, J.R.v.d.M., T.F. and A.R.; project administration, A.R.; funding acquisition, A.R. and W.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work has been carried out within the DARCY project, funding code 50 NA2017, sponsored by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK), and supported by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Bundesnetzagentur (BNetzA), and the Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (BKG).  
Not applicable.  
The authors would such as to thank Toll Collect GmbH and BNetzA for the opportunity to conduct measurements in an anechoic chamber. These facilitated the generation of realistic propagation conditions with interferences inside vehicles.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.