## 2 Evolution of Digital Certificate
#### Benefits of Two-Factor Authentication  
IT departments across various industries are engaged in an ongoing battle against fraud and hackers. To fortify infrastructure security, companies should prioritize the adoption of two-factor authentication. This approach offers several benefits, including heightened security through utilizing alphanumeric passwords and special characters for both the certificate and the Moodle account. By activating a digital certificate, fraudulent attacks necessitate greater resources and effort. Even if hackers manage to obtain the password from the platform account, they cannot access the account unless they have the user's certificate and password to gain access to the platform [19]. Implementing these dual layers of authentication substantially enhances data security and significantly diminishes the likelihood of unauthorized access to information. Consequently, users' sense of security is heightened, and they are willing to provide additional information knowing that their data are better protected. Users appreciate the extra efforts undertaken by the IT department to safeguard personal information, thus fostering a strengthened security posture within the organization. Furthermore, introducing a two-factor authentication system reduces costs associated with help desk support. Approximately 20% of help desk calls pertain to password resets [20; 21]. Without a two-factor authentication system, password recovery can only be facilitated through the help desk, consuming time and resources exclusively. Implementing a secure self-service password reset mechanism reduces the frequency of user calls to the help desk. Consequently, the company experiences cost savings, alleviates the workload \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline
**Two-Factor** & & & & \\
**Authentication (2 FA)** & **Advantages** & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{2 FA by email} & - & It is easy to implement and intuitive & - & The least secure form of 2 FA. Password \\  & - & for users. & & security is too pervasive a problem to \\  & - & Works both on desktops and & & be effective. \\  & - & mobile devices. & - & Very easy to intercept and obtain the code \\  & - & Easy to use and accessible to anyone. & - & through social engineering methods. \\  & - & A convenient method to access an OTP & - & The email address that must be declared to \\  & & from any platform that can & & the respective electronic service may be used \\  & - & provide emails. & & for advertising purposes, may be included in \\  & - & The easiest to use and does not require a & spam lists, or may end up in the \\  & phone-type device yet. & & wrong hands. \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: _Cont._on help desk staff, and enhances employee satisfaction and productivity. With two-factor authentication, organizations can facilitate remote connections without compromising data security, enabling users to work securely from any device and location while accessing internal resources. This increased flexibility and freedom contribute to heightened employee productivity and job satisfaction. Two-factor authentication offers user convenience, as it involves a straightforward process of downloading a single application that requires only one installation on the computer. Contrary to the misconception that implementing two-factor authentication is expensive and unnecessary, many small businesses and institutions underestimate the prevalence of cyberattacks targeting them [22]. In reality, more than 30% of cyberattacks occur against small institutions. Implementing a two-factor authentication solution is significantly lower than the potential cost of a successful attack on their system [23]. Moreover, numerous companies allow users to protect their accounts with two-factor authentication at no additional cost.