esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Problem Formulation  
The objective of this research is to maximize the aggregate data rate, as defined in Equation (7), through a comprehensive optimization strategy involving both outer and inner loop optimizations. This optimization process takes into account various constraints, including the power limitations of all D2D pairs, the phase shifting constraints of the RIS, and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) requirements specific to each D2D pair. These constraints are expressed as follows:  
\[\begin{split}(P)&\max_{S_{RIS},S_{RB},\boldsymbol{ \Theta},\mathbf{W}}\mathcal{R}(S_{RIS},S_{RB},\boldsymbol{\Theta},\mathbf{W} )\\ & s.t.\quad\gamma_{i}\geq\gamma_{i}^{th}\\ &\quad 0<tr(\mathbf{W}^{H}\mathbf{W})\leq P_{max}\\ &\quad\theta_{i,m,j}\in[0,2\pi)\end{split} \tag{8}\]  
where \(S_{RIS}\) and \(S_{RB}\) represent the selections of the RIS and the RB, respectively. The matrix \(\boldsymbol{\Theta}\) corresponds to the phase-shifting control of the RIS, while \(\mathbf{W}\) represents the power control at the transmitter. The parameter \(\gamma_{i}\) denotes the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) requirement specific to the \(i\)-th D2D pair, and the \(i,m,j\) are constraints with the total number of D2D pairs N, total number of RIS M, and total number of RB H, with \(i\in[1,2,\ldots,N],m\in[1,2,\ldots,M],j\in[1,2,\ldots,J]\).  
The optimization problem (\(P\)) is characterized as a mixed-integer programming problem [23], which is inherently non-convex and poses challenges for direct solution methods. Due to the intricate coupling between phase-shifting control and power allocation, we propose an innovative outer and inner loop optimization algorithm. The outer loop employs a multi-player multi-armed bandit approach to determine the optimal selection of the RIS and RB. Meanwhile, the inner loop focuses on solving the jointly coupled challenges of phase-shifting control and power allocation. This two-tiered approach facilitates an effective strategy addressing the complexities of the optimization problem and enhancing the overall performance of the communication system.
# Model-Robust Estimation of Multiple-Group Structural Equation Models
## 5 Simulation Study 2: Noninvariant Item Intercepts (DIF)
### Method  
The setup of the simulation study closely follows [32]. Data were simulated from a one-dimensional factor model involving five items and three groups. The factor variable \(\eta_{1}\) was normally distributed with group means \(\alpha_{1}=0\), \(\alpha_{2}=0.3\), and \(\alpha_{3}=0.8\). The group variances were set to 1, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively. All factor loadings were set to 1, and all measurement error variances were set to 1 in all groups and uncorrelated with each other. The factor variable, as well as the residuals, were normally distributed. DIF effects were simulated in exactly one of the five items in each group. In the first group, the fourth item intercepts had a DIF effect \(\delta\). In the second group, the first item had a DIF effect \(-\delta\), while the second item had a DIF effect \(-\delta\) in the third group. The DIF effect \(\delta\) was chosen as either 0 (no DIF, measurement invariance), 0.3 (small DIF), or 0.6 (moderate DIF). The sample size per group was chosen as \(N=500\), 1000, or 2000. A multiple-group one-dimensional SEM was specified as the analysis model. The analysis model assumes invariant item intercepts and factor loadings. In the first group, the factor mean was set to 0, and the factor variance was set to 1 for identification reasons. Note that the data-generating model included some group-specific item intercepts that remained unmodelled in the analysis models (except for RegML). This, in turn, led to
# Time Domain Spherical Harmonic Processing with Open Spherical Microphones Recording
## 4 A Filter Design Example
### Effect of Frequency Truncation of \(Z_{n}(\
u)\)  
As audio signals are often band limited in ANC applications [14], we can have a finite truncation on spherical harmonic decomposition with order \(N=\left\lceil{kR_{Q}}\right\rceil\). In other words, if we have a fixed N-th order system, the highest frequency that the system can successfully capture is given by \(f_{\max}=Nc/(2\pi R_{Q})\approx 1360\) Hz. Figure 2 shows the frequency response of \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\), refers to \(\Phi_{n}(f,R_{Q})\), which is designed using (25) with \(z_{n}(\
u)\) truncated at \(f_{1}=1023.6\) Hz (Figure 2a), \(f_{2}=1364.8\) Hz (Figure 2b), \(f_{3}=2047.1\) Hz (Figure 2c), respectively. The filter length is set to be 500. To obtain the frequency response of \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\), a FFT of \(I=4096\) points is applied with zero padding to \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\). We remind here that \(z_{n}(\
u)\) is given by (19) in time domain, which does not rely on any frequency domain processing.  
We observe that for a \(N=4\)th order system, the truncation at \(f_{1}\) is not enough to get an accurate frequency response of \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\), as the frequency response \(\Phi_{n}(f,R_{Q})\) begins to decline at \(f_{1}\). In this case, \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\) can not provide an acceptable filtering result with signals containing higher frequency components. Truncation at both \(f_{2}\) and \(f_{3}\) can give a satisfied frequency response when \(f<f_{\max}\). As the frequency range of the system is also limited by \(N=\left\lceil{kR_{Q}}\right\rceil\), it is not necessary to look at the frequency response when \(f>f_{\max}\). So in both cases \(\rho_{n}(\
u,R_{Q})\) can give an acceptable filtering output. As a result, we choose to truncate \(z_{n}(\
u)\) at \(f_{\max}\), where \(2\pi f_{\max}R_{Q}/c=N\). If the recorded signal is known as a band limited signal where its highest frequency component is less than \(f_{\max}\), an alternative choice of the frequency truncation of \(z_{n}(\
u)\) is at this highest frequency to reduce the computation complexity. Meanwhile, if \(z_{n}(\
u)\) has been designed with a higher frequency truncation, it can also be used in a lower order system with a lower requirement of frequency truncation.
## 2 Average Power Scaling of Modelocked Thin-Disk Lasers: Challenges and Milestones
### SESAMs for High-Power Femtosecond Modelocking
#### 2.3.4 Damage Mechanism  
The damage fluence measurements presented in the previous paragraph suggest a damage mechanism related to the absorbed energy due to IA. It is interesting to note that in the case of the sample with 3 QWs and a two-pair dielectric topcoating (DTC2) where \(F_{2}\) is greatly increased, the damage curve is also shifted to higher values. In order to confirm this point, the damage behavior of a SESAM with a single QW absorber, one with 3 QWs, and a DBR mirror (without absorber section) were compared (Figure 9 and Table 4). This is crucial to evaluate if the damage threshold is dependent on the absorber geometry. All the samples have no topcoating, and were grown in an antiresonant configuration.  
Figure 9: Nonlinear reflectivity and lifetime measurements for a (distributed Bragg reflector) (DBR), a SESAM with 1 QW as an absorber and a similar SESAM with 3 QWs as absorbers.  
We can see (Figure 9 and Table 4) that the damage behavior of a DBR is similar to that of the characterized SESAMs. Damage occurs deep in the rollover regime, and this rollover occurs at comparable fluence levels as for all tested SESAMs. The measurements confirm that the damage mechanism is related to the absorbed energy due to IA. This fraction of absorbed energy per area \(F_{\text{abs}}\) due to the IA can be evaluated at in incident fluence \(F\) taking into account a number of approximations [19] by:  
\[\mathbf{\bar{F}_{\text{abs}}}\approx\frac{\mathbf{\bar{F}}^{2}}{\mathbf{\bar{F}}_{2}} \tag{5}\]  
Therefore, the damage fluence \(F_{\text{d}}\) for all SESAMs should scale proportionally to \(\sqrt[]{F_{2}}\). In order to illustrate this dependence, we plotted the ratio \(\sqrt[]{F_{2}}/F_{\text{d}}\) for 16 different samples for which we were able to measure the damage fluence (Figure 10).  
The data seems to confirm that the main contribution to IA and damage originates in the field in the DBR and spacer layers and not by the absorber section itself. This gives a clear indication of the damage behavior of such SESAMs, suggesting that catastrophic damage occurs due to heating of the lattice by energy absorbed by the IA process. It also indicates how to shift the damage fluence to higher values by simply increasing \(F_{2}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline
**Sample** & \(\mathbf{F_{\text{sat}}}\) (**μJ/cm\({}^{2}\)**)** & \(\mathbf{F_{2}}\) (**mJ/cm\({}^{2}\)**)** & \(\mathbf{F_{\text{d}}}\) (**mJ/cm\({}^{2}\)**)** & \(\mathbf{S_{\text{d}}}=\mathbf{F_{\text{d}}}/\mathbf{F_{\text{sat}}}\) \\ \hline DBR & - & 7400 & 48 & - \\
1 QW & 57 & 2600 & 32.1 & 560 \\
3 QW & 72 & 3200 & 32.6 & 453 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Relevant parameters and damage thresholds of the samples with different absorber sections.  
Figure 10: Ratio \(\sqrt[]{F_{2}}/F_{\text{d}}\) for different samples for which we measured the damage threshold, including samples with different absorber sections and a DBR mirror.
## 3 Results
### Interviews  
Post-intervention interviews revealed a generally positive attitude towards the experience. The mean grade to the experience given by the participants was 8.27 (\(\pm\)1.07 SD) out of 10, and 11 participants stated willingness to try the Binaural Odyssey again at some point, while all the participants stated willingness to try an improved version of the application in the future.  
_\"Grade: 7.5--The soundscape worked very well for relaxation, but the visual landscape was both relaxing and activating. For pure relaxation, it would have worked better without the visual side. As such, it served more as a virtual art experience.\"_ (Participant, 34 years)  
Figure 4: SUXES results. Bars indicate the means of subjective evaluations of expectations and post-intervention experiences regarding the application used. In Q2 and Q4, the change was statistically significant.  
Six participants expressed a clear positive attitude towards the experience, while the rest were more neutral in their responses. No participant expressed indications of a clearly negative experience. Over half of the participants (8) expressed views in various wording that the application felt a bit unpolished. Most commonly this was used in reference to the structure of the experience--a common view was that the participant would have wanted a more relaxing experience, as activating elements of the experience disturbed the relaxation process.  
_\"Grade: 9--1 didn't give full points because the pixels were a bit out of focus and the white line jumped to my face uncomfortably. It disturbed the concentration.\"_ (Participant, 53 years)  
The most commented element in the application was the appearance of _a fast white line_, which can be seen in Figure 5, and which was basically a 3D white line that draws itself around the user with a quick pace, being the only element in the application that moves as fast and comes as close to the user. It received only negative comments, mostly about disturbing the experience.  
To summarize the interviews, participants seemed to have enjoyed the experience in general, while some were pleasantly surprised about the novelty of the experience. The sound design of the application received only positive comments. However, the application felt a bit like a work in progress for most of the participants--the main improvement suggestions included improved structure of the experience, more thoughtful use of colors in the animations, and focusing on either relaxing or activating elements instead of trying to achieve both. Several participants mentioned that the product worked better as an art experience, rather than a relaxation application, indicating a need for a more goal-directed approach when using this method for stress reduction purposes.
## 2 In the Beginning
### The Message Broker
#### 2.1.1 Communication Models  
Message brokers typically offer two basic message exchange models:  
Point-to-Point model: This model considers a one-to-one relationship between the sender of the message and the recipient. Each message in the queue is sent to only one consumer and is consumed exactly once. Once the message is consumed, the recipient sends a confirmation signal (an _acknowledgement_) to the broker who can then delete the message from its queue. Point-to-point messaging is required when a message only needs to be processed once. The model also provides for the possibility of having multiple consumers connected to a queue, but a specific message will always be consumed by at most one of them. Examples of cases for this messaging model include payroll and financial transaction processing: In these systems, both the sender and the recipient need to be guaranteed that each payment will be sent only once.  
Publish/Subscribe model: In this messaging model, often referred to as \"pub/sub\", the producer publishes the message on a topic and multiple consumers subscribe to the topics they want to receive messages from. All messages published on a topic are distributed to all applications subscribed to it. This is a broadcast-style distribution method, where there is a one-to-many relationship between the publisher of the message and its subscribers. For example, if an airline were to issue updates on landing times or the delayed status of its flights, multiple receivers could be interested in such information: The ground crews who maintain and refuel the aircraft, baggage handlers, flight attendants, and pilots preparing for the next trip, and travelers. Unlike the Point-to-Point model, which groups messages until they are retrieved by consumers, topics immediately transfer messages to all their subscribers. All client processes subscribing to a given topic will then receive every transmitted message, unless they have set up a message filtering policy.  
The first version of RAM3S only considered RightMQ as message broker, while the current version also supports ActiveMQ and Kafka. All currently supported message brokers are described in the following sections.
# Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds for Rhabdomyosarcoma Therapy In Vitro: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Plant Extracts and Isolated Bioactive Compounds with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Action  
Table 2 shows several extracts and bioactive plant compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic action against tumor cells, representing 19% of the total search [37; 38; 39; 40; 41; 42; 43; 44; 45].  
_Tradescantia pallida_, commonly called \"Purpurina\" contains phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The extract was obtained using methanol and was studied in vitro in RDATCC and CCL-136 tumor cell lines from RMS. These phytochemicals from the plant extract led to the formation of stable silver nanoparticles. Both the extract and the nanoparticles demonstrated, in a statistically significant manner, concentration-dependent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity [37]. The TpAgNP6 nanoparticle extract showed a lower IC\({}_{50}\) value than that obtained from _Tradescantia pallida_ (81.5 \(\pm\) 1.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL vs. 90.59 \(\pm\) 1.6 \(\upmu\)g/mL, respectively), showing that loading them into nanoparticles increases their effectiveness. _Tecoma stans_ (\"hunderer\") and _Narcissus tazetta_ (\"bunch daffodil\") are two other examples of the formation of nanoparticles from plant extracts. In this case, it was observed that cell viability decreased in a statistically significant manner with the association of the extract, nanoparticles, chemotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. After this combination, the lowest IC\({}_{50}\) was shown with nanoparticles obtained from _Tecoma stans_ branches (2.26 \(\pm\) 0.9 \(\upmu\)g/mL) [39].  
Chammile also appears in this systematic review, obtaining its extracts through ethanolic extraction and distilled water. Apigenin is a flavonoid that was isolated from this plant. The cell lines tested were RD (RMS), Hep2c (cervical carcinoma), and L20B (rat fibroblasts). The IC\({}_{50}\) range observed between the different extracts is between 9.12 and 100.92 \(\upmu\)g/mL. The best cytotoxic activity was from the unfermented extract of chamomile flowers in the Hep2c cell line. These extracts also had antimicrobial effects, especially against _Escherichia coli_ and _Candida albicans_. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were better with fermented extracts; however, the cytotoxic activity was better with unfermented extracts [40].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Integrated Astroclimatic Parameters  
The integrated parameters (coherence length \(r_{0}\), seeing \(\varepsilon\), and isoplanatic angle \(\theta\), coherence time \(\tau_{0}\)) derived from \(C_{n}^{2}\) profiles are considered the main turbulence characterization parameters for astronomy and optical telecommunication [30; 31; 32; 33; 34]. The comparison of integrated parameters between the model and radiosonde is shown in Figure 8. For 532 nm light wave, the mean \(r_{0}\) values from the radiosonde measurement are 2.45 cm and 1.05 cm at the offshore and open ocean, and the corresponding mean \(r_{0}\) values from the model are 3.50 cm and 1.36 cm, respectively. Obviously, the mean \(r_{0}\) from the radiosonde measurement at the open ocean is lower than the offshore area, which shows that the optical turbulence over open ocean is stronger than offshore. The result may be caused by our experimental site and the release time of the balloons. Contrary to \(r_{0}\), the \(\varepsilon\) of the open ocean is generally greater than that of the offshore, which once again verifies the strong turbulence over the open ocean. As shown in Figure 8, the \(\theta\) of the open ocean and the offshore are similar, and most of the values are less than 0.5 arcsec. Furthermore, the characteristics of the coherence time \(\tau_{0}\) and the coherence length \(r_{0}\) are almost the same, which shows that the development of turbulence over the open ocean is faster than that over the offshore area.  
Furthermore, marine aerosols do have an impact on observations, but, compared with land, the atmospheric environment above the ocean is relatively stable and is less affected by humans. However, from the calculation results of the astronomical parameters, the optical turbulence is strong and the coherence length is small in the ocean, especially in the open ocean area, which is not conducive to astronomical observation. Therefore, the establishment of astronomical observation sites on the ocean has certain limitations. However, the results we have achieved are impressive and provide potential supports for the application of adaptive optics systems.  
Figure 7: Statistically averaged outer scale profiles of offshore and open ocean.
## 5 Stability Analysis of High Slope of Carbonaceous Mudstone Based on Numerical Simulation
### Stability Analysis of Slope Excavation
#### 5.3.4 Stability Coefficient Analysis  
The stability calculation results were compared with the safety factor values required by the standard [36], and the slope states were analyzed under natural and saturated immersion conditions. Under natural working conditions, the strength reduction method was used to numerically simulate and calculate the slope stability coefficient, which is F = 1.15 > 1.10. The slope can basically maintain stability under natural working conditions. As a comparison, the stability coefficient of the slope under saturated water immersion conditions is F = 1.03 < 1.05, and the slope of the rock mass under saturated water immersion conditions is highly prone to instability. The stability factors of slopes under different working conditions are shown in Table 4.  
Based on the three aspects of the two working conditions, the maximum horizontal displacement is mainly located at the foot of the slope, and the vertical settlement displacement direction at the top of the slope is downward, with a negative displacement value. The failure type of the slope is circular sliding failure. Compared with slopes under natural conditions, the overall shear strength of slopes under saturated conditions significantly decreases. Prolonged rainfall causes the slope, which could have remained stable under natural conditions, to become unstable. The structural planes deform along the leading edge, causing mutual compression between the soil masses, resulting in a situation where the soil mass at the foot of the slope exceeds the initial soil mass. Secondly, the stress concentration at the foot of the slope, combined with the insufficient strength of the soft rock itself, forms a circular sliding failure, which is not conducive to the stability of the slope. The changes in displacement and plastic zone contour maps mentioned above indicate that the probability of landslides occurring on slopes under saturated conditions increases, and the formation of damage can cause widespread impact. Therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding reinforcement measures to improve slope stability and reduce the risk of slope disasters.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Working Condition** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Standard Requirements** \\ **for Safety Factor** \\ \end{tabular} & **Actual Safety Factor** & **Stability Evaluation** \\ \hline Natural state & 1.10 & 1.15 & Stable \\ Soak in saturated water & 1.05 & 1.03 & Potentially unstable \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison of stability factors for profile BK1+020.  
Figure 14: Plastic strain contour map of section BK1+020 under saturated water immersion conditions after excavation.