## 3 Proposed MISO Converter  
### Converter Description  
The circuit of the dual-input step-up converter proposed in Figure 5 consists of two input coupling inductors, four active switches \(S_{1a}\), \(S_{1b}\), \(S_{2a}\) and \(S_{2b}\), two clamping capacitors \(C_{4}\) and \(C_{5}\), three energy-transferring capacitors \(C_{1}\), \(C_{2}\), and \(C_{3}\), four diodes \(D_{1}\), \(D_{2}\), \(D_{3}\), and \(D_{4}\), one output capacitor \(C_{o}\), and the load represented by the output resistor \(R_{o}\). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Electrical Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Maximum power point voltage (TC = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C/TH = 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & 4.05 V \\ \hline Maximum power point current (TC = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C/TH = 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & 1.15 A \\ \hline Maximum power (TC = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C/TH = 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C) & 3.1 W \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Measured electrical parameters of the Marlow TG. Figure 4: Curves for the TG: (1) blue line for P-V; (2) red line for I-V.  
Before proceeding with the analysis of the circuit operation, a brief explanation of the relevant symbols and the assumptions required is given. 1. \(V_{d1}\) and \(V_{d2}\) are the two input voltages; \(i_{d1}\) and \(i_{d2}\) are the two input currents; \(I_{o}\) is the output current; \(V_{o}\) is the output voltage. 2. \(n=N_{s1}/N_{p1}=N_{s2}/N_{p2}\), where \(N_{p1}\) and \(N_{s1}\) are the primary and secondary windings of the first coupling inductor, respectively and \(N_{p2}\) and \(N_{s2}\) are the primary and secondary windings of the second coupling inductor, respectively. The currents \(i_{Np1}\) and \(i_{N51}\) are the currents flowing through the primary and secondary windings of the first coupling inductor, respectively, whereas the currents \(i_{Np2}\) and \(i_{N52}\) are the currents flowing through the primary and secondary windings of the second coupling inductor, respectively. The leakage inductances \(L_{kp1}\), \(L_{ks1}\), \(L_{lp2}\), and \(L_{ls2}\) are the primary and secondary leakage inductances of the first and second coupling inductors, respectively. 3. \(L_{m1}\) is the magnetizing inductance of the first coupling inductor, and the voltage on and current in it are \(v_{Lm1}\) and \(i_{Lm1}\), respectively; \(L_{m2}\) is the magnetizing inductance of the second coupling inductor, and the voltage on and current in it are \(v_{Lm2}\) and \(i_{Lm2}\), respectively. 4. The voltages \(v_{gs1a}\), \(v_{gs1b}\), \(v_{gs2a}\) and \(v_{gs2b}\) are the gate driving signals for the switches \(S_{1a}\), \(S_{1b}\), \(S_{2a}\), and \(S_{2b}\), respectively; the voltages \(v_{D1}\), \(v_{D2}\), \(v_{D3}\), and \(v_{D4}\) and the currents \(i_{D1}\), \(i_{D2}\), \(i_{D3}\), and \(i_{D4}\) are the voltages on and currents in the diodes \(D_{1}\), \(D_{2}\), \(D_{3}\), and \(D_{4}\), respectively. 5. The voltages \(V_{C1}\), \(V_{C2}\), \(V_{C3}\), \(V_{C4}\), and \(V_{C5}\) and the currents \(i_{C1}\), \(i_{C2}\), \(i_{C3}\), \(i_{C4}\), and \(i_{C5}\) are the voltages and currents in energy-transferring capacitors C\({}_{1}\), C\({}_{2}\), and C\({}_{3}\) and clamping capacitors \(C_{4}\) and C\({}_{5}\), respectively. 6. \(T_{s}\) is the switching period of switches \(S_{1a}\) and \(S_{2a}\), and the corresponding duty cycles are \(D_{a}\) and \(D_{b}\), respectively. 7. \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}\) are the coupling coefficients of the first and second coupling inductors, respectively, equal to \(k_{1}=L_{m1}/(L_{m1}+L_{llp1})\) and \(k_{2}=L_{m2}/(L_{m2}+L_{llp2})\). 8. \(L_{11}\) and \(L_{12}\) are the primary-side and secondary-side self-inductances of the first coupling inductor, respectively; \(L_{21}\) and \(L_{22}\) are the primary-side and secondary-side self-inductances of the second coupling inductor, respectively. 9. The switches, diodes, inductors, and capacitors are considered ideal components. 10. The circuit is operated in the continuous current mode (CCM). 11. All the circuit operating principles are analyzed in the steady state. 12.