esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Outage Probability  
The outage probability is a crucial metric that reflects the performance of wireless communication systems, defined as the probability that the end-to-end SNR falls below a specified threshold \(\gamma_{th}\), and resulting in data transmission failure. The outage probability can be expressed as [20]  
\[P_{out}=\Pr(\gamma_{SD}<\gamma_{th})=F_{\gamma_{SD}}(\gamma_{th}), \tag{32}\]  
where \(F_{\gamma_{SD}}(\gamma_{th})\) is the CDF of \(\gamma_{SD}\).
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Sampling and Testing
#### 3.2.2 Testing  
(1) Stable isotopes value testing  
The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were analyzed via LGR water isotope analysis (LWA-45 EP, LGR Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA) at the Wuhan Center of Geological Survey. The analysis method of this machine is high-resolution laser spectroscopy absorption measurement analysis. The test items were 8D and \(\delta\)\({}^{18}\)O, which were expressed as \(\delta\)(%) = (\(R_{\text{sample}}/R_{\text{standard}}\) - 1) \(\times\) 1000%, where \(R_{\text{sample}}\) and \(R_{\text{standard}}\) reflect the sample and standard's heavy-to-light isotope ratios, respectively, at the Wuhan Center of Geological Survey, Wuhan, China. The standard calibrated to worldwide reference materials, V-SMOW (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, Vienna, Austria), was utilized for computation, and the analytical accuracies for \(\delta\)\({}^{18}\)O-H\({}_{2}\)O and \(\delta\)D-H\({}_{2}\)O were \(\pm\)0.5% and \(\pm\)0.1%, respectively.  
We tested the standard water sample supplied by LGR Company before starting the test of the water samples. The respective analytical accuracy for \(\delta\)\({}^{18}\)O-H\({}_{2}\)O and \(\delta\)D-H\({}_{2}\)O of this standard water sample test should be less than \(\pm\)0.5% and \(\pm\)0.1%. We ranked standard water samples supplied by LGR Company after every three samples, and then checked the respective analytical accuracy via software self-contained inside the LGR water isotope analysis equipment in order to ensure the reliability of testing data.  
(2) Soil volume water content testing First of all, we put the numbered porous aluminum box and standard steel ring knife full of the soil sample inside together into a baking oven to dry at a temperature of about 105-110 \({}^{\circ}\)C for about 12 h. We put the soil sample inside a dryer for about 20 min to cool to room temperature and then weighed it. We repeated this process until the differences among the last three weights were less than 0.05 g. Next, we put the numbered porous aluminum box and standard steel ring knife without the soil sample inside together into a baking oven to dry at a temperature of about 105-110 \({}^{\circ}\)C for about 4 h. We repeated this process until the differences among the last three weights were less than 0.05 g.  
We were able to obtain the weights of the dry soil sample (W\({}_{2}\)) and natural soil sample (W\({}_{1}\)) after the processes described above. The volume of the soil sample (V) was 60 cm\({}^{3}\). The soil volume water content (SVWC) could be obtained by the following formula:  
\[\text{SVWC}=(\text{W}_{1}-\text{W}_{2})/\rho\text{V} \tag{1}\]  
where W\({}_{1}\) is the weight of the natural soil sample (M); W\({}_{2}\) is the weight of the dry soil sample (M); \(\rho\) is the water density at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C (ML\({}^{-3}\)); V is the volume of the soil sample (standard steel ring knife) (L\({}^{3}\)).
## 3 IEEE 802.15.6: The Key-Enabling Standard for WBANs  
The main challenge in designing standards for WBANs is the balance of QoS demands with the low power constraints of limited battery powered nodes [30]. More specifically, for human assistive rescue and critical missions, and workers safety in hazard-prone area-based applications, WBAN system requirements may not be the same as those of classical healthcare systems. For these applications, since the sensor devices attached on the body are required to be small, therefore, they have to be low-power and energy efficient. In addition, most importantly, reliability and QoS with high data rates are the crucial requirements for the given applications.  
Various low power standards have been used in WBAN research as well as for commercial applications, where most of them partly satisfying the requirements for life signs monitoring as already discussed in Section 2.4. Some low power standards designed to support low power sensing that have been adapted for healthcare applications, e.g., ZigBee, while others such as IEEE 802.15.6 have been designed specifically for WBANs, not only for mobile healthcare monitoring, but also for many more applications. Due to the greater flexibility, high data rates, better security and reliability and higher QoS, it fits well to the requirements of the WBANs. In this section, we will explore in detail the IEEE 802.15.6 standard, including physical (PHY), medium access control (MAC), network topologies and security features.
## 3 Preliminaries
### Elliptic Curve Cryptography  
Elliptic Curve Cryptography is a public-key cryptographic approach based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields [30]. Given a point \(P\) (also referred to as the generator) on an elliptic curve (EC) \(y^{2}=x^{3}+ax+b\) and a secret key \(sk\), the public key is generated using the elliptic curve scalar multiplication \(pk=sk\cdot P\), which essentially means successively adding \(P\) along the elliptic curve [30] to itself repeatedly (which implies that \(sk\) is a scalar value while \(pk\) is a point). The reliability of ECC is based on the one-wayness of the EC scalar multiplication, which means that it is infeasible to solve \(sk\) given \(pk\).
# Research on Airspace Conflict Detection Method Based on Spherical Discrete Grid Representation
## 2 Determination of the Airspace Grid Subdivision System
### Introduction of Typical Global Subdivision Schemes  
Global discrete grid systems can be classified into four categories: equal longitude and latitude grid, variable longitude and latitude grid, adaptive spherical grid, and regular polyhedral grid [15].  
1. Equal longitude and latitude grid  
Equal longitude and latitude grid is a kind of grid formed by interweaving longitude and latitude at fixed intervals on the Earth, which is the earliest and most widely used one of the Earth's space coordinate grids [16]. At present, there have been applications of equal longitude and latitude grid systems, including the U. S. military grid reference system (MGRS) and GARS grid [17]. As shown in Figure 1:2. Variable longitude and latitude grid  
Variable longitude and latitude grids are subdivision schemes that change the longitude interval at different latitudes so that the area of gridded cells at the same level is approximately equal. This type of scheme trades off increased cell deformation and connection complexity for essentially the same area metric [18]. As shown in Figure 2:  
(3) Adaptive spherical grid  
The adaptive spherical grid is not divided based on longitude and latitude but based on the solid elements on the sphere and some features of the solid [19]. In this method, the grid element is adaptively adjusted according to the solid data. Therefore, the adaptive spherical grid has better flexibility, meets the calculation needs of the mode requiring boundary fitting, and can complement other generation methods. As shown in Figure 3:  
Figure 1: Equal longitude and latitude grid.  
Figure 3: Adaptive spherical grid.  
Regular polyhedral grid  
A regular polyhedron grid refers to connecting a sphere with a regular polyhedron, projecting all sides of the regular polyhedron onto the sphere to form spherical polygons [20], which will be used as the initial unit of the subdivision. Recursive subdivision will be carried out on this basis to form a grid model with good hierarchy, approximate uniformity, and global unity.
## 4 Discussion of Test Results
### Image Acquisition and Cracking Recognition  
#### 4.3.1 X-ray CT Scanning for Negative Moment Cracking Area  
The crack morphologies on specimen surfaces during the ITBF test can be visually observed, but the internal cracks cannot be explored in conventional ways. In this paper, the cracked ECC specimens tested by ITBF test were scanned using X-ray CT scanning technology, and a series of image slices were captured. Then, the distribution of internal cracks was investigated.  
Two ECC specimens were cut after testing. The cracking areas bearing maximum negative bending moments of the specimens were intercepted, and then scanned by X-ray CT system, as shown in Figure 15.
## 5 Quality Attribute Outcomes
### Data Integrity, Trustworthiness, Transparency, and Accountability
#### 5.2.3 Combined Impact of Integrity, Transparency, and Accountability  
Blockchains' combination of immutability and a transparent, shared ledger strengthens both the trustworthiness and accountability of data in sensitive applications. [PERSON] et al. (2016) illustrate this dual benefit in their blockchain-based health challenge platform, where participants' achievements are recorded in an immutable, verifiable manner. This setup enables users to independently verify their participation in health challenges, while the transparency of the system promotes accountability, ensuring that achievements are accurately recorded and accessible to all authorized participants.
# Varroa Control by Means of a Hyperthermic Device
## 3 Results  
### Apirary Trials  
The colonies used in the three years of trials developed normally, as can be seen from the graphs shown in Figure 3 that refer to the number of worker cells, without any noticeable differences between the heat-treated hives and the control hives. The number of adult workers followed similar trends.  
With regard to the presence of varroa, the surveys carried out in 2018 (Figure 4) showed that until the end of July, infestation levels were rather low in the heat-treated bee-hives,  
Figure 3: Average number of worker brood cells in the beehives used in 2018 (above), 2020 (middle), and 2021 (below) tests.  
since no juvenile forms of the parasite were found in sealed brood-cells and few adults fell on the bottom boards. A similar low degree of infestation was also found in the control colonies. Between the end of July and the beginning of August, the degree of infestation increased in the control colonies and consequently it was necessary to treat them with trickled oxalic acid thrice in August and with the insertion of amitraz strips starting from 12 September. On the contrary, hyperthermia allowed the development of the parasite to be kept under control until the end of September, as the average daily falls recorded meant that no intervention with acaricides was necessary.  
In 2020 (Figure 5), the level of varroa infestation was initially quite high in both the control and hyperthermia hives. Heat treatments reduced varroa fall on the bottom boards to around 4 mites/day for the entire season. On the contrary, the mite number in the control hives would have continued to increase exponentially had four treatments with trickled oxalic acid not been carried out in July. On 7 August, amitraz strips were introduced in the control hives and the infestation remained low in both the control and hyperthermia hives until the end of the season.  
In 2021 (Figure 6), trials began earlier than in the previous year, and infestation levels in the hives subjected to hyperthermia remained at modest levels until September, while in control hives, despite three treatments with trickled oxalic acid carried out between mid-July and early August, natural mite drop on the bottom boards increased alarmingly. No other acaricide treatment was carried out until late October in both the test and control hives.  
Figure 4: Average daily _Varroa destructor_ mortality in 2018.  
Figure 5: Average daily _Varroa destructor_ mortality in 2020.  
In the brood cells examined after each heat treatment, a low mortality of adult mites was observed, whereas a large proportion of protonymphs and deutronyms were killed by the adopted combination of time and temperature (Table 1).
## 1 Introduction
They have a wide range of applications in polyelectrolytes, flexible materials, stimuli-responsive materials, catalysts, energy materials, and carbon materials [24; 25; 26; 27]. To the best of our knowledge, the application of PILs in the immobilization of enzymes is still under development. There are two factors limiting this application. On the one hand, the existing preparation methods for PIL-based porous materials involve low IL contents and a narrow application range [28; 29]. On the other hand, although PILs can have high IL contents, they are mostly non-porous or low-specific surface area materials [24; 28; 29]. Recently, [PERSON] and colleagues introduced hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone chain segments into hydrophobic polydivinylbenzene frameworks through the reinitiation of suspended double bonds, affording a kind of adsorbent with a uniform distribution of functional groups, strong cross-linking structure, and highly specific surface area [30]. Therefore, a higher specific surface area of PILs can be achieved through this kind of confined polymerization, further broadening their application in the biological field. However, research into this subject is still lacking. The higher the specific surface area, the better the enzyme immobilization's performance, owing to there being more available reactive groups [31; 32]. Therefore, the strategy of enhancing the specific surface area and mechanical properties of PILs is expected to further broaden their application in the biological field [33; 34]. Herein, two amino-functionalized PIL microspheres synthesized by traditional free radical polymerization and confined polymerization, respectively, were compared. They were found to have different specific surface areas, pore structures, and rough surfaces. Lacase was covalently immobilized on the surface of these microspheres via the bridging of glutaraldehyde. A better enzyme immobilization system was selected for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and its biocatalytic degradation was characterized. The optimum conditions, including the temperature and pH, for the immobilized lactose system were determined using the enzyme relative activity test, and the storage stability and circulation of the same system were further tested. Finally, the biodegradation of 2,4-DCP was systematically evaluated. This work provides a protocol for the design and optimization of the structure of PILs. In addition, the study found that compared with free lactose, the stability and circularity of the PIL-immobilized lacase were greatly improved.
## 3 Proposed Method  
The pixel value of the \(I_{HiSB}\) image is prone to the strong correlation among pixels, that is, \(x_{c}\) is very similar to \(p_{1}\) and \(p_{2}\). Once the condition that \(p_{1}\) is always smaller than \(p_{2}\) is established and the pixel \(x_{c}\) is squeezed between the two predictors \((p_{1},p_{2})\), there is a high probability that \(e_{1}=x_{c}-p_{1}\in\{0,1\}\) or \(e_{1}=x_{c}-p_{2}\in\{-1,0\}\). For \(e_{1}=1\), the pixel \(x_{c}\) can carry one secret bit \(s_{1}\), and then if \(e_{2}=x_{c}^{(1)}-p_{2}=-1\), then it again carries another secret bit \(s_{2}\). Even if two secret bits are carried, because \(p_{1}\leq x_{c}^{(2)}\ \leq\ p_{2}\), the stego pixel value does not change much, and good image quality can be maintained. Accordingly, the embedding is somehow like a repeated oscillation effect. The effect comes from embedding 1 bit data to make the original \(I_{HiSB}\) pixel \(x_{c}\) approach the predictor \(p_{2}\) and then embedding another 1 bit data to make the pixel \(x_{c}\) approach the predictor \(p_{1}\) in the reverse direction. The proposed method utilizes the repeated oscillation effect to increase the embedding capacity without affecting the distortion of the image. This research method proposed an embedding strategy, which is called the recurrent round-trip embedding strategy (referred to as double R-TES strategy), that the pixel \(x_{c}\) after embedding secret data will move back and forth between the two predictors \((p_{1},p_{2})\). The R-TES strategy embeds performs \((t-1)\) times of outbound/backbound embedding, so the pixel \(x_{c}\) can carry \(2t\) bit data. At the same time, \(t\) location map bits are also derived to record the embedding secret data such that the secret message can be completely extracted, and the pixel values of \(I_{HiSB}\) image can be exactly recovered.  
In the proposed information hiding scheme, the image \(I\) is classified into two parts: un-embeddable and embeddable parts. The un-embeddable part is the pixel values of the first column and the first row and the last column and the last row. The remainder pixels of image \(I\) can be used as cover image pixels to carry the secret data bits. Like the TLE method, we also first divide the pixel value of a quotient image into white and gray chessboards, as shown in Figure 5, and then the secret information to be hidden is repeatedly embedded in the pixel values of the gray grid first. According to the same embedding procedure, the hidden secret data are repeatedly embedded into the pixel values of the white grid.  
Figure 4: Stego image \(I^{\prime}\) after embedding.
## 3 Motivation
### The Need for Attribution Threshold Fine-Tuning  
For proper input attribution, we need to deal with two aspects of the problem: detecting important features and assigning appropriate scores representing the relative importance of detected features. Due to the similarity to a detection task of the former aspect, we can conjecture that there can be a false detection of important features by input attribution methods. An example of such false detection is demonstrated in Figure 1 (middle), which shows the attribution map of Grad-CAM [4], one of the most popular input attribution methods, overlaid on an original image from the Pascal VOC dataset [13]. The attribution map is generated for the class \"wine glass\". At first glance, one may think that Grad-CAM has well-highlighted regions relevant to the wine glass. However, regions outside of the wine glass have received nonzero relevance scores with respect to the class. As a result, it is unclear where the boundary between relevant and irrelevant regions is.  
In fact, many of the current activation-based input attribution methods use naive forms of relevance thresholding. Table 1 shows the percentage of muted relevance scores in popular activation-based attribution methods, namely Grad-CAM [4], Grad-CAM++ [5], Ablation-CAM [8], and Layer-CAM [9]. However, we found that such thresholding does not always provide good attribution maps that depict relevant regions well--for example, the Grad-CAM attribution map in Figure 1 (middle) shows only the top 15% of the \(I_{\text{pre}}\) map of Grad-CAM, but it fails to highlight the specific region corresponding to the wine glass, as we have discussed above. Therefore, we discuss how to perform better thresholding in a structured way to generate attribution maps of higher quality.
# High Throughput and Acceptance Ratio Multipath Routing Algorithm in Cognitive Wireless Mesh Network
###### Abstract  
The link failure due to the secondary users exiting the licensed channels when primary users reoccupy the licensed channels is very important in cognitive wireless mesh networks (CWMNs). A multipath routing and spectrum allocation algorithm based on channel interference and reusability with Quality of Service (QoS) constraints in CWMNs (MRIR) was proposed. Maximizing the throughput and the acceptance ratio of the wireless service is the objective of the MRIR. First, a primary path of resource conservation with QoS constraints was constructed, then, a resource conservation backup path based on channel interference and reusability with QoS constraints was constructed. The MRIR algorithm contains the primary path routing and spectrum allocation algorithm, and the backup path routing and spectrum allocation algorithm. The simulation results showed that the MRIR algorithm could achieve the expected goals and could achieve a higher throughput and acceptance ratio.  
Keywords:cognitive wireless mesh networks; multipath routing; spectrum allocation; channel interference; reusability +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
# Dual-Modality Cross-Interaction-Based Hybrid Full-Frame Video Stabilization
## 2 Background
### Video Completion  
Full-frame video stabilization with motion inpainting addresses missing areas in stabilized videos by constructing image mosaics using neighboring frames. It utilizeslocal motion estimation for applying global transformation only to common coverage areas between frames and calculates optical flow between frames to eliminate unwanted motion fluctuations, thereby achieving stabilized motion paths. However, this method may produce visible artifacts in non-planar and dynamic scenes and create visible color seams when combining propagated color from different frames due to effects like lighting changes, shadows, and vignetting.  
Temporally coherent completion of dynamic video presents an automatic video completion algorithm that synthesizes missing areas in videos in a temporally coherent manner. Despite limitations in handling discrepancies due to dynamically changing video frames and mismatched image-space motion vectors, this algorithm is well-suited for processing dynamic scenes captured with moving cameras. It utilizes optical flow and color, matching colors temporally using pixel-wise forward/backward flow fields, although it may not accurately repair the screen using motion-based features. However, in videos containing rapid movements, there are difficulties in accurately estimating the flow, which results in a decline in the quality of color completion.  
Flow-edge-guided video completion improves upon traditional issues of being unable to synthesize sharp flow edges and often producing over-smoothed results by jointly synthesizing colors and flow, propagating color along flow trajectories to enhance temporal consistency. This approach alleviates memory issues, allows for a high-resolution output, and avoids visible seams by operating in the gradient domain, performing video completion through dense flow fields. In some cases, such as with dynamic textures, optical flow estimation can be inaccurate, leading to visual artifacts. Additionally, image composition becomes challenging when large areas are obscured throughout the entire sequence.
## 2 Methods and Materials
### Hybrid RF-PS Path Loss Modelling  
This section reveals how the proposed hybrid path loss model development technique is accomplished. The proposed hybrid path loss model termed RF-PS combines random forest and particle swarm optimization methods. The output of the RF signal is fed into the particle swarm component for further prognostic modeling.  
In line with the principle of mean square minimization (MSE), the objective function of the proposed hybrid path loss model can be articulated as (11) and (12):  
\[J(\mathbf{a})=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{N}[y(k)-\overline{y}(k)]^{2} \tag{11}\]  
\[J(\mathbf{a})=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i=1}^{
## 3 Near-Field Simulation of Metasurfaces with Varying Dimensions  
This section will introduce the design of the unit cell that constitutes the metasurface. Near-field simulations of the compact metasurface were performed under both linearly polarized plane waves and circularly polarized plane waves. Additionally, near-field simulations of large-scale metasurfaces were conducted under the same conditions. Through full-wave simulation, it is possible to obtain the OAM spectrum, amplitude, phase, and purity of the OAM spectrum of the scattering electric field, even when affected by noise.