esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Analysis of a Collision-Energy-Based Method for the Prediction of Ice Loading on Ships
## 3 Research Method
### Collision Scenarios  
Following [PERSON], et al. [9], collision scenarios are defined in terms of the impact location, type of collision (e.g., collision with an ice floe or an ice sheet) and contact geometry. Naturally, these are interlinked, because both the type of collision and the impact location affect the resulting contact geometry. Towards addressing our research questions, we analyse multiple collision scenarios defined by Table 2.  
Per Table 2, we focus on the bow area because it is typically subjected to the largest ice loads. Specifically, based on the available full-scale data, we analyse ice loading on two specific impact locations in the bow area, namely frames 134 and 134.5. We focus on two of the most common types of collisions, namely glancing impact with an ice floe and glancing impact with an ice field. We consider  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Impact Location** & **Bow Area, Where the Frame Angle is Larger than 10 [deg]** \\ \hline Types of collisions & (a) Glancing impact with an ice floe, \\  & (b) Glancing impact with an ice field \\ Contact geometries & Round, angular, symmetric v wedge, right-apex oblique \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Collision scenarios proposed by [PERSON] et al. [9] and [PERSON] [34].  
Figure 4: Extract from data set B, showing how the measured ice floe diameter, ice thickness and speed vary during a selected period of 8 h.  
four different types of contact geometry, namely round, angular (with ice edge opening angle of 145\({}^{\circ}\)), symmetric v wedge and right-apex oblique.  
We do not consider pyramid and spherical contact geometries, because we assume that these are preliminary intended for the analysis of ship-iceberg and bulbous bow-ice impacts [20; 35].  
We confirmed this assumption by calculations indicating that the applications of the pyramid and spherical contact geometries result in ice load predictions that are multiple times higher than the corresponding measurements.
## 6 Conclusions and Implications
### Implications for Practitioners  
Given that a webtoon's success ultimately should be determined by the extent to which it is published, seen by customers, and expanded to other businesses such as games, webtoon service providers should design their services so they can adjust the contextual features to focus on the interactions between such factors and eWOM. Webtoon service providers who operate on online review sites should focus on online streaming contents' social validation and promote the volume and valence of eWOM proactively according to the characteristics of the online streaming content. For example, webtoon service platform providers should account for and adjust based on the author's experience, webtoon genre (drama or fantasy) and completion, transfer to a paid service, and the publication time when developing online streaming contents, and they should encourage users to log into their service accounts and participate in social interactions. To promote eWOM's effects on webtoon performance, service providers can consider adjusting the webtoon characteristics listed above in such a way that eWOM will affect the publication period and gamification positively. Online streaming content such as webtoons is causing greater service uncertainty for service providers, as customers must experience this content before deciding to subscribe to the service. Thus, service providers need to cope with service uncertainty and further their online streaming content services by accounting for service characteristics as well as customers' responses through eWOM.  
Our study suggests that online streaming content service providers should consider the author's experience, genre popularity, and webtoon completion (including suspension), all of which interact importantly with eWOM, to enhance their customers' responses. Furthermore, service providers should consider transfers to a paid services and unpopular publication times that interact with eWOM to reduce the service uncertainty of their online streaming content. Service providers with experienced authors who produce popular genres or offer paid services should consider promoting eWOM to a greater extent. They should also use methods that promote favorable evaluations of their offerings proactively based on past subscription performance and change their webtoon characteristics flexibly to produce more favorable responses to their online streaming content offerings.  
This research received no external funding.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.  
The author declares no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Datasets
#### 2.1.2 IstTraffic Dataset  
In the current work, a novel custom dataset named \"ISTTraffic\" was generated. The dataset can be accessed via the Kaggle website [38]. It is an open-source dataset that comprises an extensive and varied collection of traffic images mainly oriented towards vehicle detection. The traffic images in the dataset were captured by urban surveillance cameras in Istanbul, Turkiye. It contains a variety of urban traffic situations, including junctions, arterial highways, and expressways with varying camera angles and traffic volumes. Additionally, it encompasses a variety of weather conditions, such as sunny, rainy, and cloudy, and lighting conditions including day, night, and twilight. The image resolutions in the dataset range from 320 \(\times\) 176 to 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels. The dataset comprises four distinct categories of vehicles: car, shuttle, bus, and motorcycle.  
The dataset was generated by extracting frames from the urban traffic surveillance video streams of the Istanbul Municipality using the FFmpeg software v4.2.2. The real-time traffic surveillance video streams were accessed through the website \"https://uym.  
Figure 1: Overall architecture reflecting the collaborative relationships between different methods.  
ibb.gov.tr/\" (accessed on 22 November 2024). Between February and August 2023, a total of 1125 images were captured at various time intervals and under diverse weather conditions. The vehicles depicted in the images were denoted by enclosing them between rectangles that encompass the minimum possible area using a graphical image annotation tool, Labellmg. To achieve high-quality annotations, every visible object in the dataset was labeled, whether it was truncated, obscured, or extremely small. Figure 2 displays a selection of training samples from the labeled dataset.  
The dataset comprises 36,841 annotated instances in total with an average of 32.7 annotated instances per image. Table 1 presents detailed information about the dataset. It has the highest frequency of occurrence of the category 'car' with a total number of 27,991, followed by'shuttle' (4263), 'bus' (2630), and'motorcycle' (1957).  
The dataset primarily has two components: images in PNG format and labels in txt format. It is partitioned into subsets: 70% for training and 30% for validation. Figure 3 illustrates the distribution of vehicles throughout the validation and training datasets. A combined total of 26,380 and 10,461 vehicles are available for training and verification.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Class Name** & **Total Number of Instances** \\ \hline Car & 27,991 \\ Shuttle & 4263 \\ Bus & 2630 \\ Motorcycle & 1957 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Detailed information about the dataset.  
Figure 3: Distribution of vehicles within the validation and training datasets.  
Figure 2: Examples of the training samples from the labelled dataset.
# Replay Speech Detection Based on Dual-Input Hierarchical Fusion Network
## 5 Conclusions  
This work proposes a replay speech detection method based on a dual-input hierarchical fusion network. First, the model was designed with two inputs, namely, the original speech signal and the time-reversed speech signal, to increase the information content of the model input. Then, a classification network model was constructed, and the HFN architecture was introduced into the ASV anti-spoofing system for the first time. The HFN contained an HFM fusion module that can fuse the output of different residual blocks of the upper and lower network layers, effectively addressing the domain discrepancy problem between the training and test sets and improving the model's generality. The results show that our proposed network outperforms the baseline system provided in the ASVspoof 2021 PA task, as well as the systems of other participating teams, in min t-DCF.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Teams** & **Min t-DCF** & **EER (\%)** \\ \hline T07 [39] & 0.6824 & 24.25 \\ T16 & 0.7122 & 27.59 \\ T23 [42] & 0.7296 & 26.42 \\ T01 & 0.7446 & 28.36 \\ T04 & 0.7462 & 29.00 \\ Proposed method & **0.6708** & **24.46** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison with the experimental results of the top five participating teams in the ASVspoof 2021 challenge.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, C.H., R.Z. and Q.Y.; methodology, C.H.; software, C.H.; validation, C.H. and R.Z.; formal analysis, C.H.; investigation, C.H.; resources, R.Z.; data curation, R.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, C.H.; writing--review and editing, C.H., R.Z. and Q.Y.; visu-alization, Q.Y.; supervision, R.Z. and Q.Y.; project administration, R.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The ASVspoof 2021 PA dataset used in this paper is available through the following link: ([[https://zenodo.org/record/4834716](https://zenodo.org/record/4834716)]([https://zenodo.org/record/4834716](https://zenodo.org/record/4834716)) accessed on 13 March 2023).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Assessing Traffic-Flow Safety at Various Levels of Autonomous-Vehicle Market Penetration
## 3 Methodology
### Analysis Design  
In the experimental design, we introduced the analysis simulation environment and analysis scenarios and described how to set the input variables for the driving behavior of conventional and autonomous vehicles. The simulation environment of this study is the same as that of the NGSIM data. The analysis network is a straight, continuous-flow road consisting of a five-lane main road section with a total length of 640 m and a single-lane auxiliary lane between the exit and entrance intersections.  
After basic data pre-processing, such as removing outliers in speed and acceleration values, the traffic volume and spatial average speed were calculated, and it was found that 4824 vehicles were traveling during the analysis period, with a spatial average speed of 34.24 km/h. Based on the analysis results, the desired speed of the network was set at 30-50 km/h, considering the traffic conditions on the road, and the driving speed was allowed to change according to the traffic conditions. To avoid distorting the analysis results, the first 600 s of the total simulation time of 3300 s were not included in the analysis, and only the last 2700 s were analyzed.  
The analysis scenarios consisted of nine scenarios, with market penetration rates (MPR) ranging from 10% to 90% in 10% increments, and five simulations were run for each scenario.
# Battery Surface and Edge Defect Inspection Based on Sub-Regional Gaussian and Moving Average Filter
###### Abstract  
Detecting the defects of a battery on the surface and edge has always been difficult, especially for concave and convex ones, thereby seriously affecting its quality. Thus, sub-regional Gaussian and moving average filtering are innovatively proposed in this study considering the effect of the nonuniform background illumination of the battery edge and the difference between the edge background and the internal surface defects of the battery. The battery surface image is divided into two areas, namely, edge area \(W_{1}\) and inner area \(W_{2}\). Gaussian and moving average filtering are carried out row-by-row and column-by-column in the inner area \(W_{2}\) and the edge area \(W_{1}\), respectively. The algorithm is tested on 600 battery samples that mainly possess concave and convex defects. The proposed method has higher detection accuracy and lower omission detection rate than the traditional unpartitioned processing method, especially in detecting the accuracy of edge defects. The accuracy rates were approximately 20% higher than that obtained by the traditional processing algorithm. The proposed method has remarkable real-time performance that can process four \(8192\times 10\),\(240\) pixel battery images per second, thereby meeting the industrial production line speed requirements while satisfying accuracy. The proposed method has been applied in actual production for defect inspection.  
b  
battery defects; sub-regional; Gaussian filter; moving average filter; accuracy; real-time performance
# Evaluation of Water and Carbon Estimation Models in the Caatinga Biome Based on Remote Sensing
## 2 Material and Methods
### Data Processing and Analysis
#### 2.4.2 ET (SEBAL versus MOD16A2) Estimation
MOD16A2 provides, among other estimates, 8-day periods of accumulated ET with a spatial resolution of 500 m.
# Fast Frequency Acquisition and Phase Locking of Nonplanar Ring Oscillators
###### Abstract  
Optical phase locking is a critical technique in space coherent optical communication and active coherent laser beam combining. In a typical optical phase locking loop based on nonplanar ring oscillators, the pull-in range is normally less than 1 MHz, limited by loop delay and frequency tuning bandwidth of the laser source. Phase locking cannot be achieved at large initial frequency differences. In this work, a fast laser frequency acquisition method is demonstrated. The frequency difference between the signal and local lasers was measured via frequency dividing and period counting, and the frequency control signal was generated by a frequency discrimination and control module, to reduce the frequency difference to the pull-in range of the loop. Under the coordinating function of the loop filter and the frequency discrimination and control module, phase locking under a large initial frequency difference was achieved. The frequency acquisition range reached 164 MHz, and the acquisition and locking time was measured to be 440 ms. Additionally, the acquisition time was shortened with the decrease in initial frequency difference.  
optical phase-locking loop; frequency acquisition; coherent optical communication; frequency discrimination +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area  
Costa Rica is an interesting area for the investigation of vegetation bias in DEMs due to its geography. It forms part of the Central America isthmus; Nicaragua borders it in the north, Panama in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and the Caribbean Sea in the east. The country's continental area is 51,086 km\({}^{2}\) according to the National Geographic Institute of Costa Rica. The actual study area is a geographic quadrangle defined by longitudes 86.0\({}^{\circ}\)W and 82.5\({}^{\circ}\)W and latitudes 8.0\({}^{\circ}\)N to 11.3\({}^{\circ}\)N and slightly extends the continental area of Costa Rica and excludes Cocos Island. The distance between the Pacific and the Caribbean coasts can be as small as 120 km, while the highest peak of Costa Rica, Mt. Chirripo, reaches 3821 m above sea level. Much of the area, therefore, has steep slopes. The country is a pioneer among tropical countries in implementing conservation-oriented policies [14]; 27% of the country is protected forested area [15], while 44 ecological corridors cover 38% of the country's surface [16]. Most of the forested territory can be broadly categorised as dry and humid tropical forests, and according to the GFCH2019 model [17], 84% of the area has a vegetation height between 3 and 49 m.  
The topography of Costa Rica is shown in Figure 1 in terms of NASADEM elevations in (a) and computed slopes in (b). Cells with negative elevations are shown in cyan and mostly correspond to areas with swamps and mangrove forests. Considering only terrestrial cells, the mean elevation in the study area is 527 m, and the mean value for the slope is 11.2\({}^{\circ}\); a considerable area has slopes above 20\({}^{\circ}\). Additionally, as some scientific applications require a larger area, we applied the same approach for VB removal to compute CRDTM202 plus for the area between latitudes 0\({}^{\circ}\)N and 20\({}^{\circ}\)N and longitudes 94\({}^{\circ}\)W and 74\({}^{\circ}\)W (visualised in Supplementary S6). However, no validation was performed outside the study area in Costa Rica.
###### Abstract  
In this paper, a series of experiments assessing the moisture buffer value (MBV) of four internal wall assembly samples made from hygroscopic materials was performed. A modified Nordtest protocol was used. Moisture buffer values of all the investigated wall assemblies, with varying moisture loads in the range of 50% to 80%, showed a moderate moisture buffer value (MBV: 0.5-1.0 (g-m\({}^{-2.}\)%RH\({}^{-1}\))). The results showed that in a wall assembly where the MBV of the whole assembly is lower than the MBV of the outer layers, the moisture-buffering capacity of the inner layer is untapped. Outer layers affect inner layers by changing their moisture-buffering capacity, which in turn changes the overall performance of the whole assembly. In addition, it was observed that if the penetration depth value of the outer layer is greater than its thickness, vapour reaches into the deeper layer and wall assemblies made of layers with materials characterized by a lower value of penetration depth reach steady state more slowly. The WUFI Pro tool was used to compare the simulated and experimental results. Despite the discrepancies between these results, it offers a simplified method, helping designers make decisions about which materials to choose to improve the moisture-buffering effect.  
moisture buffer value; hygroscopic materials; hygrothermal properties; moisture penetration depth; WUFI
The workspace monitoring concept and the localization and positioning capabilities of the mobile platform were evaluated in  
Figure 1: Schematic of the manufacturing of a wind turbine blade [12]. various experiments ranging from static to highly dynamic scenarios [29]. The collaborative manipulator is equipped with an RGB-D camera (Intel-RealSense 435) and a radar module that works at 80 GHz with a 24 GHz bandwidth. Figure 2 shows the AIMM OMNIVIL. In this paper, we present an automated inspection process for wind turbine rotor blade manufacturing executed by the AIMM OMNIVIL. The focus is set on the robot control setup rather than the composite material analysis. Therefore, this work addresses motion planning, environmental perception, and the human-robot interaction. The following strategies are implemented towards a fully autonomous inspection of a rotor blade: (1) a novel path planning strategy for a zone-based navigation concept that enables an intuitive right or left driving behavior of the mobile platform without limiting the planning based navigation; (2) a novel method for surface orthogonal motion planning in connection with large scale structures; (3) therefore, the large-scale structures are divided into feasible subparts based on a workspace analysis, including the reachability and manipulability of the manipulator; (4) an overall execution strategy that controls the corresponding navigation and manipulation processes of the long-running inspection task. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 presents the control system, including the zone-based segmentation of the production environment, the path planning strategy, and the surface orthogonal motion planning. In Section 3, two experiments are carried out to validate the path planning strategy and the overall execution of the rotor blade inspection. Section 4 concludes the paper.
# Research on Shear Behavior of Sand-Structure Interface Based on Monotonic and Cyclic Tests
## 3 Monotonic Shear Tests
### Analysis and Discussion  
#### 3.2.1 The Influence of Interface Roughness on Shear Strength  
The interface shear strength of sand-steel with different roughness is fitted with the Mohr Coulomb criterion. Table 3 lists the shear strength parameters determined by the interface peak value and the residual shear strength fitting envelope.  
It is observed that when \(R_{n}\) increases from \(R_{n1}\) to \(R_{n2}\), the peak friction angle of loose sand and dense sand increases by 5.54\({}^{\circ}\) and 6.78\({}^{\circ}\), respectively, and the residual friction angle of the interface also increases significantly. However, when \(R_{n}\) increases from \(R_{n2}\) to \(R_{n3}\), \(\varphi_{0}\) of loose sand increases from 30.24\({}^{\circ}\) to 33.54\({}^{\circ}\), while the interface of dense sand only increases by 0.42\({}^{\circ}\). Additionally, the friction angle corresponding to the residual strength of the dense sand interface decreased slightly (\(\varphi_{r}\) = 35.43\({}^{\circ}\) to 33.82\({}^{\circ}\)). This shows that the roughness of the structural surface has a great influence on the strength of the interface. On the one hand, the shear strength parameter increases with the increase in the roughness of the structural surface, but the growth rate is gradually reduced. However, when the interface roughness is increased to \(R_{n2}\) and then increased, the peak friction angle of the interface hardly increases, which is especially significant for the dense sand interface. This also verified the results of [PERSON]'s [33] experimental research. In his research, he found a critical value of relative roughness, the critical roughness (\(R_{cr}\)). Additionally, the peak friction angle could no longer be readily enlarged when \(R_{n}\) was beyond \(R_{cr}\). Moreover, the shear shrinkage and dilatancy are more severe. On the other hand, as the roughness of the contact surface continues to increase, the difference between \(\varphi_{0}\) and \(\varphi_{r}\) of the dense sand-steel interface also increases. This also reflects that the rougher the interface between the relatively dense sand and the structure, the stronger the softening trend.
# Estimation of Antenna Pose in the Earth Frame Using Camera and IMU Data from Mobile Phones
## 2 Related Work  
There is a vast amount of literature related to pose estimation problems, and the most important and most closely related studies are those concerning visual pose estimation and visual-inertial  
Figure 1: The simple geometry and textureless surface of an antenna. (**a**) Antenna geometry (front view, right view, top view and bottom view); (**b**) seemingly corresponding edges in images do not coincide when back-projected onto the 3D geometry; (**c**) a few stable SIFT features are detected on antenna surfaces (the same antenna viewed from two angles).  
fusion. We will focus on techniques that specifically address visual pose estimation of rigid objects with known geometries and sparse textures, as well as techniques for camera-IMU calibration, which is a key component of visual-inertial fusion.