## 1 Introduction
During the 2018 water crisis in Cape Town, rainwater harvesting systems ensured a primary water supply [20], while in Mumbai and Los Angeles, this practice helps address scarcity, flooding, and recharge of local aquifers [11; 12]. In Quito, Ecuador, a pilot program demonstrated its effectiveness for domestic and agricultural uses. In Mexico, cities such as Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara are implementing these solutions to enhance water resilience, alleviating pressure on conventional water sources and optimizing infiltration and capture [15; 17; 21; 22]. These examples underscore the need for indicators that enable a more efficient selection of sustainable alternatives, optimizing benefits across different urban contexts. Using urban indicators has been essential in measuring the effectiveness of these sustainable solutions. Indicators such as rainwater storage capacity, water use efficiency, and surface runoff reduction have allowed cities to evaluate and adjust their water management strategies more precisely [23; 24]. However, significant gaps remain in integrating indicators that consider demographic factors, such as equitable access to water, local hydrological conditions, urban layout, and the feasibility of adapting gray infrastructure through LID [18; 20]. Consequently, this research proposes the need to develop a set of urban indicators that address the technical aspects of water management and integrate demographic and hydrological factors that influence cities' capacity to adapt and mitigate water scarcity and flooding. The novelty of this work is to propose and apply new indicators for water planning and management that take into account, at the same time,demographic factors, urban characteristics, and local hydrological conditions in order to provide a better diagnosis and a more complete analysis of the urban area to adapt new LID solutions to the existing infrastructure. The simplicity of these indicators makes them easy to apply and allows for generalization to other urban areas with similar characteristics, which are very common in the Global South. At present, in the study area, rainwater does not contribute directly to the recharge of aquifers due to significant urban impermeability. Instead, the resulting runoff is channeled into the drainage system, leading to flooding and pollution. As a result, using groundwater is not a practical option in the immediate future. The Cuautitlan-Pachuca aquifer is located in the geological province of the Mexican volcanic belt. It is dominated by rocks made up of layers of volcaniclastic sediments interlayered with lava materials that make up the aquitard [25]. This aquitard is the main water supply for residents and undergoes significant over-extraction as it also serves the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico [25]. With an annual recharge of 356.7 million m\({}^{3}\) versus a deficit of 58.37 million m\({}^{3}\), the aquifer is depleting at a rate of approximately 2.31 m/year [25]. Thus, seeking sustainable alternatives to combat water scarcity is crucial without depending solely on local sources. The purpose of the developed indicators is to suggest immediate solutions for self-consumption for populations experiencing water shortages, which stem from outdated infrastructure and poor water resource management. It is assumed that the harvested rainwater does not require treatment for domestic use. The work is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the features of the study area. Section 3 describes the process to obtain measurement parameters and propose indicators that evaluate current water management, considering urban, demographic, and hydrological characteristics. Section 4 applies the proposed indicators to assess and compare water management by adapting rooftop rainwater harvesting in the study area. Section 5 analyzes the sufficient water indicator by the rooftop surface depending on the water consumption needs to propose specific solutions to mitigate water scarcity.