esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Future Research Trends for ML-Based IRS-Assisted Wireless Communication
### Hybrid Communication Implementation  
Visible light communication (VLC) can also be a supporting technology to enhance the RF bandwidth [115]. A VLC/radio frequency (RF) hybrid technology can open new areas of research using IRS-based communication. As an example scenario, underwater communication can be a candidate for a hybrid communication system. Optical communication [116] can be used for data transmission in deep underwater and RF communication can be integrated to transmit data to the server near the surface. As IRS is based on the reflection of signals, it will work on both optical and RF waves.
# Dynamic Stability Finite Difference Time Domain Analysis of Landfill Based on Hypergravity Test
###### Abstract  
Earthquakes impact the stability of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, especially those with high water levels, and may further lead to disastrous landslides. Numerical analysis offers an efficient and cost-effective way to study the seismic stability of a landfill. In this study, the finite difference nonlinear analysis method was employed to meticulously evaluate the dynamic response of landfills under varying water levels and seismic intensities. The analysis was guided by the seismic instability and centrifuge test outcomes. The rationality of the computational model was verified by examining the responses of acceleration and pore pressure. Subsequently, the time history curve of the dynamic safety factor was derived from the dynamic response of landfills. The results indicated that a landfill was more susceptible to large earthquake effects, and its stability decreased as the water level rose, with the safety factor decreasing to a critical point under the coupling effect of strong earthquakes and high water levels. In contrast, the stability of the landfill with low water levels was good under weak earthquake conditions, with only a slight decrease in the safety factor observed. The seismic stability of a landfill was significantly influenced by both accumulative deformation and negative excess pore pressure. A certain degree of hysteresis in the landfill's instability was also observed compared to the earthquake loading process. The time history curve of the safety factor can offer a comprehensive insight into seismic stability under diverse conditions. Additionally, future research efforts are needed to better determine the values of strength parameters of MSW in seismic analysis.  
cap tridge test; finite difference; earthquake; high-water-level landfill; pore pressure; safety factor
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Minor Volatile Compounds
This last compound and hexanal depend significantly on the addition of the supplement and its interaction with the type of inoculation used for fermentation. In contrast, the decanal content does not depend on the supplement added to the must and its interaction with the type of inoculum. The remaining compounds of this chemical family are dependent on the factors considered and their interaction. The last group of minor volatiles consists of five compounds classified as terpen and C-13 norisoprenoids derived from grapes, where they are mainly found as non-volatile precursors. All these compounds have four HGs with the exception of geranyl acetone and ethyl dihydroajsonmate, which have three HGs. Only nerolidol is not dependent on the addition of the extract tested, while all the other compounds are significantly dependent on the two factors studied and their interaction. These results are related to a different effect of the extract added to the must depending on the yeast carrying the fermentation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **CAS** & **WY** & **WY + Act** & **AGGLO** & \begin{tabular}{c} **AGOLO +** \\ **Act** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **HG** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Y** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **A** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Y** \(\times\) **A** \\ \end{tabular}  & \ \begin{tabular}{c} **OPT** \\ \end{tabular}  & \begin{tabular}{c} **OS** \\ \end{tabular}  \\ \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{Alcohols (5)} & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Hexanol & 111-27-3 & 2272 \(\pm\) 168  & 2814 \(\pm\) 228  & 1265 \(\pm\) 502  & 3973 \(\pm\) 502  & 3 & ns & *** & *** & 8000  & 3 \\
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol & 104-76-7 & 980 \(\pm\) 86  & 855 \(\pm\) 45  & 369 \(\pm\) 81  & 3 & ** & *** & *** & 8000  & 5 \\ Octanol & 111-87-5 & 266 \(\pm\) 4  & 267 \(\pm\) 6  & 94 \(\pm\) 33  & 3 & * & *** & *** & 8000  & 8 \\ Decanol & 112-30-1 & 69 \(\pm\) 1  & 71 \(\pm\) 8  & 24 \(\pm\) 6  & 2 & *** & *** & *** & 400  & 8 \\ Dodecanol & 112-53-8 & 149 \(\pm\) 15  & 141 \(\pm\) 10  & 63 \(\pm\) 17  & 187 \(\pm\) 17  & 3 & * & *** & *** & 1000 [FOOT  
The data matrix built with the contents of the 32 quantified minor volatiles was subjected to a PCA, the results of which are plotted in Figure 3. The first two principal components explain 89.7% of the total variance provided by this matrix (PC1 57.37 and PC2 32.33%), and the scores for each component of the wine samples show a clear clustering of them. In this regard, WY and WY + Act are closely grouped on the positive side of PC1, indicating their high degree of similarity. In contrast, AGGLO is located on the negative side of PC1, while AGGLO + Act shows positive scores for PC1 and PC2, which is related to the higher influence of the supplement added to the must before its fermentation with this flocculant yeast.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Hydrodynamic Performance of TLC Reactor
#### 4.2.1 Velocity Magnitude
From the algae cell productivity point of view, the TLC reactor is the better choice in comparison to the conventional raceway ponds because of the smooth streamlined pattern, thus eliminating the need for flow deflectors to make the flow streamline. Moreover, the higher velocity magnitude or turbulent flow in a thin-layer cascade reactor promotes the vigorous mixing of the cells in comparison to raceway ponds, where low liquid velocities results in high dead zone volume, thereby directly affecting the algae cell productivity.
## 4 Simulation and Discussion
### Simulation Results Comparison and Discussion
The peak RMSE of Scenario 1 has almost the biggest lateral maneuver caused by bank angle jumping from \(20^{\circ}\) to \(0^{\circ}\) or from \(0^{\circ}\) to \(-20^{\circ}\), which means that the algorithms based on modified aerodynamic model are capable of tracking HGV effectively at good accuracy even in biggest maneuvering stage. The simulation indicates the modified HGV aerodynamic model is effective for HGV tracking with unknown bank angle and unknown attack angle. Furthermore, the proposed method for modeling rates of changes of the control variables is more effective than multiple model methods. The trackingalgorithm based on the modified aerodynamic model and radar measurement model has good tracking performance with good accuracy and little computational cost. Thus, this new proposed MAM algorithm is cost-effective for HGV tracking.
## 3 USPVPs Power Inverters  
### USPVPs Retrofit Requirements to Apply EL on-Site  
Several automatic tools must be introduced in a USPVP in order to perform the EL image processing technique diagnosis successfully, leading the PV panels to the 4 th quadrant working area sequentially, and in the right order.  
Firstly, it is mandatory to have a way of getting the EL images with the required requisites, being the optical device installed in a drone, vehicle, tripod, etc. Afterwards, the images taken by the camera will be sent to a central controller site, where they will be saved, post-processed, and a final diagnosis will be obtained.  
On the other hand, the power electronics inverter will have to fulfil a list of requirements to allow the direct polarisation of the PV panel strings and lead them to the 4 th quadrant for the EL evaluation. Following, the characteristics that must fulfil the power converters are pointed out.  
* **Working-mode as a current source:** the inverter must be able to work as a power supply with the capability of producing the PV panel string \(I_{sc}\) at a voltage near the PV panel open-circuit value, \(V_{oc}\). Therefore, the inverter must have a completely bidirectional feature.
* **Starting-up without irradiation:** in order to avoid parasitic light irradiance and PV plant power losses, all tests must be carried out during sunrise, sunset or at right. Therefore, the DC-Link precharge of the inverter must be done from the alternating current (AC) grid side, instead of doing it in the usual way, from the PV panels. Consequently, the PV inverter must include a precharge mechanism from its grid side.
* **PV string sequencing:** especially in the cases of large solar inverters, the number of PV string arrays in parallel can be considerable, covering a large ground area. Thus, it is desirable to apply direct polarisation to a single fraction of all panels connected to the inverter, limiting the action area, and therefore minimising the power needed to carry out the EL inspection. Therefore, it is recommended to replace isolators with several lower power automatic switches connected to one or a few strings.
# Enhancing Survival Analysis Model Selection through XAI(t) in Healthcare
## 4 Discussion
### Dataset-Level Explanations
#### Model-Level Explanations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable** & **Coef.** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Exp.** \\ **Coef.** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Se.** \\ **Coef.** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Z** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Pr.. z..** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Malignancy & 1.83 & 6.21 & 0.29 & 6.30 & 2.89 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-10}\) \\ Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy & 1.41 & 4.08 & 0.48 & 2.92 & 0.00 \\ COPD & 0.53 & 1.70 & 0.14 & 3.81 & 1.37 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\ Renal dysfunction & 0.56 & 1.75 & 0.15 & 3.81 & 1.37 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-4}\) \\ Age & 1.37 & 3.94 & 0.18 & 7.75 & 9.28 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-15}\) \\ Anemia & 0.40 & 1.49 & 0.15 & 2.73 & 0.01 \\ Atrial fibrillation & 0.37 & 1.45 & 0.23 & 1.64 & 0.10 \\ Heart failure & 0.35 & 1.41 & 0.28 & 1.24 & 0.22 \\ Diabetes & 0.11 & 1.12 & 0.14 & 0.78 & 0.43 \\ Sex & 0.30 & 1.35 & 0.16 & 1.81 & 0.07 \\ Hypertension & 0.02 & 1.02 & 0.13 & 0.15 & 0.88 \\ Cardiovascular disease & \(-\)0.01 & 0.99 & 0.19 & \(-\)0.06 & 0.95 \\ BMI categories & \(-\)0.07 & 0.93 & 0.06 & \(-\)1.12 & 0.26 \\ Cholesterol categories & \(-\)0.08 & 0.92 & 0.10 & \(-\)0.83 & 0.41 \\ Valvular disease & \(-\)0.02 & 0.98 & 0.42 & \(-\)0.05 & 0.96 \\ SaO\({}_{2}\) min & \(-\)0.01 & 0.99 & 0.01 & \(-\)1.16 & 0.25 \\ AHI & \(-\)0.01 & 0.99 & 0.00 & \(-\)1.54 & 0.12 \\ Years of CPAP & \(-\)0.13 & 0.87 & 0.03 & \(-\)5.06 & 4.11 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Cox proportional hazards matrix with features sorted by hazard ratio in descending order. Figure 11: Time-dependent feature importance for the log hazard model, obtained by subtracting the full model Brier score from the Brier score after single feature permutations. related to OSA pathology, such as the minimum oxygenation level ( SaO2 min) and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), which gained importance over the observation period. In light of this, the use of SurvSHAP may lead clinicians to assess that, for parity of performances, the results of the LH model are more reliable here. Ultimately, the results of the LH model are also more useful since the AHI and SaO2 min are directly derived from polysomography and more relevant features compared to the presence of malignancies or dilated cardiomyopathy, which are rarer conditions in the population (thus making these data not always applicable). A summary of the differences between the CPH and LH models from an XAI(t) perspective is depicted in Table 5.
###### Abstract
The worldwide coverage experiment, depleted scenarios test and observation station statistics fully verified the effectiveness of the proposed method. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the baseline ARAIM user algorithm, including the computational complexity and potential performance hazards with multi-constellation. Section 3 analyzes the dynamic performance differences of four GNSS constellations and proposes the ARAIM method with constellation dynamic selection. Experiment test and analysis are given in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 is the conclusion.
### Contribution  
The purpose of this work is to improve the ability of researchers to analyze emotions in literature by providing a fine-grained emotion detection dataset and classifier. Further, we want to advance the state-of-the-art in emotion classification by providing a methodology that helps to develop emotion datasets. We tackle the issue of the existing emotion classification literature datasets being small and annotated with coarse, rather than fine-grained, labels. We overcome the challenge of how hard and expensive it is to annotate emotions in general, but harder in literature, by using a semi-supervised approach.  
Our main contribution is a semi-supervised approach for creating multi-label emotion classification datasets, which we believe can be applied to similar problems, especially within the cultural heritage domain and other domains with a high cost of annotation. This approach can be used to create large balanced datasets without any human labeling.  
Our second contribution is the dataset itself, with 38 fine-grained emotion labels, and its respective taxonomy and definitions that can be used for further research in emotion classification as well as for research related to improving the quality of semi-supervised data, such as methods for dealing with noisy labels. It includes more emotion labels than any other dataset, with GoEmotions [13] having only 27 and the only other literature sentence-level emotion detection dataset, Tales, only having 5 emotions. Similar to GoEmotions, but unlike Tales, it is also multi-label. Despite this, it still manages to have a balanced number of examples per label, which GoEmotions does not. We also provide an analysis of emotion correlation and emotion sentiment on our dataset that can serve to further inform future work in emotion detection and refine emotion taxonomies  
Our final contribution is the model trained on our dataset, evaluated in multiple common scenarios and public benchmark datasets. The evaluation shows that the model trained on our dataset performs on par with models trained on crowdsourced datasets, and it provides good zero and few-shot transfer ability. Making the model public gives researchers in other fields, especially those analyzing literature, the necessary tools to perform emotion detection.  
Our main contributions can be summarized as follows:  
* A novel semi-supervised approach capable of creating fine-grained multi-label emotion classification datasets;
* A large, balanced dataset with 38 fine-grained emotion labels, surpassing existing datasets;
* A more comprehensive taxonomy and definitions for emotion detection from text;
* Analysis of emotion correlation and sentiment within the dataset, informing future work in emotion detection;
* Publicly available, easy-to-use trained models for researchers.
# Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Multi-Keyword Search over Outsourced Data
## 2 System Model and Security Requirements
### Security Requirements  
The cloud server holds the encrypted documents and ciphertext indexes of users. In the honest-but-curious model, the cloud server can perform multi-keyword search according to the user's request, but it may be curious about the sensitive information of outsourced documents. That is, the cloud server may try to deduce some information from the outsourced documents, ciphertext indexes, and search trapdoors.  
A secure PRMS scheme needs to satisfy the following requirements.  
Figure 1: System model.  
* _Data privacy:_ The documents should be outsourced in ciphertext format, so that the cloud server cannot infer any sensitive information about outsourced documents.
* _Keyword privacy:_ The cloud server should not be able to determine whether a specific keyword is relevant to an outsourced document according to encrypted document, encrypted index and search trapdoors.
* _Trapdoor unlinkability:_ The cloud server should not be able to identify whether two search trapdoors are generated from the same query.
* _Multiple types of keywords:_ Each document can be associated with multiple types of keywords, and can be searched according to each type of keywords.
* _Efficiency:_ Due to the limited computation capability of data owner and data user, the data processing and query generation phases cannot contain resource-intensive computations.
# Spectrum Allocation Based on an Improved Gravitational Search Algorithm
## 3 Technologies
### Critical Technologies
#### 3.1.3 Position Modification  
The resource allocation scheme \(A\) is interference-free. However, in the process of the particle evolution or pattern move, the particle position or mesh point (spectrum allocation schemes) may not satisfy the interference constraints anymore, hence it needs to be corrected. The rule of modification is: for any spectrum \(m\), if \(c_{n,k,m}=1\), then check the \(n\) and \(k\) rows in \(m\) column of allocation scheme matrix \(A\), if they are all \(1\), it is necessary to set one of these two elements (\(a_{n,m}\) or \(a_{k,m}\)) to zero equal-probably. Then the spectrum allocation scheme \(A\) would be interference free.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Egg Quality Measurement  
A total of 306 eggs were collected during the experiment. The collected eggs (18 eggs/group: 3 eggs/cage, 6 cages/lot; each cage representing a sample) were analyzed at the end of the experiment (2 months) to evaluate the impact of microalgae-based diets, specifically those containing chlorella and spirulina, on the fatty acid composition. The antioxidant profile of the yolk, as well as the internal and external quality parameters of the eggs, were determined at the end of the experiment (8 weeks) using a Digital Egg Tester DET-6500 (NABEL Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). First, the eggs were weighed whole and then cracked, and the yolsk were separated from the albumen and shell; every yolk was rolled onto a paper towl to remove any adherent albumen or chalazae membrane as described by [22]. Each egg component was weighed with a Kern scale (precision 0.001). The yolk color intensity was measured using the portable colorimeter 3 nh YS3020 (Shenzhen ThreeNH Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), and the temperature and pH of yolk and albumen were measured using a portable pH meter (Five Go F2-Food, Greifensee, Switzerland) and Haugh unit. After measuring the internal and external quality parameters of the eggs, the yolk samples were dried for 48 h at a constant temperature of 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C in an oven (ECOCELL Blueline Comfort, Nuremberg, Germany) for further chemical analysis, such as the concentration of \(\beta\)-carotene (\(\mu\)g/g), total polyphenols (mg/g GAE), antioxidant activity (expressed as DPPH % inhibition and \(\mu\)M Trolox), fatty acid profile (g acid/100 g total FAME), and cholesterol concentration (g/egg).  
To assess the yolk color stability after boiling, at the end of the experiment, 90 eggs were collected (10 eggs/group, 30 eggs/period) and boiled for 10, 15, and 20 min, respectively.
# Augmented Reality Applications in Industry 4.0 Environment
## 3 Methodology  
The space in which AR applications are developed has exploded in recent years. The same situation is observed with respect to AR applications that facilitate the application of I4.0 concepts in an industrial environment. The great variety of applications not only renders it difficult but also requires a lot of time to find the best solution when choosing and applying the application in an industrial environment. In order to address this issue, this article provides an overview:  
1. Areas in which most of the work have been conducted so far;
2. Devices in which most of the tests in the field of AR have been conducted so far;
3. Implemented tracking methods;
4. Roadmap for implementation of AR in companies;
5. An overview of future research areas that might be of interest for experimentation.  
The presented results and identified advantages and disadvantages should serve as assistance and encourage companies to start the development and implementation of solutions in this area, as well as to overcome teething troubles in the application of AR in their business. The research methodology adopted in this paper is based on three consecutive steps (Figure 2).  
The first step involves a comprehensive search of publications. The research was conducted in the field of AR applications and their implementation in industrial environments presents the current trends in this field of technology. The terms \"augmented reality\", \"AR\", \"Industry 4.0\" and \"14.0 sequences\" are searched on Google Scholar, Science Direct and the web in general. These terms are searched in the title, keywords or abstract. Only  
Figure 2: Research methodology.  
papers written in English describing specific AR applications developed and applied in an industrial environment are included regardless of the year of publication. Review articles, irrelevant studies (on the research question), non-academic publications (commercial literature and posters with reports) and duplicate studies are excluded.  
This was followed by an evaluation of the publications found. A detailed analysis of the publications was performed according to different criteria in order to gain insight into AR applications that support the application of I4.0 concepts in industrial environments. This step provides an overview of current trends, advantages and limitations of existing AR applications in industrial environments. Finally, the process of implementing AR applications in companies is presented in the third step and possible future research areas in the development of AR applications that can further facilitate and improve the usability and adoption of I4.0 concepts in industrial environments are also identified.
# Multi-Device to Multi-Device (MD2 MD) Content-Centric Networking Based on Multi-RAT Device
## 4 Performance Evaluation and Analysis
### Result of Performance Evaluation
When the total number of devices changes, and when the ratio of the number of devices satisfying the user requirements changes, it was found that the average connection time was smaller with the proposed method than with the existing method. With the proposed method, because there is no need for the AP scan process, which consumes the most time among the many processes, a fast connection can be established in an environment in which only target devices are present, as well as in an environment in which both target and non-target devices are present. With both the existing method and proposed method, there are slight variations depending on the environment. However, the proposed method was found to be superior to the existing method in various circumstances because there are relatively few values that change due to environmental factors. Figure 16: Average connection times according to total number change. Figure 15: Average connection times according to ratio change. The lengths of time consumed by requests and responses by Bluetooth Beacon were also measured to verify the scenario of MD2 MD content delivery. The average consumed time was obtained by repeating each process 200 times. The result is as shown in Figure 17. The time required for the device to receive a Response Beacon after sending a Request Beacon is 0.69 s.