## 2 Materials and Methods  
This study employs a systematic experimental approach to evaluate the performance of four routing protocols, QOS-AODV, GPSR, CM-QOS-AODV, and CM-GPSR, under varying traffic generation conditions in a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) environment [20]. The VANET scenarios are based on the roads of Changlun City. Changlun City is a medium-sized city located in the northern region of Malaysia and crossed by the Northern Malaysian Highway. The road situation in Changlun is a city with an inner road crossed by a highway. Thus, the experiments were conducted in a controlled simulation setting using a network simulator based on OMNeT++, which allows for the creation of a hybrid VANET scenario. Parameters like node density, mobility patterns, and network topology are meticulously defined to ensure that the simulations accurately reflect real-world conditions. The standard implementations of QOS-AODV and GPSR are enhanced with Traffic-Oriented (TOM) and Delay-Efficient (DEM) optimization profiles. These profiles adjust the routing parametersto optimize for throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR) while minimizing delay. The TOM profile focuses specifically on enhancing throughput, whereas the DEM profile seeks a balance between throughput, PDR, and delay, enabling a comparative analysis of their effectiveness in different scenarios. Traffic generation is configured using burst applications, where nodes generate packets directed toward specific destinations. The volume of traffic is controlled through adjustable time intervals between packet transmissions. Different traffic loads are systematically tested to assess the impact on protocol performance, with scenarios including low, medium, and high traffic conditions. The Chameleon Method is an adaptive tuning strategy designed to dynamically adjust routing protocol parameters based on real-time traffic conditions and network delay. It monitors traffic density and end-to-end delay to determine whether to maintain default settings or switch to optimized profiles. Under light traffic, baseline parameters are retained; in moderate traffic, parameters are adjusted to balance delay and throughput; and in high-density scenarios, the method activates either the Delay-Efficient Model (DEM) to minimize delay and improve PDR or the Throughput-Oriented Model (TOM) if high throughput is prioritized. This adaptive logic ensures robust protocol performance in both urban and highway VANET environments. This approach allows for a robust examination of how varying traffic generations affect the routing protocols' efficiencies. To ensure a comprehensive evaluation, the Taguchi method is employed in the experimental design [22]. This statistical approach optimizes performance by systematically varying multiple factors and analyzing their interactions. The Taguchi method aids in determining the optimal combination of traffic generation parameters that maximizes throughput, minimizes delay, and improves PDR across the evaluated protocols. By employing this methodology, this study not only identifies significant performance metrics but also provides insights into the most influential factors affecting the routing protocols in VCNs. The collected data is analyzed to identify trends and patterns in performance across the different protocols and configurations. Statistical methods are employed to determine the significance of observed differences in performance metrics, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the results, as shown in Figure 2. By following this method, this study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the performance dynamics of the routing protocols in the context of VCNs, ultimately guiding future research and protocol development. The Taguchi Optimization Method (TOM) was used to measure the effects of a routing protocol's parameters on the VANET performances.