esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 5 Related Work
AVANTSSAR (Automated VAlidatioN of Trust and Security of Service-oriented ARchitectures) introduces a platform supporting the validation of trust and security aspects of service-oriented architectures and automated techniques to reason about services composition security [35]. One of the proposed tools, the SAT-based Model Checker [36, 37], was recently used to identify a security flaw in the SAML-based Single-Sign-On protocol for Google Applications [38]. The SPaCIoS (Secure Provision and Consumption in the Internet of Services) project concentrates on the problem of providing security in a complex service ecosystem [39]. It aims to provide a solution and new generation analyzers for automated security validation of services not only at production time, but also at deployment and consumption times. SPaCIoS tries to combine technologies for penetration testing, security testing, model checking, and automatic learning. Moreover, the project ANIKETOS (Ensuring Trustworthiness and Security in Service Composition) provides service developers and providers with a secure service development framework [40]. Such a framework includes methods, tools, and security services that support the design-time creation and runtime composition of secure services in environments where both services and threats are evolving. Finally, the project ASSERT4 SOA (Advanced Security Service cERTificate for SOA) aims to define and develop a certification infrastructure dealing with both test-based and model-based certification to provide a certificate-aware SOA [41]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed another interesting approach to find security flaws in a number of key exchange, authentication, and non-repudiation protocols [42; 43; 44]. Their approach is supported by the Simple Homomorphism Verification Tool [45]. Another important area of research analyzes the computation of test results at service invocation time and the definition of enhanced UDDI supporting QoS. [PERSON] _et al._ propose an enhanced UDDI server specification to manage check-in and check-out testing for services [46]. In particular, the check-in test is performed when the service is first registered in the system, while the check-out test is done when the service receives a request from a user. [PERSON] presented a new service discovery model taking into account both functional and non-functional requirements and proposes a QoS certifier responsible to check the claims made by the service provider [47]. [PERSON] _et al._ illustrate an architecture based on a QoS broker for efficient Web services selection [48]. After the verification of the service by the broker, the client can select services on the basis of its QoS requirements. In this paper, we focused on security certification and on the definition of a discovery process that considers the certified properties and the way in which these properties are proven to hold.
## 4 Case study  
### General Presentation  
To test and validate the QHAR, we applied it to a manufacturing workshop, consisting of (see Figure 7):  
* Three workstations:
* A CNC-machining center, capable of machining different parts and driven by an operator;
* a drilling station, held by an operator;
* an assembly station, driven by an operator assisted by a cobot, and
* an AGV equipped with a robot arm.  
Each of the three workstations is driven by an operator. An operator may provide assistance to another workstation than their own, if necessary, and may also be involved in the transportation of parts and products. A person is responsible for the overall management of the workshop. They are equipped with a planning tool (ERP), as well as a tool for launching and monitoring production orders (MES).  
The workshop is supplied with energy by a public network, and may also use locally produced energy. The parts processed in this workshop do not all have the same production routing; hence, each part is associated with information of its production routing and handles the execution of operations of this routing by negotiating with the manufacturing or transportation resources. The production routing information is updated regularly. For  
Figure 6: Interaction sequence diagram in case where default resource indicated for an operation is not available.  
reasons of simplicity, external actors (e.g., customers, suppliers, subcontractors) were not included in the modeling.
## 4 Results
### Analysis of Power Consumption by Communication Module  
The power consumption was evaluated by measuring the current and voltage with a multi-meter. The ESP32 can be a relatively power-hungry device, depending on its state; the ESP32 was powered by a 3200 mAh battery in the earlier stage of the experiment. The solution here was to reduce the ESP32's power usage by leveraging one of its sleep modes. The battery life could be dramatically extended as the node does not need to always be active. The advanced power management of ESP32 offers five configurable power modes. The chip can switch between different power modes according to the power requirement: active mode, modem sleep mode, light sleep mode, deep sleep mode, and hibernation mode. Each mode has its distinct features and power-saving capabilities.  
Figure 8: Comparisons of lifetime and average energy consumption of sensor nodes between standard LEACH and improved LEACH protocol in (**a,b**), respectively.  
Figure 9: Throughput comparison between standard LEACH and improved LEACH protocol.  
Active mode is the normal state of ESP32. In this mode, all of the features of the chip, especially the Wi-Fi module, the processing cores, and the Bluetooth module, are ON at all times. The chip requires more than 240 mA in current to operate in this state. From the ESP32 datasheet, it is clear that the power consumption during the active power mode, with RF working, is Wi-Fi Tx packet at 13 dBm, a transmitter power of 160 mA, and Wi-Fi Rx and listening of 120 mA. This is the least efficient option and will consume the most power. To conserve power, there is a need to disable them by leveraging one of the other power modes when not in use.  
Table 1 shows the various power modes of the ESP32 and their respective power consumption. Table 1 reveals that the ESP32 in the deep sleep mode could be leveraged while the device is not in use. The CPU, most of the RAM, and all digital peripherals are powered off in this mode. If the ULP coprocessor is powered on to 10 \(\mu\)A, the chip consumes roughly 0.15 mA.  
For data transmission, to monitor the receiving (Rx) and transmitting (Tx) mode current, an approach of 10 min intervals was presented, and the voltage difference between the Rx and Tx mode was measured with an oscilloscope. The voltage difference (V) of 640 mV and 1920 mV for Rx and Tx modes was measured. Assuming a resistor (R) of 10 \(\Omega\) (ohms) connected in series, the current consumption of 64 mA for Rx mode and 192 mA for Tx mode was calculated. Figure 10 depicts the timing diagram of the sensor node operation regime.  
The sensor node is set up to run in three stages: sleep for 590 s, wake up to collect sensor data from sensors, transfer the data packet to the master node, and sleep again after the data have been delivered. Five bytes of temperature and humidity sensor data are transferred between master, intermediate, and slave nodes.
# Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on the Solid-State Diffusion Bonding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy
## 1 Introduction
Surface treatments of aluminum substrates such as wiping with acetone or immersion in dilute sodium hydroxide [25] have been proposed to remove or disrupt the continuous oxide layer so that metallic bonds can be created in localized areas; however, the pre-treatment process of the sample surface limits the applicability of this approach. [PERSON] et al. [26] used a 1 keV argon ion beam cleaning for 120 min to remove the oxide on aluminum during the low-temperature diffusion bonding of pure aluminum. The best tensile strength of 62.3 MPa can be obtained bonded at 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 3 h under the pressure of 10 MPa. In order to overcome the problem of the oxide on aluminum, [PERSON] et al. [27] used a large deformation hot roll joining method to join 1060 aluminum alloy at a high temperature of 550-600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The bonding strength of about 83-114 MPa was obtained. Heat treatment, on the other hand, is widely applied to aluminum alloys so as to obtain desirable mechanical properties by means of optimizing the metallurgical microstructure [28]. The strengthening processes of various kinds of binary or ternary system aluminum alloys, which primarily contain Mg, Cu, Si, and Zn [29], usually involve the formation of a supersaturated solid solution by heating the material within a certain range (solution heat treating) and subsequent quenching, followed by age hardening treatment to form intermetallic precipitates in the matrix [30]. These aluminum alloys are precipitation-strengthened due to the obstruction of the movement of dislocations during deformation by coherent clusters within the matrix. The present paper focuses on diffusion bonding of commercial AA6061, which is precipitation-strengthened by Al-Mg-Si IMCs, and the joint is further strengthened by the post-weld heat treatment based on the temper grades of T4 and T6 [28], which were originally implemented for the purpose of strengthening the base material. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of diffusion bonding of AA 6061 to form large area joints for various engineering configurations, and the effects of PWHT on the diffusion bonded AA 6061 joints were investigated. The joints of AA 6061 plates were formed by solid-state diffusion bonding, and the joint strength was evaluated by shear test. Bonding parameters are suggested in this study, and the effects of PWHT with temper grades of T4 and T6 (T4- and T6-PWHT) on the mechanical properties of the joints were correlated with the morphology of the fracture surfaces after shear tests.
# Research on Tracking Technique Based on BPSK-CSK Signals
## 2 Materials and Methods
### A BPSK-CSK Signal Tracking Method Based on Time-Division Multiplexing  
The tracking method of this paper is shown in Figure 4, which consists of the carrier loop and the code loop. The difference with the traditional tracking loop is that the carrier loop updates the loop state intermittently, and the phase detector only updates the carrier loop phase error and the code ring phase error during the BPSK cycle.  
In Figure 4, the whole tracking framework of the BPSK-CSK signal is represented. The input digital IF signal is restricted to the carrier loop replicated by the carrier for mixing and multiplying, which is multiplied by the sinusoidal replicated carrier in the I-branch, and multiplied by the cosine replicated carrier in the Q-branch; the mixing results of the I and Q-branch are, respectively, correlated to the \(E\), \(P\), and \(L\) codes after the code loop shifting, and the six coherent integral values are obtained after integral clearing. The six coherent integral values are obtained, and \(I_{P}\) and \(Q_{P}\) are input into the carrier phase discriminator and carrier loop filter to maintain the consistency of the local and received carrier phases; \(I_{E}\), \(I_{L}\), \(Q_{E}\), and \(Q_{L}\) are input into the code phase discriminator and code loop filter to maintain the consistency of the local and received code phases.
# Flexible Simulation Platform for Generating Realistic Waveforms with Voltage Notches
## 4 Analysis of Key Parameter Dependencies, Limitations, and Impacts
### Impact of Key Parameters on Voltage Notch Waveforms  
To analyze the impact of key parameters on voltage notch waveforms, five scenarios are simulated using the scheme outlined in Figure 3, incorporating various components as described in Table 5. The six-pulse controlled rectifier is enabled in all scenarios, as it is the source of voltage notches. Simulations for each scenario are conducted under rated conditions of \(U_{s}=400\) V and \(f_{s}=50\) Hz. These values are chosen to align with available voltage notch measurements from German LV networks, though the simulation platform allows flexibility to modify these parameters for different rated conditions.
## 2 Wind Data in Taizhou  
### Reference Wind Pressure  
Along the southeast coast of China, typhoon and tropical storm landfall are frequent, and the terrain is complex and mountainous. In the design of building structures, the value of the reference wind pressure has a great influence on the safety and economy of the structure. However, due to historical reasons, local weather stations with a long time history are few in number, so the reference wind pressure could not be determined only based on observation data.  
In the \"Load code for the design of building structures (GB50009-2012)\", only four reference wind pressures were given for Taizhou, Zhejiang Province. They were Kuocangshan in Linhai (the reference wind pressure is 0.90 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\)), Hongjia in Jiaojiang District (the reference wind pressure is 0.55 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\)), Xiaadchen in Jiaojiang District (the reference wind pressure is 1.45 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\)), and Kannen in Yuhuan County (the reference wind pressure is 1.20 \(\mathrm{kN/m^{2}}\)) (as shown in Table 1 and Figure 1). The wind speed data of Xiaadchen and Kanmen were collected on the island; the wind speed data of Kuocangshan were collected at the top of a mountain at an elevation of more than 1000 m above the sea level; the wind speed data of these three sites were of no reference significance to the structural design in urban areas of Taizhou. The only one that can be used for building structure design was reference wind pressure at Hongjia in Jiaojiang District. The geographical location and topography of Taizhou determine that the design wind pressure varies from countryside to the city center in Taizhou, and even from street to street in the same district. Therefore, it is of great importance to carry out CFD modeling tasks to simulate the wind velocity field associated with extreme wind events and in turn, the basic wind pressure of every county, city, district, and street in Taizhou.
# Performance Evaluation of Random Access Methods for IoT-over-Satellite
## 3 Method  
### System Model  
The emulation model developed in this work capture the elements of practical IoT-over-Satellite links consisting of:  
* Terrestrial IoT devices/sensors.
* Other IoT devices contributing to co-channel interference.
* Satellite constellation, where the satellites act as the gateway (base station).  
The emulator generates transmissions that jointly share a random access channel capitalizing on different access methods that are detailed in Section 3.3. Moreover, the developed framework capitalizes on a Matlab-scripted emulator [42] to generate LoRa transmissions for the IoT devices. The block diagram of the utilized model is illustrated in Figure 3. Note that, in this paper, we evaluate the performance based on the LoRa physical layer, however, this framework can also accommodate other LPWAN technologies by incorporating different physical layer protocols instead of the LoRa protocol used in this paper. The aggregated terrestrial interference is assumed to be incorporated within the background noise. This is due to different modulation and coding schemes that originate from the different signals in the shared spectrum [43]. On the other hand, terrestrial LoRa interference is already considered within the ground IoT devices. The details of the framework including the geometric model, availability, and channel models are detailed in the following subsections.  
Figure 3: Block diagram of the presented LoRa IoT-over-Satellite emulation framework. The uplink performance is estimated based on practical environment parameters.
# Message Passing Detectors for UAV-Based Uplink Grant-Free NOMA Systems
###### Abstract  
Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as mobile access points or base stations has emerged as a promising solution to address the excessive traffic demands in wireless networks. This paper investigates improving the detector performance at the unmanned aerial vehicle base stations (UAV-BSs) in an uplink grant-free non-orthogonal multiple access (GF-NOMA) system by considering the activity state (AS) temporal correlation of the different user equipments (UEs) in the time domain. The Bernoulli Gaussian-Markov chain (BG-MC) probability model is used for exploiting both the sparsity and slow change characteristic of the AS of the UE. The GAMP Bernoulli Gaussian-Markov chain (GAMP-BG-MC) algorithm is proposed to improve the detector performance, which can utilize the bidirectional message passing between the neighboring time slots to fully exploit the temporally correlated AS of the UE. Furthermore, the parameters of the BG-MC model can be updated adaptively during the estimation procedure with unknown system statistics. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the detection accuracy compared to existing methods while keeping the same order complexity.  
u +
Footnote †: journal:  
0000-0002-12 July 2024
# Effect of Tuned Spring on Vibration Control Performance of Modified Liquid Column Ball Damper
## 2 Mathematical Modelling  
### Tuned Liquid Column Ball Spring Damper (TLCBSD)  
The schematic diagram of a TLCBSD attached to a single-degree freedom structure is shown in Figure 1. The U-shaped TLCBSD consists of a ball attached to a spring in the horizontal portion of the tube. Two arrangements of the TLCBSD are proposed. In the first arrangement, the ball attached to the spring can only slide, and this type of damper is called a tuned liquid column ball spring sliding damper (TLCBSSD). In the second arrangement, the spring is attached to a ball in such a way that it allows for both translational and rotational motion of the ball, as shown in Figure 2. This type of arrangement is called a tuned liquid column ball spring rolling damper (TLCBSRD).  
Figure 1: Structure with a tuned liquid column ball spring sliding damper (TLCBSSD).
# Niching Global Optimisation: Systematic Literature Review
## 2 Niching Paradigms
### Parallel Niching Paradigms
#### 2.2.3 Restricted Tournament Selection (RTS)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Year** & **Algorithm** & **Theoretical Ground** & **Type** \\ \hline
[75] & 1999 & NGA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Applies niching genetic algorithm to identify and optimise multiple seismological event locations within a complex search space. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[76] & 1999 & ES-EP &
\begin{tabular}{c} Niching in an ES/EP context applies speciation techniques within evolutionary strategies and evolutionary programming frameworks to enhance the exploration and maintenance of multiple solutions, improving performance in complex multimodal landscapes. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[77] & 2000 & DNGA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Distributed niching genetic algorithm divides the population into subgroups to evolve independently on multiple processors, enhancing the search for multiple optima. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[78] & 2001 & EGA/LS &
\begin{tabular}{c} Enhances genetic algorithm with environmental niches and local search, facilitating parallel evolution of subpopulations to optimise flexible ligand docking. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[79] & 2001 & RC-GA &
\begin{tabular}{c} Real-coded genetic algorithm uses a niching penalty approach to optimise the kinematic design of a Stewart platform, improving accuracy and compactness for applications in large radio telescopes. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[80] & 2001 & NGALS &
\begin{tabular}{c} New genetic algorithm based on niche technique and local search method integrates niching strategies with local search to maintain multiple solutions and improve convergence. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[81] & 2001 & EPNTE &
\begin{tabular}{c} Evolutionary programming with niching technique enhances model parameter extraction by maintaining multiple solutions and improving convergence. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[82] & 2002 & NGA-GEO &
\begin{tabular}{c} Genetic algorithm with niching based on geocentric orbits in 3D elliptic restricted three-body problem, applying genetic diversity to explore multiple solutions. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[5] & 2002 & NICHEPSO &
\begin{tabular}{c} Cognitive model search, merging operators, and local PSO exploitation. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline
[83] & 2003 & MR-NP &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mating restriction and niching pressure uses mating restrictions to maintain diversity and avoid premature convergence in agent-based evolutionary computation. \\ \end{tabular} & Speciation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Summary of niching algorithms: speciation.
# Legumes as Functional Food for Cardiovascular Disease
## 3 Legumes as Functional Food for Cardiovascular Diseases
### Lupin (Lupinus spp.)
[PERSON] et al., (2012) [152] found that there was a significant reduction of plasma TC and non-HDL while increasing HDL-C levels in a hamster model for dyslipidemia fed with either whole _L. albus_ seed or its protein isolate compared to the high-casein fed group. They also found low levels of steatosis upon histological examination of these hamster livers. _L. albus_ proteins were also found to slow down atheromatous plaque progression induced by a hyperlipidemic diet in rabbits [155]. _L. angustifolius_ (blue lupin) also showed a cholesterol-controlling effect in rats through the upregulation of SREBP-2 and other genes involved in lipid homeostasis as discussed above [156] and in humans [157; 158; 159; 208; 300]  
Lupin proteins are predominantly albumins and globulins with an albumin:globumin ratio of 1.9. The globulin proteins are further classically classified as those belonging to the 7S and 11S globulins termed conglutin-beta and alpha, respectively. Lupins have also other minor distinct globulin types termed gamma and delta conglutin [153; 301]. Lupin conglutin gamma is an oligomeric seed protein that constitutes about 5% of total lupin proteins [302]. The hypocholesterolem potential of lupin conglutin-\(\gamma\) is widely believed to induce LDL-receptor activity. In 2004, [PERSON] et al. found that the purified conglutin-\(\gamma\) increased LDL uptake by 53% by inducing LDL receptor activity in HepG2 cells [153]. In rat studies, addition of the purified lupin conglutin-\(\gamma\) (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) into diets showed an inverse correlation to control plasma glucose levels with the 100 mg/kg levels performing as statistically significant (\(p<0.001\)) compared to the benefits obtained from metformin (50 mg/kg) supplementation [135; 137]. [PERSON] et al., (2015) found that complaint-\(\gamma\) significantly decreased serum TC by 15% (\(p=0.011\)) and increased serum levels of the pro-Vitamin D metabolite by 50% in ApoE knockout mice [162]. The LILPKHS-DAD and LTFPGSAED lupin \(\beta\)-conglutin oligopeptides were found to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, thereby improving LDL-protein levels in HepG2 cells [161]. [PERSON] et al., (2016) [303] found that lupin peptides derived from pepsin and trypsin hydrolysis had a positive influence on the cholesterol metabolism in Caco2 cells by reducing the secretion ofoprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). In another publication from the same group, the lupin LILPKHSDAD oligopeptide further inhibited PCSSK9-LDLR binding in a dose-dependent manner allowing for the increased extracellular entry of LDL as observed through both in silico and in vitro approaches [304] since PCSK9 regulates the degradation of the hepatic LDL receptor [156; 297; 305].