## 4 Discussion  
The present study reports the EEs and physiological profiles during three weight training exercises. Based on the study findings, the dumbbell bent-over row, deadlift, and lunge exercises were categorized as light to moderate intensity (2.4-3.9 METs), with higher energy costs for the trained group because of the greater training loads and metabolic rates. The health benefits of moderate-intensity physical activity have mainly been reported for endurance exercises [24]. The previous literature is deficient in reporting energy costs of weight training exercises, and the ranges of different sets/circuits, repetitions, and total times make it difficult to compare our results with those of previous studies. In our study, a single session (49 min) consisted of three exercises, each with three sets and 10 repetitions at 60% 1 RM, which resulted in 3.4 METs, considered moderate-intensity exercise (3-6 METs) for both men and women. A previous study that utilized a single set of eight resistance exercises (24 min) for 15 RM reported a mean intensity of 3.9 METs [16]. In the present study, all three exercises were performed in a single session by both groups, so EEs increased in order from the bent-over row (2.5 METs), deadlift (3.5 METs), and lunge (3.9 METs). The lunge exercise showed a higher EE compared with the deadlift and bent-over row because the training load was low for the bent-over row and high for the lunge. The involvement of specific muscle groups makes the lunge and deadlift more intense exercises than the bent-over row. The bent-over row involves the major latissimus dorsi muscle and the deadlift involves the erect spinae, glutels, and hamstrings, while the lunge involves the quadriceps, hamstrings, glutels, and erect spinae. The exercise posture could be another reason for the higher EE during the lunge exercise involving the entire body movement. Because the sequence of the exercises was performed in order from the bent-over row, deadlift, and lunge, participants expended more energy when performing the lunge exercise at the end of each training session. A higher EE during the lunge (exercise = 5.28 \(\pm\) 0.86 kcal/min and recovery = 9.33 \(\pm\) 1.71 kcal/min) was reported by a study that utilized a circuit of four resistance exercises (push-ups, curl-ups, lunges, and pull-ups) in young healthy men [25]. The RE did not reach statistical significance in our study, but it increased with the exercise intensity because it is an indirect measure of the relative utilization of carbohydrates and lipids to overall EE under steady-state conditions. Usually, a high RE reflects carbohydrate oxidation, and a low RE indicates lipid oxidation [26]. Therefore, the RE values in our study were slightly low for the untrained group during the bent-over row (1.05 \(\pm\) 0.09) and deadlift (1.06 \(\pm\) 0.10) exercises compared with the trained group (bent-over row at 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.09 and deadlift at 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.09). However, for the lunge exercise, the untrained group (0.99 \(\pm\) 0.08) had a slightly higher RE than the trained group (0.97 \(\pm\) 0.08). This indicates that during the training session, untrained group participants may have initially utilized more lipids and the trained group more carbohydrates, but the utilization reversed as the exercise proceeded to the lunge because the exercises were performed in the order of bent-over row, deadlift, and lunge. Contrary to aerobic exercise, the AEE of weight training is a combination of aerobic and anaerobic components. The previous literature highlighted that during aerobic exercise, steady-state O\({}_{2}\) consumption and HR are linearly correlated, but this relationship is not linear during resistance exercises [23; 27]. [PERSON] et al. [28] reported an increase in heart rate during traditional resistance training exercise and the recovery period of 143 \(\pm\) 8.0 and 119 \(\pm\) 12, respectively.