## 1 Introduction
### Contribution in CO2 Emissions  
Currently, every nation is diligently employing various measures to safeguard the environment. The presence of a clean environment is crucial for the existence of human life, rendering it inconceivable to envision a world devoid of such conditions. In addition, it is important to note that the availability of fossil fuels is finite and gradually depleting daily. Currently, there is a global focus on EVs to address various significant concerns. EVs are widely recognized as a highly efficient mode of transportation owing to their ability to produce zero residual emissions. Due to several advantage of EVs, it is projected that, by the year 2030, the number of EVs on the road will exceed 100 million, driven by an increasing awareness among individuals regarding the benefits associated with these vehicles [5]. The EV industry in Asia is projected to experience significant growth as multiple countries implement measures to promote the adoption of EVs, reduce emissions, and attract investments in EV manufacturing facilities. By the year 2022, it is projected that the number of non-electric vehicles in operation on Indian roads will reach 278,169,631 while the number of EVs will be 1,334,385. The information was acquired from the e-Vahan portal, which is managed by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Figure 2 presented below offers comprehensive data regarding the sales figures of EVs in India and worldwide [6; 7]. Figure 1: The percentage contribution of CO\({}_{2}\) emissions by different sector. To successfully achieve the future-oriented goal of EV sales, a significant charging infrastructure and significant electric energy generation must be developed. Additionally, the electricity required for EV charging is produced exclusively from clean and renewable energy sources. Because generating electricity from burning fossil fuels just changes the source of emissions from cars to power plants, it does not result in a reduction in emissions. Hence, the mitigation of pollution and the subsequent environmental benefits can be achieved through the utilization of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation, along with other renewable energy sources like wind energy, hydro energy, and fuel-cell-based energy, is considered the most viable option for EV charging due to its widespread availability in both rural and urban areas [8, 9, 10]. The availability of the product is extended throughout a significant duration of the year on the Indian subcontinent. Wind energy and hydro energy, unlike solar PV arrays, rely on  
Figure 2: EV sales scenario in (**a**) Indian market and (**b**) World market. geographical factors. Wind power is typically most suitable for coastal regions, whereas hydro power is more practical for inland areas. Additionally, solar power is readily available on the Indian subcontinent for a significant portion of the year. The development of a charging infrastructure is crucial in facilitating the accessibility of EVs for individuals. An efficient and proper charging infrastructure is essential for realizing the full potential of EVs [11; 12]. Electric vehicles consist of various emerging manufacturing technologies, including an electric motor, a battery, and a charging facility. As a result, they have become an essential component of modern transportation systems. Nevertheless, the transition to EVs is not advancing at the anticipated pace. The limited driving range and extended charging durations of EVs are widely recognized as the primary barriers hindering their widespread adoption [13]. EVs typically have a higher initial cost compared to their gasoline-powered counterparts. However, they offer the advantage of requiring significantly less energy for operation and producing lower emissions.