## 3 Overview of IoT Technology  
According to the user's point of view, a typical IoT framework comprises five significant parts of function and contribution. Sensors are the significant factor in the IoT framework that serves as a terminal; networks are the correspondence foundation; the cloud is where the information is stored; analytics, which analyzes computational and data mining; and actuators or user interfaces (administrations) [29]. The design of IoT system architecture is essential to increasing the utility of an IoT framework by linking disparate elements through the internet from any location. The architecture of the IoT framework is regularly separated on a layering premise, and numerous scientists have proposed their methods to satisfy specific necessities [30]. Some typical designs incorporate three-layers, SOA-based, middleware-based, and five-layers. It provides a large variety of tracking and monitoring of renewable energy; additionally, the functionality for industrial and domestic use of electricity, sensors, and energy sources through technology can be enhanced through the implementation of IoT [31]. IoT implementation focuses on the optimization of resources obtained by systematic analysis. IoT has innovative ways to analyze and optimize resources, ranging from elementary functions to switching off or changing various home settings or device settings to minimize energy consumption, such as light dimming [32]. This also has the potential to discover the problematic consumption that comes from issues such as outdated equipment, aging computers, or defective system components. In an IoT-based framework, all that requires is a connection between different levels. The connectivity between the IoT gadgets, equipment, sensors, and other hardware related to the hardware control systems [33]. All devices can be tagged or connected from sensors and domestic devices to tagged livestock. Devices or applications can be linked so that they can exchange information and interpret its data. Communication can occur over short distances or medium- to long-range [34]. Big data is the product of intelligence. This  
Figure 5: Organization doing research on IoT-implemented smart building. technology may be the most critical piece of manual operation, dependent on controversies concerning phenomena and automation. The position of IoT from the viewpoint of the objectives of other technology groups suits the image of the IoT [35]. _IoT Communication Technology and Protocol_  
Wireless networking technologies are crucial for smooth communication in IoT deployment. Robust communication solutions are essential for sustaining uninterrupted connections, hence ensuring the reliable operation of IoT systems [36]. Wireless communication enables data transmission to the cloud, where it is processed to aid decision-making processes. Figure 6 shows the IoT applications for smart buildings and the protocols used for implementing IoT in a smart building. Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is a networking system that works based on radio waves in the local area to connect gadgets based on the IEEE 802.11 Standards [37]. LTE (long-term evolution) built on GSM (Global Framework for Mobile Communications)/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA are network architectures for high-speed wireless networking [38]. The researchers reveal that the feasible protocols for IoT implementation are Low Power Large Area Network (LPWAN) technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, and LTE-M. BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) can be used in residential and industrial buildings for energy consumption and is less difficult to install. Related research work focuses on the value of utilizing advanced IoT communications in the energy industry, such as solar and wind power plants [39]. Based on the communication type and coverage range, the major enabling technologies are classified in Table 2. A variety of networking technologies have enabled access to the network. These technologies also use Bluetooth, NFC, RFID, xDSL, Ethernet, WiMax, USB, cellular networks, and power line communication (PLC) [40].