## 1 Introduction  
Water pollutants, including detergents, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and organic dyes, pose significant environmental threats. These substances are produced by diverse industries [1, 2], such as the food, textile, cosmetics, paper, and other sectors [3]. Consequently, efforts have been concentrated on exploring innovative materials and developing efficient wastewater treatment methods to address this environmental concern. Several techniques have been studied for their effectiveness, including adsorption, ion exchange, chemical oxidation, electrolysis, and photocatalytic treatments [4, 5]. In recent years, photocatalysis has emerged as a promising and eco-friendly technology. This simple yet potent method has shown a high potential for reducing organic pollution by facilitating an absolute decrease in toxic substances [6]. Several photocatalyst materials have been described, such as ZnO, CuO, TiO\({}_{2}\), WO\({}_{3}\), Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and CuO [7, 8, 9]; among them, titanium dioxide (TiO\({}_{2}\)) stands out, especially due to its properties such as low cost, non-toxicity, and high stability in aqueous media and its safe handling [10, 11]. However, the high aggregation tendency, low adsorption capacity, and difficult recovery of TiO\({}_{2}\) limit its application in water treatment [12; 13]; therefore, many researchers have focused on the immobilization of TiO\({}_{2}\) on suitable support materials to alleviate the recovery efficiency of TiO\({}_{2}\). Among the various support materials, activated carbon [14; 15], glass [16], silica [17], graphene [18], and zeolite [19; 20] have been used as immobilization substrates to try to improve their separation and recovery in water treatment. Zeolites are promising as a support for TiO\({}_{2}\) because they are abundant, readily available, and inexpensive [21]. In addition, they exhibit a high specific surface area, excellent adsorption, and catalysis capacity [21; 22]. For these reasons, numerous studies have been conducted to explore the utilization of TiO\({}_{2}\)/zeolite composites as photocatalytic materials, focusing on optimizing the degradation rate of pollutants in various environmental applications. [23; 24]. The synthesis of zeolites involves the use of precursors such as sodium silicate and sodium aluminate together with structuring agents and alkali sources, which can be synthesized from various natural sources that are rich in silica and alumina, known as pozzolans. Examples of these sources include volcanic ash, volcanic tuff, pozzolanic clays, minerals such as diatomic and kaolinite, and rice husk ash. According to the Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico del Peru, the city of Arequipa is considered a volcanic area where there are different types of volcanic deposits called ignimbrites [25]. The method of extraction and carving of ignimbrite, which is also called \"sillar\", generates a large amount of residue, so the raw material is wasted, which contributes to the non-valuation of natural resources. Thus, ignimbrite waste is currently a byproduct that is undervalued and underutilized. [PERSON] et al. [26] synthesized zeolite from ignimbrite material from the Arequipa area, obtaining a zeolite with high cation exchange capacity and promising applications in the remediation and mitigation of heavy metal contamination in industrial effluents. In addition, a study investigated ignimbrite coated with SiO\({}_{2}\)-TiO\({}_{2}\) for NOx degradation [9]. On the other hand, methyl orange (MO, C\({}_{14}\)H\({}_{14}\)N\({}_{3}\)NaO\({}_{3}\)S) is an organic chemical compound used as a dye in the textile industry. It can act as a contaminant in water when released. Methyl orange is challenging to biodegrade, and as a result, it may persist in water, potentially causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and water quality. For this reason, removal methods, such as heterogeneous photocatalysis, are sought to effectively decompose it and reduce its environmental impact in water [27].