## 3 Results
### Changes in RVfvLS during Pacing
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HR RVfwLS Changes**} \\ \hline  & **Worsened** & **Unchanged** & **Improved** & **ANOVA** \\  & **(n = 7)** & **(n = 13)** & **(n = 25)** & **_p_** \\ \hline Age (years) & \(61\pm 13\) & \(66\pm 13\) & \(66\pm 13\) & 0.699 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(23\pm 3\) & \(26\pm 4\) & \(24\pm 5\) & 0.192 \\ SAP (mm Hg) & \(105\pm 12\) & \(119\pm 24\) & \(118\pm 21\) & 0.315 \\ NYHA class & \(2.4\pm 0.5\) & \(2.2\pm 0.8\) & \(2.2\pm 0.7\) & 0.448 \\ Baseline HR (ppm) & \(66\pm 8\) & \(67\pm 7\) & \(66\pm 7\) & 0.259 \\ ICD/CRTD/PM (\%) & \(57/43/0\) & \(38/54/8\) & \(48/28/24\) & 0.321 \\ LVEDV (mL) & \(219\pm 131\) & \(181\pm 76\) & \(161\pm 77\) & 0.291 \\ LVEF (\%) & \(27\pm 9\) & \(36\pm 10\) & \(38\pm 15\) & 0.116 \\ LVEF \(\leq 40\)\% (\%) & \(19\) & \(32\) & \(48\) & 0.326 \\ LVGLS (\%) & \(-7.1\pm 3.5\) & \(-9.9\pm 3.5\) & \(-11.2\pm 4.0\) * & 0.048 \\ LV Tei index & \(0.70\pm 0.21\) & \(0.59\pm 0.23\) & \(0.65\pm 0.23\) & 0.603 \\ CI (L/min/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(2.5\pm 0.5\) & \(2.1\pm 0.5\) & \(2.5\pm 0.6\) & 0.457 \\ LVMI (g/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(170\pm 49\) & \(166\pm 39\) & \(146\pm 37\) & 0.191 \\ LAVi (mL) & \(56\pm 26\) & \(39\pm 17\) & \(36\pm 16\) & 0.051 \\ E/e\({}^{\prime}\) ratio & \(16.7\pm 7.0\) & \(13.1\pm 6.6\) & \(12.3\pm 5.3\) & 0.395 \\ MR (a.u.) & \(2.0\pm 1.3\) & \(1.8\pm 0.9\) & \(2.1\pm 0.8\) & 0.749 \\ TAPSE (mm) & \(16.8\pm 5.1\) & \(18.9\pm 3.5\) & \(19.5\pm 3.0\) & 0.246 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} For abbreviations see Tables 1 and 2. * post-hoc test < 0.05 vs. the group that exhibited worsening of RVGLS with increasing HR. \(p\) refers to ANOVA analysis for continuous variables and to Pearson Chi-square for categorical variables.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: HR-dependent changes in RVfwLS. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**HR RVGLS Changes**} \\ \hline  & **Worsened** & **Unchanged** & **Improved** & **ANOVA** \\  & **(n = 8)** & **(n = 11)** & **(n = 26)** & **_p_** \\ \hline Age (years) & \(64\pm 14\) & \(63\pm 13\) & \(67\pm 13\) & 0.630 \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(23\pm 3\) & \(25\pm 5\) & \(24\pm 5\) & 0.518 \\ SAP (mm Hg) & \(111\pm 17\) & \(115\pm 21\) & \(119\pm 23\) & 0.624 \\ NYHA class & \(2.4\pm 0.5\) & \(2.2\pm 0.8\) & \(2.3\pm 0.7\) & 0.839 \\ Baseline HR (ppm) & \(66\pm 8\) & \(67\pm 7\) & \(66\pm 7\) & 0.917 \\ ICD/CRTD/PM (\%) & \(50/50/0\) & \(55/27/18\) & \(42/38/19\) & 0.657 \\ LVEDV (mL) & \(179\pm 69\) & \(199\pm 113\) & \(166\pm 80\) & 0.586 \\ LVEF (\%) & \(29\pm 9\) & \(37\pm 14\) & \(38\pm 14\) & 0.235 \\ LVEF \(\leq 40\)\% (\%) & \(23\) & \(26\) & \(52\) & 0.364 \\ LVGLS (\%) & \(-7.6\pm 3.3\) & \(-10.2\pm 4.0\) & \(-10.9\pm 4.0\) & 0.122 \\ LV Tei index & \(0.73\pm 0.60\) & \(0.60\pm 0.25\) & \(0.64\pm 0.23\) & 0.551 \\ CI (L/min/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(2.3\pm 0.6\) & \(2.2\pm 0.6\) & \(2.1\pm 0.6\) & 0.764 \\ LVMI (g/m\({}^{2}\)) & \(158\pm 31\) & \(169\pm 43\) & \(149\pm 42\) & 0.367 \\ LAVi (mL) & \(47\pm 25\) & \(41\pm 23\) & \(37\pm 15\) & 0.404 \\ E/e\({}^{\prime}\) ratio & \(17.4\pm 6.3\) & \(13.2\pm 8.3\) & \(12.0\pm 4.3\) & 0.136 \\ MR (a.u.) & \(1.9\pm 1.2\) & \(1.8\pm 0.8\) & \(2.1\pm 0.8\) & 0.596 \\ TAPSE (mm) & \(15.3\pm 4.0\) & \(20.2\pm 3.1\)* & \(19.4\pm 2.9\)* & 0.006 \\ PASP (mmHg) & \(42\pm 14\) & \(31\pm 11\) & \(32\pm 8\) & 0.029 \\ TR (a.u.) & \(2.5\pm 1.1\) & \(2.0\pm 1.3\) & \(1.5\pm 0.9\) & 0.057 \\ RVGLS (\%) & \(-12.2\pm 1.1\) & \(-16.6\pm 1.1\)* & \(-16.0\pm 3.2\)* & 0.020 \\ RVfwLS (\%) & \(-17.0\pm 6.7\) & \(-21.5\pm 4.8\) & \(-21.9\pm 4.4\) & 0.058 \\ RVGLS/PASP & \(-0.35\pm 0.21\) & \(-0.58\pm 0.17\)* & \(-0.54\pm 0.16\)* & 0.013 \\ RVfwLS/PASP & \(-0.48\pm 0.28\) & \(-0.73\pm 0.22\)* & \(-0.74\pm 0.23\)* & 0.033 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} For abbreviations see Tables 1 and 2. * post-hoc test < 0.05 vs. the group that exhibited worsening of RVGLS with increasing HR. \(p\) refers to ANOVA analysis for continuous variables and to Pearson Chi-square for categorical variables.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: HR-dependent changes in RVGLS.