## 1 Introduction
### Mine Tailings Storage Facility Dam Failures: Geotechnical Human Errors or Unavoidable Accidents
The Industry 4.0 paradigm corresponds to the fourth industrial revolution, which humanity is leaving now and where the digitalization of information technologies is a priority to achieve sustainable development and societal well-being. In this context, mining should engage in digital mine operations to increase production efficiency, decrease the risk of accidents, and promote sustainability. Mining companies worldwide have demonstrated a greater commitment to communities and society in general in recent years regarding the management of mine tailings by enacting sustainability strategies that consider corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) programs [23; 24; 25]. In addition, mine tailings dewatering technologies, such as filtered tailings and thickened tailings, have been implemented and proven to be more stable and safer than conventional tailings technologies, which bear a higher risk of failure due to their greater stored water [26; 27; 28]. These dewatering technologies are improving the sustainability issues associated with mining, and many success cases have been registered worldwide recently that foster circular economy activities and use water efficiently [29]. Unsafe dam construction techniques have also been prohibited, such as the upstream construction method (prohibited in Chile, Peru, and Brazil), which encourages the use of downstream and centerline construction methods. In addition, the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI), and the UN defined the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) in August 2020, which is a milestone in the governance of mine tailings. This standard seeks to indicate and promote the use of the BATs, best available practices (BAPs), and best environmental practices (BEPs) [20]. Figure 1 shows the failure risk levels associated with mine tailings management technologies and mine tailings dam construction methods [19]. The monitoring systems implemented in mine TSFs for safety management must be able to track parameters that allow them to alert managers of the main failure modes. According to recent studies [7; 11; 28; 30; 31], typical TSF failure modes (FMs) and corresponding monitoring parameters (MPs) are as follows:  
* FM-1, slope instability: MPs are settlement, rotation, displacement, tension cracks, and pore pressure change. * FM-2, seepage: MPs are settlement, seepage quantity, and seepage quality. * FM-3, foundation: MPs are rotation, displacement, and tension cracks. * FM-4, earthquake: MPs are ground acceleration, settlement, and pore pressure change. * FM-5, overtopping of dam crest: MP is freeboard change. * FM-6, structural: MPs are tension cracks, displacement, and seepage. * FM-7, internal erosion (piping): MPs are surface elevation changes, effluent quantity, and effluent quality. * FM-8, subsidence: MPs are ground acceleration and settlement. Smart Sensors for Structural Health and Safety Management Monitoring in Mine Tailings Storage Facilities, Considering Digitalization Technologies and the Industry 4.0 Paradigm  
According to [32] \"monitoring\" describes the processing of signals captured by sensors for the detection and diagnosis of failures or anomalies in the TSF and understanding these phenomena as deviations of indicators of normal conditions. Consequently, a monitoring system comprises a set of components that are intended to process signals from sensors to detect and diagnose unusual operational situations. Monitoring system complexity depends on the complexity of the data processing required by the sensors in the TSF, the components that must be incorporated, and the system's application potential [33]. In its simplest form, a monitoring system has four basic functions: (i) acquire data from sensors, (ii) transmit those data to the cloud or a  
Figure 1: Mine tailings management technologies, mine tailings dam construction methods, and associated failure risk levels [19].