# Augmenting CCAM Infrastructure for Creating Smart Roads and Enabling Autonomous Driving
## 5 Proposed CCAM Solution for Autonomous Driving
### Communication bit-pipes for Autonomous Driving  
To achieve the objectives of AD, the concept of effective, efficient, and real-time communications between vehicles, infrastructure, and other road users is crucial. Hence, the operations of an autonomous vehicle in a complex environment can be autonomously operated if and only if the communication bit-pipes are right. The cellular technologies of 3 GPP support the communications between vehicles, infrastructures, and road users. The cellular-V2X (C-V2X) technology performs well in high-dense traffic areas and provide high reliability and real-timeliness in communication between entities. For instance, Figure 5 depicts the communications between entities, i.e., vehicles, pedestrians, networks, and infrastructures. C-V2X is expected to be instrumental in enabling more sophisticated ITS and infotainment services, when it comes to autonomous vehicles paradigm such as vehicle diagnostics, connected infotainment, pay-as-you drive insurance, autonomous driving, co-operative driving, platooning, remote driving, and other safety features, etc., by leveraging the mix-ranges module, etc. [18]. However, the true potentials of C-V2X technology may not be explored unless the proper coordination amongst right stakeholders is achieved, as shown in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: Communication technologies for CCAM Infrastructure to enable L-5 autonomous driving. These entities and their interaction generate a large amount of data and distributed decision engines, which require reliable and fitting communication bit pipes. C-V2X and B5G technologies are expected to pave the path towards achieving the objectives of L-5 AD. For instance, to achieve enhanced perception and informed decision making, 5G pledges the enhanced mobile broadband (MBB) and ultra reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) bit-pipes. The 5G- and B5G-based communication are some of the core enablers for achieving L-5 AD. Therefore, the C-V2X communication services are expected to play an important role in placing the right enablers for implanting AD capabilities in AVs [10]. Since 5G- and B5G-enabled the C-V2X communications support are yet to be realized, the existing 4G (LTE) and 5G-Non-Standalone (5G-NSA) technologies by 3 GPP supported the usecase groups relevant to realizing AD capabilities. _(ii) Communication to Realize Inter-stakeholders Relationships:_ Considering the need for communication to realize the envisioned inter-stakeholder relationship, we believe that the fully autonomous driving would ask for a new eco-system with new stakeholders, i.e., OEMs will no longer be the only stakeholder to drive the future transportation. Based on our earlier work, work with operators, and industry, we believe in the new stakeholders' relationships. It goes without saying that for such a inter-stakeholder relationship, there needs to be communication bit-pipes existing, hence, with communication for inter-stakeholder relationship. It should be highlighted that not for all the communication bit-pipes, we need the same QoS. Hence, we need QoS aware communication, for which, we rely on 5G both in upstream and downstream. This section discusses the potential relationship between the inter-stakeholders that can be created dynamically by leveraging the envisioned CCAM infrastructure. The roles and responsibilities outlined in [19] may provide inspiration for how multiple stakeholders would work closely together to realize the L5 AD. We take into account six roles: MNO, CIP, CA, RIO, and OEM/Automobile Maker and believe that the proper interaction of these roles will contribute to the development of the appropriate CCAM infrastructure and solution enablers for the development of smart roads and the realization of L5 autonomous driving. Consider Figure 6 and its description in the Table 3 to comprehend how each stakeholder contributes to the envisioned solutions of higher autonomy. It is evident from Table 3 and Figure 6 that new entries into the autonomous driving ecosystem are necessary.