esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Towed Cable Kinematic Model  
The flow field generated by vehicles significantly influences the dynamic behavior of towed cables. Consequently, a motion model for the towed cable that considers the interference flow field generated by vehicles should be established. Then, an examination of the dynamic impact of vehicles on towed cables is conducted.  
To establish a three-dimensional mathematical model of the coupled fluid mechanics acting on a towed cable in the complex flow field of a vehicle, appropriate simplifications and assumptions were made for modeling the towed cable and reduced computational complexity:  
1. The forces acting on the towed cable are gravity, buoyancy, tension, and the hydrodynamic forces on the towed cable;
2. The towed cable is cylindrical and flexible, neglecting bending and torsional stiffness;
3. The cable is divided into a limited number of elastic segments connected by nodes.
# Evaluation of Different Work Zone Road-Occupation Schemes for Monorail Construction
## 2 Literature Review
[PERSON] [14] proposed three workspace speed flow and capacity models based on the measured number of workspaces, geometric alignment, workspace restricted speed, and workspace length at different locations. These models can examine the impact of workspace configuration factors on the workspace speed flow relationship and capacity. The results show that traffic speed, flow, and workspace capacity increase with the increase in restricted speed. The increase in the number of jobs has a greater negative impact on traffic flow than the increase in geometric design. In 2019, the Bayesian method was used to calibrate the model and establish a work zone capacity prediction model that follows alognormal distribution. [PERSON] analyzed a large number of short-term work zones with temporarily closed lanes and long-term work zones without reducing the number of lanes. Based on the differences between the two, the former used deterministic and stochastic capacity estimation methods, while the latter only determined capacity for congested flow after failure. Due to the significant impact of work zone settings on traffic safety, many scholars have established models to predict conflicts and collisions near the work zone, including methods such as the artificial neural network by [PERSON] [34] and the minimum median quadratic linear regression model. [PERSON] [35] analyzed the safety impact methods of using signal lane control strategies at work area merging points and found that signal control devices can reduce lane-change conflicts at work area merging points. [PERSON]. [36] proposed a comprehensive framework for evaluating traffic safety in work areas under adverse driving environments, introducing a new indicator that integrates the risks of years of collisions and single-vehicle collisions to assess traffic safety risks in work areas. [PERSON] [37] developed an ordered probability model that considers different spatial, temporal, and environmental conditions as factors for the severity of work zone collapse. The results indicate that these are decisive factors in increasing the severity of work zone crashes. Through literature analysis, it can be seen that existing research results mostly focus on management strategies, strategies for controlling traffic flow, the establishment of various models, and the impact of work areas on roads.
# GNSS and LiDAR Integrated Navigation Method in Orchards with Intermitt GNSS Dropout
## 1 Introduction
This approach effectively reduces navigation errors when GNSS signals are disrupted by significant noise. [PERSON] et al. [23] developed an integrated system comprising a camera, IMU, and GNSS, utilizing the extended Kalman filter (EKF). This integrated approach delivers precise position estimation and potentially surpasses the performance of tightly coupled GNSS/IMU systems, especially in challenging environments with limited GNSS observations. In the natural outdoor environment, visual sensors are susceptible to the influence of light. In addition, due to the large amount of image information captured by the visual sensors, a large amount of computing power is consumed [15]. The information gathered by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is extensive. Its accuracy and robustness are contingent upon the feature information extracted through position analysis algorithms and intelligent point cloud matching algorithms. [PERSON] et al. [24] derived a weight function through the fusion of GPS and LIDAR-SLAM to ensure their respective advantages and realize the consistent construction of the map of the fire robot. [PERSON] et al. [25] propose a LiDAR-assisted GNSS/INS integrated navigation system to ensure continuous positioning in GNSS-available and GNSS-blocked scenarios for seamless train positioning. [PERSON] et al. [26] integrated GNSS and LiDAR into an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping system to overcome the problem of massive and prolonged GNSS signal interruptions caused by GNSS antenna failures during data collection. For laser navigation techniques, LiDAR positioning adopts an idea similar to inertial navigation odometer, which also accumulates errors. Although laser odometers have smaller accumulated errors than INS in orchard environments, long-term operation can still cause positioning information to shift. This issue is particularly pronounced during row changes. Therefore, this paper uses accurate GNSS positioning information in differential mode to correct the accumulated errors of the laser odometer. In summary, this paper investigates a GNSS/INS/LiDAR navigation method for complex orchard environments characterized by dense canopies, changing light conditions, uneven terrain, and weeds. In the following sections, Section 2 describes the hardware and software design and construction of the orchard robot vehicle, the autonomous positioning methods based on multi-sensor fusion, and the design of the navigation control system. In Section 3, the experimental study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed navigation system. Finally, in Sections 4 and 5, discussion and conclusions are presented to summarize the whole paper.
# Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions
## 4 LQA-AODV Routing Protocol
### Multipath Route Selection Mechanism  
Multipath routing algorithms increase network robustness against unstable links by offering multiple paths. The main design goal of multipath routing is to find several paths towards the destination and then select one of these paths using some metrics. Thus, one primary path is selected with several other alternatives. Such a routing strategy yields many benefits such as increased network lifetime, better load balancing, fault tolerance, and reduction of packet losses. Our proposed protocol exploits reserved or unused 11-bit field and add one extra byte to report link quality (LQ) in the first 4 bytes of RREQ packet. The LQ field contains information on SNR and RSSI threshold as indicated in Figure 3. Other fields in RREQ remains unchanged, and they are used the same way as in conventional AODV [15].  
The multiple RREP packets are sent back over the reverse path. Unlike the case of AODV, every RREP is considered by the source in order to discover multiple paths in one route discovery. The route with the highest quality is then selected as the primary path. If the primary path fails, the second discovered path is activated and so on. Overhead management in multipath routing is an important issue [29], but it is outside the scope of our paper.  
Figure 2: The RREQ packet format used in basic AODV routing protocol.  
The complete process of new route discovery process in the proposed LQA-AODV protocol yielding multiple routes is depicted in Figure 4. Note that, the Request for Comment (RFC) of AODV suggests a default value of RREQ_WAIT_TIME_destination to be 300 msec [30].
# An Improved Rectifier Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Human Motion
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Walking Test  
Effect of Varying Walking Speed  
In the walking test, the performance of the H-Bridge and FBR circuits is studied with the source of excitation being a person walking on a treadmill at various speed (Table 2). The voltage generated by the PD at a different speed (i.e., the input AC voltage to both circuits) is depicted in Figure 25. Note that at the speed of 1 km/h to 6 km/h, the subject could walk on the treadmill. When the speed reached 7 km/h to 8 km/h, slow jogging motion was performed as walking at such high speed was uncomfortable. It can be seen that the input voltage to both circuits increases with walking speed. However, the rate of increase is not consistent across the different walking speed due to the complicated nature of human walking.  
Figure 26 illustrates the relationship of rectified voltage and output power with speed through both H-Bridge and FBR circuits. It is clearly observed that the rectified voltage and output power through H-Bridge is significantly higher than the FBR circuit. This observation is consistent across all three tests. Note that only the highest output parameters obtained are shown in Figure 27 because other scenarios show a similar trend and are therefore omitted.  
Figure 23: The rectified voltage and output power by both circuits at cycling speed of 80 RPM.  
Figure 24: Rectified voltage waveform by H-Bridge and FBR circuits in cycling test at 80 RPM.  
To further understand the performance of both circuits, the output parameters, namely rectified voltage, output power against different resistances at a speed of 7 km/h and 8 km/h are plotted in Figure 27. Although both circuits are delivering maximum rectified  
Figure 27: Rectified voltage and output power with varying resistances: (**a,b**) H-Bridge circuit, and (**c,d**) FBR circuit in walking test.  
Figure 25: Input voltage generated by PD at different walking speed.  
Figure 26: **(a)** Rectified voltage and (**b**) output power through both circuits in walking test.  
voltage at high resistance, the H-Bridge circuit once again delivers significantly higher output voltage due to its distinct behaviour of MOSFET, which is explained in Section 2.3.  
The output power achieved through both circuits at a speed of 7 and 8 km/h and with a load resistance from R1 to R4 is also demonstrated in Figure 27b,d. It is interesting to find that the output power does not increase proportionately as the rectified voltage with an increase in resistance. With both circuits, the maximum output power is obtained with the use of the smallest resistance, R1 and at the highest speed of 8 km/h. Despite the same excitation, the power produced through H-Bridge circuit is four times of the FBR circuit. A relevant explanation can be found in Section 2.3.
# Overview and Perspective of Integrated Photovoltaics with a Focus on the European Union
## 3 Integrated Photovoltaics Options
### Infrastructure-Integrated Photovoltaics  
The multi-use of various existing infrastructure offers the opportunity to add additional PV capacity either without additional land use or through making use of otherwise unused land. In the majority, these sites are already connected to the electricity grid or close to a place with electricity use.  
A number of case studies have already been conducted and are mentioned in the following subsections, but to better understand the available potential for renewable electricity generation with photovoltaic systems, more studies in a larger variety of geographical regions have to be conducted. Therefore, the following sections only give some examples.
# The Big Picture: An Improved Method for Mapping Shipping Activities
## 6 Discussion
### Dark Vessel Identification  
We demonstrated the capabilities of detecting dark vessels, i.e., ships that do not transmit AIS positional messages, through the use of EO imagery of Europe for a full month period. Evaluating the given EO images and comparing the data from the two data sources, one can note that the cloud coverage problem is obvious in the case of Sentinel-2. Moreover, we can observe that even in Sentinel-1 there are significant gaps in coverage, especially in areas far away from the coastline. This is a known issue of both European Space Agency (ESA) and also some commercial satellites. For example, the Sentinel-1 October orbits can be observed in Figure 18, demonstrating limited coverage in the high seas. These observations highlight the need of having multiple sources of data complementing each other to achieve better situational awareness over an area of interest.  
Reasonably, the combined density map of AIS- and EO-based detections resembles the SAT-AIS density map, as the limited revisit time of Sentinel satellites compared to the AIS message frequency do not allow for significant differences to be highlighted (Figure 16). However, looking at the combined density map more carefully, we can observe that some areas that appear in orange/red appear slightly darker (e.g., Gibraltar, Norway, Iceland, English Channel, etc.). This means that areas that are known to be  
Figure 17: Density maps for the cleaned transmitted AIS data (**left**) and for corresponding the improved trajectories generated using the proposed method (**right**). The dataset refers to SAT-AIS messages from the month of October 2021 for the Aegean and Levantine Sea, while the maps depict the total time vessels spent in each grid cell in hours), according to the color caption.  
even denser in reality. Areas that are both of high SAT-AIS density and dark vessel density are prone to packet collisions; although ESA satellites are limited by their low revisit time and coverage, they can still be used to highlight these areas, although the differences of the combined density map and the SAT-AIS density map are not significant.
# Research on Influence of Switching Angle on the Vibration of Switched Reluctance Motor
## 3 Influence of Switching Angle on Vibration
### Influence of Switching Angle on Vibration
To reduce vibration, it is necessary to avoid excitation harmonic frequencies that coincide with natural frequencies. When the two are consistent, there is the following formula:  
\[f_{n}=f_{e}=\frac{\omega}{60}\cdot N_{r}\cdot 3m \tag{25}\]  
where \(f_{n}\) is the \(n\)-order natural frequency of the motor. For a 3-phase motor with a 12-8 structure, the harmonic order \(k\) is usually limited to three or a multiple of three. When \(n\) is 2, the corresponding harmonic order and rotational speed value under the second-order vibration mode are considered as shown in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the current harmonic order to be analyzed is also different under different rotational speeds. For example, under the premise of a certain load torque, the influence law of the change of the turn-on angle and the turn-off angle on the vibration of the switched reluctance motor at 2034 RPM can be obtained by analyzing the change law of its third-order current harmonic component under different turn-on angles and turn-off angles. It can be seen from the previous section that when the turn-off angle is fixed, with the change of the turn-on angle, there is a minimum value for each order harmonic component of the current, except for the DC component, and the minimum value is not a boundary value. When the turn-on angle is fixed, with the change of the turn-on angle, there is a minimum value for each order harmonic component of the current, except for the DC component, and the minimum value is also not at the boundary. Therefore, for different switching angle combinations, there must be an amplitude that makes the harmonic components of any order current, with the smallest set of switching angles, at which the vibration is minimal.
## 5 Application and Discussion of the Proposed Metric and Visualization
### Comparison of the Different Data Sets
On average, stroke and pressure difference in data set B achieve a data set completeness of 0.71 and 0.70, respectively. This is a reduction by 0.08 and 0.09 percentage points compared to the original data set and data set A. The mean data set completeness for pressure in data set B is 0.44, which is 0.07 percentage points less than the original data set and data set A. In order to check the metric and the visualization for plausibility, the data sets are examined further based on selected aspects. Since stroke and pressure difference are the variables with influence on flow, a more in-depth look is taken based on two-dimensional scatter plots. The scatter plots visualize the observations of the data set within the two variables (cf. Figure 16). The original data set contains observations in each section of the two-dimensional feature space. High utilization is observed. Data set A has a reduced record completeness. These missing data are distributed randomly around the whole feature space (cf. Figure 16 green box) and the utilization of the feature space is not affected. Data set B is missing four sections, leaving white spots on the feature space (cf. Figure 16 red boxes). Utilization is limited. However, the descriptive statistics do not indicate a change in the data set structure. In contrast, the data set completeness reflects this change by a reduced metric for almost all classes. Figure 16: Scatter plots of stroke and pressure difference for the original data set (**left**), data set A with random deletion of observations (**center**) and data set B with deletion of observations in distinct sections (**right**). Figure 15: Visualization of data set completeness of (**a**) the original data set, (**b**) data set A and (**c**) data set B.
# Energy Harvesting over Rician Fading Channel:
## 2 System Model  
### System Model Description  
We consider a bidirectional network with two sources and one relay as illustrated in Figure 1. The transmission model follows the principles of analog network coding [30; 31]. This concept is the extension of linear network coding to multihop wireless networks. Traditionally, two sources transmit their data to the relay node in two different time slots to avoid interference. However, with analog coding, the data can be transmitted simultaneously to the relay. The relay node forwards this noisy sum of two signals during the next time slot. Because each node already knows one of the signals by virtue of having forwarded it earlier, it can cancel its own part in the received signals and decode the message sent by the other source.  
In our model, every terminal has only one antenna and operates in a half-duplex mode. Let \(S_{1}\) and \(S_{2}\) denote the first node and the second node that are going to exchange their messages, respectively, and \(R\) denote the relay node. We denote the channel gain between node \(S_{i}\) and the relay \(R\) as \(g_{i}\), for \(i=1,2\). Here, both channels are assumed to be Rician fading channels and be reciprocal. In this research, we take into account the hardware impairment at both source nodes \(S_{1}\), \(S_{2}\), and relay node \(R\). Regarding the communication between two nodes, we assume that the direct link between two nodes is very weak, and the communication relies solely with the help of relay. However, the relay has only the energy to serve their own purpose, so it needs to harvest the energy from the two nodes of interest before forwarding the information messages. As in many previous publications on two-way half-duplex channels, we assume that the two sources as well as the relay know the channel gains.  
Figure 1: System model.
# Cryptographic Protocol with Keyless Sensors Authentication for WBAN in Healthcare Applications
## 1 Introduction
Some of the possible attacks are [6]: (a) Man-in-the-middle attack, an external entity intercepts the communication between the authorized parties; (b) Repetition attack, an unwanted entity poses as a real one with information gathered from a previous execution of the protocol, or the same one with a different verification; (c) Parallel execution attack, this attack is achieved by making use of specific values obtained from one or more previous simultaneous executions. Security verification tools are used to verify that protocols can resist these different attacks. Protocols can be probed for security or semantic failures. Different tools exist to help formal verification of a protocol. The different tools verify the cryptographic primitives that each protocol has, in both its use and the security it provides under different scenarios. The rest of the article is organized as follows: Section 2 presents a review of the work related to cryptographic protocols focused on medical care and their security verification. Section 3 introduces security in medical systems and those cryptographic primitives that help achieve their security, also describes the proposed protocol. Section 4 presents the proposed protocol's security verification results using protocol verification description tools. Finally, in Section 5 conclusions and future work are presented.
# Credible Navigation Algorithm for GNSS Attack Detection Using Auxiliary Sensor System
## 4 Performance Evaluation
### Parameter Analysis
Figure 12: The impact of slow-change parameter settings: (**a**) the impact of slow-change verification window; (**b**) the impact of slow-change verification threshold (\(n_{\text{s}}\)\(=5\)).
###### Abstract  
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are an important application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Specifically, in healthcare monitoring systems, it is important to screen the patient's biometric signals. For example, the elderlies' vital signs, such as ECG (Electrocardiogram), blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose, can be used as measures of their well-being and are all critically important for remote elderly care in tracking their physical and cognitive capabilities. Therefore, WBANs require higher energy efficiency and data transmission. This paper proposes a cluster-based routing protocol which is suitable for WBANs while analyzing energy efficiency issue in data transmission. Considering the importance of sensor nodes in a specific environment for improving the network's lifetime, the protocol based on the LEACH (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) algorithm is proposed. Due to its avoidance of long-distance transmission, the clustering technique is an efficient algorithm for prolonging the lifetimes of sensor networks. Therefore, this paper suggests an enhanced LEACH-dual fuzzy logic (ELEACH-DFL) protocol based-on clustering for CH (cluster head) selection and cluster configuration in wireless sensor networks. The simulation and analysis results address that the enhanced algorithm reduces the energy consumption effectively and extends the lifespan of the entire network. For wired sensors, attaching sensors to the user may cause problems and inconvenience of mobility. This leads to the use of wireless sensors to proceed with body sensors, which should consider the problem of battery efficiency, which concerns the configuration of wireless sensors. The LEACH protocol is energy efficient until the first node dead is generated. However, there is a sharp drop in energy efficiency after that. The ELEACH-DFL protocol has the advantage of maintaining energy efficiency even after the first node dead is generated, with the utmost consideration being given to stability in consideration of cluster selection and cluster head selection. In a field of 50 \(\times\) 50, the FND efficiency improvement rate of ELEACH-DFL versus LEACH protocol is approximately 32%. In addition, in a field of 50 \(\times\) 150, the FND efficiency improvement rate of ELEACH-DFL versus LEACH protocol is approximately 159%.  
WBAN; healthcare; routing protocol; energy efficiency; LEACH; fuzzy logic +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics