# Formal Modeling of IoT-Based Distribution Management System for Smart Grids
## 2 Related Work
An automated communication system of the distribution network is designed with the functionality of data collection and processing and remote control fault indicators, and it presents the configuration of the distribution network system in case of failure [12]. A robust model-based fault detection and isolation scheme in smart power systems is presented with an unknown input observer mechanism. Load fluctuations of multi-area power systems and variations in the power of renewable energy resources are taken as unknown input observers. The sensor fault detection and isolation scheme will notify the operator of the power system that this specific faulty sensor needs to be replaced [13]. Three different algorithms, namely, system A, system B, and system C, were developed for identifying the fault location in the medium voltage power grid. In each line of the power grid, the value of the electric current is monitored by system A, the value of the current in transformers is measured by system B, and, lastly, system C compares the value of the current at the start and final/end of the power line of the grid in order to check the variation between them [14]. Fault detection is a key factor for the reliability of the smart grid; therefore, it is essential to detect and locate those faults of the smart grid. Smart features are implemented in smart grids for increasing reliability, efficiency, and sustainability. Technological advancements are taking place in smart grids because of the rising demands and complexities of power grids. Different aspects of smart grids with their features in distribution systems have been overviewed in [15]; the author presented the technological potential of how smart grids will strengthen the electric power distribution networks. Information and communication technologies are gaining popularity with their rapid advancement; this is similar to IoT with its embedding capability. In [16], the author presented IoT deployments in several parts of the smart grid. The major focus was given to three levels (generation, transmission, distribution) of the smart grid with the IoT application. In [17], a brief overview of communication network architecture for smart grids was given, such as home area networks, neighborhood area networks, and wide-area networks. However, for specified requirements, no profound methodology was presented. A scheme based on the resilient information architecture platform for smart grids has been designed for fault management in smart grids. A systematic approach was followed for designing fault management architecture in which the probable failure forms of the framework were recognized by reviewing the associated links across the layers of the resilient information architecture platform for smart grids. The communication protocols of the distinct services were analyzed with regard to the functional role of system enhancement and bettering the resilience properties [18]. Functional analysis of the smart grid has been examined through supervisory control and data acquisition method with the integration of two systematic approaches to structured analysis, design technique, and real-time structured analysis. The purpose of this comparative study was to design a general methodology framework for the analysis and supervision of smart grids, namely, control command applications. The drawback of the system was that the structured analysis real-time mechanism did not permit a direct pathway to the software, which was coded in an executable language [19]. A comparative study of fault location and outage area location methods was presented in this paper. The classification of algorithms was done with criteria of impedance-based, sparse measurements, traveling-wave, and some others as a helping guide for the engineers and researchers of power systems to select the methods according to their requirements [20].