## 2 Related Works  
In recent years, many lights monitoring and controlling systems have been published [14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30], which can be divided into wired and wireless systems. Wired-based light-controlling systems can measure and record daylight and artificial illumination by adopting several sensors in the controller area networks (CAN) [15] or a suite of data logging devices [16] to adjust the lighting intensity and thereby adapt its energy consumption. However, the cost of wired devices is much higher, especially installation and maintenance costs, due to the presence of cable bundles to handle data communication. To combat the above-mentioned issue, wireless-based techniques have become a more popular alternative in light-controlling systems for energy saving in buildings. As a result, wireless sensor networks (WSN) can be an enabling technique. Moreover, combining WSN-based control and direct current (DC) grid-powered LED lighting systems, the advantages of this combined technology can achieve greater energy savings for smart green buildings [17]. In addition to WSN-based systems, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [18] designed a module that uses a microprocessor (MPU) with serval lighting sensors for automatic indoor light detection and control, named HLCM (Home Light Control Module). Using a pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR sensor), the proposed HLCM can detect whether a person has entered the detection area. If no human body is detected, all the controlled lights will be turned off, while the proposed HLCM detects the light intensity in the environment and maintains sufficient light by controlling the number of lights. In addition, the RF module is used to transmit and receive each HLCM's data to control different lights in different zones. [PERSON] et al. [19] proposed a new method that uses an available camera mounted on a smartphone to perform closed-loop color control of the lighting system for smart home applications. The proposed method can handle multi-channel mixing of any color and white light with a high color-rendering index under the required correlated color temperature. Experiments have proven that this method is economical and convenient because it does not require external sensors and can be performed on compatible LED lights using an Android-based smartphone. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed an LED-lights-based smart streetlight management system to promote its deployment in existing facilities. The proposed system was based on wireless communication technology, which greatly reduces the investment cost of traditional wired systems. Traditional wired systems always require civil engineering to bury the cables in the ground, which is more expensive than wireless networks. Therefore, this work proposes a scalable, holistic, and efficient solution that only provides lighting when necessary (based on immediate weather conditions or the presence of people and vehicles) and where the  
Figure 1: A scenario where all the LED lights in zone 1 change to high-light mode at the same time. lighting level can be easily adjusted to avoid excessive lighting and glare. This work adopted wireless communication and the autonomous performance mode to minimize installation costs. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [21] proposed an energy-saving lighting control system that considers occupant satisfaction. The proposed system controls the lighting parameters by considering the occupants' spatial characteristics and behavior patterns to improve energy efficiency and occupant satisfaction. In addition, this work deployed the proposed lighting systems in the building and ran them in the actual working environment to evaluate performance. The experimental results show that by replacing the existing fluorescent lamps with the proposed lighting control system, the proposed system reduces energy consumption by 43%. [PERSON] et al. [22] proposed a system composed of an infrared human movement sensor (PIR Sensor), an Arduino UNO, and a two-channel relay module.