esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results & Discussion
### Thermodynamic Stability  
The eutectoid decomposition of the \(\beta\) phase below 633 K significantly affects TE properties of Ag\({}_{1-x}\)Sb\({}_{1+x}\)Te\({}_{2+x}\) alloys [12]. One representative quenched alloy, \(x=0.1\), was chosen to show the degradation during the physical measurements below the formation/decomposition temperature of the \(\beta\) phase (Figure 13). Electrical conductivity values are reproducible up to 490 K (black squares in figure caption) and then monotonously increasing during the following measurements (heating-cooling part), from 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) to 30 \(\times\) 10\({}^{3}\) S\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-1}\) at 310 K (Figure 13a). The gradual decrease of the Seebeck coefficient is visible, from 346 to 195 \(\upmu\)V\(\cdot\)K\({}^{-1}\) at 310 K (Figure 13b). It is a result of the formation of Sb-Te impurities (Figure 13d), which strongly influence the TE properties of Ag-Sb-Te alloys (compare  
Figure 12: TEM analysis of particle II of quenched Ag\({}_{19}\)Sb\({}_{29}\)Te\({}_{52}\) sample (\(x=0.19\)): (**a**) Particle II together with chemical composition according to EDXS analysis. Inset: an SAED pattern from the whole particle I; (**b**) FFT filtered HR image of region 1 within particle II. It consists of disordered (mosaic) and ordered parts. Insets: FFT patterns ([110] zone axis), from both analyzed areas; (**c**) FFT filtered HR image of region 2 within particle II shows mosaic pattern only. Inset: FFT pattern from the whole region in Figure 12c; (**d**) Magnified HR image of area marked with the yellow square in Figure 12c. Well-ordered nanograins (marked with dashed lines) are surrounded by disordered domains.  
Figures 5-8). A slight increase in thermal conductivity was observed below 530 K even after one measurement cycle (Figure 13c). After the 7 th measurement at the ZEM apparatus, \(\lambda\) increases by 35%, reaching 0.67 W\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-1}\cdot\)K\({}^{-1}\) at \(RT\). The discrepancies between subsequent measurements become notable in the range of 490-535 K. It leads to the conclusion that the decomposition rate of the \(\beta\) phase increases significantly at about 100-140 K below the decomposition temperature. Interestingly, \(ZT\) parameter at \(RT\) after seven measurements remains unchanged, due to significant increase of \(\sigma\). All studied Ag\({}_{1-x}\)Sb\({}_{1+x}\)Te\({}_{2+x}\) alloys (\(x\) = 0; 0.1; 0.17, 0.19, 0.3, 0.4) reveal presented behavior. Considering TE properties only, the experiment leads to the conclusion that Ag-Sb-Te-based materials could be utilized in TE devices working up to 490 K.  
Figure 13: Thermoelectric and PXRD characterization of the quenched Ag\({}_{0.9}\)Sb\({}_{1.1}\)Te\({}_{2.1}\) sample after sequential measurements: (**a**) Electrical conductivity; (**b**) Seebeck coefficient; (**c**) Thermal conductivity; (**d**) PXRD patterns.
# Image Dehazing Enhancement Strategy Based on Polarization Detection of Space Targets
## 5 Image Dehazing Method Based on Full Polarization Information Inversion and Image Fusion
### Validation Based on Celestial Images and Real Space Target Images
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **PSNR** & **SSIM** & **AG/10\({}^{-5}\)** & **MV** & **SD** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Moon 1} & PDD & 56.8204 & 0.9812 & 0.8866 & 0.5390 & 0.0795 \\  & Retinex & 54.5797 & 0.9684 & 2.2416 & 0.8332 & 0.1447 \\  & DCP & 58.1063 & 0.9856 & 1.9725 & 0.6320 & 0.1715 \\  & Proposed & 65.5774 & 0.9901 & 23.4120 & 0.5722 & 0.3647 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Moon 2} & PDD & 55.5117 & 0.9811 & 1.6174 & 0.3935 & 0.0671 \\  & Retinex & 51.8847 & 0.9412 & 1.5158 & 0.8384 & 0.1427 \\  & DCP & 54.9088 & 0.9694 & 1.2652 & 0.6236 & 0.1724 \\  & Proposed & 64.2540 & 0.9898 & 19.5211 & 0.4254 & 0.3355 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{ISS} & PDD & 62.1467 & 0.9739 & 0.1893 & 0.2001 & 0.1296 \\  & Retinex & 54.6762 & 0.9668 & 0.3079 & 0.4748 & 0.2559 \\  & DCP & 67.9729 & 0.9898 & 0.1861 & 0.0123 & 0.1212 \\  & Proposed & 74.1478 & 0.9998 & 3.8741 & 0.0825 & 0.3974 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{SDS} & PDD & 61.1719 & 0.9880 & 0.1525 & 0.0806 & 0.1217 \\  & Retinex & 52.8571 & 0.9507 & 0.9764 & 0.5574 & 0.1685 \\ \cline{1-1}  & DCP & 64.9430 & 0.9879 & 0.1422 & 0.0163 & 0.1184 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Proposed & 69.8740 & 0.9994 & 2.4577 & 0.0113 & 0.3124 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Objective comparison results of the dehazing effects of celestial targets and space targets. Figure 9: Subjective comparison results of the dehazing effects of the celestial targets and the space targets. features of the lunar surface and space targets before degradation can be better restored by using our method. The highest edge fullness, the highest sharpness, the most obvious texture features, and the best structural integrity are also obtained. The measured results of real space targets are consistent with the simulated space targets, indicating that the image-dehazing strategy we proposed can effectively improve the quality of the polarization image of space targets.
## 4 Conclusions  
A novel compact Jeans' textile wearable UWB band notch antenna for wireless BSNs and a mobile healthcare system is demonstrated. The antenna works in the UWB frequency ranges of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz with the characteristics of band notch in X-band to reject the down link band (7.25-7.75 GHz) of satellite communication with a view to avoid interference. The antenna is very compact in size, and designed on 1 mm Jeans' textile with the dielectric constant of 1.7. The total height of the antenna is 1.07 mm. The antenna shows very bad results at 7 GHz due to band notch characteristics. However, it shows very good preference parameters at other frequency bands of operation. It is illustrated that a maximum 84.3% radiation efficiency and 2.86 dBi gain are noticed at the frequencies of operations for this antenna. The antenna is textile-based, which will be a good option for wearable applications as it can be printed on the users' Jeans. Due to its compact size, novel structure, textile-based band notch characteristics and very good performance parameters, this UWB antenna will be suitable for BSNs and mobile healthcare systems.  
Both authors have equal contribution of this paper. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The authors of this paper have not received any external fund for the work and results presented in this paper.  
Authors would like to thank the ECE Department of North South University.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 3: Radiation patterns of the antennas at different frequencies. (**a**) 3.5 GHz, XY Plane; (**b**) 3.5 GHz, XZ Plane; (**c**) 5.7 GHz, XY Plane; (**d**) 5.7 XZ Plane; (**e**) 7 GHz, XY Plane; (**f**) 7 GHz, XZ Plane; (**g**) 9 GHz, XY Plane; and (**h**)9 GHz, XZ Plane.
# A Survey on Intrusion Detection Systems for Fog and Cloud Computing
## 1 Introduction
### Background Information  
One of the most crucial and high-value resources in cloud computing adoption for an organization or individual is data. It is of great importance that the management of the organization and individual in task allocation requires the assurance of integrity. The invention and innovation of database systems have improved data storage and management and eventually increased their usefulness for organizations and individuals needing to use this technology.  
Cloud computing is a computing innovation technology that provides convenience and on-demand network access to computing resources based on strategies in a shared pool, and it can be easily and quickly released and supplied. There is little effort needed to manage and interact with the service provider when using this service. Novel models of cloud computing allow to incorporate applications, platforms, and infrastructure that have previously been used to provide information technology solutions. These technological solutions are composed of all categories based on availability on the internet. Cloud-based applications incorporate online file storage, webmail, online business applications, and social networking sites. Cloud computing technology is a very well-established solution due to the accessibility and influence of technology advancement. The mitigations that enable a business to have low costs in computing infrastructure and operations have resulted in moving critical resources to the cloud environment resulting in significant computing growth. It has been assessed and analyzed that it can work more effectively than the other solutions that can be offered [1; 2]. However, security issues are presented to be a critical matter when businesses start to outsource data and applications to cloud computing providers.
# A Sustainable Polygeneration System for a Residential Building
## 5 Conclusions  
A 3E (energy, environmental, and economic) analysis was performed for a set of novel polygeneration configurations based on thermal technology (PVT, TEG, and biomass boiler, BB). Each arrangement could produce cold and desalinated water from heat or electricity, thus having four different polygeneration schemes based on solar and biomass energy. This analysis was tested for two similar sites on the Mediterranean coast in Spain and the same building site in a more continental climate. An LCA approach was also added to include the environmental penalties associated with the installation's construction and end phase, apart from the CO2 saved in the operation phase with respect to a conventional supply based on external grids. The results found from the three analyzed case studies are presented next:  
* The four schemes present good values for PESR and CO2R (around 0.65 and 0.75, respectively). These values are penalized by the constraint imposed here, which balances the generation and demand of electricity throughout the year, according to a better installation liability.
* The \"electric\" alternative (B) was the more economical option, i.e., the combination of PV + PVT + TEG + BB with HP and RO as the best integration. In this case, SPB of about six years was found to be much worse in the rest of the configurations.
* The levelised costs of the five demands provided by the polygeneration schemes are lower than the regular supply of commodities. The financial results are strongly dependent on the current prices of electricity and fuels; future trends will surely improve the economic KPIs of these schemes.
* The LCA approach gives even better results if the scheme is compared with the infrastructure required for the conventional supply based on external grids.  
Further research centered on including new technologies or the benefits supplied by a well-designed ESS in these polygeneration RES-based schemes are pending issues that could contribute to the sustainable management of the urban sector.  
Conceptualization, methodology, J.U.; software, J.U., I.Z. and L.G.G.; validation, J.U., L.G.G. and A.M.-G.; formal analysis and data curation, I.Z. and A.M.-G.; writing--original draft preparation, J.U.; writing--review and editing, L.G.G.; visualization, S.U.; supervision, S.U.; project administration, S.U. and A.M.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by European Regional Development Funds (FEDER, UE) / Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU)-Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), grant number RTI2018-09886-A-100.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Mobility Prediction of Mobile Wireless Nodes
## 6 Results and Evaluation
### Evaluation of the RD Mobility Model  
The first mobility model applied in this experiment was an RD model. The accuracy of the DT classifier was consistent around 79% in all scenarios, but the accuracy of other classifiers decreased as the number of APs increased. For instance, the SVM classifier was 85% accurate with five APs and 57% accurate with twenty APs. GNB, KNN, LDA, and LR presented a similar pattern. LR had lower average accuracy than other classifiers, i.e., 39%. The accuracy of the classifiers using a different number of APs is presented in Figure 4.
# Performance Analysis of Existing ITS Technologies: Evaluation and Coexistence
## 2 Fundamentals and Related Work
### C-V2x MAC/PHY Layer
#### 2.2.2 5G-V2X  
Several enhancements to V2X communications have been made by 3 GPP [5,6] within the 5G system and its new radio (NR) known as 5G-V2X or NR-V2X. It is defined to support requirements of advanced V2X use cases such as advanced driving applications. In the case of LTE, the OFDM's subcarrier spacing (SCS) has a single value of 15 kHz. Two slots form the sub-frame, and the TTI has a fixed value of 1 ms that corresponds to the duration of the sub-frame.  
For the NR-V2X sidelink, the slot duration and their number in the subframe depend on the SCS of the OFDM. The SCS can be obtained with different OFDM numerologies as shown in Table 2, which is flexible for NR V2X. Thus, a larger SCS results in a shorter slot duration as shown in Figure 2. A slot consists of 12 or 14 OFDM symbols depending on the cyclic prefix (normal CP or an extended CP). Therefore, the NR-5G provides flexibility in resource allocation per slot where the number of OFDM symbols depends on the OFDM numerologies and can be flexible (UL or DL direction).  
NR V2X defines two modes (Modes 1 and 2) for sidelink resource allocation. In Mode 1, referred to as Mode 3 in LTE-V2X, radio resources for V2V communications are controlled by the network. In Mode 2, referred to as Mode 4 in LTE-V2X, UEs can directly select their sidelink resources through an autonomous selection using a channel sensing mechanism. The resources are specified within the resource pool and referred to as contiguous or non-contiguous available physical resource blocks (PRBs) for transmission.  
5G NR differs from LTE-V2X through more flexible spectrum management. For example, PHY layer numerology achieves flexibility, guaranteeing lower latency with high numerologies. In addition, the MAC layer supports more variety of data traffic (periodic and non-aperiodic). Compared to LTE-V2X, NR V2X introduce sidelink retransmissions through blind retransmissions or HARQ-feedback (hybrid automatic repeat request) and supports broadcast, group cast and unicast communications.
## 1 Introduction
### Related Work  
During the day, approximately 1% of beats are to be expected to be ectopic [3] when they are recorded by using gold standard instrument (i.e., Electrocardiography). An ectopic beat is a disturbance of the cardiac rhythm that induces premature ventricular or atrial contraction. The physiological artifact producing inconsistent beat seriously affects the HRV spectrum, and could result in erroneous results during HRV analysis by introducing non-existing frequencies into the spectrum [7]. In addition to physiological artifact, motion and mechanical artifacts induced by external stimuli introduce a large amount of inconsistent beats when the data are recorded by using wrist-worn wearable device [4; 5; 6]. This work is one of the firsts studies that investigate the effect of huge quantities of inconsistent beats that are not only derived from ectopic beats. Since missing data are common in the RR-interval timeseries derived from wrist-worn wearable device, they could complicate the analysis of HRV features making it sometimes impossible. To make reliable HRV analysis, previous studies suggested several preprocessing methods for RR-intervals timeseries (e.g., deletion, interpolations and filtering). However, these preprocessing methods have their own distinct effect on HRV analysis yielding different results [7].  
The simplest way of handling the inconsistent RR-intervals provided in literature is to delete them [8]. In this approach, the abnormal RR-intervals are removed and the normal RR-intervals list are merged together. A huge issue of the deletion approach is that it reduces the overall length of the HRV signal. This may significantly influence HRV spectrum [8]. Other interpolation methods maintain the original number of samples, but, by manipulating the duration of RR-intervals, they also change the overall duration by some amount. There are several interpolation approaches useful for handling inconsistent RR-intervals, i.e., zero degree, linear and cubic spline [9]. Zero degree replaces the inconsistent RR-intervals with the mean of the closest normal values. Differently, linear interpolation fits a straight line over the inconsistent RR-intervals to obtain normal values. Finally, the most popular interpolation approach is the spline of order three (i.e., cubic spline). It fits a third degree polynomial smooth curve through a number of data points to obtain new values. This latter approach is recommended when there is only small number of inconsistent RR-intervals [9].  
Finally, it was found that the interpolation introduces low frequency components (LF) and reduces high-frequency components (HF) power [6]. This aspect affects frequency domain HRV features [5], while little effect was found in time domain HRV features [4].  
We were not able to find any previous work studying the effect of interpolation missing values on the duration versus time, and the propagation of error to HRV features.
# A Novel Analytical Approach for Spacecraft Fly-Around Formation Design with a Low-Thrust Maneuver
## 3 Typical Fly-Around Configuration
### Spatial Ellipse with Target Spacecraft as the Center  
In order for the target spacecraft to be located at the center of the elliptical trajectory, the formula \(\delta\mathbf{r}=a\mathbf{e}\) needs to be satisfied, namely the following:  
\[\mathbf{r}-\underline{\mathbf{r}}=-(\frac{v^{2}}{\mu_{s}}-\frac{2}{\underline{\mathbf{r}}}) ^{-1}[\frac{1}{\mu_{s}}\mathbf{v}\times(\underline{\mathbf{r}}\times\mathbf{v})-\frac{ \underline{\mathbf{r}}}{\underline{\mathbf{r}}}] \tag{20}\]  
Define vectors \(\mathbf{r}\) and \(\mathbf{v}\) described in the RVRH coordinate system as \(\mathbf{r}=(\sigma,\beta)^{T}\) and \(\mathbf{v}=(0,v)^{T}\), respectively. The angle \(\theta\) is the angle from the \(x_{r}\)-axis to the vector \(\underline{\mathbf{r}}\) and then, the coordinate component of Equation (20) is expressed as follows:  
\[\begin{pmatrix}\sigma\\ \beta\end{pmatrix}=-\frac{\mu_{s}\underline{\mathbf{r}}}{2\mu_{s}-\underline\mathbf{{r}}v^{2}}\begin{pmatrix}\cos\theta(1-\frac{\underline{\mathbf{r}}v^{2}}{\mu_{s}} )\\ \sin\theta\end{pmatrix}+\begin{pmatrix}\underline{\mathbf{r}}\cos\theta\\ \underline{\mathbf{r}}\sin\theta\end{pmatrix} \tag{21}\]  
Equation (21) is a nonlinear equation, and the parameters \(\mu_{s},\underline{\mathbf{r}}\) and \(\theta\) are the parameters for designing the fly-around trajectory. When \(\mathbf{r}\) and \(\mathbf{v}\) are known, the above three parameters cannot be uniquely determined. Specifically, define \(\mu_{s}=\rho\underline{\mathbf{r}}v^{2}(\rho>1/2)\) and obtain the following expression:  
\[\begin{pmatrix}\sigma\\ \beta\end{pmatrix}=\underline{\mathbf{r}}\begin{pmatrix}\rho/(2\rho-1)\cos\theta \\ (\rho-1)/(2\rho-1)\sin\theta\end{pmatrix} \tag{22}\]  
Simplify the above Equation to obtain the following:  
\[\frac{\beta}{\sigma}=\frac{\rho-1}{\rho}\tan\theta \tag{23}\]  
According to Equation (23), if \(\sigma\
eq 0\) holds and the position of the servicer relative to the target is determined, \(\rho\) and \(\theta\) can be determined, and then \(\underline{\mathbf{r}}\) and \(\mu_{s}\) can be determined according to Equation (22). Note that \(\rho\) and \(\theta\) are not uniquely certain, there are multiple elliptical trajectories centered on the target spacecraft at the same time.  
The trajectories corresponding to different design parameters are simulated and analyzed. The orbit parameters of the two spacecraft are the same as the parameters in Section 3.1. The simulation results are shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 shows the control inputs as a function of time.  
In Figure 7, the arrowed line segment also points from the focus of the ellipse to the periapsis. The simulation results show that by selecting different design parameters, the fly-around trajectories centered on the target spacecraft can be obtained, which verifies the effectiveness of the guidance law. However, different design parameters will affect the period and eccentricity of the fly-around trajectories.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### The Hardware Components
#### 2.2.4 The GNSS Receiver  
The GNSS receiver used for the mobile load of the third test is a Leica GS15, mounted on a strong magnetic base that allows the fixing on the roof of a vehicle. It can provide raw and rinex data and allows a recording rate up to 20 Hz. For our aims, the receiver was configured to track GPS and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Technical Feature** & **Values/Availability** \\ \hline Max Measurement Range & 1400 m \\ Effective Measurement Rate & 29,000 to 122,000 meas/s \\ Precision & 5 mm \\ Accuracy & 8 mm \\ Vertical Scan Angle Range & +60\({}^{\circ}\)/\(-\)40\({}^{\circ}\) \\ Scan Speed & 3 lines/sec to 120 lines/s \\ GPS Receiver & Integrated L1 antenna \\ Compas & Integrated \\ Internal Sync Timer & Integrated real time synchronized time stamping of scan data \\ Multiple Target Capability & Yes \\ Laser Plummet & Integrated \\ Beam Divergence & 0.3 mrad \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: TLS Riegl VZ 1000 Main Technical Specifications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Technical Feature** & **Values/Availability** \\ \hline Angular accuracy & 1\({}^{\prime\prime}\) \\ Pinpoint EDM accuracy & 1 mm + 1 ppm \\ Measurement range without prism & 1000 m \\ Measurement range with a prism & 3500 m \\ Automatic Target Recognition & \\ (ATR) accuracy & 1\({}^{\prime\prime}\) \\ Visible Laser Pointer & YES \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Total Station Leica 1201+ Main Technical Specifications.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Feature** & **Value** \\ \hline Type & Single-lens reflex digital camera \\ Effective pixels & 24.3 million \\ Image sensor & Nikon FX format 35.9 \(\times\) 24.0 mm—DX format 24 \(\times\) 16 mm \\ File format & NEF (RAW), JPEG, NEF (RAW) + JPEG \\ Lens & NIKKOR 18–55 mm f/3.5–5.6 G VR \\ Shutter & Electronically-controlled vertical-travel focal-plane shutter \\ ISO sensitivity & ISO 100 to 6400 in steps of 1/3 or 1/2 EV \\ HD frame and frame rate & 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels; 30 p (progressive), 25 p, 24 p \\ GP-1 unit providing Coordinated Universal & YES \\ Time (UTC). & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Characteristics of the NIKON D610 digital camera.  
GLONASS; the Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) of the University of Calabria was used in order to perform the post processing.