_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Different Soil Particle-Size Classification Systems**  
**for Calculating Volume Fractal Dimension--A Case**  
**Study of _Pinus sylvestris_ var. _Mongolica_ in Mu Us**  
**Sandy Land, China**  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*\(\copyright\), [PERSON] 3,* and [PERSON] 4,5\(\copyright\)**  
* College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
* Research Station of Liaohe-River Plain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
* Department of Architecture and Landscape Engineering, Dezhou Vocational and Technical College, Dezhou 253034, China
* College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]
* The Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.M.); Tel.: +86-158-4014-7953 (J.D.)  
Received: 3 September 2018; Accepted: 7 October 2018; Published: 10 October 2018  
Characterizing changes in the soil particle-size distributions (PSD) are a major issue in environmental research because it has a great impact on soil properties, soil management, and desertification. To date, the use of soil volume fractal dimension (\(D\)) is a feasible approach to describe PSD, and its calculation is mainly dependent on subdivisions of clay, silt, sand fractions as well as different soil particle-size classification (PSC) systems. But few studies have developed appropriate research works on how PSC systems affect the calculations of \(D\). Therefore, in this study, topsoil (0-5 cm) across nine forest density gradients of _Pinus sylvestris_ var. _mongolica_ plantations (MPPs) ranging from 900-2700 trees ha\({}^{-1}\) were selected in the Mu Us sandy land, China. The \(D\) of soil was calculated by measuring soil PSD through fractal model and laser diffraction technique. The experimental results showed that: (1) The predominant PSD was distributed within the sand classification followed by clay and silt particle contents, which were far less prevalent in the study area. The general order of \(D\) values (\(D\)s) was USDA (1993) > ISO14688 (2002) > ISSS (1929) > Katschinski (1957) > China (1987) > Blott & Pye (2012) PSC systems. (2) \(D\)s were significantly positively related to the contents of clay and silt, and \(D\)s were significantly negatively to the sand content. \(D\)s were susceptible to the MPPs establishment and forest densities. (3) \(D\)s of six PSC systems were significantly positive correlated, which indicated that they not only have difference, but also have close connection. (4) According to the fractal model and descriptions of soil fractions under different PSC systems, refining scales of clay and sand fractions could increase \(D\)s, while the refining scale of silt fraction could decrease \(D\)s. From the conclusions above, it is highly recommended that USDA (1993) and Blott & Pye (2012) PSC systems be used as reliable and practical PSC systems for describing and calculating \(D\) of soil PSD.  
soil particle-size distribution; soil particle-size classification system; fractal model; fractal dimension