esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussions
### Magnetic Localization Evaluation  
To evaluate the localization accuracy and processing time of the proposed TCI system in magnetic tracking, localization experiments were carried out based on the setup illustrated in Figure 4. The combined \(T\)-type PM was placed on the end of an aluminum pole fixed on the 3D translation platform, and its movements could be precisely controlled by the platform in three orthogonal directions. The output of the 3D translation platform was taken as the true trajectory for comparison with the localization results provided by our system. The region of the marker was limited to a \(3\times 3\times 6\) cm\({}^{3}\) cube, which is about the average size inside the mouth. Two kinds of trajectories were taken as typical motion representative, and studied for verification (Figure 6), including a spiral line (100 sampling points) and a folding line (60 sampling points). It needs to be noted that although the orientations of the combined \(T\)-type PM were kept the same while following the two chosen trajectories, in real-time localization experiments, they were taken as unknown and vibrational.
# Linked Data for Life Sciences
## 4 Use Cases
### Meta-Analysis  
After the systematic review process and identifying candidate mechanistic links in the previous step, the next step is to identify the key publications with their data available in publicly accessible databases. The time-consuming step here is to go through all the publications screened at the systematic review phase to identify the type of data available from each publication, assess its relevance, extract the links to the data, and download the data from the repositories.  
After downloading the data from various repositories, the problem of interoperability arises due to the non-standard collection of metadata about the studies across different data types and data repositories such as GEO and ArrayExpress. However, some of the interoperability issues can be addressed by simply searching for the information in the publication or contacting the authors of the manuscript to which the data belongs. However, this is also time consuming and error-prone. Finally, the complete data set is corrected for systematic batch effects present due to having multiple studies in the data set and normalized together. This allows for assessing the potential background noise and determining the signal/noise ratio in the data set.  
In this case, we propose the use of the ontology-annotated documents stored in a central repository (triple store) as the starting point of performing the meta-analysis. That is, once we have queried the triple store and retrieved the relevant articles (as part of the systematic review step), we will then (automatically by querying the triple store) retrieve all the links in these constituent studies. These links correspond to the actual data from relevant databases. This data in these databases should also be represented in the machine-readable RDF format along with good quality metadata. This will facilitate the easy retrieval of the data by means of SPARQL queries. Additionally, by linking the data to specific classes in an ontology, it will make it easier to extract specific quantitative information and directly output to a desired format for further (meta-)analysis. This will reduce the burden of manually extracting the individual information from each database and combining it to perform the meta-analysis.  
Listing 3 shows an example SPARQL query for the following question: Give me all the data from the samples in GEO and ArrayExpress that are from human breast samples, that are associated with studies which have the MeSH term \"Breast Neoplasms\" and \"Receptor, IGF Type 1\" or \"Obesity\" and \"Receptor, IGF Type 1\", and conducted using the platform \"Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0\".  
Figure 2: Schematic steps of the systematic review process along with the advantages of using Semantic Web/Linked Data technologies.
## 3 Results and Analysis
### Test Results of the SSS Coating on the Surface of Concrete Cracks  
The impermeability test results of the three SSS-coated specimens with cracks were the same in each experiment, as shown in Figure 8. The impermeability of the SSS coating after concrete cracking is related to the crack width and water pressure. When the crack width is 2-5 mm and the water pressure is increased to 1 MPa, there is no water seepage on the top surface of the specimen. After 24 h of water pressure loading, the specimen is removed, and the SSS coating on the bottom of the specimen is relatively flat. The SSS coating has a depression at the crack, but no damage occurs. When the crack width is 2-5 mm and the water pressure is increased to 2 MPa, a small amount of water seeps out from the top surface of the specimen, and the SSS coating on the bottom surface of the specimen bubbles and seeps at the edge of the crack. This finding indicates that the SSS coating has been damaged. When the crack width is 2-5 mm and the water pressure is increased to 3 MPa, a large amount of water seeps out of the top surface of the specimen. The concrete on both sides of the crack shifts due to water pressure, causing the SSS and EMS coatings to detach from the concrete and tear. When the crack width is less than 1 mm, the flatness of the bottom surface of the specimen is high, and there are no obvious concave areas. The water pressure is increased to 3 MPa, and after 24 h of water pressure loading, the specimen is removed. The SSS coating is locally damaged, and there is no water seepage on the inner surface of the specimen, indicating that the SSS coating still has impermeability.  
Figure 7: The average seepage height and relative permeability coefficient of group S\({}_{1}\)-S\({}_{2}\).
## 4 MIL Verification
### Magnetic Actuation  
The verification of the solar arrays pointing ADCS exploiting magnetic actuation with magnetic torquers is reported in Figures 10 and 11. In these cases, the ADCS seems to be completely ineffective, and not capable to reach a stable Sun pointing. This is partially true, and it can be explained by reminding that the magnetic actuation is constrained to lie in the plane orthogonal to the external magnetic field vector. Hence, the control direction commanded by the pulsed modulation vector \(\hat{\mathbf{m}}\) is in general not feasible. As a consequence, the under-actuation of magnetic torquers is an issue for the proposed ADCS, and this typology of actuators is not suitable for this pulsed modulation scheme. However, comparing the non-controlled case in Figure 12, the average produced power increases when the magnetic control is active. In fact, when the system is not controlled, the average produced power is \(\leq 10\) W, while it gets to 15-20 W in Figure 10 and 10-15 W in Figure 11. This corresponds to an improvement of 100% in Sun-synchronous orbits, and 50% in equatorial orbits. This difference between the two typologies of orbits is expected since the magnetic actuation is particularly low performing in an equatorial orbit. In fact, being the equatorial plane almost parallel to the magnetic equator, the control torque is constrained to lie on this plane. Therefore, the rotation around the body axis aligned with the north pole direction of the ECI is almost never possible. This has a dramatic influence on the available  
Figure 8: Solar arrays power Monte Carlo analysis, with no eclipses and momentum exchange actuators.  
Figure 9: Solar arrays power Monte Carlo analysis, with eclipses and momentum exchange actuators.  
control performance with magnetic actuation in Earth equatorial orbits. In general, the solar arrays and angular rates only ADCS is not capable to achieve a stable Sun pointing with magnetic actuation methods. Although, the proposed control method is slightly effective in improving the electric power generation with respect to a non-controlled case. This result may be mitigated by integrating both magnetic torquers and other actuation methods, even if partially failed or not complete. For instance, the presence of a single reaction wheel with components in all the three body axes of the spacecraft might help to solve the controllability problem with magnetic actuation methods.  
Figure 11: Solar arrays power Monte Carlo analysis, with eclipses and magnetic actuators.  
Figure 10: Solar arrays power Monte Carlo analysis, with no eclipses and magnetic actuators.
# An Efficient GPS Algorithm for Maximizing Electric Vehicle Range
## 4 Results  
In this section, the results were carried out using a MATLAB Simulink model from MathWorks for a complete simulation of an electric vehicle on a specific route and the outputs are represented as curves [37].  
As shown in Figure 5, this model primarily includes six blocks, each representing a component of the vehicle model. The first block, named the Driving Cycle, represents the relationship between time and speed for the vehicle during the selected journey, with Figure 6 offering an example of a utilized driving cycle. The subsequent block, named Environment, is tasked with adjusting any necessary alterations for the chosen route, variables such as outside temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, and changes in vehicle inclination throughout the journeys can be adjusted through this block.  
Additionally, there exists a block named Longitudinal Driver, housing relevant data for the driver. The subsequent two blocks, denoted as Controller and Passenger Car, are designed to represent every aspect of the vehicle, from regenerative braking and motor power to battery size, wheels, and differential. To facilitate the monitoring of results and energy consumption, a block titled Visualization is designed to generate a list of curves, providing insights into the state of charge (SOC%) of the battery, motor torque, and current throughout the selected journey.  
Figure 5: MATLAB Simulink model interface [37].  
Figure 6: The FTP75 Driving Cycle (speed vs. time) used for Scenario 1.  
There will be four case studies represented with their results. The first case will compare different aerodynamics of vehicles, the second will explore the impact of wind speed and direction on consumption, and the third case will assess disparities in road topologies and how inclination affects battery consumption. The last case is a validation for the model used in other cases, but in real life, it will compare between simulation results and real data. The figure below shows the MATLAB Simulink EV complete model used in testing and executing the results.
###### Abstract  
The present work elaborates on the correlation between the amount and ordering of the free carbon phase in silicon oxycarbides and their charge carrier transport behavior. Thus, silicon oxycarbides possessing free carbon contents from 0 to ca. 58 vol.% (SiOC/C) were synthesized and exposed to temperatures from 1100 to 1800 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The prepared samples were extensively analyzed concerning the thermal evolution of the sp\({}^{2}\) carbon phase by means of Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, electrical conductivity and Hall measurements were performed and correlated with the structural information obtained from the Raman spectroscopic investigation. It is shown that the percolation threshold in SiOC/C samples depends on the temperature of their thermal treatment, varying from ca. 20 vol.% in the samples prepared at 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C to ca. 6 vol.% for the samples annealed at 1600 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Moreover, three different conduction regimes are identified in SiOC/C, depending on its sp\({}^{2}\) carbon content: (i) at low carbon contents (i.e., <1 vol.%), the silicon oxycarbide glassy matrix dominates the charge carrier transport, which exhibits an activation energy of ca. 1 eV and occurs within localized states, presumably dangling bonds; (ii) near the percolation threshold, tunneling or hopping of charge carriers between spatially separated sp\({}^{2}\) carbon precipitates appear to be responsible for the electrical conductivity; (iii) whereas above the percolation threshold, the charge carrier transport is only weakly activated (E\({}_{\text{a}}\) = 0.03 eV) and is realized through the (continuous) carbon phase. Hall measurements on SiOC/C samples above the percolation threshold indicate p-type carriers mainly contributing to conduction. Their density is shown to vary with the sp\({}^{2}\) carbon content in the range from 10\({}^{14}\) to 10\({}^{19}\) cm\({}^{-3}\), whereas their mobility (ca. 3 cm\({}^{2}\)/V) seems to not depend on the sp\({}^{2}\) carbon content.  
silicon oxycarbides; charge carrier transport; free carbon; Raman spectroscopy; Hall measurements +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article
# EGCY-Net: An ELAN and GhostConv-Based YOLO Network for Stacked Packages in Logistic Systems
## 6 Conclusions  
The application requirement stipulates that stacked packages be precisely detected using only limited computing and storage resources, so the structure of each part in the YOLOv7 network was redesigned. Then, an EGCY-Net network was proposed for stacked packages in a logistics system. To reduce the computational costs of deep neural networks and to employ a model that is more suitable for the Jetson Nano, this paper presents EGCY-Net, an ELAN and GhostConv-based YOLO network used for building efficient neural architectures. By replacing the convolution kernel with a linear operation, these cheap operations save a lot of computing resources. Comparing mAP and the detection time, we conclude that the GhostNet module can reduce the size of the model while still retaining comparable performance. Moreover, the new Convolution-GhostConv Stack module and the ELAN-GhostConv network were proposed for EGCY-Net. EGCY-Net was tested on images captured by a mobile phone and by an Arducam IMX477 camera. The experimental results show that--compared with the other SOTA methods--the proposed EGCY-Net effectively improves object detection accuracy, reduces the parameters, and shortens the testing time.  
The contributions were distributed between the authors as follows: [PERSON] was responsible for writing the manuscript text, programming the method, preparing the dataset, and implementing the idea. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] handled the preparation of the hardware. [PERSON] contributed by providing the database and operational scenario, conducting an in-depth discussion of the related literature, and verifying the accuracy experiments exclusive to this paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the 2023 Yeungnam University research grants. This research project was carried out with the support of the 2023 Daegu Mobile Robot Regulatory Free Zone innovation project \"Demonstration of mobile cooperative robot for application of manufacturing process\", sponsored by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups (MSS) of the Korean government (grant no. P0023713).  
Not applicable.  
Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data was obtained from Pyeong Hwa Automotive Company and are available from the authors with the permission of Pyeong Hwa Automotive Company.  
This work received support from Pyeong Hwa Automotive, with guidance provided by company employees [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for data preparation.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
\begin{tabular}{l l} ELAN & extended efficient layer aggregation networks \\ YOLO & you only look once \\ EGCY-Net & An ELAN and GhostConv-based YOLO Network \\ CGStack & Conv-GhostConv stack \\ YOLO & you only learn one representation \\ mAP & mean average precision \\ ONNX & Open Neural Network Exchange \\ t-SNE & t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding \\ \end{tabular}
# Risk Prediction for Winter Road Accidents on Expressways
## 2 Data
### Highway Data  
Highways in Korea are standardized with node links. In this case, the standard node links consist of nodes and links connecting the nodes, developed to represent the road traffic network [15]. The link types of standard node links include general roads, bridges, tunnels, and overpasses, and link-level GIS information [16]. A total of 11,368 highway links were used in this study.  
Furthermore, road geometry information of highways is needed to evaluate road accident risks. The geometric information used in the study was the angle of rotation and the turning radius of the road. The link is composed of many dots. For simplification to reduce the number of points, GIS and the Douglas-Peucker algorithm were used to generate the angle of rotation and turning radius of the road. Here, the Douglas-Peucker algorithm proposed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] is a method of removing unnecessary points by setting the threshold \(\varepsilon\). On a straight line connecting the start and end points of the road, the vertical distance between the points is calculated, and the point with a vertical distance smaller than the set threshold is removed [17]. Because this algorithm depends on the distance between points and lines, it has the advantage of not being subject to constraints of dimensionality [18]. In this study, the highways were simplified by setting the threshold to 10 m.  
Equation (1) shows the calculation method for the angle of rotation using points and lines in each link.  
\[\theta\ =\ \arctan((y_{2}-y)/(x_{2}-x))\times 180/\pi-\arctan((y_{1}-y)/(x_{1}- x))\times 180/\pi \tag{1}\]  
As a circle can be drawn with three points, it is drawn by selecting three points for each link from the standard node link data, and each geometric information calculated. Figure 1 shows the calculation method for geometric information.  
In the figure, \(\theta\) represents the angle of rotation, and \(l\) is the turning radius.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Hydrolytic Characteristics
#### 3.2.2 Sds-Page  
Protein SDS-PAGE (Figure 2) confirmed the degradation of major proteins contained in porcine organs; a visual representation of the main effects, showing good agreement with the findings on the degree of hydrolysis, is presented in Figure 1b. In the non-hydrolyzed control, distinct protein bands were observed, most of which disappeared after enzymatic hydrolysis. This was likely due to the hydrolysis of the observed proteins into low-molecular-weight peptides and free amino acids. These types of alterations in protein patterns were more prominent in the porcine heart treatments, which consistently aligned with the increased degree of hydrolysis. Notably, a protein band with a molecular weight of \(\approx\)65-70 kDa (indicated by the arrow in Figure 2) remained even after enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly in trypsin-mediated treatment, and a similar phenomenon was observed in all porcine organs used in this study. Based on its molecular weight, abundance, and prevalence, the protein band can be presumed to represent porcine serum albumin (\(\approx\)66 kDa). [PERSON] et al. [24] found that trypsin treatment alone cannot completely degrade porcine serum albumin; extrinsic factors are required to facilitate structural changes. Extending  
Figure 1: Extractable protein (**a**) of porcine organs and degree of hydrolysis (**b**) of their hydrolyzates. H, heart; K, kidney; S, spleen; V, liver; L, lung. Each error bar indicates the standard deviation (\(n=3\)). a–h means with the same letter are not significantly different (\(p\geq 0.05\)).  
the duration of hydrolysis may lead to further degradation of trypsin-resistant albumin and other similar proteins. As mentioned earlier, utilizing pretreatment technologies to induce conformational changes in proteins within porcine organs could serve as a practical approach to enhance the hydrolysis efficiency of proteins resistant to trypsin-mediated hydrolysis. Furthermore, the current results are limited; thus, it is necessary to explore the impact of trypsin-mediated selective hydrolysis on the degradation of major proteins present in porcine organs by observing the low-molecular-weight region to determine the peptide distribution.
## 6 Optimization and Simulation Results
### Optimisation Criteria  
Table 3 includes a summary of the economic and technical criteria for an optimal design of the SPV/WTG system based on different values of solar radiation and a 4.0 m/s wind speed.  
Table 3 indicates that the size of the SPV array decreases with increasing solar radiation. In contrast, the size of the WTG is 1 kW for all solar radiation cases because the wind speed is constant at 4.0 m/s. The optimal number of batteries, which was found by the HOMER simulation for the system, is 64 batteries. In addition, the inverter (DC/AC) needed must be capable of handling 0.2 kW.  
The SPV array, which is a 20 Sharp ND-F4Q300 module (polycrystalline), is rated at 6.0 kW with a voltage \(V_{pm}\) of 35.20 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\), a current \(I_{pm}\) of 8.52 A, and a power \(P_{pm}\) of 300 W. A 20 Sharp ND-F4Q300 module will be connected with four in series and five in parallel to be compatible with the specifications of the solar control regulator chosen in this study, the Solarcon SPT-4830 [35]. This requires that the open circuit voltage for a SCR \(V_{oc}^{\mathrm{SPV-4830}}\), 192 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\), be higher than the open circuit voltage of the SPV panel, 180.4 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\) (four SPV modules in series \(\times\)\(V_{oc}^{\mathrm{ND-F4Q300}}\), 45.10 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\)). In addition, the current for a SCR \(I^{\mathrm{SPT-4830}}\) must be higher than the short circuit current of the SPV panel \(I_{sc}^{\mathrm{ND-F4Q300}}\), 8.94 A \(\times\) 1.3 (safety factor). The optimal size of the WTG was found by the HOMER simulation to be 1 kW; the FT-1000L WTG model is a good choice. The nominal voltage of the _Trojn L16P_ battery [31] is 6 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\) and the nominal capacity is 360 Ah. Thus, the optimal number of batteries (64 batteries) found by the HOMER simulation for the system will be connected with eight in series and eight in parallel because the DC bus-bar is 48 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\). A typical daily AC load is (air conditioner 91 W + lamps 40 W). Therefore, the inverter must be capable of handling 0.2 kW. _SU200P_, which has specifications of 200 W, an input voltage of 12/24/48 V\({}_{\mathrm{dc}}\), an output voltage of 220/110 V\({}_{\mathrm{ac}}\), an AC output frequency of 50 Hz/60 Hz, and a pure sine wave can be chosen.  
The system costs consist of the following: (i) the IC cost is paid at the beginning of the project and decreases with decreasing size of the elements of the project; (ii) The operating cost is paid annually, and most of this cost goes towards operating and maintaining the battery bank; (iii) The NPC represents all costs that occur within the project lifetime, including IC costs, component replacements within the project lifetime and O&M costs. Table 3 indicates that the IC and O&M costs decrease with increasing solar radiation because the SPV array size decreases, reducing the total cost (NPC) of the hybrid SPV/WTG system.