## 2 Materials and Methods
### Querying Procedure  
The latest premium versions of ChatGPT-4o (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA, USA), DeepSeek (Hangzhou DeepSeek Artificial Intelligence Basic Technology Research Co., Ltd.; Beijing, China), Gemini Advanced (Google, Menlo Park, CA, USA), and Claude 3.7 Sonnet (Anthropic, San Francisco, CA, USA) were utilized in this study. Each of the 25 standardized questions was entered individually into the chat interfaces of the four models, using English to ensure accurate interpretation and minimize linguistic ambiguity. To prevent contextual carryover and memory effects, each question was submitted in a new, independent session. Before querying, browser cookies were cleared and each model was accessed through a separate user account to eliminate any potential influence from prior interactions or personalization.  
All questions were input without any alterations to wording, punctuation, or syntax. No prompt engineering, pre-testing, or optimization strategies were applied in order to simulate a typical end-user experience.  
To ensure procedural consistency, a single researcher ([PERSON]) submitted each question to all four chatbots on two separate occasions, with a one-week interval between the sessions. The initial responses were used for the primary analysis, while the second set was used to assess consistency and reliability. Agreement between the two rounds of responses was evaluated using [PERSON]'s Kappa (\(\kappa\)), yielding the following values: ChatGPT-4o (\(\kappa\) = 0.97), DeepSeek (\(\kappa\) = 0.89), Gemini Advanced (\(\kappa\) = 0.95), and Claude 3.7 (\(\kappa\) = 0.92).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Questions.** & \\ \hline
22. & According to the current International Association of Dental Traumatology \\  & guidelines, what is the recommended treatment approach for a traumatized \\  & primary maxillary central incisor with mild extrusion (less than 3 mm) and slight \\  & mobility? \\ \hline
23. & According to the current International Association of Dental Traumatology \\  & guidelines, what is the recommended treatment approach for a traumatized \\  & primary maxillary central incisor with severe extrusion (greater than 3 mm) and \\  & advanced mobility? \\ \hline
24. & When the root of an intruded primary tooth is displaced buccally, how does it \\  & appear radiographically, and what is the recommended treatment approach \\  & according to the current International Association of Dental Traumatology \\  & guidelines? \\ \hline
25. & When the root of an intruded primary tooth is displaced palatally, how does it \\  & appear radiographically, and what is the recommended treatment approach \\  & according to the current International Association of Dental Traumatology \\  & guidelines? \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Cont.  
Figure 1: Overview of the study design and evaluation workflow.  
Response time for each model--measured from the moment the question was entered to the completion of the response--was recorded in seconds using an online stopwatch. All outputs were compiled by the same researcher in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. To eliminate potential rater bias, all responses were anonymized, and no chatbot identifiers were included during the subsequent evaluation phase.  
Additionally, all collected responses were independently reviewed twice by the principal investigator (B.S.), with a one-week interval between reviews, to verify the absence of hallucinated or fabricated information.