## 1 Introduction  
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered a worldwide epidemic, being one of the top ten diseases causing mortality globally and affecting more than 10.5% of the adult population [1, 2]. It is a chronic metabolic disorder manifested by persistent high blood glucose levels occurring due to deficiencies in insulin production, insulin resistance, or both [3]. According to its etiology and pathogenesis, diabetes mellitus can be broadly classified into two major types: type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1 DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) [4]. T1 DM is a result of the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic \(\beta\)-cells of the islets of Langerhans, leading to significantly diminished insulin secretion, whereas T2 DM, often associated with obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle, is the outcome of either impaired insulin secretion, decreased insulin sensitivity to cells, or both [5, 6]. The long-term secondary complications of diabetes include coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, cardiomyopathy, stroke, and cerebrovascular disease, as well as diabetic retinopathy (which causes visual impairment), diabetic nephropathy (which leads to kidney failure), and diabetic neuropathy (which increases the risk of foot ulcers) [7, 8, 9]. Individuals with long-term DM are prone to these complications, which may lead to increased morbidity and mortality [10]. Diabetic foot is a major complication of DM that affects approximately 15% of diabetic patients, with 25% of them facing the possibility of lower limb amputation [11; 12; 13]. Diabetic patients are often hospitalized due to the consequences of foot-related conditions such as infections, ulcers, and gangrene or foot necrosis [14]. The ulceration is the starting point for a severe stage of the disease, and if left untreated, this can lead to amputations. Diabetic neuropathy, neuro-ischemia, and infections all have an impact on whether lesions heal or deteriorate, and amputations in diabetic patients are often precipitated by a foot ulcer that progresses to serious gangrene or infection [12]. To accelerate the healing process of diabetic foot ulcerations, various interventions such as wound cleansing, revascularization, antibiotic therapy, dead tissue removal, and in extreme situations surgery have been implemented [15]. The conventional therapy for treating diabetic foot is often impracticable, particularly in underdeveloped countries, because of the high costs, adverse side effects, and the unavailability of vascular surgeons. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the search for alternative medications derived from natural resources, especially medicinal plants, for the prevention and treatment of diabetic foot [16; 17]. Since ancient times, herbal remedies have been used as effective therapies to treat a wide range of ailments, including diabetic foot [16]. Recent findings have revealed that biologically-active phytomolecules present in plants demonstrate various pharmacological effects that help to prevent different forms of cell damage, including chronic wounds [17]. Numerous medicinal plants, including _Aloe vera, Anmonia squamous, Azadirachita indica, Carica pupaya, Catharamthus roseus, Centella asiatica, Curcumin longa, Holoceneus undatus,_ and _Punica grantum_, have exhibited potential wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidativeative, antibacterial, and other antidiabetic properties with little to no side effects, and might be considered as possible effective treatments for diabetic injuries [18; 19; 20].