## 1 Introduction  
With the increasing popularity of prefabricated buildings, research and practical experience have demonstrated that conventional rigid and articulated models are no longer suitable for prefabricated structures due to their unique construction methods [1; 2; 3; 4]. [PERSON] et al. [3] conducted a pseudo-static loading test with a constant axial force on two prefabricated steel-reinforced concrete frame joint assemblies and one reinforced concrete frame joint assembly, and the results revealed that the type of prefabricated joint connection significantly affects the structural performance. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a new type of beam-to-column joint used in prefabricated concrete frames and cyclic loading tests of three specimens, namely, two beam-column joints of this type and a cast-in-place beam-column joint, were conducted to study the seismic behavior and feasibility of this type of joint. Test results indicated that all beam-column joints exhibited beam hinge failure. [PERSON] et al. [6] presented precast reinforced concrete beam-column joints with grouted sleeves and found that these joints exhibited improved seismic performance via experimental tests and finite element analysis, and they found that the error between the experimental and finite element analysis results was minimal. With the in-depth study of building structures by various researchers, it has been found that the joint connections between individual members are not idealized rigid joints or articulation joints in steel and concrete buildings, and the joints in actual structures are often semi-rigid joints between rigid and articulation joints [7; 8]. Semi-rigid joints are a kind of connection between a rigid joint and an articulated joint. Semi-rigid joints can transmit bending moment and shear force like rigid joints and can also produce a relative corner between beams and columns like articulated joints and have a certain rotation capacity, which can dissipate energy not only by plastic deformation but also by the relative corners between the beams and columns [9; 10; 11; 12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] studied the seismic performance of PEC column-section beam frames and found that the strength of the specimens gradually degraded, and the ductility performance was advantageous. [PERSON] et al. [14] proposed a combined joint form in which precast concrete members were bolted to the joints using steel plates and a steel tube, and the test results showed that the ductility of the joints improved, but the bearing capacity became weaker due to the complex structure of the joints. [PERSON] et al. [15] presented a novel approach to combine steel and concrete in structural joints utilizing an angle steel connection form. This method involved incorporating a U-shaped anchor reinforcement into the column and connecting the beam-column using rebar, high-strength bolts, and steel sleeves. The experimental studies demonstrated that this joint exhibited a commendable energy dissipation capacity. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed the utilization of an ECC (engineered cementitious composite) material to fill the area between a beam-column joint. The findings of their research revealed the effectiveness of this approach in load transfer, a significant improvement in the ultimate bearing capacity of the joint, and a commendable energy dissipation capacity. [PERSON] et al. [17] used a pinned structure to connect beams and columns with a hidden corbel joint and grouted the joint with improved strength and flexural stiffness, but it was difficult to promote due to the complexity of the process. An experimental study on precast high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete post-cast monolithic joints by [PERSON] et al. [18] showed that the use of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete produces a good energy dissipation capacity and ductility. [PERSON] et al. [19] introduced a bolted beam-column joint form at the slab-end and performed both experimental and finite element simulation studies to evaluate its performance.