## 1 Introduction
In current research dedicated to energy and environmental contexts, passive solar wall techniques are more relevant than ever, leading to the development of various passive configurations, namely: (a) the classical Trombe wall: engineering techniques [12], theoretical and experimental investigations of heat transfer [13], comparison of the effects of air flow rate between the one-dimensional and two-dimensional models [14], and the numerical study of thermal performance [15]; (b) the PCM Trombe wall: clay bricks integrating PCM macro-capsules functioning as the storage wall [16], thermal performance of a PCM storage wall in temperate and hot climates [17], a simulation study of building walls using the collector-storage wall integrating PCMs [18], a summary of the investigation and analysis conducted on systems incorporating PCMs as storage elements [19], the heat storage wall of the studied building ventilation using black paraffin wax [20], and experimental investigations of PCM wall thermal performance improved by delta winglet vortex generators [21]; (c) a composite Trombe wall with or without PCM: the numerical study of a composite Trombe wall model both with and without PCM in relying on the Dymola/Modelica software [22], numerical studies of the comparison between two walls using sensible heat (with concrete as the storage wall) by means of TRNSYS software [23], experimental studies on the energy performance of a composite Trombe wall using concrete blocks as the storage element [24], an experimental study of a small-scale Trombe wall integrating the brick-shaped packages of PCM (hydrated salt) [25], and a theoretical study of a solar wall collector system on thermal performance [26]; and (d) a photovoltaic (PV) Trombe wall: applied in a one-room building model using TRNSYS software [27,28], a numerical study using FORTRAN to simulate the influence of photovoltaic glazing on the thermal and electrical performance of a photovoltaic-Trombe wall [29], a PV-Trombe wall assisted by a DC fan [30], a numerical study of the two-dimensional model of a PV glass panel [31,32], validation of the energy modeling of a building using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and comparison of the system with a PV panel, single glass and double glass [33,34], experimental and numerical studies during winter correlated with a south facade design [35], and a numerical study of the periodic modeling of a semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal Trombe wall (SPVT-TW) in the winter season in New Delhi using MATLAB and R2013a software [36]. Moreover, physical phenomena occurring in this system were studied as well, i.e. : ventilated air layer effects, dimensional effects, storage wall effects, insulation wall effects, and glazing effects. Generally speaking, the Trombe wall is constituted, on the outside, by glazing placed in front of the storage wall. These two components are separated by a small distance creating a ventilated or non-ventilated air layer and a greenhouse effect. The storage wall was initially made from concrete, stones, and bricks painted in dark colors on their outer surface [37]; its primary function is to absorb solar radiation (shortwave), with a portion of the absorbed energy being stored and then transferred to the interior space for heating during winter. The solar wall may, on occasion, be equipped with a vent open to the outside in order to generate air circulation (=chimney effect) from the inside to the outside in order to enhance the cooling of buildings at night during the summer[38]. In a classical Trombe wall, the low thermal resistance of the glazing can cause inverse thermocirculation in the ventilated air layer, thus decreasing room temperature during the night or non-sunny period and overheating it in the summer [24,39]. A redesign of the Trombe wall, known as the composite Trombe wall, took place [26]. [PERSON] et al. presented the results from numerical and experimental studies conducted on four distinct types of passive solar walls [40].