# Connectivity Alterations in Vascular Parkinsonism: A Structural Covariance Study
## 3 Results
### Structural Covariance Analysis
#### 3.1.1 Seed Region: Left Caudate
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline  & **Healthy Controls** & **PD Patients** & **VP Patients** & **Group Differences** \\  & **(N = 12)** & **(N = 15)** & **(N = 13)** & **(N = 16)** \\ \hline  & Mean \(\pm\) SD & Mean \(\pm\) SD & Mean \(\pm\) SD & F, T, \(p\) Values \\ \hline Gender distribution & 9 m, 3 f & 9 m, 6 f & 9 m, 4 f & F = 0.33, \(p\) = 0.72 \\ \hline Age & 73.9 \(\pm\) 5.7 & 70.2 \(\pm\) 4.3 & 75.4 \(\pm\) 7.3 & F = 2.93, \(p\) = 0.07 \\ \hline MMSE & 28.33 \(\pm\) 1.58 & 25.9 \(\pm\) 2.6 & 25.2 \(\pm\) 2.7 & F = 5.44, \(p\) = 0.009 \\ \hline TOKEN & 31.05 \(\pm\) 1.71 & 30.15 \(\pm\) 2.33 & 21.94 \(\pm\) 11.69 & F = 4.82, \(p\) = 0.01 \\ \hline COWAT & 26.95 \(\pm\) 9.17 & 24.53 \(\pm\) 9.98 & 14.55 \(\pm\) 6.36 & F = 5.46, \(p\) = 0.04 \\ \hline RAVLT-IR- & 41.78 \(\pm\) 6.67 & 36.41 \(\pm\) 9.80 & 28.40 \(\pm\) 8.61 & F = 7.52, \(p\) = 0.002 \\ \hline RAVLT-D.R. & 7.98 \(\pm\) 2.90 & 7.48 \(\pm\) 4.10 & 4.5 \(\pm\) 3.36 & F = 1.48, \(p\) = 0.24 \\ \hline Digit Span fw & 5.5 \(\pm\) 1.07 & 5.29 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 4.25 \(\pm\) 1.00 & F = 6.08, \(p\) = 0.006 \\ \hline Digit Span bw & 3.67 \(\pm\) 0.49 & 4 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 2.92 \(\pm\) 0.79 & F = 7.35, \(p\) = 0.002 \\ \hline JLO-V & 23 \(\pm\) 4.57 & 21.77 \(\pm\) 4.81 & 17.67 \(\pm\) 4.42 & F = 4.42, \(p\) = 0.02 \\ \hline MCST & 5.33 \(\pm\) 1.23 & 4.31 \(\pm\) 1.31 & 2.33 \(\pm\) 1.15 & F = 18.24, \(p\) < 0.001 \\ \hline WEIGL & 13.58 \(\pm\) 2.27 & 10.99 \(\pm\) 2.13 & 5.74 \(\pm\) 3.55 & F = 26.03, \(p\) < 0.001 \\ \hline FAB & 14.98 \(\pm\) 2.16 & 13.63 \(\pm\) 2.24 & 11.08 \(\pm\) 2.68 & F = 8.42, \(p\) = 0.01 \\ \hline BDI & 8.41 \(\pm\) 5.73 & 8.77 \(\pm\) 4.13 & 9.67 \(\pm\) 4.48 & F = 0.12, \(p\) = 0.88 \\ \hline HAMA & 8.83 \(\pm\) 4.19 & 7.77 \(\pm\) 3.56 & 9.92 \(\pm\) 4.38 & F = 1.96, \(p\) = 0.16 \\ \hline Disease Duration & - & 5.5 \(\pm\) 3.6 & 4.7 \(\pm\) 3.6 & T = 0.57, \(p\) = 0.57 \\ \hline UPDRS (Total Score) & - & 34.7 \(\pm\) 9.3 & 33.3 \(\pm\) 9.11 & T = 0.42, \(p\) = 0.68 \\ \hline UPDRS-ME & - & 21.9 \(\pm\) 8.7 & 24.4 \(\pm\) 5.6 & T = -0.88, \(p\) = 0.39 \\ \hline DAT-SPECT (Putamen/Caudate–Right) & - & 1.01 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 1.43 \(\pm\) 0.88 & T = -1.40, \(p\) = 0.17 \\ \hline DAT-SPECT (Putamen/Caudate–Left) & - & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.52 & 1.35 \(\pm\) 0.58 & T = -1.22, \(p\) = 0.24 \\ \hline \end{tabular} PD: Parkinson’s disease; VP: vascular parkinsonism; m: male; f: female; SD: Standard Deviation; F: F-value; T: T-value; \(p\): \(p\) value; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; TOKEN: Token Test; COWAT: Controlled Oral; Word Association Test; RAVLT (I.R. and D.R.): Rey Auditory–Verbal Learning Test (Immediate Recall and Delayed Recall); Digit Span fw and bw: Digit Span forward and backward; JLOV: Judgement of Lines Orientation-V; MSCI: Modified Card Sorting Test; WEIGL: Weigl’s Sorting Test; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; BDI: Beck; Depression Inventory; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; UPDRS-ME: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Motor Examination.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Demographic, clinical and scintigraphic features of the sample.