## 4 Discussion
BMI is only a measure of overall body weight relative to height and does not consider other important factors such as muscle mass, bone density, and hydration status. Therefore, the lack of differences between the groups in the previous studies may be partly due to the limitations of using BMI alone as a measure of body composition [9; 28]. In contrast, the current research used a more comprehensive assessment of body composition based on bio impedance data, which allows for the separate measurement of fat mass, muscle mass [6], and bone density [29]. The results of this study showed that the exercise-based intervention program was effective in reducing fat mass and increasing muscle mass and bone density, indicating the importance of including more comprehensive measures of body composition in future research. Additionally, the study highlights the study highlights the importance of a multi-component exercise program, which combines strength, aerobic, balance, agility, and jump training, as an effective regimen to prevent age-related functional decline in older adults [30]. The results of this study showed that the exercise-based intervention program was effective in reducing fat mass and increasing muscle mass and bone density, indicating the importance of including more comprehensive measures of body composition in future research. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of a multi-component exercise program, which combines strength, aerobic, balance, agility, and jump training, as an effective regimen to prevent age-related functional decline in older adults [6; 30]. Moreover, recent studies have revealed that the improvements in body composition achieved through a six-week multi-component exercise program are not sustained over time. In fact, follow-up assessments have shown significant reductions in all body composition indicators, including a significant decrease in muscle mass scores when compared to baseline data. This highlights the importance of regular physical exercise to maintain body composition in aging individuals, as muscle mass tends to decrease with age due to the process of senescence, which is characterized by sarcopenia, increased fat mass, and low bone density [24]. While multi-component training is an effective exercise-based strategy to reduce fat mass and increase muscle mass, it should be noted that these outcomes tend to decline in a short period of time due to the aging physiological processes [24; 31]. The evidence suggests that sustaining the benefits of exercise requires long-term commitment and consistent effort to maintain a healthy lifestyle. [10; 32]. Furthermore, research has shown that daily physical activity alone can have a positive effect on body composition [33]. This highlights the importance of making physical activity a part of daily routine to maintain a healthy body composition. In addition to physical activity, a balanced diet with a low caloric intake is also crucial for maintaining stable body composition over time [34]. Insulin resistance, a common issue in obesity, is a reduced response to insulin in target tissues such as muscle and liver tissue [12; 20]. This can lead to metabolic syndrome and hypokinetic diseases, which are known to increase the risk of metabolic cardiovascular diseases and associated morbidity and mortality [15; 35]. Dysfunctional adipose tissue is also a concern in obesity, as it can lead to pro-inflammatory processes and an increase in adipocytes such as adiponectin and pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-\(\alpha\) (TNF-\(\alpha\)) [31]. These factors can potentiate atherosclerotic processes, endothelial dysfunction, and peripheral insulin resistance, ultimately leading to the development of cardio-metabolic pathologies such as hyperchololesteremia, hyperdyslipedemia, type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, and arterial hypertension [5; 15].