esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Sprouted Grains
### Macnontrient Modifications During Sprouting
#### 3.1.2 Modification of Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber  
Carbohydrates, particularly starches, undergo significant structural and compositional changes during germination, primarily driven by the activation of hydrolytic enzymes such as \(\alpha\)-amylase [47]. These enzymes catalyze the breakdown of complex polysaccharides into simpler sugars to meet the energy demands of the growing embryo. Germination tends to cause preferential degradation of amylopectin over amylose, thereby increasing the relative amylose content and altering starch properties, including gelatinization temperature and enthalpy [48]. In coix seed (_Coix lacryma-jobi_ L.), for example, starch content decreased from 58.92% to 52.38% within just 24 h of germination, indicating rapid carbohydrate mobilization [28]. A similar trend was observed in oat grains, where \(\alpha\)-amylase activity surged from 0.3 to 48 U/g, with only modest changes in proteolytic and lipolytic activities [34]. Structural changes at the microscopic and molecular levels have also been documented. In moung beans, germination at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for up to 72 h induced surface dents on starch granules, reduced molecular weight, and increased crystallinity, although the C-type crystalline pattern remained unchanged [35]. These changes affected physicochemical properties such as solubility, swelling power, and thermal behavior, leading to reductions in viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy.  
The effect of germination on dietary fiber is more variable. Some studies report reductions in total, soluble, and insoluble fiber in oats (cv. 'Turquesa') after extended germination--55%, 44%, and 88% reductions, respectively, after 120 h at 25\({}^{\circ}\)C [29]. In contrast, other grains such as quinoa cultivars 'Choclito' (white), 'Pasankalla' (red), and 'Collana' (black) showed increased total fiber content after 72 h of germination [30].  
Together, these findings suggest that germination modifies the carbohydrate matrix of grains in ways that improve digestibility and may reduce GI--features particularly beneficial for individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or IR. In addition, changes in dietary fiber content--whether increases or qualitative shifts--may influence gut fermentation, glucose absorption, and satiety. By facilitating starch breakdown into bioavailable forms and modulating fiber composition, sprouted grains may help regulate postprandial glucose responses and contribute to better glycemic control in at-risk populations.
_applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
Mechanical and Tribological Characterization of a Bioactive Composite Resin  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,12,14,19,16,17,18,19,19,17,18,19,19,19,18,19,19,19,18,19,19,19,19,18  
of a layer with an affinity for apatite in the presence of an inorganic phosphate solution [2]. These bioactive materials also present numerous advantages, such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, a capacity for remineralization, induction of hydrophilicity, and intimate contact with dentin. In addition, they enable minimal formation of spaces between layers and are less technique sensitive than composite resins [2; 3; 4; 5; 6].  
Activa(tm) BioActive restorative (Pulpdet, Watertown, MA, USA) and Activa(tm) BioActive base/liner (Pulpdet, Watertown, MA, USA) are the first bioactive dental materials with an ionic resin matrix and bioactive fillers that mimic some physical and chemical properties of natural teeth [7; 8]. This bioactive material is believed to be an advance in the field of restorative dentistry as it combines improved physical properties and esthetics of composite resin systems together with all the benefits of resin-modified glass ionomers, such as the release and recharge of ions which can stimulate mineralization [6; 8; 9]. Conventional glass-ionomer cements also have bioactive properties, promoting remineralization of the tooth structure [2]. In addition, they do not need application of any extra products for retention or adhesion to dental hard tissues as composite resins do [2]. Moreover, this material is less technically demanding [10].  
Despite the developments and advances in dental materials allowing for greater restorative performance, there are still challenges and questions regarding the formulation of new compositions and the chemical reactions of materials used in restorative dentistry [2]. Furthermore, it is challenging to find a dental restorative material that can withstand existing mechanical, chemical, and thermal stresses in the oral cavity while maintaining a high longevity rate [11]. Defining and comparing the physical and tribological properties of these materials allows for a correct and insightful selection of materials, depending on the needs of each particular case [12].  
The aim of the present research paper is to assess and compare the mechanical and tribological characteristics of three different materials: a bioactive resin (Activa(tm) BioActive Restorative(tm), Watertown, MA, USA), a composite resin, and a glass ionomer, before and after thermocycling. The null hypothesis is that the bioactive resin does not perform better than the other two materials.
## 5 Open Challenges and Research Perspectives
### Semantic Routing  
Semantic routing, which involves routing decisions based on the meaning and context of data and services rather than purely syntactic identifiers, offers a promising direction for advancing network efficiency and adaptability.  
The possibility of deploying semantic routing in ICN has been preliminary discussed in [81]. There, a fuzzy Interest forwarding approach that leverages semantic similarity is proposed to enable approximate name matching for Interest packets. Fuzzy matching is incorporated in both the CS and FIB, supported by a semantic similarity function which dynamically balances precision and uncertainty in data retrieval. As a result, data retrieval is performed even when consumers and producers do not share exact naming conventions.  
The integration of INC and ICN may introduce transformative opportunities in this domain, fostering the development of advanced service discovery mechanisms. A key research perspective lies in designing semantic-aware forwarding mechanisms that leverage ICN's data-centric nature. This involves embedding semantic information into ICN's hierarchical naming schemes to enable efficient routing decisions based on content type, application requirements, or context-specific metadata. Combining this with INC capabilities allows intermediate nodes to process and aggregate data directly within the network, reducing latency and minimizing unnecessary data transfers. Another critical direction is the exploration of machine learning techniques to enhance semantic routing. INC-enabled nodes can employ federated learning or distributed inference models to dynamically predict optimal paths and service placements based on the semantic characteristics of traffic flows. These models, integrated in the ICN forwarding fabric, can adapt to real-time network conditions, such as traffic congestion or node availability, enhancing both routing accuracy and overall network performance.  
From a resource optimization perspective, there is an opportunity to investigate mechanisms that allocate computational and networking resources for semantic routing in ICN-based environments. This includes developing algorithms for joint optimization of storage, processing, and bandwidth at INC-enabled nodes, ensuring that semantic processing does not overwhelm the network's resource constraints.
## 3 Results
For YSZ ceramics sintered using collector pressing, the \(H_{V}\) parameter lies in the range from 16.4 to 16.2 GPa and does not go beyond the confidence interval for measuring this value. Based on XRD results, the YSZ ceramics fabricated using the collector pressing scheme are characterized by an average level of relative microstresses of the crystal lattice of 0.000069 and average crystallite size of 468 nm. The ceramics prepared using the uniaxial pressing scheme are characterized by an average level of relative microstresses of the crystal lattice of 0.000104 and large crystallite sizes of 594 nm. Figure 5 shows the transmission spectra of YSZ ceramics and the transmission value at a wavelength of \(\lambda\) = 600 nm, fabricated using collector and uniaxial pressing schemes in the SPS process. YSZ sintered ceramics with various heights demonstrate high levels of transparency in a wide spectral range. The transmission level reached 12.4% in the ultraviolet, 45.8% in the visible, and 59.9% in the infrared spectral regions, respectively. The transmittance edge is located in the spectral region of 350 nm and does not depend on the consolidation conditions. It can be determined by the ceramic thickness. With an increase in the height of YSZ ceramic specimens fabricated by uniaxial pressing in the SPS process, from 2 to 3 mm, a decrease in light transmission from 39.3% to 10.1% was observed. With a further increase in sample height from 3 to 5 mm, an anomalous increase in light transmission was observed from 10.1% to 17.5%. For samples sintered using collector pressing in the SPS process, with an increase in height from 2 to 5 mm, a \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Pressing Scheme** & **h, mm** & **HV, GPa** & **a, Å** & **D, nm** & **\(\varepsilon\), arb. unit** & **Rwp, \%** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Uniaxial pressing} & 2 & 15.3 \(\pm\) 0.4 & 5.146 & 587 & 0.000075 & 15.77 \\  & 3 & 14.2 \(\pm\) 0.1 & 5.146 & 610 & 0.000116 & 15.91 \\  & 4 & 14.9 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 5.144 & 748 & 0.000083 & 16.06 \\  & 5 & 15.5 \(\pm\) 0.3 & 5.145 & 431 & 0.000141 & 15.88 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Collector pressing} & 2 & 16.4 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 5.145 & 433 & 0.000082 & 15.84 \\  & 3 & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.6 & 5.145 & 337 & 0.000071 & 15.83 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 4 & 15.6 \(\pm\) 0.9 & 5.145 & 507 & 0.000059 & 15.74 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 5 & 16.2 \(\pm\) 0.7 & 5.145 & 595 & 0.000062 & 15.96 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Parameters of the crystal structure and microhardness of YSZ ceramics. Figure 5: Diffuse transmission spectra (**a**) and transmission coefficient value at \(\lambda\) = 600 nm (**b**) of YSZ ceramics. decrease in light transmission from 35.1% to 2.9% was observed. The highest value was achieved at a ceramic thickness of 2 mm.
# Refined Prior Guided Category-Level 6D Pose Estimation and Its Application on Robotic Grasping
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Network Structure
#### 3.2.1 Overview  
Figure 3 illustrates the network structure of the refined prior-guided category-level 6D pose estimation proposed in this paper. The model takes the observed object's RGB image \(I_{i}\), depth image \(D_{i}\), and category prior \(P_{p}\) as inputs. Through the Prior Guided Observation Network, the model obtains the instance local feature embedding, instance global feature embedding, category local feature embedding, and category global feature embedding. These feature embeddings are then utilized in the Deformation Refine Module to obtain the deformation matrix \(D\) and in the Correspondence Refine Module to obtain the dense correspondence matrix \(M\).  
Figure 2: Illustration of the priors of six selected categories, which are bottle, bow, camera, can, laptop, and mug, arranged from left to right.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### PBM Parameters  
The patients in the TG were subjected immediately after the surgical intervention to intraoral and extraoral PBM. The used laser device was K-Laser Blu Dental (Eltech K-Laser, Treviso, Italy). The device can emit, in combination or separately, three wavelengths: 445 (\(\pm\)5) nm, 660 (\(\pm\)5) nm, and 970 (\(\pm\)5) nm. Both extraoral and intraoral PBM applications were conducted using the combination of the three wavelengths.  
For the extraoral PBM, the parameters were an energy of 99 J, a peak power of 1.1 W (0.5 W for 445 nm, 0.5 W for 970 nm, and 0.1 W for 660 nm), an average total power of 550 mW, and a frequency of 4 Hz. A defocused handpiece with a 32 mm diameter was used, which guarantees a fixed spot area at 2 cm from the surface. The application duration was 3 min. The laser was applied on the mandibular angle \"masseter insertion\", keeping the handpiece in contact with the skin without movement (Figure 1).  
Figure 1: Extraoral photobiomodulation (PBM).  
For the intraoral application, PBM was carried out in three phases. Each phase duration was 1 min. The parameters of each phase were an energy of 36 J, a peak power of 0.40 W (0.1 W for 445 nm, 0.2 W for 970 nm, and 0.1 W for 660 nm), an average total power of 200 mW, a frequency of 4 Hz, and a spot area of 2 cm\({}^{2}\). The laser was applied at three different points surrounding the surgical wound (buccal, lingual, and distal) at a distance of \(\simeq\)1 cm, keeping the handpiece in place without movement (Figure 2). Table 1 shows the parameters used for extraoral and intraoral PBM, as it is recommended in the literature to report the PBM parameters in a table [26].
# Bounce: A High Performance Satellite-Based Blockchain System
## 6 Experiments, Results, and Analysis
### Slot Protocol Measurements
#### 6.3.4 Response Time/Throughput Tradeoff  
As observed above, Table 3 shows a linear relationship between the number of transactions and the time required to construct a Merkle Tree on a single node. That is, constructing \(k\) Merkle Trees of size \(n/k\) sequentially takes approximately the same time as building a single large Merkle Tree of size \(n\). By contrast, the communication portion of the Merkle Tree multisignatures scales sub-linearly as shown in Figure 4. So, acquiring multisignatures on \(k\) Merkle Trees of size \(n/k\) will take longer than acquiring multisignatures on a single large Merkle Tree of size \(n\).  
Therefore, breaking up a one million Merkle Tree into 10 Merkle Trees each holding 100,000 transactions will cause an increased response time for some transactions. Thus the only way to offer premium-level response time to all transactions without adding hardware is to reduce the number of transactions per slot. This constitutes a response time-throughput tradeoff.
# Magnetic Field Penetration Depth in Various Materials and Applications
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, the aim of this review article is to present and analyze the most relevant research on ppB in various materials and applications, contributing to expanding the frontiers of knowledge and promoting new lines of research. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: How does the penetration depth of the magnetic field vary in dense heterogeneous materials, substances, or biological materials? What emerging applications can the models benefit from under extreme conditions, such as high frequencies or varying temperatures?
## 4 Conclusions  
In the present work, the obtained results from the chemical analyses demonstrated that the characteristic flavor and aroma of two _Capsicum annuum_ accessions (\"Paprika\" and \"Baklouti\") are related to the specific type and combination of VOCs found. Both samples showed a higher amount of sesquiterpenes than monoter, while only Baklouti pepper contained sugars and also emitted a higher number of sulfur-based compounds. Oleic acid was the main fatty acid detected in both peppers. The demonstrated antibacterial efficacy of the extracts, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, is undoubtedly linked to the pool of detected metabolites. In summary, the findings may contribute to better a understanding of the metabolome of Paprika and Baklouti peppers collected in Tunisia in order to create new research perspectives for future applications in various sectors, from food to pharmaceutical, considering these matrices as sources of bioactive molecules.  
Conceptualization, A.S. and S.G.; methodology, A.S., F.M., C.T. and S.G.; formal analysis, A.S., F.M., C.T. and S.G.; investigation, A.S., F.M., C.T. and S.G.; resources, A.B.H. and R.B.S.; data curation, A.S., F.M., C.T. and S.G.; writing--original draft preparation, A.S., A.B.H., R.B.S., C.T. and S.G.; writing--review and editing, A.S., A.B.H., R.B.S., C.T. and S.G.; supervision, A.S. and S.G.; funding acquisition, A.S., C.T. and S.G.; project administration, S.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**ID Code** & **Strains** & **Origin** \\ \hline ATCC 11353 & _Campylobacter coli_ & Type strain \\ ATCC 35218 & _Escherichia coli_ & Type strain \\ ATCC 7644 & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & Type strain \\ ATCC 13076 & _Salmonella enterica_ & Type strain \\ subsp. _ enterica_ serovar Enteritidis & Type strain \\ ATCC 43300 & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & Type strain \\
641/6 II & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & Cold smoked salmon \\
13155/2017 & _Listeria monocytogenes_ & Dairy products \\  & _Salmonella enterica_ & Fresh and minimally \\
2 & subsp. _ enterica_ serotype Veneziana & processed vegetables \\  & _Salmonella enterica_ & Tiramisu \\
1 & subsp. _ enterica_ serovar Enteritidis & \\ aA 17 & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & Salami \\ aA 19 & _Staphylococcus aureus_ & Salami \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Overview on the bacterial strains under study.
# An Efficient Indoor Positioning Method with the External Distance Variation for Wireless Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
The internal and external variation mechanism are matched to analyze the influence of MSE caused by positioning. This paper proposes the signal strength to estimate the distance and the MMSE algorithm to explore the effectiveness of indoor positioning. Experiments show that the positioning MSE and positioning node are referenced. The amount of variation in the distance between nodes is related. In order to improve the positioning accuracy, this paper proposes to use the internal distance (the distance between the positioning node and the reference node) and the external distance (the distance between the reference nodes) to select the most suitable reference node. However, unsuitable nodes may be selected to increase the probability of MSE. Therefore, this paper considers the model of external variation. Because the distance from the reference node to the center of the circle is the same, this model is also used to discuss the layout. Four reference nodes are randomly deployed on the circle, and the smallest amount of variation and the corresponding three reference nodes will be selected through the four-select-three mechanism. After calculating the three reference nodes, the amount of variation is minimal and the MSE is very high. Finally, this paper analyzes several reference nodes (three, four, five, and six reference nodes) through 3D graphs to estimate the small range area. The differences are more clearly observed with fewer reference nodes and with lower MSE. Simulation results show that the MSE value of fixed three reference nodes is almost 100% better with the external distance variation method compared to the random selected three reference nodes.  
Conceptualization, Y.-F.H. and C.-M.C.; methodology, Y.-F.H., C.-M.C. and Y.-T.J.; software, Y.-F.H. and Y.-T.J.; validation, C.-M.C. and Y.-F.H.; investigation, C.-M.C. and Y.-T.J.; data curation, Y.-F.H. and C.-M.C.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.-F.H. and C.-M.C.; writing--review and editing, Y.-F.H. and C.-M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 19: Six reference nodes to estimate small range.
# Betatron Radiation and Bremsstrahlung in the Interaction of Intense Laser Pulse with Solid Target
## 2 Methods and Simulation Setup  
### Simulation Tool  
The PIC code EPOCH [45] (version number 4.17.8) used in our study of the electron acceleration and radiation processes is capable of simulating the bremsstrahlung radiation while calculating the movement of electrons in the electromagnetic fields by implementing a Monte-Carlo (MC) module in the PIC loop [41; 42].  
In the MC module, bremsstrahlung photon generation in the interaction of laser-driven energetic electrons with the target atoms is modeled by random scattering events that depend on the differential cross section of the collision event. The reduced energy \(\kappa\) of the produced bremsstrahlung photon is obtained according to the probability distribution \(p(\varepsilon,\kappa)=\frac{1}{\kappa}\chi(Z,\varepsilon,\kappa)\Theta(\kappa- \kappa_{\rm cr})\), where \(\varepsilon\) is the electron energy, \(Z\) is the atomic number, \(\kappa\) is the ratio of the photon-to-electron energies, \(\kappa_{\sigma}\) is the cut-off energy, and \(\chi(Z,\varepsilon,\kappa)\) is a scaled differential cross section. For electrons with energy above 500 keV, the photon emission angle is set to be parallel to the electron momenta.
# Opportunities and Challenges of Smartglass-Assisted Interactive Telementoring
## 4 Five Scenarios for Smartglass-Assisted Interactive Telementoring
### SAIT for Hardware Engineers Scenario  
* _Mentors and Mentees of Different Levels._ This scenario enables mentees to receive help from expert hardware engineers. For example, teachers as mentors can teach school courses that require hardware engineering as shown in Figure 9. Remote mentors can also provide support for Do-It-Yourself (DIY) mentees.
* _Sharing of First-person and Eye-level View via Smartglass._ It is often difficult to figure out hardware problems or explain the problem clearly. In this scenario, mentees share their eye-level view captured by their HMD smartglasses with mentors to receive supportive feedback.
* _Extended Use Cases with Bi-directional Interaction._ In this scenario, voice-based UIs are used to communicate between mentors and mentees in real-time. Furthermore, telestration UI can be used to draw attention to specific areas of interest. For example, the mentor can highlight where to connect or dismantle.