## 5 Simulation and Experimental Results
### ECC-Based Authentication for the Trusted Authority (TA)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **No. Vehicles** & **S-AODV** & **ES-AODV** & **ECC-ACO-AODV** & **ECC-GA-PASR** & **S-AODV** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Energy Efficiency (\%)} & 100 & 5.22 & 8.17 & 15.21 & 39.24 & 5.22 \\  & 200 & 15.34 & 19.34 & 39.93 & 45.24 & 15.34 \\  & 300 & 28.13 & 34.71 & 52.71 & 61.76 & 28.13 \\  & 400 & 58.47 & 61.74 & 81.25 & 88.76 & 58.47 \\  & 500 & 76.46 & 82.46 & 88.78 & 95.17 & 76.46 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Packet Delivery Ratio (\%)} & 100 & 5.24 & 8.76 & 11.44 & 15.93 & 5.24 \\  & 200 & 18.44 & 25.33 & 31.64 & 38.33 & 18.44 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 300 & 38.28 & 45.76 & 51.38 & 59.48 & 38.28 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 400 & 58.24 & 65.13 & 71.25 & 78.76 & 58.24 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 500 & 75.18 & 82.19 & 88.17 & 98.28 & 75.18 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Overhead (packets)} & 100 & 1028 & 964 & 527 & 56 & 1028 \\  & 200 & 1537 & 1264 & 857 & 128 & 1537 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 300 & 2186 & 1537 & 1128 & 248 & 2186 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 400 & 2968 & 2046 & 1538 & 358 & 2968 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 500 & 3586 & 2578 & 1867 & 486 & 3586 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Packet Loss (packets)} & 100 & 196 & 145 & 96 & 64 & 196 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 200 & 329 & 221 & 146 & 105 & 329 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 300 & 419 & 347 & 247 & 145 & 419 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 400 & 528 & 428 & 317 & 196 & 528 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 500 & 658 & 589 & 386 & 246 & 658 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Performance Analysis of Energy Efficiency, Packet Delivery Ratio, overhead, and Packet Loss concerning number of vehicles. Figure 12: Packet Loss Calculation based on number of vehicles. works. The packet delivery ratio achieved by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is 98.28%, whereas the earlier works such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV achieved the packet delivery ratio is 75%, 83%, and 89%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed ECC-GA-PASR achieves a 9-18% better packet delivery ratio when compared with the earlier works. The proposed ECC-GA-PASR achieved high efficiency and packet delivery ratio when compared with the earlier, which is attained by incorporating the network with both highly effective security and optimization methods. The overhead produced by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is 486 packets, whereas the earlier works such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV is 3586 packets, 2578 packets, and 1867 packets, respectively. The performance of the proposed ECC-GA-PASR achieves 3000-1500 packets lower overhead when compared with the earlier works. The packet loss proposed by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is 246 packets, whereas the earlier works such as S-AODV, ES-AODV, and ECC-ACO-AODV are 658 packets, 589 packets, and 386 packets, respectively. The proposed ECC-GA-PASR produced around 150 packets to 400 packets, lower packet loss when compared with the earlier works. Both the overhead and packet loss produced by the proposed ECC-GA-PASR is lower than that of the earlier works, which is mainly due to the presence of the ECC security and optimization method; this combination process better result that leads to the improved overall performance of the network.