esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Multiple-Parallel Morphological Anti-Aliasing Algorithm Implemented in FPGA
## 4 Results and Comparisons
### Memory Size  
In the process of obtaining the blend weight coefficients, we need to store a predefined area texture in the Block RAM of the FPGA. The area texture stores the area of each pixel in all aliasing patterns of any length divided by its corresponding crossing edge. The memory size required to store the area texture is related to the size of the image; the larger the image, the larger the memory required. We compared the memory size required for the two algorithms to process images of different sizes and obtain the results shown in Table 2.  
It can be seen in Table 2 that our algorithm consumes much less memory than MLAA when they are implemented in FPGA [22, 25]. This is because our algorithm scales and optimizes the area texture.  
In MLAA, if we choose an image with a width and height of 100 as the input of the algorithm, for each aliasing pattern, we need 10,000 datapoints to store all possible blend weight coefficients. If the width and height of the image were increased to 200, at this point, for each aliasing pattern, we would need up to 40,000 datapoints to store all possible blend weight coefficients. Such a huge amount of data makes it difficult for us to process larger images.  
To reduce the amount of data required to store all possible blend weight coefficients for each aliasing pattern, we scaled the area texture used in MLAA. By representing all blend weight coefficients for a certain length interval of each aliasing pattern as a single datapoint, we can greatly reduce the memory size required to store the area texture. For example, we only need 400 and 696 datapoints to store all possible blend weight coefficients for an image with a width and height of 100 and 200, respectively.  
We can see in Table 2 that, for the same image, the memory size used to store the area texture of MLAA is about 16 times that of our algorithm when the width and height of the image are 100. When the width and the height of the image increase to 200, the memory size used to store the area texture of MLAA increases to 69 times that of our algorithm. Thus, compared with MLAA, our algorithm reduces the memory size greatly.
# Optimal Design of a Residential Photovoltaic Renewable System in South Korea
###### Abstract  
An optimal design model for residential photovoltaic (PV) systems in South Korea was proposed. In the optimization formulation, the objective function is composed of three costs, including the monthly electricity bill, the PV system construction cost (including the government's subsidy), and the PV system maintenance cost. Here, because the monthly electricity bill is not differentiable (it is a stepped piecewise linear function), it cannot be solved by using traditional gradient-based approaches. For details considering the residential electric consumption in a typical Korean household, consumption was broken down into four types (year-round electric appliances, seasonal electric appliances, lighting appliances, and stand-by power). For details considering the degree of PV generation, a monthly generation dataset with different PV tilt angles was analyzed. The optimal design model was able to obtain a global design solution (PV tilt angle and PV size) without being trapped in local optima. We hope that this kind of practical approach will be more frequently applied to real-world designs in residential PV systems in South Korea and other countries.  
Keywords:optimal design; photovoltaic system; renewables; residential building; South Korea +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Background
### Dynamic Security Frameworks: INTER-TRUST  
A security framework is a reusable set of modules that can be customized to develop trustworthy applications. The framework describes the interfaces and main functionality of each module, as well as the flow of control between them [14]. There are two different types of modules that can be distinguished in a security framework. On the one hand, the framework contains a set of modules that implement the security concerns, such as authentication, authorization, privacy, encryption, _etc._ On the other hand, the framework contains modules to deploy and manage the security of an application (_i.e._, when and how the security concerns are incorporated into an application). From among these modules, the framework can incorporate specific modules to adapt the security level of the applications at runtime. In this case, we are referring to dynamic security frameworks.  
The INTER-TRUST framework is a dynamic security framework to support trustworthy applications based on the enforcement and dynamic adaptation of security policies. As shown in Figure 2, in the INTER-TRUST framework, security policies are first specified using a security editor (e.g., MotOrBac, an Organization-Based Access Control policy editor [15]) and then negotiated between the different parties in a communication using a negotiation module. When the security requirements change at runtime, the security policies are (re)negotiated. The negotiated security policy is then analyzed and interpreted by the policy engine and the policy interpreter modules. These modules are responsible for identifying changes in the security policy that require adapting the security concerns (e.g., authentication, encryption, _etc._) deployed inside the application dynamically, at runtime. When security policies need to be dynamically deployed and/or reconfigured at runtime, the aspect generation and the aspect weaver modules are in charge of obtaining the differences between the old and the new security configurations. Additionally, these modules incorporate or eliminate the corresponding security modules in the application itself. The environment is monitored using the notification module and the Security Monitoring tool. The monitored information is used by the context awareness module to notify the changes in the context. These changes can generate a new negotiation of the security policy and the negotiation-interpretation-deployment process begins again. Changing the security at runtime can introduce security flaws into the application. In order to avoid this, different active and fuzz testing techniques (Fuzz Testing and Active Testing tools) are provided as part of the framework in order to confirm that the dynamic changes are not harmful.  
Figure 2: The INTER-TRUST framework.
# Toward High Bit Rate LoRa Transmission via Joint Frequency-Amplitude Modulation
## 5 Evaluations  
We choose Bit Rate (BR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) as the metrics to examine QR\(-\)LoRa basic performance for communication effectiveness and reliability. In order to demonstrate the advantages of QR\(-\)LoRa, we take the conventional LoRa and ICS-LoRa as the benchmark.
## 4 Water Security Assessment of Asian Countries
### Asia Water Security Assessment Results  
The Water Security Index (WSI) was finally calculated based on the analysis results of each core area (Figure 2). Japan, Malaysia, and South Korea turned out to enjoy better water security than other countries relative to a score of 3.0 or higher, and Turkmenistan, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nations** & **Biodiversity Threat** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Human Water** \\ **Security Threat** \\ \end{tabular} & **Result** \\ \hline Tajikistan & 2.0 & 3.0 & 2.5 \\ Thailand & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 \\ Timor-Leste & 3.0 & 1.0 & 2.0 \\ Turkmenistan & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Uzbekistan & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Viet Nam & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Nations** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Voice and** \\ **Accountability** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Political Stability** \\ **and Absence of** **Violence** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Government** \\ **Effectiveness** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Regulatory** \\ **Quality** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Rule of** \\ **Law** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Control of** \\ **Corruption** \\ \end{tabular} & **Result** \\ \hline Bangladesh & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Bhutan & 3.0 & 4.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 4.0 & 5.0 & 3.7 \\ Brunei & 2.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 3.7 \\ Darussalam & 2.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.2 \\ Cambodia & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.8 \\ China & 3.0 & 3.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 3.0 & 4.0 & 3.5 \\ Georgia & 3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.8 \\ India & 3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.8 \\ Indonesia & 3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.8 \\ Japan & 4.0 & 4.0 & 5.0 & 4.0 & 5.0 & 4.0 & 4.3 \\ Kazakhstan & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.7 \\ Kyrgyzstan & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.3 \\ Laos & 1.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Malaysia & 3.0 & 3.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 3.0 & 3.5 \\ Mongolia & 3.0 & 4.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.2 \\ Myanmar & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Nepal & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.3 \\ North Korea & 1.0 & 3.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.0 & 1.3 \\ Pakistan & 2.0 & 1.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 1.8 \\ Philippines & 3.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.7 \\ Singapore & 3.0 & 5.0 & 5.0 & 5.0 & 5.0 & 5.0 & 4.7 \\ South Korea & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 & 4.0 \\ Sri Lanka & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 \\ Tajikistan & 1.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 1.8 \\ Thailand & 2.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.7 \\ Timor-Leste & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 3.0 & 2.5 \\ Turkmenistan & 1.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 1.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 1.8 \\ Uzbekistan & 1.0 & 3.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 & 2.0 \\ Viet Nam & 2.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 3.0 & 2.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Assessment results of government competency. Nepal, North Korea, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan have poor water security compared to other countries relative to a score of 2.0 or less (Table 12).
# Constructing More Complete Control Flow Graphs Utilizing Directed Gray-Box Fuzzing
###### Abstract  
Control Flow Graphs (CFGs) provide fundamental data for many program analyses, such as malware analysis, vulnerability detection, code similarity analysis, etc. Existing techniques for constructing control flow graphs include static, dynamic, and hybrid analysis, which each having their own advantages and disadvantages. However, due to the difficulty of resolving indirect jump relations, the existing techniques are limited in completeness. In this paper, we propose a practical technique that applies static analysis and dynamic analysis to construct more complete control flow graphs. The main innovation of our approach is to adopt _directed gray-box fuzzing (DGF)_ instead of _coverage-based gray-box fuzzing (CGF)_ used in the existing approach to generate test cases that can exercise indirect jumps. We first employ a static analysis to construct the static CFGs without indirect jump relations. Then, we utilize directed gray-box fuzzing to generate test cases and resolve indirect jump relations by monitoring the execution traces of these test cases. Finally, we combine the static CFGs with indirect jump relations to construct more complete CFGs. In addition, we also propose an _iterentive feedback mechanism_ to further improve the completeness of CFGs. We have implemented our technique in a prototype and evaluated it through comparing with the existing approaches on eight benchmarks. The results show that our prototype can resolve more indirect jump relations and construct more complete CFGs than existing approaches.  
control flow graph; hybrid analysis; directed gray-box fuzzing; indirect jump relations Article
## 3 Results
### Degradation of Soil Pesticides Under Different Tillage Methods
#### 3.5.2 Degradation Patterns of Individual Herbicides Under Different Tillage Treatment  
The degradation kinetics of five herbicides--atraine, acetochlor, alachlor, nicosulfuron, and mesotrione--were evaluated under three tillage treatments (CK, SS, ST), based on T\({}_{1/2}\) values and degradation profiles.  
Atrazine showed significant variation in degradation across treatments. Under SS, its T\({}_{1/2}\) increased from 14.14 d (CK) to 19.80 d, whereas under ST, it decreased to 13.86 d. Degradation kinetics further showed that under ST, atrazine degradation started rapidly, reaching 30% within the first three days. This rate was significantly higher than those observed under CK and SS. A marked acceleration was also observed during the mid-to-late incubation phase (40-55 days), ultimately resulting in the highest final degradation efficiency of 94%. Although degradation started more slowly under CK, nearly complete degradation (>95%) was achieved by day 55. This indicates the potential for strong atrazine biodegradation under conventional tillage practices.  
Aectochlor and alachlor, both chloroacetamide herbicides, showed similar responses to the tillage treatments tested. Straw incorporation significantly extended their half-life values under both SS and ST treatments. For acetochlor, the T\({}_{1/2}\) increased from 31.50 days under CK to 43.31 days under SS and 36.47 days under ST. The increase was even greater for alachlor: from 40.76 days under CK to 49.50 days under SS and 53.31 days under ST. Degradation kinetics revealed that acetochlor degraded relatively evenly over time. By day 55, degradation rates were only slightly higher under SS and ST (0.56% and 0.58%, respectively) compared to CK (0.45%). In contrast, alachlor showed notable differences in early-stage degradation. Under ST, 39% degradation was observed by day 7, followed by SS (21%) and CK (15%). However, degradation rates became more similar during later stages. As a result, final degradation efficiencies for both herbicides were relatively low (<60%), compared to other herbicides studied.  
For nicosulfuron, the SS treatment significantly increased the T\({}_{1/2}\) from 11.55 days under CK to 19.25 days. The ST treatment resulted in an intermediate value of 15.40 days. By day 70, degradation exceeded 95% in all treatments.  
Mesotrione exhibited the most distinctive response to tillage practices among the five herbicides. Compared to CK (T\({}_{1/2}\) = 22.35 d), degradation was markedly accelerated under SS (T\({}_{1/2}\) = 14.14 d) and moderately so under ST (T\({}_{1/2}\) = 17.77 d). Degradation kinetics clearly demonstrated rapid breakdown under both CK and SS, with degradation rates reaching 65% and 57%, respectively, within the first 3 days, considerably higher than the 39% observed under ST.  
The results indicate that different herbicides respond uniquely to tillage and straw incorporation practices. This highlights the importance of conducting pesticide-specific evaluations when assessing their environmental fate.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this work, an auto-hydrolysis process for cellulose and antioxidant recovery from wheat straw, an agriculture residue, was carried out and compared with the traditional acid hydrolysis in terms of some key parameters, such as cellulose yield and recovery. The main goal was to evaluate auto-hydrolysis as a greener and cleaner process to replace hydrolysis. Auto-hydrolysis resulted as being more effective in separating cell-wall bound phenolic compounds, antioxidants and cellulose from WS sample than conventional acid hydrolysis. Hence, it could be recommended for replacing the aggressive acid hydrolysis step in the isolation of natural antioxidants and fibers from WS samples. Further auto-hydrolysis trials at different temperatures will be required to optimize the cellulose recovery process, together with their application on other different biomasses to evaluate the flexibility of the technology. Moreover, a first kinetics study was conducted in order to investigate the sugars, their degradation products and the phenolic compounds release in the auto-hydrolysis and acid hydrolysis step. Indeed, some sugar degradation products, such as furfural or formic acid, can inhibit downstream biochemical processes or fermentation substrates. On the other hand, phenolic compounds and sugar degradation product have high interest in the food industry--for example, because of their antioxidant capacity. For these reasons, auto-hydrolysis seems to be better for the recovery of these compounds, maintaining the same quality of the final cellulose recovered. This study will be the base for further developments of this novel process and for its optimization in terms of cellulose recovery yield. Finally, future investigations concerning the Life Cycle Assessment will also be necessary to effectively evaluate the environmental impact of such a process and to optimize it from this point of view.  
Conceptualization, A.B. and G.S.; methodology, V.V. and A.M.; validation, V.V. and A.M.; investigation, A.B., C.F. and G.S.; data curation, A.B. and C.F.; writing--original draft preparation, A.B.; writing--review and editing, A.B., C.F. and G.S.; supervision, G.S.; project administration, G.S.; funding acquisition, G.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was financially supported by the European Union's FP7/research program under agreement No. 2989829 (SusFoFlex project) and the Bio-Based Industries Joint Undertaking under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement No 792261 (NewPack project).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Stochastic Approach to Hosting Limit of Transmission System and Improving Method Utilizing HVDC
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, a method for estimating the overall large-scale transmission system hosting capacity using probabilistic approaches has been developed. Furthermore, a hosting limit improving method using an HVDC system and optimization technique has also been developed. The simulation results of several scenarios have been presented, and the results validated the proposed methods. Additionally, the results of proposed hosting limit evaluation showed improved performance by reflecting the characteristics to be considered in the transmission system, such as change in the power generation system, including the case for the entire system, beyond the estimation of the hosting capacity, which was limited within the distribution system. In addition, an optimal location search method for HVDC to improve the probabilistic hosting capacity estimated through this method was presented, and the simulation results for the cases of the P2P and multiple stations were shown. Compared to the base case, hosting capacity can be increased by about 30% when the HVDC system is optimally operated. When using more stations, it was confirmed that the loading problem was free compared to P2P case.  
From these results, the proposed operation strategy could effectively increase the hosting capacity of the entire system, and through regional integration scenarios, it was possible to determine the strategy for reinforcing the transmission system or integrate new DERs to increase the capacity. Furthermore, by introducing additional constraints, such as critical inertia and reserve management, constraints could be included in the proposed methodology to estimate the hosting capacity reflecting dynamic evaluation. Section 3 allows us to draw the conclusion that to maximize the improvement of power flow controllability, the support of reactive power must be accompanied. Future work will focus on the reactive power aspect to strengthen the methodology, and conduct research on the adverse effects of introducing large-scale renewable energy on large-power system dynamic characteristics, e.g., the flexible operation of large-scale offshore wind farm MTDC systems for improving hosting capacity.  
Conceptualization, software, and writing--original draft preparation, D.L.; methodology and validation, D.L. and J.L.; writing--review and editing, D.L. and J.L.; supervision, G.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government (MOTIE) (No. 20191210301890) and the Basic Research program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the MSIT (No. 2020R1A4A1019405).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Photocatalytic Activity Evaluation
The large size of MO molecular structure and the fast adsorption kinetics suggest that MO was most likely adsorbed onto the external surface of UiO-66 where TiO\({}_{2}\) particles were present. This potentially increased the contact between TiO\({}_{2}\) and MO, improving photoactivity. To further verify the photocatalytic activity of the composites, in situ spin-trap electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was performed using DMPO to study the reactive oxygen species formed under irradiation. Figure 7 presents the EPR spectrum obtained at room temperature after 15 min irradiation of a PUT aqueous suspension under light irradiation conditions identical to the photocatalytic experiments. An EPR signal with a 1:2:2:1 intensity ratio corresponding to the DMPO-OH\({}^{\bullet}\) spin adduct was observed. These data clearly indicate that the PUT composite was able to produce OH\({}^{\bullet}\) under irradiation. A similar analysis was performed for the PU composite. However, no DMPO-OH\({}^{\bullet}\) was detected (Figure 7). This suggests that TiO\({}_{2}\) was required in the composite  
Figure 6: Photocatalytic removal of MO following the adsorption process (**a**) and the corresponding first-order kinetic plots (**b**). Experimental conditions: 90 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) initial MO concentration, 0.4 g\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) of the material, pH = 5, volume = 50 mL, T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and adsorption period = 1.5 h.  
to produce reactive oxygen species. These data may explain the inability of PU and pure U to decompose MO under the conditions of our experiment.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Region  
We analyzed a region that covers a wide range of vegetation and climate conditions in Asia (Figure 1a), including a temperature gradient from tropical forest regions in Southeast Asia (annual average temperature \(>\) 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to tundra regions in Siberia (annual average temperature \(<\) -10 \({}^{\circ}\)C) as well as a precipitation gradient from coastal and tropical regions (\(>\)2,000 mm\(\cdot\)year\({}^{-1}\)) to semiarid or arid regions in Central Asia (\(<\)200 mm\(\cdot\)year\({}^{-1}\)). The vegetation cover also exhibits large differences with evergreen tropical forests in Southeast Asia; temperate forests in East Asia; boreal forests in Siberia; croplands in China, India and Russia; grasslands in central Asia; and open shrublands (tundra) in northern Siberia.  
For a sub-continental scale analysis, we divided the region into nine sub-regions based on the definition used in the atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) inversion analysis (Figure 1b). We adopted the sub-continental division of the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) Level 4A products (_i.e._, CO\({}_{2}\) flux for each of the 64 global regions) [36]. The areal definition is based on the continental-scale vegetation type. Therefore, this sub-region definition is suitable for assessing the large-scale terrestrial carbon cycle changes in specific ecosystems at the sub-continental scale.