## 4 Studies on Using Inorganic PCM in Concrete for Thermal Energy Storage  
The salt hydrates (MnH\({}_{2}\)O), nitrates, and metals with a high heat of fusion are examples of inorganic PCMs. These materials are well-suited for construction because of their strong thermal conductivity, low moisture absorption rates, and low flammability. The list of references [67, 68, 69, 70] provides an overview of the relevant research. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors (Year)** & **Configuration/Composition** & **Type of Study** & **Studied Parameters** & **Results/Findings** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2019)} & The volume ratios of 25\%, 50\%, and 75\% were used to include innovative & Experimental & Impact of innovative geopolymer-coated expanded clay-phase & Maximum surface temperatures on LECA and GP-L-PCM slabs are lower than those of GPC \\
[58] & GP-L-PCM macrocapsules into GPC. & Experimental & change material & aslabs by 5.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 8.0 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, indicating geopolymer concrete (GPC). & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2019)[59]} & The walls were made of GPC and MPCM. & Numerical & Effect of MPCM addition and concrete wall thickness on the energy efficiency of buildings. & The higher quantities of MPCM added to denser walls of concrete were found to enhance the construction’s energy \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2020)[60]} & Mixed with porous asphalt concrete, this composite material comprises a shell of SiO\({}_{2}\) as well as a phase transition material of PEG. & Experimental & Impact of using a shell of SiO\({}_{2}\) and material of PEG. & The optimal replacement amount was found to be 1.4\% of the total weight of aggregate, while the suitable particle size range for phase change composites was found to be 0.6–1.18 mm. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2020)[61]} & Paraffin wax, silicon carbide, and slag aggregate form a phase change material & Experimental & Incorporation of PCM/SiC-based composite aggregate into the concrete construction led to a 3 \({}^{\circ}\)C reduction in both ambient and latent heat. \\ \cline{2-5}  & & & & The thermal lag and peak temperature of the composite PCM phase transition are both increased in concrete panels that comprise paraffin-OPKS-activated carbon. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2020)[63]} & Paraffin wax PCM is the intermediate layer of a three-layer composite PCM/concrete wall. & Numerical & Paraffin wax PCM has a latent heat storage capacity. & With further paraffin removal from the wall-mounted solar absorber, the PCM’s latent heat storage capacity decreases. \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2021)[64]} & Composite integrated & & & The peak indoor temperature of the test room was lowered by 1.85 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 3.76 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively, when 15\% and 30\% PCM composite were included, while the thermal storage capability increased by 105\% and 181\%. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Composite predT made from phase media materials (PCMs). & Experimental & Impact of PCM made from rice husk ash (RHA) and Laureyl alcohol (LA) on daily energy. & FC-LFCFCM50 wallboard may reduce daily energy use by 14.28 kWh. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-5}  & Composite predT made from concrete (PC). & & Impact of coconut oil, soy oil, and paraffin wax on heat storage capacity and the rate at which water freezes. & A PCM consisting of both paraffin wax and soybean oil significantly increases heat storage capacity and reduces the rate at which water freezes. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)Using a binary Eutectic Hydrate Salt/expanded Graphite Oxide (EHS/EGO) as well as an EHS/Poly (Acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) copolymer (EHS/P(AA-AA)) PCM, [PERSON] et al. (2018)[67] constructed cement-based composites for thermal energy storage. Cement-based composites were made by adding the form-stable hydrate salt PCMs at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of sand.