esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Emission Estimation Capacity of the Model in Congested Traffic
Two studies demonstrated Emission Detection and Reporting (EDAR)'s high accuracy in simulated conditions and its strong agreement with on-board emission measurement systems under real-world conditions, indicating its effectiveness for monitoring vehicle emissions [54]. [PERSON] et al. [3] analyzed vehicle emissions measured by the EDAR system during five UK field campaigns in 2016 and 2017, encompassing nearly 95,000 measurements from over 75,000 vehicles across various types and fuel categories. Key findings include a decrease in NO and NOx emissions from EURO 5 to EURO 6 for most vehicles, a concerning increase in PM emissions for HGVs, and significant contributions to local emissions from vans, buses, and HGVs of unknown EURO class, alongside an assessment of the impacts of air pollutant emissions restricted zones like the London and Birmingham.
# An Approach to Designing Critical Railway Voice Communication
## 2 Related Work
FRMCS applications can be deployed on the cloud, whether centralized or distributed at the network edge by utilizing Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) technology. The deployment of MEC for the control of multi-train communications is studied in [20]. A MEC-based computational model for user traffic offloading for high-speed railways that considers the impact of handovers is proposed in [21]. By applying the principles of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV), FRMCS critical communication and performance applications may run as virtual machines on the same virtualized platform as virtualized core network functions and support-type FRMCS applications. The application of SDN and NFV principles in railways networks is discussed in [22], where the authors propose an improved SDN failure recovery mechanism and describe service orchestration systems that can be deployed in the railway track infrastructure. A framework that applies the Software-Defined Networking principles tailored to railway communications is proposed in [23]. Table 1 summarizes the related work organized by subject and related aspects. Current research has a service-oriented approach to the design of FRMCS critical voice communication applications. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a widely adopted architectural principle that is centered around services. A comprehensive analysis of business processes in SOA is provided in [34]. In the proposed approach, the FRMCS critical support applications are designed as services that may be reused in different FRMCS critical voice communication applications. The service design is based on the Representational State Transfer (REST) architectural style. REST Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are lightweight, relying on Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP); technology-independent; scalable; and flexible due to the client-server separation. The novelty of the current research can be summarized as follows:  
1. Based on the specified FRMCS user requirements, security-related functions that are not explicitly specified but are used in different FMCS applications are identified and synthesized as reusable microservices. 2. Common features, such as role management, presence, location, invite-a-user messaging, assured voice communications, and multiuser talker control, are also designed as services. RESTful APIs are defined, and the use of designed services is illustrated through message flows. 3. The feasibility of services is illustrated by modeling the communication state from both the application and FRMCS points of view and the models are formally verified. 4. The API performance is evaluated in terms of the injected latency.
# Effect of Genetic and Environmental Factors on the Impaction of Lower Third Molars
This was confirmed by the study of [PERSON] and al., where the authors found that the incidence of the external root resorption of the adjacent second molars was significantly associated with a mesial inclination and with a deep position of the impacted third molar [9]. In these cases, the extraction of the third molar was recommended and already in 1979, the American National Institute of Health established indications of LM3 removal: recurrent pericoronitis, untreated caries, cysts, periodontal disease and the resorption of the adjacent tooth root [10]. Nowadays, clinicians more frequently choose not to extract third molars that are well-positioned. Usually, these teeth are considered as an additional tool for the treating of the problems of the dentofacial system and can be used, for example, for auto-transplantation, which is very sensitive to the formation of the third molar roots, or mesialization of the third molar in the case of the extracted second molar due to caries complications. Finally, all these innovative technologies offer us new treatment options, but for all of them, it is important to know the specificity of the development and position of third molars, and how far we are able to change these characteristics. This evaluation, for distinguishing the factors responsible for the formation and position of the lower third molars, can be conducted by the use of classical twin studies, which have not been performed to date. Previous twin studies played a huge role in evaluating the importance of genetic factors on tooth size, morphology and development [11; 12; 13]. The main consideration in the earlier twin studies was the reliability of the twin zygosity determination [14; 15]. The precise determination at the level of 99.99% required the analysis of at least 15 highly polymorphic regions of DNA derived from blood or buccal cells of twins [16]. The structural equation modeling applied to twin studies can provide estimates of the proportions of four total phenotypic variations attributable to additive genetic effects, the common environmental and unique environmental components [17; 18]. Therefore, the genetic environmental interplay for the lower third molar positional polymorphism is still not clear. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the genetic influence on M3s impaction by comparison of monozygotic and zygotic twins with the chronological age range from late puberty till adulthood, using the statistics of path analysis with the best fitting model and DNA zygosity determination based on 15 highly polymorphic DNA regions and Amel fragment of amelogenin gene. This research hypothesized that genetic factors had a considerable proportion of the total variability in the lower third molar impaction, including the M3 eruption space and its angulations.
## 3 Results
### Texture Profile of Corn-Based Crisps with Fruits
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fruit Amount** & **Screw Speed** & & & & \\
**[\%]** & **[rpm]** & **CF [N]** & **H [N]** & **CR [N]** & **FR [N]** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{5} & 80 & \(11.18\pm 1.61\) & \(79.01\pm 6.91\) & \(4.93\pm 2.69\) & \(77.09\pm 7.39\) \\  & 100 & \(8.77\pm 0.67\) & \(84.18\pm 8.01\) & \(4.93\pm 4.12\) & \(83.32\pm 8.84\) \\  & 120 & \(8.91\pm 0.58\) & \(92.18\pm 4.14\) & \(3.07\pm 0.49\) & \(92.18\pm 4.14\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{10} & 80 & \(12.48\pm 1.97\) & \(114.43\pm 5.08\) & \(15.99\pm 5.18\) & \(114.43\pm 5.08\) \\  & 100 & \(10.28\pm 1.04\) & \(129.32\pm 17.06\) & \(76.43\pm 4.14\) & \(129.32\pm 17.06\) \\  & 120 & \(8.27\pm 1.06\) & \(109.95\pm 6.41\) & \(8.62\pm 8.39\) & \(91.57\pm 35.95\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{15} & 80 & \(7.08\pm 2.85\) & \(187.20\pm 21.47\) & \(176.21\pm 22.06\) & \(187.20\pm 21.47\) \\  & 100 & \(6.20\pm 2.12\) & \(348.44\pm 40.70\) & \(324.37\pm 33.50\) & \(348.44\pm 40.70\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 120 & \(8.49\pm 2.44\) & \(259.89\pm 18.22\) & \(238.25\pm 19.45\) & \(259.89\pm 18.22\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{20} & 80 & \(10.24\pm 3.44\) & \(273.40\pm 34.37\) & \(271.70\pm 30.02\) & \(273.40\pm 34.37\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 100 & \(4.22\pm 1.33\) & \(256.04\pm 14.76\) & \(246.73\pm 12.47\) & \(256.04\pm 14.76\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & 120 & \(6.18\pmSracks with the addition of 5, 10 and 15% of goji demonstrated similar or slight higher CF than controls, but at 20% of fruit additive, the necessary force under cutting test was very low--suggesting the easy-to-break characteristics of these crisps. Samples with the addition of 5 and 10% of goji berry characterized good CR with low values of force (2.37-11.90 N) needed to crush the outer structure. Samples with 5% of additive were very similar to the controls. As for previous additives in these samples, application of 15 and 20% of goji berry hardened the structure of the end product--as indicated by high H and FR. Elderberry addition in the snack recipes showed much lower textural properties than that previously reported for apple, white mulberry and goji berry (Table 11). Cutting force of all range of addition level showed similar values as to the control samples, hence, there was insignificant effect of this additive on CF. In addition, screw speed applied during processing demonstrated differential effects, with ambiguous effect of this variable on CF. Elderberry incorporated snack testing also showed lower H, CR and FR values than for crisps with other previously reported additives. Moreover, hardness and fracturability were at similar levels in crisps with the addition of 5 to 20% of elderberry powder without strong effect of both amount for additive and applied screw speed. Hardness of such crisps was the lowest, when compared with that of the other fruit additives employed in the experiment. Corn-based crisps with this additive were very well expanded, as confirmed by high EI and low BD values even if 15 and 20%
# HORSIC+: An Efficient Post-Quantum Few-Time Signature Scheme
## 4 Analysis
### Security Level  
In this subsection, we calculate the security level of HORSIC+ using Theorem 1. According to [29], HORSIC+ has security level \(b\) if a successful attack on HORSIC+ is expected to require \(2^{b-1}\) evaluations of functions from \(\mathcal{F}_{n}\) on average. The security level of HORSIC+ can be calculated by finding a lower bound for \(T\) such that \(\frac{1}{2}\leq\text{InSec}^{\text{EU}-\text{CMA}}(\text{HORSIC}+(1^{n},t,k,z,w );T,1)\).  
Table 1 in Section 2.1 and [20] can be used to compute the insecurity of \(\mathcal{F}_{n}\) under generic attacks:  
\[\text{InSec}^{\text{OW}}(\mathcal{F}_{n};T)=\text{InSec}^{\text{SPR}}( \mathcal{F}_{n};T)=\text{InSec}^{\text{UD}}(\mathcal{F}_{n};T)=\frac{T}{2^{n}}. \tag{31}\]  
From now on, we assume \(T=T^{\prime}=T^{\star}\), since \((t+2k)w\) and \((t+2k+1)w-1\) are negligible when compared to the value \(T\). We calculate the lower bound on \(T\).  
\[\begin{split}\frac{1}{2}&\leq\text{InSec}^{\text{EU }-\text{CMA}}(\text{HORSIC}+(1^{n},t,k,z,w);T,1)\\ &\leq\max\{T\cdot\frac{k!(k-1)!(z-k)!}{t^{k}(z-1)!},w\cdot\frac{ T}{2^{n}}+wt\cdot\max\{\frac{T}{2^{n}},w\cdot\frac{T}{2^{n}}\}\}\\ &=\max\{T\cdot\frac{k!(k-1)!(z-k)!}{t^{k}(z-1)!},\frac{wT}{2^{n}} +\frac{w^{2}tT}{2^{n}}\}\\ &=T\cdot\max\{\frac{k!(k-1)!(z-k)!}{t^{k}(z-1)!},\frac{w^{2}t+w}{2 ^{n}}\}.\end{split} \tag{32}\]  
Solving this for \(T\) gives us  
\[\begin{split} T&\geq\frac{1}{2}\cdot\min\{\frac{t ^{k}(z-1)!}{k!(k-1)!(z-k)!},\frac{2^{n}}{w^{2}t+w}\}\\ &=2^{\min\{\log_{2}(\frac{t^{k}(z-1)!}{E(k-1)!(z-k))},nt-\log_{2} (w^{2}t+w)\}-1}\end{split} \tag{33}\]  
So, we can obtain the security level \(b\) for HORSIC+:  
\[b\geq\min\{\log_{2}(\frac{t^{k}(z-1)!}{k!(k-1)!(z-k)!}),n-\log_{2}(w^{2}t+w)\}. \tag{34}\]
# Color Visual Secret Sharing for QR Code with Perfect Module Reconstruction
## 3 The Proposed VSS-QR
### Computational Complexity  
The computational complexity of the proposed VSS-QR is proportional to the number of modules since the encoding is module-based. To be specific, the computational complexity is \(\mathcal{O}(D^{2})\). In contrast, [PERSON]'s algorithm is pixel-based, so the computational complexity is \(\mathcal{O}(L^{2}D^{2})\).
## 2 Decomposition of the Standard JRC Profile  
In the field of mathematics, any complex curve can be regarded as a superposition of sine waves and cosine waves (partial waves) of different wavelengths and amplitudes [38]. The standard JRC profile is no exception. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) has been widely used in the trend item extraction of signals [68]. This method does not require any prior knowledge in its application and is suitable for various types of signals.
# New Instrument for Oral Hygiene of Children with Clert Lip and Palate
## 1 Introduction  
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most common congenital malformations of the face that may appear isolated, or in association with other syndromes. They result from the failure of the fusion of the many embrionic processes, between the 4 th and 12 th weeks of intrauterine life. Clinically, the anatomic-functional alteration of one, or many, structures (lip, alveolar process, hard and soft palate) is observed. The cleft lip, or cleft palate, can occur alone or together, and might be complete or incomplete, uni- or bilateral [1; 2].  
The morphology of the space of the cleft in the oral cavity, although variable, presents common elements. It is frequently originated by the collapse of the lateral segments of the maxilla towards themedical sagittal plane, the ends of the alveolar ridges creating a gap of an approximately triangular shape, with vertex towards occlusal and the base of the triangle towards to the cleft. This triangular shape is similar to the shape of the niches (Figure 1).  
Bone and dental changes in children with CLP are associated with a high incidence of oral health problems [3; 4; 5]. The anatomical and morphological alterations increase the accumulation of bacterial plaque and, further, increase the difficulty of its removal. Thus, the high prevalence of dental caries in these children is well documented [6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Although preventive measures related to dietary counseling and the use of antiseptic mouthwash help to minimize the problem, there is no substitute for good toothrushing to effectively remove dental plaque [11].  
The relevance of cleaning the cleft area in order to maintain good oral health is highlighted in a variety of studies [4; 8; 11; 12]. However, a several reasons account for the difficulties of children and parents in performing an appropriate toothrushing cleaning, mainly fear of soft tissue trauma during brushing, worries about bleeding from inflamed gingiva, and difficult access to the teeth and the deepest area of the cleft [8; 13]. Even so, little attention has been given to a key issue--the toothbrush. We found only one study that refers that the use of a baby-sized toothbrush and an interspace brush would improve the cleft hygiene in some situations [11].  
In this context, there is a clear need to develop improved methods of accessing and cleaning areas of high retention of the biofilm, either by the cleft morphology or the sensitivity of the surrounding tissues due to frequent local inflammatory conditions.  
The aim of this study is then to develop a toothbrush especially designed to improve the hygiene of the cleft area.
## 1 Introduction
### Related Work  
Time period or time delay estimation has been widely studied in applications such as radar, seismology, audio processing, and biomedical signal analysis [13; 14; 15]. The conventional cross-correlation function (CCF) remains one of the most popular methods for estimating the time shift between signals [16; 17; 18]. However, it is known to be sensitive to noise, signal distortion, and amplitude variations, which may reduce accuracy in practical implementations [19; 20]. To address these issues, enhanced methods such as CCF enhanced with Hilbert transform (CCFHT) have been proposed, leveraging the analytic signal representation to improve phase alignment and robustness [21; 22; 23]. These methods offer a balance between computational efficiency and improved estimation accuracy under noise conditions.  
In the context of vehicular sensing, PIR sensors have been used in basic applications such as motion detection, vehicle counting, and lane occupancy. However, in most speed-related applications [11; 12; 24], the emphasis is often on straightforward delay measurement rather than a detailed analysis of signal behavior or estimation uncertainty. Even in our previous work [25], a prototype PIR-based speed measurement system was introduced, and speed was estimated using threshold and analog signal processing techniques. While the system demonstrated feasibility, it lacked a comprehensive evaluation of accuracy, bias, and variance in the time estimation process.  
To the best of our knowledge, no prior study has systematically evaluated the application of correlation-based estimators--such as CCF and CCFHT--to PIR-based speed measurement systems under conditions involving sensor response mismatch and environmental noise. This gap motivates the need for a dedicated framework to analyze estimation performance in such systems.
# Popularity-Aware Closeness Based Caching in NDN Edge Networks
## 3 PaC-Based Caching
### Main Pillars and Assumptions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Symbol** & **Description** \\ \hline \(V\) & set of NDN edge nodes \\ \(I\) & set of NDN ingress nodes, with \(I\subset V\) \\ \(X\) & catalogue of contents \\ \(v_{j}\) & generic ingress node \\ \(v_{i}\) & generic edge node \\ \(x_{n}\) & generic content \\ \(R_{v_{j}}(x_{n})\) & average request rate for content \(x_{n}\) at node \(v_{i}\) \\ \(\Theta_{p}\) & popularity threshold \\ \(R_{v_{j}}\) & average content request rate at ingress node \(v_{j}\) \\ \(T\) & time interval for updating caching decision parameters \\ \(M_{v_{j}}\) & number of distinct contents received at the ingress node \(v_{j}\) \\ \(\hat{I}_{i}(x_{n})\) & set of ingress nodes forwarding Interests for content \(x_{n}\) to node \(v_{i}\) \\ \(PaC(v_{j},x_{n})\) & popularity-aware closeness metric for content \(x_{n}\) at node \(v_{i}\) \\ \(h_{(v_{i},v_{j})}\) & hop distance between nodes \(v_{i}\) and \(v_{j}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of the main notations. Figure 2: Reference scenario. Figure 3 shows the new fields introduced in the Interest and Data packets, respectively, that enable the PaC-based caching thanks to an implicit signalling mechanism, which will be clarified subsequently.
# Design Procedure of a Mono-Anchor Head for 2360 MPa High-Strength Steel Strand
## 4 Finite Element Modeling of Mono-Anchor Head
### Finete Element Modeling
#### 4.3.3 Geometric Modeling: Interaction, Boundary, and Loading Conditions  
The anchoring mechanism of the strand is as follows. When a load is applied to the strand, the wedge holding the strand slides along the inner slope of the anchor head, and the normal stress transmitted to the strand increases as the applied force increases. At this moment, the saw teeth existing on the inner surface of the wedge grasp the strand strongly, with the result being that it behaves almost as a single part. Accordingly, the saw teeth are not modeled, and a 'rough' property of Abaqus is applied with regard to the interaction between the wedge and the strand to prevent the parts from separating. A 'penalty' algorithm is used to implement the interactions between the individual wires constituting the strand, and the interaction between the anchor head and the wedge via friction contact. The coefficient of friction at the contact surface between steel materials is usually evaluated as 0.3 to 0.7 in a dry condition [27]. The friction coefficient between the strands was applied at 0.3, and the analysis was performed by changing the friction coefficient to 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 for the wedge-anchor head interface, which can significantly affect the behavior of the anchorage device. The result was compared with the static load test result as shown in Figure 13; when the friction coefficient was 0.5, it showed the most similar behavior to the specimen used in the test. Additionally, the wedge and the inner surface of the anchor head have a single differential angle, meaning that the contact area changes due to the deformation of the individual parts according to the increase of the load step. 'Interference fit' was applied to improve the convergence of the analysis. As the load is applied, the wedge holding the strand slides inside the anchor head and then transmits the radial, and axial stress to the anchor head. As shown in Figure 14, the \(z\)-axis was constrained with respect to the bottom surface of the anchor head. For loading, a displacement-controlled method was used. Displacement was applied in the axial direction relative to the ends of the strands. In order to reduce computational time, a free length of 147 mm for the strand was modeled.  
Figure 12: Application of material properties for each layer.
# Eocene Sedimentary-Diagnetic Environment Analysis of the Pingtai Area of the Qaidam Basin
## 5 Elemental Geochemistry
### Trace Element Analysis  
The distributions of different elements in the rock strata depend on the physical and chemical properties of the elements themselves and are also greatly affected by the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment. Therefore, the distribution and ratio changes of trace elements also indicate the evolution process of the paleoclimate and environment to some extent [11, 12, 14, 59, 60, 61]. Among them, the content of P and the ratio of Sr/Ba are the most sensitive geochemical indexes and environmental parameters of changes of the sedimentary environment [15].  
There is a linear relationship between B content and salinity in the water body. Specifically, the higher the salinity of the water body, the greater the B content and the more B ions are adsorbed by the sediment [62]. However, for a continental lake basin, when the sedimentary area is far from the center of the salt lake, the B content is low or normal (less than or equal to 135 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-6}\) on average), which represents the arid to semi-arid salt lake sedimentary environment. This is mainly because of low salinity, which leads to low B content. Therefore, B content can be used to analyze the sedimentary environment [15]. The sediments in the Pingtai area deposited since the Paleogene are mainly near-source deposits far from the sedimentary center [16], and the P content in all samples is lower than 135 \(\times\) 10\(-\)6. As it was far from the sedimentary center, the Pingtai area was dominated by an arid and semi-arid sedimentary environment in the Paleogene. In general, low Sr content indicates a humid climate background, and high Sr content indicates a dry climate background [15]. Compared to average shale [63], the content of Sr in the Paleogene was obviously higher (Figure 6), which also reflects the overall arid sedimentary environment during the Paleogene period. In lake sediments without seawater intrusion, Sr/Ba \(>\) 1 is considered to indicate that the lake water has begun to alkalinize (the concentration of soluble ESiO in lacustrine deposits in arid areas is generally higher, and lake water in extremely dry environments can be alkalized), and Sr/Ba \(<\) 1 is considered to indicate freshwater sedimentation [9, 60]. The Sr/Ba values (Table 3) of all samples of the Lulehe Formation were less than 1, whereas the values of the Xiaganchaigou Formation were from 0.38 to 1.41, showing great variation, which indicates that the climate fluctuated greatly during the sedimentary period of the Xiaganchaigou Formation and that climatic alternation between dry and wet conditions occurred.  
Figure 6: Comparison of trace elements between samples and average shale. EF (enrichment factor). = Csediment/Cstandard rock.