esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cardiomyocyte Isolation and Culture  
Rat pups from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P3 Sprague Dawley breeding pairs were euthanized by decapitation while under manual restraint. Following euthanasia, their hearts were collected, and the aorta of each heart was clamped shut using forceps. Subsequently, the coronary vessels were reverse-perfused with a solution of cardiomyocyte isolation buffer (CIB; 120 mM sodium chloride, 15 mM potassium chloride, 0.6 mM monopotassium phosphate, 0.6 mM sodium phosphate dibasic hepthydrate, 1.2 mM magnesium sulfate hepthydrate, 10 mM HEPES, 4.6 mM sodium bicarbonate, 30 mM taurine, 10 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime, 5.5 mM glucose) supplemented with 0.4 mM EGTA by inserting a 20 G needle into the left ventricle to clear out blood and improve digestion efficiency. Following perfusion, the ventricles were separated, diced, and placed into a digestion solution comprising 2 mg/mL collagenase II (LS004176, Worthington Biochemical, Lakewood, NJ, USA) and 0.3 mM calcium chloride in CIB. The tissues were digested at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C with gentle agitation for about 2 h, with dissociated cells being collected every 15 to 30 min until complete digestion was achieved. The collections were combined and kept on ice to minimize the activity of collagenase. Following digestion, the dissociated cells were centrifuged gently for 5 min at 200\(\times\)\(g\). They were then successively suspended in wash buffer 1 (CIB, 10% FBS, 0.64 mM calcium chloride), wash buffer 2 (CIB, 10% FBS, 1 mM calcium chloride), and finally in plating media containing 10% FBS in DMEM/F12 (SH30023.01, Cytiva, Marlborough, MA, USA) supplemented with 100 mg/mL Primocin (ant-pm, InvitrogenGen, San Diego, CA, USA). The cells were subsequently filtered through a 70 um cell strainer (258368, Nest Scientific, Woodbridge, NJ, USA) into a 6-well plate for pre-plating. This pre-plating step was conducted at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in a 5% CO\({}_{2}\) incubator for 1 to 2 h to deplete non-cardiomycote populations through selective attachment. Following the pre-plating step, the culture medium along with the remaining cells were gathered, quantified, and subsequently distributed into 6-well plates (with 800,000 cells per well) that had been previously coated with a solution of 1% weight/volume gelatin (G9391, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for at least 30 min. Cardiac cells were left in plating media overnight to facilitate the attachment of cardiomyocytes to the 6-well plates.
# Molecular Identification of Keratinase DogkerA from Deinococcus gobiensis for Feather Degradation
## 5 Conclusions  
In this study, the keratinase DgoKerA was identified from the genome of _D. gobiensis_ I-0 of Gobi origin. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that DgoKerA was 58.68% identical to the keratinase MtaKerA from _M. thermophila_ WR-220 and 40.94% identical to the classical BliKerA sequence from _B. licheniformis_ PWD-1. In vitro enzyme activity analysis showed that DgoKerA exhibited an optimum temperature of 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, an optimum pH of 7 and a specific enzyme activity of 51,147 U/mg. The molecular modification of DgoKerA was also carried out using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the mutant A350S enzyme activity was increased by nearly 30%, and the results provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of keratinase applications.  
Conceptualization, Y.M., Z.Z. and J.W.; methodology, Y.M., Y.T.; validation, Y.M. and X.Z.; formal analysis, Y.M. and X.Z.; investigation, Y.M. and Y.T.; resources, Z.Z. and J.W.; data curation, Y.M., Y.T. and X.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.M.; writing--review and editing, Z.Z. and J.W.; visualization, Y.M.; supervision, Z.Z. and J.W.; project administration, Z.Z. and J.W.; funding acquisition, Z.Z. and J.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2018 YFA0901000, 2018 YFA0901003), the National Transgenic Major Program of China (No. 2019 ZX08010-004), We also appreciate the support of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS (No. CAAS-ZDRW202009).  
Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable.
# Switchable Filter with Four Operating Modes Implemented on a 50-Ohm Microstrip Line
## 2 Configuration  
Figure 1 shows the basic shape of the filter implemented on a simple 50 \(\Omega\) line. A substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 62 mil is used. The line width at both ends of the basic filter structure is 4.8 mm, which corresponds to a characteristic impedance of 50 \(\Omega\). The proposed basic filter consists of a pair of stubs on the top and bottom, two L-shaped resonators, and one C-shaped resonator. The stub has a line width of \(w\) and its length of \(s\). The line width of the C-shaped resonator is set to \(L_{\mathrm{C}}\), and the line width of the L-shaped resonator is also set to 0.4 mm. The spacing between the stub and the L-shaped resonator, the spacing between the stub and the C-shaped resonator, and the spacing between the 50-ohm line and the L-shaped or C-shaped resonator are set to \(d\).  
Figure 1: Basic filter implemented on a simple 50-ohm line.  
The basic structure shown in Figure 1 features a total of five gaps, each designated as \(g\), where PIN diodes are applied to enable its function as a switchable filter. Considering that PIN diodes will be applied, all gaps are set to 0.1 mm. Depending on the various on/off combinations of the five PIN diodes, the proposed structure operates as a wideband BPF, a narrowband dual-band BPF, and an all-pass filter.
## 4 Data Acquisition  
### Acquisition Field  
On 4 October 2017, several flights were conducted in Culoz, France. The surveying object of interest is a north-south orientated dike of about 1.2 km long with a turn on the north end. The scene has a corridor configuration with little height difference. Thirty-one ground points were regularly placed along the corridor and surveyed to be used either as ground control points (GCP) or check points (CP).
## 3 Enhanced Mathematical Model with Atmospheric and Environmental Effects
### Path Loss vs. Transmitter-Receiver (Tx-Rx) Separation Distance
The two-ray model is shown with the red curve. This model accounts for both the direct path and a reflected path (typically from the ground) between the transmitter and the receiver. The characteristic feature of this model is the oscillatory behaviour in the path loss curve, which results from constructive and destructive interference between the direct and reflected signals. The oscillations are particularly pronounced at shorter distances and gradually diminish as the distance increases. This behaviour is due to the phase difference between the direct and reflected paths becoming more significant at shorter ranges. With a low Rx height, ground reflections play a significant role, as evidenced by the pronounced oscillations in the two-ray model. This suggests that in low-height applications, such as ground-based IoT devices, reflections from the ground or nearby surfaces can lead to significant variations in signal strength, potentially causing areas of strong signal (constructive interference) or weak signal (destructive interference). The low Rx height also means that the effective path difference between the direct and reflected waves is smaller, leading to more frequent interference patterns. This is particularly important when designing systems for ground-based applications, where maintaining consistent signal strength is crucial for reliable communication.
# Fog over Virtualized IoT: New Opportunity for Context-Aware Networked Applications and a Case Study
## 6 Conclusions and Future Developments  
The ability of Fog Computing is limitless. It has the potential to solve many problems in various, as yet unexplored fields such as context-aware data production/transfer in vehicular networks. Fog computing over vehicular networks is a platform that offers real-time services to clients. In this paper, we have studied one of the most significant issues of FC, i.e., Fog data center data streams requested by vehicular clients. We proposed a holistic VFC architecture, focused on the FDC data streams; we formulated the problem analytically and resolved the presented resource allocation and scheduling algorithm over a simplified case study: StreamVehicularFog (SVF). In this regard, the SVF simulations, both at small and large scales, confirmed the considerable reduction in the average energy cost that can be achieved by scheduling in mobile Edge/Fog computing of SVF. We tested the presented case study in various test scenarios and confirmed the energy efficiencies. Due to the energy-efficient adaptive management of the delay-vs.-throughput, the trade-off of the SVF TCP/IP mobile connections is an additional topic for further research.  
This work has been partially supported by the PRIN2015 project with grant number 2015 YPXH4W_004: \"A green adaptive Fog computing (FC) and networking architecture (GAUChO)\", funded by the Italian MIUR and by the project \"Vehicular Fog energy efficient quality of service (QoS) mining and dissemination of multimedia Big Data streams (V-Fog)\" funded by Sapienza University of Rome. Moreover, [PERSON] is supported by a Marie Curie Fellowship funded by the European Commission (agreement PCIG11-GA-2012-321980). This work is also partially supported by the EU TagItSmart! Project (agreement H2020-ICT30-2015-688061), the EU-India REACH Project (agreement ICI+/2014/342-896), and by the projects \"Physical-Layer Security for Wireless Communication\", and \"Content Centric Networking: Security and Privacy Issues\" funded by the University of Padua. This work is partially supported by the grant No. 2017-166478 (3696) from Cisco University Research Program Fund and Silicon Valley Community Foundation.  
Figure 6: (**a**) Behavior time in relation to the number of turned ON VMs and physical servers, and (**b**) the average total energy in \(T=1000\), respectively.  
**Author Contributions:** All authors together proposed, discussed and finalized the main idea of this work. [PERSON] and [PERSON] proposed the idea, calculated and plotted the feasible regions, and implemented the algorithm and their comparisons. [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] helped in the paper preparations, English corrections and submission.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Summary and Prospects
2015 AA020944), and the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (No. 15140901400). [PERSON] proposed this subject, collected previous works and wrote the paper. The author declares no conflict of interest. Tables 1 and 2 summarize the characteristics of LGUS transmitters and AOUSTs with their applications to AOUSI, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Laser-Generated Ultrasound**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Optical Ultrasound**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Performance: Bandwidth**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Imaging or**} \\
**Abscriptive Material-Elastimer** & **Design and Structure** & **Specification** & **Detection** & **(MHz): Lateral Resolution (um)** & **Application** & **Reference** \\ \hline AuNPs & Planar & - & Thin-film FP etalon & 57; 38; 19 & - & [28, 29] \\ CB-PDMS & Planar & - & Thin-film FP etalon & 40; NA; NA & - & [89] \\ CNTs-PDMS & Planar & - & Thin-film FP etalon & 27; NA; NA & - & [88] \\ Polymide & Planar & - & Thin-film FP etalon & 29; 71; 35 & - & [95] \\ Polymide & Planar & - & Thin-film FP etalon & -48; 70; 35 & - & [96] \\ Silicon & Planar & - & Microring resonator & 28; 30; 169 & US/PA dual modality & [100] \\ Dichrox filter & Planar & - & Microring resonator & -17; 25; 25 & US/PA dual modality & [102] \\ Ti & Planar & - & Pump-probe detection & -10\({}^{5}\); 2 NA & Cell mechanics & [104] \\ CNTs-PDMS & Fiber & Core size: 200 μm 2 & Fiber FP etalon & -20; 88; 64 & AOUSI of swine aorta & [77] \\ CNTs-PDMS & Fiber & Thin-film FP etalon & -40; NA; NA & AOUSI of swine aorta & [90] \\ CNTs-PDMS & Fiber & Core size: 200 μm & Fiber FP etalon & NA & Real-time guidance & [103] \\ CNTs-PDMS & Fiber & - & Fiber FP etalon & NA; NA; 60 & IVUS & [105] \\ Carbon & Fiber & - & Fiber FP etalon & 40–50; NA; NA & - & [94] \\ AuNPs & Fiber, array & - & Fiber FP etalon & NA & - & [74] \\ CB & Fiber, focused & Lens aperture: 2 mm & Fiber FP etalon & - & AOUSI of aorta & [93] \\ Cr & Focused & Cylindrical focus & Integrating detector & -18; \(\sim\)60 3 & US/PA dual modality & [101] \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* \({}^{1}\) Lateral resolution is in the unit of degree; 2 Overall diameter of the AOUST probe is \(\sim\)0.84 mm; 3 In-plane resolution.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Summary of all-optical ultrasound transducers and imaging, AOUSI: all-optical ultrasound imaging; FP: Fabry–Perot; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; US/PA: ultrasound and photoacoustic.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Rapid Measurement System  
The system proposed in this study can be transferred directly to the production line. In the rapid measurement system, an I/O Special Unit that can use the Ethernet/IP interface to communicate with a PC to facilitate high-speed data transfer was added to the system. The ideal measurement speed was determined first.  
As seen in Table 6, when the speed of the prototype system is \(0.25\) rpm, the sampling rate is estimated to be \(203\) data points/s. Data transmission through RS-232 is roughly \(256\) data points/s. In the final rapid measurement system, the rotation speed is \(2.5\) rpm, and the sampling rate is estimated to be \(1326\) data points/s, which is higher than the RS-232 transmission value. Therefore, an I/O Special Unit was appropriate to add to the system. This unit can use the Ethernet/IP interface to communicate with a PC to facilitate high-speed data transfer.  
The prototype with the RS-232 interface takes approximately \(4\) min to complete the measurement, whereas the rapid system with the Ethernet/IP interface takes approximately \(1\) min.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Sorption Studies  
With the purpose of setting the optimum parameters affecting the extraction of the studied yttrium ions from either solution, a series of experiments were applied using 1000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\) synthetic solution of yttrium ions (4.308 g Y(NO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{3}\) 6H\({}_{2}\)O of Sigma-Aldrich,St. Louis, MO, USA in 1000 mL acidified distilled H\({}_{2}\)O by 15 mL concentrated HCl) with constant volume at 200 rpm stirring rate. Effect of pH on the Y(III) ions sorption was tested at the pH (3.0-7.0) using 0.1 M of HCl and 0.1 M of NaOH, while the adsorption time was studied from 10 to 120 min. Effect of adsorbent dosage was investigated from 10 to 400 mg, different initial Y(III) ions concentrations were established in the range of 25 to 600 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), and the temperature was varied between 25 and 55 \({}^{\circ}\)C. These experiments were conducted in duplicate by batch technique. After filtration, samples were analyzed using ICP-OES (Prodigy High Dispersion ICP, Teledyne-Leeman Labs, Hudson, NH, USA).  
The adsorption efficiency E (%) and adsorption capacity q\({}_{\rm e}\) (mg\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\)) are presented in equations below:  
\[\rm E\ (\%) = \left(\frac{C_{o}-C_{e}}{C_{o}}\right)\ \times\ 100, \tag{1}\]  
\[\rm q_{e} = \left(C_{o}-C_{e}\right)\ \times\ \frac{V}{m}, \tag{2}\]  
where C\({}_{o}\) is the concentration of initial Y(III) ions (mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)), C\({}_{e}\) is the concentration of Y(III) ions at equilibrium (mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)), V is the volume of aqueous solution (L), and m is the adsorbent material mass (g).
## 1 Introduction
Compared with the PO approximation, the primary advantage of the extended MO method is that both the ideal and actual ABPs can be rapidly and accurately computed with simple matrix operations, thus effectively reducing the computational burden of the onboard computer. 3. Based on the ideal and actual ABP determination models, the MO-based method for calculating the thermally induced BPE is given. The significance of the MO-based BPE computing method lies in its capability to establish a direct connection between reflector thermal distortions and the resulting BPE. Through numerical experiments, the impacts of different reflector thermal distortions on the BPE are quantified on a case-by-case basis, and those thermal distortions that have a significant impact on the BPE are identified. The methods and results in this study set the basis for the further development of an onboard INR system that will be used in China's future GEO microwave radiometer and build a paradigm for the real-time ABP determination and BPE analysis of microwave antennas with different configurations.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### qRT-PCR  
Reverse transcription of MCL tumor tissue samples and reactive tonsil B-cell subsets was performed using QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen, Germany) following the manufacturer's recommendations. One to ten diluted cDNAs were used as templates for qPCR amplifications using QuantiTect SYBR Green qPCR Master Mix (Qiagen, Germany) and a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Bedford, MA, USA). The specificities of the amplicons were evaluated by visualization of the melting curves generated using 7500 Software v2.3, and by running them in the 1X TAE gel if needed. Blanks were used for each primer pair and qPCR experiment to ensure a lack of contamination. Replicate samples were amplified, and the samples were excluded from quantification if at least one of the samples of the gene of interest or the housekeeping gene did not generate a specific amplicon. The \(\Delta\Delta\)Ct method was used for calculations of the relative levels of the _CCND1_ mRNA and _SNHG5_ lncRNA transcripts. The _RPS13_ gene was used as the housekeeping gene for normalization of each evaluated gene. The nucleotide sequences of primer pairs used in this study is as follows: CCND1-qRT-PCR-F: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-GCCCTCACACGCCTTCTCTC-3\({}^{\prime}\); CCND1-qRT-PCR-R: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CTGGCCAGGCTTGACT-3\({}^{\prime}\); SNHG5-qRT-PCR-F: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-TGTCTCAGTGGCACAGT-3\({}^{\prime}\); SNHG5-qRT-PCR-R: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CCATTAAATTTCTCCCAGATGTTC-3\({}^{\prime}\); RPS13-qRT-PCR-F: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CGAAAGCATTTGAGAGAACAG-3\({}^{\prime}\); RPS13-qRT-PCR-R: 5\({}^{\prime}\)-CGGTAATCCCGCTCTCTATTA-3\({}^{\prime}\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Economic Analysis  
To evaluate the economic suitability of the proposed recycling procedure, the expense required for the removal of 1 kg of ammonium was estimated and compared to that of the conventional struvite precipitation process by using industrial-grade reagents. In this regard, the expense for chemicals consumption and for energy utilization during the decomposition phase were considered. Through an analysis of Italian industrial market of chemicals, the price of H3 PO4 (75%), MgCl26H2O, HCl (32%), and NaOH (40%) can be assumed to be about 790 \(\upepsilon\)/m3, 420 \(\upepsilon\)/ton, 125 \(\upepsilon\)/m3, and 250 \(\upepsilon\)/m3, respectively, similar to those considered in other works [1]. On the basis of the operating conditions identified (\(n\)(N):\(n\)(Mg):\(n\)(P) = 1:1.2:1.2), phosphoric acid and magnesium chloride amounts of 7.4 L and 18.4 kg must be dosed for struvite precipitation. Furthermore, about 15 L of NaOH (40%) are necessary to set the pH to 9. Therefore, an overall expense of around 17.3 \(\upepsilon\)/kg(N\({}_{\text{rem}}\)) can be estimated. By applying the proposed recycling process, the phosphorus and magnesium sources can be supplied at molar ratios of only \(n\)(N):\(n\)(Mg):\(n\)(P) = 1:0.05:0.05, to which corresponds amounts of 0.37 L and 0.94 kg, respectively. Moreover, a volume of 5.7 L of NaOH is necessary for pH adjustment and 6.8 L of HCl are consumed during struvite dissolution. Consequently, the cost for chemicals consumption is around 3 \(\upepsilon\)/kg(N\({}_{\text{rem}}\)). The energy outlay for the mixture heating during the struvite decomposition phase can be assumed to be about 1.5 \(\upepsilon\)/kg(N\({}_{\text{rem}}\)). Therefore, the total expense is approximately 4.5 \(\upepsilon\)/kg(N\({}_{\text{rem}}\)). By comparing this value to that for conventional struvite precipitation, around 74% of overall outlay can be avoided by means of the proposed recycling technique. The cost saving achievable with the developed method is even higher with respect to those detectable with other recycling methods [44].
# Multi-Connectivity for Multicast Video Streaming in Cellular Networks
### Contributions  
This work studied the integration of multi-connectivity in multicast transmissions for meeting the bandwidth demands of video streaming services. We address the problem of resource allocation in a multi-connected multicast system with the aim of maximizing the number of users that can be simultaneously served using multicast transmissions. The analyses, discussions, and simulations in this work provide conclusive evidence that multi-connectivity significantly improves the performance of multicast streaming systems. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:  
* We propose a multi-connected multicast system specifically designed for video streaming. This system utilizes the existing 3 GPP Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) framework, enabling multicast users to receive streaming content from multiple base stations seamlessly and with minimal signaling overhead. The resulting MC multicast system serves as a low-overhead alternative to the MBMS Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) operations within 3 GPP multicast systems.
* We formulate the resource allocation problem in the MC multicast system with the aim of maximizing the number of multicast users served simultaneously. Since the MC multicast system is tailored for handling concurrent demands for bandwidth-intensive video streams with limited resources, we employed the metric of the _number of users simultaneously served_ to measure its performance.
* We prove that the resource allocation problem in MC multicast systems is NP-hard, which means that there are no polynomial-time algorithms that can find the optimal solution. Therefore, we propose a centralized greedy approximation algorithm with an approximation factor of \((1-1/e)\). We establish that this algorithm offers the most accurate approximation achievable for the problem.  
* The centralized algorithm necessitates a central server to dictate resource allocation across all base stations within a region. Such a coordination may become impractical with an increasing number of base stations. Therefore, we also propose a distributed resource allocation algorithm for MC multicasting, allowing base stations to autonomously make resource allocation decisions.
* Extensive simulations clearly demonstrate the performance enhancements attained by incorporating MC in wireless multicasting, particularly for video streaming applications. We employed traces from actual video streams sourced from [11, 12] to generate realistic video traffic patterns in our simulations.  
In the following section, we provide an overview of the current research across the various facets of multi-connectivity and multicasting in cellular mobile networks.
###### Abstract  
Circular polarization (CP) memory is a well-known phenomenon whereby natural light becomes partially circularly polarized after scattering by water spray several times, and the circularly polarized state can be well preserved within a certain propagation distance. In this study, a CP imaging method combined with the multi-scale analysis in the frequency domain is proposed to enhance the vision in rainy conditions. The images were first decomposed into multi-scales. CP characteristics of light were employed in the low-frequency parts to improve the quality of images in rainy conditions, and the high-frequency parts compensated specific structure information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can remove the water spray effect thereby improving the vision of degraded rainy-day images.  
polarization; image reconstruction; image enhancement; optical imaging