# An Optimized Hierarchical Cluster Formation Approach for Management of Smart Cities
## 3 Proposed Approach
### Proposed Protocol (ICSI Description)
Figure 3: FND and all dead nodes. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Set Value** \\ \hline Monitoring area (total communication range) & 100–200 m\({}^{2}\) \\ Number of nodes (N) & 100–200 \\ Packet data size & 4000 bit \\ E\({}_{i}\) & 0.5–1 J \\ Transmission power (\(E_{\text{elc}}\)) & 50 nJ/bit \\ Power loss of free space (\(\mathit{efs}\)) & 10 pJ/(bit m\({}^{2}\)) \\ Power multi path (\(\epsilon_{\text{amp}}\)) & 0.0013 pJ/(bit m\({}^{4}\)) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Simulation settings. The results show that the suggested algorithm (ICSI) delays the death of the first node as it dies almost in the 380 th round. Therefore, it is obvious that the proposed algorithm has a longer network life cycle. This delay of the first node death reflects efficient power utilization that can significantly extend the lifetime by conserving energy. The effectively delayed first dead node acts to conserve the network energy. As also shown in Figure 3, and as highlighted by the indicator of the death of all nodes, in the LEACH protocol, all nodes died after approximately 800 rounds. In the I-LEACH-1 and I-LEACH-2 protocols, all nodes died after approximately 1500 rounds, whereas in the ICSI protocol, all nodes died after approximately 1800 rounds. The ICSI protocol is 70%, 23.83%, and 77.6% faster than the LEACH-1, LEACH-2, and LEACH protocols, respectively. Also, Figure 4 illustrates the QND and HND metrics obtained from the simulation results. The QND is extended by 150%, 64.51%, 51.27%, and 1% compared to LEACH, LEACH-1, LEACH-2 and FBECS, respectively. The HND is prolonged by 89.14%, 31.22%, 11.03%, and 12.73% compared to LEACH, LEACH-1, LEACH-2 and FBECS, respectively. The simulation results illustrate that ICSI meets the requirements of power conservation and prolongs the network lifetime and stability period. ICSI outperforming the other protocols is due to its concern from the beginning to allocate SNs to the optimum cluster, which is based on the CH that needs the minimum power requirements to communicate with. In general, this had a great effect on delaying the death of nodes. (2) Network lifetime

As illustrated in Figure 5, the simulation results of ICSI show more live nodes compared to other methods. As the number of rounds rises, the live-node count decreases. At round 1500, the graph shows that ICSI, in terms of the number of live nodes, is 78.88%, 10.64%, and 6.86% better than LEACH, LEACH-1, and LEACH-2, respectively. Therefore, the proposed ICSI is better than other related models in terms of the number of live nodes. In the optimized selection step of ICSI, the limited power nodes (with lower energy levels) are protected, and the energy consumption of the network is lowered. This finding shows that ICSI is highly concerned with conserving energy, so it is better than the other related protocols in prolonging the network lifetime. The longevity of the network is another result of the ability of ICSI to conserve power by selecting the cluster with the minimum communication energy cost. Reducing the communication energy cost, which is

Figure 4: QND and HND. the largest power consumer, has a significant effect on reducing the consumed power and consequently elongating the lifetime of the whole WSN. ### Network Survivability Assessment Results

(1) Energy Depletion

Figure 6 shows the residual energy of nodes in ICSI compared with the related protocols over 1500 rounds. Compared with LEACH, the total residual energy of ICSI is approximately 40% greater than that of the original LEACH, approximately 25% greater than I-LEACH-1, and 21% greater than I-LEACH-2. The lower power consumption reflects the better power balance [29]. ICSI can achieve better power equilibrium and prolong the network lifetime as the transmission energy cost is the chief consumer of the energy of nodes. Therefore, the effective power consumption between two nodes can conserve the power (this is a function of ICSI). Decreasing the energy depletion in SNs is validated by such a result.