## 3 Tactile Internet
### AI for Action Prediction in Tactile Internet  
When we touch something or move a part of the body, the sensory receptors in the skin are activated, and they generate action potentials (electrical signals). These signals travel through neurons to the brain. Within the human body, the delay for signals to reach the brain when we move or touch something is typically 20 to 40 milliseconds, depending on the distance and type of neurons involved. Once the signal is processed in the brain and if a response is required, for example, pulling the hand away from something hot, the brain sends signals back through motor neurons to the muscles. This rapid transmission allows for seamless interaction with our environment. In Tactile Internet, the goal is to mimic the natural human action as per the neural signaling in less than 1 ms. This ultra-low latency is vital for applications, like remote surgery or haptic feedback systems, where delays longer than 1 ms can disrupt the natural responsiveness in remote interactions.  
To overcome the challenge of latency, some of the important approaches are leveraging AI at the edge, network architecture optimizations, and the use of advanced transmission technologies. Edge computing can be used to predict the immediate future state of the user by using artificial intelligence [31,32] without waiting for actual action. AI-based predictive modeling can help tackle delays by anticipating user movements and transmitting them in advance. These predicted values would have a limited set of actions as we move any of our parts in specific directions with pull, push actions, etc. With advancements in ultra-reliable low-latency networks and artificial intelligence, the Tactile Internet has the potential to revolutionize fields, such as telemedicine, remote education, and hazardous material handling, enabling expert skills to be delivered across vast distances in real-time. Tactile Internet is not just about connected devices; it is about enabling human-to-machine (H2M) interactions with haptic and tactile sensations, thus creating a bilateral communication and feedback network [33]. Artificial intelligence has a significant role to play in Tactile Internet development, optimization, and deployment for real-time data processing and analysis. It can ensure seamless communication between devices and users by optimizing the network performance through network protocols and configurations to achieve an ultra-low latency of 1 ms or less. Predictive maintenance and fault detection [34] for potential failures or bottlenecks in network infrastructure to ensure high reliability and uptime can be performed prior to any communication [35]. AI can also enhance haptic feedback systems to improve accuracy and responsiveness, as well as simulate and test scenarios virtually, allowing developers to test and refine the systems under various conditions and to evaluate the performance of haptic feedback and latency. It will also help in improving human-machine interaction by developing interfaces and adaptive systems that respond to user behavior. AI also provides features, like security and privacy, by detecting and mitigating cyber threats in real-time, and also in ethical and social implications by analyzing potential risks and proposing solutions [36,37].