esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Progress in Remote Sensing of Photosynthetic Activity over the Amazon Basin
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we addressed the potentials and limitations of multi-angle MODIS PRI and SIF observations as proxies for productivity over the Amazon rainforests. While traditional greenness measurements, such as NDVI, will only provide information about chlorophyll content and leaf flush/leaf loss (and other factors potentially affecting NDVI, such as leaf movement, pigment pool size, leaf wilting and active heliotropism), PRI when combined with SIF offers a complementary more direct proxy for light-use efficiency over large areas of tropical forests. We conclude that:  
1. PRI is able to capture seasonal changes in \(\varepsilon\) in large areas of tropical forests. These changes are linked to stress conditions related to water availability during the dry season.
2. Statistically-significant logarithmic relationships were found between \(\text{PRI}_{\text{diff}}\) and \(\varepsilon\) determined from eddy-flux measurements for all sites; southern sites, however, showed stronger correlations (\(r^{2}=0.78,p<0.01\) for RJA and \(r^{2}=0.75,p<0.01\) for BAN). Thus, correlations between \(\text{PRI}_{\text{diff}}\) and \(\varepsilon\) are notably better where seasonal stress occurs than where it does not.
3. MODIS and GOME-2 observations, while not optimal for measuring short-term changes in \(\varepsilon\), provide realistic estimates of seasonal variation in photosynthesis over the Amazon that relate well to wet and dry seasons.
4. The development of new sensor designs with the capacity for frequent, moderate resolution, multi-angle PRI and SIF measurements should increase our understanding of ecosystem functioning in response to the climate in the tropics and elsewhere.  
The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/48/s1. Figure S1: Monthly averages of MODIS MAIAC NDVI for the period of 2000 to 2012 for forested areas in the Amazon basin. The averages were calculated to show seasonality. Areas in grey represent different land covers and were not taken into consideration.  
This research was supported in part by a scholarship from CAPES--Brazil (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Grant Number BEX 1233-13-0) awarded to the author. Many thanks to the reviewers who provided insightful suggestions on an earlier draft of the manuscript.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived of and designed the experiments. [PERSON] analyzed the data. [PERSON] contributed the MAIAC V data. [PERSON] wrote the original paper, and [PERSON] made extensive revisions. [PERSON] edited and made revisions of the figures. All authors read and approved the submitted draft of the manuscript.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Appendix AFigure 12: Seasonal variation of rainfall from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) for the period of 2000 to 2011. A monthly average approach was adopted to show rainfall seasonality over the Amazon basin.
# Computer Simulations of Dual-Antenna Microwave Ablation and Comparison to Experimental Measurements
###### Abstract  
Single-antenna microwave ablation (MWA) is mainly used to treat small tumors less than 3 cm in diameter. To obtain a larger coagulation zone in a single ablation, a dual-antenna ablation approach was proposed. A three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) simulation model of parallel dual-antennas was developed. Ex vivo experiments at 50 W for 8 min were performed to verify the model. Both the temperature changes in tissue and the size of the coagulation zone were recorded. The effects of dual-antenna spacing, heating power, and blood perfusion on the coagulation zone were analyzed. Fifteen experiments were carried out. The errors between the mean measurements and simulated results at the set temperature points were 1.08 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 0.95 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 2.1 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively. For the same conditions, the blood perfusion of 1.0, 1.5, and 3.0 kg/(m\({}^{3}\cdot\)s) can result in a reduction in the coagulation volume by 18.4%, 25.4%, and 42.5%. As the spacing increased, the coagulation zone of each antenna started to fuse together later and the resulting integral coagulation zone became larger. Dual-antenna MWA is expected to be used for the treatment of tumors larger than 5 cm in diameter.  
Keywords:dual-antenna array; finite element method simulation; tumor ablation; blood perfusion; temperature distribution +
Footnote †: journal:
# Multi-Path Recurrent U-Net Segmentation of Retinal Fundus Image
## 5 Conclusions  
The analysis of medical fundus images has significance in terms of the effects of ophthalmic diseases. In this article, we propose a deep learning architecture called multi-path recurrent U-Net. This structure combines a recurrent neural network and a convolutional neural network and makes corresponding improvements to the original U-Net and the recurrent unit. It implements a multi-path recurrent U-Net architecture and improves the problem of disc division and cup division. Through experimental verification, more efficient segmentation results are shown to be generated for the Drishti-GS1 dataset. At the same time, the method was popularized and verified on the retinal blood vessel segmentation dataset DRIVE and has achieved good results. In this paper, our method was validated on 2D images; its extension to 3D data would be a possible future development.  
Methodology, F.W.; Software, F.W.; Supervision, Y.J.; Validation, J.G.; Writing-original draft, F.W.;Writing-review and editing. F.W. and S.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 11: Comparison of model segmentation images of different DRIVE dataset. **(a)** is the original image; **(b)** is the ground truth; **(c)** is the result of the method in this paper; **(d)** method in [11]; **(e)** method in [53].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Model** & **Accuracy** & **Specificity** & **Sensitivity** & **F1** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [52] & 0.9538 & 0.9820 & 0.7361 & - \\ U-Net [24] & 0.9554 & 0.9802 & 0.7849 & 0.8175 \\ R2U-Net [11] & 0.9556 & 0.9813 & 0.7792 & 0.8171 \\ [PERSON] et al. [53] & 0.9609 & 0.9738 & **0.8282** & - \\ [PERSON] et al. [54] & 0.9453 & 0.9735 & 0.7426 & - \\ [PERSON] et al. [55] & 0.9567 & 0.9816 & 0.7940 & 0.8270 \\ MPAR (ours) & **0.9642** & **0.9820** & 0.8173 & **0.8275** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Comparison of model changes based on the DRIVE dataset.  
**Funding:** This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61962054), in part by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61163036), in part by the 2016 Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (1606 RJZA047), in part by the 2012 Gansu Provincial University Fundamental Research Fund for Special Research Funds; Gansu Province Postgraduate Supervisor Program in Colleges and Universities (1201-16), in part by the Northwest Normal University's Third Phase of Knowledge and Innovation Engineering Research Backbone Project (nwnu-kjcsc-03-67).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
# INSPIRE-SAT 7, a Second CubeSat to Measure the Earth's Energy Budget and to Probe the Ionosphere
## 2 Scientific Objectives of the INSPIRE-SAT 7 Mission
### Earth's Energy Budget Components and Earth's Energy Imbalance
It represents the first steps towards a small satellite constellation (Terra-F) dedicated to the study of climate. Table 1 presents part of the scientific objectives to be achieved by UVSQ-SAT, INSPIRE-SAT 7, and the future Terra-F constellation. These measurements must be combined with observations at the TOA using instruments on board satellites to provide'short-term' information. Measurements with good spatio-temporal resolutions are crucial for advancing our understanding of climate change as explained above. Currently, we do not know whether the cloud-related changes will amplify, mitigate, or have little impact on the Earth's global temperature rise due to anthropogenic radiative forcings. Furthermore, we ignore the impact of radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic aerosols that modify the properties of clouds. Global climate models have limitations with respect to these two issues. This highlights the importance of space missions to achieve accurate measurements with excellent spatio-temporal resolutions. The observations are important for validating climate models and the magnitude of EEI at the TOA. The incident solar flux represents an input to the model. The solar radiation reflected by the Earth and the outgoing long wavelength radiation are calculated at the model level and must be compared with those measured.
# Challenging Assumptions of Normality in AES s-Box Configurations under Side-Channel Analysis
###### Abstract  
Power-based Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) began with visual-based examinations and has progressed to utilize data-driven statistical analysis. Two distinct classifications of these methods have emerged over the years; those focused on leakage exploitation and those dedicated to leakage detection. This work primarily focuses on a leakage detection-based schema that utilizes [PERSON]'s \(t\)-test, known as Test Vector Leakage Assessment (TVLA). Both classes of methods process collected data using statistical frameworks that result in the successful exfiltration of information via SCA. Often, statistical testing used during analysis requires the assumption that collected power consumption data originates from a normal distribution. To date, this assumption has remained largely uncontested. This work seeks to demonstrate that while past studies have assumed the normality of collected power traces, this assumption should be properly evaluated. In order to evaluate this assumption, an implementation of Tiny-AES-c with nine unique substitution-box (s-box) configurations is conducted using TVLA to guide experimental design. By leveraging the complexity of the AES algorithm, a sufficiently diverse and complex dataset was developed. Under this dataset, statistical tests for normality such as the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test provide significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the power consumption data is normally distributed. To address this observation, existing non-parametric equivalents such as the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and the Kruskal-Wallis Test are discussed in relation to currently used parametric tests such as [PERSON]'s \(t\)-test.  
test vector leakage assessment; side-channel analysis; AES encryption; side-channel; statistical methods +
Footnote †: journal: Cybersecurity and Privacy  
0023 by the authors. Liconse MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)) 4.0/).
# A Practical Implementation of Post-Quantum Cryptography for Secure Wireless Communication +
## 4 Practical Implementation of PQC-Based PKE Protocols
### Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Uses in Applications
#### 4.1.1 Real-World Scenarios for Proposed PQC-Based Protocols  
Consider a real-world scenario, shown in Figure 2, involving two devices representing the client and server, each equipped with the necessary software, including PQC and AES libraries. For this application scenario, we consider four use cases: (i) file transfer, (ii) chat, (iii) video streaming, and (iv) live streaming. Assuming that the client is [PERSON] while the server is [PERSON], for [PERSON] to send confidential data to [PERSON] using any of these use cases within a PQC-based system to ensure the data remains secure against potential future quantum computer attacks, the following process is used:  
1. [PERSON] generates a pair of keys using a PQC algorithm: a public key (\(pkk_{b}\)) and a private key (\(skk_{b}\)).
2. [PERSON] shares his public key (\(pkk_{b}\)) with [PERSON] while keeping the private key (\(skk_{b}\)) secret.
3. [PERSON] prepares the data for transmission and splits it into multiple blocks if it exceeds the maximum byte size allowed by the PQC algorithm, as shown in Figure 1a.
4. [PERSON] encrypts each block sequentially using [PERSON]'s public key (\(pkk_{b}\)). The encrypted blocks are combined into a single encrypted file.
5. [PERSON] sends the encrypted file through a secure network.
6. The access point routes the encrypted file to [PERSON] without decrypting it.
7. [PERSON] receives the encrypted file and uses his private key (\(skk_{b}\)) to decrypt each block.
8. He reassembles the decrypted blocks to reconstruct the original document, as shown in Figure 1b.  
Using PQC-based protocols, [PERSON] and [PERSON] can ensure that their communication remains secure against threats posed by quantum computing. The workflow of the proposed PQC-based protocols described above can be applied to various real-world scenarios. For file transfers, the protocol ensures the secure transmission and reconstruction of files divided into encrypted blocks. In chat applications, messages can be encrypted as individual small blocks to ensure confidentiality in real-time conversations. For video streaming, secure pre-encryption of video segments guarantees that the data remains protected during transmission. Lastly, live streaming benefits from the protocol by encrypting and transmitting content in near-real time, with a focus on maintaining low latency to preserve streaming quality. These use cases demonstrate the versatility of the PQC-based protocols in addressing diverse application requirements while securing data against quantum threats.  
Figure 2: Use cases for PQC algorithm: (**a**) File transfer, (**b**) chat, (**c**) video streaming, (**d**) live streaming.
## 8 Conclusions  
We have proposed a VTL algorithm and its implementation suitable for an asynchronous PL navigation system. We presented several tests, performed using the SNUGL indoor PL navigation system, that showed that VTL has improved tracking performance in the presence of the near-far problem that is one of the major limitations in PL navigation systems. First, we proposed a modified navigation equation for asynchronous PL navigation systems applicable to VTL implementation. VDFLL in the PL system was implemented on a software receiver with a conventional hardware reference receiver. The implemented VDFLL was verified by tracking tests of a GPS simulator signal. Two kinds of field tests were conducted. In the first test, the user moved away from a specific PL, _i.e._, the user stayed in the far zone and the far signal suffered severe interference from many other strong near signals and the conventional tracking loop could not cope. VTL, however, successfully estimated the signal and tracked it successfully. In the second test, the user moved to the near zone. We showed  
Figure 23: Tracking Results of PRN 4: ITL (top) and VTL (bottom).  
that even when the majority of signals are disrupted by a strong near signal, the implemented VDFLL could track them continuously. From the navigation results, even when the user moved close to a specific satellite, we verified that a PL navigation system with VTL receiver could succeed. And the third test and the experimental test showed the robust signal tracking performance of the implemented VTL in more practical situation. Thus, VTL could be a cure to the near-far problem and enhance the coverage of PL navigation systems. Recently, there have been many studies of VTL. To improve GNSS navigation availability, PL is very useful because it transmits a similar signal to the GNSS, so that the conventional GNSS user is not required to change receiver hardware. While we addressed VTL application in PL navigation systems against the near-far problem to increase navigation coverage, our tests have the deficiency that the test area was too small to do code navigation. Further tests in wider areas are necessary and tests of integrated navigation of GNSS-PL will be our future work.
## 5 Mathematical Modeling and the Control of Attitude Dynamics
### Motor Dynamics  
The complete control system used in the octocopter's attitude control needs to consider the dynamics of the motors. The octocopter uses eight brushless, DC motors. Usually, a first-order low-pass filter approximates the motor dynamics based on the experimentally obtained values. Here, the motor's mathematical model was obtained from the electrical and mechanical properties of the motor. The transfer-function model of the DC motor and the load (propeller) is shown in block diagram form in Figure 8 [22].  
In Figure 8, \(\mathrm{V_{in}}\) represents the supplied phase voltage, \(\mathrm{V_{b}}\) represents the phase voltage back emf, \(\tau_{M}\) represents the torque developed by the motor, \(I_{M}\) represents the moment of inertia of the rotor and attached propeller, and \(\omega_{M}\) represents the angular velocity of the propeller. The motors used in this study were of type 1000 KV and the specifications of the selected DC motors are listed in Table 1.  
Figure 8: Block diagram of brushless, DC motor for a single phase with a load attached.
## 4 Evaluation of the Mechanism
### Performance Indicators  
To evaluate the proposed methods of link weight modification, the following performance indicators were gathered during the simulations: (i) total number of received data ('Rx'), (ii) average delay of all flows ('Avg delay'), and (iii) average throughput achieved for the entire network ('Avg Tput'). Furthermore, for each scenario, the gain (\(Rx_{\text{Gain}}\)) from using the proposed mechanism was calculated compared to the situation without using multipath transmission. The gain was defined as follows.  
\[Rx_{\text{Gain}}=\frac{Rx-Rx_{\text{compared}}}{Rx_{\text{compared}}}\times 100\%, \tag{1}\]  
where \(Rx\) represents the total received data during the simulation using our mechanism, and \(Rx_{\text{compared}}\) indicates the total received data when the 'pure' OpenFlow scenario is applied. The gain is expressed as a percentage. A positive gain indicates that the proposed mechanism improved the performance of the network.  
To assess the scalability of our approach, we measure the total number of flow entries per second in all designated access nodes PE (Figure 4), and the average number of flow  
Figure 3: Proposed scenarios for assigning values to link weights.  
Figure 2: Topologies used in the numerical evaluation (the green vertices represent SCNs/DCNs) [8].  
situation if traditional SDN switching were used. It should be emphasized that _maxFRI_ is calculated for the scenario in which all flows in each PE node are served by all P nodes.  
\[maxFRI=\max_{sinTime}\left[1-\frac{(\#labels_{p})}{\sum\limits_{PE}\#flows_{p_{ E}}}\right]\times 100\% \tag{2}\]  
We introduce one more metric (3), the Comparative Flow Reduction Indicator (\(CFRI\)). This metric assesses the effectiveness of flow reduction for core nodes when comparing simulated scenarios. In contrast to _maxFRI_, \(CFRI\) utilizes the simulation data collected from both mechanisms being compared. This indicator is defined as follows:  
\[CFRI=\left[1-\frac{(\#labels_{p})}{(\#flows_{\text{compared}_{p}})}\right] \times 100\%, \tag{3}\]  
where \((\#labels_{p})\) represents the mean number of flow entries (per second) in a core node P when our mechanism is implemented. Similarly, \((\#flows_{\text{compared}_{p}})\) denotes the mean number of flow entries (per second) in a core node when 'pure' OpenFlow is employed for comparison.
# Methacrylate Polymer Monoliths for Separation Applications
## 3 Applications of Methacrylate Polymer Monoliths in Separation Science
### Separation and Pre-Concentration of Chemical Species  
Efficient chemical separations are necessary in order to purify or extract chemicals and analytes of interest from complex environmental or pharmaceutical matrices. Such analytes may include alkyl-benzes, poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chiral pharmaceutical compounds. Pure, unadulterated samples of pharmaceutical compounds are required by law; therefore, the need for efficient chromatographic systems is clear in this regard. However, given the commercial sensitivity in such matters, information about many separation methods is proprietary and not available within the literature.  
As previously discussed, a common issue with polymer monoliths in reverse phase mode is that of poor column efficiency for small molecules, and therefore, generally speaking, polymer monoliths have been more often utilized as separation media for larger biomolecules. This trend is also evident from examination of number of published papers for the different applications of methacrylate monolith however the literature also presents small molecule chemical separations. Increasingly though, methacrylate based monoliths have found a role in environmental applications. Environmental pollution is an increasingly important concern in the developed world and therefore, methods of identifying and quantifying the levels of pollution are essential and are actively researched. Purification, pre-concentration, and detection are therefore critical research areas in chromatography. Methacrylate monoliths have played a significant role in this research, as described in the next section.
## 5 Experimental Results  
This study integrates the scheduling decision system with the edible oil factory via a cyber-physical approach. By constructing a 3D model of the valve and pipeline network based on on-site inspections and incorporating task information provided by decision-makers, synchronized control and scheduling planning are realized. Experiments were conducted within an actual factory scheduling system performing task scheduling and execution. To avoid disrupting the operation of the oil transportation plant during testing,only a subset of isolated pipeline sections was selected for evaluation. Consequently, the number of tasks was limited, and the environment was relatively simple and well-defined. This section describes the 3D visualization experimental platform and interface, as well as the results of the multi-objective optimization decision-making process.
## Appendix A Extended Experiments  
More experiments were conducted in the section to validate Adacomp from three aspects.  
* Setting different values of \(\beta\) in Adacomp to show its impacts. As shown in Equation (9), \(\beta\) is a parameter used for tuning the tradeoff between \(\Pi_{1}\) and \(\Pi_{21},\Pi_{22}\). In Section 4, \(\beta\) was set as a constant 0.6 for all experiments, without presenting the impacts of \(\beta\). Here, experimental results on MNIST show that Adacomp is not so sensitive to \(\beta\).
* Using more metrics to provide an overall validation. In Section 4, we used prediction accuracy to compare algorithms for classification tasks. The single metric may not provide the overall validation. Here, we provided complementary experiments with three more metrics, precision, recall, and F1-score. Experimental results on MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and CIFAR-10 show that Adacomp performs stably under the additional metrics.
* Comparing with evolutionary algorithms to enrich experiments. In Section 4, we compared Adacomp with six first-order adaptive algorithms, lacking comparison with some state-of-the-art approaches. For completeness, we compared Adacomp with two typical evolutionary methods, the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that Adacomp can significantly save time cost at the sacrifice of little accuracy degradation. Experimental details and results are as follows.