## 2 Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Electrode** & **Antibiotic** & **Determination Technique** & **Detection Limit** & **Sample** & **Reference** \\ \hline GCE modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticles & cefadroxil & amperometry & 0.22 \(\mu\)M & commercial capsules & [73] \\ \hline Benzene-sourced graphene-gold nanoparticle sensor & tetracycline & chronoamperometry & 0.16 \(\mu\)M & bulk & [76] \\ \hline Glassy carbon electrode modified with dendrite-like Fe\({}_{5}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 0.09 \(\mu\)M & shrimp & [69] \\ \hline MIP-modified carbon nanotube–gold nanoparticles electrode & tetracycline & CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & 0.04 mM & bulk & [67] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene and Ru nanoparticles & amoxicillin & pulse voltammetry & 1.63 nM & urine & [70] \\ \hline GCE with reduced graphene oxide modified with antimony and copper nanoparticles & levofloxacin & differential pulse voltammetry & \(4.1\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) and \(1.7\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) & pharmaceutical tablets & [71] \\ \hline screen-printed gold electrode modified with synthesized gold nanocube/cysteine & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 4.0 nM & human blood serum & [68] \\ \hline Poly(methylene green)–Ethaline deep eutectic solvent/Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticle modified electrode & dapsone & Differential pulse voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy & 0.33 \(\mu\)M & pharmaceutical tablets and river water & [74] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide and nanogold- functionalized poly(amidoamine) & ciprofloxacin & square wave voltammetry, & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Electrode** & **Antibiotic** & **Determination Technique** & **Detection Limit** & **Sample** & **Reference** \\ \hline GCE modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticles & cefadroxil & amperometry & 0.22 \(\mu\)M & commercial capsules & [73] \\ \hline Benzene-sourced graphene-gold nanoparticle sensor & tetracycline & chronoamperometry & 0.16 \(\mu\)M & bulk & [76] \\ \hline Glassy carbon electrode modified with dendrite-like Fe\({}_{5}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 0.09 \(\mu\)M & shrimp & [69] \\ \hline MIP-modified carbon nanotube–gold nanoparticles electrode & tetracycline & CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & 0.04 mM & bulk & [67] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene and Ru nanoparticles & amoxicillin & pulse voltammetry & 1.63 nM & urine & [70] \\ \hline GCE with reduced graphene oxide modified with antimony and copper nanoparticles & levofloxacin & differential pulse voltammetry & \(4.1\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) and \(1.7\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) & pharmaceutical tablets & [71] \\ \hline screen-printed gold electrode modified with synthesized gold nanocube/cysteine & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 4.0 nM & human blood serum & [68] \\ \hline Poly(methylene green)–Ethaline deep eutectic solvent/Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticle modified electrode & dapsone & Differential pulse voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy & 0.33 \(\mu\)M & pharmaceutical tablets and river water & [74] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide and nanogold-functionalized poly(amidoamine) & ciprofloxacin & square wave voltammetry, & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Electrode** & **Antibiotic** & **Determination Technique** & **Detection Limit** & **Sample** & **Reference** \\ \hline GCE modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube and gold nanoparticles & cefadroxil & amperometry & 0.22 \(\mu\)M & commercial capsules & [73] \\ \hline Benzene-sourced graphene-gold nanoparticle sensor & tetracycline & chronoamperometry & 0.16 \(\mu\)M & bulk & [76] \\ \hline Glassy carbon electrode modified with dendrite-like Fe\({}_{5}\)O\({}_{4}\) nanoparticles & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 0.09 \(\mu\)M & shrimp & [69] \\ \hline MIP-modified carbon nanotube–gold nanoparticles electrode & tetracycline & CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & 0.04 mM & bulk & [67] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene and Ru nanoparticles & amoxicillin & pulse voltammetry & 1.63 nM & urine & [70] \\ \hline GCE with reduced graphene oxide modified with antimony and copper nanoparticles & levofloxacin & differential pulse voltammetry & \(4.1\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) and \(1.7\times 10^{-8}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) & pharmaceutical tablets & [71] \\ \hline screen-printed gold electrode modified with synthesized gold nanocube/cysteine & chloramphenicol & square wave voltammetry & 4.0 nM & human blood serum & [68] \\ \hline Poly(methylene green)–Ethaline deep eutectic solvent/Fe\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticle modified electrode & dapsone & Differential pulse voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy & 0.33 \(\mu\)M & pharmaceutical tablets and river water & [74] \\ \hline GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide and nanogold-functionalized poly(amidoamine) & ciprofloxacin & square wave voltammetry, & & \\ \hline Poly(amidoamine) & ciprofloxacin & different pulse voltammetry, & 1 nM & raw milk & [77] \\ \hline  & erythromycincin ethylsuccinate (EES), & & & \\ \hline CP electrode modified with gold nanoparticles & azithromycin (AZI), & square wave voltammetry & 0.18, 0.045, 1.43, and \(0.30\)\(\mu\)g mL\({}^{-1}\) for EES, AZI, CLA, and ROX & pharmaceutical preparations & [75] \\ \hline  & & & & \\ \hline magnetic nanoparticles/MIP-based electrochemical sensor & tetracycline & square wave voltammetry & \(1.5\times 10^{-7}\) mol L\({}^{-1}\) & milk & [78] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}