## 1 Introduction
### Influencing Factors of CO\({}_{2}\) Emissions from the Building Sector  
Natural and socioeconomic factors affect energy consumption and CO\({}_{2}\) at the buildings' operation stage [33; 34]. Table 1 lists the building emissions' influencing factors from natural and socioeconomic dimensions. Under the background of climate warming, the rise in temperature causes increased demand for cooling and lower demand for heating [35]. However, the decrease in emissions due to less heating could be negated by cooling if there is no limitation to using air conditioning [36]. Existing studies explored the urban heat island's effect on buildings' energy consumption and found that the energy consumption of urban buildings for cooling in summer was higher than that of suburban buildings. However, energy consumption for heating was reversed in winter [37]. With the rapid urbanization process, vegetation cover loss is significant. Previous studies have indicated a positive correlation between vegetation cover loss and land surface temperature, which exacerbates the urban heat island effect and affects building energy consumption indirectly [38; 39]. The geographical location affects a region's BCEs by determining energy endowments and climatic characteristics, causing different energy consumption constructures and energy demands between regions [40; 41]. Energy demand and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from buildings are affected by urbanization, with urban growth increasing the demand for central heating in winter and refrigeration in summer [42; 43; 44]. Previous studies compared the impacts of population, economic, and spatial urbanization on building energy consumption, with population urbanization having the strongest positive effect [40; 45]. As for factors influencing CO\({}_{2}\) from China's building sector, Logarithmic Mean Divisia index (LMDI) model results revealed the positive effect of the tertiary sector, indicating that an increase in consumption has driven significant CO\({}_{2}\) emission increases from buildings [41; 46]. Similarly, residents' lifestyles represent an important factor affecting building energy consumption because of different income levels and energy structures [47; 48]. Improvements in the energy structure and technological progress could effectively reduce BCEs [49; 50]. Land development, which is used for commercial and residential land, has a positive effect on building CO2 emissions [42; 50]. In addition, previous studies compared factors influencing residential and commercial buildings. Their results showed that newer, higher-quality commercial buildings require more electricity than residential buildings [51]. Residential energy intensity and the energy-saving policies of commercial buildings promote the decoupling effect of CO2 emissions from residential and commercial buildings, respectively [52; 53]. Emission reduction in the building sector is important for promoting the carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Although studies have attempted to determine fine-scale estimations of BCEs using remote sensing data, those exploring multi-source remote sensing data to estimate long-term emissions are still inadequate. CO2 emissions from the building sector in China have significantly grown due to rapid urbanization and are expected to increase continuously [8; 41; 46]. In contrast to the trend of a rapid increase in CO2 emissions in developing countries, developed countries are approaching an emissions peak and some developed countries have reached an emissions peak [55]. One study of developed countries' indicates that CO2 emissions peaks and reduction experiences are important for developing countries [56]. China and Japan are both located in Eastern Asia with large-scale CO2 emissions. Japan experienced rapid urbanization in the first half of the 20 th century and the development and transformation of its manufacturing industry after the 1950s. CO2 emissions in Japan have shown a declining trend since the 2010s [55].