esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Air traffic controller (ATC) fatigue has become a major cause of air traffic accidents. Speech-based fatigue-state detection is proposed in this paper. The speech signal is preprocessed to further extract the Mel frequency cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) from speech discourse. The machine learning method is used in fatigue detection. However, single machine learning fatigue detection methods often have low detection accuracy. To solve this problem, an ensemble learning method based on self-adaption quantum genetic algorithm (SQGA) heterogeneous learning methods is proposed. Pattern-level and feature-level resampling are used to increase the differences in the base learner's training dataset. To enlarge the diversity of single learners, k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Bayesian network (BN), back propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVM) are adopted for the heterogeneous ensemble. On this basis, finally, the detection result is obtained by weighted summation. The weight of each base learner was determined by SQGA. The SQGA method combines the quantum genetic algorithm with the adaptive strategy. The adaptive strategy includes adaptive adjustment of the quantum rotation gate, adaptive generation of crossover probability and adaptive generation of mutation probability. The experiments on real civil aviation radio land-air communication show that the proposed method can obtain 98.5% detection accuracy, with a 1.2% false and 3.0% missing report rate, whereas the SVM only obtains 94.0% detection accuracy, with a 5.4% false and 9.0% missing report rate.  
Keywords:fatigue detection; MFCC; heterogeneous ensemble; quantum genetic algorithm; self-adaption +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# An Experimental Study of Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis over g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) Catalysts
###### Abstract  
This study examines a catalyst based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)) for synthesizing glycerol carbonate through the coupling reaction of glycerol and CO\({}_{2}\). In this research, we focus on simultaneously improving CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction and glycerol valorization by co-doping g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) with phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), and lithium (Li) for a better catalytic performance. The catalysts were prepared through a one-step thermal condensation process and characterized using XRD, SEM, TGA, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The co-doping further enhanced the surface chemical properties, Lewis acidity, basicity, and thermal stability, evidenced by the lower crystallinity, wider pore, and better catalytic performance as assessed through glycerol carbonylation reaction, optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The MgPSCN catalyst exhibited the highest glycerol conversion (68.72%) and glycerol carbonate yield (44.90%) at 250 \({}^{\circ}\)C, using 50 mg catalyst and 10 bar pressure. The model accuracy was validated by ANOVA (R\({}^{2}\)\(>\) 0.99; \(p\) values \(<\) 0.0001). The results indicated that doping significantly enhanced the catalytic performance, most likely due to improved electron charge transfer and structural distortions within the g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) framework. Such a process highlights the potential of co-doped g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) catalysts for the sustainable glycerol utilization and valorization of CO\({}_{2}\) through a scalable pathway toward green chemical synthesis--an approach that comes in line with worldwide decarbonization goals.  
g-c-2025156236
## 4 Analytical Results  
### Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb Age  
The zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotope data obtained from the two monozogranite samples (DZS18D004B3 and DZS18D006B2-6) and one enclave sample (DZS18D004B1) are presented in Table 1. Figure 4 provides the U-Pb concordia age diagrams and histograms accompanied with the weighted average \({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{238}\)U ages and the representative zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Specifications (topic)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**T/U**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**U-P Isotopic Ratios**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Age (Mid)**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**10\%**} \\ \cline{2-17}  & **Pb** & **Th** & **U** & **U** & **\%Pr(M)** & **\%Pr(M)** & **\%Pr(M)** & **\%Pr(M)** & **\%Pr(M)** & **\%Pr(  
Zircons of both the monozgranites and their enclaves are prismatic and short, having length/width ratios and lengths of 1:1 to 3:1, and between 50 and 200 um, respectively. All the analyzed zircons are magmatic in origin as indicated by the oscillatory zoning shown on the CL images [60]. They have large variations in Th (88-4121 ppm) and U (129-1362 ppm) concentrations, with their Th/U ratios ranging between 0.4 and 2.5 (Table 1).  
For monozgranite sample DZS18D004B3, we analyzed twenty-five zircon spots, which produced \({}^{206}\)Pb/\({}^{238}\)U ages ranging between 115 \(\pm\) 2 and 625 \(\pm\) 8 Ma (Table 1; Figure 4a,b). Twenty-one of the twenty-five U-Pb isotopic data gave the concordant ages varying between 115 \(\pm\) 2 and 123 \(\pm\)2 Ma, with a weighted average age of 120 \(\pm\) 1 Ma (2\(\sigma\), MSWD = 1.2) (Figure 4a,b), and the four analyses of inherited zircons yielded the concordant ages between 345 \(\pm\) 11 and 625 \(\pm\) 8 Ma (Figure 4a,b).  
Among the fifteen zircon spots performed for monozgranite sample DZS18D006B2-6, fourteen U-Pb isotopic data showed the concordant ages between 114 \(\pm\) 3 and 125 \(\pm\) 2 Ma,  
Figure 4: Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb concordia age diagrams and histograms of Dazeshan monozgranites (**a–d**) and their enclaves (**e,f**). The insets show the typical zircon CL images with U-Pb apparent ages.  
with a weighted average age of 119.6 \(\pm\) 1.3 Ma (2\(\sigma\), MSWD = 1.5) (Table 1; Figure 4c,d), and the remaining one, having the old and concordant age at 688 \(\pm\) 13 Ma, was from inherited zircon (Figure 4d).  
For the enclave sample (DZS18D004B1), the eleven zircon spots were analyzed, which gave concordant ages between 112 \(\pm\) 3 and 134 \(\pm\) 8 Ma, with a weighted average age of 119 \(\pm\) 2 Ma (2\(\sigma\), MSWD = 2.4) (Table 1; Figure 4e,f).
# Comparative Study on Physicochemical and Nutritional Qualities of Kiwifruit Varieties
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methods  
#### 2.2.1 Determinations of Pectin and Moisture Content  
Determination of pectin content was as referred to in the literature [12] with some modifications, pectin content was measured by the carbazole colorimetric method using galacturonic acid as the standard. In brief, 0.25 mL carbazole-ethanol solution and 6 mL sulfuric acid (98%, \(w/w\)) were successively added into 1 mL pectin solution. The mixture was heated at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min, and then cooled to room temperature and kept in the dark for 30 min. The absorbance was measured at 530 nm using a spectrophotometer. Three replicates were performed.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Cultivar** & **Abbr.** & **Flesh Color** & **Species** \\ \hline Hongyang & R1 & Red & _A.chinensis_ \\ Donghong & R2 & Red & _A.chinensis_ \\ [PERSON] & G1 & Green & _A.chinensis_ \\ Xuxiang & G2 & Green & _A.chinensis_ var. _deliciosa_ \\ [PERSON] & G3 & Green & _A.chinensis_ var. _deliciosa_ \\ Jinkui & G4 & Green & _A.chinensis_ var. _deliciosa_ \\ MHYX & G5 & Green & _A.eriantha_ \\ Huate & G6 & Green & _A.eriantha_ \\ Hort16A & Y1 & Yellow & _A.chinensis_ \\ G3 & Y2 & Yellow & _A.chinensis_ \\ Jintao & Y3 & Yellow & _A.chinensis_ \\ Jinyuan & Y4 & Yellow & _A.eriantha_\(\times\)_A.chinensis_ \\ Jinmei & Y5 & Yellow & _A.eriantha_\(\times\)_A.chinensis_ \\ Jinyan & Y6 & Yellow & _A.eriantha_\(\times\)_A.chinensis_ \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Cultivars, species and flesh color of kiwifruits.  
The method of moisture measurement referred to CNS GB 5009.3-2016 by Directdrying method. A total of 3 g of kiwifruit pulp was placed in a constant weighted weighing bottle and placed in a 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C oven for 2 h, chilled in a desiccator for 10 min, then the drying process was repeated until it reached a constant weight.  
2.2 Determinations of Chlorophyll a Content (CAC), Chlorophyll B Content (CBC), Total Carotenoid Content (TCC)  
Measurement of CAC, CBC and TCC was referred to in the literature [13], with some modifications. The absorbances at 470 nm, 649 nm and 665 nm were recorded using a UV spectrophotometer in the range of 350-700 nm and the chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoid contents were calculated according to the following equations.  
\[C_{a}(\upmu\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}) = \frac{(13.95A_{665}-6.88A_{649})\times V\times f}{m} \tag{1}\] \[C_{b}(\upmu\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}) = \frac{(24.96A_{649}-7.32A_{665})\times V\times f}{m}\] (2) \[C_{xc}(\upmu\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}) = \frac{(4.08A_{470}+3.31A_{665}-11.64A_{649})\times V\times f}{m} \tag{3}\]  
where \(C_{a}\), \(C_{b}\) and \(C_{xc}\) were the content of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids (\(\upmu\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{g}\)), respectively. \(A_{470}\), \(A_{649}\) and \(A_{665}\) were the absorbance at 470 nm, 649 nm and 665 nm, respectively.
## 5 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Effect of Node Density on ALE  
In this section, the percentage of anchor nodes is 20% and the number of square topology deployment nodes is 100 to 400. Besides, the number of deployment nodes in the C-shaped deployment area is 100-406, and the communication radius 20 m. Experimental results are shown in Figures 8 and 9.  
Figure 7: The average value of ALE for four topologies and algorithm.  
As seen in Figure 8, as the percentage of anchor nodes increases, the ALE of the four algorithms decreases, and DEIDV-Hop always has the smallest ALE amongst the four network topologies. Using a comparison in Figure 9 with DV-Hop,  
* PSODV-Hop reduces the average of ALE by 9.41%, GSODV-Hop reduces by 33.23%, and DEIDV-Hop reduces by 46.76% in the square random topology;
* PSODV-Hop reduces the average of ALE by 37.09%, GSODV-Hop reduces by 39.78%, and DEIDV-Hop reduces by 51.95% in the square grid topology;
* Three meta-heuristic localization algorithms PSODV-Hop, GSODV-Hop, and DEIDV-Hop improve average 46.25%, 47.41%, and 49%, respectively, on localization accuracy in the C-shaped random topology;  
Figure 8: (**a**) Effect of the total number of nodes on ALE in square random topology; (**b**) Effect of the total number of nodes on ALE in a square grid topology; (**c**) Effect of the total number of nodes on ALE in C-Shaped random topology; (**d**) Effect of the total number of nodes on ALE in C-Shaped grid topology.  
Figure 9: The average value of ALE for four topologies and algorithm.  
* Three meta-heuristic localization algorithms PSODV-Hop, GSODV-Hop, and DEIDV-Hop improve average 46.49%, 47.39%, and 50.33%, respectively, on localization accuracy in the C-shaped grid topology.  
With the increase in the number of deployed nodes, the distribution of nodes becomes denser and tends to be in intensive networks. As each node has more single-hop connected nodes, the network connectivity is stronger. The deviation of the shortest path and straight line between nodes is relatively small, as is also the estimated distance error between the unknown nodes and anchor nodes. As an overall evaluation, with the increase in the number of deployed nodes, the average localization error of nodes also decreases, becoming more effective and productive.
## 5 Instance Verification
### Comparative Analysis  
To verify the advantage of the proposed fault prediction method in terms of its fault identification accuracy, the traditional HMM and SVM diagnostic models were compared for the prediction of EMU gearbox faults. The recognition accuracies of the four degraded positions are shown in Table 2. The recognition accuracy of GRU-HMM was found to be significantly higher than that of the traditional HMM and SVM methods. However, a higher recognition time compared to the other two methods was observed due to the fact that this method requires multiple trainings for the hybrid feature domain, initial vector, and state transfer matrix.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### MR Parameters for Data Acquisition  
The experiments were conducted with a brain phantom (anthropomorphic skull brain, model 603, CIRS) and a healthy young subject after obtaining written consent for participation in this study. The study was performed using a 3T MRI (Magnetom Verio, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a 12-channel phase-array coil. For the human brain imaging, a pillow was placed under the subject's head to allow a comfortable posture, and a foam cushion was used to minimize head movement. A spin-echo (SE) pulse sequence was used, and data collection from the human participant was performed using the following parameters: field of view (\(FOV\)) = 256 \(\times\) 256 mm\({}^{2}\); matrix size = 768 \(\times\) 768, 10 slices; in-plane resolution = 0.33 \(\times\) 0.33 mm\({}^{2}\); slice thickness = 1.5 mm; repetition time (TR) = 460 ms; echo time (TE) = 12 ms; bandwidth = 296 Hz/pixel; flip angle (FA) = 90\({}^{\circ}\).  
In addition, the parameters used for phantom imaging were as follows: \(FOV\) = 192 \(\times\) 192 mm\({}^{2}\); matrix size = 768 \(\times\) 768, 10 slices; in-plane resolution = 0.25 \(\times\) 0.25 mm\({}^{2}\); slice thickness = 1.0 mm; TR = 462 ms; TE = 12 ms; bandwidth = 233 Hz/pixel; FA = 90\({}^{\circ}\).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Antioxidant Capacity  
The results of the antioxidant capacity of the tested carrot samples are shown in Figure 2. Analysis of the DPPH radical scavenging test showed a significant increase (\(p<0.05\)) in scavenging activity following the heat treatment of carrots. The baseline DPPH radical scavenging activity for raw carrot samples was 4.89 \(\upmu\)mol TE/g dw. The antioxidant capacity of raw carrots determined by the ABTS radical assay was 5.53 \(\upmu\)mol TE/g dw, while for heat-treated samples it ranged from 8.31 \(\upmu\)mol TE/g dw (sous-vide-cooked carrots) to 14.57 \(\upmu\)mol TE/g dw (traditionally cooked carrots in water). Among the samples analyzed, only steamed carrots in a steel pot and baked carrots did not differ significantly (\(p\leq 0.05\)) in terms of antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant properties in raw carrots are influenced by factors such as variety, growing season, location of cultivation [59], farming system (organic vs. conventional) [25], and storage conditions [60; 61]. Among the thermally processed samples, the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in sous-vide-cooked carrots (8.01 \(\upmu\)mol TE/g dw), while conventionally boiled carrots demonstrated the highest activity, approximately 3.3 times greater than that of raw carrots. The highest antioxidant capacity observed in carrots prepared by boiling may be attributed to their elevated levels of phenolic compounds
# Improving the Maritime Traffic Evaluation with the Course and Speed Model
## 5 Conclusions and Future Work
To further enhance maritime traffic management, analyzing the factors that impact maritime traffic flow for each ship type and size can lead to the development of novel indices. However, this research had several limitations, detailed as follows: first, our analysis was based on the data collected during a specific timeframe. Nonetheless, maritime traffic flow can fluctuate due to changes in aquatic facilities, port development, and the environmental context. Moreover, traffic flow can change over time, suggesting that future analyses should consider various periods (annually, seasonally, hourly, etc.) and specific circumstances. Second, our study area was confined to the primary sea route of Ulsan Port. While this route showcases considerable baseline traffic flow and diversity in ship size and type, most maritime traffic tends to form linearly along straight courses. Consequently, the continuity and spatiality indices constituting the CS model index might not be high. For a more comprehensive assessment, it appears necessary to compare areas with different maritime traffic flow characteristics, such as turning points, intersections of ship flow, and port entrances, rather than focusing solely on straight courses. Additionally, exploring visualization methods is essential to effectively utilize maritime traffic flow assessment results in maritime traffic management systems. Further research should focus on developing new maritime traffic flow assessment methods, including real-time assessments based on the visualization data previously mentioned. Conceptualization, E.-J.L. and Y.-S.L. ; methodology, E.-J.L., Y.-S.L. and E.L.; validation, E.-J.L., K.K. and Y.Y. ; investigation, E.-J.L. ; resources, H.-S.K. and Y.Y. ; writing--original draft preparation, E.-J.L. ; writing--review and editing, E.L. and H.-S.K. ; supervision, K.K. and Y.-S.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This study was partly supported by the \"Regional Innovation Strategy (RIS)\" through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) (2021 RIS-004) and the Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. RS-2022-00155857, Artificial Intelligence Convergence Innovation Human Resources Development (Chungnam National University)). Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy. Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company SafeTechResearch. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
Therefore, the precise measurement and compensation of magnetic field effects originating from the USV platform itself becomes essential for acquiring high-quality vector magnetic data. To address this platform-induced magnetic interference and accurately correct the ambient geomagnetic field, various correction methods have been proposed on various platforms, including aircraft, ships, and unmanned systems [4, 10, 24, 25, 26]. The correction methodologies developed within these studies primarily focus on removing the permanent and induced magnetic effects associated with the platform's attitude variations from the magnetic field measurements. However, each correction method utilizes a slightly different model and approach. This study aims to evaluate the magnetic effect of a paramagnetic Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) itself and assess the utility of marine geomagnetic surveys using magnetic data acquired by a fluxgate magnetometer mounted on the vessel. To achieve this, we compare and analyze various magnetic compensation methods previously applied to different platforms, seeking the optimal methodology to reliably remove induced magnetic interference and operational noise generated by the paramagnetic USV. Ultimately, this research intends to contribute to expanding the application scope of high-precision marine vector magnetic surveys utilizing paramagnetic USVs.
# Automatic Selective Encryption of DICOM Images
## 4 Performance Analysis and Discussion  
### Approach I  
A Mammography DICOM dataset, with 60 scanned film studies and various sizes with 16-bit depth, is used to evaluate the proposed approach. This dataset is part of the Curated Breast Imaging Subset (CBIS) of Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) [37], and each image within the given dataset is manually segmented.  
The Mammography dataset is used to evaluate the multi-region segmentation accuracy, and the encryption time based on two-region [25], multi-region, and Naive encryption approaches. The experiment is conducted using Cython/Python on an Ubuntu machine (Intel i5 at 2.27 GHz). The proposed approach is evaluated based on the processing time and the encryption efficiency. The processing time can be evaluated merely based on the required encryption time, while encryption efficiency is evaluated using cryptanalysis metrics, as detailed in the next sections.
## 3 Results
### Bone Alignments  
Regarding the characterization of bone alignments from CBCT scans (Tables 1 and 2), the severity of the bone orientation and joint deformity of all patients was shown by the pre-operative angles. Post-operatively, a significant improvement was observed for the following 7 out of 10 angles. The drop down of the talus (i.e., IL_TA) was corrected on average by 14.6 \(\pm\) 5.0\({}^{\circ}\) (R = \(-\)0.81, \(p\) < 0.001). Significant realignments were also observed at the subtalar joint (i.e., RL_TACA, R3_TACA angles), on average, respectively, 11.2 \(\pm\) 5.6\({}^{\circ}\) (R = \(-\)0.72, \(p\) < 0.001) and 13.0 \(\pm\) 6.6\({}^{\circ}\) (R = \(-\)0.74, \(p\) < 0.001). Even though not statistically  
Figure 2: Depiction of four exemplary angles, also with their values (in red), in a typical normal left foot. (**A**): IL_CA, (**B**): RL_CAM1, (**C**): RT_TACA, (**D**): I3_CA.  
significant, the calcaneus was elevated in the sagittal plane (i.e., IL_CA) by about 3.5\({}^{\circ}\) on average. The MLA, somehow here represented by the RL_CAM1, returned by 7.3 \(\pm\) 4.7\({}^{\circ}\) (R = \(-\)0.44, \(p\) = 0.05) to more physiological values. An apex plantar Meary's angle, i.e., RL_TAM1, pre-op (13.2 \(\pm\) 7.5\({}^{\circ}\)) was corrected in an apex dorsal post-op (7.6 \(\pm\) 5.4\({}^{\circ}\)), with an improvement of 20.8 \(\pm\) 5.0\({}^{\circ}\) (R = 0.86, \(p\) < 0.001). Significant realignments were also found in the transverse anatomical plane of the rearfoot, i.e., RT_TANA and RT_TACA. For the former, there was a 30.3 \(\pm\) 13.6\({}^{\circ}\) (R = 0.70, \(p\) = 0.001) reduction in the large extra-rotation of the navicular with respect to the talus; for the latter, there was a 10.5 \(\pm\) 7.8\({}^{\circ}\) (R = 0.47, \(p\) = 0.04) reduction in the large intra-rotation of the talus with respect to the calcaneus. Nevertheless, the degree of correction had a large spectrum of values over the ten patients: from a 13 to even 54\({}^{\circ}\) difference in the former and from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 21\({}^{\circ}\) in the latter.  
Both clinical outcomes and bone alignments showed a large spectrum of values not only over subjects, suggesting that the response to surgery can be different in every case, likely according to age and BMI, but also perhaps according to the severity of the deformity pre-op, the accuracy of the surgery, the laxity of the soft tissues, and the strength of the muscles, etc.