# Change of Lip Curvature Through Extraction and Non-Extraction Orthodontic Treatment
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Extraction**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Non-Extraction**} & & & \\ \hline
**Measurements** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & **\(\Delta\)** & **SD** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline U1 tip (mm) & \(-2.745\) & \(2.288\) & \(-0.434\) & \(2.842\) & \(2.311\) & \(0.653\) & \(0.001\) \\ U1 cervical (mm) & \(-1.731\) & \(1.568\) & \(-0.790\) & \(2.045\) & \(0.941\) & \(0.681\) & \(0.045\) \\ L1 tip (mm) & \(-3.193\) & \(2.682\) & \(-0.439\) & \(2.817\) & \(2.754\) & \(0.459\) & \(0.000\) \\ L1 cervical (mm) & \(-1.562\) & \(1.881\) & \(-0.043\) & \(2.595\) & \(1.519\) & \(0.483\) & \(0.010\) \\ SAL depth (mm) & \(-0.265\) & \(0.376\) & \(-0.138\) & \(0.458\) & \(0.126\) & \(0.709\) & \(0.240\) \\ SAL angle (deg) & \(-3.940\) & \(6.583\) & \(-1.947\) & \(8.188\) & \(1.993\) & \(0.716\) & \(0.294\) \\ PBL depth (mm) & \(-0.061\) & \(0.921\) & \(0.121\) & \(0.894\) & \(0.182\) & \(0.568\) & \(0.444\) \\ PBL angle (deg) & \(-2.636\) & \(11.258\) & \(1.771\) & \(9.706\) & \(4.407\) & \(0.604\) & \(0.116\) \\ UL to E (mm) & \(-1.514\) & \(1.429\) & \(-0.917\) & \(1.183\) & \(0.597\) & \(0.106\) & \(0.089\) \\ LL to E (mm) & \(-1.776\) & \(2.665\) & \(-0.820\) & \(1.637\) & \(0.956\) & \(0.111\) & \(0.115\) \\ Interlabial gap (mm) & \(-0.400\) & \(2.666\) & \(-0.308\) & \(2.093\) & \(0.092\) & \(1.882\) & \(0.885\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Independent \(t\)-tests were performed to compare the variables between extraction group and non-extraction group. A means the difference between the initial and final value. Negative indicated the retraction in linear measurement, while larger angle in the angular calculation.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Comparison of treatment changes between extraction and non-extraction groups. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Initial**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Final**} & & \\ \hline
**Measurements** & **Mean** & **SD** & **Mean** & **SD** & **\(\Delta\)** & **SD** & **\(p\)** \\ \hline U1 tip (mm) & \(1.721\) & \(5.652\) & \(-1.024\) & \(5.278\) & \(-2.745\) & \(2.288\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ U1 cervical (mm) & \(0.841\) & \(4.708\) & \(-0.891\) & \(4.387\) & \(-1.731\) & \(1.568\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ L1 tip (mm) & \(-1.114\) & \(5.739\) & \(-4.307\) & \(5.085\) & \(-3.193\) & \(2.682\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ L1 cervical (mm) & \(-3.378\) & \(6.002\) & \(-4.940\) & \(5.399\) & \(-1.562\) & \(1.881\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ SAL depth (mm) & \(-1.436\) & \(0.511\) & \(-1.700\) & \(0.436\) & \(-0.265\) & \(0.376\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ SAL angle (deg) & \(154.727\) & \(8.892\) & \(150.788\) & \(8.578\) & \(-3.940\) & \(6.583\) & \(0.001\) ** \\ PBL depth (mm) & \(-4.384\) & \(1.275\) & \(-4.445\) & \(0.944\) & \(-0.061\) & \(0.921\) & \(0.692\) \\ PBL angle (deg) & \(130.552\) & \(14.116\) & \(127.916\) & \(11.703\) & \(-2.636\) & \(11.258\) & \(0.163\) \\ UL to E (mm) & \(0.360\) & \(1.876\) & \(-1.154\) & \(1.614\) & \(-1.514\) & \(1.429\) & \(0.000\) *** \\ LL to E (mm) & \(2.466\) & \(3.337\) & \(0.691\) & \(2.096\) & \(-1.776\) & \(2.665\) & \(0.000