esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Development of a Maintenance and Spare Parts Distribution Model for Increasing Aircraft Efficiency
## 4 Simulation Model Results
### Simulation Design
#### 4.2.4 Scenarios  
Two different scenarios were generated depending on the spare parts demand level:  
* Scenario 1: High demand of spare parts;
* Scenario 2: Low demand of spare parts.
# Transitioning to Society 5.0 in Africa: Tools to Support ICT Infrastructure Sharing
## 2 Background and Related Work
### Benefits and Costs of Infrastructure Sharing
Growth in the number of wireless subscribers is currently increasing worldwide, and mobile network operators are compelled to redesign and optimize their network often so that they can handle the ever-increasing network traffic demand [17; 19; 21; 22]. Moreover, since radio bandwidth availability is always limited by the available radio frequency (RF) spectrum, it must be utilized effectively to resolve network coverage and capacity needs [13]. Another major issue in the Nigerian mobile communication sector is the quality of service (QoS) provided by the mobile operators [20]. These are some of the reasons why mobile subscribers in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa still carry two or more mobile phones [20; 21]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Passive Components** & **Active Components** \\ \hline Sites & Base Stations \\ Towers/Masts & Microwave Radio Equipment \\ Shelters & Switches \\ Power Supply & Antennas \\ Easements & Transceivers \\ Ducts & Frequency Spectrum \\ Air Conditioners & Roaming \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Infrastructure sharing components. In Nigeria, most of the telecommunication base stations are powered by diesel generator sets because of unreliable and erratic centralized grid power supply. All telecommunication operators generate their own sources of electricity by continuously running diesel generator sets [4; 8; 20; 21; 23]. The mobile telecommunication operators are compelled to rely on diesel power for their operations [15; 23]. Most of the diesel-powered generators used to power BTSs consume approximately 34 L per day and 12,444 L in a year. Burning a liter of diesel emits 2.68 kg of CO\({}_{2}\) as shown in Table 2, which amounts to 33.3 metric tons of carbon yearly. However, the cost of the energy to power an off-grid site is 21,000 USD on average, and approximately 1700 L is consumed in a month equating to 20,400 L of diesel yearly, leading to about 7.61 metric tons of CO\({}_{2}\) is released into the environment. In comparison, an unreliable grid site costs 10,823 USD and consumes approximately 1500 L in a month, equating to 18,000 L yearly, and emits about 6.72 metric tons of CO\({}_{2}\) into the environment [24], as shown in Table 2 and Figure 5. However, it is argued that a minimum total of 1.4 million liters of diesel is consumed by all the BTS sites in Nigeria per day [24]. Evidence from Onwuegbuchi implies that 522,388 metric tons of CO\({}_{2}\) is released into the atmosphere in Nigeria per day and 191,194,029 is released in a year by mobile telecommunication operators in Nigeria. This implies that the rapid growth of telecommunication sector in Nigeria has an impact on the environment through CO\({}_{2}\) emission, which could also affect climate change. Therefore, the search for decision support tools for infrastructure sharing is warranted.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Stage 3--Work Life
#### 3.2.5 Cutting Fluid-Tool's Dimensional Variation  
The steel tool prototype was loaded onto the machine and each bit was aligned with the measuring rig while the software recorded the diameter measurements, measurements and dimensional variations are presented in Table 6.  
The initial diameter (\(D_{i}\)) was measured at 99.993 mm.  
The tool was then immersed in cutting fluid at room temperature for a period of seven days. This scenario is much more intensive than the service conditions of the tool. After the seven days elapsed, the tool was remounted on the measuring device and the final diameter (\(D_{f}\)) was recorded at 100.005 mm.  
The variation in diameter (\(\Delta D\)) is 0.012 mm, which corresponds to 0.01% of the initial diameter. To assess the effect of this variation in the dimensions of the workpiece, one must consider the radial variation (\(\Delta r\)), corresponding to half of \(\Delta D\). This results in a \(\Delta r\) of value 0.0006 mm, which is negligible for the finish quality expected from wood milling tools.
## 1 Introduction
They obtained a good linear normalization law between particle size fractal dimension and maximum dry density, and proposed a method to optimize stone gradation based on the evaluation index of particle size fractal dimension. [PERSON] et al. [27; 28; 29] established the relationship of axial displacement, compressive modulus, the fractal dimension of particle size distribution, and axial stress using confining compaction tests of saturated gradation of broken mudstone. [PERSON] et al. [30] proposed the concept of \"quasi-fractal dimension\" and \"true fractal dimension\" for particle crushing based on the physical interpretation of particle crushing fractal dimension; they also established the relationship between particle crushing in the \"quasi-fractal dimension\" and crushing stress or crushing energy. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed a correlation between particle size fractal dimension and water content under different compaction conditions. The above research results analyze the fractal characteristics of rock after crushing and the relationship between crushed rock gradation and dry density using fractal theory. However, there are few studies on the fractal characteristics and changing laws of recycled graded crushed stone. In the present study, the use of grading crushed stone regeneration was simulated by performing cyclic compaction and sieving tests on graded crushed stone particles; furthermore, the compaction and fractal characteristics of the particle size distribution of the samples were studied. To this end, the correlations between the fractal dimension of particle size distribution with cyclic compaction, water content, and dry density were obtained. This article will provide a reference for evaluating the compaction performance and structural strength of the newly formed pavement layer using the materials of the old pavement layer as graded crushed stones. It provides a new idea and method for optimizing the grading of recycled gravel.
## 4 Case Study
### Result Analysis  
This study constructs an example based on actual road network data and systematically compares the solving performance of the genetic algorithm (GA), Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm (GWO), and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). Through multiple independent experimental observations, it was found that the GWO algorithm exhibits significant advantages in the convergence speed dimension, with the lowest average iteration times, indicating its efficient spatial search capability. The PSO algorithm performs the best in terms of solution quality stability. Overall, the fast convergence of the GWO is suitable for time-sensitive road networks, while the strong robustness of PSO is more suitable for road networks with higher stability requirements. The comparative analysis results of generalized minimum cost iteration for different algorithms are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The comparison between the generalized minimum cost solved by three algorithms and the generalized minimum cost of user travel under actual road network conditions is shown in Table 4.  
This study systematically quantified the performance differences of three algorithms in generalized system cost control. More importantly, through spatial distribution modeling and capacity configuration analysis, the key impact of algorithm selection on the layout of charging facilities has been revealed. The main conclusions include three points. Firstly, the distribution of charging stations shows significant spatial heterogeneity. Secondly, there is a fluctuation range of 10-20% in the rated capacity configuration scheme of charging piles at key nodes. Finally, the GWO algorithm achieved a Pareto front solution for charging  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Comparison Between Actual** & **GWO** & **GA** & **PSO** & **Actual User Travel Situation** \\
**and Algorithm** & 155,711,793.43 & 156,266,892.20 & 156,011,872.56 & 1,896,387,349.53 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Comparison between actual and algorithmic results.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Road** & \(\mathbf{L_{a}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{a}^{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{d_{a}}\) & **Road** & \(\mathbf{L_{a}}\) & \(\mathbf{T_{a}^{0}}\) & \(\mathbf{d_{a}}\) \\ \hline
1 & 380 & 9 & 1.9 & 7 & 200 & 7 & 1 \\
2 & 480 & 12 & 2.4 & 8 & 140 & 7 & 1 \\
3 & 510 & 9 & 1.9 & 9 & 120 & 6 & 0.9 \\
4 & 640 & 12 & 2.4 & 10 & 280 & 10 & 1 demand coverage and device utilization under cost constraints. The location selection of charging stations and the fixed capacity of charging piles for the three algorithms are shown in Figure 8. The optimal layout of charging stations and charging piles with fixed capacity based on the actual road network and algorithm is shown in Figure 9.  
Figure 6: Two-dimensional iterative comparison diagram.  
Figure 7: Three-dimensional iterative comparison diagram.
# Analysis of Information Availability for Seismic and Volcanic Monitoring Systems: A Review
## 2 Methodology Validation  
To know the advances in a topic and identify gaps in the research, there is the methodology known as a systematic literature review (SLR) which is used as a predefined research strategy for performing research methodology [20; 21]. The main objective is to provide an overview of the research area and identify the amount and type of research and the available results. It is also essential to map published frequencies over time to understand trends and identify forums where research in the area has been presented [22]. As a result, the followed review procedure is composed of six stages: (1) research questions, (2) search strategy, (3) study selection, (4) study quality assessment, (5) data collection, and (6) data analysis.
## 3 Our LSP Sensor
### Identification of Horizontal and Vertical Sensing Radius of a Sensing Zone
#### 3.1.1 Horizontal Radius  
The near field experimental setup (see Figure 1b) was adopted where input and output dipole antennas were placed at a height of 7 mm (Z \(>\) 0) above the sensor in the Z axis as shown in Figure 4a. Both antennas were connected to a VNA which was controlled by a near field software via coaxial cables. The figure also shows a schematically expected 3D sensing zone above the LSP sensor. The experiment began by instructing a 2D robot scanner with an automated movable arm, to carry and move forward the output 'antenna/receiver' horizontally above the sensor level (Z = 7 mm) along the positive \(X\)-axis in steps from 0 to 100 mm [77]. A baseline signal \(s_{21}\) was first obtained from the output receiver antenna, and later the receiver was moved in steps to capture several outputs along the \(X\)-axis in the \(X\)-Z plane. In general, these output signals followed an exponential or a polynomial variation before it faded away along the \(X\)-axis. The quantification of variations in signals was calculated using RMSD equation as shown in Figure 4b.  
The curve becomes flat and parallel to the scanning axis after 7 cm of horizontal distance and beyond. The graph resembles a fifth order polynomial curve with the regression, R close to unity. Thus, the horizontal sensing radius can be considered as 7 cm but if the experimental specimen is a non-conductive concrete or conductive metal, then this horizontal radius will change as the travel path distance of spoof SPP waves depend on the conduction value of the host structure [116].
# Modeling and Simulation of IGCC Considering Pressure and Flow Distribution of Gasifier
## 3 IGCC System Modeling
### Gas Turbine Model  
The modeling of the three key components of gas turbine is discussed in following section. The compressor and turbine models are based on the characteristics maps. The relationship among the pressure ratio, mass flow rate, rational speed and efficiency can be written as:\[\frac{G\sqrt{T}}{p}=f_{1}\left(\pi,n/\sqrt{T}\right) \tag{8}\]  
\[\eta=f_{2}\left(\pi,n/\sqrt{T}\right) \tag{9}\]  
where \(\pi\), \(n\) and \(\eta\) stand for the pressure ratio, rotational speed and component efficiency, respectively.  
The combustor model is focused on the pressure and temperature dynamic response; thus, it contains two core state equations, which are also the core equations of the whole gas turbine model. Furthermore, because of the consistency of the parameters inside the combustor, it can be described as a lumped model. The state equation of the pressure is similar to the gasifier, which can be written as:  
\[\frac{dp}{d\tau}=\frac{R_{g}T_{g}}{V}\left(G_{f}+G_{a}-G_{g}\right) \tag{10}\]  
where the subscripts \(f\), \(a\), and \(g\) stand for the fuel, air and gas, respectively.  
The turbine inlet temperature (TIT) is the most important parameter for the gas turbine, which is also calculated in the combustor model. The state equation of TIT can be written as follows:  
\[\frac{dT_{g}}{d\tau}=\frac{G_{f}\left(h_{f}+HV\right)+G_{a}h_{a}-G_{g}h_{g}- \left(h_{g}-R_{g}T_{g}\right)\left(G_{f}+G_{a}-G_{g}\right)}{\rho_{g}Vc\rho_{ g}} \tag{11}\]  
where \(HV\) stands for the heating value of the syngas fuel, \(h\) is the enthalpy, and \(\rho\) is the density.  
The turbine inlet pressure and temperature are both calculated through these state equations. The results are sent to the compressor and turbine model to obtain the pressure ratio and reduced rational speed of the characteristics maps and to calculate the output power.
# The Emerging Roles of RNA Modifications in Glioblastoma
## 3 RNA Modifications in GBM
### RNA \(\psi\) Modification in GBM  
Pseudouridine (\(\psi\)), the most abundant RNA modification, is occurs in almost all kinds of RNAs, including tRNA, mRNA, snRNA, nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), and rRNA [141; 142]. \(\Psi\) is important for rRNA folding, translational fidelity and rate, stress response, tRNA codon-anticodon base-pairing, snRNP biogenesis and pre-mRNA splicing [143]. There are 13 pseudouridine synthases (PUSs, writers) including PUS1, PUS3, PUS7, PUS10, pseudouridine synthase like 1 (PUSL1), pseudouridine synthase 7 like (PUS/L), TruB pseudouridine synthase family member 1 (TRUB1), TRUB2, RNA pseudouridylate synthase domain-containing 1 (RPUSD1), RPUSD2, RPUSD3, RPUSD4 and dyskerin pseudouridine synthase 1 (DKC1) [144; 145]. Recently, emerging evidence also shows that \(\psi\) may play pivotal roles during gliomagenesis. One of the \(\psi\) writers, DKC1, is significantly upregulated in glioma and correlates with the WHO stages of tumors. DKC1 promotes glioma cell growth by stimulating cell cycle progression and activates migration via upregulating N-cadherin, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit \(\alpha\) (HIF1A), and MMP-2 expression [91]. PUS7L, as a target of HIF1A, is also downregulated after c-Myc inhibition in GBM under hypoxia [138]. These emerging evidences provide us the importance of pseudouridine modification in RNAs during the pathogenesis of GBM (Figure 2, \(\psi\) part).
###### Abstract  
The need for soil fumigants of natural origin such as glucosinolates (GSLs) has increased due to the general prevention of manmade soil fumigants. GSLs and other phytochemicals (vitamin C and phenols) present in Brassica vegetables such as turnips, arugia, and mustard have antioxidant properties, and hence have important health attributes. The study examined how different soil amendments (chicken manure CM, vermicompost Vermi, horse manure HM, sewage sludge SS, elemental inorganic fertilizer Inorg, organic fertilizer Org, and biochar) impact the concentrations of glucosinolates (GSLs), vitamin C, phenols, and reducing sugars in three varieties of turnips (Purple Top White Globe PTWG, Scarlet Queen Red SQR, and Tokyo Cross TC), arugia, and mustard greens grown under field conditions. The results showed that mustard greens contained higher concentrations of GSLs (974 ug g\({}^{-1}\) fresh shoots) than arugia (651 ug g\({}^{-1}\) fresh shoots), and the TC variety of turnip had the highest concentrations of GSLs, vitamin C, and sugars. Additionally, amending the soil with SS, CM, and HM significantly increased the vitamin C content in mustard shoots by 82%, 90%, and 31%, respectively, and the total phenols by 77%, 70%, and 36%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The increased inorganic fertilizers cost, and availability of large amounts of animal manure made animal manure application to cropland an attractive disposal option.  
glucosinolates; isothiamate; organic agriculture; vitamin C; phenols; sugars Article  
The Impact of Environmental Studies, College of Agriculture, Community and the Sciences, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +1-(502)-597-6005; Fax: +1-(502)-597-5846
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Adsorption Conditions
#### 3.3.2 Effects of Temperature and Initial MB Concentration  
The adsorption isotherms of CPP200 toward MB were investigated (Figure 7B). The adsorption of MB increased sharply at low concentrations initially, and then reached a plateau. At low temperature (298 K), the adsorption capacity of CPP200 reached its maximum at an initial MB concentration of 30 mg/L and did not change as the initial  
Figure 7: Adsorption properties of CPP200 for MB. (**A**) Effect of contact time (\(C_{0}\) = 50.0 mg/L, T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, pH = 7.32); (**B,C**) effects of initial MB concentration and temperature (t = 90 min, pH = 7.32); (**D**) effect of CPP200 dosage (\(C_{0}\) = 50.0 mg/L, t = 90 min, pH = 7.32); (**E**) effect of initial MB pH (\(C_{0}\) = 50.0 mg/L, t = 90 min, T = 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C); (**F**) zeta potential of CPP200 in aqueous solution at different pH values.  
concentration was continuously increased. As the temperature increased, the adsorption capacity of CPP200 gradually improved with an increase in initial MB concentration. We proposed that the interactions between MB and CPP200 surface were energy driven, and that higher temperatures were beneficial for the migration of MB to the CPP200 surface, indicating that the adsorption process was endothermic. At higher MB concentrations, the active sites of CPP200 would become rapidly and fully occupied, again confirming that the main adsorption was actually derived from the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. In particular, the adsorption capacity of CPP200 did not significantly change as the temperature increased from an initial MB concentration of 10 mg/L, suggesting that the competitive adsorption between MB and water molecules could not be ignored at lower initial MB concentrations (Figure 7C). At an initial MB concentration of 60 mg/L, the maximum adsorption capacity of CPP200 reached 77.11 mg/g at high temperatures (\(\geq\)313 K) and remained nearly unchanged (time = 90 min, adsorbent dosage = 5 mg), indicating that the active sites of CPP200 may have become fully occupied.
# Satellite Remote Sensing of Surface Urban Heat Islands: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives
## 7 Future Directions  
### More Attention to the Understudied Regions or Cities  
Given the large geographic biases of past literature (Figure 2), there is a clear need for more SUHI research in Africa, South America, and India due to their high urbanization potentials and/or climate sensitivity. Urban population growth (Figure 7) and land expansion are projected to occur mainly in Africa and Asia in this century, especially in Nigeria [17; 18]. At the same time, Africa constitutes one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change impacts, particularly to heat stress effects due to resource scarcity [246]. South America, while less populated (Figure 7), is also very vulnerable to climate change because of its high level of poverty [246]. India, as the second most populous country, is expected to experience the largest population growth in the near future worldwide [17]. However, SUHI research in India remains scarce compared with that in China and the United States (Figure 2).  
In addition, medium-small sized cities (<1 million urban population) should be the focus of more studies since they house approximately 59% of the world's urban dwellers [17] and might also experience a strong urban heating effect [120; 139]. For example, [PERSON] et al. [3] and [PERSON] et al. [5] investigated the SUHIs in all the cities larger than 10 km\({}^{2}\) in the United States and Europe, respectively. They both indicated obvious SUHI in the majority of cities and a logarithmic upward trend of SUHI with a larger urban area size. [PERSON] et al. [139] found significant SUHIs even for cities less than 1 km\({}^{2}\) in South Tyrol. [PERSON] et al. [120] reported that the largest SUHI intensity did not happen, as anticipated, in the large cities of a highly populated urban agglomeration area in east China. This is due to the stronger control of the local background climate on the SUHI variance among cities when compared to urban size. Unfortunately, the vast majority of previous SUHI studies concentrated on large cities, presuming no SUHI or weak SUHI in small cities. Therefore, more SUHI research should be directed to medium-small cities, where urban areas are expanding more rapidly than large counterparts in terms of the rate [248] and knowledge regarding SUHI, which is currently lacking [3].
# An Efficient MAC Protocol for Blockchain-Enabled Patient Monitoring in a Vehicular Network
## 5 Conclusions  
This paper focuses on developing a novel protocol for blockchain-based health related data transmission between vehicular nodes and mining RSU nodes. A TDMA-based MAC protocol to meet the Adaptive Patients' Data requirement for blockchain-based vehicular Network (\(TAPD_{VN}\)) is proposed. \(TAPD_{VN}\) is designed according to the diverse patients' vehicle density and assists the mining node to compute nonce according to the sensitivity level of the patient's data block. The proposed MAC protocol allocates guaranteed time slots in a session according to the data requirement by shrinking or expanding the data slots. The proposed MAC protocol allows new patient vehicles to become part of this network and transmit data in their guaranteed time slots. The performance of \(TAPD_{VN}\) is comprehensively compared with FCFS and BS-MAC in multiple scenarios. The results show that \(TAPD_{VN}\) accommodates better data transmission in a session with improved GTS utilization as compared to the other two schemes. In addition, it accommodates more patients' vehicles to send their data in a session with the maximum limit of 255 as compared to FCFS and BS-MAC.  
Figure 16: Successful transmission of priority data for a varying number of requested data blocks.  
**Author Contributions:** This article was prepared through the collective efforts of all the authors. Conceptualization, M.A.U., A.N.A., M.A.J., M.B.K., M.H.A.H., A.K.J.S. and M.A.; Critical review, M.A.U., A.N.A., M.A.J., M.B.K., M.H.A.H., A.K.J.S. and M.A.; Writing--original draft, M.A.U., A.N.A. and M.A.J.; Writing--review and editing, M.B.K., M.H.A.H., A.K.J.S. and M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University for funding this work through Research Group no. RG-21-07-07.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data is available upon request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.