esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Theoretical Analysis of the Model
### Geometrical Losses Attenuation  
An important factor that reduces the useful optical power that arrives at the receiver is the attenuation due to geometrical losses, and depends on the technical parameter values of the transceivers and the link's length. Specifically, the geometrical loss factor, \(a_{GL}\), could be estimated as [4; 24]:  
\[a_{GL}=\left(\frac{D_{r}}{D_{r}+\theta l}\right)^{2} \tag{1}\]  
where \(D_{r}\) and \(D_{t}\) represent the aperture diameter of the receiver and transmitter, respectively, \(\theta\) is the divergence angle and \(l\) stands for the link's length. Thus, using Equation (1), the received optical power is estimated as [4; 24]:  
\[P_{rGL}=a_{GL}P_{t} \tag{2}\]  
with \(P_{rGL}\) and \(P_{t}\) being the optical power at the receiver,due to geometrical losses and the transmitter, respectively. For terrestrial ground-to-ground FSO links where their length remains invariable, the geometrical loss factor is constant.
In addition, with the continuous monitoring of multi-time InSAR (MT-InSAR) data, they could be utilized to continuously update landslide susceptibility in the study area. [PERSON] and [PERSON] each applied the PS-InSAR technique to the assessment of landslide susceptibility, verified the accuracy, and assessed the merits of this method [27; 28]. In addition, [PERSON] et al. optimized the LSM model with PSInSAR data, reducing the false negative rate in the LSM [29]. However, there are few studies that applied these techniques to a continuous update method of LSM after earthquakes. In the research, to determine LSM in the area, twelve criteria were considered: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), rainfall, land use and land cover (LULC), elevation, distance from a fault, slope, aspect, surface curvature, stratigraphic lithology, topographic water index (TWI), and distance from a river. The landslide dataset included pre-earthquake and earthquake-induced landslides and randomly sampled the same non-landslide points as the landslide dataset. Next, the LR, SVM, and RF models were used to predict the landslide susceptibility of the study area and obtain an optimal preliminary LSM. Then, distributed scattering synthetic aperture radar interferometry technology (DS-InSAR)was employed to identify landslide deformation in the study area, and an updated matrix was created to rectify landslide susceptibility. Finally, we compared the change in landslide susceptibility after the modification. There was a general trend of high to low landslide susceptibility with distance in residential areas due to rainfall, human activity, and other factors. However, in some places in the Jiuzhaigou town and Zhangzha Town, landslide susceptibility was increasing, which may be the result of human activity. At the same time, landslide susceptibility in the Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area has been significantly reduced as a result of ecological restoration efforts. Last, we discuss the causes of this phenomenon and give some suggestions.
# Reliability Analysis of CFRP-Packaged FBG Sensors Using FMEA and FTA Techniques
###### Abstract  
Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP)-packaged fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are widely used in full-scale structural testing of wind turbine blades (WTBs). However, the specific process to make CFRP-packaged FBG sensors, such as packaging, bonding, welding, etc., are mainly manually operated, and no unified standard or rule has been formed yet. Non-standard specific processes, coupled with complex stress distribution, unstable working environments, etc., result in the CFRP-packaged FBG sensors having various failures with time, resulting in inaccurate measurements. Thus, the need to carry out related failure analysis is urgent. This paper therefore performed a reliability analysis for CFRP-packaged FBG sensors using failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA) techniques. The results provide an important basis towards analyzing performance degradation and functional failures for CFRP-packaged FBG sensors.  
reliability analysis; CFRP-packaged FBG sensors; FMEA; FTA +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 General Formulation  
The multiplexing modulation schemes considered in this paper are HS-OFDM, OCDM, SCCP, and OTFDM, which are configured to operate in the baseband. Note that HS-OFDM refers to the baseband version of the OFDM. Figure 3 shows a block diagram for a generic transmitter and receiver, which covers these four schemes and applies to the  
Figure 1: Block diagram of a PLC communication system.  
transmitter and receiver used to transmit data through the PLC channel model detailed in Section 2. Concise descriptions of both of them and the interference are presented in the following subsections.
## 3 Results and Discussion
#### 3.1.2 Effect of Initiator Content  
The influence of the initiator concentration on conversion, grafting efficiency, and grafting percentage was also investigated. The concentration of the initiator varied within the range of 0.5 to 2.0 phr. From Figure 3a, the monomer conversion was found to be 90.2% for 0.5 phr of the initiator used. When the concentration of the initiator increased to 1.0 phr, the monomer conversion slightly increased to 91.9%. After that, a reduction in monomer conversion was observed when the initiator concentration was increased. The conversion values were decreased to 78.4 and 77.4% for the initiator concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0 phr, respectively. The reduction in monomer conversion occurs because more radicals are formed at higher initiator concentrations and can enhance the probability of chain termination [37; 38]. It was also observed that the grafting efficiency and grafting percentage showed the same tendency as the conversion result. At 1.0 phr of initiator, the grafting efficiency and grafting percentage were 20.83 and 2.08, respectively. According to the reaction mechanism, the hydrophobic natural rubber chains were coiled to form particles dispersed in the aqueous phase. The free radicals on the natural rubber chains were generated by the redox initiator, and the vinyl monomers were polymerized to form the grafted product. The grafting can take place on the surface of the natural rubber particles [39]. There was a greater grafting site on the natural rubber chain when the initiator was increased, resulting in an increase in grafting efficiency and grafting percentage. However, the grafting efficiency and grafting percentage decreased when the initiator concentration was 1.5 and 2.0 phr. This is because the vinyl monomers can spontaneously polymerize without grafting to form a homopolymer [40]. Thus, the grafting efficiency and grafting percentage decreased with the excess of the initiator.  
Figure 2: Effect of temperature on the monomer conversion of (PAA-_co_-PAM)-DPNR.
## 1 Introduction
[29] introduced transverse grooves within petroleum pipelines, effectively reducing velocity gradients near the wall and obtaining a drag reduction benefit of 3.21% in a water tunnel. Furthermore, Lufthansa Group [30] applied grooved thin films to a Boeing 777 aircraft, resulting in a reduction of approximately 1% in drag, which means annual fuel savings of approximately 370 tons per aircraft per year. In addition, in 2022, [PERSON] et al. [31] combined their work with previous research results to derive a mathematical relationship between the size of transverse grooves and their drag reduction rate. This drag reduction model reduced the design cycle of transverse grooves greatly. Figure 1: Transverse grooves and MABS theory. Based on the previous findings, it can be concluded that the transverse grooves may be effective in reducing the viscous drag of MAVs airfoils. Since the flow structures of low-Reynolds number MAVs airfoils are quite different from that of traditional large-Reynolds number flow conditions, it is believed that the influence of transverse grooves on the MAVs airfoils must be different from that on traditional airfoils. However, there is a paucity of relevant research regarding the application of transverse grooves on the airfoils of MAVs. To help establish a transverse groove-based viscous drag reduction technique, this paper applies transverse grooves to MAVs airfoils, and the impact of groove placement strategies on low-Reynolds number airfoil aerodynamic performance as well as the underlying physical mechanisms were numerically investigated. Section 2 introduces how to arrange grooves at different positions on the NACA2412 low-speed airfoil based on the drag-reduction model, as well as the numerical simulation methods used. Sections 3 and 4 respectively outlines research on the position and range of groove arrangement, and provides potential physical mechanisms behind the changes in aerodynamic parameters through the analysis of velocity and vorticity fields. Finally, a grooved airfoil with optimal aerodynamic performance, characterized by the highest lift-drag ratio, was designed. Based on the above conclusions, we propose preliminary design criteria for grooved MAV airfoils (Section 4). Section 5 summarizes the entire article.
# Low Power Wide Area Network, Cognitive Radio and the Internet of Things: Potentials for Integration
## 6 Benefits of CR-LPWAN
### Technical Benefits to IoT Devices
#### 6.1.2 Less Transmission Power Constraints  
LPWAN technologies are able to achieve longer transmission range by increasing their transmission power at the expense of smaller signal bandwidths [4]. Nevertheless, transmit power levels are constrained because of stringent regulations in the ISM band pertaining to duty cycle and interference-imposed constraints. Thus, incorporating CR in LPWAN will allow the use of white spaces that help to evade undue transmission power constraints, and ensure that licensed spectrum owners are not interfered with.
## 1 Superalloy
### Creep Life Prediction Model  
When high temperature and stress are applied to the material for a long time, the material undergoes permanent deformation, such as creep. At this time, the stress is less than the yield strength and the temperature is below the melting temperature. When creep deformation occurs, the material can mechanically degrade or break. Therefore, the study of creep is important to improve safety and reliability. However, it is difficult to experimentally obtain long-term creep data for more than 10,000 h, and the creep data are insufficient. Thus, the importance of research for predicting long-term creep life from relatively short-term creep experimental data is gradually increasing [45; 46].  
Figure 8: Variation of thermal conductivity of nickel-based superalloys with temperature according to casting method [44].  
Commonly used creep life prediction models use approaches to predict long-term creep life by extrapolation using time-temperature parameters. This approach has the advantage of requiring a small amount of experimental data to derive the creep life prediction curve. As a model for predicting long-term creep life from short-term creep tests, the representative model is the Larson-Miller parameter (LMP) [46; 47; 48].  
Recently, many predictive models have been studied based on the power law equation model, which represents the relationship between steady-state creep rate \(\varepsilon_{ss}\), absolute temperature \(T\), and stress \(\sigma\) in the form of the Arrhenius equation. The normalized power law model, Wilshire model were proposed by normalizing the stress term of the power law equation. In these cases, these models attempted to improve the stress term by adding a tensile stress term [45; 46; 47; 48; 49].
# Luminescence Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Advances and Directions
## 4 Luminescent Materials in DSSCs
### Advances and Research
[62] demonstrated that both GQDs and N719 dye were absorbed into the photo-anode film using a simple preparation process. The GQDs solution was adsorbed into the photo-anode film by the spin coating technique. Next, the GQDs adsorbed photo-anode film was totally immersed in 719 dye for 24 h. Introducing GQDs as auxiliary sensitizers to achieve co-sensitization with N719 dye can enhance the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. They evaluated the photo-response characteristics of DSSCs under different sensitization conditions using the incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE). Their result indicated that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs using GQDs + N719 co-sensitized photo-anode increased to 5.14%, making a 20% enhancement as compared with the 4.28% of only N719 dye. GQDs enhanced the photo-response of N719 dye particularly within the visible spectral range due to increased overlap between the IPCE spectra of GQD + N719 and the charge transport properties of graphene itself in the GQDs. Hence, GQDs serve as effective co-sensitizers for enhancing the light absorption capability of DSSCs. Tables 4-6 show the photovoltaic performance parameters of the best DSSCs enhanced with different luminescent materials categorized as up-conversion, down-conversion and quantum dots. The \(V_{oc},~{}J_{sc},~{}FF\) and \(\eta\) of the luminescent enhanced DSSCs were recorded from the corresponding studies. The material with the highest efficiency is denoted with asterisk (*) in each category. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \(J_{\kappa}\) (mA/cm\({}^{2}\)) & \(V_{oc}\) (V) & \(FF\) (\%) & Efficiency (\%) \\ \hline Bare TiO\({}_{2}\) & 15.75 & 0.74 & 63 & 7.48 \\ NFS-GQDs modified TiO\({}_{2}\) * & 22.6 & 0.79 & 70 & 11.7 \\ NFS-GQDs sensitized solar cell & 0.35 & 0.51 & 53 & 0.71 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: I-V data at a glance [61]. Figure 7: (Variation of I–V characteristics of only TiO\({}_{2}\) with dye which shows \(\eta\) = 7.48% (FF = 63%) (i), NFS-GQDs-TiO\({}_{2}\)-N719 dye with respect to different doped GQDs loading corresponding to different time interval (3 h: \(\eta\) = 9.7% (\(FF\) = 71.70%) (ii), 8 h: \(\eta\) = 11.7% (\(FF\) = 71%) (iii), and 12 h: \(\eta\) = 5.4% (\(FF\) = 50%) (iv)) [61].
# SIV: Raise the Correlation of Second-Order Correlation Power Analysis to 1.00
## 6 Discussion  
Herein, the special intermediate value, named SIV, was proposed based on the operational characteristics of the cryptographic algorithm. The SIV of the AES is determined by analyzing the reduction operation of the MixColumns. It remarkably raises the correlation of SOCPA to 1.00 compared to existing studies that have only increase the correlation to 0.35 [8,10,11]. That is, SIV theoretically allows reducing the MTD approximately 8.1633 times than General SOCPA[9].  
We analyzed the AES of OpenSSL, which is one of the most commonly used secure socket layer toolkit. As shown in Table 5, correlation is increased from 0.0910 to 0.1722, and the SIV-based SOCPA can disclose the entire secret key with only about quarter trace required for the General SOCPA. The correlation is lower than the theoretical value 1.00 and MTD is not reduced as much as the theory, because the remaining 24 bits behave similarly to noise. However, we showed that the SIV-based SOCPA could improve the analysis performance by more than four times.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Experimental Result** & SIV-Based SOCPA & General SOCPA \\ \hline Average of peak correlation & 0.1722 & 0.0910 \\ Maximum of minimum trace to disclosure & 1717 & 6643 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Average peak correlation coefficient and maximum of minimum trace to disclosure of two versions of SOCPA on MixColumns (Product-Combining).  
Two countermeasures against the SIV-based SOCPA were recommended. The first is the ability to double the keyspace that must be guessed to calculate SIV, which increases the time complexity by 65,536 times. The countermeasure does not require any computation and memory overhead. Next is the implementation of the lookup table, which performs transformation without the subroutine that causes the SIV. This countermeasure has a 4 KB memory overhead. Typically, these two countermeasures provide guidelines for implementation that are resistant to the SIV-based SOCPA.  
Our limitation is that, unlike improvements the preprocessing function is applicable to every cryptography, SIV-based SOCPA has to analyze the operational characteristic to determine the SIV for each cryptography, and we only discovered the SIV of the AES. And we applied only to the AES
# Unraveling Patient Safety Culture Trends in U.S. Hospital Settings: A Yearly Retrospective Analysis
###### Abstract  
Background: Patient safety culture (PSC) is a fundamental aspect of healthcare that significantly impacts care quality and patient outcomes. Examining PSC is vital for identifying areas of improvement and implementing effective, targeted interventions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate trends in PSC across U.S. hospitals to identify strengths and weaknesses in PSC over time. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive analysis was performed using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture version 1.0 (HSOPSC 1.0) comparative dataset. This study comprised responses from 1601 hospitals and over 993,000 healthcare providers. Twelve dimensions of PSC, reporting events, and safety grade were analyzed using descriptive statistics to evaluate variations in several indicators, such as means and average positive, negative, and neutral response percentages, across different PSC dimensions and hospital characteristics over time. Considering this study's exploratory nature, no corrections for multiple testing were applied. Results: The overall PSC scores averaged 65% across years, declining from 67% in 2013 to 64% in 2020, reflecting a moderately positive perception of PSC over time. Key strengths across all years included \"Supervisor/Manager Expectations\" and \"Teamwork within Units\", while persistent weaknesses were observed in \"Nonpunitive Response to Error\" and \"Handoffs and Transitions\". Hospitals in the Southern and Central regions reported the highest positive perceptions. Smaller hospitals and non-teaching hospitals also reported more positive perceptions of PSC. Conclusions: This study underscores the complexities of enhancing PSC and, more importantly, the challenges of sustaining a consistently positive culture over time. The findings highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring and tailored interventions to improve PSC. Promoting a \"Just Culture\" that prioritizes learning from errors is critical for advancing patient safety in healthcare settings, and enhancing reporting systems is required.  
patient safety culture; patient safety awareness; safety climate; Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture; HSOPSC; hospital; trend; U.S.
# Image Mosaicing Applied on UAVs Survey
## 1 Introduction  
The aerial mosaic has different applications, such as surveillance mapping and tracking [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], search and rescue [6, 7], 3D scene reconstruction [8, 9], inspection in heritage and archeological applications [10, 11, 12], and vegetation and forest surveillance [13, 14, 15]. For these applications, aerial mosaic panorama generation is applied to stitch multiple images into a single image based upon overlapped regions [16, 17]. Different approaches have been developed for the stitching process, for example, direct methods (pixel-based) [18, 19, 20] and feature-based methods [21] or mosaicing based on registration and mosaicing based on blending [22]. In aerial panoramas, image acquisition can be performed by satellites or UAV systems, but satellite technology provides a higher coverage area than that of other systems such as UAVs [23]. One advantage is that satellite image acquisition is faster than that of UAVs [24]. However, there are important factors to evaluate for the use of satellite image acquisition: firstly, if an analysis of a specific section is required, it is necessary to check if any satellite is available for the specific coordinates or has recent information on the area of interest; additionally, if the area is small, when zooming to focus on it, the resolution will be lower in comparison to that of a medium-size UAV camera; an additional consideration is UAVs' dependence on the state of the clouds, owing to the fact that satellites are not subjected to weather inclementcy, such as storms, as UAVs are; for satellite aerial panorama, the methods for mosaicing images are based on cross-correlation, Fourier-based, phase correlation, and area-based approaches [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. In the case of UAVs, aerial image panoramas are mainly based on feature-based methods [1, 3], due to their flexibility to fly in a specificarea, which allows them to focus on the selected region, obtaining images with greater accuracy and sufficient distinctive features [1; 3; 30; 31; 32; 33]. Another advantage of UAVs is that they can carry different types of sensors, such as fish-eye cameras, thermographic cameras, LIDAR sensors, and proximity sensors. The aforementioned features make them ideal for surveillance and monitoring tasks. Each system has its own advantages depending on the application. However, this work will focus on aerial images obtained through UAVs due to their high resolution, precision, ease, and flexibility [34]. Table 1 summarizes the comparisons of the characteristics of satellites and UAVs [35].
# EvoDevo: Bioinspired Generative Design via Evolutionary Graph-Based Development
## 3 Proposed Method
### Cellular Representation  
As discussed in Section 2.2, there are many different ways to represent the geometry for GD. When the geometry is encoded directly into the genome of an evolutionary algorithm, there are not many constraints on what geometries can be represented; however, scaling to complex problems becomes a real and often insurmountable issue. Here, an indirect representation is used, where the genome encodes a GRN represented by a neural network. A key consideration for such a neural network-based GRN is its interaction with geometric data. Traditional neural networks, due to their fixed input vector size, typically require shapes to be described in regular, grid-like formats (e.g., pixels or voxels). Most 3D  
Figure 1: Concept of a design growing from a seed. Growth is regulated through the continuous interaction between external stimuli and the outputs of the GRN.  
shape representations such as meshes or B-Reps do not have consistent or predefined arrangements. To enable our GRN to operate directly on such irregular, graph-structured cellular designs, this work leverages GNNs, which have been shown to be able to deal with these kinds of irregular shape representations [42; 43; 44; 45; 46]. A geometric representation is therefore constructed with these key limitations and advantages in mind.  
As with [28; 37], the design is divided into simple primitive entities called _cells_. As in biology, these are the basic building blocks that together can be used to construct more complex systems. Each of these cells is an independent entity that contains a local controller via a GRN for growth but interacts with the global structure through its shared topology. In this paper, cells are considered to only have structural properties and function. A graph is constructed from these cellular entities and their shared topology. In this paper, these cells also represent the finite elements used for the design's analysis, which helps to reduce interoperability issues, in a similar manner to some previous beam element approaches [21; 22].  
For this initial study, truss structures are explored as the benchmark problems. To represent a truss structure, a heterogeneous graph of multiple node and edge types can be used. Each node represents a distinct cell type, and the edge types represent different adjacency information between the same and different cell types. This graph can have a hierarchy, capturing features from local to global scales, as illustrated in Figure 2. In this paper, two cell types are used, representing the vertices/nodes and edges/members of the truss structure. These edge cells can be characterised as truss elements in a finite element analysis (FEA) when solving statically indeterminate structures. All graph edges are assumed to be undirected, although direction can also be encoded.