## 5 Evaluation of Investigated Adobe Structures within the Scope of Earthquake Codes  
The last 5 earthquake codes used in Turkiye include design rules for masonry structures. In the last two earthquake codes (2007 and 2018) [72; 73], there is a general section as \"Masorny Structures\". However, in the previous 3 regulations (1968, 1975, and 1998), it was included with the title \"Masorny Buildings\". Although these three regulations (1968, 1975, and 1998) each have sections for adobe buildings were not specifically mentioned in the last two regulations. While the masonry building type is not mentioned in the 1998 and 2007 regulations, four types of masonry buildings are mentioned in the 2018 regulation. These are specified as reinforced, unreinforced, reinforced panel systems, and encircled masonry buildings, respectively. In 1968, 1975, and 1998 regulations, simplified geometric rules were envisaged in case calculations could not be made. In the 2007 regulation, it was stated that only adobe masonry buildings can be constructed with only one storey at most in totally earthquake regions, without counting the basement. In the same regulation, it is stated that the height of a single story can be a maximum of 2.70 m in adobe masonry structures, and the height of the basement can be a maximum of 2.40 m if it is built. The regulations also specify the rules regarding horizontal and vertical lines that should be used. In addition, in the last two earthquake codes, strength rules such as controlling the normal and shear stresses that happen under the joint effect of horizontal and vertical loads on the structural walls in masonry buildings were introduced. Again, in these two regulations, keeping the window and door spaces limited, opening window and door spaces at least 1.0-1.5 m from the corners of the building, is extremely important for the earthquake behaviour of the masonry building. As can be seen from the visuals of the buildings examined, \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Damage Grade** & **Number of Buildings** \\ \hline Grade 1 & 11 \\ Grade 2 & 15 \\ Grade 3 & 19 \\ Grade 4 & 30 \\ Grade 5 & 25 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Distribution of the investigated adobe structures according to their damage levels. Figure 27: Examples of total and partially collapsed adobe structures (Grade-5). although the regulations require the use of reinforced concrete horizontal beams, these horizontal beams are not used. While there are no horizontal beams in some structures, in some structures these beams are made of wood. Masonry buildings should be constructed with reinforced concrete vertical beams at the corners, in the vertical cross-sections of the load-bearing walls, and on each side of the door and window spaces to strengthen their earthquake protection. In the regulation, floors of masonry buildings should be reinforced concrete slabs or toothed floors with dimensions and reinforcements designed according to the rules that are given in TS-500. These rules were not followed in most of the masonry structures that did not receive any engineering and were the subject of the study. In the 2007 regulation, masonry structures in the first-degree earthquake zone can be built with a maximum of two storeys. The number of storeys in the considered adobe structures corresponds to the number of storeys given in the regulation. In the 2018 regulation, the number of storeys is not used, instead, the building height class (BYS) is expressed, and the total allowed building height is foreseen as 7-10.50 m. The adobe masonry structures examined provide this situation. It is stated that cement-line mortar (cement/lime/sand volume ratio = 1/2/9) or cement mortar (cement/sand volume ratio = 1/4) should be used on load-bearing walls. Cement-added mortar was not used in any of the structures examined. There are adobe structures that have not been damaged due to different reasons in the earthquake region.