# Spaceborne LiDAR Systems: Evolution, Capabilities, and Challenges
## Appendix A LIDAR in Space Missions for Extraterrestrial Exploration
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**Mission** & **Agency** & **Target Object** & **Launch Year** & **LiDAR Instrument** & **Status** & **Description/Objectives** \\ \hline ChangE-1 & CNSA & The Moon & 2007 & Laser altimeter & Deorbited in 2009 & Create three-dimensional images of lunar landforms and outline maps of major lunar geological structures, including regions near the lunar poles. Analyze the abundance and distribution of up to 14 chemical elements across the lunar surface. Measure the depth of the lunar soil. Explore the space weather between Earth and the Moon. & \\ Mars Phoenix & NASA & Mars & 2007 & Phoenix LiDAR & Landed on Mask in May 2008 & Uncover the mysteries of the Martian Arctic, including the history of water and the search for complex organic molecules. & \\ Chandrayaan-1 & ISRO & The Moon & 2008 & LLRI & Dr impacted the Moon in 2008, Last contact 2009 & Orbit the Moon and dispatch an impactor to the surface. Study the chemical, mineralogical, and photogeoptics of the Moon. Confirm the presence of water molecules on the Moon using NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Maper (M3) & \\ LRO & NASA & Moon & 2009 & LOLA & Mission extended for the 5 th time in 2022 & Create a 3D map of the Moon’s surface from lunar polar orbit. Identify potential landing sites and resources. Investigate the radiation environment. Force were technologies for future missions. & \\ ChangE-2 & CNSA & Primary—Moon, Secondary —Earth–Sum L2 and asteroid & & & & & Flight maneuver demonstrator—Demonstrate direct injection into the lunar-transfer orbit without first settling into an Earth orbit. Technology demonstrator –Demonstrate new technologies such as LDPC, high-speed data transmission, a new landing camera, and a micro CMOS camera. Topography mapping—Obtain 3D images of the lunar surface, explore the composition of lunar surface material, and observe the Earth-Moon and near-Moon space environment. Capture high-resolution images of the Sun’s Iridium landing area. & \\ Hayabus2 & JAXA & Asteroid Ryugu, Asteroid 1998 KY26 & 2014 & LiDAR & Earth Flyby 2015, Arrival at Ryugu 2018, Rover Deployment 2018, Departure from Ryugu 2015, Departure from Ryugu 2019, Landing on Earth 2020 & Collect samples from asteroid Ryugu. Depoly the first rostrs to operate on an asteroid. Create an artificial crater to retrieve subsurface samples. Share samples with NASA for joint scientific analysis. & \\ \hline \end{tabular}
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Table 10: List of space missions utilizing LIDAR technology for extraterrestrial exploration pt2. [186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192]. \begin{table}
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**Mission** & **Agency** & **Target Object** & **Launch Year** & **LiDAR Instrument** & **Status** & **Description/Objectives** \\ \hline OSIRIS-REx & NASA & Bemnu & 2016 & OLA & Delivered the sample & Collect a sample from asteroid Bennu and deliver it to Earth. Study to Earth in 2023 & the collected sample to understand the building blocks of life and the history of the solar system \\ BepiColombo & ESA/JAXA Mercury & 2018 & BELA & Arrival to Mercury in 2025 & Map Mercury’s surface topography and gather data on interior, exo-sphere, and magnetic field; a collaboration between ESA and JAXA. \\ Chandrayaan-2 & ISRO & The Moon & 2019 & Lander Laser & Orbiter active lander & India’s first attempt for a soft landing on the Moon. Explore the unexplored South Pole of the Moon. Conduct detailed studies of topography, seismography, mineral identification and distribution, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical characteristics of top soil, and the composition of the lunar atmosphere. \\ JUICE & ESA & Jupiter system & 2023 & GALA & Arrival to Jupiter 2031 & Study Gamymede, Callisto, and Europa as planetary objects and possible habitats. Investigate Jupiter’s complex environment in depth, Examine the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants across the Universe. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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