## 2 Background
### An Overview of Internet of Vehicles
#### 2.1.3 IoV Network Requirements and Generic Architecture
It is essential to ensure that sensitive information, such as real-time location or travel behavior, is accessible only to authorized entities [4]. This protection is crucial in preventing the potential misuse of data, which could lead to privacy infringements or even safety hazards. Functional Requirements in IoV Networks  
The functionality of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks is not just about enabling vehicular communication; it is about doing so in a way that meets the unique demands of a highly mobile and rapidly evolving vehicular environment. Scalability is more than a feature here; it is a necessity. The IoV network must seamlessly integrate an ever-growing number of vehicles and infrastructure elements, each adding to the complexity and volume of data exchange [13]. Real-time communication in IoV networks is about more than just speed; it is about life-critical decisions. Low latency is indispensable for enabling timely reactions in dynamic driving scenarios, where milliseconds can mean the difference between safety and danger. Interoperability in IoV extends beyond standard tech compatibility. It involves harmonizing a myriad of vehicle models, diverse infrastructural technologies, and varied network protocols to ensure uninterrupted communication, a task that is significantly more complex given the varying standards and technologies in the automotive sector. Effective mobility management in IoV is not just about maintaining network connections; it is about doing so in a context where vehicles are constantly moving at high speeds, often transitioning between different network zones, which requires sophisticated handover mechanisms and robust connectivity management [14]. Furthermore, optimizing energy usage, especially in the realm of electric vehicles, goes beyond conventional energy management concerns. In IoV, this is critical for the sustainable operation of not just individual vehicles, but the entire network, impacting everything from data transmission efficiency to the overall environmental footprint of the vehicular ecosystem. Generic Architecture of IoV Networks  
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an advanced network architecture that integrates vehicular technology with information and communication systems to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and driving experiences. The core components of IoV architecture include [15]:  
* Vehicles: The primary entities in IoV are the vehicles themselves, equipped with sensors, communication modules, and computing capabilities. These vehicles can collect and share a vast array of data, including speed, location, traffic conditions, and environmental data. * Roadside Units (RSUs): These are fixed infrastructural components placed alongside roads. RSUs facilitate communication between vehicles and the broader network infrastructure, acting as access points for data transmission and reception [5]. * Central Servers: Central servers provide backend support for data processing, storage, and advanced computational tasks. They play a critical role in managing the overall network, including traffic control, data aggregation, and system updates. * Communication Network: This includes both Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, enabled through technologies like Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and cellular networks. The network ensures seamless and continuous connectivity within the IoV. * Traffic Management Center (TMC): The TMC acts as the control hub for traffic management, receiving data from various sources and making decisions to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance road safety [5]. * Cloud and Edge Computing Resources: Cloud computing provides vast storage and processing capabilities, essential for handling the large volumes of data generated in IoV. Edge computing, on the other hand, offers localized processing at the network edge, enabling real-time data processing and decision-making. This architecture fosters an interconnected environment essential for various applications, including IDS.