## 4 Significance of g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) towards Energy Storage and Environmental Impacts
### g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) for Energy Storage (Supercapacitor) Uses  
Supercapacitors have sparked attention from scholars due to their high power efficiency, rapid charging rate, and excellent durability. An important research difficulty in the growth of advanced supercapacitors is the development of electro catalysts with a layered form, high electrochemical sensitivity, high surface to volume ratio, and a simple production procedure. Metal-loaded carbides are frequently regarded as 2D alternatives for building electrochemical technologies due to their exceptional oxidation-reduction and high conductivity [47; 48]. Its applicability in realistic science and innovation is confined, however, because of its thermodynamically stable layered architectures and reduced reactive sites/area. Hybrid materials have the potential to effectively remedy defects in the changed surface and characteristics of single atomic requirement analysis while also optimizing their separate tools to increase the substance's positive wealth [49; 50]. The g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) polymers have been discovered to be particularly useful in improving the operation of supercapacitors. Thus, [PERSON] et al. [51] conducted CV curves of pure metal oxides such as ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) and g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)@ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) blended electrodes. The enhanced capacitance hits were performed at a scanning speed of 20 mVs\({}^{-1}\) from 0.0 to 0.5 V potential. The hybrid CN doped with ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) showed a greater current amplitude. The greatest power rating of the composite g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)@ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) electrode is 157 mAhg\({}^{-1}\) at 4 Ag\({}^{-1}\). At 10 Ag\({}^{-1}\), the single electrode premised on g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)@ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) has capacity retention of 90% after 2500 constant GCD cycles. g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)@ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) materials surpass other carbon-based materials due to their exceptional optical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermally stable system. The insertion of nitrogen to g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\) enhances the surface area and capacitance while maintaining the cyclability of the manufacturing and product. As a result, the g-C\({}_{3}\)N\({}_{4}\)@ZnCo\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) electrode is incorporated into a hard surface apparatus for energy storage research. The electrochemical studies of casting-produced C3N4 electrodes were performed by [PERSON] and co-authors [36] using cyclic voltammetry. A capacitance cost of 113.7 F g\({}^{-1}\) at 0.2 A g\({}^{-1}\) along with an 89.2% retention were obtained after 5000 charge and discharge cycles at 3.0 A g\({}^{-1}\) (Figure 4). The designed electrodes expressed a remarkable specific energy value \(\approx\) 76.5 W h kg\({}^{-1}\) at 11.9 W kg\({}^{-1}\) operation power. These electrochemical findings are appreciated to lead to carbon nitride-based hybrid materials for improved energy-based applications in optoelectronic devices and sensors. According to [PERSON] et al. [15], CuMnO\({}_{2}\)-gCN exhibits impressive electrocapacitive behavior, with good conductivity (817.85 Ag\({}^{-1}\)) and des  
Figure 4: (**a**) Cyclic voltammetric curves at multiple scans, (**b**) discharge curves, and specific capacitance, (**c**) scan rates, (**d**) specific current [36]. (1000 cycles). Certain metallic elements, such as MnO\({}_{2}\) and CuO, are price solutions for transparency, sensitivity, and durability, to name a few further advantages, while CuMnO\({}_{2}\) has a high surface area and homogeneous distribution, enabling additional functional zones to be accessible. As a result, CuMnO\({}_{2}\)-gCN was used as an effective electrochemically active catalyst to boost enhance efficiency, resulting in capacitance of 817.85 Ag\({}^{-1}\) after 1000 cycles (stability). It has also been discovered that metal-based metasurfaces, particularly modified metal-oxides, are commonly employed in these electrochemical areas because of their increased electron mobility and hence larger voltage density.