# Self-Healing of Semantically Interoperable Smart and Prescriptive Edge Devices in IoT
## 1 Introduction  
Nowadays, there has been a disruption of the world's energy market, also due to the recent Ukraine-Russia conflicting situation (REpowerEU) [1]. The quickest and most affordable method to deal with the current energy crisis and lower costs is to save energy. Therefore, based on the European (EU) Commission and the \"EU Save Energy Communication\", outlining quick behavioral adjustments must be accomplished to reduce the demand for energy by at least 5% [2]. Demand-side management by mitigating energy consumption while increasing energy awareness may be achieved by building energy management systems (BEMS) [3]. The BEMS core is a building automation and control system (BACS) that transforms conventional buildings into smart buildings [4]. BACS utilizes IoT networks and is exploited by many applications (Figure 1), such as smart homes consisting of automated applications, connected and smart devices (e.g., smart sensors, energy analyzers) to monitor energy and indoor conditions and control devices (e.g., cooling systems: temperature control) [5]. Figure 1: IoT applications and “things”. IoT networks may be wired or wireless, and there is a plethora of IoT communication protocols. There are widely used multi-channel power analyzers (e.g., Carlo Gavazzi EM340 MID [6]) utilizing a RS485 serial interface protocol, and supporting the MODBUS/JBUS (RTU) protocol [7]. Wired connections are also provided by home security systems, such as smoke and heat detectors, and hard-wired window contacts [8]. Furthermore, there is an excess number of wireless and full IoT-ready solutions provided by various companies, such as KNX, LONWorks, DALI, BUSing, BACNet, LoRa and others [9]. Heterogeneous technologies and protocols are utilized by widely used wireless IoT systems. The near-field communication (NFC) protocol enables smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other devices to interconnect and exchange data [10]. Bluetooth is also utilized for data exchange, establishing a brief radio link among fixed or mobile devices [10]. ZigBee supports all types of networks, such as point-to-point and point-to-multipoint mesh networks, covering homes of almost all sizes [10]. The Z-Wave protocol connects automotive and/or automatic devices, sensors and appliances [10]. Wi-Fi is an IEEE 802.11-based protocol utilized in many types of networks addressing and routing data [10]. Each of the aforementioned protocols has a different way of communicating with devices to facilitate data exchange. As a result, various problems might occur, others based on the protocol itself, on the edge device, and on the type of the IoT network. Additionally, connectivity issues may occur based on the way data are gathered [11]. The heterogeneity of resources may result in problems, such as CPU, memory, and bandwidth issues or even more serious issues, such as errors in radio channels [11]. Subsequently, IoT networks suffer from short- or even long-term failures and drop downs, producing wide data gaps and monitoring issues that prevent smooth IoT operation and exploitation. Nonetheless, by 2026, the number of households expected to be \"smart\" and own an IoT network is 126.8 million [12]. Considering also the technology revolution both in hardware and software components, even more protocols and devices might be launched in the IoT sector. Therefore, it is of ultimate importance to secure a perpetual and GDPR-friendly operation of the IoT network while being able to integrate all types of protocols, devices, and sensors, i.e., both old and new technology. Furthermore, considering the high cost of energy consumption of the edge device hosting, the IoT network should be able to use minimal resources (i.e., in terms of memory, power, and CPU), and therefore utilize both lightweight and efficient services and applications. Within this context, an innovative and Smart EDGE AI IoT system (SEDGE) is proposed in this paper that is easily adaptable to new configurations, protocols, sensors and devices, while being energy-efficient.