## 2 Methodology of Research, Radio Planning, and Design of 5G Network
### Coverage Area Planning  
This type of planning is radio network planning, in which calculations are based on the target zone to be covered by the gnodeB dimensioned. In fact, any parameters can influence this planning, such as the reception sensitivity from mobile devices, path loss, transmit power, link budget calculation, and cell radius. In this work, the analysis from the Link budget is used to determine the MAPL; meanwhile, the cell radius is determined using propagation models selected adequately, namely Uma and Umi. The network planning aims to determine the ideal number of sites for the business/metropolitan and dense urban areas of the north zone of Quito by calculating the coverage area for each site, considering the propagation model to be used in the simulation and the RSRP levels according to Table 4. Table 5 presents the d3D and cell radius (d2D) values using the Uma and Umi models to determine the quantity of the gnodeB needed.  
Here, we chose an area of about 6.72 Km\({}^{2}\) in a dense urban/urban zone, as shown in Figure 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Category** & **Range of Signal Level** \\ \hline Good & \(-90\leq\) RSRP \(\leq-70\) dBm \\ \hline Normal & \(-110\leq\) RSRP \(\leq-90\) dBm \\ \hline Bad & \(-130\leq\) RSRP \(\leq-110\) dBm \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: RSRP VALUE CATEGORY [12].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Parameter** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Scenario 1: 3.5 GHz (FR1 Band)**} & **Scenario 2: 28 GHz (FR2 Band)** \\ \cline{2-4}  & **LOS** & **NLOS** & **LOS** & **NLOS** \\ \hline Thermal Noise & \(-129.1592799\) & \(-126.14898\) \\ \hline Subcarrier quantity & 3276 & 3168 \\ \hline Pathloss & 100.005841 & 106.1411282 \\ \hline h’BS & 24 & 24 \\ \hline h’UE & 0.5 & 0.5 \\ \hline d’BP & 560 & 4480 \\ \hline d3D & 600.3236595 & 85.92038528 & 135.90535 & 31.55408462 \\ \hline d2D/Cell Radius & 600.3234512 & 85.91893044 & 135.90443 & 31.55012291 \\ \hline Coverage Area (Km\({}^{2}\)) & 0.93700944 & 0.019193363 & 0.04802204 & 0.002588067 \\ \hline Target Area (Km\({}^{2}\)) & 6.72 & 6.72 & 6.72 \\ \hline Number of gnodesB & 7.171752721 & 350.1210328 & 139.935755 & 2596.532806 \\ \hline Data Rate Downlink (Mbps) & 4.456, 60 & 1.114, 15 & 8.619, 37 & 2.154, 84 \\ \hline Data Rate Uplink (Mbps) & 2.445, 70 & 611, 42 & 4.730, 14 & 1.182, 54 \\ \hline DL/UL Throughput service per user (Mbps) & 50 & 50 & 100 & 100 \\ \hline Number of user per use case DL & 89.13 & 22.28 & 86.19 & 21.55 \\ \hline Number of user per use case UL & 48.91 & 12.23 & 47.30 & 11.83 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Results of the calculations.  
2.3.1. 5G NR Reference Signal-Received Power (SS-RSRP)-Parameter Secondary Synchronization  
SS-RSRP is the average level of the received secondary synchronization signal. This parameter compares the signal strengths of the individual cells in a 5G network; SS-RSRP is equivalent to the RSRP parameter in 4G LTE networks [9]. In gnodeB, there is a processing circuit configured to code several Synchronization Signal blocks (SSBs); each SSB is related to a different beam of a number of multiple-in-multiple-outs (MIMOs) from antennas [11]. Thus, each one of the SSBs is structured with a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS), and Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH).  
2.3.2. 5G NR Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio (SS-SINR)  
This parameter is the mean value of the power contribution in Watts (W) or dB of the resource elements carrying the SSS divided by the linear average of the noise and noise power contributions in W or dB, respectively. The metropolitan/business zone of the north zone in the Quito city area covered a total area of 6.72 Km\({}^{2}\), with a percentage of 60% penetration. In the 5G network, UE measures the signal strength accepted in the SSS for the closest cell transmitter.