## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Organic Compounds Found in Crops  
Plant tissues are intricate and fascinating structures that consist of a complex combination of organic compounds. These compounds, which include cellulose, lignins, sugars, proteins, starch, lipids, and wax, are involved in the development of various physiological processes in plants, as well as in the nutrition of humans and animals who consume these plants. To better understand the properties and functions of these organic compounds, Table 14 provides a detailed breakdown of the absorption bands associated with the functional groups found in the analyzed plant tissues, as presented in Figure 10 [1]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Absorption Band (cm\({}^{-1}\))**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Band**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Reference**} \\ \hline
**Wheat Leaves** & **Sunflower Leaves** & **Assignment 1** & **Reference** & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3293} & \multirow{3}{*}{3273} & \(\
u\) (\(\equiv\)C-\(H\)): alchine & 3270–3330 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\) (\(\equiv\)C-\(H\)) [103] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C)_(O-\(H\)): alcohols, phenols & 3200–3350 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)_(-C)_(O-\(H\)) [103] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C)_(-N-\(H\)): amine I & 3200–3500 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\) (\(\sim\)C-N-\(H\)) [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2918, 2850} & \multirow{3}{*}{2918, 2850} & \(\
u_{\alpha/\mathrm{sym}}\)(CH\({}_{2}\)): lipids, together with proteins, & 2959–2852 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u_{\alpha}\)(CH\({}_{2}\)) [104] \\  & & & carbohydrates, and nucleic acids & 2920 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u_{\mathrm{sym}}\)(CH\({}_{2}\)) [105] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C)_(-H): carboxylic acids & 2852 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u_{\mathrm{sym}}\)(CH\({}_{2}\)) [106] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C)_(-H): alkane & 2500–3300 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)_(-C)_(-O)-\(H\) [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1729} & \multirow{3}{*}{1731} & \(\
u\)(-C=O): carboxylic acids & 1680–1760 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)(-C=O) [103,105] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C)_(-O) of esters: phospholipids, cholesterol & 1733 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)(C=O) [106] \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1637} & \multirow{3}{*}{1597} & \(\
u\)(\(=\)C=O): proteins, lignins & 1650–1600 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u_{\alpha}\)(C=O) [105] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C=C): phenols & 1550–1700 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)(C=C) [103] \\  & & & \(\beta\)_(-C)_(-N-\(H\)): amine I & 1500–1650 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\) (-(C)-N-\(H\)) [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1419} & \multirow{3}{*}{1403} & \(\beta\)(OH): polysaccharides, alcohols, carboxylic acids & 1414 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(OH) [104] \\  & & & acids & 1395–1440 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(-C)-O-\(H\) [103] \\  & & & \(\beta\)_(-C)_(-H): alkane & 1400–1470 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(C-\(H\)) [103] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1374} & \multirow{3}{*}{-} & \(\beta\)(CH\({}_{2}\)): hemicellulose, xyloglucuans, phenols, and aliphatic structures & 1350–1380 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(-(H\({}_{2}\)C-\(H\)) [103] \\  & & & \(\beta\)_(-C)_(-H): alkane & 1371 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(C-\(H\)) [105] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1317} & \multirow{3}{*}{1322} & \(\beta\)(CH\({}_{2}\)): cellulose & 1369, 1335, 1315, 1280 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\beta\)(CH\({}_{2}\)) [104] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C-OH): carboxylic acids & 1210–1320 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)(-C-OH) [103] \\  & & & \(\
u\)_(-C-OH): phenols & 1310–1390 cm\({}^{-1}\)\(\
u\)(C-OH) [103] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}