## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Study Area and Experimental Design  
The field experiment was carried out during the 2022/2023 winter crop season at a research field of Aula Dei Experimental Station (EEAD-CSIC) in Zaragoza, northeastern Spain (41\({}^{\circ}\)44\({}^{\prime}\)21.7\({}^{\prime\prime}\)N, 0\({}^{\circ}\) the 46\({}^{\prime}\)40.5\({}^{\prime\prime}\)W, 255 m altitude), in a semiarid agroecosystem of the Ebro river valley (northeastern Spain) characterized by erratic annual rainfall and high evapotranspiration [37]. The average annual rainfall is 339.2 mm and the mean temperature is 14.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The potential evapotranspiration rate exceeds 1200 mm year\({}^{-1}\). The average temperature during the 224-day experimental period was 12.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the total rainfall was 130 mm, and average relative humidity was 72% (18 November 2022-30 June 2023). The meteorological data of this experiment (224 days) were obtained from a meteorological station belonging to the network of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Spanish Government SIAR, located near the experimental site (Table S1). The soil type is loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Xerollic Calciorthid) according to the USDA soil classification [38]. Regarding the characterization of the topsoil layer (0-20 cm), the pH (1:25 \(w/v\)), electrical conductivity (EC) (1:2.5 soil-water ratio), and organic matter (OM) are 8.43, 236 \(\upmu\)S m\({}^{-1}\), and 1.67%, respectively.  
The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates (plot size 8 m \(\times\) 3 m) (Figure 1) in the frame assay of [PERSON] et al. [39]. Eleven fertilizing treatments, including a treatment not fertilized (Control, 00), were tested (Table 1) on wheat (Triticum turgidum L. Subsp. durum cv. Sculptur) at a seed rate of 250 kg ha\({}^{-1}\) and a row spacing of 17.5 cm. P fertilization was applied at sowing on 18 th November (day 0), \(Z_{0,0}\)) [40], normalized to 50 kg P ha\({}^{-1}\); N fertilization, normalized to 150 kg N ha\({}^{-1}\), was applied at tillering on 16 th February (day 90, \(Z_{2,3}\)), according to the recommendation for the study area [41]. All fertilizers were applied manually at surface broadcast.  
Figure 1: Test site for the 2022–2023 winter wheat campaign: rectangles mark the plot subsets.  
The source of inorganic P fertilizers was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-61-0) and the source of inorganic N was urea (46-0-0). The organic-mineral fertilizer (OMF) and organic fertilizer (OF) pellets were prepared from compost (olive mill waste-pouldry manure-olive leaf waste; 60:20:20) produced by large-scale window comoving [42], air-dried and mixed with the P and N nutrient sources. For OMF pellets used as P sources, the compost was mixed with MAP (MAP + C) and struvite (Str + C) and for OF pellets used as P sources, the compost was mixed with bone meal (BM + C). For OMF and OF pellets used as N source, the compost was combined with urea (Urea + C) and blood meal (BIM + C), respectively (Table 1). Pellets were produced at CompoLab EPSO-UMH (Orhuela, Spain) by extrusion of the mixtures with a small-scale pelletizer machine (4 HP), reaching a final size of 5 mm in length and 5 mm in diameter. Furrow irrigation was performed on 24 March, 23 April, and 12 May, coinciding with the grain development stage (Z8.7).  
The trial was carried out in a conventional tillage system, with lucerne (_Medicago sativa_ L.) as the preceding crop and the soil prepared by moldboard plowing. Weeds were chemically controlled (2,4-dichlorophenoxyayacetic acid) at recommended rates (1 L ha\({}^{-1}\)), with all treatments receiving the same level of pest control on 14 March.