## 1 Introduction
### Supernumerary Teeth  
According to the literature, supernumerary teeth, formed in addition to the normal dentition, can be single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral, erupted or impacted and located in the maxilla and/or the mandible. The most common type is the mesiodens, located between the central incisors [8], most frequently conical in shape [9; 10; 11; 12].  
The etiology of supernumerary teeth has been previously explained through various theories, among them, the phylogenetic reversion or atavism, the hyperactivity of the dental lamina or a combination of genetic factors [13].  
The genetic etiology is supported by the fact that they are more frequently found in relatives of affected individuals than the general population [14; 15; 16; 17]. However, developmental factors must also be considered, such as hyperproductivity of the dental lamina and dichotomy of tooth germs, proven by in vitro experiments [8; 14; 18].  
The presence of supernumerary teeth in present-day population is a quite rare anomaly, according to the literature [8; 10]. The prevalence of supernumerary teeth varies between 0.1-3.8% of the present-day population and is more common in permanent dentition [9], but it could also be overlooked by parents in the temporary dentition if there are no obvious signs of misalignment of the teeth [19]. In 82% of the cases, it is located in the maxilla, specifically in the premaxilla region, followed by maxillary third molars, premolars, canines and lateral incisors, with only rare cases reported in the mandible [8; 10; 14]. Supernumerary teeth are usually related with larger teeth than in control groups and appear more frequently in men [20]. In case of a mesiodens, the upper and lower incisors show the greatest differences, i.e., the upper central incisors adjacent to the supernumeraries show a more pronounced barrel shape from the labial view [21].  
Sexual dimorphism is commonly reported by authors, with men being affected 1.9 times more frequently than women [8]. In addition, the prevalence of supernumerary teeth seems to be higher in Mongoloids and African Americans [14; 15].  
High frequency is related to specific pathologies such as Gardiner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysostasis, chondroectodermal dysplasia, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome or cleft lip and palate [22].  
The complications that can arise in case of supernumerary teeth vary greatly, including: no effect; crowding, malposition; eruption disturbances, while the underlying permanent teeth usually erupt spontaneously following the removal of un-erupted supernumeraries [23]; the development of follicular cysts; caries and loss of vitality of adjacent teeth; gingivitis, periodontitis; occlusal interferences; and neuralic manifestations [11; 24]. According to available data, 75% of the mesiodens are impacted [9; 16].  
Impacted supernumeraries may be detected by imaging techniques, such as panoramic, occlusal, periapical radiographs or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), which provides more accurate assessments [12].  
The aim of this complex case study is to analyze the mesiodens and the jaws of \"Individual 1\" from an orthodontic perspective, including CBCT scans to further assess the cranial remains. The results were analyzed in light of current knowledge regarding dental development anomalies of past and present-time populations, aiming to further create a database to compare the frequency and pattern of this pathology in ancient versus modern times.