## 5 Discussion and Conclusions
### Sedimentation Phenomena and Mechanisms  
The GWO-LSTM model provides a new perspective on understanding and predicting ground subsidence in Kunming's urban areas. It represents the broad application potential in preventing and mitigating geological disasters, which guides urban planning. Through detailed field surveys and continuous monitoring, this predictive model can provide more accurate data support for geological disaster prevention, which contributes to sustainable urban development.  
Notably, the subsidence prediction model for Kunming's urban area reveals a potential trend of aggravated subsidence in zone E. New subsidence near the new Metro Line 5 highlights the need to prevent geological risks in urban development. In the future, the authors will continue to monitor the subsidence dynamics in Kunming's urban areas, and timely propose reasonable disposal and preventive measures based on research results to ensure the safety and sustainability of urban development.  
Groundwater is widely used for daily life, industrial production, and agricultural irrigation in the city. The north shore of Dianchi Lake near Daguanlou Park has relatively abundant groundwater resources with good water quality, which makes it one of the preferred water sources. However, rapid urban development and population growth have led to a high demand for groundwater resources. Especially in the fast-developing eastern and northern shores, industrial water demand has significantly increased, which exacerbates the pressure on groundwater extraction. In zone A, zone B, and zone C, which are located in these areas, rapid economic development has led to increasingly severe subsidence. There is a very direct relationship between groundwater extraction and ground subsidence. When groundwater is pumped out, the original pore pressure in the water decreases. This causes the pore water volume to shrink, which leads to the rearrangement of underground sediments, resulting in soil layer subsidence and a vicious cycle of reduced groundwater storage capacity.  
At a later stage, attention should focus on the use of groundwater resources in the region to avoid overdawing and thereby mitigate surface subsidence.  
Conceptualization, J.L.; Methodology, J.L.; Software, B.L.; Validation, B.L.; Formal analysis, S.T.; Investigation, S.T.; Resources, Y.P.; Data curation, Y.P.; Writing--original draft, B.L.; Writing--review & editing, W.P.; Visualization, Y.C.; Supervision, J.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Data Availability Statement: Data incorporated in this research is available free through these webpages: Sentinel-IA ([[https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home](https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home)]([https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home](https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home)), accessed on 5 December 2023), AW3D30 DEM ([[http://www.eorc.java.jp/ALOS/en/aw3d30/index.htm](http://www.eorc.java.jp/ALOS/en/aw3d30/index.htm)]([http://www.eorc.java.jp/ALOS/en/aw3d30/index.htm](http://www.eorc.java.jp/ALOS/en/aw3d30/index.htm)), accessed on 5 December 2023), satellite precise orbit data ([[https://qc.sentinel.le.oe.esa.int/aux_pooerb](https://qc.sentinel.le.oe.esa.int/aux_pooerb)]([https://qc.sentinel.le.oe.esa.int/aux_pooerb](https://qc.sentinel.le.oe.esa.int/aux_pooerb)), accessed on 5 December 2023).  
Author [PERSON] was employed by the company Yunnan Institute of Geology and Mineral Surveying Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.