# The Impact of Distributed Energy Storage on Distribution and Transmission Networks' Power Quality
## 3 Data Analysis
### Power Quality Performance of Benchmark Network
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rated Node** & **Rated Node** & **Rated Node** & **Rated Node** & **Rated Node** \\
**Voltage (66 kV)** & **Voltage (33 kV)** & **Voltage (11 kV)** & **Voltage (0.415 kV)** & **Voltage (0.24 kV)** \\ \hline DL-ASO (91.59\%) & DL-SI (94.86\%) & DL-IBD (94.81\%) & DL-RC1 (94.24\%) & DL-CC1 (94.83\%) \\  & DL-S2 (94.82\%) & & DL-RC2 (94.35\%) & DL-RC1,F1 (93.77\%) \\  & & & DL-RC3 (94.35\%) & DL-RC2\_FI (94.12\%) \\  & & & DL-RC4 (94.51\%) & DL-RC3,F1 (93.91\%) \\  & & & DL-RC4 (94.38\%) & DL-RC4\_FI (94.38\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Benchmark Network Node Voltage outside Tolerance Limits. Figure 2: \(Cont.\)  
The same procedure has been followed for the other centralized ESS Integrated Variants (DN-C_ASO, DN-C_KAT, DN-C_WVY, DN-C_STH, TN-C_EST, TN-C_STH, TN-C_WST). Their results are presented together in Table 3. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variant Name**} & **ESS** & **ESS** & **ESS** & **ESS Location** & **Average Improvement of Voltage** & **Average Improvement of Voltage** \\  & **Architecture** & **Topology** & **Technology** & **Association Magnitude (\%)** & **Angle (\%)** \\ \hline DN-C\_GAR & Centralized & DN 1 & BESS & 66 kV DL-GAR & 1.44 & 0.70 \\ \hline DN-C\_ASO & Centralized & DN & BESS & 66 kV DL-ASO & 1.10 & 0.57 \\ \hline DN-C\_KAT & Centralized & DN & BESS & 66 kV DL-KAT & 0.45 & 0.24 \\ \hline DN-C\_WUY & Centralized & DN & BESS & 66 kV DL-WUY & 0.87 & 0.45 \\ \hline DN-C\_STH & Centralized & DN & BESS & 66 kV DL-STH & 1.64 & 0.57 \\ \hline TN-C\_EST & Centralized & TN 2 & PHS & 132 kV TN-EST & 0.13 & 0.04 \\ \hline TN-C\_STH & Centralized & TN & PHS & 132 kV TN-STH & 1.05 & 0.27 \\ \hline TN-C\_WST & Centralized & TN & PHS & 132 kV TN-WST & 0.13 & 0.04 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{DN-D\_LVN} & \multirow{2}{*}{Distributed} & \multirow{2}{*}{DN} & \multirow{2}{*}{BESS} & 11 kV DL-IBD & & \\  & & & 11 kV DL-CBD & & & \\  & & & 0.24 kV DL-CC1 & & & \\  & & & 0.24 kV DL-RC1\_F1 & & & \\  & & & 0.24 kV DL-RC2\_F1 & & & \\  & & & & 0.24 kV DL-RC3\_F1 & & & \\  & & & & 0.24 kV DL-RC4\_F1 & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Power Quality Performance of the Respective Benchmark Network Variants. Figure 2: Graph indicating the effect of DN-C_GAR variant on (**a**) the voltage magnitude compensation; (**b**) the voltage angle deviation compensation. Power Quality Performance Comparison between Benchmark Network and Distributed ESS Integrated Variants  
The load flow analysis generated data are also used to evaluate the performance of the distributed BESS integrated variants against the benchmark network under steady-state simulated settings. Figure 3 shows the performance of the DN-D LVN variant with BESS distributed over the distribution network topology at nodes with a voltage rating of \(11\) kV or less. That is, at the \(66\) kV distribution nodes, there are no BESS. The high average compensation of \(4.33\%\) and \(1.96^{\circ}\) for voltage magnitude and voltage angle, respectively, showed a considerable improvement in average power quality compensation. With the exception of \(66\) kV DL-ASO, which is now functioning at a voltage magnitude of \(94.22\) percent from its initial value of \(91.59\), as shown in Figure 3a, all nodes formerly outside the tolerance band are now operating at the rated voltage. The compensation of voltage angle deviation is also crucial, as shown in Figure 3b, where all nodes except DL-ARE (\(-0.2^{\circ}\)), DL-ASO (\(-2.7^{\circ}\)), DL-GAR (\(-0.2^{\circ}\)), DL-KAT(\(-0.3^{\circ}\)) and DL-WUY(\(-0.1^{\circ}\)) achieved \(0^{\circ}\) voltage angle deviation. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variant Name**} & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **ESS** \\ **Architecture** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{ \begin{tabular}{c} **ESS** \\ **Topology** \\ \end{tabular}  } & \multirow{2}{*}{