# A Proposal for Rapid Assessment of Long-Distance Oil and Gas Pipelines After Earthquakes
## 2 Analysis of Pipeline Safety Assessment Elements Under Seismic Impacts
### Pipeline Monitoring Device System Sorting  
In recent years, the management of long-distance oil and gas pipelines, represented by the National Pipeline Group, has paid more and more attention to the geological safety of pipelines. The SCADA system can monitor the pipeline transport pressure for a long time and can provide automatic warning and decision-making on stopping transmission according to abnormal pressure conditions. Meanwhile, according to the relevant specification [20], the pipeline management will hire a professional team to carry out a geo-disaster survey on the pipeline once every 3-8 years and will deploy monitoring equipment or carry out treatment at the verified geological disaster hidden spots (unstable slopes, active faults, etc.). The monitoring systems can be categorised as internal or external based on the interrelationship of the monitoring data with the pipe (Table 1). Internal monitoring focuses on pipeline corrosion and operational pressure, with the former mitigating chemical leakage risks and the latter enabling real-time anomaly alerts and shutdown protocols via SCADA systems. External monitoring is mainly divided according to the monitoring objects, namely, pipeline deformation monitoring, pipeline apprutent monitoring, disaster point monitoring, control engineering structure monitoring, and pipe-soil interaction monitoring. In addition, the pipeline management is equipped with tools such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can perform automated inspections along the pipeline on a daily basis, thereby identifying anomalies such as third-party engineering activities. Figure 1: Schematic classification of the effects of seismic hazards on oil and gas pipelines. It should be noted that Table 1 primarily presents the monitoring equipment system under the framework of daily pipeline safety management. For the rapid evaluation of pipeline safety under the influence of earthquakes, greater attention should be paid to the monitoring system that can reflect the direct and indirect safety of pipelines in time. Therefore, based on Table 1 and the actual pipeline management monitoring content, the monitoring system division for rapid evaluation of pipeline safety under earthquake disaster (shown in Figure 2) is constructed. First, according to the monitoring scope, it can be divided into whole-line monitoring and single point monitoring. Here, there are two types of whole-line monitoring, SCADA and UAV monitoring, which can be used to quickly identify, locate, and alarm the pipe damage and surface disaster in the whole line of the seismic area. In addition, single point monitoring can be divided into monitoring of geological-disaster points, monitoring of engineering activities, and monitoring of deformation of ancillary structures. The first two types are required to monitor the stability of the geotechnical body and the pipeline body, i.e., early warning for the direct safety of the pipeline, as well as the pipeline deformation. The first two types are required to carry out geotechnical stability monitoring and pipe body monitoring, which provide early warnings for the direct safety of the pipelines, as well as for potential indirect impact on pipeline safety due to geotechnical hazards.