# Evaluation of Manual Skill Degradation Due to Automation in Apparel Manufacturing
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Manual Machine** \\ **Group (\(n\) = 20)** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Automation Group** \\ **(\(n\) = 20)** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **\(t\) Value** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CI for \(d\) Cohen** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Effect Size** \\ **Cohen’s \(d\)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Initial Training**} \\ \hline AST (min) & 2.43 (0.07) & 2.42 (0.07) & 0.45 & \(-\)1.021-0.735 & \(-\)0.143 \\ \hline Production/day (units) & 153.6 (9.13) & 153.3 (6.6) & 0.14 & \(-\)0.914-0.839 & \(-\)0.038 \\ \hline RFT\% & 87.3\% (2\%) & 87.4\% (2.2\%) & \(-\)0.19 & \(-\)0.829-0.924 & 0.048 \\ \hline Avg. Dexterity Time (sec) & 31.6 (1.09) & 30.6 (1.16) & 2.59 * & \(-\)1.807-0.03 & \(-\)0.888 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Skill Retrieval Assessment**} \\ \hline AST (min) & 1.86 (0.08) & 2.71 (0.12) & \(-\)25.25 * & 5.607–11.063 & 8.335 \\ \hline Production/day (units) & 188 (12.5) & 125 (9.35) & 18.07 * & \(-\)7.682—3.734 & \(-\)5.708 \\ \hline RFT\% & 95.9\% (3\%) & 75.8\% (6.4\%) & 12.78 * & \(-\)5.545—2.498 & \(-\)4.022 \\ \hline Avg. Dexterity Time (sec) & 31.2 (1.29) & 32.01 (1.29) & \(-\)7.79 * & \(-\)0.27–1.526 & 0.628 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{* \(p<0.001\).} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Skill retrieval assessment among the MMG and AG using independent samples \(t\)-test. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \begin{tabular}{c} **Refresher Training** \\ **Group (\(n\) = 20)** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Automation Group** \\ **(\(n\) = 20)** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **\(t\) Value** \\ **Mean, (SD)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **CI for \(d\) Cohen** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Effect Size** \\ **Cohen’s \(d\)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Initial Training**} \\ \hline AST (min) & 2.45 (0.06) & 2.42 (0.07) & 0.89 & \(-\)1.348–0.428 & \(-\)0.46 \\ \hline Production/day (units) & 152 (8.1) & 153.3 (6.6) & \(-\)0.40 & \(-\)0.702–1.054 & 0.176 \\ \hline RFT\% & 89.3\% (2.7\%) & 87.4\% (2.2\%) & 2.41 * & \(-\)1.68–0.137 & \(-\)0.772 \\ \hline Avg. Dexterity Time (sec) & 31.03 (1.19) & 30.6 (1.16) & 1.05 & \(-\)1.25-0.518 & \(-\)0.366 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Skill Retrieval Assessment**} \\ \hline AST (min) & 2.36 (0.16) & 2.71 (0.12) & \(-\)7.68 * & 1.31–3.64 & 2.475 \\ \hline Production/day (units) & 150 (10.7) & 125 (9.35) & 7.85 * & \(-\)3.656—1.321 & \(-\)2.488 \\ \hline RFT\% & 86.5\% (4.6\%) & 75.8\% (6.4\%) & 6.02 * & \(-\)2.979—0.861 & \(-\)1.92 \\ \hline Avg. Dexterity Time (sec) & 30.5 (1.02) & 32.01 (1.29) & \(-\)4.07 * & 0.334–2.263 & 1.299 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{* \(p<0.001\).} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Skill retrieval assessment among the RTG and AG using independent samples \(t\)-test. the initial training stage(M = 153.3, SD = 6.6) to the skill retrieval assessment(M = 125, SD = 9.35) phase. Right First Time %:  
The results from the MMG show that there was a significant (\(t\)(19) = \(-\)13.6, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001) increase in RFT% from the initial training stage(M = 87.3%, SD = 2%) to the skill retrieval assessment (M = 95.9%, SD = 3%) phase. For the RTG, there was a significant increase (\(t\)(19) = 2.33, \(p\) = 0.030) in RFT% from the initial training stage(M = 89.3%, SD = 2.7%) to the skill retrieval assessment (M = 86.5%, SD = 4.6%) phase. For the AG, there was a significant (\(t\)(19) = 7.71, \(p\) \(<\) 0.001) decrease in the RFT% from the initial training stage(M = 87.4%, SD = 2.2%) to the skill retrieval assessment(M = 75.8%, SD = 6.4%) phase. Average manual dexterity time:  
The results from the MMG show that there was a significant (\(t\)(19) = \(-\)9.77, \(p\) = 0.01) decrease in average dexterity time from the initial training stage (M = 31.6, SD = 1.09) to the skill retrieval assessment (M = 29.3, SD = 1.29) phase.