# Gene Networks and Pathways Involved in _Escherichia coli_ Response to Multiple Stressors
## 3 Results
### Functional Categories Involved in E. coli Response to Multiple Stressors
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & **Function Type** & **Z** \\ \hline  & DNA damage & 19 & _ycgB_, _blc_, _gadX_, _gadW_, _yajI_, _iraD_, _sulA_, _yajM_, _sbmC_, _vidaQ_, _yajI_, _yedV_, _betT_, _dalB_, _yhcF_, _renB_, _dinD_, _yedk_, _dinF_ \\  & Stress & 15 & _rmf_, _uspG_, _mgsA_, _boA_, _cbpA_, _cbpA_, _vijb_, _uspB_, _nemR_, _rclR_, _relB_, _cpxP_, _psG_, _rpoS_, _srKA_ \\  & Oxidative stress & 12 & _grxA_, _msrA_, _wrpA_, _dgpC_, _yatfA_, _cplA_, _yhbO_, _rscC_, _soxR_, _suF_, _yfcG_, _yfdK_ \\  & Antibiotic & 7 & _bcr_, _entS_, _midO_, _yadC_, _yhA_, _yjI_, _ymdB_ \\  & Acid stress & 7 & _slp_, _yqE_, _ygaC_, _iraM_, _frc_, _ycgZ_, _mrgB_ \\  & Heat & 7 & _ybeD_, _rprof_, _htpG_, _hsPQ_, _cutD_, _hsI_, _lidH_ \\  & Cold & 5 & _ydfK_, _ynnaE_, _cspF_, _cspD_, _cspG_ \\  & Osmotic stress & 4 & _otsB_, _otsA_, _osmB_, _osmY_ \\  & Phosphate starvation & 4 & _psiE_, _vaaH_, _apY_, _apPA_ \\  & Nitrogen starvation & 3 & _ycY_, _yeatf_, _yaG_ \\  & pH elevation & 3 & _galB_, _adiC_, _gadA_ \\  & Starvation & 2 & _gpP_, _dps_ \\ \hline  & Amino acid & 13 & _leuE_, _gltP_, _alaE_, _yqGl_, _yelX_, _yifK_, _potF_, _proY_, _proX_, _artJ_, _yqlN_, _proP_, _yhdW_ \\  & Sugar & 15 & _bgI_, _jgoT_, _nanT_, _kdgT_, _srLA_, _ascF_, _fruA_, _araF_, _xyH_, _frvB_, _gntP_, _alsA_, _yicl_, _yuffT_, _glcC_ \\  & Iron & 7 & _fecL_, _fecR_, _fu_, _fepC_, _fepR_, _fepC_, _fepD_ \\
**Trasnport** & Metal ion & 4 & _corA_, _zntA_, _mttH_, _mgtA_ \\  & Bacterial secretion & 3 & _yidC_, _sspF_, _sspD_ \\  & Multidrug efflux & 3 & _emrD_, _mdl_, _mdt_ \\  & Others & 21 & _tehA_, _ybhE_, _yqhD_, _yjH_, _yifK_, _ygaY_, _ycgH_, _araJ_, _yphD_, _hsrA_, _garP_, _nepl_, _cusB_, _adeP_, _yidK_, _yqhD_, _mscM_, _yffL_, _phE_ \\ \hline
**Membrane** & & 25 & _ypiJ_, _ppdD_, _nfR_, _yaiO_, _wzgY_, _yedR_, _wffD_, _ygbE_, _yhdU_, _flR_, _ybfV_, _fxA_, _yqik_, _yqE_, _alx_, _ycdZ_, _yhlh_, _yhlL_, _yeiH_, _yohl_, _yhlf_, _yjI_, _creD_, _yckE_, _yqK_ \\ \hline
**Cell adhesion and** & & 31 & _dosC_, _ychH_, _yhcN_, _yodD_, _bsS_, _ycf_, _ymgA_, _dgC_, _cnu_, _tomB_, _ybfG_, _tqsA_, _csgF_, _ymgC_, _arR_, _mqsR_, _csgB_, _hsA_, _sdiA_, _yjaA_, _ygoD_, _finG_, _elfA_, _sfmD_, _ydeR_, _glS_, _yxfC_, _yclA_, _ydetT_, _fimD_, _ybgQ_ \\ \hline
**of _E. coli_ encoding a periplasmic arginine transport system are also downregulated. Five genes involved in sugar transport are downregulated in all the five stress conditions vs. one upregulated gene. This is consistent with the observation of the decreased transcription of energy-requiring processes related to growth. Ten genes involved in biofilm formation and regulation are upregulated, suggesting that biofilm formation can be a consequence of bacterial stress response. The transcription of the flagellar protein-encoding gene, _fgl_, was increased under heat, cold, oxidative, and antibiotic stress; in contrast, seven flagellar genes were downregulated by the same stressors to conserve resources for cell survival in sustained stress.