esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Viscosity (M) and Capillary Force (Ca) on Flow in Porous Media
Based on the analysis of the changes in flow patterns and CH4 saturation in Figures 4 and 5, it is evident that under different simulated \(M\) values, the displacement efficiency of CH4 increases with the gradual increase in \(lgCa\) value for any given \(lgM\) value. To verify the reliability of this simulation result, it is compared with [PERSON]'s [43] experiment of CO2 displacing water in a microchip. It is found that our simulation conclusions highly matched his experimental results, as shown in Figure 6. This provides a certain reference value for improving CH4 extraction efficiency in practice. In actual applications, the \(Ca\) value can be altered by changing the extraction speed or the pressure difference. However, when the \(lgM\) values reach \(-1.95\) and \(-0.52\), a controversial phenomenon occurs. The CH4 displacement efficiency no longer increases with the increase in \(lgCa\) but shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, which also highly matches [PERSON]'s [43] experimental results, as shown in Figure 7. This is due to the continuous displacement, which creates preferential flow channels in the porous media, causing some branch flow channels to experience backflow, leading to the controversial phenomenon. Therefore, higher capillary numbers and viscosity ratios help to improve CH4 extraction efficiency. Figure 5: Relationship between saturation of non-wetting phase and different \(lgCa\), \(lgM\): (**a**) Relationship between saturation and \(lgCa\), \(lgM\) when the non-wetting phase CH4 breaks through the porous media; (**b**) relationship between saturation and \(lgCa\), \(lgM\) when the non-wetting phase CH4 breaks through the porous media and then reaches a steady state. Figure 6: Images of CO\({}_{2}\) (black) and deionized water (red to yellow) distributions at the quasi-steady state in the micromodel with circular cross-section (\(lgM=-1.820\)). (CO\({}_{2}\) was injected from left to right. The numbers in the parenthesis indicate (\(lgCa\), SCO\({}_{2}\)) [43]. Reproduced or adapted with permission from ref [43]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier). Figure 7: Images of CO\({}_{2}\) (black) and brine (red) distributions at the quasi-steady state in the micromodel with circular cross-section (\(lgM=-1.849\)). (CO\({}_{2}\) was injected from left to right. The numbers in the parenthesis indicate (\(lgCa\), SCO\({}_{2}\)) [43]. Reproduced or adapted with permission from ref [43]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier).
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Changes in Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break  
The stress-strain curves of all materials were obtained before and after their ageing in the ATFs for different periods of time (see Supplementary Information, Figures S1-S3), and the tensile strength and the elongation at break were obtained from these curves. The polymers had two types of tensile strength behaviour at an aging time of 168 h (Figure 3), depending on the ATF used. On one hand, the PEEK and PA66 tensile strength variation did not depend on the oil used. On the other hand, PTFE showed mean tensile strength variations of between \(-1.5\%\) (oil A) and \(-6\%\) (oil C). Nevertheless, while the tensile strength of PEEK remained constant, regardless of the oil and the ageing time used, this property increased slightly for PA66 and decreased slightly for PTFE.  
Figure 3: Changes in tensile strength of PEEK, PTFE, and PA66 after ageing in the ATFs.  
Figure 2: Changes in hardness of PEEK, PTFE, and PA66 (Shore D) after immersion in the ATFs.  
From 168 h upwards, all materials maintained relatively constant tensile strength values. PEEK and PTFE seem to be compatible with these ATFs, showing low tensile strength variations (null in the case of PEEK), but PA66 should be studied further.  
The elongation at break was more affected by the ageing process than was the tensile strength (Figure 4). In the case of PEEK, variations in elongation at break depended on the ATF used and were between \(+7\%\) and \(-15\%\) at 168 h. On the contrary, the PTFE results are aligned with those of tensile strength, with variations in the elongation at break values of between \(-2\) and \(-7\%\). Once again, PA66 had contrasting results, with a reduction in elongation at break of around 77%, regardless of the ATF used. This is a clear sign of incompatibility, as the material became less flexible, and thus more fragile.  
From 168 h upwards, elongation at break seemed to be more affected by immersion in the ATFs than was the tensile strength, especially in the cases of PEEK and PTFE. PA66 was the only material showing similar elongation at break regardless of the ageing time and oil used, although it showed the greatest reduction in this property. [PERSON] et al. [13] and [PERSON] et al. [14] pointed out the tendency of PA66 to crystallize when aged in ATFs, although they concluded that it was the high temperature that caused this effect. According to Figures 3 and 4 and Figure S3, this embrittlement was independent of the type of oil, although in this case the tensile strength increased (15%). On the other hand, PTFE and PEEK showed lower variation in elongation at break than the PA66 and a higher dependency on the oil used.
## 2 Material and Methods
### Analysis from a Mechanical Engineering Standpoint
#### 2.2.3 Application of Contacts  
To conduct an appropriate simulation using FEM, it is crucial to identify the contacts between the components of the assembly. Autodesk Inventor Professional 2024 provides a feature for automatically establishing these contacts, which is particularly useful for assemblies with numerous components, as manually defining the contacts would be highly labor-intensive and time-consuming. The following is a brief description of the types of contacts that the software allows:  
* Bonded Contact: Simulates a welded joint, ensuring no relative motion between the connected surfaces.
* Separation/No-Slide Contact: Allows the surfaces to separate but not slide relative to each other.
* Separation/Sliding Contact: Permits both separation and sliding between the surfaces.
* Frictional Contact: Includes frictional effects between the surfaces, allowing for both sliding and separation, with resistance based on the friction coefficient.
* Weld Contact: Similar to bonded contact but specifically simulates welds with the appropriate material properties.  
Furthermore, each type of contact can be configured as either symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric contact, the nodes of one mesh cannot penetrate the nodes of the adjacent mesh, whereas in asymmetric contact, such penetration is possible. The symmetric contact was chosen to ensure that the meshing is performed independently on each element, enhancing precision.  
A drawback of the automatic generation of contacts is that the software only creates them as bonded contacts, which may not accurately reflect the real behavior of the model, given that different types of contacts exist within the assembly. To address this issue, all contacts were initially entered automatically as the most numerous type (bonded contacts). Subsequently, the incorrect contacts were manually changed to the correct contact types.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Young’s** \\ **Modulus (MPa)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Poisson** \\ **Coefficient** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Density (kg/m3)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Yield** \\ **Strength (MPa)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Shear** \\ **Modulus (MPa)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Aluminum 6061 & 68,900 & 0.330 & 2700 & 275.00 & 26,000 \\ Brass & 109,600 & 0.331 & 8470 & 103.40 & 37,000 \\ Cast Bronze & 109,600 & 0.335 & 8870 & 128.00 & 37,000 \\ Cast Iron & 120,500 & 0.300 & 7150 & 758.00 & 58,000 \\ Mild Steel & 220,000 & 0.280 & 7850 & 207.00 & 82,000 \\ Nylon & 2930.00 & 0.350 & 1130 & 82.75 & 1000.00 \\ Stainless Steel & 193,000 & 0.300 & 8000 & 350.00 & 80,000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Properties of each material used in the analysis.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Gene Expression  
All RNA extracts were reverse transcribed using the iScript(tm) Reverse Transcription Supermix for RT-qPCR (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), following the protocol for single cDNA synthesis reactions for each sample. The reaction mixture contained 4 uL of iScript RT Supermix and an appropriate volume of MilliQ water (autoclaved and prepared for expression analysis) to reach a final reaction volume of 20 uL.  
The reactions were incubated in a T100(tm) Thermal Cyler (Bio-Rad) following the thermal protocol provided by the kit and including priming (5 min at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C), reverse transcription (20 min at 46 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and enzyme inactivation (1 min at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C).  
The gene expression levels of XRCC1, XPA, ERCC1, XPF, and IL8 were evaluated using GAPDH and HPRT1 as housekeeping genes. Quantitative Real-Time PCR was performed using the SsoAdvanced(tm) Universal SYBR(tm) Green Supermix (Bio-Rad) on the CFX96(tm) Real-Time System (Bio-Rad).  
For each reaction, 2 uL of cDNA sample was combined with a reaction mix containing 10 uL of SsoAdvanced SYBR Green Supermix, 0.5 uL of forward and reverse primers (Table 1) (at a concentration of 4 uM), and 7 uL of MilliQ water, resulting in a final reaction volume of 20 uL in each well of the plate.  
The protocol used included an initial polymerase activation step for 30 s at 98 \({}^{\circ}\)C, followed by 40 cycles of: denaturation at 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 s, annealing/extension at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 s, plate reading, and finally, generating a melting curve between 65 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 95 \({}^{\circ}\)C (increasing by 0.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C every 2-5 s).  
The primers used for each target gene expression are shown in Table 1. To calculate gene expression modulation, the \(\Delta\Delta\)Ct method was used. The results were expressed as the increase or decrease in gene expression following exposure to PM. Finally, to normalize the data distribution and perform statistical tests, the Log10 (\(2^{-(\Delta\Delta\)Ct)}\) was calculated [18; 23].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Gene Function** & **Primers** & **5\({}^{\prime}\)-3\({}^{\prime}\) Sequence** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1. It allows cells to recycle purines Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase dehydrogenase dehydrogenase & HPRT1_r & GGTCCTTTTCCACCACCACCACC & [24] \\ DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1 is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER). It creates a cut at the 3\({}^{\prime}\) end of the damage site and forms an enzymatic complex with XPF Together with ERCC1, it creates a cut on both sides of the damage site leading to the removal of a piece of DNA & XPF_f & TGACCCTAGCAAGCCTTTTCTCTCT & [25] \\ It recognizes damage and functions as a scaffold for other proteins, NER involved involved involved in the repair of single-strand breaks in DNA due, for example, to exposure to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. Involved in BER Chemotactic factor for neutrophils, often associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in the lungs & XPA_f & GAGTTTTCAACCGGGTCTTCT
# Effect of Bioaugmentation on Biogas Yields and Kinetics in Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Molecular Analysis  
Metagenome of the digesters in the first phase was analyzed after 90 days of each reactor operation. The collected samples of biomass were stored at \(-20\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. After thawing, DNA was isolated from the biomass using GenElute(tm) Bacterial Genomic DNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie Gmbh, Munich, Germany) according to the producer's protocol, including lysozyme digestion. The presence of DNA was confirmed by agarose electrophoresis. Purity and concentration of the isolated DNA were measured spectrophotometrically using a Biophotometer (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). A universal 515F (GTGCCAGCMGCGCGTAA) and 806R (GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT) primer set was used to amplify the archaeal and bacterial 16S rDNA gene. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) using the MiSeq Illumina platform was applied to sequence the amplicons. The sequencing was performed in the Research and Testing Laboratory (USA). Over 126 thousands of full sequences were obtained.  
The sequences were analyzed bioinformatically as described in [PERSON] et al. [24]. In short, to detect and remove chimeras from the raw reads, UCHIME [25] was applied. The readouts were condensed into FASTA format and clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using USEARCH global alignment [26]. A.NET algorithm utilizing BLAST+ was used to query FASTA formatted file with seed sequences for each cluster against a database of NCBI derived sequences. Sequences were aligned by Infernal [27] and clustered by Complete Linkage Clustering (a module of the RDPipeline, [[https://rdp.cme.msu.edu/](https://rdp.cme.msu.edu/)]([https://rdp.cme.msu.edu/](https://rdp.cme.msu.edu/))). The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H\({}^{\prime}\)) [28] was calculated (at a level of species). Samples were from the same run and have a similar number of reads; therefore, normalization was not performed to avoid data loss. Rarefaction analysis was performed using a module of the RDPipeline. The sequences have been deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) NCBI within BioProjectPRJNA380917 as an experiment 'Metagenome of bioaugmented anaerobic digesters.'
# PCB Network Analysis for Circuit Partitioning
## 4 Circuit Partitioning Based on Net Attributes and Patterns
### Key Component Selecting and Initial Partitioning  
As the development of circuit design technology progresses, the standardization of circuit design becomes better. It is observed that the nets are always specified by keywords. These keywords could help engineers to examine the information source flow. As mentioned in Section 3.1, networks include signal network, clock network, power network, and GND network. The data network generally includes keywords such as DATA and D, and some communication protocols, such as SPI and I2C, also belong to data networks. The address network generally includes keywords such as ADRESS, A, and Add, and the clock network generally includes CLOCK, CLK, CK; the power network mainly provides power for the components, generally including VCC, VDD, VEE, VPPPOWER; GND represents the ground network. When engineers design circuits, they often label important nets, called net attributes. The net attributes help us to discover the logical structure in netlists, and inspire us to propose the system initial partition based on net attributes.  
First, we select ICs as key components, for which the most characteristic is that the number of pins are greater than three. A network usually connects multiple IC modules. Each module centers around an IC chip, and many components are connected to serve the IC chip, which should belong to the module. Cutting off the attribute network can form a natural and basic module partition, as shown in Figure 4. Since these components are closely  
Figure 3: Eight different structures of filtering.  
related to the IC chip, there is no significant network attribute labeling on the connection relationship, so they will be automatically divided into the IC module. Assuming that each IC chip is the center, initial partition subsets, denoted by \(\{\textbf{S}_{1},\textbf{S}_{2},\ldots,\textbf{S}_{N}\}\), are formed by cutting important networks, which include the closely related components around them. It is noted that the number of pins of junctors and multi-pin switches are also more than three, but they are ignored in our algorithm since they are passive components and cannot be the center of modules.
# Integrated Photodetectors Based on Group IV and Colloidal Semiconductors: Current State of Affairs
## 5 Conclusions and Outlook  
Photodetectors can be used in a wide range of applications, such as medical imaging, nuclear safety guards, aerospace, high energy physics experiments, photonics, and astrophysics. For this reason, there is a great interest in developing high performance, cheap and compact light sensor devices.  
In this article, we firstly reviewed recent research progress in the field of photodetectors based on Group IV semiconductors. Historically, Group IV semiconductors are the most used materials for electronics devices; this is especially true for silicon, which is considered the main material for high integration CMOS technology. For this reason, we have investigated the developments of photodetectors based on these semiconductors and presented in recent years. Several narrow band-gap elementary semiconductors (e.g., Si, Ge, graphene, and CNTs) have been considered and different solutions proposed in the recent literature are reviewed in order to obtain photodetectors with good performance. Overall, MBA-based waveguide photodetectors are showing better performance than devices based on other absorption mechanisms. The recent reduction in the size ability of NIR all-Si photodetector production has open the road to new structures such as SSA and MBA-based ring resonator PDs or TPA-based PhC nanocavity PDs.  
Then, an overview on colloidal semiconductor based photodetectors has been also presented; as these materials represents the frontier in future research, promising new opportunities for high performance and high-density chip-scale photonic integration from UV to infrared spectral regions.  
The two semiconductor groups taken into consideration represent one the story that can still evolve and bring new improvements and the other the central topic on which to invest in the future, respectively. However, additional studies are required to further improve the device performance.  
We strongly believe that high performance photodetectors based on group IV or colloidal semiconductors monolithically integrated on Si showing better functionality and high integration density, may be proven in the next future.  
P.D. and M.A.F.: writing--original draft preparation, review and editing. Both authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dielectric Properties Measurement Results of Test Time
The dielectric loss factor (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) is high in the plasma-activated water (PAW vs. RO) across all frequencies and flow rates. This can be attributed to the presence of reactive species, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), generated during plasma treatment, which increase electrical conductivity and dielectric loss, leading to greater energy dissipation as heat. At higher frequencies, the increase in the dielectric loss factor suggests that loss mechanisms, such as dipole relaxation and ion conduction, become more significant. The analysis of flow rate effects on the dielectric properties of PAW revealed notable results. At a flow rate of 1 L/min, the PAW sample exhibited dielectric properties that were intermediate between those of nitrate-mixed water (NO\({}_{3}\) + RO) and untreated RO water, with a balanced increase in both the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor. This balance suggests optimal energy storage with controlled energy dissipation, enhancing the efficiency of the plasma treatment process. Conversely, higher flow rates tend to increase the dielectric loss factor, indicating greater energy loss, likely due to reduced interaction time between water molecules and the plasma field, as shown in Table 1.  
The duration of plasma treatment is also crucial in determining dielectric properties. The data show that a treatment time of 3 h leads to a more significant improvement in dielectric properties compared to shorter durations of 1 and 2 h. This longer treatment time allows for better interaction between plasma and water, facilitating nitrate generation and the stabilization of reactive species, which improves electrical properties. This investigation into the electrical characteristics of water samples using plasma technology highlights the importance of optimizing plasma treatment parameters, such as flow rate and duration. The results indicate that plasma-activated water, especially at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min and a treatment duration of 3 h, shows substantial improvements in electrical characteristics, which are beneficial for nitrate fertilizer synthesis. The observed higher dielectric constant in nitrate-mixed water and the controlled dielectric loss factor in PAW samples underscore the potential of plasma technology for efficient and environmentally friendly fertilizer production. This study suggests a need for further research to refine these parameters to optimize the efficiency and sustainability of plasma-based fertilizer production systems. Figure 5: Measurement results of (**a**) dielectric constant (\(\varepsilon^{\prime}\)) and (**b**) dielectric loss factor (\(\varepsilon^{\prime\prime}\)) for different water samples (NO\({}_{3}\) + RO, RO Water, and PAW) after a test duration of 3 h.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Flow Rate** **(L/min)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Frequency**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**NO\({}_{3}\) + RO (10 g)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**RO Water**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**1 h**} & \multicol
# Exploring Ecosystem Functioning in Spain with Gross and Net Primary Production Time Series
## 1 Introduction
Based on previous comparative studies, ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) [15], wavelet transform (WT) [14], break for additive trend and season (BFAST) [13], and detecting breakpoints and estimating segments in trend (DBEST) [16] have proved their effectiveness for vegetation change analysis using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) TS [15]. In this study, the multiresolution analysis based on the wavelet transform (MRA-WT) was used because of its results during the last decades as a time-frequency analysis tool for complex nonstationary signals in several fields (e.g., environment, medicine, finance) [17]. Particularly, it was useful in the study of nonstationary TS for vegetation temporal dynamics [14; 18; 19]. The interannual variability of vegetation dynamics plays a key role in the description of year-to-year variations of plant photosynthesis and production, determining land carbon uptake and ecosystem capacity to be productive [20]. The interest in ecosystem productivity responses to climate change grew substantially in the research community during the last decade [8; 21]. The relationships of vegetation interannual variability and conservative climatic factors, particularly air temperature and precipitation, have been studied in other regions [19; 22]. The main objective of this study is to analyze (1) the spatial and interannual variations of carbon fluxes in Peninsular Spain across 15 years from 2004 to 2018 using daily GPP and NPP EO-based estimates and (2) their relationships with changes in air temperature and precipitation, since the hydrological response to climate change over Spain due to the increased air temperature and decreased precipitation is already confirmed [8].
# Performance Analysis of NR-DCSK Based Copper Cable Model for G.fast Communication
###### Abstract  
This article studies the performance of the copper wire communication channel in the existence of the Middleton impulsive noise model. Differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) scheme is implemented with a noise reduction (NR) technique to mitigate the impulsive noise effect and improve system performance. The proposed communication system is simulated using Monte Carlo simulation using MATLAB 2023 and the result is compared with the derived theoretical performance. The use of NR technique in accordance with the proposed model has improved the performance and promoted its use with G.fast Communication.  
differential chaos shift keying; noise reduction technique; G.fast communication; impulsive noise +
Footnote †: journal: