# Secure Watermarking Schemes and Their Approaches in the IoT Technology: An Overview
## 5 Discussion and Issues
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Authors** & **Technique Type** & **Medium** & **Contributions Key** & **Metrics** & **Advantages** & **Attacks** \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2012) & Secure & Any type & The homomorphic and random watermarking methods are embedded with each block of data. & Delay Packet delivery & Improves data integrity & Modification, Replay, and Energy consumption & Insertion \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2013) & Secure & Image & The DCT, DFT and DWT are used in the embedding phase along with the hash function. & NC & Improves data integrity & Tamper attack \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [105] & Fragile & Any type & Grouping delimiters and hash function are used along with the channel watermarks. & Average embedding time & Reduces the computational overhead & Insertion, Modification, and Improve attack & Modification, and Deletion. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) & Fragile & Any type & Hash function along with its dynamic random watermark & Capacity & Integrity & Tampering, Data forgery, Deletion, and Replay \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) & Fragile & Any type & The MAC address and hashed data are scored with the original data in the embedding phase. & Energy consumption & Improves data integrity & Modification \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [107] & Semi-fragile & Image & Uses semi-fragile IWT and DCT methods for recovery and tamper detection by using the IWT. & PSNR & Improves attack detection & Tampering, Salt, Gaussian blur, and Gamma correction \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [61] & Fragile & Image & Block-wise and pixel-wise methods have been implemented for the watermarking algorithm. & False positive rate & Improves attacks & Clipping, Baboon, and Encryption \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [109] & Reversible & Image & Implements methods like the optimal pixel repetition method where the pixel permutation is reversibly embedded within the data. & & \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] [110] & Reversible & Image & A reversible watermark technique that is based on the prediction-error expansion. & False positive rate & Improvets data integrity & Tampering, Deletion, and Insertion \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [15] & Secure & Any type & The randomised watermarking filtering algorithm to achieve algorithm to achieve algorithm of average of filtered packet. & Improves data integrity & Injection and Physical attacks \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [111] & Secure & Any type & Length of data, frequency of digits and time of captured data are all used along with the original data for the embedding process. & Energy consumption & Improves data integrity & Eavesdropping and Malicious node \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON]. [45] & Robust & Image & The SVM classification and hybrid watermarking technique (DWT and SVD) have been implemented in the embedding process. & BERK & Improves robustness & Salt, Gaussian noise, speckle, Median, and Crop \\ \hline [PERSON] [82] & Blind & Audio & Combines a blind watermark algorithm with the jamming technique over the acoustic channel for embedding the data & Improves data integrity & Eavesdropping and confidentiality \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. [112] & Secure & Any type & The MAC layer parameters are used along with the DWT DCT methods for embedding existing watermarks. & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: \(Cont.\)A statistical analysis is performed for the reviewed techniques (see Figure 13). The produced analysis from the figure demonstrates the type of technique, total usage number and its advantages in the IoT. From Figure 13, security watermarking schemes take the majority over the other sets of watermarking requirements and ensure that data integrity is their most significant advantage in the IoT watermark security. Therefore, data integrity is considered as a serious part of the watermarking technique that relates to quality, reliability and usability. Since the IoT technology allows all users (humans or machines) to share data anytime and anywhere, the main point is to guarantee the data integrity through the Internet.