## 3 Experimental Results
### Experimental Results for CIA  
For the CIA dataset, the input data consists of a MODIS-Landsat data pair from 25 November 2001 and MODIS data from 12 January 2002. During this period, significant total differences exist between images from different time points due to phenological changes. Figure 5 presents the prediction results for the Landsat data from 12 January 2002 using various STF methods. Figure 5 depicts the true image. While all methods capture phenological changes to some extent, a detailed analysis reveals noticeable color distortions in the irrigation areas in the results of STARFM, FSDAF, and Fit-FC. These distortions are likely due to the single-band computation approach employed by traditional methods. The EDCSTFN model, which emphasizes temporal changes, effectively captures phenological changes during the observation period. However, it struggles with structural reconstruction, leading to a loss of spatial details and resulting in a blurry appearance. Figure 6 presents the predicted results for the zoomed-in subregion within the black box in Figure 5, along with the AAD map comparing them to the true data. It is observed that STARFM and FSDAF exhibit significant color spots, while the EDCSTFN results display excessively blurred boundaries, exceeding the acceptable range. In contrast, other DL-based methods provide more natural color representation but still exhibit some issues. For  
example, MLFF-GAN, which focuses on temporal changes, introduces unpleasant noise in its results. STF-Trans, which emphasizes spatial detail enhancement, has lower clarity, likely due to its global feature extraction approach neglecting local high-frequency information. CTSTFM demonstrates notable errors in capturing phenological changes in the upper-left corner. The AAD map indicates that the proposed method achieves the smallest error, highlighting its superior performance in the phenological change prediction task. Table 1 lists the RMSE, SSIM, UIQI, CC, ERGAS, and SAM evaluation metrics for each method on the CIA dataset, with the best values highlighted in bold. The results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms others across all metrics, showing significant advantages in radiometric accuracy, structural restoration, and spectral fidelity. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Band** & **STARFM** & **FSDAF** & **Fit-FC** & **EDCSTN** & **GAN-STFM** & **MLFF-GAN** & **STF-Trans** & **CTSTFM** & **Proposed** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{RMSE} & 1 & 0.0166 & 0.0161 & 0.0157 & 0.0162 & 0.0126 & 0.0122 & 0.0123 & 0.0133 & **0.0118** \\  & 2 & 0.0250 & 0.0234 & 0.0235 & 0.0255 & 0.0180 & 0.0180 & 0.0167 & 0.0173 & **0.0164** \\  & 3 & 0.0399 & 0.0364 & 0.0376 & 0.0436 & 0.0293 & 0.0286 & 0.0267 & 0.0273 & **0.0261** \\  & 4 & 0.0496 & 0.0509 & 0.0472 & 0.0445 & 0.0401 & 0.0395 & 0.0374 & 0.0371 & **0.0370** \\  & 5 & 0.0460 & 0.0459 & 0.0468 & 0.0477 & 0.0396 & 0.0374 & 0.0362 & 0.0375 & **0.0348** \\  & 6 & 0.0379 & 0.0384 & 0.0385 & 0.0398 & 0.0344 & 0.0334 & 0.0324 & 0.0316 & **0.0302** \\  & Avg & 0.0358 & 0.0352 & 0.0349 & 0.0362 & 0.0290 & 0.0282 & 0.0270 & 0.0273 & **0.0260** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{SSIM} & 1 & 0.8928 & 0.9007 & 0.8939 & 0.8850 & 0.9250 & 0.9286 & 0.9306 & 0.9271 & **0.9359** \\  & 2 & 0.8464 & 0.8594 & 0.8536 & 0.8259 & 0.8966 & 0.8956 & 0.9030 & 0.9026 & **0.9084** \\  & 3 & 0.7739 & 0.7910 & 0.7873 & 0.7165 & 0.8413 & 0.8463 & 0.8511 & 0.8543 & **0.8594** \\  & 4 & 0.6811 & 0.6740 & 0.6785 & 0.7147 & 0.7608 & 0.7687 & 0.7710 & 0.7835 & **0.7873** \\  & 5 & 0.7429 & 0.7498 & 0.7462 & 0.7377 & 0.8006 & 0.8056 & 0.8096 & 0.8080 & **0.8160** \\  & 6 & 0.7748 & 0.7800 & 0.7723 & 0.7749 & 0.8178 & 0.8193 & 0.8284 & 0.8265 & **0.8318** \\  & Avg & 0.7853 & 0.7925 & 0.7886 & 0.7758 & 0.8404 & 0.8440 & 0.8489 & 0.8503 & **0.8565** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Quantitative evaluation results with different methods on the CIA dataset. Figure 5: Fusion results on 12 January 2001, generated by different models on the CIA dataset.