## Results
### Moderator Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Item \({}^{\bf 1}\)** & **Subgroup** & **Estimate** & **SE \({}^{\bf 3}\)** & \(p-\)Value \({}^{\bf 4}\)** & **CI. lb \({}^{\bf 5}\)** & **CI. ub \({}^{\bf 6}\)** & **R\({}^{\bf 2}\) (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{10}{*}{Claudin} & Intercept & \(6.9744\) & \(2.8378\) & \(0.0140\)\({}^{\bf*}\) & \(1.4124\) & \(12.5364\) & \\  & B. _bree_ & \(-3.0068\) & \(3.8836\) & \(0.4388\) & \(-10.6185\) & \(4.6049\) & \\  & B. _fragilis_ & \(-4.4113\) & \(3.2109\) & \(0.1695\) & \(-10.7046\) & \(1.8819\) & \\  & B. _infantis_ & \(-0.1449\) & \(4.1975\) & \(0.9725\) & \(-8.3718\) & \(8.0820\) & \\  & B. _subtilis_ & \(-4.8395\) & \(3.4213\) & \(0.1572\) & \(-11.5450\) & \(1.8661\) & \\  & C. _butricum_ & \(-1.6496\) & \(3.5955\) & \(0.6464\) & \(-8.6966\) & \(5.3975\) & \\  & E. _Coll_ Nissle & \(-4.0765\) & \(3.3698\) & \(0.2264\) & \(-10.6812\) & \(2.5281\) & \\  & L. _acioophilus_ & \(-4.9774\) & \(3.8695\) & \(0.1983\) & \(-12.5614\) & \(2.6067\) & \\  & L. _casei_ & \(-4.7159\) & \(3.9004\) & \(0.2266\) & \(-12.3605\) & \(2.9287\) & \\  & L. _ferrantum_ & \(-5.3177\) & \(3.3815\) & \(0.1158\) & \(-11.9454\) & \(1.3101\) & \\  & L. _gasseri_ & \(-4.8525\) & \(3.2160\) & \(0.1313\) & \(-11.1557\) & \(1.4507\) & \\  & L. _jolnsonti_ & \(-5.4356\) & \(3.8033\) & \(0.1530\) & \(-12.8899\) & \(2.0188\) & \\  & Probiotics & \(L\). _lactis_ & \(-3.8105\) & \(3.1339\) & \(0.2240\) & \(-9.9528\) & \(2.3318\) & \\  & strain & L. _paracasei_ & \(-4.5868\) & \(3.2121\) & \(0.1533\) & \(-10.8824\) & \(1.7088\) & \(0.00\) \\  & L. _platarum_ & \(-1.2755\) & \(2.9966\) & \(0.6704\) & \(-7.1488\) & \(4.5978\) & \\  & L. _reuteri_ & \(13.4512\) & \(5.9509\) & \(0.0238\) & \(1.7876\) & \(25.1149\) & \\  & L. _rhamous_ & \(-2.8947\) & \(2.9952\) & \(0.3338\) & \(-8.7653\) & \(2.9758\) & \\  & L. _sakei_ & \(-5.8836\) & \(3.3734\) & \(0.0811\) & \(-12.4954\) & \(0.7282\) & \\  & L. _saliarius_ & \(-5.9818\) & \(3.8240\) & \(0.1177\) & \(-13.4766\) & \(1.5130\) & \\  & Medicine & \(-3.1009\) & \(3.0642\) & \(0.3116\) & \(-9.1066\) & \(2.9048\) & \\  & Mixed culture & \(0.2984\) & \(3.0611\) & \(0.9223\) & \(-5.7012\) & \(6.2980\) & \\  & Mixed culture + & \(6.2538\) & \(4.4766\) & \(0.1624\) & \(-2.5201\) & \(15.0278\) & \\  & medicine & \(6.25\) & \(3.6270\) & \(0.1495\) & \(0.0588\) & \(-0.4157\) & \(22.8646\) & \\  & Prebiotics & \(11.2244\) & \(5.9390\) & \(0.0588\) & \(-0.4157\) & \(22.8646\) & \\  & _S. thermophilus_ & \(0.6803\) & \(4.1318\) & \(0.8692\) & \(-7.4177\) & \(8.7784\) & \\  & _Shewamella_ sp. & \(-5.1300\) & \(3.8449\) & \(0.1821\) & \(-12.6658\) & \(2.4058\) & \\  & Synbiotics & \(0.4962\) & \(3.3391\) & \(0.8819\) & \(-6.0483\) & \(7.0407\) & \\  & _Synallococcus_ & \(-4.5101\) & \(3.5893\) & \(0.2426\) & \(-12.0741\) & \(3.0539\) & \\ \hline Administration & Intercept & \(4.7298\) & \(1.4227\) & \(0.0009\) & \(1.9414\) & \(7.5183\) & \\ time & Day & \(-0.0541\) & \(0.0727\) & \(0.4572\) & \(-0.1966\) & \(0.0884\) & \(0.00\) \\ \hline Dosage & Intercept & \(0.1495\) & \(32.3965\) & \(0.9963\) & \(-63.3465\) & \(63.6454\) & \\  & Day & \(0.2520\) & \(3.9322\) & \(0.9489\) & \(-7.4550\) & \(7.7591\) & \(0.00\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{1}\) ZO\(-1\), zonula occludens\(-1\). \({}^{2}\) SMD, standardized mean difference. \({}^{3}\) SE, standard error. \({}^{\bf 4}\)\({}^{\bf *}\)\(p\)\(<\)\(0.05\), \({}^{\bf **}\)\(p\)\(<\)\(0.01\), \({}^{\bf ***}\)\(p\)\(<\)\(0.001\). \({}^{\bf 5}\) CI lb, lower limit of 95% confidence interval. \({}^{\bf 6}\) CI. ub, upper limit of 95% confidence interval.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Meta-regression to analyze the effect of probiotics strain, administration time, and dosage on the expression of the tight junction protein. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Item \({}^{\bf 1}\)** & **Subgroup** & **Estimate** & **SE \({}^{\bf 3}\)** & \(p-\)Value \({}^{\bf 4}\)** & **CI. lb \({}^{\bf 5}\)** & **CI.