## 4 Results
### Range of Harvesting Movement  
Figure 7 shows the mean and standard deviation values of the initial and maximum posture range of harvesting movements from the standing position. It also presents the active range of harvesting movements of the six joint motions through all the three phases based on the initial posture. Figures 8 and 9 display similar summaries for the six joint motions, but for two different factors: the initial support shoulder group (Figure 8) and the initial dominant shoulder group (Figure 9). The error bars indicate standard deviations. Furthermore, the ANOVA revealed statistically significant results for the group mean variances, as indicated with asterisks. Figure 6(a) shows that the initial and maximum posture range of harvesting movements in the supporting elbow and wrist joints, and all three joints of the dominant arm did not significantly differ between the three age groups. However, there were significant differences in the range of harvesting movements of the initial support shoulder posture (\(F=5.617,\ p=0.013\)) and the maximum support shoulder posture (\(F=8.498,\ p=0.003\)) between the three age groups. The post-hoc test suggested that participants in the age group of 40-49 (\(p=0.007\), 90.4\({}^{\circ}\)) and 30-39 (\(p=0.013\), 86\({}^{\circ}\)) years of age exhibited a greater range of harvesting movements at the initial posture in the support shoulder compared with those in the age group of 20-29 years of age (63.6\({}^{\circ}\)). Similarly, the older participants in the age group of 40-49 (\(p=0.004\), 94\({}^{\circ}\)) and 30-39 (\(p=0.001\), 96.1\({}^{\circ}\)) years of age exhibited a greater range of harvesting movements at the maximum posture in the support shoulder compared with the younger participants (72.3\({}^{\circ}\)). Figure 6: The average value of angular displacement patterns of twenty subjects for (**a**) the support arm and (**b**) the dominant arm during the three phases. Figure 7: _Cont._  
Figure 7: **(a)** The range of harvesting movements for initial and maximum postures and (b) the active range of harvesting movements during the three phases of the push-pull-cutting movement by age group for (i) the support arm and (ii) the dominant arm. The asterisk * denotes statistically significant differences and the letter a denotes that the measures were transformed into normal distributions. Figure 8: _Cont._  
Figure 8: (**a**) Maximum posture range of harvesting movements and (**b**) the active range of harvesting movements during the three phases of the push-pull-cutting movement, grouped by initial support shoulder for (**i**) the support arm and (**ii**) the dominant arm. The asterisk * denotes statistically significant differences and the letter a denotes that the measures were transformed into normal distributions. Figure 7(ai) shows that the participants 40-49 years of age had a greater range of harvesting movements at initial and maximum postures compared with the other two age groups. The result was particularly prominent in the supporting wrist, in which the range of harvesting movements at the initial and maximum postures were 73.6\({}^{\circ}\) and 82.8\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. This was also observed for the range of harvesting movements of support elbow at the maximum posture (122.3\({}^{\circ}\)). However, these differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, Figure 7b shows that the active range of harvesting movements during the three phases of the push-pull-cutting movement in the supporting elbow and all three joints of the dominant arm did not differ significantly between the three age groups. However, there were significant differences in the active range of harvesting movements of the support shoulder (\(F=5.043\), \(p=0.020\)) and wrist (\(F=6.759,\ p=0.007\)) at the preparation phase between the three age groups.