# Potential of Photovoltaic Generation in the Putumayo Department of Colombia
## 3 Results
### Energy Generated by Solar Photovoltaic Systems in the Regions of Putumayo  
To evaluate the effective energy \(E_{FV}\) that can be generated by a photovoltaic system in Putumayo, the standard of the IEC 61724 [33] described in the methodology was followed. To determine the energy generated, it was necessary to calculate the irradiation and the PR for each station and the averages for each region. The irradiation \(G_{da}(\alpha,\beta)\) for each station was calculated with the irradiation \(G_{da}(0)\) obtained from data information from the IDEAM data bases. To obtain the PR, different combinations of \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) angles were evaluated. It was found that the optimal angle of inclination, \(\beta\), is between \(2^{\circ}\) and \(5.5^{\circ}\); however, for maintenance of the systems, an angle of \(10^{\circ}\) was selected. It should be noted that the average angular loss of irradiation for this tilt angle is less than 1%. The orientation angle, \(\alpha\), is taken to be equal to \(0^{\circ}\) for facilities located north of the equator, and \(180^{\circ}\) for facilities located south. With these angle values, the PR for each station and the average for each region were determined. The relationship between the ambient temperature Ta, obtained for each locality through databases, and the Performance Ratio PR of the photovoltaic system is given by the Mulcue-Llanos model [29] and described in Equations (11)-(13). The configuration was assumed an optimal system considering high quality equipment and design with a \(k_{sist}=0.820\), and a maximum power point with the temperature of \(-0.0044~{}^{\circ}\mathrm{C}^{-1}\), which corresponds to crystalline silicon technology. With respect to the variable temperature, the average of the series studied for each zone of the weather stations was taken. With the results obtained from PR, the energy that can be produced with a panel system with a peak power of 1 kW was calculated. The results of these calculations are shown in Table 6. In general, the PR value decreases for the high temperature areas such as the Amazon region, and it is higher in the lower temperature areas such as the Andean region. Although the PR values in the Andean region are high, their irradiation is low, so the energy values generated by the same system of solar panels installed in the Andean region are lower than when installed in the other regions. As can be seen in Table 6, the Amazon region has the highest value of energy produced, almost doubling the value of energy produced in the Andean region, which means that the use of solar panels is more profitable in the Amazon region. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Data and Statistics**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Amazon Region**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Andean-Amazon Region**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Andean Region**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{IDEAM-NASA} & MBE (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)day) & \(-0.16\) & \(0.70\) & \(1.78\) \\  & MPE \% & \(3.79\) & \(-18.95\) & \(-71.27\) \\ statistical comparison & RMSE (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)day) & \(0.28\) & \(0.70\) & \(1.78\) \\  & Statist c & & & \\  & (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)day) & \(1.45\) & \(20.00\) & \(26.65\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{IDEAM-NREL statistical comparison} & MBE (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)day) & \(0.39\) & \(0.47\) & \(1.47\) \\  & MPE \% & \(-8.90\) & \(-12.87\) & \(-59.19\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & RMSE (kWh/m\({}^{2}\)day) & \(0.39\) & \(0.48\) & \(1.50\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & Statistic t & \(9.99\) & \(4.81\) & \(6.50\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of IDEAM-NASA and IDEAM-NREL irradiance values \(G_{da}\) by region. From these values, the peak power for each municipality was calculated considering the area occupied by the 250 Wp panels (each panel has an area of 1645 mm \(\times\) 997 mm). With this peak power, the calculation of the effective energy that can be generated by the system in each municipality and region was made, for which the average of the optimum PR of the stations in the region was taken. Table 8 shows the results of these calculations.