###### Abstract  
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and the Internet of Flying Vehicles (IoFV) are integral components of intelligent transportation systems with the potential to revolutionize the way we move people and goods. Although both the IoV and IoFV share a common goal of improving transportation efficiency, safety, and sustainability, they possess distinct characteristics and face unique challenges. To date, the existing literature has predominantly focused on specific aspects of either the IoV or IoFV, but a comprehensive review comparing and contrasting the two domains is still lacking. This review paper aims to address this gap by providing an in-depth analysis of the key differences between the IoV and IoFV systems. The review will examine the technological components, network infrastructure, communication protocols, data management, objectives, applications, challenges, and future trends associated with both domains. Additionally, this paper will explore the potential impact of technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain. Ultimately, the paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the implications and potential of these technologies, both in the context of transportation systems and beyond.  
IoV; IoFV; communication; computation; application; UAV; vehicle +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of the ACM  
case of UAVs, autonomy is established more widely than in ground vehicles, such as cars. Building on advancements in communication technologies [6], hardware [7] and software, particularly artificial intelligence [8], the usage of (connected) vehicles is predicted to grow in consumer, civil, and military applications [9].  
Additionally, the onset of light and ultralight UAVs, particularly quadrocopters, has expanded the application potential even further, primarily in the areas of healthcare for delivering and retrieving COVID-19 self-testing kits, surveillance systems for the identification of violent individuals [10], or pesticide application on crops [11].  
A wide range of those applications relies on algorithms and methods that are resource-intensive. However, ground and aerial vehicles are constrained in resources for power, computation, and storage capacity. Those constraints become more pronounced under the consideration that vehicles are not only required to perform tasks of a specific application, but they are required to navigate in the environment safely [12]. Such applications undoubtedly require resources for sensing, communication, and navigation itself, which includes, but is not limited to, localization, mapping, path planning, obstacle avoidance, or the coordination of multiple vehicles. To overcome the limitation caused by scarce resources, vehicular networks using means of the cloud, edge, and fog computing, coupled with the concepts of big data and new generation mobile networks, provide transportation systems with more secure and reliable connections, as well as virtually unlimited computing and storage resources found in remote cloud data centers [13].  
The accelerating need to interconnect vehicles to enhance the performance of traffic systems results in an increasing number of systems being proposed and implemented. Even though those systems have similar goals, they often undertake different approaches. They undergo evolutionary advancements, such as the introduction of cognition, which may not propagate to other designs caused by rapid development [14]. Therefore, this proposal focuses on summarizing the technologies and approaches used in transport systems for ground and aerial vehicles, thereby identifying the differences and common grounds to enable easier cooperation and infrastructure sharing. In particular, we will focus on vehicular ad hoc networks for both flying and vehicular vehicles and networks building on the Internet of Things, together with an enhancement that was introduced: the Internet of Vehicles, the Cognitive Internet of Vehicles, and the Internet of Flying Vehicles.