# Effect of Calined Marble Powder and Magnetized Water on the Performance of Cement-Based Composites
###### Abstract
[10] showed that replacing 10% of sand with marble powder achieved the highest compressive strength without compromising workability. [PERSON] et al. [11] demonstrated that marble powder is well-suited for producing high-performance concrete (HPC), which exhibit significantly enhanced properties compared to reference concrete (RC). [PERSON] et al. [12] demonstrated that marble powder, combined with an appropriate mix design, provides filling and nucleation effects that accelerate cement hydration, refine the pore structure, and improve the workability, mechanical performance, and durability of concrete. As highlighted by [PERSON] et al. [12], the use of marble waste contributes to reducing natural resource extraction and the carbon footprint of cement production. By introducing CMP, this study offers a novel approach to maximizing the utility of marble waste, addressing both material efficiency and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions reduction. [PERSON] et al. [13] demonstrated that using marble waste as a replacement for natural sand significantly enhanced the compressive strength and mechanical performance of ecological cement mortar. [PERSON] et al. [14] obtained superior results and maximum strength by using a mixed blend of fly ash and marble powder. While RMP primarily consists of calcium carbonate (CaCO\({}_{3}\)), which is a core ingredient in cement clinker, the presence of other compounds like dolomite (CaMg(CO\({}_{3}\))\({}_{2}\)) can interfere with hydration process. Magnesium from dolomite may form undesirable compounds like periclase (MgO). These compounds can cause a delayed expansion in cement due to hydration reactions, negatively impacting the durability of the concrete. RMP needs to be calcined at specific temperatures (800-1000 \({}^{\circ}\)C) to decompose into reactive phases like lime (CaO) and reduce magnesium-related issues. In the conventional cement production process, introducing unprocessed RMP directly could lead to uneven decomposition due to differences in particle sizes and heat distribution. In addition to studies exploring the potential of marble powder as a supplementary cementitious material to enhance concrete performance, it has been found that the properties of the mixing water also significantly affect this performance. MW through the application of a magnetic field is particularly promising for accelerating the hydration process of cement. The type and amount of mixing water utilized in the production of cement-based composites are essential factors influencing the properties of these materials [15]. Over the past years, researchers have investigated the use of MW as mixing water to enhance the quality of cementitious composites [16; 17]. Water that has been subjected to a magnetic field is known as MW. MW is utilized in various sectors, such as agriculture, industry, and medicine [18; 19]. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause the formation of clusters. When these clusters are exposed to a magnetic field, they break apart, leading to a reduction in both the number and size of the clusters [20; 21]. This alteration in the structure of water molecules enhances their activity. Compared to TW, MW has a lower surface tension [22], which facilitates the faster and more extensive hydration of cement and advances the geopolymerization reaction in geopolymer-based composites. Consequently, the fresh and hardened characteristics of cementitious and geopolymer composites are enhanced [23]. [PERSON] et al. [24] examined the influence of MW, which had passed through a 0.65 Tesla magnetic field, on the fresh, hardened, and durability characteristics of cementitious composites where MP was replaced at different ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). They found that the use of MW improved the fresh, hardened, and durability properties of the mortar mixes. Additionally, the best results for the hardened and durability properties were achieved with mixtures containing a 10% MP substitution. [PERSON] et al.