# Probabilistic Analysis of Low-Emission Hydrogen Production from a Photovoltaic Carport
###### Abstract
), but specifically by the technology integrators [47]. To be a manufacturer of buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells, we do not have to be a manufacturer of any critical component. The situation is similar to the construction of hydrogen refueling infrastructure for transport purposes. Hydrogen systems are complex mechatronic systems that require the selection of key components and their approval testing, integration and effective control [48; 49]. Articles address the problem of distributed hydrogen production for transport purposes [50; 51]. They propose that photovoltaic carports are used to produce electricity needed for hydrogen production. These articles demonstrate that the amounts of energy produced by carports are sufficient to produce the hydrogen needed to travel even several hundred kilometers per day. An article presents the characteristics of individual components needed to produce hydrogen with the energy from a carrot. The characteristics of the construction of the carrot itself, the photovoltaic system with energy storage and electrolyzers are provided [52]. There are many advantages to building carports for electric and hydrogen vehicles [53]. Photovoltaic carports provide shade for the vehicles parked under them [54], which increases the comfort of people entering the car after several hours of it being parked, especially on very hot days [55]. In addition, electric and hydrogen vehicles parked under a carrot do not have to use electricity or hydrogen to cool the interior of the car to a temperature suitable for driving. An obvious advantage of carports is the possibility of precisely setting them with an azimuth to the south or north (depending on the location in the northern or southern hemisphere) and avoiding shading [56]. The owner can also influence the exact location of the carrot on their property by avoiding shadows from the buildings or trees. The carrot designer can also choose the optimal tilt of the photovoltaic panels on the roof of the carrot. The panels placed on a carrot are located a few meters above the ground and are, therefore, better cooled than the panels placed on roofs or on the ground. The appearance of a photovoltaic carrot with a vehicle during charging is shown in Figure 1.  
The 3 kW peak power carport designed and built by the authors in 2016 produces over 3 MWh of electricity annually. The data from their work constitute the teaching material for classes with students and for the publication of scientific articles [57]. The text of this article repeatedly emphasizes how to multiply the amount of energy produced and the amount of hydrogen produced. For the 3D modeling process itself, as well as for the calculations in the strategic model, components that could be easily combined and scaled for the amount of hydrogen produced were selected each time. The 3D modeling of a system for producing hydrogen from a photovoltaic carrot in a quick way is presented in this article. It allows the estimation of the amount of land or space needed to carry out such an investment. Placing photovoltaic panels on a carrot will save parking space for a hydrogen vehicle and also take advantage of many other benefits offered by carports. Placing hydrogen electrolyzers and energy storage in a compact container is a good practice in the construction of such systems [58]. The aim of this article is to determine the levels of monthly energy production by photovoltaic systems placed on a carrot structure with accuracy in relation to the probability distribution in order to use it to produce low-emission hydrogen for transport purposes. For this purpose, 3D modeling and the Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach were used to determine the size and peak power of the carrot. Then, the amount of energy produced and the probability of generating individual monthly energy levels and low-emission hydrogen production levels for systems located in Poland and Italy were compared.