# Towards a Cyber-Physical Range for the Integrated Navigation System (INS) System (INS)
## 4 An INS Cyber-Physical Range
### Standards and Frameworks  
The communication-related standards (e.g., IEC 61162) were discussed in Section 3.2. In this section we discuss other relevant standards and frameworks that need to be incorporated in the testbed.  
The S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model (UHDM) was developed by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). The S-100 UHDM is a framework document to develop digital services and products for the hydrographic, maritime, and the Geographic Information Community (GIS) communities [112]. The S-100 is used in various products, such as the Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) of the ECDIS [34].  
The High-Level Architecture (HLA) is an architecture for integrated and distributed simulation [34]. The HLA is defined in the IEEE Standard 1516 entitled \"IEEE Standard for Modeling and Simulation (M&S) High-Level Architecture (HLA)--Framework and Rules\" which could be used for communication middleware and a simulation architecture, such as sensor simulation and environment simulation [34]. The Object Model Template (OMT) offers a framework for the communication between simulations created with the HLA [33].  
The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is an international non-profit organization with more than 285 corporate members worldwide [113]. One of the standards developed by the VESA is the mounting interface standard for screens [114]. The screens used in a testbed with the VESA standards are useful for connection to universal mountings [8].  
If the range is to be transportable in containers [23, 25], these must comply with Container Safety Convention (CSC) standards to be certified for international transportation [115].  
The _\"ISO 17894: Ships and marine technology--Computer applications--General principles for the development and use of programmable electronic systems in marine applications\"_ standard provides 20 principles for the development and testing of Programmable Electronic Systems (PES) in marine applications specifically [116]. The requirements stated in the standard may be considered during the development process of the range [29].  
A range may consist of several structures. A communication link is required between structures. Other than cabling, wireless communication can be used, as well. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a type of cellular network with 100 Mbps download and 50 Mbps upload [117], and it is possible to use in testbeds [26, 28], as it is adequate for reliable broadband communication. Different communication protocols other than LTE, such as TCP, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) [27; 28; 34] can be also used in the range. Today, advanced cellular network technologies such as 5G, which offers lower latency, higher capacity, and increased bandwidth [118] are available. Exploring these allows for more onboard applications to be managed and monitored from shore. Moreover, such advantages are of importance in developing e-navigation technologies such as ongoing autonomous ship projects.