## 4 Application of IVT2F-TOPSIS for International Disputes Resolution
The IC] has highlighted the necessity of attempting negotiations in good faith before proceeding to judicial means. Examples of multilateral negotiations include the Paris Conference on Cambodia (1989-1991), which led to the signing of the Paris Peace Agreements and ultimately helped end years of conflict in Cambodia [29]. 2. In the context of good offices, a third party encourages the disputing parties to initiate negotiations but does not participate directly. For example, the UN Secretary-General's involvement in the Cyprus conflict between Greek and Turkish Crypriots is a notable instance of good offices, where the Secretary-General facilitated communication and encouraged both sides to reach a negotiated settlement without directly participating in the negotiations [30]. 3. Mediation involves a third party playing an active role in facilitating negotiations and suggesting possible solutions. Examples include the mediation by the African Union during the Sudan-South Sudan conflict (2011). The African Union's mediation in the Sudan-South Sudan conflict (2011), where the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) played an active role in negotiations, helping to bring both parties to the negotiating table and suggesting frameworks for resolution [31]. 4. International inquiry (fact-finding and investigation) refers to the activities of a commission appointed to objectively ascertain the facts surrounding a disputed matter. The report produced as a result of the investigation is not binding, and states or organizations are free to draw their conclusions. However, in practice, the findings of such reports are generally accepted. While international organizations frequently employ investigative mechanisms in their decision-making processes, this mechanism does not play a significant role in disputes between states. An example of an inquiry between states is the 1904 Dogger Bank incident between Russia and England. In this case, Russian naval forces, en route to fight Japan, mistakenly sank British fishing vessels. The investigation not only clarified the facts of the incident but also paved the way for compensation to the victims [32]. 5. Conciliation involves a neutral commission making non-binding recommendations. Conciliation is a peaceful method of dispute resolution in international law, involvinga neutral commission or panel that investigates the facts of the dispute and makes non-binding recommendations to the parties. This method is different from arbitration or jurisdiction, as the final outcome is not obligatory. Conciliation serves as a diplomatic mechanism to encourage cooperation, and while the recommendations are non-binding, they often carry significant weight and can influence the resolution of the dispute. (6) Resolution through international organizations: The UN plays a significant role in the peaceful resolution of international disputes, with the General Assembly and the Security Council being the main organs involved. The UN Charter acknowledges regional mechanisms for dispute resolution. Examples include the Organization of American States, the African Union, the Arab League, and the Council of Europe. (7) Arbitration allows parties to appoint arbitrators to resolve disputes. Arbitration, which dates back to ancient times, involves resolving disputes by appointing an arbitrator or a panel of arbitrators chosen by the parties. Although arbitration is still used, it has lost some of its significance in contemporary practice. Arbitration can be agreed upon either after a dispute has arisen (compromise) or as a clause included in treaties to anticipate future disputes (arbitration clause). The PCA, established in 1899, is an international organization based in The Hague, providing services for arbitration involving states, state entities, and private parties. It has played a significant role in resolving disputes, such as the Abyei Arbitration between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (2009) [33].