# Biomimetic Liquid-Repellent Surfaces by Ultrafast Laser Processing
## 3 Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning, and Antifouling Surfaces
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Laser System Wave Length/Pulse Duration/Repetition Rate**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Superhydrophobic Modification**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\theta_{\text{CB}}\), \(\Delta\theta\), \(\alpha\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Reference**} \\ \hline Silicon (Si) & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 100 fs, 1 kHz & columnar structure superimposed & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}>160^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[60]} \\  & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 180 fs, 1 kHz & with LIFSS or nanoroughness & \(\Delta\theta<3^{\circ}\) & \\  & & + silanization & \(\alpha<2^{\circ}\) & \\ \hline Silicon (Si) & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 100 fs, 1 kHz & columnar structure superimposed & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=156^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[61]} \\  & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 100 fs, 1 kHz & with LIFSS or nanoroughness & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=154^{\circ}\pm 1^{\circ}\) & \\  & & + silanization & \(\Delta\theta=5\pm 2^{\circ}\) & \\ \hline Steel (different alloy) & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 150 fs, 1 kHz (seed: & columnar structure superimposed & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=153^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[64]} \\ Titanium alloy & Coherent Mira HP, amplifier: & with LIFSS or nanoroughness & \(\Delta\theta<3^{\circ}\) & \\  & Coherent Legend) & & without coating & \\ \hline Steel & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & columnar structure superimposed & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=166.3^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[38]} \\  & 800 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & with LIFSS or nanoroughness & \(\alpha=4.2^{\circ}\) & \\ \hline Titanium & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 30 fs, 1 kHz (Femtopower Compact Pro) & columnar structure superimposed & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=166^{\circ}\pm 4^{\circ}\) & \\  & picosecond laser (Trumpf & & \(\Delta\theta=10\pm 4.5^{\circ}\) & \\ Steel Ti-6 Al-4V alloy & TruMicro), frequency-tripled 343 nm, 6.7 ps, 400 kHz & Laser-irradiated structures: LIPSS and nanoroughness + silanization & \(\Delta\theta<5^{\circ}\) & \\  & & & Steel: & \\ \hline Steel & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & laser-inscribed structure (rench and matrix) superimposed with & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}>150^{\circ}\) & \\  & & LIPSS without coating & & \\ \hline Copper & picosecond laser (an Edgewave) & Laser-irradiated structures: LIPSS & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=153.9\pm 3.2^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[65]} \\  & 1064 nm, 10 ps, 203.6 kHz & without coating & & \\ \hline Platinum (Pt) & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 65 fs, 1 kHz & Different laser-induced structures without coating & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=158^{\circ}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{[63]} \\ \hline Polypropylene & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser (Coherent RegA) 200 fs, 250 kHz & laser-inscribed structure (column) & & \\  & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser & superimposed in LIFSS or & \multirow{2}{*}{\(\theta_{\text{CB}}=165^{\circ}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{[73]} \\  & (Coherent RegA) 200 fs, 250 kHz & nanoroughness on steel were & & \\  & & transferred in polypropylene by injection molding & & \\ \hline Polydimethyl-siloxane & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 810 nm, 150 fs, 1 kHz & direct fabrication or replication of & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}>170^{\circ}\) & \\  & 810 nm, 150 fs, 1 kHz & laser-induced structure & \(\alpha<3^{\circ}\) & \\ \hline Polydimethyl-siloxane & picosecond laser (High-Q, & replication of the laser-inscribed structure superimposed with & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}=164.5^{\circ}\) & \\  & Austria) 532 nm, 10 ps, 1 kHz & LIPPS and nanoroughness from & \(\alpha=8.44^{\circ}\) & \\  & & steel in polydimethylsiloxane & & \\ \hline K9 Glass & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 800 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & laser-inscribed structure (grooves) & & \\  & nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & nanoriboughness + silanization & & \\ \hline Glass & an amplified Ti:Sapphire laser 1325 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & laser-inscribed structure (grooves) & & \\  & (Cyber Laser Inc., FRFIT-LH-C031) & superimposed with LIFSS or & \(\theta_{\text{CB}}-152-155^{\circ}\) & [70] \\  & 786 nm, 130 fs, 1 kHz & nanoriboughness + silanization & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}