esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Theoretical Background
### Rationale 1: Buyer and User  
The public sector is a large-scale customer for companies. From this angle, some scholars discussed the influence of public procurement on innovation with a demand-side approach analysis. Demand can influence innovation in two logics. One is the \"incentive effect\", meaning that a larger demand increases the expected profit from innovation. Demand acts as \"a multiplier of the increased firm make-up\" [45]. The other is the \"uncertainty effect\", meaning that the demand is a source of information on market needs which  
Figure 1: The theoretical underpinning of effects of PP on (eco-)innovation. Source: authors’ elaboration.  
reduces the uncertainty of innovation investment. The former is especially true for process innovation, and the latter works more on product innovation [31; 45].  
The discussions on the demand-pull approach center on these two basic logics. [PERSON] [33] stated that procurement contracts can reduce market risk because they improve demand predictability. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] explained that the market risk was reduced for innovative firms since the public purchase was contracted and a certain quantity of sales was guaranteed. Combining the two, [PERSON] et al. [46] said demand-side interventions made the return of innovation \"sufficiently large and more certain\" to propel the innovation. [PERSON]. [47] agreed with [PERSON] [48] that it was likely that a procurement policy with clear expressions of demand for services beyond current abilities could stimulate the development of those abilities.  
From the perspective of general innovation theory, the demand-pull approach has been long studied from industrial and technological perspectives, together with the technology push factor. However, private-sector demand was much more explored than public-sector demand. As indicated by \"arrow #1\" of Figure 1, this rationale can be explained with environmental innovation theory and is also in line with the normative pressure of Neo-institutional theory. In the Stakeholder Theory, the governments here act as core influencers as customers, rather than regulators.
# Nano Aerial Vehicles for Tree Pollination
## 2 Related Works
### Nano Aerial Vehicles
#### 2.2.3 Localisation  
Most articles define the location of the NAV using a Loco Positioning System (LPS) ([[https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/](https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/)]([https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/](https://www.bitcraze.io/documentation/system/positioning/loco-positioning-system/)), accessed on 27 March 2023). This positioning system works together with the Loco Positioning Deck (LPD) and Loco Positioning Nodes (LPNs), similar to a Global Positioning System (GPS). The LPD functions as a tag in an LPS and measures distances to anchors (reference points). The LPS measures the distance by sending short high-frequency radio waves. The system estimates the absolute position of the Crazyflie onboard using the distances to the reference points. Thus, there is no need for an external computer for position estimation [27; 30; 31].  
The location of the NAV can be determined using an approach based on Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM). By placing a camera on the NAV, it is possible to collect images of the environment. This information is transmitted to the ground station and used by SLAM to map the surrounding environment. The Robotic Operating System (ROS) is a framework for developing robotics algorithms. The computer vision algorithms required for SLAM are developed using the ROS tool [28].  
Both approaches provide satisfactory results. However, when using SLAM, it is not necessary to place anchors in locations for the correct functioning of the system.
# A Low-Cost CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications
## 2 Step by Step Design Guidelines and Approach
### Design Methodology  
Figure 2 shows the steps to achieve the cedar-shaped antenna at different operating modes with its corresponding S\({}_{11}\), which basically represents how much power is reflected from the antenna, and hence is known as the reflection coefficient [22]. The minimum value of \(|\)S\(11|\) is 0 (best case and corresponding dB value is \(-\infty\)), the maximum value of \(|\)S\(11|\) is 1 (worst case and corresponding dB value is 0), and the compromised/acceptable value of \(|\)S\(11|\) is 0.33 (corresponding dB value is almost -10). As can be seen in our simulations, the corresponding S\({}_{11}\)-parameter value is less than \(-10\) dB in all passbands. Parametric analysis of the antenna is performed based on the corresponding S\({}_{11}\). To perform it, first, an occupied equilateral triangle is designed as a basic structure with a CPW feedline. In this case, the electrical length is large, and the current is flowing through the whole antenna, thus  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** & **Parameter** & **Value** & **Parameter** & **Value** & **Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline L & 60 & W\({}_{2}\) & 3.2 & L\({}_{1}\) & 2.62 & L\({}_{5}\) & 8.35 \\ W & 40 & W\({}_{3}\) & 2.93 & L\({}_{2}\) & 8.41 & L\({}_{6}\) & 15.8 \\ W\({}_{8}\) & 12.25 & W\({}_{4}\) & 3.05 & L\({}_{3}\) & 18.39 & L\({}_{7}\) & 18.3 \\ W\({}_{1}\) & 20 & S & 1 & L\({}_{4}\) & 4.51 & A & 5.8 \\ Sc & 1 & h & 1.6 & a & 1.525 & b & 3.535 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Dimensions of the proposed antenna (all values are in mm).  
Figure 1: Geometrical dimensions of the proposed antenna.  
making it resonate at multiple frequencies, i.e., 2.7 GHz, 4.3 GHz, and 6.2 GHz. Secondly, a strip is defined at the upper side of the equilateral triangle which results in a frequency shift at 3 GHz. In the last case, the lower part of the equilateral triangle is disjoined from the previous design to obtain a higher frequency, i.e., 8.2 GHz, as the current path becomes shorter compared to other cases. All these variations with corresponding reflection coefficient plots are shown in Figure 1.  
The ultimate proposed design is obtained by the incorporation of four PIN diodes (2, 3, 4, 5) at specified locations. The diodes are termed as S with 1 mm reserved slots between the upper and middle portion of the equilateral triangle. This results in frequencies ranging from 2 GHz to 10 GHz. A flow chart demonstrating the steps taken to achieve the desired design is shown in Figure 3. The corresponding radiation pattern, including both principal planes for the fundamental structure, is shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Flow chart of the antenna design methodology.  
Figure 2: Various steps of the proposed antenna with the corresponding S\({}_{11}\).
###### Abstract  
In tactical ad-hoc networks, the importance of various tactical sensors and mission-critical data is increasing owing to their role in determining a tactical situation and ensuring the viability of soldiers. In particular, the reliability of mission-critical data has to be ensured for accurate situation determination and decision making. However, managing the network and trustworthiness in an environment where malicious nodes exist and a large amount of mission-critical data occur is a challenging issue. To solve these issues, a routing protocol is needed that can effectively detect malicious nodes and ensure the reliability and quality of service (QoS) of mission-critical data. In this paper, we propose a trust-based multipath QoS routing protocol (called MC_TQR) for tactical ad-hoc networks that can detect malicious nodes and satisfy the requirements of mission-critical data. The proposed scheme is verified using an OPNET simulator, and the results confirm the improved network performance when compared with existing schemes.  
trust-based multipath QoS routing; mission-critical data; tactical ad-hoc network Article
# Time to Capture a Moving Target Travelling along a Circular Trajectory
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Target Selection Time  
Except for the cases where the target could not be accurately clicked, the averages of the target selection times were calculated according to each participant under each experimental condition were obtained. Analysis of variance was performed on the mean of the target selection times. All three main effects on the mean time of target selection were found to be statistically significant, \(p<0.001\) for the distance between home position and moving target(\(A\)), \(p<0.001\) for the width of the target (\(W\)), and \(p<0.05\) for the speed of the moving target (\(V\))). Figure 4 indicates the means of target selection time according to the speed of moving target (left), the target width (center) and the distance between home position and moving target (right).  
These results mean that the general principle of [PERSON] law, \"Target selection time is proportional to the distance between the target and home position and inversely proportional to the width of the target\", holds true for a moving target as well. On the other hand, it shows that the time to select the target decreases as the movement speed of target increases. This result is inconsistent with [PERSON]'s prediction model.  
Among the three independent variables, the interaction effect on the selection time was significant only between the moving speed of the target and the target width (\(p<0.05\)), as shown in Figure 5. In the case of a fast target speed, if the target width was wide, the cursor movement time was very short, but if the target width was narrower, the movement time increased rapidly.
## 3 Microfluidics as a Diagnostic Platform
### Peptide-Conjugated Microbeads  
The final diagnostic application of peptide-based MFs presented in this review involves the incorporation of microbeads into the MF system for various diagnostic purposes, including the fast detection of C reactive protein (CRP), which has elevated levels in the body in the presence of inflammation. CRP is measured as standard during routine blood tests due to its importance for identifying life-threatening conditions, for instance, sepsis. An innovative design using immobilized antibodies on microbeads [80] was mixed, within the MF chip, with a diluted sample of human plasma, using a fluorinated oil as a surfactant to allow droplet formation within the chip. The sample was collected and incubated before being injected into a detection chip measuring fluorescent absorption to determineCRP concentration. The microbeads could be further adapted. For example, magnetic microbeads displaying unique peptide chains have already been shown to not only detect cancerous biomarkers but also to allow cell sorting within the MF chip, depending upon their bonding to the biomarkers [81].  
It is common practice for detection to be incorporated into MF chips [82], as it allows faster and frequently more accurate compound detection. The use of the MF system provided a diagnostic sensitivity that was 10 times greater than conventional methods, allowing detection of CRP at concentrations of just 0.01 \(\upmu\)gmL\({}^{-1}\) while also having the time required for diagnosis outcome. In the case of sepsis, where the time taken for diagnosis is an extremely important factor for determining prognosis [83], this new MF process could save many lives.  
Theoretically, this diagnostic procedure could be applied to any of the proteins tested for during blood tests, such as hemoglobin, creatinine or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Microbeads have also been used creatively to provide simple point-of-care testing for various viruses, namely Ebola, Zika and Dengue. This technique exploits the physical formation of DNA hydrogels within the MF capillaries via rolling circle amplification (RCA) [84]. The microbeads are coated with genomic primer materials, complementary to that of the subject pathogen, and if the pathogen is present in the diagnostic sample, RCA occurs, causing the hydrogel formation, subsequently followed by MF capillary blockage. The blockage can be seen with the naked eye due to the presence of an additional dye within the MF chip.  
As mentioned, this method allows point-of-care testing as no electricity is required to carry out the process; only a standard syringe to provide a weak vacuum is requisite for the test. It would be feasible for primers complementary to the genomic sequence of Covid-19 to be immobilized on the microbeads to allow rapid detection of the virus, as results obtained for pathogens by [PERSON] et al. [84] reduced the time of diagnosis from 2 h to just 15 min.
# Detecting Symptoms and Dispersal of Pine Tortoise Scale Pest in an Urban Forest by Remote Sensing
## 3 Results
The GLMM of the binary detection of infestation by PTS (Table 2) revealed that distance, as the sole explanatory variable, captures only about 22% of its spatial variability, regardless of the dispersion model. Figure 5: Average reflectance spectrum graph for the presence (yellow)/absence (cyan) of symptom classes, highlighting important bands selected by RF with vertical segments. Figure 6: Wind rose charts of daytime prevailing wind recorded from 08:00 to 21:00 (**A**) and nighttime prevailing wind recorded from 21:01 to 07:59; (**B**) The percentages represent the frequency of the wind observations coming from a specific direction, measured in degrees from the North. Although the analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in capturing spatial variability of the symptoms among the UDM and PWDM models (_p_-value: 0.7661), the probability of PTS presence in stone pines decreases with an increasing distance from the infestation hotspot or the prevailing wind direction (Figure 7). In UDM, the pine forest pixels that are closest to the infestation hotspot are shown to bear about a 60% probability of being symptomatic, whereas those \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **UDM** & **PWDM** \\ \hline
**Distance effect coefficient** & & \\ Estimate & \(-\)0.267 & \(-\)0.113 \\
95\% confidence interval & \(-\)0.571–0.037 & \(-\)0.539–0.313 \\ \(t\)-value & \(-\)1.75 & \(-\)0.529 \\
**Model efficiency** & & \\ Coefficient of & & \\ determination & 0.219 & 0.216 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Estimate of the fixed effect distance coefficient for the uniform dispersion model (UDM) and prevailing wind dispersion model (PWDM). The distance coefficient is linked to the decrease in the probability of finding symptoms of PTS infestation per unit change in distance (km) from the origin of dispersal (i.e., hotspot infestation in the case of the UDM or distance from the direction of the prevailing wind in the case of the PWDM). Figure 7: Probability of the presence of _Toumeyella parvicornis_ symptoms in pine forest pixels in the study site according to the distance from the hotspot infestation (uniform dispersal model, cyan curve) and from the prevailing wind direction (prevailing wind dispersion model, yellow curve). greatest chances of escaping infestation (less than 25% infestation probability when 8 km away). In the PWDM, the probability of a pine forest pixel being labeled as symptomatic is not significantly affected by the distance from the dominant wind direction due to a wide confidence interval (Figure 7) and a very low t-value (three times lower than the UDM t-value).
# Evaluation of BDS-2 and BDS-3 Satellite Atomic Clock Products and Their Effects on Positioning
## 5 BDS-2 and BDS-3 ISB Analysis and PPP Solutions
### PPP Solutions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Item** & **Strategy** \\ \hline Observation & IF combination observation of B1I/B3I pseudorange and carrier phase \\ Solution & Restart per hour \\ Ephemeris & Broadcast ephemeris and precise products of GFZ, WHU \\ Receiver clocks & Estimated as white noise process \\ ISB & Estimated as random constant \\ Tropsphere & Prior model with remaining estimated as a random walk process \\ Satellite code bias & Corrected with TGD of broadcast ephemeris \\ Ambiguity & Float values \\ Elevation angle cutoff & 7\({}^{\circ}\) \\  & 3 dm for pseudorange and 3 mm for phase, double for BDS-2 \\ Weighting & Concerning elevation-dependent weighting, 1 for E \textgreater{} 30\({}^{\circ}\), otherwise \\  & 2 sin(E); the weighting of broadcast ephemeris is determined according to Table 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Details of PPP strategy. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Products** & **Strategy** & **Vertical** & **Horizontal** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Broadcast ephemeris} & GPS & 0.86 & 0.52 \\  & BDS-3 & 0.53 & 0.46 \\ \cline{1-1}  & BDS & 0.50 & 0.43 \\ \cline{1-1}  & BDS-23 & 0.46 & 0.41 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Constant ISB & 0.46 & 0.39 \\ \hline Precise & GFZ & 0.11 & 0.15 \\ products & WHU & 0.11 & 0.15 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: RMS values (m) of PPP after convergence.
###### Abstract  
The scouring effect is widely acknowledged as a primary contributor to the weakening in the bearing performance of offshore piles; it often results in asymmetric scour patterns around the pile. To meticulously examine the impact of three-dimensional asymmetric local scour on the lateral bearing performance of a single pile, the Boussinesq solution is employed to determine the effective stress within the soil encompassing the pile, considering the presence of a three-dimensional asymmetric local scour hole. Utilizing the strain wedge model, the calculation method for the lateral bearing performance of a single pile under the condition of three-dimensional asymmetric local scour is established. The validity of this approach is established, and parameter analysis unveils the effect of varying sizes of three-dimensional asymmetric scour holes on the mechanical properties and displacement performance of a single pile. The analysis reveals that, as scouring dimensions around the pile escalate, the impact of scouring on single-pile lateral displacement and internal forces intensifies, leading to a decrease in the lateral bearing performance of a single pile. At a constant scour depth, the bottom area of the upstream scour hole significantly influences the displacement performance of a single pile. When the bottom length \(S_{\text{wb1}}\) of the upstream scour hole grows by 1 time, 4 times, and 8 times, the lateral displacement of a single pile at a buried depth of 6 m is augmented by approximately 0.41%, 1.65%, and 2.06%, respectively. The simplified model obtained via the modified strain wedge model and Boussinesq solution can provide a theoretical basis for the preliminary design of a single pile under asymmetric scour hole conditions.  
single pile; lateral bearing performance; three-dimensional asymmetric local scour hole; strain wedge; Boussinesq solution +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Conclusions  
The use of two complexity measures, the FEn and PEn, appeared suitable for properly characterizing sEMG signals recorded from the upper limb for hand gesture recognition purposes. Both FEn and PEn allowed us to correctly recognize three sets of different gestures, involving pure finger movements, wrist movements and more complex hand tasks. Further, the influences of entropy parameters were considered; we found a non-negligible role of the exponential function gradient in cluster goodness, while the width showed lower weight on FEn computation. For the PEn, extreme embedding dimension values were not suitable for correctly distinguishing among gestures, likely related to the length of the analyzed time-series and to the frequency characteristics of the sEMG signal. Both the proposed entropy measures were also compared with a large set of well-assessed features in time and frequency domains, showing a high predictive importance according to the mRMR algorithm--in any case being within the top five most predictive features. This was also confirmed by a significant increase in the gesture classification accuracy when FEn and PEn were added to different feature sets. Outcomes of this study could be useful in the design of artificial intelligence and machine learning architectures, e.g., LDA, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, decision trees, random forests and artificial neural networks, for automatic recognition of hand gestures and finger motion, based on the upper limb muscular activity recorded by sEMG technique, for the development of robotic hands and prostheses driven by patient intentions.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.M., A.T., S.C. and F.V.; data curation, A.M.; formal analysis, A.M.; investigation, A.M. and F.V.; methodology, A.M.; software, A.M.; supervision, S.F. and F.V.; visualization, A.M., A.T. and S.C.; writing--original draft, A.M.; writing--review and editing, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
sEMGSurface electromyography  
FEnFuzzy entropy  
PEnPermutation entropy  
PSDPower spectral density  
GSGap statistics  
mRMRMinimum redundancy maximum relevance  
MAVMean absolute value  
MAV1 Modified mean absolute value type 1  
IEMGIntegrated EMG  
WLWaveform length  
ZCZero crossing  
WAWillison amplitude  
SSCSlope sign change  
VARVariance  
RMSRoot mean square  
SISquare integral  
TRDAbsolute value of the third temporal moment  
FRTHAbsolute value of the fourth temporal moment  
FFTHAbsolute value of the fifth temporal moment  
MNFMean frequency  
MDNFMedian frequency  
TSPTotal spectral power  
MSPMean spectral power  
SEnSample entropy  
LDALinear discriminant analysis
# Ten Years of Micro-CT in Density and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Literature Overview
## 3 Micro-CT Studies: In Vitro and In/Ex Vivo Applications
### Biomaterials and Bone Tissue Regeneration
Finally, about bone tissue applications in MFS, micro-CT measurements of trabecular porosity allowed to provide quantitative evidence that laser-mediated cutting preserves the trabecular architecture and reduces thermal and mechanical damage at the margins of the cut [123].