## 3 Artificial Intelligence as Enabler for Adoption of Nuclear Maritime Ships
### Digital Twins for Nuclear-Powered Maritime Vessel Operations  
Digital twins (DTs) represent a transformative technology with significant implications for the nuclear sector, particularly in the context of small modular reactors (SMRs) and associated vessels. The creation of a digital twin of a vessel enables stakeholders  
Figure 2: General architecture for ship onboard integrated energy systems, and use of artificial intelligence for management of its operation. ers and nuclear regulatory agencies to leverage real-time data and advanced analytics throughout the entire lifecycle of the asset, from design and construction to operation and decommissioning [69; 70]. One of the primary benefits of utilizing digital twins in this context is their potential to enhance sustainability. By providing comprehensive insights into the operational performance and condition of the vessel, digital twins facilitate more efficient resource utilization and minimize waste. This is particularly relevant in the nuclear sector, where the management of radioactive materials and the safety of operations are paramount [71]. The ability to monitor, simulate, analyze, and test various scenarios allows for proactive maintenance and operational adjustments, ultimately leading to improved reliability and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, digital twins contribute to the transition to green energy by optimizing the performance of small modular reactors. Through continuous monitoring and data analysis, digital twins can identify inefficiencies and opportunities for improvement, supporting the development of more sustainable nuclear energy solutions. Furthermore, the insights gained from digital twins can inform the design of future reactors, ensuring that they are built with sustainability in mind from the outset [72]. Furthermore, digital twins have been introduced to assist in the ship's asset management, ensuring decision-making is effective, safe, and secure throughout the lifecycle of the subject. The digital representation of a physical asset provides the ability to conduct simulations and tests and monitor assets, reducing risks, eliminating waste, and increasing value. Notably, digital twins equipped with mechanistic models of fuel and materials, implemented using AI tools--such as deep neural network models or rule-based expert systems--can accurately predict reactor states even in high-radiation and harsh environments, including accident scenarios. This will be a significant enhancement in the vessels' overall resilient operation. Beyond vessels, the application of digital twins can extend to ports and other facilities associated with the nuclear sector. By creating digital representations of these assets, stakeholders can enhance operational efficiency, improve safety protocols, and reduce environmental impacts. The integration of digital twins across the entire supply chain can lead to a more cohesive and sustainable approach to asset management. However, while the benefits of digital twins are substantial, there are also challenges and limitations to consider. The implementation of digital twins requires significant investment in technology and infrastructure, as well as ongoing commitment to data management and cybersecurity. Additionally, the complexity of modeling certain aspects of nuclear operations may pose technical challenges that need to be addressed [73]. In sum, the utilization of digital twins in the nuclear sector offers numerous advantages related to sustainability and the transition to green energy. By monitoring, simulating, analyzing, and testing throughout the lifecycle of vessels and other assets, digital twins can enhance operational performance and support the development of more sustainable practices. As the nuclear sector continues to evolve, the strategic application of digital twins will be critical in addressing the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.