## 2 Discussion
Other eco-friendly methodologies have been also applied in this regard--for example, the use of eutectic solvents (DESs) for rapid mechano-chemical extraction of bioactive molecules [133]. Table 2 shows some methodologies used for the extraction of bioactive molecules from plants, their fundaments, and some examples of sources. Figure 1:0 The chemical representation for a peptide. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline
**Method of Extraction and Fundamentals** & **Bioactive Compound** & **Plant Source** & **Reference** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Mexeration extraction (ME):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{The plant material is soaked with solvent in a container and left to stand for a minimum of three days with agitation. The cell wall} & Flavonoid glycoside & _Ginkgo biloba_ & [132; 134; 135] \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{softens, releasing the desired material.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Soxhlet extraction (SE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{The sample is put on a porous filter inside a Soxhlet apparatus chamber. The solvent is heated reaching its boiling point and passes through the matrix extracting the desired compound. The solvent is condensed reaching a volume allowing a siphon effect, thus continuously using the solvent for the extraction.} & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Waves of high frequencies and longer wavelengths propagating through the medium, causing compression and rarefaction.} & & \\ \multicolumn{4}{l}{Bubbles generated are unstable with contracts, collapsing, thus causing cavitation effect that cause cell disruption and improved solvent penetration to the matrix.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Uses microwave energies that interact with dipoles of polar solvents and samples causing heat and allowing the solvent penetration to the matrix. For nonpolar solvents, heating is poor and there is a transfer of the energy by dielectric absorbing.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{High-pressure-assisted extraction (HPAE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{High-applied pressure led to increased solubility and produces an increase in permeability. Solvent penetration into the cell is promoted and more target compounds can permeate the cell membrane, facilitating the extraction process.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Uses mainly, CO\({}_{2}\) as the solvent, which is fluid at 31 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 74 bar, dissolving CO\({}_{2}\) soluble compounds from plants. A variant is the use of water (SWE) at 100–374 \({}^{\circ}\)C and high pressures to maintain water liquid, allowing to extract polar constituents.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Pulsed electric field extraction (PEFE) and high voltage electrical discharge extraction (HVED):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Pulses of electricity under high-intensity electric fields are applied to the samples. The cell membranes generate pores that allow the release of intracellular components to the media.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Cold plasma extraction (CPE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Cold plasma causes cell wall damage, an effect that results in the release of active molecules from the cell.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Rapid solid–liquid dynamic extraction (RSLDE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Uses a solid–liquid extractor working at 8–9 bar. Requires water as a solvent and is based on the principle of pressure/depression.} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Eutectic solvent extraction (ESE):} & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{4}{l}{Uses environmentally friendly solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. This kind of solvents is prepared when two solid compounds are mixed under certain conditions to diminish their melting points to a point low to form a eutectic mixture with specific physicochemical characteristics.} & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}