## 7 Concluding Remarks  
Internet connectivity used to be pretty remote from traditional grids, which is no longer the case for current IoT-based smart grids. The huge integration of ICT technologies and components into the smart grids has exposed them to a number of vulnerabilities that can breach grid security. In recent years, a plethora of cyberattacks have affected the energy sector, which could have been avoided if proper security measures were developed. These emerging threats require urgent attention and in-depth studies by academia. This can be accomplished by researching fresh vulnerabilities and developing suitable solutions for the grid's cyber and physical layers. It is very important to notice that almost all parts of IT used in smart grid applications have potential weaknesses due to security threats associated with traditional IT history. Also, due to the features of smart grid applications, unique solutions must be developed for their individual needs. As an example, solutions need to avoid any possibility of a restart/shutdown of a grid system that causes a blackout to huge areas and leaves millions of people without electricity.  
In order to protect against cyberattacks and vulnerabilities, research is being conducted on cybersecurity challenges in smart grid applications. In this work, a comprehensive overview of cybersecurity threats and a detailed classification of cyberattacks against smart grid applications is provided. Researchers may learn more about the goals, needs, and upcoming research trends for smart grid cybersecurity in this study. We also provided a brief overview of cybersecurity concerns for smart grid applications, as well as introduce the historical incidents against smart grids. Additionally, we evaluated recent studies on them from the perspective of security and discussed their advantages, features, and key components. Then, we examined future possibilities in smart grid security, which shed a light on open research directions in the field. This survey paper makes significant contributions by presenting a wide range of cyber threats that affect IoT-based smart grid applications and by suggesting potential research opportunities that could help researchers shape future research directions. This review can also enlighten researchers about smart grid cybersecurity goals and requirements. To give comprehensive and complete details, recent studies on smart grids have been covered from a security angle. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art smart grid cybersecurity research while giving detailed a classification/organization of the cyberattacks emerging in recent years. Attack categorization can aid in the provision of organized and effective solutions for current and potential attacks in smart grid applications.  
Conceptualization, M.A.A., G.A. and A.S.A.G.; methodology, R.T. and A.S.A.G.; resources, M.N.A.-A., M.G. and R.T.; supervision, J.A.J.A. and A.S.A.G.; writing--original draft, M.A.A., M.N.A.-A. and M.G.; writing--review and editing, M.A.A., M.N.A.-A., G.A. and J.A.J.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors express their gratitude to the Research Management Center (RMC), Multimedia University, and the Centre for Research and Innovation Management (CRIM), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), for their valuable support in this research. The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.