# Geophysical Coupling Before Three Earthquake Doublets Around the Arabian Plate
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we have analysed the six months before three doublet earthquakes occurred between 2014 and 2022 around the Arabian Plate in order to search for possible Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) pieces of evidence before their occurrences. For this purpose, several homogeneous data have been analysed (USGS earthquake catalogue, atmospheric parameters from MERRA-2 and Swarm satellite magnetic data) before all three cases object of this work. This provided a unique occasion to compare the cases using the same data, methodologies and period under study. It is possible to conclude:A possible lithosphere atmosphere ionosphere coupling three months before the Dehloran (Iran) 2014 earthquake doublet with a delay time of a few days between one geo-layer and the upper one.  
Two possible atmosphere-ionosphere couplings are depicted before the Kilmia (Yemen) 2018 earthquake with different coupling mechanisms due to the higher delay of the second one.  
A very interesting seismic acceleration preceded the last 20 days the occurrence of both Kilmia (Yemen) 2018 and Bandar-e Lengeh (Iran) 2022. In both cases, the atmosphere seems to show a response with an increase in anomaly, suggesting a possible lithosphere-atmosphere coupling.  
Finally, these investigations show that there are good candidates as possible chains of anomalies in the lithosphere atmosphere and ionosphere before earthquake occurrence. Further research urges us to identify the reasons for the different patterns. For example, the compressional side of the Arabian plate could explain the seismic acceleration identified for the two earthquake doublets in Iran in 2014 and 2022. Still, it's unclear, while only the second one shows a seismic acceleration in the last days before the first shock. Other case studies and other data from remote sensing, as well as open platforms to collect and process data, such as the EPOS Data Portal [92], could help better understand the complicated processes in the lithosphere and, hopefully, their impact on the atmosphere and ionosphere. Even though earthquake prediction is not the scope of this paper, and we think that knowledge is not sufficient, these findings contribute valuable insights that could be foundational in the development of a future system aiming at earthquake prediction.  
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: [[https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/atmos15111318/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/atmos15111318/s1)]([https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/atmos15111318/s1](https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/atmos15111318/s1)). The other atmospheric time series, maps of anomalous temperature and the Swarm anomalous tracks before the three case studies.  
Conceptualisation, methodology, software, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, visualisation, writing--original draft preparation D.M. and E.G.; validation, resources, project administration, funding acquisition M.M.; writing--review and editing, D.M., E.G. and M.M.; supervision, D.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by the Research Supporting Project number (RSP2024R89), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.