# Construction 4.0: A Systematic Review of Its Application in Developing Countries
## 4 Literature Review
### The Concept of Construction 4.0--Finding a Universal Definition
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Definition of Construction 4.0** & **Reference** \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 is seen as a subset of Industry 4.0, an application of Industry 4.0 (technologies and processes) to the construction industry, as well as a novel development in and of itself.” & [24] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 is the convergence of industrial production, CPSs, and digital technologies with the ultimate goal of creating a digital construction site”. & [17] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 is the combination of the “digitization of the construction industry and industrialization of construction processes”. & [14] \\ \hline “Construction 4.0 is an adaptive of the construction industry for Industrial revolution 4.0 as it evolved from the manufacturing industry publicised by the German government”. & [25] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Cont. Figure 3: Construction 4.0 framework showing physical and digital layers [26]. Ref. [27] posits that the adoption of Construction 4.0 has the potential to significantly transform not only the construction process but also the organisational and project frameworks. This, in turn, could facilitate the integration of the presently fragmented construction industry. Moreover, it has direct application to developing countries, not least Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Notwithstanding its significant profitability, the construction sector demonstrates a comparatively low degree of research and development intensity. As per the research conducted by [28], the employment growth in the ASEAN economic community (AEC) has demonstrated a downward trend over time, in contrast to other industries that have recorded a nearly twofold increase in their employment rates. Ref. [29] posits that the function of human resources within the framework of Construction 4.0 is experiencing a shift from a purely operational role as machine operators to a more strategic role as decision makers. Ref. [30] asserts that robots are employed to aid individuals in activities that are perilous, are arduous, and necessitate substantial temporal commitment. To achieve a fruitful partnership between humans and machines, it is crucial to provide humans with adequate training. The utilisation of technological innovation, specifically robots, presents a promising opportunity for enhancing productivity within the construction industry, which is known for its labour-intensive nature. This holds particular significance for tasks that present plausible dangers and perils to human labourers. The digital construction platform utilises robots to a restricted extent, encompassing various tasks such as 3D printing, wall construction, rebar positioning, welding, and deployment of drones. Moreover, it is noteworthy that these aforementioned robots have been specifically engineered for a particular purpose, as evidenced by prior research conducted by [30]. The investigation of robots that possess multiple functions and purposes is justified given the complex environmental conditions that are encountered in construction sites.