## 4 Application Fields of the A25 Integrated MIoT
### Marine Environmental Monitoring  
The use of the MIoT to monitor and protect coral reef ecosystems is a concrete example. Coral reefs are an extremely important part of marine ecosystems, but are threatened by various factors, including climate change, pollution, and human activities. The MIoT can monitor the health and environmental changes in coral reefs by establishing sensor networks and DT systems.  
Sensors are mounted on buoys near coral reefs to monitor the reef ecosystem by measuring parameters such as water temperature, water quality, nutrient concentration, pH, and the distribution of marine life. These sensors communicate wirelessly with the UAV, underwater robots, and other devices at sea to collect and transmit data in real time. The collected data are stored, analyzed, and visualized through a cloud-based platform that researchers, conservation agencies, and government departments can use to develop measures to protect and manage coral reefs [144]. For example, if an increase in water temperature or deterioration in water quality is detected, timely alerts can be issued  
Figure 11: A comprehensive diagram of the application of the A25 integrated MIoT.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Maritime Topology** & **BS Deployment Target** & **Method** \\ \hline
[40] & UAV aided MIoT & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Achieve maximum-range \\ communication coverage. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Graph theory and \\ convex optimization \\ methods. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[71] & BS aided MIoT & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Optimize transmission \\ efficiency. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Particle swarm \\ arithmetic. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[75] & BS aided MIoT &
\begin{tabular}{c} Ensure reliable \\ communication. \\ \end{tabular} & Game theory. \\
[78] & UAV aided MIoT &
\begin{tabular}{c} Network load balancing \\ optimization. \\ \end{tabular} & Genetic algorithm. \\
[88] & BS aided MIoT & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Improve network \\ performance. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Heterogeneous \\ network \\ collaboration. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[123] & UAV aided MIoT & Efficient BS distribution. &
\begin{tabular}{c} Mathematical models \\ and optimization \\ methods. \\ \end{tabular} \\
[128] & BS aided MIoT & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Achieve optimal network \\ performance. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Clustered \\ deployment strategy. \\ Genetic algorithms \\ and game theory. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Optimization goals and methods.  
and measures can be taken to reduce further damage. In addition, the real-time video surveillance of coral reefs can also be realized using the MIoT. By installing cameras, it is possible to remotely observe the ecological status of the reef and detect any anomalies, such as illegal fishing or tourist hotspot destruction.  
Monitoring and protecting coral reef ecosystems through the MIoT can help scientists, environmental organizations, and government departments to better understand changes in the marine environment and to develop conservation strategies to ensure the health and sustainable development of coral reefs.