# A LoRaWAN Architecture for Communications in Areas without Coverage: Design and Pilot Trials
## 2 Related Work
In the future lines of our work, we propose the inclusion of a meshed network of gateways that can offer a wide range. The main difference we propose is the mobility of the gateways. This causes the coverage range of LoRaWAN to be modified. [PERSON] et al. [9] presented a mechanism for sending packets to the Internet through multiple gateways. For this purpose, they studied the implementation of a multi-hop network in a LoRaWAN communication system that could communicate between gateways with a single hop. In addition, they included an analysis of the performance and feasibility of the proposed network. Our work is similar with respect to the analysis. In our case, a more concise field of use is proposed. Our system is intended for communications in areas without cellular coverage. Instead, a LoRaWAN network without multi-hop is used. [PERSON] et al. [10] developed a low-power node using LoRaWAN communication. Their work focused on sensors for measuring parameters in agriculture. They developed three different nodes. The nodes send data to a server through the gateway. Among the most important results, they showed that the energy consumption depended on the distance to the gateway and the number and type of sensors connected to each node, with the maximum consumption being \(\approx\)400 \(\mu\)A. Low-power commercial devices are used in our work. As in works seen previously, this work uses LoRaWAN for periodical data transmission. In our proposal, messages are sent when necessary due to emergency situations. [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed a visualization system for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). This system implements packet flow visualization that allows for verifying the efficiency of packet flow and routing of the MANET network. A visualization service to the network manager is proposed in our work. This service is for the network owner and allows for displaying the messages and positions of the emergency team members. It should be noted that the work is carried out over a MANET network, and our deployment uses LoRaWAN technology. [PERSON] et al. [12] focused on supporting emergency rescue operations, especially city rescues due to building collapse. Normally, these disasters disable communications. This paper proposed an emergency communication and information system based on MANET to support the rescue of people in case of natural disasters. Both works have similarities due to the use cases, although the work of [PERSON] et al. involved a MANET network using LoRaWAN for urban areas, and our system is a dynamic LoRaWAN network. This network is mainly intended for rural and natural areas. [PERSON] et al. [13] proposed a model of movement in an emergency scenario by managing the coordination task through four-way directional movement. The communication is considered to be based on MANET networks. Three routing protocols (LAR, DYMO and AODV) were analyzed in the paper. For each protocol, they estimated the delivered packet rate, the end-to-end delay, the routing load and the number of retransmissions. This work is focused on communication in emergency areas. In our work, we focus on this type of situation, although the system is intended for areas without coverage using LoRaWAN. In our analysis, the performance in terms of coverage range and transmission rate is tested. [PERSON] et al. [14] developed an emergency rescue evacuation support system where mobile terminals exchange sensor information with each other using a MANET network. The system is activated when a disaster is occurring and searches for an evacuation route in real time. In addition, they analyzed the behavior of people in case of emergencies. Our work focuses on the communication of emergency teams. Our system features messaging and team tracking services using LoRaWAN technology. [PERSON] et al. [15] designed a multi-hop walkie-talkie communication system based on a P2 Pnet. It is a MANET P2P network built with laptop computers. This system can provide support in case of a natural disaster when external assistance is blocked.