# Integrated People and Freight Transportation:
## 6 Opportunities and Challenges  
In the new economy, many innovative logistics initiatives are emerging based on resource sharing with mass participation [19]. Sustainable IPFT (integrated people and freight transportation) constitutes a primary goal for cities [97], but integrating people and freight transportation involves complex and multifaceted aspects [8]. Therefore, this complexity needs to be managed effectively with the right strategies. Integrating people and freight flows is a viable strategy to promote efficient, sustainable, and socially beneficial transportation [8]. This approach enables seamless movement of people and goods, particularly through collaborative urban public transport services. It is expected to improve transportation services and mitigate the negative impacts of current urban public transportation systems [9]. Considering the benefits of integrating people and freight transportation from economic, social, and environmental perspectives, economically, transportation costs can be reduced [4, 113, 138]. Enhancing transportation system efficiency by decreasing vehicle idle time per kilometer [113], reducing fleet size [113], and implementing demand-oriented services to increase flexibility and reliability of operational decisions [138]. It also contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), promotes economic development by enhancing transport system efficiency, and increases public policy financial benefits [89]. Socially, transportation network coverage can be expanded [138], traffic density reduced due to fewer required vehicles [7, 10, 89, 99], noise minimized [99], and travel times decreased, saving time [4]. Environmentally, sustainability gains can be increased by reducing energy waste and extending service life [99], lowering greenhouse gas emissions [7, 10, 89, 99, 113], and decreasing air pollution [89]. Integrated transportation can also reduce the negative effects of urban logistics activities, such as noise and accidents, by minimizing the number of fossil fuel vehicles used for transportation in cities [10]. It enhances accessibility in peripheral areas and reduces competition for space [89]. Despite the increasing number of studies on IPFT in recent years, there remains a notable lack of quantitative research. Existing studies are often very general and lack concrete transportation solution analyses [3]. Several issues arise when considering the challenges of integrating people and freight transportation from the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal) perspective. **Politically**, there is a scarcity of studies and incentives on this subject [3], with different authorities regulating people and goods transportation with separate rules and policies [8]. The impact of transportation policies remains unclear [3], requiring long-term stakeholder collaboration [97, 113]. **Economically**, challenges include finding the economic sustainability of this approach, the need for initial investment [4], and the high investments required for adapted vehicles and stations [89]. **Socially**, potential issues involve an increase in passengers' discomfort due to feelings of unsafety and conflicts at transit stations [4], obstruction of traffic and pedestrian movements in dense urban environments [113], congestion during peak hours, and the possibility of faulty deliveries [89]. **Technologically**, difficulties arise in data collection [97], determining transportation capacities, routing vehicles, and designing programs for people and goods integration [4]. There is also a reduction in knowledge [89], a need for more storage space compared to traditional methods [113], and the complexity of simultaneous loading and boarding processes from an engineering perspective [5]. Environmentally, there are structural unsuitabilities of roads, particularly in cities with old historical structures, especially in European cities [97].