In light of this problem, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have emerged as an alternative capable of overcoming the difficulties of current techniques [23]. The advantages of size, weight, flexibility, speed, and cost [24] offered by this type of equipment have enabled its implementation in the management of municipal solid waste landfills and dumpsites [25]. UAVs have been used for landfill growth monitoring [26], topographic and volumetric control of landfills [27], safety and integrity inspections of facilities [28], monitoring of LFG emissions [29], and identification of possible fires [10], and assessing the evolution of emitted environmental pollution [30]. This study proposes the control and identification of hot spots, an essential activity for MSW landfill managers, which enables the detection of LFG emissions and the channeling of them through collection wells for utilization or incineration. On the other hand, other techniques can be used to reduce LFG production, such as the aeration or gasification of organic matter prior to landfill disposal. The miniaturization of sensors has enabled UAVs to carry thermographic sensors [31] to capture thermal images (TIR) that determine the temperature of the imaged surface. The combination of UAV images and photogrammetry enables the representation of temperature distributions in thermal heat maps, thermal orthomosaics [32], and thermal 3D models [33] from the reconstruction of the scene based on two-dimensional images [34]. The combination of UAV thermal images and photogrammetry has been used for the identification of hot spots associated with different risk factors such as LGF emissions [1; 22] and landfill fires [10; 35] based on 2D orthoimages. However, 3D thermal models and representations of the surface are a tool with great potential since, in addition to providing temperature information, they enable representation of the position in space and the real geometry of the object, benefiting from the three-dimensional component of space, which favors the complete interpretation of the area and the approach of the proposed solution, since the studies are carried out using 4D (X,Y,Z-temperature) representations, in which the X,Y,Z dimensions represent the position of the point in space and the fourth dimension (T) represents the surface temperature of the point. Similar issues relating to the thermal monitoring of landfills have been previously addressed by other authors. Firstly, [PERSON] et al. [13] analyzed the different existing methodologies for leakage detection and control, paying special attention to infrared thermography techniques. The authors evaluated the capability of infrared thermography for LFG leak detection in an investigation based on the analysis of images taken with hand-held sensors, concluding that the technique at that time could only be used as an approximate alternative and not as an accurate tool for detecting LFG leaks. Subsequently, [PERSON] et al. [3] proposed a methodology for MSW disposal site monitoring using satellite imagery. The proposed technique, which is based on multi-temporal Landsat imagery, enables the monitoring of the land surface temperature of MSW landfills, showing how the temperature of an analyzed landfill is more than 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C higher than the immediately surrounding areas. A similar alternative was later proposed by [PERSON] et al. [35], who developed a methodology for the identification of surface fires and their migration in landfills using satellite thermal images of moderate spatial resolution. Their proposed technique is based on the processing of Landsat images using an in-house MATLAB code to generate multitemporal thermal maps of the study area to identify and flag hot spots and thermal anomalies. Along the lines proposed in the aforementioned research, the use of UAVs in this field has also been evaluated by other researchers.