esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Feature Integration Strategies for Neural Speaker Diarization in Conversational Telephone Speech
## 3 Experimental Setup
### Training and Adaptation Protocol  
#### 3.2.1 Dataset Specifications  
The training stage utilizes Simulated Conversations (SC) constructed following the generation algorithm described in [36], with a controlled speech overlap ratio of 34.4% as used also in [36]. The initial SC 2 spk dataset, comprising 2480 h of two-speaker conversations, was generated using recordings from Switchboard-2 (Phases I, II, and III), Switchboard Cellular (Part1 and Part2) [37], and NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2008) corpora [38; 39; 40; 41], all standardized to 8 kHz sampling rate. Following [18], the training data was augmented with background noise from the MUSAN dataset [42], and each utterance had a 50% probability of being convolved with a randomly chosen simulated room impulse response from the RIR dataset [43].  
For multi-speaker scenarios, we expanded this approach to create the SC 1-4 spk dataset, which provides approximately 2480 h per speaker configuration (one to four speakers), totaling 10,000 h of audio while maintaining similar augmentation strategies.  
The evaluation employs the CallHome ([[https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2001S97](https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2001S97)]([https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2001S97](https://catalog.ldc.upenn.edu/LDC2001S97))) dataset, with one subset (CH1) used for adaptation and the other (CH2) for testing, both defined in the Kaldi [35] recipe for CallHome ([[https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi/blob/master/egs/callhome_diarization/v2/run.sh](https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi/blob/master/egs/callhome_diarization/v2/run.sh)]([https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi/blob/master/egs/callhome_diarization/v2/run.sh](https://github.com/kaldi-asr/kaldi/blob/master/egs/callhome_diarization/v2/run.sh))). As shown in Table 1, the CallHome database presents a notable class imbalance, with two-speaker conversations comprising approximately 62% of the training set (CH1) and 59% of the testing set (CH2). Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of audio duration in hours across different number of speaker for both datasets, providing further insight into this imbalance.
# Key Technologies for THz Wireless Link by Silicon CMOS Integrated Circuits
## 3 Features and Applications of 300 GHz Band Communication
### Application Examples of 300-GHz-Band Communication  
Since the data rate equivalent to optical communication can be realized in the 300 GHz band, PAR (Project Application Request) of IEEE 802.15.3d shows application examples for replacing optical communication with wireless communication, such as a wireless backhaul/fronthaul, intra-device wireless communication, point-to-point switch connections for data centers, and proximity wireless applications including kiosk download [26].  
Figure 16: Communication distance from 100 GHz to 350 GHz. The communication distance is calculated from the distance at which the atmospheric attenuation reaches 10 dB. In the frequency band from 192 GHz to 298 GHz, the communication distance is over 2 km, and in the frequency band from 121 GHz to 154 GHz, the communication distance is over 8 km.  
Figure 15: Atmospheric attenuation of radio waves from 30 GHz to 3 THz. There are atmospheric attenuation peaks greater than 10 dB with a 1 km distance at 60 GHz, 183 GHz and 325 GHz. Also, the atmospheric attenuation exceeds 10 dB/km at all frequencies above 351 GHz. The influence of atmospheric attenuation at 1 km is not significant at other frequencies.  
On the other hand, low latency is one of the advantages of wireless communication over optical communication. The propagation velocity of the electromagnetic wave is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant of the medium. For this reason, the propagation speed of atmospheric electromagnetic waves is about 50% faster than that of optical fibers, and wireless communication is excellent for real-time applications. Utilizing this property, a microwave line dedicated to high-speed trading was laid at a cost of USD 250 million between New York and Chicago [27]. In terahertz communication, the same communication capacity can be transmitted as optical communication with low latency. In the case of 8K video images, which will be broadcast in Japan in 2018, communication capacity of up to 144 gigabits per second for uncompressed streaming is required. 144 gigabit per second wireless communication can be realized with 16 QAM and a roll-off coefficient of 0.25 when a bandwidth of 45 GHz is available. This frequency bandwidth can be allocated in the 300 GHz band. For example, by using a drone equipped with an 8K camera, the situation of a disaster site or a distress location can be quickly observed in real time. This is a new application which cannot be realized by conventional microwave communication or optical communication.
## 1 Introduction
### Discussion and Novelty  
The exploration in digital rock reconstruction has been extensively focused on sandstone reservoirs. This has led to the development of numerous methodologies and models that are specifically tuned to the attributes of sandstones. However, this emphasis has inadvertently created a knowledge gap in understanding other complex rock formations, notably carbonate rocks.  
Sandstones are typically granular, comprising sand grains bonded by various cementing materials. Their porosity and permeability are largely influenced by factors such as grain size, shape, arrangement, and the type of cement. Contrastingly, carbonate rocks present a more complex scenario. They exhibit a broad spectrum of pore sizes and configurations, primarily due to the dissolution process of the primary rock matrix. This dissolution results in the formation of vugs, fractures, and complex pore networks, contributing to the carbonate rocks' secondary porosity. Notably, the heterogeneity in pore distribution within carbonate rocks is more pronounced and variable compared to that in sandstones.  
In response to this evident research chasm, our investigation aims to:  
Refocus on Carbonate Rocks: Pivot the research lens to comprehensively address carbonate formations.  
Adaptation of Methodologies: Customize the reconstruction paradigms to reflect the multifaceted nature of carbonate edifices.  
Incorporate Self-attention Mechanism: A groundbreaking adaptation, this mechanism accentuates the reconstruction process by honing in on subtle patterns and features characteristic to carbonate rocks, thus bolstering the model's precision and representational accuracy.  
Our approach marks a departure from traditional methodologies, delving into the intricacies of carbonate rock structures through the advanced self-attention mechanism. This strategy not only fills the existing research voids but also brings to light the complex geological aspects of carbonate formations, thereby advancing the field of digital rock reconstruction.  
By adopting this refined approach, our objective is to deepen the understanding of carbonate rocks and provide a more comprehensive perspective on digital rock modeling. This endeavor reflects the diverse range of rock types present on Earth, underlining our commitment to enhancing the scope and accuracy of digital rock physics.
## 3 System Construction
### Data Format  
Following the MOTChallenge format [9], an example of NPSPT ground truth format is shown in Table 3, all the properties mentioned above are important for assessing and algorithm's performance in real-world situations.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c l} \hline \hline Position & Name & Description \\ \hline
1 & Frame number & Indicates at which frame the object is present \\
2 & Identity number & Each pedestrian trajectory is identified by a unique ID (\(-1\) for detections) \\
3 & Bounding box left & Coordinate of the top-left corner of the pedestrian bounding box \\
4 & Bounding box top & Coordinate of the top-left corner of the pedestrian bounding box \\
5 & Bounding box width & Width in pixels of the pedestrian bounding box \\
6 & Bounding box height & Height in pixels of the pedestrian bounding box \\
7 & Confidence score & It acts as a flag whether the entry is to be considered \\
8 & Jersey Number & Indicate the jersey number of the player (\(-1\) if not available) \\
9 & Team identity number & Each team of each game is identified by a unique ID \\
10 & x & 3D x position of the player in real-world coordinates \\
11 & y & 3D y position of the player in real-world coordinates \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Data Format of NPSPT Ground Truth.  
Figure 2: (1) Panels (**a**,**b**) represent two different region-limitation methods. The red bounding-boxes identify the targets inside the field. (2) Method (**a**) removed the off-field influence and simultaneously erased the information of the players standing on the edge of the field. (3) Method (**b**) can effectively distinguish between on-field and off-field characters without losing useful information. (4) The \(\alpha\) of purple quadratic curves are \(1\), and the \(\alpha\) of cyan quadratic curves are \(-1\).
# Heated Metal Mark Attribute Recognition Based on Compressed CNNs Model
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### Compressed Model vs. Heavy Model  
Different CNN models contain various depth and width of layers, number of filters, size and shape of filters, which lead to different structures, parameters and complexity. Comparisons between compressed models and heavy models were evaluated. \(VGG16\), \(ResNet50\), and \(Inception\) models were selected. The results are shown in Table 5.  
It can be seen that heavy CNNs models obtained better performance for all attribute than compressed models. \(Inception\) obtained an average performance of 0.854, which was 2.4% better than \(ShuffleNet\). The main reason is that heavy models contain more complex structures and more parameters, which have the advantages of feature extraction and representation. However, the performance differences between compressed models and heavy models were not large, at only about 1-2%.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**CNNs Model** & **Single/Multi Label** & \(a_{1}\) & \(a_{2}\) & \(a_{3}\) & \(a_{4}\) & \(a_{5}\) & \(a_{6}\) & \(a_{7}\) & \(overall\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_MobileNet_} & multi & 0.785 & 0.829 & 0.778 & 0.786 & 0.883 & 0.817 & 0.885 & 0.822 \\  & single & 0.815 & 0.847 & 0.807 & 0.805 & 0.899 & 0.819 & 0.894 & 0.841 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(ShuffleNet\)} & multi & 0.803 & 0.809 & 0.804 & 0.812 & 0.878 & 0.813 & 0.894 & 0.830 \\  & single & 0.824 & 0.829 & 0.811 & 0.824 & 0.870 & 0.824 & 0.912 & 0.842 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_SqueezeNet_} & multi & 0.68 & 0.837 & 0.825 & 0.774 & 0.858 & 0.758 & 0.887 & 0.803 \\  & single & 0.767 & 0.842 & 0.831 & 0.792 & 0.877 & 0.764 & 0.891 & 0.823 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Single label model vs. multi-label model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**CNNs Model** & \(a_{1}\) & \(a_{2}\) & \(a_{3}\) & \(a_{4}\) & \(a_{5}\) & \(a_{6}\) & \(a_{7}\) & \(overall\) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_MobileNet_} & 0.785 & 0.829 & 0.778 & 0.786 & 0.883 & 0.817 & 0.885 & 0.822 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\(ShuffleNet\)} & 0.803 & 0.809 & 0.804 & 0.812 & 0.878 & 0.813 & 0.894 & 0.830 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_SqueezeNet_} & 0.68 & 0.837 & 0.825 & 0.774 & 0.858 & 0.758 & 0.887 & 0.803 \\  & 0.810 & 0.845 & 0.840 & 0.817 & 0.892 & 0.821 & 0.899 & 0.846 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_ResNet50_} & 0.819 & 0.851 & 0.835 & 0.826 & 0.881 & 0.829 & 0.905 & 0.849 \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Inception_} & 0.821 & 0.852 & 0.841 & 0.832 & 0.901 & 0.831 & 0.909 & 0.854 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Compressed model vs. heavy model.
###### Abstract
[12] reported that for frozen clay soils at saturated state, a strain softening pattern was identified for stress-strain relationship. Regarding the mechanical behavior of frozen fine-grained soils at various water contents, [PERSON] et al. [13] carried out uniaxial compression creep test on frozen clay soils, and found that the peak strength occurred at the water content \(w=40\%\), followed by \(w=120\%\), while the minimum strength was observed at \(w=80\%\). [PERSON] et al. [14] investigated the strength of silty clay using uniaxial compression test under various water contents. They reported that this type of frozen soil achieved its maximum strength when approaching the saturated state. Nevertheless, these studies were based on uniaxial testing condition, which failed to reflect the actual triaxial stress state encountered by the soils in the field. With regard to triaxial loading test, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [15] observed that, in silty clay, the water content increase resulted in a shift in stress-strain relationship from ductile to brittle behavior. In the study of [PERSON] et al. [16] with a silty clay, a monotonic increase in \(q_{\text{max}}\) with \(w\) was observed. However, [PERSON] et al. [17] reported that the silty clay from Tibet Plateau exhibited a non-monotonic change in shear strength as water content increased, with an initial decrease followed by a subsequent increase. In summary, although numerous studies have investigated the mechanical behavior of frozen fine-grained soils, the majority have focused on silty clay soils with relatively low plasticity. The low plasticity of these soils rendered their soil fabric less sensitive to the variation in remolding water content \(w\) compared to clay soils with high plasticity. To the authors' knowledge, the mechanical behavior of frozen clay soils under varying \(w\) values has not been systematically studied. This study aimed to address this gap by providing a comprehensive experimental investigation into the influence of water content on the triaxial mechanical response of frozen clay soils. Three confining pressures (\(\alpha_{3}=200\) kPa, \(700\) kPa and \(1200\) kPa) and three typical \(w\) values (optimum water content \(w_{\text{opt}}=27.5\%\) as well as its dry side \(w_{\text{d}}=19\%\) and wet side \(w_{\text{w}}=35\%\)) were considered. The mechanical parameters including shear strength \(q_{\text{max}}\), [PERSON]'s modulus \(E_{0}\), cohesion \(c\), friction angle \(\varphi\), Poisson's ratio \(v\) and dilatancy angle \(\psi\) were analyzed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were jointly performed to identify the soil fabric. The obtained results allowed the effect of remolding water content on the mechanical behavior of frozen clay soils to be clarified.
# Effects of the Top Edge Impedance on Sound Barrier Diffraction
###### Abstract  
Sound barriers can be configured with different top edge impedance to improve their noise control performance. In this paper, the integral equation method was used to calculate the sound field of a barrier with various top edge impedance, and the effects of the barrier top edge impedance on sound barrier diffraction were investigated. The simulation results showed that the noise reduction performance of a sound barrier with a soft boundary on its top edge was larger than that with a hard boundary, but there were some impedance values which, if assigned to the top edge boundary, would give the sound barrier even better noise reduction performance. It was found that the sound barrier with a good top edge impedance formed a dipole-like radiation pattern above the barrier to expand the effective range of the shadow zone. The research discoveries reported in this paper point out the potentials of using acoustics metamaterials or active control methods to implement the desired good impedance on the top edge of a sound barrier for better noise reduction.  
Keywords:noise barrier; top edge impedance; integral equation method +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 6 Conclusions  
A parametric study for design and analysis of a MT on an airfoil has been carried out. To that end, 2D computational fluid dynamic simulations have been performed at Reynolds number of Re = 7 \(\times\) 10\({}^{6}\). The MT design attributes resulting from the simulations have allowed the sizing and positioning of the passive device based on aerodynamic performance. Comparisons of the CFD simulations and the DOWEC results have been made and verified the effectiveness of the MTs as flow control devices to increase the aerodynamics performance. The case DU91W(2)250 MT9520 with the MT positioned at 95% of c and with the height of 2% is the one with the best aerodynamic performance in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Afterwards, BEM based computations have been carried out to investigate the effects of that designed MT on the power performance of a 5 MW wind turbine. An increase on the average wind turbine power output has been found in the current study due to the implementation of MTs at different blade stations. That increase is more notable for the wind speed realizations with lower average wind speed NTM5. However, that increase is still significant with the wind speed realizations with average speeds of 7.5 m/s NTM7.5 and 10 m/s NTM10. In those cases, the increase in the power output is lower but still important. The best results in terms of average power are reached by the case denoted by DU91W(2)250 MT9520 st8 with the MTs implemented into the blade station 8. The largest increase in thrust has also been achieved by the case with the MTs mounted on the blade station 8. As expected, the increase in the wind turbine power output due to the MTs implementation leads to an augmentation in the bending moment in the root of the blade. However, this increase in the bending moment is acceptable taking into account the raise in the average power output production achieved by all cases. Moreover, no significant variation in the power increase has been found for the other MT locations st9 and st8 st9. Because of the cheaper assembly of MT in only one blade station, the case with the MTs on the station 8 DU91W(2)250 MT9520 st8 is recommended.  
The results of the current study shows that carefully analysis of MT height and location in the pressure surface from the airfoil leading edge, combined with a selection of an appropriate spanwise location on the blade, can yield an effective device flow control system to increase the wind turbine power output.
###### Abstract  
This paper presents the performance improvement of a circularly polarized (CP) retrodirective array (RDA) through the suppression of mutual coupling effects. The RDA is designed based on CP Koch-shaped patch antenna elements with an inter-element spacing as small as 0.4\(\lambda\) for a compact size (\(\lambda\) is the wavelength in free space at the designed frequency of 5.2 GHz). Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures are applied to reduce the mutual coupling between the antenna elements, thus improving the circular polarization characteristic of the RDA. Two CP RDAs with EBGs, in the case 5 \(\times\) 5 and 10 \(\times\) 10 arrays, are used as wireless power transmitters to transmit a total power of 50 W. A receiver is located at a distance of 1 m away from the transmitter to harvest the transmitted power. At the broadside direction, the simulated results demonstrate that the received powers are improved by approximately 11.32% and 12.45% when using the 5 \(\times\) 5 and 10 \(\times\) 10 CP RDAs with the EBGs, respectively, as the transmitters.  
c 2018 8 324 [Applied]Applied
# A Novel 64 QAM-OFDM Optical Access System Based on Bit Reconstruction
## 4 Conclusions  
A novel 64 QAM-OFDM optical access scheme based on bit reconstruction was proposed in this paper. The proposed method was achieved by using bit reconstruction, which brings the correlation between the original and coding data. It improves the transmission reliability of the OFDM-PON system and effectively reduces the BER. Practically, when the channel OSNR of the ONU changes, the related information from bit reconstruction is weakened, but the BER can still reach the SD-FEC threshold. The simulation results show that we can achieve the 64 QAM-OFDM optical access scheme based on bit reconstruction. Compared with other systems, the proposed scheme presents positive results. With our work, the proposed scheme could be used as a promising solution for the PON.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Mapping Value** & **Mapping Value** \\ \hline \(\pm 1\pm 1i\) & 3.22–3.48 \\ \(\pm 1\pm 3i,\pm 3\pm 1i\) & 2.16–2.52 \\ \(\pm 1\pm 5i,\pm 5\pm 1i\) & 2.02–2.52 \\ \(\pm 3\pm 5i,\pm 5\pm 3i\) & 1.46–1.63 \\ \(\pm 5\pm 5i\) & 1.21–1.35 \\ \(\pm 1\pm 7i,\pm 7\pm 1i\) & 1.38–1.64 \\ \(\pm 3\pm 7i,\pm 7\pm 3i\) & 0.68–0.93 \\ \(\pm 5\pm 7i,\pm 7\pm 5i\) & 0.64–1.01 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The percent range of mapping values in the transmitter.  
Figure 7: PAPR performance of our system and the OFDM\(-\)based system.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Q.Z.; methodology, H.Y., D.W. and L.Y.; software, R.X., X.W. and J.J.; validation, R.X., Q.Z. and F.W.; formal analysis, R.X., F.W. and Q.T.; investigation, R.X.; resources, F.W. and F.T.; data curation, R.X. and Y.W.; writing--original draft preparation, R.X.; writing--review and editing, R.X., Q.Z. and H.Y.; visualization, Q.Z., D.W. and J.J.; supervision, X.X.; project administration, Q.Z. and X.X.; funding acquisition, Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported in the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61835002) and the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China (62021005).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.