## 1 Introduction  
Biowaste (BW) represents a major fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is consisted of food and kitchen waste from households, HORECA (hotels, restaurants, caterers), and green waste from gardens and parks [1]. It comprises the most significant waste fraction generated by households reaching up to 44% of total household waste globally [2, 3]. Recently, biowaste has received considerable attention owing to its environmental, economic, and social impacts. Future trends have shown that municipal solid biowaste (MSBW) will most likely increase due to population growth and rising consumption patterns [4]. According to data from the EU, 86 million Mg of biowaste were generated in 2017, while approximately 40% (up to 100% in some member states) were disposed of in dump-sites and landfills, with a negative impact on the environment [5]. Biowaste recovery and utilization started in the 90s with Directive 1999/31/EC [6]. This directive obliges the member states of the EU to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste and aims for 65% of all MSW produced to be recycled before 2030 (while only 10% should be disposed of in landfills). A feasible approach used for the past 20 years is recovering the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) from unsorted waste and used in biological processes such as composing and anaerobic treatment. Anaerobic treatment has been studied in several cases since biogas can be produced for energy recovery [7, 8]. The research in mechanical closed computing systems has focused on source segregatedOFMSW processes. The mechanical sorting systems vary from simple installation such as shredder, trommel, and magnet, to medium or high complexity OFMSW sorting systems to deliver various quality and purity materials [9]. Diverting OFMSW from landfills and using it as composting material has many environmental benefits (e.g., reducing greenhouse gas emissions [10]), while it can be easily integrated with material recovery facilities (MRFs). It involves the biological aerobic degradation of organic matter under controlled conditions [11], resulting in a nutrient-rich product. The process produces gas emissions composed primarily of CO\({}_{2}\), trace amounts of methane, non-methane organic compounds (NMOC), nitrogen, and ammonia [12]. The resulting product when OFMSW originated from unsorted mixed waste is called compost-like output (CLO) [13], and its quality is related to the purity of the initial materials and the pretreatment method [14]. The compost can significantly enhance the fertility of the soil environment by increasing the soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN), and soil microbial biomass (SMB). At the same time, it has a positive effect on the activity of enzymes involved in the C, N, and P cycles [15]. However, the impurities and contaminants that are usually released from CLO require increased attention [10]. CLO is considered one of the primary sources of microplastics (MPs) in the agricultural environment, negatively influencing soil microbial processes or plant growth [16]. Therefore, the use of CLO in land applications is limited and regulated to restore quarries, dumping sites, or road slopes [10; 13; 17]. Societies have started transitioning towards a model based on source segregation of biowaste that can produce higher-quality compost with environmental impacts which are significantly reduced. At the same time, the existing facilities are adapted to accept source segregated biowaste. The evaluation of the composting systems is complicated, with many variables which must be considered. It involves numerous calculations and requires accurate data to model better the variables of each system. The use of life cycle assessment (LCA) is based on the guidelines of ISO 14040 and 14044 [18], and can provide a much-improved viewpoint on waste management by connecting materials, resources, and waste flows with potential environmental impacts. Every LCA study incorporates several available local information and data sets called the life cycle inventory (LCI).