## 2 Results and Discussion
### Profiling of Montespertoli EVOO
#### 2.2.1 Chemical, Sensory, and Nutritional Characterization
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Total VOCs} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Total LOX (\({}^{\textbf{A}}\))} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(\(\textbf{E}\))-2-Hexenal (\({}^{\textbf{B}}\))} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Hexanal} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Total Rancid} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Total Microbial} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{2+3-Methylultanal} \\ \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Sample**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{(mg/kg)} \\  & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 & 2023 & 2024 \\ \hline EVOO1 & 68.5 & 59.0 & 51.4 (75\%) & 55.0 (93\%) & 45.3 (88\%) & 49.8 (91\%) & 0.473 & 1.034 & 3.92 & 0.065 & 0.077 & 0.042 & 0.040 \\ EVOO2 & 72.8 & 75.9 & 54.6 (75\%) & 67.6 (89\%) & 47.4 (87\%) & 60.3 (89\%) & 0.433 & 1.087 & 0.221 & 0.080 & 0.041 & 0.543 & 0.030 & 0.046 \\ EVOO3 & 54.6 & 71.2 & 38.6 (71\%) & 65.1 (91\%) & 33.3 (86\%) & 57.9 (89\%) & 0.623 & 1.237 & 0.601 & 0.073 & 0.075 & 0.500 & 0.057 & 0.050 \\ EVOO4 & 65.3 & 79.2 & 42.2 (67\%) & 70.4 (89\%) & 36.3 (86\%) & 62.5 (89\%) & 0.309 & 1.031 & 0.269 & 0.070 & 0.064 & 1.600 & 0.048 & 0.043 \\ EVOO5 & 72.1 & 51.0 & 52.4 (73\%) & 43.1 (88\%) & 46.0 (88\%) & 38.6 (00\%) & 0.690 & 0.557 & 0.614 & 0.060 & 0.048 & 0.178 & 0.034 & 0.054 \\ EVOO6 & 51.2 & 73.2 & 31.3 (61\%) & 64.0 (87\%) & 26.7 (85\%) & 56.5 (88\%) & 0.339 & 0.706 & 0.601 & 0.074 & 0.066 & 0.275 & 0.041 & 0.064 \\ EVOO7 & 59.2 & 64.1 & 48.8 (82\%) & 85.1 (91\%) & 43.9 (90\%) & 53.1 (91\%) & 0.535 & 0.661 & 0.538 & 0.060 & 0.122 & 1.610 & 0.066 & 0.037 \\ EVOO8 & 88.8 & 47.5 & 67.2 (74\%) & 43.4 (95\%) & 59.6 (89\%) & 38.7 (89\%) & 0.424 & 0.781 & 0.339 & 0.088 & 0.119 & 0.554 & 0.033 \\ EVOO9 & 48.7 & 54.6 & 28.4 (58\%) & 46.5 (85\%) & 23.7 (83\%) & 41.7 (90\%) & 0.467 & 0.560 & 0.506 & 0.043 & 0.078 & 0.234 & 0.055 & 0.035 \\ EVOO10 & 72.8 & n & n & 55.5 (89\%) & n & 53.2 (19\%) & n & 0.973 & n & 0.127 & n & 0.825 & n & 0.026 \\ EVOO11 & 66.3 & 59.9 & 49.6 (67\%) & 53.6 (89\%) & 44.1 (89\%) & 47.7 (89\%) & 0.274 & 0.742 & 0.415 & 0.066 & 0.096 & 0.643 & 0.056 & 0.044 \\ EVOO12 & 72.1 & 68.8 & 48.9 (68\%) & 63.7 (93\%) & 44.1 (590\%) & 57.6 (90\%) & 0.307 & 0.983 & 0.521 & 0.072 & 0.090 & 0.134 & 0.042 & 0.040 \\ \hline
**Minimum** & 48.7 & 47.5 & 28.4 (58\%) & 43.1 (80\%) & 23.7 (83\%) & 38.6 (88\%) & 0.274 & 0.557 & 0.221 & 0.043 & 0.041 & 0.134 & 0.030 & 0.026 \\ \hline
**Maximum** & 88.8 & 79.2 & 67.2 (82\%) & 70.4 (93\%) & 59.6 (90\%) & 62.5 (91\%) & 0.690 & 1.237 & 0.614 & 0.127 & 0.122 & 1.610 & 0.066 & 0.064 \\ \hline
**Mean** & 65.4 & 64.8 & 46.7 (71\%) & 57.4 (89\%) & 40.9 (87\%) & 51.5 (90\%) & 0.443 & 0.879 & 0.456 & 0.073 & 0.080 & 0.684 & 0.048 & 0.043 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Content of volatile compounds in the EVOOs produced by the 12 producers across the two years. Table S2 of the Supplementary Material shows that \(\alpha\)-tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol form, followed by \(\beta+\gamma\)- and low levels of \(\delta\), in agreement with previous literature [28; 29]. Concerning the 71 analyzed VOCs, Table 2 shows that the oils had a mean total VOC content of 65.4 mg/kg, largely represented by LOX-derived VOCs (71% and 89% in 2023 and 2024, respectively), in turn mainly constituted by (\(E\))-2-hexenal (87% and 90% of LOX VOCs in 2023 and 2024, respectively): noteworthy, (\(E\))-2-hexenal was in a very narrow range (83-90% and 88-91% in 2023 and 2024, respectively). On the contrary, oxidation- (i.e., \"rancid VOCs\") and microbial-related (i.e., \"microphial VOCs\") VOCs were present in low amounts. Detailed data of LOX-derived VOCs (Table S3A,B) show that besides (\(E\))-2-hexenal, the highest contents were found for 1-penten-3-one, (\(Z\))-3-hexenol, and (\(E\))-2-hexenol, ranging 1-3% in most samples. All other compounds generally showed levels below 1%.