## 5 Results and Discussion
### RQ3: What Emerging Technologies Address Cyber-Attacks in the MSCN?
#### 5.3.1 Industry 4.0 Technologies in Maritime Cybersecurity  
The core principles of Industry 4.0--interconnectivity, automation, real-time data processing, and systems integration--fundamentally change how MSCN stakeholders address cybersecurity threats. These principles enable more adaptive, predictive, and responsive defenses, which are particularly valuable in the maritime sector. Given the complex and interconnected nature of maritime logistics, the ability to process vast amounts of data in real-time and integrate systems across diverse stakeholders is critical. This enables more effective identification and mitigation of cyber-attacks, ultimately improving the resilience of the entire supply chain (Figure 8).  
Cloud computing, which is essential in modern e-navigation systems, faces challenges such as securing data transfers despite advancements such as Hamburg Port's implementation of cloud-based smart seaport logistics [136]. According to authors of ref. [134], the use of onboard cloud computing has the potential to offer numerous benefits, including improved data accessibility and improved ship navigation through the integration of mobile devices.  
IoT technology, recognized for its ability to improve productivity in the maritime industry, also poses substantial cybersecurity threats. Programming protocols for secure data transmission and emphasizing interoperability are vital [100; 134]. However, the high cost of IoT implementation and the escalating threat landscape highlight the need for robust cybersecurity measures [47; 137].  
Big Data is a pivotal Industry 4.0 technology in the maritime sector that facilitates comprehensive analyses for estimating accident risks, determining voyage durations, and reducing ship carbon emissions [137]. A notable application was demonstrated by ref. [103], who conducted an extensive analysis of navigational NMEA messages that were supported by all GPS manufacturers and carried data from various sensors. This analysis leveraged a large volume of maritime data for deep insights and enhanced the standardization and reliability of maritime communications. The authors of ref. [138] noted the evolution of NMEA standards, which regulate the structure and method of message exchange between devices, thus enhancing the data exchange framework in the maritime industry.  
AI and VR are rapidly becoming revolutionary technologies in the maritime industry. AI applications play a vital role in detecting cyber vulnerabilities and improving security measures. Illustrative instances encompass AI algorithms designed to identify patterns of hacking and deep learning systems employed to forecast land transport behavior, showcasing AI's versatility in operational and security contexts [59; 137]. Meanwhile, VR technology, used in training and simulation, offers substantial benefits in preparing maritime staff for emergency scenarios and in improving decision-making processes. An example of this can be seen in the simulation lab of the University of Sao Paulo, where maneuvers in restricted waters were analyzed [139].  
Collectively, these Industry 4.0 technologies are instrumental in advancing cybersecurity measures within the MSCN, supporting a comprehensive strategy for cyber risk prevention and mitigation aligned with the goals of Industry 4.0 integration in the maritime domain [140; 141].