esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of FRP wrapping on plain concrete and to propose the FEA and empirical models for predicting the axial compressive strain of FRP confined concrete. The main conclusions derived from the present study work are as given:  
* The proposed analytical strain model performed well in the previous experimental database of 678 samples with R\({}^{2}\) = 0.74 and RMSE = 1.93. Thus, the performance of proposed model on the previous experimental database shows its superiority over the previous models.
* The FEA performed in the present study shows that the average percentage discrepancies between previous experimental and current FEA results for FRP confined concrete cylinders were 14.93% and 13.88% for strength and strain, respectively. It shows that the finite element (FE) model traced the experimental behavior of FRP-confined concrete accurately.
* The average percentage discrepancy for axial strain between the previous experimental and proposed empirical model results was only 13.51%. Similarly, the average percentage discrepancy for axial strain between present NLFEA and proposed empirical model results was only 37.81%. Thus, the proposed empirical model for confined concrete strains was in a close agreement for performance with the experimental and NLFEA results.
* The parametric study using the proposed empirical model concluded that the axial confined strain of concrete increases with the increase of unconfined strength and thickness of FRP layers and its elastic modulus, while no significant effect was observed for increasing the core diameter of concrete.
* From the comparisons of this study, it can be concluded that the proposed empirical and FEA models can predict the axial strain of FRP-confined concrete with accuracy and are helpful for engineers in analyzing and designing the FRP-confined concrete compression members.  
Conceptualization, A.R. and S.A.R.S.; formal analysis, A.R.K.; methodology, A.R., M.A.A. and T.A.K.; validation, S.H., A.S. and K.A.; visualization, A.R.K.; writing--original draft, A.R. and S.A.R.S.; writing--review and editing, G.S. and M.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 4 Conclusions  
In conclusion, the newly developed analytical equation provides the advantage of using a single equation to describe all of the flow periods, namely linear, transition and radial as shown in Figure 17. This analytical equation has a better advantage than the numerical solution in its ease of inversion for computation of well test derived properties such as permeability. This newly developed equation has no approximation, which provides a better accuracy in the results predicted. Thus, for any future well test analysis to be conducted in a vertically hydraulically fractured well, the use of this model will be accurate and convenient.  
Figure 16: Pressure Iso-line Assumption in Developed Analytical Model.  
Figure 15: Pressure Iso-line in Conventional Analytical Model.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, J.H.L.; methodology, J.H.L.; software, J.H.L.; validation, J.A.B.M.S.; formal analysis, J.A.B.M.S.; investigation, J.A.B.M.S.; resources, J.A.B.M.S.; data curation, J.H.L.; writing--original draft preparation, J.A.B.M.S.; writing--review and editing, J.A.B.M.S.; visualization, J.H.L.; supervision, J.H.L.; project administration, J.H.L.; funding acquisition, J.H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by Yayasan UTP, YUTP 015 LC0-355.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** The Authors would like to express their gratitude to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for the support and facilities provided to conduct the research. Additionally, the authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Yayasan UTP (YUTP 015 LC0-355).  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.  
**Nomenclatures**  
\begin{tabular}{l l} \(\mathbf{x_{f}}\) & Fracture half length (ft) \\
**2n** & Number of source points \\
**\(\Delta\mathbf{L}\)** & Unit distance of the next source points (ft) \\
**L** & Distance of point of source from the center (ft). \\
**Ei** & Exponential integral function \\
**k** & Permeability (mD) \\
**p\({}_{\mathbf{i}}\)** & Initial pressure (psi) \\
**c\({}_{\mathbf{t}}\)** & Total Compressibility (1/psi\({}^{-1}\)) \\
**\(\mu\)** & Viscosity (cP) \\
**\(\phi\)** & Porosity (fraction) \\
**B** & Formation Volume Factor (rb/stb) \\
**q** & Flow Rate (stb/d) \\
**h** & Formation Thickness (ft) \\
**h** & Time (hr) \\ \end{tabular}  
Figure 17: The New Developed Analytical Equation by Author showing All 3 Flow Periods.
Multi-Level Logarithmic Amplification-Based Fixed Threshold Circular Polarized On-Off Keying Detection for Free-Space Optical Communications  
[PERSON]  
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.-Z.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.-W.J.)  
Qian-Wen Jing  
School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.-Z.Y.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Q.-W.J.)  
Yan-Q  
level [7]. However, a prior estimation of the channel model and noise power degree is required, which is non-attainable in practical application. An optical pre-amplifier was employed in the receiver end to optically equalize the received optical signal intensity by nonlinear gains from the saturated optical pre-amplifier [8]. However, it is difficult to control the saturation condition of the optical amplifier. Polarization shift-OOK modulation was investigated to obtain FTD by detecting the signal using a linear polarizer (LP) and logarithmic amplification [9]. However, it is difficult to have a polarization shifting on the OOK format signal and polarization coordinates alignment between transmitter and receiver. Circular polarization modulation supports polarization detection without the polarization axis matching process [10]. Therefore, it is preferable to study a single circular polarized OOK (CP-OOK) signal FTD in FSO communications.  
In this paper, we propose an MLA-based fixed threshold CP-OOK detection for FSO communications. Single circular polarization is modulated into an OOK signal using an LP and a quarter-wave plate (QWP). In the receiver end, the QWP, LP, and multi-level logarithmic amplification (MLAs) are applied to detect the CP-OOK signal. The QWP is applied to convert circular polarization into linear polarization without a polarization axis matching process, and the LP is used to decrease the levels of background noises by polarization filtering. Optimized MLAs are introduced to equalize CP-OOK signal intensity fluctuation via nonlinear gains from MLAs and reduce the extinction ratio (ER) distortion of CP-OOK at peak power parts of the signal sequence by setting MLAs in the low gain nonlinearity condition. FTD is utilized to distinguish bits '1' and '0' of CP-OOK. The performance of the proposed CP-OOK transmission is verified under various degrees of modeled turbulence channels and different configurations of MLAs. Simulation results illustrated that the proposed CP-OOK signal was effectively detected through FTD with the assistance of optimized MLAs.
# Multi-Connectivity-Based Adaptive Fractional Packet Duplication in Cellular Networks
## 3 Multi-Connectivity in Cellular Networks
### Dual Connectivity  
Dual connectivity (DC), established in 3 GPP Rel 12 standards, enables a UE to be linked to two distinct BS running on separate frequencies at the same time. CA usually uses the radio resources of the same BS and same technology but is always limited by the scarcity of bandwidth availability. DC, on the other hand, allows the mobile operators to use the abundant bandwidth resources from different BS to improve the overall user experience. DC is in charge of boosting user throughput, enhancing mobility robustness and enhancing resilience with more diversity. DC is the prime factor resulting in speedy deployment of the 5G wireless networks worldwide. DC fuels the air-interface design improvements and helps satisfy the stringent latency and reliability requirements of the new 5G use cases.  
The CA feature is also deployed in addition to the DC concept, including those in the multi-radio-access technology (MRAT) environments. For example, CA of one LTE CC and one NR CC leads to E-UTRAN new radio dual connectivity (ENDC) at higher layers and an ultimate CA at the physical layer. DC can also be purely LTE based or NR based, such as the NRDC solution involving one Sub-6 NR gNB and one mmWave 5G gNB with a PDCP split. Figure 2 shows single-RAT and MRAT deployments with CA feature enablement. A UE uses DC to connect to a master eNB (MeNB) and a secondary eNB, two distinct base stations, at the same time (SeNB). Operating on distinct carrier frequencies are the MeNB and the SeNB. The master cell group (MCG) and secondary cell group (SCG), respectively, are serving cell groups connected to the MeNB and SeNB. Only UEs operating in RRC linked mode are subject to DC.  
Figure 1: (a) Intra-Band Contiguous. (b) Intra-Band Non-Contiguous. (c) Inter-Band CA.
# Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Expansion in Beijing, China
## 2 Research Area and Research Methods
### Data Sources and Preprocessing
#### 2.4.3. Elastic Coefficient of Urban Expansion  
The elasticity coefficient of urban expansion represents the coordinated relationship between the speed of urban expansion and population growth and is generally used to evaluate the rationality of urban expansion [19]. The formula is as follows:  
\[\mathrm{R_{t}=\frac{A_{t}}{P_{t}}} \tag{5}\]In the formula, \(\mathrm{R_{t}}\) is the elasticity coefficient of urban expansion in the t-th period, \(A_{t}\) is the average growth rate of the urban area at time t, and \(P_{t}\) is the average growth rate of the total urban population at time t.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Evaluation Metrics  
For the performance evaluation of the detection models, several metrics crucial for real-time applications on embedded devices are focused on. Frames per second (FPS) measures how many frames the algorithm can process each second, indicating the model's operational speed. Latency is assessed in milliseconds (ms), with an average taken over ten inference rounds to compensate for any computational fluctuations on edge GPUs. The size of the model is considered by examining the weight file size in megabytes (MB),  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Device** & **Architecture** & **Max Frequency** & **Memory** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Power** \\ **Consumption** \\ \end{tabular} & **FLOPS (GFLOPS)** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Bandwidth** \\ **(MB/s)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Price** \\ \hline Jetson Nano & Cortex-A57 * 4 & 1.5 GHz & 4 GB & 10 W & 43.449 & 3706.2 & 1299 RMB \\
**Rockchip RK3566** & **Cortex-A55 * 4** & **1.8 GHz** & **2 GB** & **5 W** & **57.396** & **3080.8** & **299 RMB** \\ AllWinner H618 & Cortex-A53 * 4 & 1.5 GHz & 1 GB & 5 W & 47.691 & 1323.3 & 99 RMB \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Comparison of the embedded devices.  
Figure 7: The embedded devices. (**a**) Nvidia Jetson Nano; (**b**) Rockchip RK3566; (**c**) AllWinner H618.  
which influences loading times and memory usage. For detection accuracy, mean average precision (mAP) is utilized, calculating the model's precision across a range of intersection over union (IoU) thresholds from 0.5 to 0.95 in increments of 0.05. AP50, or the area under the precision-recall curve at 50% IoU, provides a specific measure of how well the model discerns true positives from false, integrating both precision and recall in its calculation:  
\[\text{Precision}=\frac{TP}{TP+FP},\quad\text{Recall}=\frac{TP}{TP+FN} \tag{11}\]  
where _TP_ represents true positives, _FP_ false positives, and _FN_ false negatives.
###### Abstract  
The emerging water crisis in India can be preempted by improving watershed management. The data scarce regions need open access satellite observations to mitigate watershed problems. The water accounting plus (WA+) and open access earth observation datasets were applied to quantify the beneficial and non-beneficial water consumption in the Betwa River basin, Central India. The PERSIANN and CHIRPS precipitations were evaluated. Based on significant statistical relations with IMD rainfall, CHIRPS was found to be the best precipitation product. The seasonal water yield from PERSIANN depicts that the high water yield in the basin is associated with the July and August months of the monsoon season, with water yields of 240 mm/month and 120 mm/month, respectively, while CHIRPS showed higher water yields during the monsoon season, especially in July and August, with water yield amounts of 290 mm/month and 200 mm/month, respectively. The largest water consuming land use class is irrigated crops-creals, which cover 62.06% of the total area of the basin. The amount of non-beneficial ET is almost twice the beneficial ET. The outcomes of this research will be helpful for sustainable water management, strategy development, and policy making,  
water accounting plus; beneficial ET; sustainable water management; satellite data; river basin 2022143473  
1
# Advancements in Glucose Monitoring: From Traditional Methods to Wearable Sensors
## 3 Minimally Invasive Methods
### Fluorescence Methods
The product is commercially available in Europe and the U.S.  
Fluorescence sensing offers easy accessibility, affordability, and ease of implantation under the skin without the need for surgery. Inspired by this, various studies have focused on designing glucose sensors that can be embedded in the contact lenses for the ease of measurement [66; 67]. [PERSON] et al. developed an innovative smart contact lens by incorporating boronic acid onto its surface (Figure 5d) [67]. To achieve the facile conjugation of boronic acid, they have used a functional coating of poly(tannic acid). This modification enables the contact lens to bind with glucose present in body fluids, such as tears. When the lens is immersed in an enzymatic solution, the bound glucose is released, allowing for glucose levels to be measured via a colorimetric assay [67]. Although fluorescence-based sensing methods have made significant advancements in glucose measurement, there are still several challenges associated with the current research scenario. For example, autofluorescence and photobleaching are two major problems associated with fluorescence-based sensing [68]. Additionally, in the case of in vivo monitoring, the light scattering of fluorescence can be affected by variations in skin properties, such as pigmentation levels [69]. Figure 5: (**a**) The schematic diagram of explaining the glucose-binding mechanism of hydrogel-based glucose sensor. (**i**) The illustration of in vivo stability of the fluorescent-based hydrogel glucose sensor. **(ii)** The glucose detection mechanism of the sensing dye. Without glucose molecules, the fluorescence of anthracene is suppressed. When glucose binds to arylboronic acid, the fluorescence intensity increases. Reprinted with permission from [60]. **(b)** Fluorescence glucose sensors made with mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The mesopores are then capped with an active CD-modified-glucose oxidase (CD-GOx) through the formation of an inclusion complex between the cyclodextrins and the propylbenzimidazole group anchored to the solid support. Reprinted with permission from [61]. **(c)** Structures of sensors bound to glucose. **(i)** The first fluorescent chemosensor **(ii)** The modified diboronic acid fluorescent chemosensor. **(iii)** The final glucose-monitoring device--Senseonics Eversense. Reprinted with permission from [65]. **(d)** The schematic illustration of glucose-binding process on the functionalized contact lens. Two-step functionalization process is depicted: first, coating the bare contact lens with tannic acid (pTA) and then conjugating with 4-MPBA (pTA-BA). Reprinted with permission from [67].
# Utility-Based Wireless Routing Algorithm for Massive MIMO Heterogeneous Networks
## 2 Related Work
Given the number of UE of each BS, the available antennas, and the distance between all BSs, UWBR involves dynamically adjusting the allocation of antennas while selecting routes to improve overall satisfaction of users. To quantify the satisfaction of users, we used a utility function to describe the bandwidth requirements of each BS. In many papers, such as [22; 23; 24], utility functions were used to describe the degree of satisfaction of receiving a certain amount of traffic [25].
# Waveguide Manufacturing Technologies for Next-Generation Millimeter-Wave Antennas
## 3 Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
For this reason, planar technology has been the preferred medium for manufacturing this kind of array, as it allows for easier integration of active parts. Nevertheless, there are some hybrid devices in which active components are integrated in a waveguide design, either with conventional waveguides [37] or substrate integrated waveguides [38]. Additionally, purely mechanically reconfigurable waveguide arrays have been achieved by using movable dielectric parts [39]. These two devices constitute an interesting frame of reference for comparison with the phased array in [36]. Table 3 summarizes the main performance indicators for each design. It should be observed that the reconfiguration mechanism of the three designs is very different. However, the lack of waveguide-based arrays with purely mechanical reconfiguration in the literature prevented further comparison.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Power Production  
Figure 9 represents the power generation of the sensor-based system compared to the azimuth-based system during day hours. The power production of the sensor-based tracking system and the azimuth-based tracking system was recorded throughout the sun  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**S. No.** & **Material Type** & **Property** & **Quantity** & **Cost** \\ \hline
1 & PV Panel & 24 V\({}_{\text{DC}}\), 50 W, & \\
2 & Battery & 12 V\({}_{\text{DC}}\), 10 A & 1 Pc. & \\  & Microcontroller and Sensors & & \\
4 & (LDR, accelerometer, & & \\  & voltage, current, and RTC) & & \\
5 & Linear Actuators & 12 V\({}_{\text{DC}}\)–2 A & 2 Pc. & \\
6 & Main Structure & Aluminum frames & 20 m & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Cost of the system.  
Figure 8: Test setup of consist of sensor-based SAST and azimuth-based SAST.  
hours of 8 February 2022. The results show that the sensor-based PV system's module generated higher power throughout the day than the azimuth-based PV system. The maximum power generation of the azimuth-based system was 49.7 W at 1:01 p.m. In contrast, the minimum power generation was 46.4 W at 12:47 p.m. As for the sensor-based system, the maximum power generation was 57.1 W at 11:47 a.m.  
The mean power generation of the sensor-based system and the azimuth-based systems were 52.6 W and 48.8 W, respectively, whereas the sensor-based system had a higher power generation of 7.8%. The maximum difference between the systems' power generations was 8.1 W, recorded at 11:47 a.m. On the other hand, the minimum power generation was 48.8 W at 2:43 p.m.
## 3 Results
### Data Results Related to the 2 nd Set of Surveys  
A similar analysis was undertaken for the data obtained during the second set of measurements. Figure 8 shows the results related to configurations 1 to 9, specifically  
Figure 7: Insertional Loss (IL) comparison between 1 st and 2 nd set of measurements, related to all the configurations of scatterer layout. Distance between source and edge of barrier (_Xs_) is equal to 800 mm for the dotted-blue lines and to 400 mm for the dashed-orange lines. Distance between receiver and edge of barrier (_Xr_) is equal to 800 mm.  
composed of three rows of type A diameter sticks and an additional one to three rows of type B diameter sticks. This second set of measurements is characterized by changing the position of the sound source to be 400 mm, instead of 800 mm, from the barrier.  
The top-left graph of Figure 8 shows the results related to configuration 1 by placing the sound source at 800 mm and 400 mm from the barrier. The values of the two curves indicate that a similar trend was registered, characterized by spikes pronounced at 5.0 kHz. A similar result is shown in the graph related to configuration 2, where the peaks were found at 5.0 kHz to be very close to each other, around 19 dB. These similarities were not found in the third graph representing configuration 3, where a spike reaching 19 dB was obtained by placing the sound source closer to the barrier only, while an increased distance between the sound source and barrier has the effect of lowering the peak and broadening the attenuation over a wide range of frequency bands (i.e., from 5.0 kHz and 8.0 kHz).  
By comparing the results obtained by the first and second sets of measurements, the graph related to configuration 4 indicates a higher IL when the sound source is 800 mm from the barrier, while two peaks at 4 kHz and 6.3 kHz equal to 14 dB were recorded when the sound source is closer to the barrier. This curve trend was not found in configurations 5 and 6, where the spikes at 4 kHz are very similar to the second graph of Figure 7, which indicates a negligible effect of the sound source position from the barrier.  
Graphs related to configurations 7, 8, and 9 indicate a clearly efficient performance in terms of sound attenuation when the sound source is placed closer to the barrier. In particular, by having only five rows of type A sticks, IL reaches 20 dB at 4 kHz, almost 10 dB more than when the sound source is placed 800 mm from the barrier. A similar result is obtained in configuration 9, but the frequency recording a high level of IL occurs at 5 kHz. For configuration 8, a broader sound attenuation was found at the frequency range between 4 kHz and 6.3 kHz.  
Overall, the cylindrical elements, being the main components of a metamaterial acoustic barrier, determine the sound attenuation in specific frequency bands. The interaction of the soundwave with sticks having different diameters governs the amplitude of the sound attenuation, especially when the sound source is placed closer to the barrier. This means that the values of IL are improved when the distance between the barrier and the sound source is reduced.