## 3 Results
### Torrefaction Performance and Severity Index  
The results of HHV and the calculated mass yields, enhancement factors, energy yields, and EMCI of the five torrefied biomass samples in response to different torrefaction temperatures (i.e., 250, 300, and 350 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and different torrefaction times (i.e., 10, 30, 60 min) are illustrated in Figure 3 and Table 4. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Material**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**T (\({}^{\circ}\)C)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**HHV (MJ/kg)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**EF**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**EMCI**} \\ \cline{2-11}  & & **10 min** & **30 min** & **60 min** & **10 min** & **30 min** & **60 min** & **10 min** & **30 min** & **60 min** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**M**} & **250** & 19.59 & 19.80 & 20.26 & 1.04 & 1.05 & 1.07 & 3.05 & 3.73 & 5.38 \\  & **300** & 19.34 & 19.94 & 20.3 & 1.02 & 1.05 & 1.07 & 1.47 & 2.83 & 2.97 \\  & **350** & 19.00 & 19.7 & 20.32 & 1.00 & 1.04 & 1.07 & 0.163 & 1.37 & 2.39 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**H**} & **250** & 16.98 & 17.12 & 17.38 & 1.03 & 1.03 & 1.05 & 1.84 & 2.31 & 3.24 \\  & **300** & 16.71 & 18.78 & 20.9 & 1.01 & 1.13 & 1.26 & 0.45 & 6.06 & 10.45 \\  & **350** & 17.33 & 17.65 & 19.18 & 1.05 & 1.07 & 1.16 & 2.25 & 3.08 & 8.45 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**SS**} & **250** & 15.96 & 15.97 & 16.11 & 1.05 & 1.05 & 1.05 & 1.06 & 4.17 & 4.07 & 4.67 \\  & **300** & 15.77 & 17.33 & 18.86 & 1.04 & 1.14 & 1.24 & 2.41 & 8.67 & 14.46 \\  & **350** & 15.46 & 16.11 & 16.79 & 1.02 & 1.06 & 1.10 & 0.97 & 3.39 & 5.85 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**M + SS**} & **250** & 17.91 & 17.81 & 18.01 & 1.05 & 1.05 & 1.06 & 4.33 & 3.68 & 4.43 \\  & **300** & 17.43 & 17.92 & 18.53 & 1.02 & 1.05 & 1.09 & 1.55 & 3.09 & 4.71 \\  & **350** & 17.29 & 17.12 & 18.32 & 1.01 & 1.05 & 1.08 & 0.69 & 0.21 & 3.35 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**H + SS**} & **250** & 15.78 & 15.42 & 15.96 & 1.02 & 1.00 & 1.03 & 1.62 & 3.28 & 2.42 \\  & **300** & 16.36 & 16.87 & 17.90 & 1.06 & 1.09 & 1.16 & 3.66 & 5.48 & 9.28 \\ \cline{1-1}  & **350** & 15.29 & 15.10 & 15.36 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 1.00 & 0.66 & 1.28 & 0.39 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: HHV (MJ/kg) and EMCI of studied biomasses with respect to temperature and time. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Analysis**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**M**} & **H** & **SS** & **M + SS** & **H + SS** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Proximate analysis \\ (wt.\%, dry basis) \\ \end{tabular} } & Fixed carbon & 3.89 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 2.01 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 15.08 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 7.41 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 7.14 \(\pm\) 0.14 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Volatile matter & 82.79 \(\pm\) 3.31 & 82.23 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 56.01 \(\pm\) 2.24 & 67.89 \(\pm\) 2.72 & 62.13 \(\pm\) 2.49 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Ash content & 2.83 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 3.18 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 16.33 \(\pm\) 0.98 & 11.73 \(\pm\) 0.70 & 13.48 \(\pm\) 0.80 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Moisture content \\ (wt.\%, dry basis) \\ \end{tabular} } & 9.21 \(\pm\) 0.27 & 11.01 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 12.35 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 10.34 \(\pm\) 0.31 & 11.42 \(\pm\) 0.34 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Elemental analysis \\ (wt.\%, dry basis) \\ \end{tabular} } & C & 45.11 \(\pm\) 1.35 & 42.12 \(\pm\) 1.27 & 34.67 \(\pm\) 1.04 & 40.39 \(\pm\) 1.21 & 38.98 \(\pm\) 1.17 \\ \cline{2-6}  & H & 3.71 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 4.54 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 5.19 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 4.67 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 5.08 \(\pm\) 0.15 \\ \cline{2-6}  & N & 0.80 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 3.49 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 4.79 \(\pm\) 0.14 & 3.94 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 3.72 \(\pm\) 0.11 \\ \cline{2-6}  & O & 46.13 \(\pm\) 1.38 & 47.43 \(\pm\) 1.42 & 38.20 \(\pm\) 1.15 & 36.33 \(\pm\) 1.09 & 38.27 \(\pm\) 1.15 \\ \cline{2-6}  & S & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.03 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.82 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.31 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.47 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Energy content \\ (wt.\%, dry basis) \\ \end{tabular} } & HHV (MJ/kg) & 18.91 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 16.56 \(\pm\) 0.82 & 15.21 \(\pm\) 0.76 & 17.04 \(\pm\) 0.85 & 15.48 \(\pm\) 0.77 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}