esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Emission Characteristics
#### 3.5.4 Smoke Emissions  
The emissions section concludes with the smoke opacity emission depicted in Figure 10 for the different tested fuels.  
According to the results, the emissions levels of smoke opacity are higher at low engine loads. In this sense, as the engine load increases from 50% to 100%, the emissions are reduced up to 54%, demonstrating that smoke emissions depend primarily on the engine operating conditions. Interestingly, the standalone gasoline operation features the highest smoke formation in the exhaust stream. On the contrary, implementing alcohol compounds and HHO doping promotes smoke opacity minimization. This result implies that the extension of the oxygenated conditions limits the emission levels. In other words, it is observed that by only using ABE additive in the blends, a decent reduction of smoke is achieved when compared to the baseline fuel, and the HHO replacement furthers enlarge the smoke drop. Specifically, gasoline presents up to 9% of smoke emissions, followed by ABE 5 between 4.2 to 8.3% and ABE 10 with less than 7.6%. The implementation of hydroxy enrichment in ABE 5 and ABE 10 provides a further reduction of up to 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively.  
Exhaust after-treatment technologies have reported salient results towards emissions reduction. However, the main advantage of the proposed dual-fuel methodology relies on the simplified implementation that does not intervene in engine structure and requires negligible modification on its functionality. The latter elucidate clear advantages from a techno-economic viewpoint and the importance of promoting dual-fuel operation in future platforms of ICEs.
# Research and Progress on Truing and Sharpening Process of Diamond Abrasive Grinding Tools
## 3 Dressing Method of Diamond Abrasive Grinding Tools
### Sharpening Technology of Diamond Abrasive Grinding Tools  
Sharpening technology of diamond abrasive grinding tools refers to the process of cutting the excess bond material between the diamond abrasive grains, making them possess appropriate chip holding space, making the grinding edge higher than the bond, obtaining the ideal abrasive grain height, and forming the cutting edge. With the rapid development of science and technology, the sharpening technology of diamond abrasive grinding tools has generated the free abrasive grain sharpening method, the consolidated dressing tool sharpening method, the EDM sharpening method, and the laser sharpening method.
## 3 Results
### Strategies to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of the Investigated Samples
#### 3.4.1 Incorporating Lithium in the HESO Lattice
(**a,b**) CV curves (scanning rate of 0.1 mV s\({}^{-1}\)), (**c,d**) galvanostatic charge–discharge curves measured at 20 mA g\({}^{-1}\) and (**e,f**) galvanostatic charge–discharge curves measured at different current density. (**g**) Cycling stability at a current density of 500 mA g\({}^{-1}\) and (**h**) results of EIS measurements. reached, which is much higher than that of 5 MF-sg (150 mAh g\({}^{-1}\)) and close to that reported for (FeCoNiCrMnZnLi)\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) prepared using the standard solid-state method (522 mAh g\({}^{-1}\)) after 100 cycles at the same rate [46]. The slightly increasing trend of specific capacity seems to be peculiar to materials with large particles [46]. The improved cycling stability could be ascribed to the increased configurational entropy deriving from the presence of the sixth metal in the combination and OVs generated, which induces the phase stabilization effect in the HESO [52; 78]. The enhanced rate capability can be attributed to the improved ionic conductivity associated with the existence of a large number of OVs [46]. Figure 6h shows the results of EIS measurements performed to further evaluate Li\({}^{+}\) transfer behavior of the two anodes. Nyquist plots show a semicircle in the high-to-medium frequency region related to charge transfer resistance at the electrode/electrolyte interface; the straight line in the low-frequency region is associated with the Warburg impedance, which depends on the solid-state diffusion of Li\({}^{+}\)-ions in the bulk electrode material. For anode Li5 MF-sg, the semicircle diameter is much smaller than that of 5 MF-sg, while the slope of the straight line is higher. These findings indicate greatly reduced charge transfer resistance and faster Li\({}^{+}\) transport in Li\({}_{1.8}\)(Cr\({}_{0.2}\)Mn\({}_{0.2}\)Fe\({}_{0.2}\)Co\({}_{0.2}\)Zn\({}_{0.2}\))\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{x}\) NPs compared to (Cr\({}_{0.2}\)Mn\({}_{0.2}\)Fe\({}_{0.2}\)Co\({}_{0.2}\)Zn\({}_{0.2}\))\({}_{3}\)O\({}_{4}\) NPs. Both factors are responsible for the observed improvement in the electrochemical behavior.
# Development of Heavy Metal Potentiostat for
## 2 Methodology  
### Design of HMstat  
The HMstat consists of two main components, which comprise of the digital control signal component (CSC) and the electronic component, which is the analog potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC), as shown in Figure 1. The function of the CSC is for parameter control, signal generation, acquisition, and processing. The CSC is based on NI myRIO, which is equipped with built-in ADC and DAC provided with a bipolar input/output voltage channel up to \(\pm 10\) V. These features allow the reduction in stages in PRCC from nine steps (from previous work [19]) to three steps (for this current work; refer to Figure 2). The stages in PRCC can be categorized into two parts, which are the potential control part (PCP) and the current measurement part (CMP). There are two stages in PCP; the first stage consists of a summing inverting amplifier (AOSUM), and the second stage is a voltage follower (AOF). The function of the PCP is to apply and control the interfacial potential at the WE through CE with the consideration of feedback potential from the RE through AOF (the function of AOF is to limit any current that might otherwise flow through RE [30]). Thus, the applied potential input to the electrochemical cell can be expressed using Equation (1):  
\[V_{in}=\frac{R_{2}}{R_{1}}V_{ap}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(V_{ap}\) is the applied potential generated by CSC; \(R_{1}\) and \(R_{2}\) are resistor 1 and resistor 2, respectively. Since \(R_{1}=R_{2}=10\) k\(\Omega\), thus ideally, \(V_{in}\) applied to the electrochemical cell will be equal to the \(V_{ap}\).  
Here, the CMP is comprised of a transimpedance amplifier (OATIA) with the function to covert the small current changed from the electrochemical cell to a voltage signal. The correlation between the measured current change and the output voltage from OATIA can be expressed using Equation (2):  
\[I_{out}=\frac{V_{out}}{R_{gain}}, \tag{2}\]  
where \(I_{out}\) is the measured output current, \(V_{out}\) is the output voltage, and \(R_{gain}\) is the gain resistor of OATIA with a resistance value of 10 k\(\Omega\).  
Figure 1: (**a**) The HMstat consists of a control signal component (CSC) and potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC) connected to the electrochemical cell (consisting of a screen-printed electrode gold (SPGE)) and (**b**) overall connection of HMstat.  
Figure 2: Block diagram of the potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC) comprised of (**a**) potential control part (PCP) and (**b**) current measurement part (CMP), connected to a (**c**) dummy cell (for accuracy and noise measurement).
# Reconfigurable Multi-Beam Receiver Based on Microwave Photonics Technology
## 2 System Architecture
Therefore, we use the basic \(1\times 2\) switch instead of the multi-stages switch to avoid causing amplitude and phase inconsistency. Compared to the structure DP, the outputs in structure in Figure 3 have almost equal precedence, and we named it the equal-precedence (structure EP) for convenience.
# Integrated DVB-X2 Receiver Architecture with Common Acceleration Engine
## 2 System Description
### System Overview  
The proposed DVB-X2 receiver provides digital terrestrial, cable, and satellite DTV services in a single receiver platform. Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the proposed DVB-X2 receiver.  
The tuner block made up of DVB-T2, DVB-C2, and DVB-S2 tuners converts radio frequency (RF) signals into digital baseband signals. The demodulation block made up of DVB-T2, DVB-C2, and DVB-S2 demodulators starts the operation when receiving the corresponding transmission signal, and performs the received signal processing of each corresponding baseband such as synchronization, channel estimation, and equalization. The common accelerator performs de-interleaving and LDPC/ BCH decoding functions. The frame processor processes the data area using the header information of the corresponding BB frame of DVB-T2, DVB-C2, and DVB-S2. The de-multiplexer (De-MUX) performs the inverse of the stream and mode adaptations to reproduce transport stream (TS), generic continuous stream (GCS), generic fixed-length packetized stream (GFPS) or generic stream encapsulation (GSE) sent by the transmitter. The audio/video (A/V) decoder reproduces audio and video signals from TS, GCS, GFPS, or GSE signals.
# Simulation of Gas Fracturing in Reservoirs Based on a Coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Damage Model
## 2 The Mechanism of Hydraulic Fracturing under Temperature Field  
### Mechanical Equilibrium under Temperature Field  
The element used for simulation is regarded as an isotropic linear poroelastic medium, and its constitutive relation can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{ij}=2G\epsilon_{ij}+\frac{2G\mu}{1-2\mu}\epsilon_{kk}\delta_{ij}-\alpha p \delta_{ij}-K\alpha_{T}T\delta_{ij}-K\epsilon_{s}\delta_{ij} \tag{1}\]  
where \"\(K\)\" represents the bulk modulus of the material, \"\(G\)\" denotes the shear modulus of the material, while \"\(\mu\)\" refers to the Poisson's ratio of the material, \(p\) is the gas pressure, \(T\) is the ambient temperature, \(\delta_{ij}\) is the Kronegger constant, the subscript \"\(i\)\" represents the index, and when \"\(i\)\" equals \"\(j\)\", it represents the Kronecker delta. \(\alpha\) is the Biot coefficient of the material, \(\epsilon\) is the strain tensor of the material, \(\sigma\) is the stress tensor on the unit cell, and \(\epsilon g\) is the volumetric strain that occurs when coalbed gas undergoes adsorption.  
In this case, the equilibrium equation and strain-displacement relationship of the element can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{ij,j}+F_{i}=0 \tag{2}\]  
\[\epsilon_{ij}=\frac{1}{2}(u_{i,j}+u_{j,i}) \tag{3}\]  
In Equation (1), it can be obtained that the volumetric strain of the element body can be expressed by the following formula  
\[\epsilon_{V}=\frac{1}{K}(\overline{\sigma}+\alpha p)+\alpha_{T}T+\epsilon_{s} \tag{4}\]  
where, \(\epsilon_{V}=\epsilon_{11}+\epsilon_{22}+\epsilon_{33}\) represents the volumetric strain of the material and \(\overline{\sigma}=\sigma_{kk}/3\) is the effective stress of the applied principal stress material, \(\sigma_{eij}=\sigma_{ij}+\alpha p\delta_{ij}\).  
Due to the adsorption \(\epsilon_{s}\) and desorption of the gas, it is assumed that the volumetric strain of the gas reservoir in this case is defined by:  
\[\epsilon_{s}=\alpha_{sg}V_{sg} \tag{5}\]  
where, \(V_{sg}\) is the content of the gas adsorbed in the gas reservoir and \(\alpha_{sg}\) is the volumetric strain coefficient of the gas reservoir when adsorption occurs.  
Under the combination of Equations (3)-(5), and then according to the change of stress and pore gas pressure of the gas reservoir, the Navier equation of the gas reservoir under the condition of adsorption can be obtained.  
\[Gu_{i,jj}+\frac{G}{1-2\mu}u_{j,ji}-\alpha p_{,i}-K\alpha_{T}T_{,i}-K\varepsilon_ {s,i}+f_{i}=0 \tag{6}\]
## 3 The Proposed MPPT Algorithm
Following a symmetrical hysteresis approach, when \(\mathrm{d}v_{c}/\mathrm{d}t\) gets lower than a prefixed negative threshold, the slope of the requested power is inverted so that the time derivative of capacitance voltage starts increasing and the PV operating point moves toward left again, thus, toward the MPP. The slope of the requested power is kept at negative until \(\mathrm{d}v_{c}/\mathrm{d}t\) overcomes the positive threshold and, after that, the requested power slope is inverted again by repeating the process. In order to facilitate the comprehension of the proposed algorithm, a numerical analysis based on the ideal case of Figure 2. has been carried out and some results have been proposed in Figure 3.  
Figure 3a shows the PV current and power during the startup of the system. The power increases linearly with time, according to the power requested by the inverter, and, as the \(v_{c}\) variation is small, the current also has an almost linear behavior. In a time span of about 20 s, they reach their respective rated values and the system can then be considered in steady state conditions. In Figure 3b, two quantities are reported: the time derivative of the capacitor voltage, and its variation with respect to the rated value. As it can be noted, while in the startup interval, the quantity \(\mathrm{d}v_{c}/\mathrm{d}t\) is well within the hysteresis threshold; in the steady state condition, the hysteresis controller is activated and thus, \(v_{c}\) is constrained to its rated value. In Figure 3c, the PV power and current variation with respect to their rated values are reported and compared to the same quantities as the inverter. The variable requested by the inverter is denoted with the subscript \(r\), while \(p\) refers to PV quantities. As it can be noted, after the MPP is reached and during the positive slope of the requested power, the \(i_{p}\) current and the \(P_{p}\) power remain almost constant and their values correspond to the PV MPP. The same can be said during the negative slope  
Figure 3: Ideal case numerical analysis: (**a**) PV current and power; (**b**) capacitance voltage variation time derivative; (**c**) PV and inverter current and power variation in steady state; (**d**) capacitance voltage variation time derivative in steady state. of the requested power. When the \(v_{c}\) derivative touches its negative threshold, the requested power slope gets positive again and the PV quantities slightly vary until the MPP is reached again. The total variation of \(P_{p}\) and \(i_{p}\) is very low in comparison to the rated values. In Figure 3d, \(\mathrm{d}v_{c}/\mathrm{d}t\) and \(\Delta v_{c}\) waveform are consistent with the behavior of the controlled system and they testify the low ripple of the capacitor voltage.
# Investigation of Static and Kinematic Surveying Performance of Handheld GNSS Receiver +
###### Abstract  
In this study, the static and kinematic positioning performance of the Garmin GPSMAP 66 sr handheld GNSS receiver has been tested. For the static test, GNSS data was collected for 24 h and divided into shorter sessions of 1, 2, and 4 h to assess the performance of the receiver as a function of occupation time. The whole and subgroup data were processed by the relative method for different satellite constellations using three reference stations, to form a very short (45 m), short (5.1 km), and relatively long (73.2 km) baselines. For the kinematic test, the data was collected for approximately 1 h and processed with the relative method. Additionally, the whole and subgroup static and kinematic GNSS data of the Garmin receiver were also processed with the Canadian Spatial Reference System-Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) online service. All Garmin static and kinematic solutions (both relative and PPP) were compared with those calculated by the geodetic receiver. The overall static results show that the Garmin GPSMAP 66 sr handheld receiver provides accuracy in a few centimeters with the relative method when integer ambiguities were correctly fixed and in the decimeter-to-meter level using the PPP technique. For the kinematic scenario, the results were relatively poor within the level of decimeters with the relative method while the level of meters with the PPP technique.  
GNSS; low-cost positioning: handheld GNSS receiver; Precise Point Positioning (PPP) IEEEexample:BSTcontrol
###### Abstract  
This paper reports on the design and experimental validation of a fully-metallic double-ridged waveguide 10 \(\times\) 10 Rotman lens additively manufactured as a single part. The wide band operation of this quasi-optical beamformer enables us to cover the uplink and downlink frequencies allocated to satellite communications in the K/K\({}_{\text{a}}\)-band, from 17.3 GHz to 30 GHz. The feeding port design was adjusted to enable vertical printing, thus minimizing the use of supporting structures. A prototype was manufactured and tested. The reported results indicate losses in the range of 0.5 dB in the lower-frequency band and 0.8 dB in the upper-frequency band, including the waveguide transitions added for test purposes. The measured reflection and coupling coefficients remain below \(-\)11.5 dB over the operating band. The standard deviation of the residual phase error across the array ports is below 5\({}^{\circ}\) in simulation and below 10\({}^{\circ}\) in measurements. Array factors synthesized using the scattering parameters confirm the good stability of the beamforming functionality over the wide frequency band analyzed. This monolithic design is a promising step toward more integrated antenna systems, such as a compact dual-stack configuration for planar array design.  
fully-metallic antenna; Rotman lens; multiple beam antenna; satellite communication; additive manufacturing
# Effective Monoaural Speech Separation through Convolutional Top-Down Multi-View Network
## 2 SuDoRM-RF++
### Separator  
The separator \(\mathcal{S}\) initially applies a point-wise convolution and global layer normalization (GLN) on the encoded representation \(\mathbf{v_{x}}\), expressed by:  
\[\mathbf{y}_{0}=\mathrm{Conv1D}(\mathrm{GLN}(\mathbf{v_{x}}))\in\mathbb{R}^{C \times L}. \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1: (**a**) The flowchart of SuDoRM-RF++. (**b**) The flowchart of a single U-Convolution block.  
The outcome \(\mathbf{y}_{0}\) is subsequently processed using a sequence of U-Convolutional blocks. The U-Convolutional block serves as the signature operation of SuDoRM-RF++, employing temporal downsampling and resampling operations in succession to extract separation information from inputs of various resolutions. The U-Convolutional block structure is illustrated in Figure 1b, while a comprehensive explanation of its specific operations can be found in [13]. We omit this part due to the extensive description required and its exclusion from the scope of our study.  
The output of the \(B\) consecutive U-Convolutional blocks, \(\mathbf{y}^{(B)}\), is passed through a convolution network in order to extract separated latent representations for multiple speakers in concatenation \(\widehat{\mathbf{v}}=[\widehat{\mathbf{v}}_{1},\widehat{\mathbf{v}}_{2},..., \widehat{\mathbf{v}}_{K}]\), as follows:  
\[\widehat{\mathbf{v}}=\text{Conv}1\text{D}\Big{(}\Big{(}\mathbf{y}^{B}\Big{)} \Big{)}\in\mathbb{R}^{KC_{\mathcal{E}}\times L}. \tag{3}\]
###### Abstract  
Although there are differences in the appearance of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng (MCG) and Garden-Cultivated Ginseng (GCG), it is very difficult to distinguish them when the samples are processed to slices or powder. Moreover, there is significant price difference between them, which leads to the widespread adulteration or falsification in the market. Thus, the authentication of MCG and GCG is crucial for the effectiveness, safety, and quality stability of ginseng. In the present study, a headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) coupled with chemometrics approach was developed to characterize the volatile component profiles in MCG and GCG with 5,-10,-15-growth years, and subsequently to discover differentiating chemical markers. As a result, we characterized, for the first time, 46 volatile components from all the samples by using the NIST database and the Wiley library. The base peak intensity chromatograms were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis to comprehensively compare the chemical differences among the above samples. \(\text{MCG}_{\text{5,10,15-years}}\) and \(\text{GCG}_{\text{5,10,15-years}}\) samples were mainly divided into two groups by unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA), and 5 potential cultivation-dependent markers were discovered based on orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Moreover, \(\text{MCG}_{\text{5,10,15-years}}\) samples were divided into three blocks, and 12 potential growth-year-dependent markers enabled differentiation. Similarly, \(\text{GCC}_{\text{5,10,15-years}}\) samples were also separated into three groups, and six potential growth-year-dependent markers were determined. The proposed approach could be applied to directly distinguish MCG and GCG with different growth years and to identify the differentiation chemo-markers, which is an important criterion for evaluating the effectiveness, safety, and quality stability of ginseng.  
20232820162023 by the authors.  
[PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON] Differentiation of Mountain- and Garden-Cultivated Ginseng with Different Growth Years Using HS-SPME-GC-MS Coupled with Chemometrics.
# An Adaptive Moving Window Kriging Based on K-Means Clustering for Spatial Interpolation
## 6 Conclusions  
In this work, the AMWKK method is developed to improve the spatial prediction derived from the moving window kriging based on the K-means clustering proposed by [PERSON] et al. Unlike the MWK method ([PERSON] and [PERSON] [3]) and MWKK method ([PERSON] et al. [29]), which employ fixed window sizes and fixed centroids, respectively, the AMWKK model utilizes a dynamic clustering approach. Here, each target site acts as a temporary cluster centroid, which initiates the formation of new clusters. These clusters serve as the window for estimating the target point's value. This technique specifically addresses the challenge of selecting appropriate windows for target points located near the borders, which can potentially be the source of errors. This novel approach offers a computationally efficient alternative to cross-validation for window size selection presented by [PERSON] et al. [26] and [PERSON] [20; 27]. AMWKK and other interpolation approaches are used to estimate Thailand's mean annual pressure and humidity in 2018. The results indicate the superior estimation capabilities of the AMWKK approach, with R\({}_{\text{I}}\) values of 2.3226% and 5.5571% for the pressure and humidity, respectively. In this regard, the advantage of using the AMWKK method for spatial interpolation can be attributed to the fact that it facilitates the automatic tuning of the window size at any estimation point, which is particularly effective when observations in the same cluster as target points are sparse.  
Conceptualization, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; methodology, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; software, N.S. and S.M.; validation, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; formal analysis, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; investigation, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; resources, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; data curation, N.S. and S.M.; writing-original draft preparation, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; writing-review and editing, N.S., N.C. and S.M.; visualization, N.S.; supervision, N.C. and S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded by Fundamental Fund 2024, Chiang Mai University.  
All data were acquired from the National Hydroinformatics and Climate Data Center (NHC), developed by Hydro-Informatics Institute (HII) [38].  
This research project was supported by (i) Chiang Mai University and (ii) Fundamental Fund 2024, Chiang Mai University.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.