esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
A fire-image-based HRR prediction method was proposed using the YOLO-YCbCr flame segmentation model. For comparison purposes, the YOLO segmentation model was used as a representative deep learning-based segmentation model. The HRR values were predicted as a function of time for various fire experiment videos provided by the NIST, and the prediction performance was evaluated. The findings of this study are listed below:  
* A novel, lightweight, image-based HRR prediction model was proposed by combining deep learning and image processing to extract physically meaningful flame features.
* The proposed fire-image-based HRR prediction models achieved \(R^{2}\) values ranging from 0.61 to 0.90, effectively capturing transient HRR trends. While frame-wise predictions caused fluctuations due to the limited video frames, applying the AFH significantly reduced these variations and improved the prediction performance.
* The YOLO-YCbCr-based model demonstrated high efficiency and applicability for transient HRR prediction. Further improvements are needed to incorporate temporal dynamics and refine the AFH method to enhance HRR prediction performance under diverse fire conditions.  
In future studies, further improvements in flame segmentation, average flame height applicability, and spatial information extraction will be conducted to enhance the performance of fire-image-based HRR prediction models. Additionally, the integration of sequence modeling techniques will be explored to more accurately predict transient fire HRR behavior. Furthermore, the applicability and robustness of the proposed approach will be evaluated through large-scale HRR measurement experiments involving various combustibles and fire sizes under realistic fire conditions.  
Conceptualization and methodology, J.R. and M.K.; formal analysis and investigation, J.R.; writing--original draft preparation, J.R.; writing--review and editing, M.K. and S.M.; supervision, M.K.; project administration, M.K. and S.M.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement (KAIA) grant, funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (Grant RS-2022-00156237).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
# The Relationship between Gait Velocity and Walking Pattern in Hemiplegic Patients
###### Abstract  
Background Gait speed represents a functional predictor and an impairment severity index in stroke survivors; gait analysis parameters are descriptors of walking strategies used to compensate for the muscle impairment such as vaulting, circumduction and hip liking. The aim of this study was to assess if there is a relationship between the gait compensatory strategy and gait speed of progression. **Methods** A sample of 30 patients with post-stroke hemiparesis was assessed for gait compensatory patterns through gait analysis and videorecording. BMI, pain-VAS, Barthel Index, Nottingham Extended ADL Scale, Morticity Index, lower limb muscles strength and aROMs were also included in the assessment. **Results** In 19 patients it was possible to identify one or more compensatory strategies; in 11 patients no specific gait pattern was found. The vaulting and hip liking combined gait strategy had an effect on gait speed. Gait speed was directly related to Barthel Index, Nottingham Extended ADL Scale, Morticity Index of the paretic side and in particular with quadriceps and liiopsoas strength and hip extension aROM. Gender, age and paretic side did not influence gait speed. **Conclusion** Compensatory gait strategies influence gait speed but studies with larger sample size are needed to better highlight their impact.  
chronic stroke; walking speed; compensatory strategies; gait analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Image Analysis
## 4 Simulations and Results Analysis
### Legitimacy Probability (\(P_{l}\))
#### 4.5.1 Behavior Analysis of \(P_{l}(alarm)\)  
The behavior of the legitimacy probability equation, \(P_{L}(alarm)\), is shown in Figure 6, for different values of \(m\) and \(P_{M}\), for \(N=10\) neighbors, \(P_{tp}=0.6\) and \(P_{fp}=0.4\). As we can see in Figure 6, \(P_{L}(alarm)\) decreases when \(m\) increases, that is the more neighbors that are required for the IDS to decide that a node is malicious, the smaller the chance of a false alarm occurring. In other words, if a great amount of nodes raised an alarm against a node, then this nodes is more likely to be actually malicious. Notice, as well, that the chance of a false alarm occurring also decreases as the fraction of malicious nodes in the network (\(P_{M}\)) increases.  
Figure 5: Accuracy of the key management resilience probability (\(P_{R}\)) _vs._ the number \(x\) of captured nodes, for different network sizes, \(k=200\) keys, \(p=0.33\) and \(q=3\).
## 5 Results and Analysis
### Structural Analysis and Comparative Insights  
The superior performance of the difference-based model can be attributed to the inherent compatibility between road features and change detection techniques. Roads are continuous, linear structures, and disruptions such as fractures or disconnections appear distinctly in difference images. This structural clarity enhances the effectiveness of change-enhanced segmentation.  
This observation is consistent with findings from previous studies, which demonstrated that change detection-based models such as FC-Siamese [44] and improved Siamese U-Net [46] architectures are particularly effective in capturing structural damage in linear infrastructures like roads and railways. These studies reinforce the reliability of difference-based segmentation for damage assessment in structured environments.  
In contrast, while the Siamese model is designed to capture rich contextual features, its complexity can lead to overfitting or confusion with background textures (e.g., agricultural field boundaries), resulting in a higher false-positive rate as seen in Figure 3. This tendency is exacerbated by the severe class imbalance in the dataset, where the model can achieve a lower overall loss by prioritizing the majority background class over the minority damage class.
# Comparative Study of Harmony Search Algorithm and its Applications in China, Japan and Korea
## 3 Harmony Search Applications in China
### Engineering
#### 3.1.4 Industrial  
Two search functions, the Hybrid Harmony Search (HHS) with an effective work sequence mapping scheme, and the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) were proposed by [PERSON] and his colleagues [18]. In the Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) a permutation flow shop schedule is produced with the makespan parameters. HHS introduced OBL discovery techniques and the best candidate into HM to  
Figure 1: Flowchart of IHSMTSA [16].  
speed up integration and direct the applicants to suitable places. The insert and interchange systems were incorporated into the HHS and VNS to better boost local operations. Experimental simulations and benchmarking problem comparisons have shown, for solution consistency and reliability, that the HHS exceeds regular HS and other successful algorithms.  
[PERSON] and his colleagues [19] proposed a Dynamic Parameter-Controlled Harmony Search (DPCHS) for the resolution of assembly planning problems, including,  
* the translation of assembly sequences by the largest position value law,
* initialization of HM by the OBL, and
* the creation of dynamic developmental parameters.  
Introduction of dynamic PAR and BW, which change their values throughout the development, were the main enhancements to the HS Model.  
[PERSON] et al. [20] developed an improved harmony search that connects the differential enhancement process with the VNS (aka DHS) focused on the vital route blocks to overcome JSSP with a view to reducing the makespan. First, the best harmony was planned to improve the convergence rate in the pitch adjustment process. Second, to preserve the population variability and optimize solution efficiency, the differential-mutation improved process focused on best/1 DE/current and 1 DE/rand/1 was added. Third, it was decided to further improve the consistency of the harmony vector agreed by the updated VNS, which centered on the blocks on the critical path. The results of optimization indicated that a solution efficiency, convergence speed, and the reliability of Differential HS (DHS) algorithms have significantly increased with the combination of components.  
[PERSON] et al. [21] implemented an Amended Harmony Search (AHS) algorithm addressing large-scale machine stability concerns. In the AHS, disruption policy, core parameter adaptation and a selection approach for the global aspect were intended to match exploitation and exploratory capabilities. A detailed analysis to determine the search efficiency and convergence output of AHS was performed. Functional and system-reliability check results concluded that the AHS algorithm had improved performance relative to HS and other optimizers in terms of precision, consistency and robustness.
# Wildfire Monitoring Based on Energy Efficient Clustering Approach for FANETS
## 2 Literature Review
To reduce transmission loss, the implementation of inspired ACO combined with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in a subsea WSN environment yields a positive loss of transmission, probability distribution function, average latency, and throughput. An additional CH selection approach was developed in [26], which uses a fuzzy logic-based energy adequate clustering (FLEAC) method based on five descriptors to pick the best CH. We can see the comparison of algorithms by certain metrics and network characteristics in Tables 1 and 2.
# Nonlinear Effect and MAI Impact on SAC-OCDMA System Based on 2D Multi-Diagonal Code and Laser Array
## 3 SAC-OCDMA System Description
Figure 2a shows the SAC-OCDMA encoder used to generate the 2D-MD codes in which a time delay (\(Delay=1/\left(Bit\ rate\times\frac{1}{4}\right)\) ) is used for time spreading and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) multiplexer is employed to assign different wavelength for different generated chip. On the other side, a Bessel optical filter followed by a time delay in the SAC-OCDMA decoder for user 1 is used to extract the user signature from the multiplexed received signal as depicted in Figure 2b. Moreover, Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) and Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) are demonstrated for spectral encoder/decoder that can be a potential solution for physical implementation very suitable in SAC-OCDMA systems. However, in our work only an Optical Tapped-Delay Line (OTDL) is required for the corresponding proposed time delay components for physical implementation since the spectral component of the 2D-MD codes are provided by the CW laser array. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \hline
1 & **1** & 0 & 0 & **1** & 1 & 0 & 0 & **1** & **1** & 0 & 0 & **1** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: 2D-MD code time spreading description. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \(\lambda_{1}\) & \(\lambda_{2}\) & \(\lambda_{3}\) & \(\lambda_{4}\) & \(\lambda_{5}\) & \(\lambda_{6}\) & \(\lambda_{7}\) & \(\lambda_{8}\) & \(\lambda_{9}\) & \(\lambda_{10}\) & \(\lambda_{11}\) & \(\lambda_{12}\) \\ \hline C1 & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline C2 & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline C3 & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline C4 & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: 2D-MD spectral code description. Due to the inclusion of 2D-MD code in the ZCC code families, the detection technique that can be applied is SDD which is characterized by a simple structure where it is enough to filter a single clean wavelength to obtain the desired data [26]. On the other hand, there are two utilized functions that show the importance of code properties, which are auto-correlation and cross-correlation. The algorithm used in MAI cancellation which also matches with SDD technique [14] can be expressed as follows:  
\[\mathcal{R}(f,g)=\sum_{i=1}^{M}\sum_{j=1}^{N}a_{i,j}^{(0)}a_{ij}(g,h)=\left\{ \begin{array}{cc}w_{1}.w_{2}&for&f=0\cap g=0\\ 0&otherwise\end{array} \right. \tag{3}\]  
We note that when two codes in both sides (transmitter and receiver) are matched, this gives auto-correlation value whereas the opposition gives cross-correlation value. Moreover, there is a relationship between MAI, auto-correlation and cross correlation: as long as auto-correlation increases, cross correlation decreases leading to cancel MAI with higher value [27].
# Development of Robot-Assisted Untact Swab Sampling System for Upper Respiratory Disease
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Networking System  
According to the classification of telerobotic systems defined by [19], the proposed robotic system for respiratory sample collection is a \"short-distance telerobotic system\". Although the exact definition of a short-distance telerobotic system requires that the slave system be in the same room as the master system, for the remote sample collection procedure, it is assumed that the patient and the master operator are separated by a wall in the same hospital area. Therefore, the master and slave systems are connected via a local area network (LAN) protocol. For use in this system, a pair of hardware codecs for teleconferencing (WEB-100, Wooksung Media Inc., Daejeon, Korea) was modified to connect the master and slave sites. The hardware system transfers the robot control data, force sensor data, and facial images of the patient. Using the basic features of the teleconference system, audiovisual communication between the master and slave sites is also available. Such communication is necessary to monitor the remote environment and communicate with the patient and on-site medical staff. A camera with a microphone is located at both the slave and master sites, and the captured video and audio streams are encoded using the H.264 codec at a resolution of 1920 \(\times\) 1080 pixels and are bilaterally communicated at 30 FPS. The video stream of the patient's face is transferred at 30 FPS and has a resolution of 1024 \(\times\) 768 pixels. The force sensor data sent from the slave site to the master site and the robot control data sent from the master site to the slave site are also currently transferred at 30 Hz. Although the control frequency of 30 Hz is difficult to implement force feedback for a haptic master interface, this speed is sufficient for visual feedback while the examiner operates the master device [20], i.e., if the patient feels uncomfortable or the force on the swab detected by the force sensor is excessive, the examiner can recognize this through the master software in real time and withdraw the swab from the patient as soon as possible.
# Arabidopsis Disulfide Reductase, Trx-h2, Functions as an RNA Chaperone under Cold Stress
###### Abstract  
The thioredoxin-h (Trx-h) family of _Arabidopsis thaliana_ comprises cytosolic disulfide reductases. However, the physiological function of Trx-h2, which contains an additional 19 amino acids at its N-terminus, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular function of _Trx-h2_ both in vitro and in vivo and found that Arabidopsis Trx-h2 overexpression (_Trx-h2O_E_) lines showed significantly longer roots than wild-type plants under cold stress. Therefore, we further investigated the role of Trx-h2 under cold stress. Our results revealed that Trx-h2 functions as an RNA chaperone by melting misfolded and non-functional RNAs, and by facilitating their correct folding into active forms with native conformation. We showed that Trx-h2 binds to and efficiently melts nucleic acids (ssDNA, dsDNA, and RNA), and facilitates the export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under cold stress. Moreover, overexpression of _Trx-h2_ increased the survival rate of the cold-sensitive _E. coli_ BK04 cells under low temperature. Thus, our data show that Trx-h2 performs function as an RNA chaperone under cold stress, thus increasing plant cold tolerance.  
R +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Life Science  
e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e11e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e11e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e1e11e11e1e1e1e1e11e1e1e11e1e1e1e11e1e1e11e1e1e11e1e11e11e1e11e1e11e1e11e11 ephotosynthetic efficiency, and regulate enzyme activities [15]. The following six major groups of Trx proteins have been identified in higher plants: m, f, x, y, o, and h [16; 17]. In _Arabidopsis thaliana_, the Trx-h family contains eight cytosolic and nuclear isotypes, and each of these proteins exhibits a unique expression pattern and performs a specific function in response to various external stresses [18]. Trx-h1 and Trx-h4 are involved in cell cycle control and proliferation [19]. Trx-h3 is involved in plant defense under oxidative stress [20; 21]. Trx-h5 plays a critical role in the immune response, and participates in the structural and functional regulation of NPR1 [22; 23]. However, the specific function of many Trx-h isoforms remains unclear.  
Here, we investigated the biochemical and physiological properties of Trx-h2, which contains an additional 19 amino acids at its N-terminus [24]. Our results demonstrate that Trx-h2 functions as an RNA chaperone under cold stress and plays a critical role in enhancing the cold tolerance of plants
# Effective Fabric Defect Detection Model for High-Resolution Images
## 2 Proposed Model Based on Cascade R-CNN
### Multi-Morphology Data Augmentation Method  
There are nine kinds of defects in fabric images: stains, sewing_head, holes, shade_yern, broken_figure, mosquito, wrinkles, stop_marks, and thread_ends. The number of defects in nine categories in fabric images significantly varies during fabric defect data collection. Some defects are identified in large numbers, such as stains, shade-yern, and sewing-head, while some are identified in significantly fewer quantities, such as thread-ends, holes, and mosquitos. The model cannot easily learn the features of a smaller number of defects [25]; therefore, we focused on enhancing the small number of defects to improve the quality of the fabric dataset.  
Commonly used data augmentation methods such as rotation, mirroring, and shearing have many disadvantages. The generated defects exhibit similar morphology and the number of defects that can be generated is restricted; hence, these methods are not suitable for data argumentation in the case of an extremely small number of defects.  
Therefore, we proposed a new data augmentation method to enrich the dataset. Initially, we used a method combining mean filtering and dynamic threshold to extract  
Figure 4: Detection box merging algorithm.  
Figure 3: NMS algorithm.  
fabric defects, with the image background set to white or black. The extracted defects are shown in Figure 5; these images were used in the new data augmentation method.  
Then, scaling, mirroring, cropping, rotation, morphological processing, and other common data augmentation methods were used to randomly change the morphology of object defects. Finally, we randomly merged the obtained defects into fabric images in batches, as shown in Figure 6. It should be noted that this multi-morphology data augmentation method is not limited by the image background, and can be used to generate defects with different morphologies in batches [26].
# A Novel Computational Imaging Algorithm for Electrical Capacitance Tomography
###### Abstract  
High-precision images enable electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) to obtain more reliable measurement results, meaning that the reconstruction algorithm is particularly important. Some excellent numerical algorithms have successfully solved the inverse problem for ECT imaging, but their imaging quality is relatively low. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new reconstruction algorithm based on regularized extreme learning machines (RELMs). The implementation of the algorithm is mainly divided into two steps: (1) according to a large number of training samples, the RELM model can be obtained by the iterative split Bregman (ISB) algorithm, which can describe the mapping relationship between the capacitance correlation coefficient and the imaging target well, and (2) the capacitance correlation coefficient is calculated, which is then used as input to the RELM model to predict the final imaging. Both simulation and experimental results show that the RELM algorithm achieves greater improvement in imaging quality and robustness, and provides new development ideas for the ECT.  
electrical capacitance tomography; reconstruction algorithm; inverse problem; regularized extreme learning machine +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
1 Aircraft Optical Imaging Monitoring and Measurement Technology Laboratory, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/))).
## 4 Experiments
### Results and Analysis
#### 4.2.3 Ablation Studies  
To validate the contribution of each component in our framework, we conducted comprehensive ablation studies by systematically removing or replacing key components. Table 4 presents the results of these studies, demonstrating the importance of each archi  
Figure 2: Performance comparison across different attack types. Left: Response effectiveness (%). Middle: Average response time (s). Right: False positive rate (%).  
tectural decision. The removal of the temporal attention mechanism resulted in a 5.2% decrease in response effectiveness and a 31% increase in response time, highlighting its crucial role in processing sequential attack patterns.  
When the dual-stream architecture is replaced with a single policy network, we observed a 7.8% drop in overall performance, particularly regarding those affecting the system's ability to handle multi-stage attacks. This degradation demonstrates the value of separately modeling immediate and strategic responses. The adaptive weighting mechanism proved essential for maintaining system stability as its removal led to a 15.3% increase in system disruption events and a 4.1% decrease in overall response effectiveness.