## 2 Application Fields
### Joint Replacement  
A further field of application for biophysical therapies concerns their application after joint replacement. In 2015, [PERSON] et al. [34] conducted a narrative review regarding the application of PEMFs in the period following hip or knee prosthetic replacement. The data present in the literature at the time of the study demonstrated that the use of biophysical therapy could be useful to reduce bone edema, pain, and to reduce excessive bone resorption around the femoral stems. The same conclusions were reported after a more recent review of the literature also by [PERSON] et al. [35], underlining the improvement in the clinical parameters of patients in the first post-operative period. The authors selected all available prospective studies or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of PEMFs in total joint replacement with the aim of investigating the effects of PEMFs in the post-operative period. Both reported studies highlighted the importance of these applications especially to make the patient more compliant with physiotherapy rehabilitation protocols; the authors, in fact, express positivity about the improvement of the symptomatology and about the edema and the inflammatory state of the interested portion. In 2012, [PERSON] et al. [36] conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study of 30 patients undergoing TKA. Patients were randomized into two groups: one group received PEMFs 4 h/day for 60 days while the second one was a control group. Both groups received the same post-operative rehabilitation program. The Knee-Score and SF-36 score were greater in the PEMFs group compared to the control one at each follow-up. Moreover, the VAS score and NSAID use was significantly reduce and joint swelling resolution was more rapid than in the controls. [PERSON] et al. in 2014 reported similar result in 33 patients undergoing TKA: 1 month after TKA, pain, knee swelling, and functional score were significantly better in the PEMFs group compared with the control. Pain was still significantly lower in the treated group at the six-month follow-up. Three years after surgery, severe pain and occasional walking limitations were reported in a significantly lower number of patients in the treated group compared to control (7% vs. 33%) [37]. The encouraging results observed in lower limb prosthetic surgery are also reproducible for the upper limb. In 2019, the [PERSON] et al. [38] study considered the use of PEMFs for 4 h a day for 2 months following reverse shoulder arthroplasty surgery. The 50 patients considered in the study were divided into 2 groups (experimental group vs. control group) to perform a prospective randomized study. During the 6-month follow-up, statistically significant results were observed for 1, 2, and 3 months for the VAS rating scale and for the Constant score for shoulder functionality. The authors, therefore, concluded that the application of magnetic fields in this field is safe and beneficial. In 2022, [PERSON] et al. [39] conducted a study regarding the application of PEMFs in patients treated with medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). The treatment protocol involved the application of PEMFs for 4 h a day, not necessarily consecutively, from day 3 to 7 post-surgery for 60 days. The following scales were used: VAS for pain, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) for clinical evaluation. Furthermore, the degree of knee edema and the consumption of painkillers during follow-up were evaluated. The first statistically significant results for painful symptoms were observed at 3 months, while significant clinical results were collected with OKS and SF-36 from the first month. Meanwhile, regarding edema, the first significant differences were observed at 2 months. All these results remained significant at least until the 36-month follow-up.