# 3D Ultrasound Mosaic of the Whole Shoulder: A Feasibility Study
## 3 Results
### 3.3. Mosaic Assessment (Quantitative Analysis)  
In the case of reconstruction error evaluation via structural thickness, Table 7 depicts the determined mean thickness for the segmented humeral head surface in both the US mosaic and in a single US volume across all three planes along with the difference in measurements (reconstruction error) for each plane. It also presents the average overall thickness of the humeral head surface considering all planes and the variation between the US mosaic and a single US volume. Overall, the humeral head surface was thicker in the US mosaic compared to an individual volume by 0.649 mm. Further information on the thickness measurements acquired for the assessment are illustrated in Appendix A, Figures A1 and A2.  
Regarding evaluating the reconstruction error by anatomical distance measures, Figure 6 illustrates the aligned US mosaic and MRI segmentations of the humeral head, focusing on the humeral head diameter measured between two identifiable points in the MRI segmentation. The MRI segmentation of the structure was within the thickness range of the US mosaic segmentation on all planes with a mild misalignment on the sagittal plane. Figure 7 shows the corresponding distance examined in the US mosaic. As shown in the two figures, the corresponding humeral head diameters were identical in both modalities at 43.3 mm, resulting in a reconstruction error of 0 mm. As for the inter-anatomical distance, Figure 8 shows the distance between the tip of the acromion and the humeral head, measured as 14 mm in the US mosaic and 15.2 mm in the MRI, respectively, corresponding to a reconstruction error of 1.2 mm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**95\% CI**} \\ \hline
**Ratings** & **Weighted Kappa** & **SE** & **Lower** & **Upper** \\ \hline Average kappa & 0.701 & & & \\ \hline SONOGRAPHER 1-SONOGRAPHER 2 & 0.701 & 0.090 & 0.526 & 0.877 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Totals of 20 shoulder structures and 2 raters/sonographers. Confidence intervals are asymptotic.  
\end{table}
Table 6. [PERSON]’s Weighted kappa.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Mean Values (mm)** & **Transverse Plane** & **Sagittal Plane** & **Coronal Plane** & **Overall** \\ \hline Thickness in mosaic & 2.675 & 2.481666667 & 2.755 & 2.63722 \\ Thickness in a single volume & 1.686666667 & 1.75833333 & 2.52 & 1.988333 \\ Reconstruction Error (Thickness) & 0.98833333 & 0.72333333 & 0.235 & 0.648889 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Regarding evaluating the reconstruction error by anatomical distance measures, Figure 6 illustrates the aligned US mosaic and MRI segmentations of the humeral head, focusing on the humeral head diameter measured between two identifiable points in the MRI segmentation. The MRI segmentation of the structure was within the thickness range of the US mosaic segmentation on all planes with a mild misalignment on the sagittal plane. Figure 7 shows the corresponding distance examined in the US mosaic. As shown in the two figures, the corresponding humeral head diameters were identical in both modalities at 43.3 mm, resulting in a reconstruction error of 0 mm. As for the inter-anatomical distance, Figure 8 shows the distance between the tip of the acromion and the humeral head, measured as 14 mm in the US mosaic and 15.2 mm in the MRI, respectively, corresponding to a reconstruction error of 1.2 mm.  
\end{table}
Table 7. Mean humeral head surface thickness in the US mosaic and in a single US volume.  
Figure 6. Aligned MRI and US mosaic segmentation of the humeral head: measured diameter between identified tips in the humeral head MRI segmentation.