esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Self-Powered UHF Passive Tag for Biomedical Temperature Monitoring
## 4 Measurements and Results
### Read Range Characterization
Figure 33a shows a lateral sideband of 910.217 MHz corresponding to a temperature of 35.75 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 33b depicts a lateral sideband of 910.237 MHz that is related to a temperature of 62.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and Figure 33c draws a lateral sideband of 910.244 MHz that corresponds to a temperature of 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Figure 34 shows a summary of the measured lateral sidebands minus 910 MHz, showing the correct operation of the proposed temperature sensor and validating theory and simulations versus post-fabrication measurements. Figure 33: Measured lateral sidebands by applying different temperatures in the proposed sensor. (**a**) Lateral sidebands generated at 35.75 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**b**) Lateral sidebands generated at 62.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C. (**c**) Lateral sidebands generated at 72 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Table 9 compares the results obtained on the self-powered UHF passive tag proposed prototype for biomedical temperature monitoring with some state-of-art works. It can be noted that the proposed sensor presents a smaller chip area than [41; 43; 44; 47; 48; 49; 50; 52] but shows a larger area than [42; 51]. In order to compare the whole sensor area, including the antenna and the chip, the frequency of the RF-link must be taken into account as this frequency rules the size of the antenna; the higher the operating frequency, the smaller the antenna size. Thus, only sensors operating in the 860-960 MHz range will be compared. Under this consideration, the designed sensor is almost 8x smaller compared with [41] but it is almost 8x times larger than [47]. However the read range of these works is smaller and requires a greater amount of radiated power by the reader. Furthermore, Table 9 shows that the proposed work does not exhibits the best wireless sensitivity among the other related works. However, two factors must be taken into account to address this parameter. First, Refs. [49; 50] use two RF-links: one RF-link is specially dedicated for energy harvesting and the other is used for data transmission. This strategy means that there are no time gaps in which there is no RF energy or the amount of the RF energy may be reduced due to backscatter modulation. Likewise, Refs. [42; 51] also present lower wireless sensitivities than the proposed sensor. Nevertheless, these two works were implemented in more advanced and smaller CMOS technologies which have transistors with lower threshold voltages, reducing the level of the minimum input voltage in which the RF power harvester would turn-on. Thus, the proposed self-powered sensor presents a well balanced trade-off between its performance using only one RF-link and CMOS fabrication process. Figure 34: Temperature measurements of the fully assembled self-powered temperature sensor.
# Intersection Routing Based on Fuzzy Multi-Factor Decision for VANETs
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid increase in the number of vehicles and advancements in mobile internet has drawn the attention of experts in academia and industry towards vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). VANET is a special kind of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), where vehicles are the main communication participants [1; 2]. VANET system communication is in two forms, namely vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I). In contrast to MANETs, VANETs are characterized by high mobility. Hence, the network topology of VANETs changes continuously. As a result of vehicular movements, communication link conditions among vehicles vary frequently, influencing intermittent network disconnection. Nevertheless, mobility of vehicles is predictable through GPS indicators, such as obstacles on both sides of the road segment, vehicle position, and speed [3].  
Owing to the characteristics of VANETs, designing a suitable routing protocol remains challenging due to the requirement of a high delivery ratio at the final destination within a short time [4; 5]. In VANETs, data packets are transferred along road segments and routing decisions are made at intersections. Hence, if a link breaks, the packet will be retransferred to the last intersection node to determine another potential route. Hence, SNs at intersections analyze connection information ofadjacent SNs to guarantee connectedness. Accordingly, vehicles select potential road segments to forward data packets. Selecting a vehicle from the candidate vehicles as the next hop between two SNs remains a key challenge to be addressed.  
Herein we propose a routing protocol for VANETs that derives two types of decisions, namely vehicle decision and intersection decision. Vehicles between two SNs at two intersections derive vehicle decisions. (1) Candidate vehicles are selected by analyzing three vehicle factors. A fuzzy performance score is calculated for each candidate based on the fuzzy factor score and their real-time weights. Finally, a link decision between two SNs can be made by candidates with the highest performance score. Every vehicle in the link will keep the complete link information when the link path discovery finishes between two intersections. (2) The candidate SNs are chosen from the current vehicle's 2-hop neighbors who are connected with the current vehicle by a route that is decided in vehicle decision. Every SN also keeps a table on connected SNs at the intersection. Figure 1 shows the architecture of this paper. The simulation shows that the IRMFM outperforms on delivery ratio and end-to-end delay compared with AODV, GPSR and GeOpps.  
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we discuss the related works; in Section 3, the details of the routing protocol we proposed are described; in Section 4, the simulation results are shown; in Section 5, we discuss the simulation results and our future work; and finally, in Section 6, this paper is concluded.
# Enhancing 3D-Printed Clay Models for Heritage Restoration Through 3D Scanning
### Literature Review Analysis  
The research focuses on the integration of 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies with clay for the conservation of cultural heritage, as well as for artistic and architectural creation. To analyse the relationships between key concepts in the literature related to 3D printing, 3D scanning, and cultural heritage conservation, _VOSviewer 1.6.20_[61] software is employed. This software is a powerful tool for creating term-based network maps from scientific publications, enabling visualization of how keywords interconnect within a network.  
A dataset of scientific articles related to the fields of 3D printing, 3D scanning, and heritage conservation is collected. The data are extracted from bibliographic databases such as Scopus or Web of Science. These data are then input into _VOSviewer 1.6.20_, which analysed the co-occurrence of keywords within the titles and abstracts of the articles.  
Figure 1 presents the keyword map generated by _VOSviewer 1.6.20_. The nodes in the map represent the most frequently used keywords, and the connections between them indicate their co-occurrence within the same articles. The size of each node reflects the frequency of the keyword, while the thickness of the lines represents the strength of their relationships. The two most prominent nodes in the analysis are \"3D printing\" and \"3D scanning\", underscoring the centrality of these technologies in recent research. These terms are strongly connected to other key concepts such as \"cultural heritage\", \"additive manufacturing\", \"digital preservation\", and \"restoration.\" This pattern suggests that research on 3D printing and 3D scanning has been significantly focused on applications related to heritage conservation.  
Figure 1: Keyword analysis with VOSviewer 1.6.20 [61].  
The analysis reveals the evolution of the 3D printing field, particularly in combination with 3D scanning technologies. The strong connection to terms such as 'heritage conservation' and 'digital preservation' reflects a growing interest in using these technologies to safeguard and restore heritage objects. Additionally, the rise of '3D printing with clay' highlights a recent development and an area of increasing importance in both research and practice. This analysis provides a broad overview of current and future trends in the application of digital technologies to heritage conservation. It suggests that the integration of 3D scanning and 3D printing will continue to play a crucial role in this field.
## 6 Data Retrieval
### User-Generated Content: The 3D Reconstruction Service  
As an alternative method for gathering 3D content, we implemented a low-end 3D digitization pipeline for documenting heritage using images captured with a smartphone.  
Figure 6: Overall processing scheme of the Jena experimental repository for the DFG 3D Viewer.  
The objective is to document cultural heritage by using images and 3D models from user-generated photos and to integrate them into our repository. The 3D reconstruction service includes a webpage frontend providing a guided workflow capturing and uploading images to the portal servers, together with metadata (see Figure 7).  
Metadata can be freely added or retrieved from sources such as Wikipedia for object descriptions, ORCID [140] for user information, and GeoNames for location information. Once uploaded, a server-side process is initialized, utilizing a scripted Meshroom [141] pipeline to create 3D models from these images. Currently, this tool is used with an unsupervised pipeline, automatically uploading the models to Sketchfab and then retrieving them into the DFG 3D Viewer repository to reduce error sources or data conversion issues. As a fallback option in the event of automated reconstruction failure, a manual workflow is used, allowing for parameter modifications.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Statistical Calculation
#### 4.3.3 Safety Condition  
The calculated shear (\(\sigma_{c}\)) and tensile stresses (\(\sigma_{t}\)) were compared with the determined allowable stress (\(\sigma_{sqf}\)). If the calculated stresses are less than or equal to the allowable stress, the design of the system is considered appropriate. If not, the design parameters should be checked again, and the system should be strengthened. Safety stress and safety conditions are presented in Equation (13).  
\[\sigma_{sqf}=\frac{\sigma_{y}}{\text{S}_{A}},\;\sigma_{c}\;\text{and}\;\sigma_ {t}\leq\sigma_{sqf} \tag{13}\]  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Material** & **Modulus of Elasticity** & **Yield Strength** \\ \hline
1.4404-AISI 304 & 193 GPa & 247 MPa \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Material specifications [53].  
where \(\sigma_{y}\) = 247 N/mm\({}^{2}\) (Table 3 yield stress [53]) and S\({}_{A}\) = 2 (safety factor), so \(\sigma_{sdf}\) = 123.5 N/mm\({}^{2}\) was obtained.  
With \(\sigma_{c}\) = 1.67 N/mm\({}^{2}\) and \(\sigma_{t}\) = 0.133 N/mm\({}^{2}\)\(\leq\sigma_{sdf}\) = 123.5 N/mm\({}^{2}\), the safety condition was satisfied. Thus, applying a support size of 700 mm (\(w_{t}\)) and a refuse chute thickness of 1.5 mm (d\({}_{\rm{si}}\)) was deemed suitable for this project.
# Application of Terminal Audio Mixing in Multi-Bandwidth End-to-End Encrypted Voice Conference +
###### Abstract  
Recently, the increasing frequency of cybersecurity incidents has raised concerns about communication security and personal privacy. In a zero-trust network environment, it is critically important to protect communication content and ensure that it is not intercepted, recorded, or stored without proper authorization. End-to-end encryption (E2 EE) is a reliable solution for this purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of remote work and virtual meetings, making the security of voice conferences a critical issue. This study aims to explore the application of end-to-end encryption technology in voice conferences. We designed and implemented an end-to-end encrypted voice conferencing system based on terminal-side mixing to ensure security while also being applicable in low-bandwidth network environments. The developed system effectively prevented man-in-the-middle attacks and data wiretaps, while maintaining high performance and low latency. It can be used in low-bandwidth scenarios such as satellite networks. The end-to-end encryption technology, when combined with terminal-side voice mixing, significantly enhances the security and usability of voice conferences as a new solution for secure communication in the future.  
end-to-end encryption; audio mixing; voice conference 2025, 92, 55
# Inertial-Navigation-Aided Single-Satellite Highly Dynamic Positioning Algorithm
## 4 Simulation and Result Analysis
### Pseudorange Error Analysis  
Pseudorange error is a main error source in single-satellite positioning. For the pseudorange error, simulation time was set to 3000 s and the single integration time was 150 s. The INS setting was the same as that in the orbit part. Pseudorange error was set from 0 to 100 m, with an interval of 1 m. The remaining errors were all 0. The simulation was repeated 100 times under the same experiment conditions. Figures 4 and 5 show the results of the pseudorange error.  
Figure 3: Performance comparison of different algorithms under a single orbital error.  
Figure 2: Our algorithm under a single orbital error of the \(x,y,z\) axis.  
Figure 4 shows the mean of the positioning errors of the \(x,y,z\) axis for different pseudorange errors. It can be seen that the pseudorange error was positively correlated with the positioning error. Figure 5 shows the performance comparison of absolute error values (referred to as RMS) for the three methods under single pseudorange-error conditions, the RMS value of every algorithm was approximately linear with the pseudorange value. Our proposed algorithm was better than the EKF algorithm, and far better than the least-squares Newton iteration algorithm.
# Encoder-Decoder Structure Fusing Depth Information for Outdoor Semantic Segmentation
## 2 Materials and Methods  
Image semantic segmentation is an important basis for understanding a scene, and the final segmentation images are formed by assigning different labels to different categories of objects. At present, a deep neural network is widely used in the field of semantic segmentation; however, continuous convolution and pooling operations reduce the resolution of the image [15], which causes the output feature maps and the original image to not have a point-to-point correspondence. Therefore, the traditional deep neural network model has been unable to effectively complete a high-precision semantic segmentation task.  
The rich geometric cues contained in the depth map can be used as supplementary information to improve the semantic segmentation accuracy of RGB images [14]. In most circumstances, the cost of acquiring a ground truth depth map in real-world scenarios is expensive, limiting the massive growth of datasets. Therefore, we proposed a new semantic segmentation model that fuses depth information from a depth estimation model without relying on depth sensors. First, we fused the RGB images with predicted depth maps and then input them into a semantic segmentation model to achieve accurate segmentation of RGB images. To this end, we showed the overall structure of the RGB-D image semantic segmentation neural networks and described each module in detail. Second, we introduced data augmentation methods to improve the generalizability and robustness of our semantic segmentation model. Third, we used a cross-entropy function in the field of semantic segmentation as the loss function to measure the difference between the real and predicted probability distributions.
# Ceramic Matrix Composites for Aero Engine Applications--A Review
## 7 Manufacturing Processes for CMCs
### Matrix Forming via Sintering  
Sintering and pyrolysis processes are used to fill a ceramic matrix in between fibers. More specifically, sintering can take place in an oxygen atmosphere, but temperature control and temperature uniformity in the furnace for heating and cooling allows for better results. Sintering for powdered materials occurs at high temperatures according to the application and atmosphere (oxidizing/non-oxidizing) that is being used [225].  
The sintering process of powdered materials is created at elevated temperatures, occurring in an oxidizing environment. Automated powdered metal sintering furnaces allow for better reliability and operating costs. These automated systems include a preheat section, a heating section, and a cooling section [226].  
There are various types of sintering techniques that allow for a similar outcome depending on the precursors used. These different types include diverse hot presses, hot-isostatic presses, pressureless sintering, microwave sintering, and SPS. Furthermore, research showed that long-lasting and high-temperature sintering allowed for the enlargement of the grain size, causing the number of micropores that emanated from the materials to decline in the mechanical properties [227].  
SPS is the most preferred sintering technique for the densification of ceramic composites in comparison with conventional sintering. This is due to densification times being reduced (<15 min) and sustaining a comparatively small grain size, influencing the suppression of uncontrolled grain growth and eliminating porosity. This allows for better mechanical properties [228].
## 3 The OpenFlow Protocol
### OpenFlow Specifications
#### 3.2.4 OpenFlow 1.3  
OpenFlow 1.3 [27] introduces new features for monitoring and operations and management (OAM). To that end, the meter table is added to the switch architecture. Figure 7 shows the structure of meter table entries. A meter is directly attached to a flow table entry by its meter identifier and measures the rate of packets assigned to it. A meter band may be used to rate-limit the associated packet or data rate by dropping packets when a specified rate is exceeded. Instead of dropping packets, a meter band may optionally recolor such packets by modifying their differentiated services (DS) field. Thus, simple or complex QoS frameworks can be implemented with OpenFlow 1.3 and later specifications.  
The support for multiple controllers is extended. With OpenFlow 1.2, only fault management is targeted by a master/slave scheme. With OpenFlow 1.3, arbitrary auxiliary connections can be used to supplement the connection with the master controller and the switch. There  
Figure 7: Meter table entry.  
in the control plane may be achieved. Moreover, per-connection event filtering is introduced. This allows controllers to subscribe only to message types they are interested in. For example, a controller responsible for collecting statistics about the network can be attached as the auxiliary controller and subscribes only to statistics events generated by the switches.  
OpenFlow 1.3 supports IPv6 extensions headers. This includes, e.g., matching on the encrypted security payload (ESP) IPv6 header, IPv6 authentication header, or hop-by-hop IPv6 header. Furthermore, support for Provider Backbone Bridge (PBB) is added, as well as other minor protocol enhancements.
## 5 Discussion
### Relationship between Human Factors, Environmental Factors, and Perceived Safety  
Gender is an individual characteristic that can influence perceived safety [27]. For research question 3, this study investigated the role of gender in perceived safety. The findings of this study indicated that male participants exhibited higher perceived safety and greater comfort with red, green, and blue lighting colors compared with female participants. Both yellow and white lighting, regardless of gender, showed higher perceived safety. The reasons for this difference may have been a combination of male and female attitudes towards robots or their varying sensitivities to colors. This would align with previous studies, showing that gender affects attitudes and anxiety towards robots [14]. Male participants are more proactive and feel safer during interactions [30]. Women can recognize a broader range of colors than men [50] and are more discerning when distinguishing between red and green hues [51]. The results of this study broaden these perspectives by highlighting the differences in perceived safety between men and women for red, green, and blue light colors.  
Additionally, the environment plays a crucial role in people's reactions to specific stimuli. In this context, the environment includes both the physical surroundings and the type of task the robot is performing. Participants frequently associated the robot's red, green, and yellow lights with traffic signals or car tail-lights. This association may have been related to the experimental environment and the robot's delivery task, both of which were reminiscent of road traffic conditions.
# Integrated Radar and Communications Waveform Design Based on Multi-Symbol OFDM
## 7 Conclusions  
This paper dealt with two major characteristics of optimization in multi-symbol OFDM-based IRC waveform design, PMEPR and PSLR, and proposes an efficient IRC waveform design algorithm, i.e., CGIA-JOPP, to jointly optimize the PMEPR and PSLR. Our proposed CGIA-JOPP algorithm is inspired by an interesting observation that both the PMEPR and PSLR of the waveform can be transformed with the \(L_{p}\)-norm, and its joint optimization implies that IRC waveforms with both low PMEPR and high PSLR can be obtained by optimizing the reserved subcarriers. In our proposed algorithm, after the gradient analysis model of the objective function is derived, PRP-CGA is applied to deal with the established joint optimization problem. Simulation results show that both PMEPR and PSLR are effectively improved by the proposed algorithm, and the designed waveform  
Figure 11: Constellation diagrams with noise modeled by Middleton Class B.  
Figure 10: BER performance of multi-symbol OFDM-based IRC systems, where Algorithm 3 is from [31].  
achieves excellent radar detection performance and communication BER performance simultaneously.  
Conceptualization, J.R.; validation, J.R.; investigation, J.R.; writing--original draft preparation, J.R.; writing--review and editing, F.L. and Y.M.; supervision, F.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Special Fund for Research on National Major Research Instruments (grant No. 31727901) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 62071045 and grant No. 61625103).  
Not applicable.  
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, F.L., upon reasonable request.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Advances in Fermentation Technology: A Focus on Health and Safety
## 2 Microbial Control of the Pathogens' Growth--Biocontrol Strategies
### Potential Health Hazards in Traditional Fermentation
#### 2.1.3. Mycotoxin Contamination  
Mycotoxins pose another critical safety concern, particularly in grain and soybean-based products [41]. Specifically, common mycotoxins found in Southeast Asian fermented foods include ochratoxin, citrinin, and aflat [42]. Among these, aflatoxin B1 is particularly problematic; indeed, studies have documented its presence across various fermented products [41; 43]. Several strategies have been proposed to address mycotoxin risks, including the use of appropriate starter cultures and stringent control measures during the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages [42; 43]. More importantly, LAB, particularly _Lactiplantibacillus plantarum_, has demonstrated promise in reducing free aflatoxin B1 levels by up to 90% during fermentation [43]. Furthermore, novel eco-friendly biocontrol approaches were explored to prevent mycotoxin contamination in fermented foods [41]. Consequently, discussing and making decisions regarding the regulatory frameworks governing mycotoxin levels in fermented products could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the current safety measures.