# Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Enabled IoT Platform for Disaster Management
## 2 Literature Review and Applications in Disaster Management
### Literature Review  
The vision of fully autonomous UAV-enabled IoT platform is very challenging mainly due to the need for coordination of UAVs, limited energy, spectrum resources, and technological law enforcement issues. There have been research efforts in recent years for the development of UAVs-enabled IoT platform for various applications. Connectivity and coverage of cellular network serving both UAVs and ground users are major focus areas in this field. A multi-layer UAVs hierarchical architecture is proposed in [22] to integrate UAVs in 5G and beyond networks and various design trade-offs are discussed. For cellular connectivity of low altitude UAVs, the performance of long-term evolution (LTE) connectivity is enhanced while providing a shield to ground users in [23]. In the context of coverage probability, an in-depth analysis is presented in [24] to show the effectiveness of cellular network for providing connectivity to both aerial and ground users. The feasibility of supporting UAVs with existing cellular infrastructure is also studied by researchers, where it is concluded that the interference can be minimized by careful design of network parameters to satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements [25]. The density-aware UAV placement is studied in [26] for distributed users such that the number of users served by the UAV-based base station is maximized under the given minimum rate requirement per user. Spectrum is another focus area for cellular connected UAVs. Multicell cooperation, nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and cognitive radio (CR) are promising technologies for future cellular connected UAVs [27; 28; 29; 30]. Moreover, a spectrum sensing architecture has been investigated to enhance UAVs connectivity over the unlicensed spectrum in [31]. The mmWave frequency band is considered for the operation of UAV-based base station in [32] due to the large available bandwidth and reduced antenna size requirement in the band. Multi-beam multi-stream communications using the aerial base station are further studied. For the ground IoT network, a memory efficient, robust, and reliable communication among ground IoT nodes is required for the effective disaster management. However, there are several loopholes in current IP-based network architecture in terms of caching, mobility, security, and flexibility [18]. We need an alternative network architecture that can address these issues. Recently, the unique competitive IP less architecture has been proposed, named as Information-Centric Networking (ICN). ICN architecture consists of retrieval of information (content) based on unique names, regardless of the server location (i.e., IP addresses), channel distribution hierarchy, and application used [33]. There are about eight ICN based architectures proposed in the literature. Some of them are suitable for a static network such as (DONA, NetInf, Mobility First, PURSUIT, CONVERGENCE, and COMET) and the others are for mobile networks, i.e., (Content-Centric Networking (CCN) and NDN) [20; 34]. The main aim of all these architectures is to efficiently handle access and distribution of content. These architectures are able to effectively handle link disconnection and interruption during communication through enhanced control over data caching, multi-device communication through replication, and by using different interaction models for sender and receiver. These features of ICN based future internet architecture are well suited for modern systems with dynamic requirements such as UAV-based IoT platform [18]. In [21], the authors proposed a disaster management system based on NDN architecture. In the proposed system, an NDN producer pushes emergency content to nearby consumers. The proposed system achieved low latency and high throughput compared to the legacy NDN architecture. An NDN-based MANET is presented for disaster management in [35] and a proactive routing protocol is proposed for reliable and efficient communication. Experimental results are also provided based on real scenario of smart cars.