## 3 Results
### Inverse Dynamics Results  
Dynamics is a key finding of this research. Figure 7 presents the average neck moment values across different data cross-sections. The moment does not start from exactly zero because some of the test subjects' nominal positions still involve slight bending or flexion of the neck, resulting in the generation of the moment. Similar considerations apply to shoulders and elbows. When evaluating the age of the subjects, all data show statistical significance. Subjects younger than 25 years are closest to the overall sample average, reflecting their larger representation in the study. Conversely, both the 25-35 years group and those over 50 years exhibit lower neck moments during movements. Specifically, the youngest subjects have the highest average moment value at 5.40 Nm, followed by 4.62 Nm for the middle-aged group and 4.28 Nm for the oldest group. The average moment for those older than 50 is 20.7% higher than for those younger than 25 years. The subsequent section assesses physical readiness (Figure 7B). Here, data variance among all three subject groups is noted. The data from subjects with low physical readiness are not statistically significant  
Figure 6: Patient load for test subject measurement results and load profile definition. Different movement phases are identified in the graph. (**A**)—patient lift motion; (**B**)—patient move-while-lifting motion; (**C**)—patient put-down motion. Colored area shows \(\pm\)MAD. and closely match the average of the entire test group. A positive impact is observed in the group with an average physical level, with the highest moment value being 9.68% lower than the overall sample average. Conversely, the high physical readiness group exhibits a negative effect, with the highest moment value being 17.88% above the overall group average. Both findings are statistically significant. The third chart (Figure 7C) illustrates the difference between genders. Both datasets are statistically significant, showing an inter-gender difference of about 31.4% in moments between the extremes. Men perform the movement with a neck moment 15.24% higher than the overall sample average, while women's moment is 11.41% lower. Figure 8 shows shoulder and elbow moment graphs separated by scenario, age, and physical readiness level. Among the scenarios for the shoulder girdle, the third scenario stands out, characterized by a less loaded start of the movement and an overall lower moment amplitude. The right arm's moment averages between 60.46 and 60.80 Nm in the first and second scenarios, while the maximum value in the third scenario is 55.99 Nm. The left arm reaches values of 62.98 to 63.82 Nm in the first two scenarios and 55.67 Nm in the third. All shoulder data are statistically significant. Meanwhile, the third scenario for the right elbow and the first and second scenarios for the left elbow are not statistically significant. There is minimal variation across all the elbow scenarios. However, statistically, the third scenario, where an ergonomic belt is used, is the best for the elbows, though it differs only slightly from the first two. Ergonomic belts are commonly used in patient transfers nowadays, though they were not originally designed for full patient transfers. While there is an assumption that these belts might help reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries, the discussion among physiotherapists and nurses is ongoing on how these belts should be used properly and under what circumstances, as there is no substantial evidence of their benefits [28]. However, data gathered in this research show a lower shoulder load when using these belts, particularly during the initial lift phase of the transfer. The level of physical readiness shows interesting non-intuitive variance. No significant differences in the effects of physical readiness are observed in the left shoulder and left elbow segments; however, it is noted that the left shoulder is most heavily loaded among individuals with high physical readiness.