# Aspects of Cyber Security in Autonomous and Connected Vehicles
## 4 Autonomous and Connected Vehicle
### Connectivity  
Connectivity is an area that includes all connected features. This area is classified into three sub-regions such as V2X, smart connected features to provide more comfort to the users, and in-vehicle connections [32]. Figure 4 illustrates the V2X which includes a few connected features such as vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) [33]. V2P is a connected feature that alerts the driver about people on the road by making direct communication between the vehicle and vulnerable road users such as walking people, cyclists, people in wheelchairs, and so on [34]. V2I communication is for sharing vehicle information with some devices which are related to road and highway systems [35]. Devices include cameras, traffic lights, etc. V2I was traditionally designed with the help of VANETs [36]. V2V connectivity makes two vehicles talk to each other by sharing location, speed, and needed information to overcome traffic and avoid collisions. V2V is also designed with VANETs [37]. V2N provides a service to develop communication between vehicles, traffic lights, and people on the road. In simple words, V2N provides cloud services to exchange data [38]. The integration of AI in V2X collects data from different devices and helps in the prediction of road accidents, improving comfort, safety, and driver experience [39]. AI can be achieved by using techniques such as swarm intelligence, machine learning, etc. In V2X the swarm intelligence is used to interact with another local vehicle or the surrounding environment with the independence of the central server. In [40], the authors clearly explained the swarm intelligence for wireless communication. The ML concept plays an important role in AI and achieves this in three methods supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning [41]. An ML follows a two stage process to achieve goals through training and testing. During the training stage, the ML is trained with collected data and then tested in the test stage to obtain predictions [39]. Smart features of the vehicle include an infotainment system, a smart app, and so on. The infotainment system's main purpose is to provide entertainment. It contains radio, internet, and an mp3 player which provide a wide number of applications to the user such as providing music, providing web browsing, services to book tickets, setting up maps for reaching the destination, etc. [38]. A few vehicles introduced a smart app for the vehicle to control to obtain information and control some systems. Information such as the availability of parking slots, vehicle health information, etc., will be received through the application [42]. In-vehicle connectivity includes the communication protocols that are providing communication inside the vehicle such as CAN, LIN, FlexRay, and Ethernet. The CAN network is the widely used network in the automobile designed by [PERSON] in the year 1980. A CAN bus is used to provide communication between different controllers, sensors, and actuators. This comes in two variants, high-speed CAN with a data rate of up to 1 Mb/s and low-speed CAN with a data rate of up to 125 b/s. A CAN bus sends data of 8 bytes which uses carrier sense multiple access/collision detection [43]. LIN is used for low-speed applications. It is a single wired protocol that acts as a sub-network for the main network such as CAN and Ethernet [44]. It can transfer data of 8 bytes with a data rate of 20 kb/s. It follows the master-slave approach and provides up to 16 slaves [45]. FlexRay is used for high-speed applications such as safety-critical applications. It transfers 254 bytes of data with a data rate of 5 Mb/s. It uses the time division multiple access techniques to solve errors and accurate transfer of data [43]. Ethernet is the most popular local area network. It uses carrier sense multiple access/collision detection technique. It transfers data of 1500 bytes with a data rate of 40 Gb/s. It is based on the IEEE 802.3 standard [43].