## 6 Conclusions  
This paper described and quantified the impact of rotor faults on the performance of LSHT machines. Specifically, 10-pole and 16-pole SynRMs, PMSMs, and SCIMs were assessed by means of detailed 2D FE simulations. Results of the evaluation for each topology can be summarized in Table 10, focusing on the severity of the impact of each fault on the relevant performance metrics. The results indicate that performance of the SynRM is relatively unaffected by the analyzed faults. This behavior underlines the necessity of using specific diagnostic techniques to detect eccentricity and misalignments, which are commonly present in this topology. Additionally, it should be noted that torque ripple is affected by all the evaluated faults. This may suggest that torque ripple is not useful or practical in industrial settings for fault diagnosis, as its behavior is affected by each fault type, specific equipment is required for measuring it, and machine intervention is required. Furthermore, obtaining variations in torque ripple from speed ripple is inconsistent due to factors such as inertia, mechanical transfer functions, and other dynamic phenomena. Nevertheless, it was found that each fault affects torque ripple differently, generating unique torque waveform alterations. This presents an interesting area for future analysis in LSHT machines. The results also indicate that some faults trigger a reduction in torque capacity, which does not necessarily correlate with the machine producing less torque in a motor-load system. Since torque is determined by the load, a reduction in torque capacity translates into a higher current draw and increased losses, which amplify the thermal stress on the machine. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that common faults in LSHT machines cannot be directly or easily detected by measuring basic performance metrics. Future research could focus on a more in-depth analysis of torque ripple variations in the presence of typical faults. Conceptualization, C.M.-C. and J.E.R.-S.; methodology, C.M.-C. and C.G. ; software, C.M.-C. and C.G. ; validation, J.E.R.-S. and J.A.A.-D.; formal analysis, C.M.-C.; investigation, C.M.-C. and C.G. ; resources, J.A.A.-D. and J.A.T. ; data curation, C.M.-C. and C.G. ; writing--original draft preparation, C.M.-C., C.G. and J.E.R.-S.; writing--review and editing, J.A.T. and J.A.A.-D.; visualization, C.M.-C.; supervision, J.A.T. and J.A.A.-D.; project administration, J.A.A.-D. and C.M.-C.; \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline  & **Eccentricity on** & **Eccentricity on** & **Eccentricity on** & **Demagnetization** & **Broken Rotor** \\  & **PMSM** & **SynRM** & **SCIM** & **on PMSM** & **Bars on SCIM** \\ \hline Mean Torque & No effect & No effect & No effect & Moderate impact & Low impact \\ Torque Ripple & Moderate impact & Low impact & Low impact & High impact & High impact \\ Efficiency & No effect & No effect & No effect & No effect & No effect \\ Active Losses & No effect & No effect & No effect & Moderate impact & Low impact \\ Power Factor & No effect & No effect & No effect & No effect & No effect \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 10: Summary of the impact of common faults on the evaluated LSHT machines. funding acquisition, J.A.-A.-D., J.A.T. and C.M.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. * This research was funded in part by AGENCIA NACIONAL DE INVESTGACION Y DESARROLLO, grants number FONDECYT1230670 and VIU24F0127, and in part by the Spanish 'Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion', Agencia Estatal de Investigacion and FEDER program in the framework of the \"Proyectos de Generacion del Conocimiento 2021\" of the \"Programa Estatal para Impulsar Investigacion Cientifico-Tecnica y en su Transferencia,\" belonging to the \"Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica, Tecnica e Innovacion 2021-2023\" under Grant PID2021-122343 OB-I00. **Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable.