esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Multihoming and Interworking
### GLI-Split with Classic IPv6 Nodes
#### 4.3.3 NAT-Based Global Address Preservation  
When a GLI-gateway receives packets with an active GAP-bit in the destination address, it must assure that source and destination address are simply swapped and do not change for responses. To achieve this,upgraded GLI-nodes implement GAP using gateway selection. Classic IPv6 nodes lack this feature. We show how it can be compensated through stateful network address translation (NAT) by GLI-gateways. The GLI-gateway keeps a NAT table that maps pairs of external source and destination addresses to pairs of internal source and destination addresses. Furthermore, a part of the ID space is reserved for private use inside GLI-domains that can be used by GLI-gateways to perform NAT. When a GLI-gateway receives an incoming packet for a classic node with the GAP-bit set in the global destination address, it substitutes the source and destination address according to the entries in its NAT table. When no matching entry is found in the NAT table, a new entry is established that maps the external address pair to the corresponding local destination address and a global source address that consists of the local locator of the gateway and a currently unused private ID. Response messages from the destination node are returned to the same GLI-gateway, which replaces the source and destination addresses according to the entries in its NAT table so that leaving response messages have symmetric source and destination addresses relative to previous request messages.  
Figure 8 illustrates this procedure. GLI-gateway N receives a packet with a global source address 2001:db8::11 and global destination GLI-address \"\(N(g).4\)\". It queries the local mapping system for a local GLI-address of ID 4 and obtains \"\(d.4\)\" as well as the information that node 4 is a classic IPv6 node. Therefore, NAT-based GAP and gateway selection must be applied. The GLI-node searches its NAT-table but does not find a matching entry. Therefore, it picks a currently unused private ID (e.g., 41) and records the mapping (2001:db8::11, \"\(N(g).4\)\")\(\rightarrow\) (\"\(n.41\)\",\"\(d.4\)\") in its NAT table. It translates the source and destination address of the packet accordingly and the packet is delivered to node 4. When response messages from node 4 return to the gateway N, it substitutes the source and destination address in the response packet according to the reverse entry in the NAT table.
## 3 Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs)
### Ocean IOPs--Bio-Optical Models
#### Mineral Particle IOPs  
The absorption coefficient for mineral particles at 443 nm is given by [59] (Note on units: \(\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)/\text{MIN}=0.041\) has units [m\({}^{2}\).g\({}^{-1}\)], so that if MIN has units of [g\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\)], then the units of \(\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)\) will be [m\({}^{-1}\)].):  
\[\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(443)=0.041\times 0.75\times\text{MIN}\]  
and its spectral variation is described by [58; 59]:  
\[\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)=\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(443)[\exp(-0.0123(\lambda-443 ))]. \tag{93}\]  
The scattering coefficient at 555 nm is given by [60]  
\[\beta_{\text{MIN}}(555)=0.51\times\text{MIN}\]  
and the spectral variation of the attenuation coefficient is  
\[\gamma_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)=\gamma_{\text{MIN}}(555)\times(\lambda/\lambda_{ 0})^{-c};\qquad c=0.3749,\qquad\lambda_{0}=555\,\text{nm} \tag{94}\]  
where  
\[\gamma_{\text{MIN}}(555) =\alpha_{\text{MIN}}(555)+\beta_{\text{MIN}}(555)\] \[=[0.041\times 0.75\exp(-0.0123(555-443))+0.51]\times\text{MIN}\] \[=0.52\times\text{MIN}.\]  
The spectral variation of the scattering coefficient for mineral particles follows from  
\[\beta_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)=\gamma_{\text{MIN}}(\lambda)-\alpha_{\text{MIN}}( \lambda). \tag{95}\]  
The average Petzold phase function with a backscattering ratio of 0.019 [4], may be used to describe the scattering phase function for mineral particles.
# Active Learning for Medical Article Classification with Bag of Words and Bag of Concepts Embeddings
## 2 Methods
### Bag of Concepts  
The bag of concepts representation enhances the traditional bag of words model by substituting individual words with pre-established concepts drawn from ontologies. This approach begins with a document annotation process to identify where these concepts occur within texts. Once identified, these concept occurrences are quantified, similar to how word frequencies are tabulated in BoW. Our annotator's dictionaries are designed to recognize synonyms, ensuring they are mapped to their corresponding core concepts.  
Our BoC implementation offers a notable advancement over methodologies like the one described in [28]. That work is tightly integrated with the UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) repository and its specific tools, such as the MetaMap annotator. In contrast, our framework is developed for broader applicability: it is not confined to biomedical contexts and operates independently of UMLS-specific ontologies. This design allows for compatibility with diverse dictionary-based annotators and a wide spectrum of ontological structures. Such flexibility, providing a generalized BoC framework unconstrained by domain-specific infrastructure, aligns directly with the growing emphasis on portability and the wider reuse of ontologies in systematic literature review research.  
The full process for generating bag of concepts representations from articles involves several stages. Initially, relevant ontologies are chosen to define the annotation vocabulary. Next, a dictionary-based annotator is employed to identify concept instances within the articles. These raw annotations are then processed to compute the fundamental numerical text representations. Finally, an augmented version of the BoC representation is developed by leveraging the hierarchical and relational properties inherent in ontologies.  
It is worth noting that the term \"bag of concepts\", itself, refers to a family of text representation techniques. Specific instantiations within this family can vary not only in the particular ontologies employed but also in their chosen methods for concept vocabulary formation and the detailed processes of document annotation.
## 2 System Model  
Since both HAPS and 5G networks adopt OFDMA as their multiple address access mechanism, the HAPS-IMT network can be easily and quickly deployed when needed, especially in disaster relief scenarios. An integrated system is structured as below for further study. HAPS-IMT network supports dynamic frame structure configuration, as shown in Figure 1. This paper mainly focuses on systematic research on the resource management of the HAPS-IMT network to solve the scheduling issue of the eMBB and mMTC services.
## 2 Theoretical Background
### Seismic Performance Assessment
#### 2.2.4 Reliability Index  
This section focuses on the safety check that has been adopted by the reliability index. The concept of the reliability index is adjuvant determinative to compute the failure probability [37]. The failure condition of the structural measurement can be defined by the failure probability in its design period [1]. The reliability index for the respective failure probability can be determined as follows:  
\[\beta=-\phi^{-1}\Big{(}P_{f}\Big{)} \tag{10}\]  
To calculate the failure probability for reliability analysis, the measurement of risk can help to fulfill the destination. According to the report presented by ICOLD and CIGB [38], generally, the risk calculation is made by the following expression:  
\[P_{f}=\int_{\{X:G(X)\leq 0\}}^{\infty}f_{X}(x)f_{R}(x)dx \tag{11}\]  
\[P_{f}=\int_{IM}P[C|IM]\Big{|}\frac{d\lambda(IM)}{dIM}\Big{|}dIM \tag{12}\]  
Figure 3 shows the overall process to calculate the reliability index with the help of Equations (5), (8), (10) and (12). The determination of the failure probability in risk is also similar, which was first applied in Zion power plant. This is called the Zion method, and it can be estimated by using the two procedures. One is estimated by the product of fragility and differential of seismic hazard curve slope, and the other one is determined by the product of seismic hazard and differential of fragility curve slope. Here, the former one has been used to determine the reliability index as shown in Figure 3.
# A Performance Analysis of Internet of Things Networking Protocols: Evaluating MQTT, CoAP, OPC UA
## 6 Local Experiments Performance Evaluation
### Topology 2, Fixed Message Size  
The next set of experiments considers Topology 2, where gateways and brokers have been installed in embedded devices, and where the message size is fixed. Results for MQTT, CoAP and OPC UA are respectively provided in Tables 12-14.  
Globally, CoAP is again the protocol that provides the lowest TTC values for frequent messages (short and average IAT). MQTT also attains low TTCs, but shows more variability, as occurred with the experiments run on topology 1.  
In terms of performance when considering fixed message sizes vs. variable message sizes, all protocols exhibit a similar performance, even though MQTT shows slightly more variability when the message size is varied. In contrast to the results obtained with topology1, CoAP shows stable results.  
If we consider now the performance due to changes in the frequency of messages (IAT), OPC UA is again the protocol that provides closer TTC results across all experiments, and CoAP the protocol that is more sensitive to the frequency of messages less frequent messages have more impact in the TTC. MQTT has values similar to CoAP.  
Overall, all protocols again show good performance for this set of experiments. The minimum TTC value is 7.27 ms, MQTT (in topology 1:10.67 ms, MQTT); the maximum TTC value is 118.33 ms, CoAP (in topology 1:1051 s, CoAP). Therefore, the fact that the broker and/or server was installed on an embedded device did not have much impact on the performance of the protocols, for the experiments run.
# Real-Time Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition Method Based on Simplified Gabor Wavelets and CNNs
## 4 Traffic Sign Detection  
Traffic sign detection, as one category of object detection, is attracting the attention of many researchers. Compared with general object detection, traffic signs are designed with a strict color and shape, so that they can be distinguished more easily from the background through these characteristics, either by a human being or an intelligent machine. Therefore, the detection method for traffic signs is generally based on color, shape, or both. However, the color images captured by mounted cameras on  
Figure 2: The pipelines of our method.  
a vehicle often fail to highlight the shape information, and cannot express the color information stably, which causes the loss of such information. In existing technology, color information enhancement [22] or shape information enhancement [3] methods are usually used as the preprocess stage of traffic sign detection. The shape is determined by the edges of the objects in the images, so strengthening the information of the edges of the object and weakening the non-edge area can enhance the shape information. In our method, we enhanced the shape information of traffic signs by edge enhancing technology through simplified Gabor filters.
###### Abstract  
Communication between a nanosatellite located in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and a ground station is limited in regions far from the poles, occurring for only a few minutes on different days and at different times. By utilizing satellite-to-satellite communication, it is possible to transmit and receive information more efficiently, circumventing the restrictions inherent in satellite-ground station links. The objective of this study is to present a comparative report on the results of data transmission through inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground station communication, focusing on a 1U CubeSat nanosatellite (AztechSat-1). This paper discusses the use of the GlobalStar network and a nanosatellite for inter-satellite communication. This paper also discusses the use of proprietary and open-source ground stations for satellite-ground communication. We provide an overview of the GlobalStar network and the associated ground stations involved in this research, along with the results and their subsequent analysis.  
nanosatellite; satellite communication; GlobalStar; ground station; telemetry; AztechSat-1; satellite network; CubeSat 2023 10 973 10.3390/aerospace10110973
## 2 Results
### Changes in Transcript Levels of TPS Gene Family  
Terpene synthases catalyze the final pathway steps converting the universal substrates GPP, FPP, and GGPP into terpenoids. There are many members of the TPS family and their complex catalytic mechanisms contribute to the terpenoid diversity in the plant kingdom [4]. A total of 58 _TPS_ genes were identified from finger citron based on KEGG annotation. A schematic diagram of TPSs gene structure (Figure S4) shows that finger citron _TPS_ gene lengths ranged from about 200 bp to 16,000 bp. Some of these sequences are predicted to be inactive partial fragments in comparison to characterized TPSs in tomato and sweet orange [9; 15].  
In order to provide an overview of expression profiles of the _TPS_ gene family, their transcript levels were presented and visualized as a heat map (Figure 4). As found for volatiles in Figure 2, the _TPS_ genes in Figure 4 were also clustered into groups based on their expression patterns, named TPS-Cluster1 to 4. For flower, genes in TPS-Cluster1 were mainly accumulated (Figure 4). The expression of six _TPS_ genes (Cm105420, Cm186730, Cm269930, Cm126620, Cm257250, and Cm050840) increased during flower development, while four genes (Cm294730, Cm105550, Cm116860, and Cm257230) decreased. Genes from TPS-Cluster2 and TPS-Cluster3 were predominantly expressed in young and mature leaves, respectively. These two clusters together contain 25 genes, accounting for 38% of _TPS_ gene family members. For TPS-Cluster4, genes were mainly expressed in fruit. During fruit development, transcript levels of two _TPS_ genes (Cm186720 and Cm269920) increased markedly from S1 to S2 and then remained constant afterwards. High transcript levels of _TPS_ genes Cm107350 and Cm285480 were detected in ripe fruit at S6 stage (Figure 4). The spatial and temporal expressing pattern implies the diverse function of TPSs and the regulating mechanism behind terpenoid metabolism, although extremely complex, can now be probed thanks to the developing of modern techniques.  
To evaluate expression pattern based on RNA-Seq, RT-qPCR analysis was performed. Four fingers citron TPS genes were randomly selected for gene expression analysis during fruit ripening. As shown in Figure S5, RT-qPCR results matched the expression pattern produced by RNA-Seq. These results indicated that the RNA-Seq data of the present study were accurate and reliable.
# Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of a Rigid Body System with Spatial Multi-Point Supports
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, the modal characteristics of the rigid body system with multi-point spatial supports are conducted. The kinetic equation of the rigid body system with multi-point spatial supports is derived through the energy method. A good agreement is obtained by validating both the analytic method and the FEM results. The effects of spatial location and stiffness components of each support are all illustrated. Some conclusions and new results are obtained as follows:  
* The spatial location components of each support have a remarkable effect on the modal frequencies. Since the variation of the spatial location of each support will cause the variation of the stiffness component of the support, and further the inherent characteristics of the system are affected. The case study shows that the second order natural frequency of the lubricant tank system is most sensitive to the location variation of the top-left support, followed by the bottom-left support. Next, the first  
Figure 11: Variation of the system’s first two natural frequencies with different stiffness of each support: (**a**) axial stiffness (\(k_{x}\)); (**b**) normal stiffness (\(k_{y}\)); (**c**) tangential stiffness (\(k_{z}\)).  
order natural frequency RSM of the lubricant tank system is established, and the allowable variation range of the support spatial location corresponding to the mode insensitive region (allowable variation of plus or minus 1%) of the lubricant tank system with four supports is obtained.
* The dynamic characteristics of the lubricant tank system are very sensitive to the axial stiffness (\(k_{x}\)) of each support, followed by the tangential stiffness (\(k_{z}\)), and the least sensitive to the normal stiffness (\(k_{y}\)).
* From an engineering point of view, the above results could be used to guide the dynamic design of the rigid structural system to avoid resonance. In the dynamic design of the lubricant tank system mentioned in present work, either axial stiffness (\(k_{x}\)) of each support or the location variation of the top-left support and the bottom-left support can be designed to avoid resonance. The suggested adjustable range of each support axial stiffness (\(k_{x}\)) can be 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) N/m-9 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) N/m, and the suggested adjustable range of location variation of the top-left support (\(d_{\Delta 2}\)) and the bottom-left support (\(d_{\text{B}_{2}}\))can be (\(-\)5,0) and (200,205), respectively.  
Q.H.: Conceptualization, methodology, project administration; X.Y.: methodology; Q.Z.: software, validation, formal analysis, investigation, writing-original draft preparation; J.L.: supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Microservice-Based Smart Agriculture System to Detect Animal Intrusion at the Edge
## 6 Evaluation
### System Performance and Cost  
#### 5.4.1 System Performance  
Based on our experiments, we estimate the total time required to achieve animal intrusion detection with the current system configuration (as shown in Table 1), which is summarized in Table 7. It takes approximately 7.11 to 8.61 s for the farmer to receive clear intrusion information, including the predicted location and type of the animal. Kindly note that this duration encompasses both location prediction and animal identification. This is not solely the time it takes to locate the animal when detected by PIR sensors. Furthermore, the farmer will receive consecutive messages to fine-tune the animal's location until the threat is eliminated.
# Simultaneous Transmission of Photonic Services over One Fiber with an ITU 100 GHz Grid
## 4 Results and Discussion
None of the tested pulse durations disturbed the accurate time transfer during the measurement, and there were no errors such as those found for the G.653 fiber. With the maximum power of the sensor system and pulse durations of 500, 800, 1000, and 2000 ns, comparable pre-FEC-BER values were achieved. The last connection was made by combining G.652D and G.653 fibers. From the results (see Figure 4), it is clear that the sensor system could not  
Figure 4: Measurement results for G.652D (on the **left** side) and G.653 fiber (on the **right** side). affect any of the services in the G.652D fiber. In comparison with the G.653 fiber, the disturbance of the accurate time transmission appeared even when the shortest pulse of the sensor system was used. For this reason, a combination of both fibers was created since the current optical paths can be made up of individual sections, and the use of different types of fiber is not excluded. Keeping the parameters stable across the optical path is essential for the operation of photonic services. With the shortest pulse being used, there were no failures of the accurate time transmission. However, by increasing the pulse duration to 500 ns, occasional errors did occur. With a further increase in the power to 28 dBm, such errors increasingly occurred more frequently. The average accurate time delay was \(\approx\)70,234,602 ns. The time and data signals were transmitted through the fiber without further amplification, i.e., at normal power levels (max +6 dBm output power from transceiver). Since the sensory system's power output was more than 20 dBm, the performance of the data and time transmission were affected. Nonlinear phenomena caused by the high-power pulse signal induced the instability, and the data signal waveform fluctuates over time, which results in data errors. Increasing the channel spacing should lead to BER improvement because of the lower interaction of transmitted signals. The minor difference in BER (as seen in Figures 4 and 5) for different pulse durations is related to measurement accuracy. Moreover, greater accuracy would be achieved by a longer measurement time, but even a selected measurement time of 1 min yields sufficient results to determine whether the 100 GHz channel spacing defined by ITU 694.1 is sufficient or not.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Optimization of Subsequent Voltammetric Detection
#### 3.2.3 Memory Effect  
Generally, one of the main criteria affecting the precision of analytical methods is the repeatability of measurements. To be more specific, the previous measurement should not affect the next one. This negative phenomenon is usually referred to as the memory effect. In this study, each vitamin was accumulated separately and their voltammetric detection was repeated five times (Figure 3). Due to the reversible electrochemical behavior of VK1 with the precipitation of two electrons and protons (hydroquinone/benzoquinone redox couple), no change was observed in the oxidation peak of H2 VK1 at +0.202 V (see Figure 3A). In contrast, \(\alpha\)-TOH is anodically oxidized at +0.444 V to form a dienone cation [31; 35] which nucleophilically reacts with water to form \(\alpha\)-tocohydroquinone (\(\alpha\)-TQ). This \(\alpha\)-TQ is subsequently electrochemically reduced by applying a negative deposition potential (\(-\)0.1 V) for 60 s to form \(\alpha\)-tocohydroquinone (\(\alpha\)-TQH2). In the subsequent measurements, the \(\alpha\)-TQH2 is anodically oxidized at +0.247 V with the precipitation of two electrons and protons (\(\alpha\)-TQ/\(\alpha\)-TQH2 redox couple), as shown in Figure 3B.  
It was evident that an imperfectly renewed GCE surface significantly affects the analysis of real samples, especially the overlapping of anodic peaks of H2 VK1 and \(\alpha\)-TQH2. For this reason, a blank measurement with a freshly polished GCE was included before each analysis.