###### Abstract
[9] have highlighted that epidemiological studies investigating the long-term effects of PFASs on human health have suggested potential reproductive and developmental impacts. These effects include conditions such as ADHD in children, disruptions to hormone systems leading to diabetes, increased cholesterol levels, thyroid function impairment, as well as the potential for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and complications in liver, kidney, and immune system function. Additionally, studies examining both the general population and individuals occupationally exposed to PFOS and PFOA production have reported lower birth weights, increased postnatal mortality, and reduced postnatal growth. However, it is important to note that while these findings have been observed, [PERSON] et al. [9] also emphasize that the confirmation of these health outcomes and their relationship to PFAS exposure remains a subject of ongoing research and is a topic of debate within the scientific community. Additional research is necessary to establish definitive and universally accepted conclusions regarding the specific impact of PFASs on human health. [PERSON] et al. [16] have highlighted concerns regarding the potential toxic effects of PFASs on human health based on toxicology studies. These studies have raised alarm about possible developmental effects in foetuses and young children. Furthermore, other research has indicated potential links between PFAS exposure and conditions such as cancer, immune system disorders, and fertility problems. Epidemiological studies, as reported by [PERSON] et al. [17], have also indicated associations between exposure to specific PFASs and a range of health effects. These effects include altered immune and thyroid function, liver disease, dysregulation of lipids and insulin, kidney disease, adverse reproductive and developmental outcomes, as well as the potential for cancer. These findings collectively highlight the potential adverse health impacts of PFAS exposure, but further research is still needed to fully understand and establish the causal relationships between PFASs and these health outcomes. In a review conducted by [PERSON] et al. [18] on the toxic effects of PFASs in animals, adverse effects such as genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity were observed due to the accumulation of PFOA in vivo. Hepatotoxicity, characterized by the presence of unusual fat deposits, liver enlargement, and hepatocarcinogenesis, was widely observed in vertebrate animals. To assess the potential effects on humans, the majority of toxicology studies on PFOS have been conducted on animals. A comprehensive review by the US EPA [19] focusedon oral animal studies investigating PFOS over short-term and sub-chronic durations involving species such as monkeys, rats, and mice. The review revealed several possible effects on animals, including developmental impacts such as decreased body weight and survival, as well as increased serum glucose levels and insulin resistance in adult offspring. Reproductive effects were observed in terms of altered mating behaviour. Liver toxicity was evident through increased liver weight, decreased cholesterol levels, and the presence of hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, developmental neurotoxicity was indicated by alterations in spatial learning and memory. Immune effects and potential cancer risks, specifically thyroid and liver cancer, were also identified in these animals. Overall, the available toxicity studies on PFOS demonstrated that the developing foetus is particularly susceptible to PFOS-induced toxicity. Due to the high toxicity of PFASs at elevated concentrations, safeguarding human and animal health necessitates their removal from all water bodies, including groundwater, surface water, and wastewater. This imperative presents a significant challenge to the water treatment industry. Numerous technologies, including adsorption, ion exchange, oxidation, and membrane processes, have been utilized to remove PFASs from water.