## 3 Communication Protocols
### Wireless Communication Protocols  
The protocols use radio frequency (RF) signals for transmitting and receiving data. The protocol has lower setup costs and has the ease of network expansions. Wireless communication protocols can be categorized as shown in Table 2[3].  
Advantages and disadvantages of wired and wireless communication protocols are summarized in Table 3.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocols** & **Frequency** & **Data Rate** & **Range** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Network** \\ **Topology** \\ \end{tabular} & **Encryption** \\ \hline Ethernet & 100–500 MHz & 1 Mbps–100 Gbps & 100 m & Bus, Star & None \\ \hline X10 & \begin{tabular}{c} 120 kHz; \\ 310–433.92 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 20–60 bps; 9.6 kbps \\ \end{tabular} & 500–1000 m & None; Star & None \\ \hline UPB & 4–40 kHz & 480 bps & 80–500 m & P2P & None \\ \hline INSTEON & \begin{tabular}{c} 131.65; \\ 868–924 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 13.165 kbps; \\ 38.4 kbps \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 500–40 m \\ 38.4 kbps \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} P2P, mesh, \\ dual mesh \\ \end{tabular} & AES-256 \\ \hline MoCA & 0.5–1.5 GHz & 175 Mbps–2.5 Gbps & 90 m & P2P, mesh & \
\begin{tabular}{c} DES-56, \\ AES-128 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline KNX &
\begin{tabular}{c} 110/132 kHz; \\ 868.3 MHz \\ \end{tabular} & 1.2/2.4 Mbps & 1000 m; 100 m & Tree, line star & None; AES-128 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Wired communication protocols.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Protocols** & **Frequency** & **Data Rate** & **Range** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Network** \\ **Size** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Network** \\ **Topology** \\ \end{tabular} & **Encryption** \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} Wi-Fi \\ 802.11n \\ \end{tabular} & 2.4–5.8 GHz & 450 Mbps & 10–100 m & Thousands & \begin{tabular}{c} Star, tree, \\ P2P, mesh \\ \end{tabular} & None \\ \hline Bluetooth & 2.402–2.48 GHz & 0.7–2.1 Mbps & 15–20 m & 8 & Star & None \\ \hline BLE & 2.402–2.48 GHz & 2 Mbps & 10–15 m & N/A & Star & None \\ \hline ZigBee & \begin{tabular}{c} 868/915 MHz, \\ 2.4 GHz \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 20/40 kbps, \\ 250 kbps \\ \end{tabular} & 10–100 m & 65,536 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Star, mesh, \\ cluster-tree \\ \end{tabular} & AES-256 \\ \hline Z-Wave & 868/915 MHz & 10–100 kbps & 30–50 m & 232 & Mesh &
\begin{tabular}{c} DES-56, \\ AES-128 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
6 LowPAN & \begin{tabular}{c} 868/921 MHz, \\ 2.4–5 GHz \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 10–40 kbps, \\ 250 kbps \\ \end{tabular} & 10–100 m & 250 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Star, mesh, \\ P2P \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} None; \\ AES-128 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Wireless communication protocols.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline  & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Wired communication protocols} & High security & \\  & Ease of use & High OPEX \\  & Long distance coverage & No mobility \\  & High bit rate & No backup power source \\  & High Reliability & High expansion cost \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Wireless communication protocols} & Low OPEX & Security risk \\  & Mobility & No Interference \\ \cline{1-1}  & Ease of expansionFlexibility & Coverage limitation at presence of obstacles \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\