esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Routing Protocols for UWSN
### Protocols Facturing Node Mobility
#### 3.1.3 Cooperative Depth Based Routing (CoDBR)
Throughput can be increased further if they can send their own data and the relaying data together to the destination node in a single round.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Processing
#### 2.5.3 Time Series Analysis  
TSX images were used to build a Time Series Analysis using the SARScape Analytics(r) toolbox, provided by(r)NV5 Geospatial Solutions, Inc (Broomfield, CO, USA). A geocoded dataset calculating multi-temporal statistics from intensity images was created to detect and extract temporal changes [43].  
In bare soils, the radar backscatter depends on the roughness and the dielectric constant of the first centimeters of soil (1 cm for X band) [19]. During the year, any changes in the agricultural soil are due to soil tillage, the humidity condition, and the land cover variation (e.g., presence of vegetation). Flowing, seeding, and irrigation operations result in a change in surface roughness. For these reasons, it is possible to associate SAR signal variation with the variation of these features over time.  
The main statistics considered, such as (1) minimum value, (2) minimum date associated with low roughness values, (3) maximum value, (4) maximum date associated with high roughness values, (5) coefficient of variation (CoV, ratio between standard deviation and the mean), (6) mean value, (7) standard deviation were finally mapped, and a multi-temporal profile of mean backscatter values for each crop has been obtained.
# Labeling Peptides with Radioiodine: An Overview of Traditional and Emerging Techniques
## 3 Indirect Radioiodination Methods: The Conjugation of the Prosthetic Groups  
Prosthetic groups are versatile intermediates used in indirect radioiodination, allowing for the introduction of radioiodine either before [20] or after [36] their conjugation to the target peptide, thus enabling flexible and site-specific labeling while preserving the  
Figure 1: Direct iodination of Tyrosine residues through an SEAr reaction.  
Figure 3: Standard example of direct iodination through isotopic exchange.  
Figure 2: Direct iodination of Histidine residues through an SEAr reaction.  
peptide's biological activity. This approach is particularly useful when direct radioiodination is not feasible or when milder reaction conditions are necessary. Various prosthetic groups have been developed to facilitate the efficient and site-specific radioiodination of peptides such as activated esters, maleimide-, azide-, alkyne-, syndrome-, or tetrazine-derivatives. These are ready to be conjugated to the peptide using several reactions such as amide bond formation, thioether formation, copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC), or the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction.
## 5 Proposed Framework
### Training Time Compliance and Inference Latency Analysis
#### 5.3.1 Training Time Compliance with Near-RT Requirements  
In this section, we analyze the training time compliance of the proposed system with the Near-RT requirements defined by O-RAN. Each FL round, encompassing both local training and secure aggregation, is completed within an average of 320 ms, with a standard deviation of 45 ms. Local training requires 280 ms per operator, benefiting from parallelization across the 10 nodes in the testbed. The secure aggregation phase is completed centrally within 40 ms. These results confirm that the system operates well  
Figure 8: Model accuracy under 20 % poisoning attacks. The attack was initiated at Round 8 (marked by a dashed vertical line). Our framework (blue solid) maintains stability compared to the baseline federated learning approach (red dashed, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. [57]) and centralized training (black dotted).  
within O-RAN's Near-RT control loop requirements, which range from 10 ms to 1 s, thereby ensuring compatibility with the RIC workflows. Regarding convergence behavior, the global model achieves convergence within 15 rounds, resulting in a total duration of approximately 4.8 s, which is sufficient for Non-Real-Time RIC policy updates. A summary of these timing metrics is provided in Table 10.
# Integrating Elliptic Curve Cryptography with the Modbus TCP SCADA Communication Protocol
###### Abstract  
SCADA systems monitor critical industrial, energy and other physical infrastructures in order to detect malfunctions, issue alerts and, in many cases, propose or even take remedial actions. However, due to their attachment to the Internet, SCADA systems are, today, vulnerable to attacks such as, among several others, interception of data traffic, malicious modifications of settings and control operations data, malicious modification of measurements and infrastructure data and Denial-of-Service attacks. Our research focuses on strengthening SCADA systems with cryptographic methods and protection mechanisms with emphasis on data and messaging encryption and device identification and authentication. The limited availability of computing power and memory in sensors and embedded devices deployed in SCADA systems make render cryptographic methods with higher resource requirements, such as the use of conventional public key cryptography such as RSA, unsuitable. We, thus, propose Elliptic Curve Cryptography as an alternative cryptographic mechanism, where smaller key sizes are required, with lower resource requirements for cryptographic operations. Accordingly, our approach integrates Modbus, a commonly used SCADA communication protocol, with Elliptic Curve Cryptography. We have, also, developed an experimental set-up in order to demonstrate the performance of our approach and draw conclusions regarding its effectiveness in real SCADA installations.  
Keywords:Elliptic Curve Cryptography; SCADA; Modbus protocol; ICT security; TCP/IP protocol +
Footnote †: journal:  
_Future Internet_**2022, 14, 232. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/fi1080232](https://doi.org/10.3390/fi1080232)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/fi1080232](https://doi.org/10.3390/fi1080232))**
# Innovative Hydrogeophysical Approaches as Aids to Assess Hungarian Groundwater Bodies
## 3 Results
### Well Logging in Porous Water Bodies
In Figure 13, the three resultant clusters in the function of the in situ measured parameters were identified as impermeable formations (cluster 1), water-bearing formations with low hydraulic conductivity (cluster 2) and those with medium or high conductivity (cluster 3). Figure 11: Histograms of grain sizes derived by sieve analysis: **(a)** relative occurrence of effective grain diameter data; **(b)** relative occurrence of effective grain diameter data; **(c)** relative occurrence of dominant grain diameter data; **(d)** relative occurrence of uniformity coefficient data in Baktalóráantháza-1 well. The quantitative estimation of hydraulic conductivity and the amount of clay was based on the regression relationships explored between the resistivity log and the desired quantities (Figure 12a,b). The specific surface derived by (6) and natural gamma-ray logs allows a good lithological separation by grain-sizes and radioactivity, respectively (Figure 14). The minimum of the former showed the intervals of the best storing capacity (e.g., 225-240 m). The high values of specific surface (\(S\)) indicated the impermeable (shaly Miocene) sequences (from 300 m to the well bottom). Clay volume (track 4 in Figure 14) derived from the resistivity log (track 3 in Figure 14) showed a proper agreement with core  
Figure 12: Regression relationships between the measured (apparent) resistivity and petrophysical parameters of the studied groundwater formations: (**a**) resistivity vs. clay content; (**b**) resistivity vs. hydraulic conductivity in Baktalöränthäza-1 well. Figure 13: Result of cluster analysis based on the L\({}_{1}\)-norm. The clusters (clusters 1-3) are represented in the data space of in situ measured parameters: (**a**) natural gamma-ray intensity, borehole caliper and spontaneous potential; (**b**) natural gamma-ray intensity, apparent (shallow) resistivity and thermal neutron intensity in Baktalöränthäza-1 well. measurements and IRFA (track 4 in Figure 14). A similarly good match was given between the estimated and lab-derived hydraulic conductivities (track 5 in Figure 14). By the comprehensive interpretation of wireline logs, using cluster analysis, the vertical distribution of zones of different conductivities can be given at high-resolution. The well log of the serial number of clusters (see last track in Figure 14) allowed the differentiation of beds both from the lithological and hydrogeological points of view. The result of cluster analysis was consistent with the lithological and specific surface logs. As a result, one can easily identify the porous and permeable aquifers with medium/good conductivity with yellow color, whereas brown and black color intervals show lower conductivity formations.
## 1 Introduction
### Wear Measurement Methods
#### 1.6.3. Weighing  
Weighing is a simple but effective method for assessing the wear of disc cutters. In this method, new and worn disc cutters are weighed after they are removed from the TBM's cutter head to determine the weight lost due to wear. By comparing the initial and final weights, the wear rate of a disc cutter can be estimated [42, 52]. It is important to note that on one hand, this method does not provide insight into the nature of disc cutter wear and therefore cannot serve as an independent method but only in combination with other methods. On the other hand, this method can be very useful and time-saving when it comes to assessing wear as a result of a normal type of wear.  
The advantage of weighing is that it is a direct measurement of wear that provides tangible and easy to interpret results. It is a cost-effective and practical technique that does not require complex instrumentation or sophisticated data processing. However, it should be noted that weighing only provides a general measure of wear and does not capture detailed wear patterns or surface topographies. It is therefore recommended to use other methods in addition to weighing to assess wear.  
[PERSON] et al. [42] observed the wear of disc cutters during the TBM tunneling of the Kerman water conveyance tunnel. They analyzed the wear of disc cutters based on the mass loss of the cutter rings and compared it with empirical prediction models developed by other researchers. The authors calculated the weighted averages of the rolling mass loss (MR) and volumetric mass loss (MV) of the disc cutters for different geological formations such as flysch, diabase, andestie, and andestie basalt. By averaging the mass loss values for selected rock layers with similar geological properties, they were able to investigate the effects of rock abrasiveness on the wear of disc cutters. [PERSON] et al. [52] used granite samples from the Beishan area in Gansu Province, China, to conduct wear tests on small disc cutters with different design parameters such as cutter diameter, cutter tip width, and cutter tip shape. In their study, they determined the wear of disc cutters by weighing them. After each test in which the cutting distance of a single disc cutter was 100 m, the cutter was weighed. Using this method, they were able to quantify the wear of small disc cutters and analyze how different cutters affect wear under certain conditions.
## 6 Conclusions and Future Extensions  
TR-AC is designed to facilitate and secure access to sensitive renewable-energy data and energy optimization utilities. We introduced a new token-revocation access control scheme. TR-AC achieved the following goals:  
1. Revoking the malicious users at multiple stages based on the revocation threshold;
2. Providing the access to authentic users only;
3. The proposed scheme proved to be secure against any attacker that is not authentic, based on the Diffie-Hellman assumption.  
By comparing the encryption and decryption times of TR-AC with four well-known schemes (LW, LCHWY, MAACS, and MD-AC), we found that the five schemes' times are linear to the access policy structure. However, the time of TR-AC is shorter than that of LW, LCHWY, MAACS, and MD-AC. Finally, our proposed TR-AC scheme is secure against any attacker who is not authorized. The future extension of TR-AC includes setting a range and time for each permission given to the \(UID\).  
This work was funded by the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education, Saudi Arabia [Project No. INST028].  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
Figure 5: The time of encryption and decryption regarding different numbers of authorities for our scheme and the related literature (LW [10], LCHWY [11], MAACS [12], MD-AC [13]). Where (**a**) is the encryption time of the related literature and TR-AC (proposed) against the number of considered authorities and (**b**) is the decryption time of the related literature and TR-AC (proposed) against the number of considered authorities.  
Data Availability Statement: The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the author upon request.  
The author extends his appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number INST028.  
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
# Developments in Contact Lens Imaging: New Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography
## 2 Clinical Uses in CL Practice
### Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation: Surface Topography and Biometric Data
It is capable of measuring pachymetry at any desired point of the cornea (visualizing the global corneal thickness map), as well as evaluating the anterior scleral thickness at specified locations. One of the major advantages  
Figure 2: Optimal fitting of a soft CL. The central part of the cornea (**A**). The cornea with a well-fitted soft CL Dailies, Ciba Vision (**B**,**C**) (EP, epithelium; BW, Bowman membrane). of an OCT system is that it allows repeatable measurements of epithelial thickness and the entire corneal thickness without contact lens removal, making it an excellent device to detect in vivo corneal thickness and shape changes caused by CL wear (e.g., posterior corneal change (hypoxia)-induced corneal swelling) [38; 39; 30; 3; 12; 28; 30]. Examples of corneal thickness and epithelium thickness maps are shown in Figure 3[40]. The construction of a newer generation of OCT instruments not only provides corneal and corneal epithelial thickness mapping, but also mapping of the topography of the cornea. Maps can be obtained for both the front and back surfaces. The results of a keratometry map of the cornea are expressed in diopters or millimeters [5; 12; 30; 41]. [PERSON] et al. compared SSOCT with a Placido-based topographic and a Scheimpflug imaging-based topographic. SSOCT has some advantages over a commercial system, including the quality of tomograms and measurement time. The topographic analysis can be conducted along with high-quality cross-sectional imaging [42]. Figure 3: Central cornea’s field marked for pachymetry scan (**A**). Cross-section projection of cornea’s OCT image (**B**). Corneal total thickness maps and corneal epithelial thickness maps of a long-term contact lens user (**C**) and a non-CL wearer (**D**). Adapted with from [PERSON] et al. [40]. [PERSON] et al. reported that central and peripheral corneal thickness measurements and pachymetry maps using ASOCT are repeatable and reproducible in healthy eyes, as well as in patients with keratoconus [5]. [PERSON] et al. presented corneal epithelial thickness mapping using SOCT, with good repeatability in both normal and keratoconic eyes [41].
# Offloaded Computation for QoS Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 5 Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation
### Complexity of Algorithm 2: Computation of the DODAG(s)
#### 5.2.1 Initialization  
* The set of nodes \(QoSN\) (nodes with at least one QoS path) are constructed in \(O(|V|)\) time.
* Initializing the set of DODAGs \(SD\) is conducted in \(O(1)\) time.
# Evaluating Preprocessing Techniques for Unsupervised Mode Detection in Irish Traditional Music
## 2 Related Work
### Datasets and Encoding  
To train the algorithms applied in this work, the data needed to be properly encoded and tagged with the mode and key. We were focused on the use of digital scores; therefore, the data needed to be encoded in MIDI, XML, MEI, or similar formats. It is important to note that the modal structure of folk songs can sometimes be blurred due to notation inconsistencies, which may affect their representation in digital datasets.  
Different datasets have been used in the mentioned works. One of the most used is the Million Song Dataset, which is composed of the features of more than one million songs [7]. However, this dataset does not include the folk music we are seeking, i.e., traditional music that is separated by country of origin. The GTZAN dataset has been used in several works for key detection [8; 9]. This dataset is composed of more than a thousand audio songs of different genres, such as rock, pop, jazz, and reggae. Although the dataset containsthe extracted features of the songs [10], it does not include folk music specifically. Finally, other datasets are composed of European folk music, including the Finnish Folk music archive [11] and The Session dataset, of which the latter is composed of Irish folk music [12].  
In this work, we use The Session dataset because it contains the mode feature, whereas the Finnish folk music dataset would require a deeper musicological analysis before being included in our study. The Session is an online community dedicated to folk music, where members discuss relevant topics and share digitized scores encoded in ABC format, which can also be synthesized in MIDI. Therefore, since these are digital scores rather than recordings, they do not contain information about performers, interpretations, or contextual details. The only available item of metadata is the identity of the person who uploaded the scores. The dataset has been compiled by Irish folk music enthusiasts who are part of this community. ABC notation is a text-based format for encoding musical notes and structure and is simple to use for computational processing. Additionally, we have chosen The Session dataset because this research is part of a European project called EA-Digifolk, which focuses on the preservation of traditional music. In particular, one of the institutions involved in the project is the Irish Traditional Music Archive (ITMA), which specializes in Irish traditional music. The majority of the pieces that comprise The Session are dancing pieces. In particular, the distribution of genres is as follows: reel (35.91%), jig (25.42%), hompipe (7.00%), strathsepey (2.56%), polka (8.05%), barn dance (3.43%), slip jig (3.55%), march (2.78%), waltz (7.28%), slide (2.14%), mazurka (1.10%), and three-two (0.79%). These genres reflect the strong connection between Irish folk music and dance, as most traditional Irish music is composed as dancing pieces. More details on the processing of the dataset, including cleaning, preprocessing, and other relevant steps, are provided in Section 3.
## 4 Results
### Pa-PCA-Ca Structure
The results indicate that the PCA technique effectively improves the performance of the Meta-model in the Ca structure, which can also be supported by the OA and Kappa values obtained using 5-fold cross-validation of the training data in Table 6.  
The final output PMs of the proposed Pa-PCA-Ca model were also compared with the output PMs of the Pa-Ca model to investigate the effect of the PCA technique. Figure 9 illustrates the \"First Max\" (refers to the highest probability of each pixel belonging to a specific target class), and the \"Second Max\" (refers to the second-highest probability of each pixel belonging to another target class), along with their difference. A model is considered to better discriminate the target classes when the highest probability of each pixel is significantly larger than the second-highest value. In other words, the model can assign higher certainty to each pixel when the highest probability is substantially greater than the second highest probability. Figure 9: Comparison of final output PMs of (**a**) Pa-Ca with (**b**) Pa-PCA-Ca structures. (**c**) Histogram plot of the distribution of ‘difference’ maps in (**a,b**) (‘First Max’: highest probability of each pixel belonging to a specific target class, ‘Second Max’: second-highest probability of each pixel belonging to another target class). As shown in Figure 9, when PCA is applied in the proposed methodology, the \"First Max\" values increased in most of the study area, while the \"Second Max\" probabilities decreased substantially in the region. This is further supported by the comparison of the histogram plots of the \"difference\" maps. The absolute skewness value of 1.75 indicated that the majority of the data points were concentrated towards the right side in the Pa-PCA-Ca model, compared to the Pa-Ca model with an absolute skewness value of 0.19. This suggests that the \"difference\" map between these two cases indicated larger values for the Pa-PCA-Ca model, indicating that the PCA technique led to a decrease in classification uncertainty, which resulted in higher classification accuracies. The final crop type maps of the study site are presented in Figure 10, showcasing the outcomes of the proposed method (Pa-PCA-Ca). The quantitative analysis revealed that the proposed method outperformed the Pa-Ca structure in terms of accuracy, thanks to the integration of PCA. The visual representations in Figure 10 also confirm the numerical findings, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed methodology (Pa-PCA-Ca) in generating more precise classification maps compared to the Pa-Ca structure. By employing PCA, the presence of noisy points in the pixel-based classification results was notably reduced, which can be attributed to the reduction in uncertainty, as depicted in Figure 9.
###### Abstract  
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly popular in recent years and are applied in various fields, from commercial and scientific to military and humanitarian operations. However, their usage presents many challenges, including limited resources, scalability issues, insecure communication, and inefficient solutions. We developed a secure and scalable registration protocol to address these issues using LoRa technology. Our solution involves the usage of the physical unclonable function (PUF) and blockchain technology for key exchange. PUF also ensures security against physical tampering, and blockchain is applied to share the symmetric key among the base stations. After the registration, the later communication messages are encrypted with AES-GCM to provide authentication and confidentiality between the parties. We conducted a security analysis of the registration protocol using the ProVerif tool, and our solution meets the security requirements, including the mutual authentication of entities, key freshness, key secrecy and also key confirmation properties. Besides the Proverif-based analysis, an informal security analysis is also provided that shows that the registration is protected against a variety of well-known active and passive security attacks. As drone resources are limited, we also prepared a proof of concept to test our solution under real-life conditions, focusing on efficiency and lightweight operations.  
unmanned aerial vehicles; physical unclonable function; Internet of Drones; blockchain; Proverif; lightweight cryptography; LoRa +
Footnote †: journal: Accepted: 25 September 2023