# Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Highway Management in Sustainability
## 3 Data, Methods, and Results
### Measuring Effectiveness: Principal Component Analysis Approach  
Based on the goal attainment approach, the study investigated goals of highway management. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), whose members are \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Input and Output Factors**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Description**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Data Source**} \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Input} & Highway investment & State capital outlay and maintenance & \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Highway Statistics \\ (2000–2008, 2012–2013) \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & Highway maintenance & & expenditure (SF-12) & & Highway Statistics \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Output} & Length of lanes & Estimated lane-miles (HM-81) & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Highway Statistics \\ (2000–2008, 2012–2013) \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & DVMT & & Daily vehicle-miles traveled (HM-81) & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Input and Output factors for DEA. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2000**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2005**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**2012**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Ranking** & **State** & **TES** & **Ranking** & **State** & **TES** & **Ranking** & **State** & **TES** \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Top 10} & 1 & GA & 1 & 1 & CA & 1 & 1 & GA & 1 \\  & 1 & ID & 1 & 1 & NH & 1 & 1 & NH & 1 \\  & 1 & OH & 1 & 1 & SC & 1 & 1 & NM & 1 \\  & 1 & SD & 1 & 1 & SD & 1 & 1 & SC & 1 \\  & 5 & SC & 1 & 5 & WV & 1 & 1 & VA & 1 \\ states & 6 & CA & 0.98 & 6 & GA & 1 & 6 & WV & 1 \\  & 7 & NH & 0.94 & 7 & NM & 1 & 7 & CA & 0.9 \\  & 8 & LA & 0.85 & 8 & ND & 0.98 & 8 & NC & 0.79 \\  & 9 & MD & 0.85 & 9 & VA & 0.93 & 9 & MO & 0.77 \\  & 10 & WI & 0.85 & 10 & WI & 0.86 & 10 & DE & 0.76 \\ \hline \multirow{5}{*}{Bottom} & 39 & WY & 0.54 & 39 & MI & 0.52 & 39 & ND & 0.39 \\  & 40 & UT & 0.54 & 40 & TX & 0.51 & 40 & KS & 0.38 \\  & 41 & NM & 0.54 & 41 & RI & 0.50 & 41 & RI & 0.38 \\  & 42 & NV & 0.53 & 42 & KS & 0.47 & 42 & NV & 0.36 \\  & 43 & KS & 0.53 & 43 & IL & 0.46 & 43 & NY & 0.36 \\  & 44 & ND & 0.52 & 44 & OR & 0.45 & 44 & UT & 0.35 \\  & 45 & CO & 0.50 & 45 & WA & 0.43 & 45 & IL & 0.34 \\  & 46 & PA & 0.44 & 46 & NY & 0.42 & 46 & NJ & 0.28 \\  & 47 & NY & 0.41 & 47 & FL & 0.40 & 47 & VT & 0.26 \\  & 48 & NJ & 0.41 & 48 & NJ & 0.31 & 48 & WA & 0.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: DEA Result Examples: Rankings and Technical Efficiency Scores (TES). the officials of highway and transportation departments of 50 states, explains its goals as \"development, operation, and maintenance\" on their website [35]. The Office of Operations of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) mentions \"transportation mobility, productivity, and safety\" as its overall goals [36]. Referring to the aims of the federal agency and the association of state DOT (Department of Transportation) members, the study sets three goals of highway management: maintenance, mobility, and safety. Measuring highway conditions acts as a proxy of maintenance. The Highway Statistics Reports have an international roughness index (IRI) and a present serviceability rating (PSR). The study adopts IRI because PSR is a subjective measure. The rule of thumb for interpretation of IRI is that values less than 95 indicate a good condition of road roughness and values less than 170 mean an acceptable condition. Therefore, higher values represent worse road conditions. [PERSON] [37] used safety and mobility as highway maintenance performance elements. Safety can be measured by \"persons fatally injured in motor vehicle crashes\" per 100 million vehicle-miles traveled. In addition, mobility can be shown by annual average daily traffic and volume-to-service flow ratio. In terms of measuring effectiveness, we employ a factor analysis method. Previous studies normally adopted factor analysis to create effectiveness indicators [23; 30].