# Dynamic QoS Management for a Flexible 5G/6G Network Core: A Step toward a Higher Programability
## 5 Testbed Design
### Methodology Implementation
Therefore, developing a more efficient concept of a multi-slice organization is crucial. This paper proposes an efficient model that enables customized slicing in future network architectures. The basis of this model is slice-level architecture and dynamic QoS management. We propose a solution that implies similar services binding in a group and managing them as a single slice. Further, we join providers that offer the same services to a single slice; this way we can specialize a network slice for specific purposes, thus providing a certain level of flexibility to the network core architecture and pointing to the potential of this architecture benefits for the network operator and its customer. Such well-organized and managed slices support multiple service providers isolated in each slice using some of the available segmentation technologies (e.g., VXLAN, VLAN). According to the literature review presented in Section 3, it is evident that current research primarily uses a predefined queue and lacks fully dynamic queue management. Such an approach is contrary to the SDN paradigm, which implies introducing more and more programmability into a network. This represents a limiting parameter for the flexibility of the future core network. With this in mind, in the paper, we propose a new solution that eliminates this limitation and applies high-level programmability in QoS management. Each slice includes infrastructure devices and a separate SDN controller that controls this slice. Implementing highly flexible software solutions can significantly reduce the required knowledge of the physical network infrastructure. Such a solution can enable the customization of routes in network slices based on adequate QoS policy, representing an additional degree of flexibility in the 5G/6G infrastructure. In this manner, we move the QoS policies management entirely to the application layer. The presented methodology includes a bandwidth allocation mechanism by applying complex QoS policies (multiparameter policy). We wish to notice that, in a production environment, the dynamics of switching among scenarios would be managed by mechanisms of decision making based on current traffic, which are out of the scope of this testbed. This paper does not address how QoS policies should look in future networks because this is still a very complex topic. We have proposed mechanisms to dynamically implement any planned QoS policy by allowing flexible and dynamic network parameters based on SQL DB service requirements. The proposed mechanism can offer only the best effort to satisfy all those requirements. The future work will include the design of QoS policies in a multi-slice environment. Moreover, we will research the influence that other QoS mechanisms, such as different schedulers and traffic shapers, have on overall multi-slice QoS. In future research, we will focus on the connection of network slicing with RAN (Radio Access Network), and on how to enable a shared RAN for network slicing to accommodate highly diverse services. **Author Contributions:** Methodology, P.D.B. and Z.B. ; investigation, Z.B. ; software, P.D.B. and T.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, P.D.B. and Z.B. ; data curation, T.M. and G.M. ; validation, D.V. and G.M. ; writing--review and editing, D.V. and G.M. ; project administration, Z.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding:** This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement number 856967, and by the H2020 European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement number 101016499. **Data Availability Statement:** The implementation of the proposed methodology is provided as open-source on the GitHub [54]. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. ## Appendix A

As a practical example, we have presented, in Table A1, a smart vehicle application of multi-slice service bonding. Figure A1 presents a practical setup for such an application.