# Benefits of Probiotics--Biodetoxification
## 3. Probiotics--Detoxification in the Human Body
### Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Probiotic** & **Mechanism Removal** & **Xenobiotics** & **Effect on the Host** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Lactobacillus rhamnosus_} & Binding/degradation & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{l} Aflatoxins, \\ of bacterial toxins and \\ heavy metals \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{l} Reduces bioavailability and \\ absorption of toxins, protects \\ the liver function \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{[78; 79]} \\  & Antioxidant activity, & & & \\ ROS neutralization & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Bifidobacterium breve_} & Modulates microbial & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{l} Bisphenol A (BPA) \\ activity \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{l} Nitioamines, \\ aromatic hydrocarbons \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{\begin{tabular}{l} Reduces the mutagenic and \\ carcinogenic potential of \\ foodborne toxins \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{[18]} \\  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Saccharomyces boulardii_} & Adsorption of heavy & \multirow{3}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{l} Arsenic (As), Cuprum \\ (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), \\ Mercury (Hg) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{[3; 84]} \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{_Lactobacillus casei_} & Suppression of & \multirow{3}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{l} Aids in detoxifying drugs \\ and hormones, reducing \\ toxicity in the gut \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{3}{*}{[85; 86]} \\  & microbial & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{3-5}  & beta-glucuronidase & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Probiotic actions in the process of xenobiotic detoxification—examples. cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) family of enzymes in the human liver chemically changes both endogenous and foreign substances [94]. Phase I (activation by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis), Phase II (conjugation to polar moieties), and Phase III (transport without chemical alteration) are the three stages of liver metabolism. Unmetabolized and expelled xenobiotics build up in the body and can cause inflammation and chronic illnesses [98,99]. The harmful effects of xenobiotics are becoming an increasingly serious problem both for the environment and for human health, which requires an interdisciplinary scientific solution. It should be noted that inter-individual genetic differences among people modulate the extent of damage that they can cause to our body. This is mainly due to individual effects on xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification processes. The microbiota of the gut may be essential for in vivo biodetoxification. Probiotics have garnered attention in recent decades because of their many benefits, including in vivo biodetoxification and digestive system health [100,101]. The bacterial microbiota present in the gastrointestinal tract synthesizes various types of chemicals that have the ability to affect the metabolism and absorption of many xenobiotics. Enterocytes, or intestinal epithelial cells, as in the liver, also contain monooxygenases, enzymes involved in the processes occurring during the first phase of detoxification, responsible for the biotransformation stage of xenobiotics. In addition, in the regions of the peak intestinal villi, high activity of transmembrane pumps has also been recorded, through which transport is directed from the inside of the cell towards the intestinal lumen (antiport). These enterocytic transport systems are considered phase III of detoxification. Their action to reduce the concentration of toxins in the interior of intestinal epithelial cells reduces the amount of toxins transported to the liver via the portal circulation.