## 3 Research, Results, and Discussion
### Seismic Loss of Steel Ordinary Moment Frames
The \(EAL\) value is calculated using Equation (5) as follows:  
\[EAL=\sum_{im}E(L_{T}|im)\bigg{|}\frac{\Delta(\lambda_{im})}{\Delta(im)}\bigg{|} \Delta(im), \tag{5}\]  
where \(\bigg{|}\frac{\Delta(\lambda_{im})}{\Delta(im)}\bigg{|}\) is the absolute value of the slope of the seismic hazard curve. In this study, nonlinear response analyses were performed for OMF buildings using 44 far-field ground motions scaled to multiple hazard levels [29]. Figure 9 shows the median peak story drift ratio (\(SDR\)) of 15-story OMFs designed with and without consideration of wind loads for three different hazard levels. The distribution of \(SDR\) for other OMFs is plotted in Appendix A (Figure A1). As shown in Figure 9, the larger \(SDR\) occurs in the upper stories than in the lower stories irrespective of different seismic hazard levels, which is due to the contributions of higher modes. A similar observation is made in elastic range (Figure 8). The distribution of \(SDR\) along the building height affects the damage in the drift-controlled nonstructural and structural components. For OMFs designed with consideration of wind loads, the concentration of higher \(SDR\) in the upper stories becomes more  
Figure 9: Peak story drift ratio (\(SDR\)) of 15-story steel OMFs: (**a**) service level earthquake (SLE); (**b**) design-based earthquake (DBE); (**c**) maximum considered earthquake (MCE). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component Name** & **Unit** & **Quantity Per Story** & **EDP** \\ \hline Column base plate & EA & 36 (only first story) & \(SDR\) \\ \hline Column splice & EA & 36 (at the story where the column splice is located) & \(SDR\) \\ \hline Column & EA & 36 & \(SDR\) \\ \hline Post-Northridge & EA & 16 & \(SDR\) \\ WUF-B connection & EA & 96 & \(SDR\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The types and quantity per story for structural components of the model building. significant than that for the OMF designed without consideration of wind loads. This phenomenon is more apparent when a larger wind load (51 m/s) is used in the design. The W44-OMF has 8.6%, 22.8%, and 11.9% larger \(SDR_{max}\) than the W0-OMF for the SLE, DBE, and MCE hazard levels, respectively, where \(SDR_{max}\) is the maximum value among the \(SDR\)s of individual stories. The increase in \(SDR_{max}\) is more prominent for the W51-OMF, which has 27.4%, 42.9%, and 38.6% larger \(SDR_{max}\) than the W0-OMF for the SLE, DBE, and MCE hazard levels, respectively. This indicates that the increase in member sections in the lower stories of OMFs due to the consideration of the wind loads may adversely affect not only the collapse risk but also the drift-controlled nonstructural and structural components. A similar observation is made for OMFs with different numbers of stories (Figure A1). Figures 10 and 11 show repair costs associated with the structural, displacement-based, and acceleration-based nonstructural components in the individual stories for the 15-story OMFs at SLE and DBE hazard levels. The median repair costs normalized by the replacement cost for SLE and DBE hazard levels are only plotted in Figures 10 and 11, where STR, NSTR-D, and NSTR-A represent mean repair cost associated with structural component, drift-controlled nonstructural component, and acceleration-controlled nonstructural component, respectively. As shown in Figure 10, for the repair cost induced by ground motions for the SLE hazard level, the contribution of NSTR-D is dominant. The W44- and W51-OMFs have 18% and 75% larger expected repair costs for the SLE hazard level than the W0-OMF. Due to damage concentration in the upper stories for the W44-OMF and W51-OMF, the repair costs associated with \(SDR\) sharply increases. As mentioned earlier, this phenomenon is attributed to the increase in member sections in the lower stories for these OMFs due to  
Figure 11: Normalized median repair cost of 15-story steel OMFs at DBE hazard level: (a) W0-OMF; (b) W44-OMF; (c) W51-OMF.