# On End-to-End Intelligent Automation of 6G Networks
## 2 6G: Preliminaries and Enabling Technologies
### Vision and Performance Targets
#### 2.1.2 Performance Targets and Resulting Paradigms  
Given that 6G is expected to support new applications and services (such as holographic telepresence, digital twins, telemedicine, etc.) in addition to those offered by 5G, more stringent performance targets are expected [18]. These requirements will be more diverse compared to 5G, with some applications and services requiring a combination of them. In what follows, a brief overview of these performance requirements and some of their applications/services/use cases is given and is summarized in Figure 2.  
* **Time-Sensitive Communications:** End-to-end low latency is one of the major performance requirements for 6G to meet. More specifically, 6G is expected to achieve a latency of around 1 ms or lower, particularly for applications such as autonomous/connected vehicles within ITSs, autonomous customer service, and manufacturing. This is done with the goal of offering more advanced real-time interactive AI-enabled services [19]. * **Extremely High Data Rate/Capacity:** The second performance requirement that 6G networks strive to achieve is extremely high data rates and high-capacity communication. More specifically, 6G is expected to achieve peak data rates exceeding 100 Gbps with 100\(\times\) more capacity. In turn, this would allow for new sensory services that mimic and even surpass the humans' five senses, achieving what is known as \"multisensory communication\". With this, users will be able to share their virtual experiences and  
Figure 1: The 6G vision. collaborate virtually in the cyberspace [20]. Additionally, industrial use cases will also benefit from this, particularly in the uplink direction when a large amount of data is sent to the AI-enabled cloud. * **Extremely High Reliability:** Another performance requirement that 6G is expected to meet is extremely high reliability. More specifically, 6G is expected to offer highly secure, private, and resilient networks that can offer guaranteed quality of service (QoS) up to 99.99999%. This requirement is particularly important for multiple services and use cases [21]. For example, having such a reliable communication network can help to remotely control and automate factory functioning in real time. In addition to the reliability aspect, 6G networks are expected to have high security and privacy. This is because cyber-attacks such as spoofing, falsification, denial, and unauthorized operations can lead to theft, property/personal information leakage, and service suspension. Moreover, such attacks can result in accidents, threatening the lives of people, devices, and systems. * **3D Dimension Coverage:** The fourth requirement for 6G networks is 3D dimension coverage, also commonly referred to as extreme coverage. This means that 6G networks are expected to expand their coverage area in all environments (including the sky, sea, and space) while still maintaining Gbps-level communication speeds. The idea is to offer communication service coverage in environments with no current human existence. As a result, new services and industries can be supported, such as drone-enabled home delivery as well as primary industries such as forestry and fisheries. Moreover, futuristic applications (e.g., space travel) can be supported with this requirement [22]. * **Extreme Massive Connectivity:** Another crucial requirement for 6G networks is extremely high connectivity. This is due to the substantial growth in the use and deployment of wearable, sensing, and other IoT devices in the real world. As such, 6G networks are expected to be able to support up to 10 million devices/km\({}^{2}\)[23]. This represents a 10-fold increase in the number of connections compared to 5G. In addition to the larger number of connections, 6G is also expected to provide added sensing and high-precision positioning (cm-order) capabilities. This is expected to be achieved by fusing AI and wireless communication technologies to help identify objects as well as offer highly precise object detection.