## 3 Results and Discussion
### Oxidized LDL Receptor  
The concentration of oxLDL receptors did not statistically differ between the test or control group at the beginning or the end of the study (mean 0.41 ng/mL and 0.39 ng/mL, respectively; \(p\) = 0.462) (Table 3).  
There was no statistically significant predictor of change in concentration of the oxLDL receptors at day 10 in either group (Table 4), which was confirmed by the study results.  
Similar to our results, [PERSON] et al. [47] found 100 mL/day of aronia juice (chokeberry) at a high or low polyphenol dose during the 8-week intervention had no positive effect on the change in oxLDL levels. A similar randomized, double-blind trial of forty-four patients who had suffered myocardial infarction found that oxLDL levels in the intervention group decreased significantly by 29% after 6 weeks of oral intake of aronia flavonoid extract [48]. It should be noted that this study was performed on patients after myocardial infarction who received concomitant statin therapy. In addition, several studies reported the potential of hydroxytyrosol-enriched biscuits for lowering oxidized LDL levels in humans [49; 50]. Nevertheless, it must be considered that the above studies observed  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Total** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Control** \\ **Group** \\ \end{tabular} & **Test Group** & \(p\) \\ \hline Age (years) median (range) & 36 (23–60) & 36 (23–60) & 36 (25–46) & 0.200 * \\ Chronic disease (N/total) & 6/25 & 2/12 & 4/13 & 0.645 ** \\ Medicaments (N/total) & 7/25 & 2/12 & 5/13 & 0.378 ** \\ Allergies (N/total) & 1/25 & 1/12 & 0/13 & 0.480 ** \\ Alcohol consumption & 13/25 & 4/12 & 9/13 & 0.115 ** \\ Physical activity (N/total) & 16/25 & 5/12 & 11/13 & 0.041 ** \\ Food supplements & 10/25 & 2/12 & 8/13 & 0.041 ** \\ BMI (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) (span) & 22.3 (19.6–24.5) & 22.1 (19.6–24.9) & 22.2 (19.1–24.5) & 0.957 * \\ Waist circumference (cm) & 76 (68–86) & 77 (74–80) & 72 (67–87) & 0.869 \\ Hip circumference (cm) & 98 (90–105) & 101 (87–105) & 96 (91–107) & 0.717 \\ Waist-to-hip ratio & 0.77 (0.74–0.81) & 0.77 (0.75–0.80) & 0.78 (0.71–0.83) & 0.716 \\ Blood glucose (mmol/L) & 5.0 (4.8–5.3) & 5.2 (5.0–5.3) & 5.0 (4.7–5.2) & 0.218 * \\ Cholesterol (mmol/L) & 4.7 (4.2–5.2) & 4.6 (4.0–5.3) & 4.7 (4.4–5.1) & 0.604 * \\ Cholesterol HDL & 1.6 (1.5–1.7) & 1.5 (1.4–1.6) & 1.7 (1.6–1.7) & 0.029 * \\ Cholesterol LDL (mmol/L) & 2.5 (2.3–3.1) & 2.5 (2.1–3.2) & 2.5 (2.3–2.9) & 0.849 * \\ Triglycerides (mmol/L) & 0.8 (0.7–1.1) & 0.8 (0.7–1.3) & 0.8 (0.7–1.0) & 0.509 * \\ Iron (Fe) (\(\mu\)mol/L) & 16 (11–20) & 13 (10–17) & 18 (11–24) & 0.210 * \\ UIBC (\(\mu\)mol/L) & 41 (32–52) & 40 (34–50) & 41 (32–53) & 0.849 * \\ TIBC (\(\mu\)mol/L) & 57 (53–63) & 55 (51–61) & 63 (53–65) & 0.126 * \\ Fe saturation (\%) & 27 (19–38) & 26 (18–32) & 35 (19–39) & 0.369 * \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Mann-Whitney test, ** Fisher exact test. BMI—body mass index; UIBC—unsaturated iron-binding capacity; TIBC—total iron binding capacity.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Baseline characteristics of the subjects at the beginning of the study (with \(p\) value between the control and test group).  
the effect of chokeberry extract or grape pomace only on oxLDL and not on the oxLDL receptor. Moreover, the putative benefits of increased consumption of polyphenols have limited bioavailability and the mechanisms by which these compounds may modulate lipid metabolism should be further investigated. Here, we can conclude that whole grain cookies can be safely consumed in moderate amounts without the risk of increasing oxLDL in healthy women.