## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
An exemplary cutting tool, which is the subject of an analysis on the feasibility of remanufacturing in the CLWD process, is shown in Figure 1a. It is assumed that damage to the tool will require the removal of a single row of teeth followed by the deposition of the additional material and the reconstruction of the overall geometry according to Figure 1b. These assumptions define the required height of the deposited material to be a minimum of 2.5 mm. However, due to the laser spot size, which is larger than the overall width of the tooth, the issue of obtaining the appropriate clad width should not be a challenge.  
Experimental tests of the CLWD process were carried out on the BOHLER S390 PM substrate, which is the commercial equivalent of the steel mentioned in the norm [24]. The samples for the tests were prepared in the form of plates with dimensions of 200 mm \(\times\) 40 mm \(\times\) 15 mm by waterjet cutting and surface sandblasting. The substrate material was manufactured by powder metallurgy to a hardened state and subsequently tempered three times after hot forging. The microstructure of fine-grained martensite with 32% uniformly distributed carbides without residual austenite is observed (Figure 2). During the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, the primary and secondary carbides were identified within the matrix. The presence of carbide-forming elements was also analyzed by the Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) method, showing the distribution of vanadium,molybdenum, tungsten, and chromium in the sample (Figure 2). The average measured hardness value was 805 \(\pm\) 30 HV1. Based on the CCT diagram provided by the material manufacturer, the value of the Ms temperature is about 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C [25].  
Additional material in the process was LAWI 64 wire with a 0.6 mm diameter that was copper plated. During the SEM analysis of the wire material, the lack of integrity of the copper coating was observed (Figure 3). This resulted in the presence of oxygen in the additional material transferred to the melt pool during the process, which can increase the risk of porosity as a result of the high affinity of carbon for oxygen.  
In order to determine the chemical composition of both the substrate and the wire materials, the EDS method was used during the SEM analysis. The chemical composition of the materials is shown in Table 1.  
Figure 1: Object of the planned remanufacturing—broad cutting tool: (a) photo of a broach fragment, (b) close-up of a single tooth with overall dimensions.  
Figure 2: SEM microstructure of the cutting tool substrate material with different magnification factors showing the distribution of primary and secondary carbides formed during the S390 PM steel manufacturing process. The distribution of carbide-forming elements was also visualized using EDS analysis.  
Specimens fabricated during the CLWD process for metallographic analysis were prepared using a metallographic cutter with diamond cut-off wheels. Subsequently, they were mounted, grinded, polished, and etched with 5% Nital. The geometric properties of the clad were measured with the VFLX-600 digital microscope (Keyence, Osaka, Japan). Microstructure analysis was carried out with the use of the LEXT OLS4000 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and the ZEISS SIGMA 500 VP (ZEISS, Jena, Germany). microscopes Microhardness tests were performed on the Zwick-Roell ZHV\(\mu\)-A device. Measurements were made with a load of 1 kG using the Vickers method. Indentations were made on the cross-section of the clad along its axis with a constant spacing of 300 \(\upmu\)m.