# State-of-the-Art Mobile Radiation Detection Systems for Different Scenarios
## 5 Results and Discussion  
From the analysis of the four scenario types considered here, Table 6 was constructed, which summarizes their main characteristics and operational restrictions (difficulties) and the corresponding desirable characteristics of the mobile radiation detection systems. Some general characteristics of a mobile detection system are also presented. For a given scenario, there are the following radiation measurement options: localization, identification, and quantification (of the activity) of a hotspot or contaminated area or just obtaining a contamination map. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt} p{14.2 pt}} \hline \hline
**Scenario** & **A: RN Accidents and Emergencies** & **B: Illicit Trafficking of SNM and Radioactive Materials** & **C: Nuclear, Accelerator, Targets, and Irradiation Facilities** & **D: Detection, Monitoring, and Identification of NORM** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & - & Actinides and other radioactive materials released & - & SNM and radioactive materials & - & Residual radioactive (e.g., activating products in reactor materials) & - & U and Th series and \({}^{40}\)K radionuclides \\  & - & Range from low to high dose rate & - & Rapid deployment & - & Rapid deployment & - \\  & - & Rapid deployment & - & & Rapid deployment & - & Range from low to high dose rate & - \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & - & Urban areas & Urban areas & & & \\  & - & High gamma radiation and alpha/beta contamination & - & Distinguish threat radionuclides from NORM and medical isotopes & & & \\  & - & Atmospheric conditions with noxious gases & - & Possible shielded or masked sources & - & High temperatures & - & Measured doses near background values \\  & - & Difficulty of access, such as in narrow spaces & - & Large standoff distances between detector and source (up to 100 m) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & - & Fast response & - & Meet standards referred in Section - & Fast response - & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} \\  & - & Sensitivity range from ambient background to high dose rates & - & High energy resolution & & Temperature stability & - & High efficiency \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & Radiation hardened devices & - & High efficiency (low MDA) & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & - & Radiation hardened devices & - & Meet standards referred in Section - & - & Fast response - & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} \\  & - & Sensitivity range from ambient background to high dose rates & - & High energy resolution & & Temperature stability & - & High energy resolution \\ \cline{1-1}  & - & Radiation hardening & - & High efficiency (low MDA) & & Radiation hardened devices & (low MDA) \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{} \end{tabular} } & - & Reliable; robust (good mechanical and chemical properties); modular; flexibility (for different scenarios); low cost; lightweight and compact (for use in portable equipment). & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Summary of the typical scenario characteristics and detection system performance requirements. Radiation detection systems can be coupled to many mobile platforms. To choose the best platform to perform a measurement, one must know the advantages and limitations of each platform:  
* Ground-based platforms, as cars, vans or trucks are normally chosen due to their greater payload capacity and autonomy. However, they can only move through the existent road network, which may present obstacles (e.g., post-disaster scenario). Handheld or backpack equipment allow access to difficult places and to have an excellent spatial resolution. The UGVs allow operation in extreme situations where radiological risks are unknown or too high to be done by humans. Issues, such as communication problems, radiation tolerance, and obstacles and terrain limitations, were reported.