## 2 Related Work
### Securing the VANET-Fog Computing (VFC) Using Cloud-Centric Architectures
These vehicles that were deployed in the VANET were vulnerable due to DoS attacks which caused delays in the network. Afterwards, the authors utilized a clustering algorithm to facilitate good communication links, however, VFC was a limitation for the network. In another study [31], the authors proposed a new unicast routing protocol for a vehicular network. The protocol was based upon two techniques: clustering algorithm technique, which played a role in organizing and optimizing the exchange of routing information based on quality of service requirement, and the artificial bee colony Cuckoo (ABC) algorithm, which was used to find the best route path from the source to the destination. This complied with measuring the delay and jitter in the network. However, investigation of the network for trust was not based upon HDSA. In addition, only multicast data transmission was a limitation, including absence of VFC. Therefore, further investigation and evaluation of delay and jitter in VANET is important. The authors in another study [32] proposed a scheme for Sybil attack prevention through an identity symmetric encryption scheme in vehicular ad hoc networks. The authors' investigation also included DoS attacks and all other forms of attacks, such as spoofing and identity disclosure. Based upon the proposed protocol, a novel lightweight approach for preventing all these many forms of attacks, including Sybil attacks and DoS attacks in VANET, was proposed by the authors. The scheme used symmetric key encryption and authentication between RSUs and vehicles on the road. The intent was to prevent malicious vehicles and nodes from obtaining more than one identity inside the network. However, the proposed scheme did not require management in RSUs or certification authority (CA). The scheme only utilized a minimum amount of message exchange with the RSU, with the authors insisting the scheme was effective. However, based upon the network deployment, some vehicles did not share information. Vehicles sent fake requests and caused breakdowns, leading to trustworthiness concerns in the network. The work proposed in a previous study [33], which included early DoS attack detection in VANET, used an attacked packet detection algorithm (APDA) for vehicles. The vehicle represents mobile nodes equipped with an on-board unit (OBU) that allows them to send and also receive messages from the other nodes in the VANET. The messages successfully reached the intended destination without any interruption. In another study [34], the authors discussed DoS attacks in VANET and used the Bloom-filter-based detection method, which provided service availability for legitimate vehicles or nodes in the network. A series of attacks were encountered in the network that caused a communication break. This is due to DoS JSA, source sink attacks, and all other forms of attacks, including HDSA, which were left uninvestigated. Based upon the above descriptions and investigations, it can be reasoned that real-time detection of DoS attacks, which utilized IEEE 802.11p deployment in VANET using the DSRC technology, was an issue. Thus, secure method evaluation, including VFC and optimization algorithms, were mainly issues that were left uninvestigated by the authors. This is based upon the fact that they found the investigation of various proposed schemes in VANET complex to carry out. Also, it was determined in the investigation that VFC was a major design issue in VANET. Hybrid method investigation deployment limitations persist. In addition, most of the proposed schemes' investigation limitations revealed trustworthiness and secure storage mechanism concerns, and absence of hybrid optimization algorithm deployment, which would be required to evaluate network performance metrics, such as end-to-end delay and jitter in the network.