esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Laser Technology in Photonic Applications for Space
## 3 Lasers in Space
### Communication
#### 3.2.1 Space-Earth  
The ETS-VI satellite launched in 1994 by Japan carried out the world's first optical communication experiment between a satellite and the optical ground station. An SSL at 830 nm was used for the downlink, and an Argon laser at 510 nm with a power of 10 W in the uplink [86].  
Two other pioneer missions were the Japanese-NASA LCE in 1995 and the National Reconnaissance Office's (NRO) GeoLITE in 2001, where the first Geostationary Equatorial Orbit (GEO) to ground communication links were demonstrated, respectively, at 830 nm and 1550 nm [87].  
In 2013, NASA showed with the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD) a laser downlink and uplink of 622 and 20 Mb/s, respectively. The demonstration was achieved with a lower mass and power consumption instrument that improved the downlink capacity by a factor 6 compared with Radio Frequency (RF) Ka-band radio systems [88]. The laser systems used in this instrument included a CW Erbium-doped fiber laser emitting at 1550 nm, coupled to a LiNBO optical modulator, and amplified to 0.5 W by a two-stage EDFA in which each stage was pumped by a grating-stabilized laser diode emitting at 976 nm [89].  
In January 2018, China conducted the first 2-way high-speed laser communication tests between a satellite orbiting 40,000 Km above Earth and the ground stations. The purpose of the mission was to provide future educational tools in Chinese remote areas. For the first time, a satellite achieved communication with rates up to 5 Gbps [90].  
NASA's LLCD experiments continuation consists in the space-earth links to be launched at the end of 2019 as part of the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD). NASA intends to demonstrate 1.244 Gbps uplink and donwlink communications from a GEO orbit to different terminals (including two optical ground stations) [91; 92]. Moreover, two different encoding techniques will be tested: a Photon counting and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) module for deep space communications and a Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) system for Near-Earth missions. The laser systems presents a MOPA architecture with a continuous wave (CW) 1550 nm Mach-Zehnder transmitter modulated and amplified by a two-stage EDFA, in a similar way as was performed in the LLCD experiment [93].  
In 2022, NASA plans to launch the Deep Space Optical Communications demonstration on-board the Psyche mission, which will investigate the possibility of high-speed communications in the range of 250 Mbps, something mandatory for future manned missions (for example, on Mars). Novel advanced lasers in the near-infrared region will be used. If the mission is successful, the results will help reduce the time required to communicate with space rovers in future missions [88].
# Enhancing Smart Cities' Resilience Through Competency Assessment and Open Data Utilization
## 7 The Smart City Resilience Officer (SCRO) MOOC  
As part of the CRISIS project, the Smart City Resilience Officer (SCRO) MOOC was developed to enhance resilience and smart city-related competencies through an accessible, fully online learning platform. Designed and hosted using Moodle, the platform enabled flexible participation in four languages--English, Greek, German, and Portuguese. The program targeted a broad audience, including municipal employees, IT professionals, students, and other stakeholders involved in smart city initiatives. The course comprised 20 modules (based on the competencies shown in Table 1) categorized into core, advanced, and elective tracks to accommodate varying levels of expertise and specialization.  
The pilot delivery extended over 16 weeks and was structured into four phases. Participants were initially required to complete a self-assessment tool (as described in the previous section) to evaluate their competencies prior to formulating their learning path and consequent training on the required modules. Participants completed weekly modules accompanied by practical assignments and interactive online sessions. Core modules covered foundational concepts in smart cities and resilience, while advanced modules emphasized resilience planning and management. Elective modules offered opportunities for specialization in topics such as geospatial technologies, decision-making, and financial resilience. Practical assignments reinforced theoretical knowledge by requiring participants to address real-world challenges, including stakeholder mapping, crisis management planning, and infrastructure vulnerability assessment.  
The MOOC attracted substantial participation, with 672 valid registrations and 370 active learners competing in at least one assessment. The program demonstrated notable diversity in terms of gender and educational background, with significant female representation and participants ranging from high school graduates to doctorate holders. Engagement levels varied across cohorts, with German-language MOOCs achieving the highest levels of activity and completion.
###### Abstract  
_Background/Objective_: Optimization of needle characteristics for trans-septal puncture is of paramount importance to reduce the extent of tissue deformation. This was achieved by studying the mechanical behavior of fossa ovalis (FO) in lamb hearts. The fossa ovalis tissue samples obtained after dissection were subjected to experimental indentation and tensile tests to determine tissue deformation. _Methods_: Lamb hearts (n = 20) were dissected to obtain fossa ovalis tissue samples. These were subjected to indentation and tensile tests to determine the puncture and rupture forces respectively. Indentation tests were performed using two different indenters: A steel indenter with a hemispherical tip and a Brockenbrough (BRK) needle (bevel tip). Tensile tests were formed using Zwick Roell (Z005) tensile machine at 100 N load cell. ImageJ analysis was also performed to determine the diameter and shape of FO. _Results_: Indentation results demonstrated that the hemispherical indenter requires a greater punch force compared to the puncture force with the BRK needle. The mean punch force of the hemispherical indenter (15.57 N) was nearly 3 times greater than the puncture force of the BRK needle (5.47 N). Variations between the two indenters provide an insight into the importance of device geometry on trans-septal procedures. The tensile test results illustrated a typical failure pattern with a toe region, linear region, and failure region. The mean rupture force determined was 10.51 N. ImageJ analysis confirmed an oval shape of FO and the diameters measured were in the range 9.0-15.3 mm. _Conclusions_: The mechanical aspects of fossa ovalis in lamb hearts were successfully studied through a series of experimental indentation and tensile tests. This study serves as a guide to dissecting the challenging FO sample. The procedures for indentation and tensile tests are detailed with common experimental challenges encountered addressed. The correlation of the parameters involved in these experimental tests to the collagen fiber orientation in tissues is also discussed, providing an insight into the deformation of tissues and variations in fiber orientation before and after trans-septal procedures.  
Brockenbrough needle; fossa ovalis; indentation; tensile testing; trans-septal puncture +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 6 Challenges and Future Research Directions
### Challenges
#### 6.1.4 Interference Management  
In mMIMO-NOMA systems, managing interference is a key challenge, particularly when multiple users share the same frequency band. The addition of SWIPT introduces new sources of interference, as the power transfer process can interfere with information decoding. Developing robust interference management techniques that can operate efficiently in such environments is essential to ensure the reliable performance of the system.
## 2 Literature Review and Methodology
### Proposed BMS Block Diagrams  
Figure 3 outlines the six-stage structure of the BMS designed for this study, focused on ensuring proper battery safety and handling.  
1. Monitoring Stage: * Component: Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Cell * Function: Serves as the battery for the project. * Reason for Use: EV batteries operate at high voltages (600-800 V), which are unsuitable for laboratory settings, whereas the Li-ion cell operates within a safe voltage range (3-4 V), making it suitable for lab work. 2. Data Acquisition: * Component: Dedicated sensors * Function: Monitor and collect essential battery parameters required for estimating SOC (state of charge) and SOH (state of health). 3. Data Processing: * Component: SOC and SOH estimation algorithms, Arduino Uno * Function: Execute the estimation algorithms to calculate the SOC and SOH levels and facilitate communication between the algorithms and the hardware. 4. Data Transmission: * Component: IoT cloud platform (ThingSpeak) * Function: Transmit processed battery data through a Wi-Fi network for remote monitoring and data aggregation.  
Figure 3: System Stages Block Diagram.  
* Data Display:
* Component: User interface (UI), LED indicators
* Function: Display battery data on devices like phones or PCs. LED indicators provide visual alerts: Red LED for overheating; Green LED for normal temperature.
* Thermal Management:
* Component: Smart cooling system
* Function: Automatically activates when the battery temperature exceeds safe operational limits, maintaining the battery temperature within a safe range. The BMS is designed to maintain stable operations in real-world scenarios through its integrated thermal management system, which dynamically regulates battery temperature, and reinforced hardware to withstand environmental stresses, such as vibrations. Adaptive SOC and SOH estimation algorithms further ensure consistent performance under variable charging conditions.  
Figure 4 illustrates the block diagram of the SOC and SOH estimation method within the BMS. At the core is a battery model developed based on an ECM to represent typical Li-ion battery behaviour. The current profile provides input to the SOC estimation algorithm, guiding the expected charging and discharging cycles of the battery. Dedicated sensors are employed to monitor and measure the critical operating conditions of the battery, including cell current, voltage, and temperature. These sensor readings are essential inputs for the SOC estimator. Additionally, the SOC estimator requires initial conditions, such as the initial SOC and internal resistance (R0) of the battery, for accurate calibration and estimation of the SOC. The SOC estimation is performed using multiple algorithms, including CC, EKF, and UKF, each contributing to the accuracy of the estimated SOC. The SOH estimator uses the estimated SOC and internal resistance (R0) to calculate the SOH of the battery. Finally, the system outputs the real SOC, estimated SOC, SOH, and internal resistance (R0) to the end-user, providing comprehensive information on the battery's current state.
# Presenting a Human Pupil Orbit Model (HPOM) for Eye-Gaze Tracking
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Eye Movement Observation Environment  
The environment was based with a camera pointing to the front of the human's face while its movement was fixed. After that, data was obtained while only the movement of the eye was allowed. This is because if the spatial pose of the human's face changes, the positional relationship with the camera changes. However, when applying to the Head Mounted Display that included the eye tracking technology used for the Augmented Reality technology and the Virtual Reality technology, there is no need to consider this. This is because even if the spatial pose of the face changes, the camera is fixed on the face and the positional relationship does not change. Consequently, the proposed method requires constancy of the positional relationship between the camera and a human's face.  
In addition, the camera should be positioned so that the whole shape of the pupil can be observed because, the proposed method includes shape analysis of the projected pupil onto a camera (PPC) according to the change in the gaze direction. Furthermore, if both eyes of a person are photographed at the same time using a single camera, the PPC data must be classified left and right, and the analysis must be conducted for each.  
As a final point, calibration is required for the optics distortions caused by the camera's lens [31]. This is because the shape of the PPC can be deformed due to optical distortion, which can result in errors in HPOM estimation.
# Multi-Objective Collaborative Control Method for Multi-Axle Distributed Vehicle Assisted Driving
## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposes a hierarchical chassis multi-objective collaborative control method for human-machine collaborative obstacle avoidance conditions. In the upper layer controller, the critical steering angle and stability region of multi-axle vehicles are first analyzed using phase plane theory, and the assisted driving weight adjustment coefficient and the stability weight adjustment coefficient are solved through fuzzy control. Finally, a fuzzy collaborative control strategy for multi-performance collaborative LTV-MPC is designed to solve human-machine conflicts and vehicle stability. In the lower-layer torque allocation strategy, an energy efficiency optimization method based on optimal energy efficiency point tracking is proposed, and the stability weight adjustment coefficient was introduced to coordinate the optimization of tire load rate and energy efficiency.  
Finally, simulation and verification are conducted on the proposed strategy. The simulation results show that the upper layer LTV-MPC strategy can minimize human-machine conflicts in the process of tracking target paths and improve the vehicle's handing stability. The lower layer torque allocation strategy significantly reduces the energy consumption of the drive system compared to inter-axle torque allocation strategy, while ensuring the tracking of the target variable. On average, it can save about 8% of energy consumption under both simulation conditions and can provide a better tire load rate optimization effect.  
The research can help the assisted driving vehicle coordinate to solve the multi-objective optimization problems of man-machine cooperative driving, vehicle handing stability control, and torque distribution and improve the overall performance of the vehicle chassis. In future work, we will focus on solving the problem of obstacle avoidance path planning for assisted driving and take it as the target path of the intelligent system in this study, so that the planning and control problems of intelligent assisted driving can be comprehensively solved.  
Figure 17: Total tire load rate CDF value. (**a**) High adhesion conditions. (**b**) Low adhesion conditions.  
Figure 18: Comparison of power losses in drive systems. (**a**) High adhesion conditions. (**b**) Low adhesion conditions.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, writing original draft preparation, W.W.; writing--review and editing, J.L. and X.L.; supervision and project administration, Z.L. and N.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** National Natural Science Foundation of China 52072037.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
**List of Abbreviations**  
**Abbreviation**  
LTV  
MPC  
EPS  
DYC  
AFS  
RWS  
SMPC  
NMPC  
C/GMRES  
PMP  
SMC  
DP  
2 DOF  
CG  
CA  
CC  
CA  
CFD
## 2 Maritime Navigation Vessel  
### Quadmaran Vessel  
As mentioned earlier, the fisheries industry in Japan is facing many problems. Water quality observation at aquaculture farms is said to be an urgent issue. There is a spatiotemporal distribution of water quality in vast sea areas such as farms. There are limits to buoys and human-powered measurements. In addition, there is a lack of detailed measurement data using actual size measurements. The high-density water quality forecast system is used to accurately measure the quality of water in vast sea areas.  
The Quadmaran survey vessel sailing in the sea is shown in Figure 1. It has four hulls, which can rotate independently, and each hull has an independent propeller. This unique hull configuration makes maintaining a fixed point (Figure 2b) during wind speeds within a specific range easier. It also makes maneuvering with a slight turn (Figure 2c) in sea areas with various obstacles, as farms do, easier. Docking for ships is also challenging yet essential for Quadmaran vessel recovery. Therefore, the docking navigation mode (Figure 2e) was also been developed. Figure 3 shows the principal dimensions while the Quadmaran vessel is processing in DP posture. Table 1 tabulates the principal particulars of each hull of the vessel. In this study, we consider only the DP configuration of the vessel.  
Figure 1: The Quadmaran vessel sailing on the sea.  
Figure 2: Quadmaran vessel—Modes of operations.
# Transaction Mechanism Based on Two-Dimensional Energy and Reliability Pricing for Energy Prosumers
## 3 ERT Implementation Issues
### Utility Side
#### 3.1.1 Energy Price Design  
The basic principle involved in a price is to achieve a balance between the utility's income from grid operation and the prosumers' benefit from supplying/consuming energy. The price at each time is designed considering business sustainability and economic efficiency [19]. The proposed pricing mechanism requires more information about uncertainty generated from the prosumer side. This information enhances grid reliability and reduces the operational costs associated with the risk of uncertainty. In this manner, the utility sets up a price at each time considering the grid reliability enhancement and business sustainability. Figure 3 shows a TOU pricing example of Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO) [20]. It is designed to reflect the temporal energy demand and supply change. The value of conventional pricing can be used as a baseline control,  
\[P_{t}^{E}=p_{t}^{C},\quad\forall t\in T. \tag{6}\]  
Figure 3: A time-of-use (TOU) pricing example of Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO).
## 6 Experiments and Results Analysis
### Comparison of Different Algorithms' Recognition Rates  
Figure 11 shows the recognition rate from the four PIR sensor modules under the independent operation. Also, the recognition rates are based on four different algorithms. As shown in Figure 11, the four PIR sensors are more sensitive to human target thermal infrared signal when targets are walking on the second path with a vertical distance of 2 m between sensor node and paths. Furthermore, it has the best result on recognition rate. Due to the changes in target walking path, there would be some changes in the observed waveform. Within a certain distance, as it increases, the PIR sensors get lots of weakened target radiation signals and become less sensitive to the detection of the target, which will cause the poor recognition results.  
From the perspective of height, when the human target is walking, there would be different posture characteristics in different parts of the human body. So, for the same target, the sensors installed at different heights observe different kinds of characteristic signals. Moreover, due to the different distances, the signals will be also different even with the same height of sensor, thus directly influencing the discrimination of the sample data. These factors can affect the average recognition rate.  
Figure 11: Recognition results under different algorithms. (**a**) Recognition results under FFT algorithm. (**b**) Recognition results under STFT algorithm. (**c**) Recognition results under WT algorithm. (**d**) Recognition results under WPT algorithm.
## 4 Results
### Whole-Rock Geochemical Composition  
Fifteen samples of volcanic rocks, including thirteen rhyolite and rhyolite porphyry samples and two rhyolitic tuff samples from the Haerdaban area, were selected to analyze the whole-rock major and trace elemental compositions. Results are listed in Supplementary Table S3. All samples have similar chemical composition and are characterized by high SiO\({}_{2}\) (70.16 to 77.52 wt.%), high K\({}_{2}\)O (2.13 to 6.44 wt.%), Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) (11.27 to 16.36 wt.%), and low MgO (0.10 to 0.22 wt.%), TiO\({}_{2}\) (0.13 to 0.38 wt.%), and FeOT (1.38 to 3.79 wt.%). The samples are subalkaline affinity and mainly plot in the field of rhyolite in the TAS diagram (Figure 6a), as well as the result in the diagram of Nb/Y versus Zr/TiO\({}_{2}\) (Figure 6b). They have relatively high K\({}_{2}\)O and Na\({}_{2}\)O + K\({}_{2}\)O-CaO consistent with high-K calc-alkalic series (Figure 6c). The rocks are metaluminous to peraluminous with A/CNK values of 0.94 to 2.53, similar to the peraluminous granite (Figure 6d).  
They have high total rare earth element (REE) concentrations of 146-482 ppm. The total light rare earth element (LREE) content is between 128 and 395 ppm, and the total heavy rare earth element (HIREE) content is 18.28 to 86.93 ppm with LREE/HIREE ratios varying from 4.55 to 8.78. They show chondrite-normalized REE patterns enriched in LREE with (La/Yb)\({}_{\rm N}\) of 4.38 to 11.35 and medium negative Eu anomalies with \(\delta\)Eu values of 0.26 to 0.66 (Figure 7a). The samples have low Sr contents with a range from 41.2 to 120 ppm. On the primitive mantle-normalized spider diagram (Figure 7b), the rocks are rich in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE). The samples exhibit Rb, Th, U, Zr, and Hf enrichments, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Nb, and Ta depletions, and arc-likely magma characteristics.  
Figure 6: Geochemical diagrams for the Early Devonian volcanic rocks from Haerdaban area in the northern margin of Yili Block. (**a**) Total alkalis versus SiO\({}_{2}\) diagram (reference line after [46]). (**b**) Zr/TiO\({}_{2}\) versus Nb/Y diagram (reference lines after [47]). (**c**) Na\({}_{2}\)O + K\({}_{2}\)O-CaO versus SiO\({}_{2}\) diagram (reference lines and fields after [48]). (**d**) Plot of A/NK versus A/CNK (reference lines and fields after [49]).  
Six rhyolite/rhyolite porphyry samples were selected to analyze the whole-rock Sr and Nd isotopic compositions. The results are listed in the Supplementary Table S4. The samples have relatively low initial \({}^{87}\)Sr/\({}^{86}\)Sr ratios (0.699708 to 0.709822), and show lower initial \({}^{87}\)Sr/\({}^{86}\)Sr ratios comparing with the Middle to Late Devonian granite in the study area (0.711603-0.712615) [11]. They have initial \({}^{143}\)Nd/\({}^{144}\)Nd ratios from 0.511909 to 0.512008 and negative \(\varepsilon_{\text{Nd}}\)(t) values (\(-1.8\) to \(-4.0\)) (Figure 5b), with two-stage Nd model ages ranging from 1305 to 1476 Ma.