## 1 Introduction  
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is a breakthrough in the industrial sector in the field of testing. Different components used in the industry need to be checked thoroughly for safety and better operability. Critical components such as SGTs and heater's pressure values will be tested multiple times for their structural integrity to avoid damage while functioning; electromagnetic testing is also very useful in identifying the cracks in the SGTs and pipes. [PERSON] et al. [1] developed an ANN model to predict the SGT's defect in terms of the length, width, and depth of crack from the given gray level co-occurrence matrix features from the Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) image. The structural integrity of the engineering components is increasingly very important in the modern scenario because of safety reasons. Usually, defects in steel pipes are cracks that might be in the surface or sub-surface; identifying any kind of such cracks and timely solving the issues will avoid a big disaster [2]. In NDT, different testing methods are available for each type of component or specimen needed to test. Normally, the NDT method will be determined based on the component/specimen size, shape, material, and conductivity of the material to be tested and the application capabilities of NDT techniques, including Visual Testing (VT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), thermography, Radiographic Testing (RT), Electromagnetic Testing (ET), Acoustic Emission (AE), and shearography testing in terms of the benefits and drawbacks of these techniques. Based on their inherent qualities and applicability, further approaches are categorized. Most of the time, an NDT assessor simply employs one non-destructive test technique. Basic testing in NDT can be done with the expertise of individuals, but complex NDT testing requires experts with a wide knowledge of equipment operation and computer skills to obtain accurate results [3]. Material defects play a vital role in the industry, as they create major issues in the operation and safety of equipment and components. Material defects in the components and equipment can be inspected in two ways, like quality checking after manufacturing and on-site inspections during operations. Usually, most of the industry uses steel for the manufacturing of various equipment and components with different compositions, and steel will normally have defects like porosity, corrosion, pits, surface cracks, and sub-surface cracks, etc. ; usually defects like corrosion, porosity, pits, and surface cracks can be manually identified with general NDT methods. The evaluation of the fracture area and the earlier identification of the cracks are particularly crucial, and those that are under stress or strain should be monitored regularly. Fatigue cracks or other pre-existing cracks may cause unexpected failure or disaster. Magnetic testing techniques produce good results in ferromagnetic materials and are extremely efficient for all components [4]. However, sub-surface cracks are difficult to find with the naked eye, and complex NDT methods should be used. As a powerful and highly efficient non-destructive testing (NDT) method, magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is conducted based on the physical phenomenon that a ferromagnetic specimen in a certain magnetization state will produce magnetic flux leakage if any discontinuities are present in it. In the era of modern non-destructive testing, methods like magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing have distinct benefits over conventional inspection techniques, including quicker inspection speeds, deeper examination depths, and simpler automated inspection. As a result, MFL testing is widely used in industries to evaluate ferromagnetic materials [5]. The specimen used during MFL experimental investigations of inner flaws or sub-surface fractures is often built with flaws that prevent the presentation of inner flaws of the same size but differing buried depths. A specimen with identical-sized interior flaws is conceived, built, and evaluated to study the MFL course of these defects.