esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Setting the Optimal Conditions  
The ANN with the best performance has been used for the optimization of the conidiospore production. In the work of [PERSON] et al. [40], the authors developed a hybrid ANN algorithm with particle swarms for modeling and optimizing the behavior of channel shear connectors in a concrete block machine.  
In this research work, the model with the best performance is the ANN with four hidden layers and nine, five, three, and nine neurons on each hidden layer, respectively. This ANN is used to carry out an exhaustive search of the optimum conditions to obtain the largest amount of _Trichoderma harzianum_ conidiospores.  
A Matlab(r) script is implemented, considering the limit values of each variable. The culture time initiates with 48 h until it reaches the maximum limit of 136 h, with increases of 1 h. In the case of the humidity percentage, the search starts from 70% to 80%, with increases of 1%.  
With this strategy, the ANN presents as a result that at 99 h, with 80% humidity, 514 million spores (5.14681 \(\times\) 10\({}^{8}\) spores) are produced.
# Secure Cooperative Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 Discussion
### Performance Evaluation Parameters
#### 4.1.5 Consumed Energy during Communication Phase  
The proposed MIDS system loses a particular estimation of energy for every correspondence round. Figure 9 shows when the correspondence started, till the 1000 th round, the remaining energy line dropped straightly up to 20 J. Then, until the 1500 th round, there occurred a 10 J decrease in energy. After that, the energy value line stood almost steady in the coming rounds till the end limit came.
# Chlorobenzene Removal Using DBD Coupled with CuO/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) Catalyst
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of SED on the Performance of DBD Reactor
#### 3.2.2 CO\({}_{\rm x}\) Selectivity  
Figure 6 shows the CO\({}_{\rm x}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene degradation versus SED in a single DBD reactor and two combined plasma-catalytic reactors. The CuO packing reactor obtained the highest CO\({}_{\rm x}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene among the three tested reactors. Moreover, the total CO\({}_{\rm x}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene in the CuO packing reactor changes slowly with the increase in SED, while the total CO\({}_{\rm x}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene in the other two reactors turns to decrease with the increase in SED. It can be concluded that CuO loading has an improved effect on the oxidation of chlorobenzene. However, further analysis shows that the steady CO\({}_{\rm x}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene in the CuO packing reactor is the result of the decreasing CO\({}_{\rm 2}\) selectivity and increasing CO selectivity with the increase in SED, which indicates that CuO/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{\rm 3}\) catalysts might promote the degradation of chlorobenzene by oxidizing CO to CO\({}_{\rm 2}\). [PERSON] studied the reaction mechanism of CO oxidation on Fe-Cu/CeO\({}_{\rm 2}\)catalysts and suggested that the Cu\({}^{+}\) species serve as CO chemisorption site, and the reaction was preceded via the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism [54]. Connecting with the results of Sections 3.1 and 3.2.1, the CuO/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{\rm 3}\) catalyst might promote the degradation of chlorobenzene by oxidizing CO to CO\({}_{\rm 2}\) through the Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. CO is oxidized by the Cu\({}^{2+}\) on the surface of the catalyst while Cu\({}^{2+}\) is reduced to Cu\({}^{+}\), then Cu\({}^{+}\) will be oxidized by other active particles such as OH- and O-. However, the reactive site on the CuO/\(\gamma\)-Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{\rm 3}\) catalyst is limited; as SED increases, more CO needs to be oxidized by Cu\({}^{2+}\) to maintain the CO\({}_{\rm 2}\) selectivity of chlorobenzene degradation. For this study, since most of Cu\({}^{2+}\) is reduced to Cu\({}^{+}\) after the discharge (Section 3.1), the decline of CO\({}_{\rm 2}\) selectivity starts with the increase of SED. Furthermore, since the enhancing effects of CuO loading for the oxidation of CO are weakened as SED increases, the enhancing effects of CuO loading for the degradation of chlorobenzene will show the same trend (Section 3.2.1).  
Figure 5: Removal efficiency of chlorobenzene with catalyst loadings and absence of catalyst as a function of SED (flow rate = 3 L/min).
# A Comprehensive Study of the Use of LoRa in the Development of Smart Cities
## 3 Materials and Methods  
The development of IoT and smart cities has been considered by international organizations, such as the International Union of Telecommunications (ITU), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Standardization Organization (ISO), and byconsulting firms, such as Gartner and Forbes. Among them, ITU in its recommendation Y.2060 has proposed an IoT architecture that supports smart city subcategories such as smart transport, smart energy, smart health, and smart living (see Figure 5). The architecture considers aspects like IoT devices, network capabilities, services support, and security issues [20].  
IEEE and ISO have also proposed several standards related to smart city subcategories that cover aspect like interoperability, operation frequency, and security. Figure 6 shows an overview of such standard proposals.  
Several IoT applications have been developed in the last four years using SIGFOX, NB-IoT, and LoRa technologies. These technologies were used because of aspects like easiness of configuration and low-cost hardware. LoRa is the focus of our work because it is an open-license technology and supports many smart city developments around the world. We carried out as SLR that allowed us to determine the key aspects of LoRa solutions related to different layers of the ITU architecture. The PRISMA methodology used in this work is divided in four stages: identification, screening, eligibility analysis, and inclusion. The identification stage included different steps such as study selection, inclusion and exclusion criteria, manual search, and removal of duplicates. The screening stage consisted in the review of titles and abstracts. The eligibility analysis stage was executed by reading the full texts of the selected articles. Finally, the inclusion stage consisted in the data extraction.  
Figure 5: IoT generic model proposed by the International Union of Telecommunications (ITU) in recommendation Y.2060 [20].
## 6 Field Application
### Stress Distribution  
As illustrated in Figure 18, the S133 and S135 measurement points in area I and the S137 and S139 measurement points in area II were selected for comprehensive comparison; the total stress tendency in area I was more elevated than in area II. The maximum stress value in area I at measuring point S133 was 7.54 MPa, averaging 6.08 MPa. The maximum stress value at measuring point S135 was 6.04 MPa, averaging 5.54 MPa. The maximum value of the stress at measuring point S137 in area II was 5.93 MPa, with an average value of 5.23 MPa. The maximum value of the stress at measuring point S139 was 5.88 MPa, with an average value of 4.93 MPa. Following the implementation of blasting along the gob-side roadway, the corresponding area exhibited a reduction in stress levels.  
Figure 19 illustrates the mean stress distribution in areas I and II. The results demonstrated that the overall mining stress in area I was slightly higher than the average stress observed in area II. The highest average stress value was 6.34 MPa in area I and 6.06 MPa in area II. This evidence also corroborated the conclusion that the application of blasting technology could mitigate stress concentration in the coal, thereby substantiating the efficacy of the blasting process.  
Figure 18: Stress distribution in area I and area II.
## 5 Discussion
### Response of Structural Events to Paleoclimate Evolution
#### 5.1.2 Regional Stratigraphic Comparison  
The Lower Cretaceous deposits in the Liupanshan Basin are referred to as the Liupanshan Group, which is divided from bottom to top into the Sanqiao, Heshangpu, Liwaxia, Madongshan, and Naijiahe Formations [31]. According to published paleomagnetic data, the Liupanshan Group dates back to the late Hauterivian-Albian (130-100 Ma). In particular, the Madongshan Formation has a middle Aptain-early Albian (118.3-109.6 Ma) age [16]. Palynological assemblages in the Madongshan Formation at the Sikouzi and the Qianzhuang sections in the Liupanshan Basin indicate late Aptain-early Albian and Aptain-Albian ages, respectively [29; 33]. Our palynological results concur with those published, and the stratigraphic age of the Madongshan Formation is the Aptain-Albian stage of the Lower Cretaceous.  
There are different views on the nomenclature of the Cretaceous strata in the Ordos Basin. The Lower Cretaceous strata are known as the Zhidan or Baoan groups. In the Ningxia and Shaanxi volumes of the latest Regional Geology of China, these strata are uniformly referred to as the Baoan Group and include the Yijun, Luohe, Huanhehuachi, Luohandong, and Jingchuan formations from bottom to top [31; 32; 50]. [PERSON] et al. performed a palynological study in the Huating-Longxian region of the southwestern Ordos Basin and proposed that the palynological assemblage of the Jingchuan Formation corresponds to the early to middle Lower Cretaceous [47]. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. compared the strata based on the palynological assemblages of the Liupanshan Group and discovered that the Jingchuan Formation was equivalent to the Heshangpu, Liwaxia, Madongshan, and Naijiahe Formations of the Liupanshan Group. More specifically, the Lower Jingchuan Formation is equivalent to the Heshangpu, Liwaxia, and Madongshan Formations, whereas the Naijiahe Formation is equivalent to the Upper Jingchuan Formation [49]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. concluded that the Luohandong and Jingchuan Formations correspond to the Liupanshan Group based on their palynological study in the Longdong area at the southwestern margin of the Ordos Basin. It has been suggested that the Lower Jingchuan Formation corresponds to the Liwaxia and Madongshan Formations in the Liupanshan Group, whereas the Upper Jingchuan Formation is equivalent to the Naijiahe Formation. The geological age of the Jingchuan Formation may be the late Aptain-early to middle part of the Albian [32].  
Therefore, according to the palynological assemblage analysis of the Hajiiiazhuang section and reported research results, the Madongshan Formation of the Liupanshan Group should be equivalent to the Lower Jingchuan Formation of the Baoan Group (Figure 6). Therefore, the climatic environments during the deposition of the Madongshan Formation and the Lower Jingchuan Formation can be compared to elucidate the climatic responses caused by tectonic events.
## 2 Circuit Design
### Power Supply and Housing  
As power supply, a Li-Ion rechargeable battery with an output voltage of 3.7 V, a capacity of 300 mAh and a stored energy of 1.11 Wh is used. The supply voltage is regulated to 3.3 V, as required by some components. A virtual ground point was set at 1.65 V. Hence, the signal swings around this potential. The developed circuit was integrated into a plastic housing for protection. The housing was adapted to the ports and switches of the circuit to enable access (Figure 1). Furthermore, the housing provides a positive effect for the shielding of interferences. A micro USB connector allows the sensor to be charged via USB, and data from the flash memory can be transmitted through this interface. The signal input from the electrodes is realized by an analog cable connector.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Shaker Excitation Tests
For an overall evaluation, Table 5 reports the mean values (\(\mu\)), standard deviations (\(\sigma\)) and relative standard deviations (\(\sigma^{\star}=\sigma/\mu\) 100) of the damping ratios computed for the two panels and their fraction (i.e. the results shown in Table 4). On the average, the presence of the viscoelastic material triples the damping properties of the panel, thus, proving its effectiveness as a possible solution to dampen vibrations in thin CFRP panels. The measured damping ratios are basically in agreement with the values found in [28] for sandwich beams with lightweight honeycomb core and one SMACWRAP(r) layer. However, therein a smaller increment in the damping properties is generally observed, since the untreated specimen exhibits higher damping ratios. Further indications on the effectiveness of the tested viscoelastic material may be obtained from a comparison with the results presented by [PERSON] et al. [26] and by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [27]. In the former, the damping ratio of the first mode of a CFRP cantilever beam (thickness of 1.5 mm) appears to be almost doubled by adding a 0.1 mm layer of PEAA. In the latter, one result is that an increment of almost three times could be achieved for the first mode of a GFRP cantilever beam (thickness of 2.4 mm) with a 0.2 mm layer of neoprene.
# Foams in Wastewater Treatment Plants: From Causes to Control Methods
## 7 Conclusions  
Although foaming originally was associated with CAS plants, in recent years, it has also been studied more thoroughly in MBRs processes and in ADs. Years of research have not been able to completely clarify the processes that underlie this phenomenon because the causes of such foaming events are often unclear. The aim shared by the scientific community must be to lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in stable foams production in order to identify common hypotheses. Moreover, the evaluation methods proposed by the scientific community and the potential control measures possibly applicable in those WWTPs subject to serious problematic foaming phenomena are described. It is important and useful to deepen the studies on foaming, clarifying the causes and effects that affect the phenomenon: above all (i) to identify a common and shared method of evaluation of the foams and as objective and stable as possible, (ii) to simplify the control mechanisms from a management point of view and earlier (iii) to predict and subsequently apply preventative measures directly in WWTPs.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.C.C., M.B. and M.C.M.; Methodology, M.C.C., M.B., A.A., E.C.R. and V.T.; Writing--Original Draft Preparation, F.M.C. and M.C.M.; Writing--Review and Editing, M.C.C., A.A., E.C.R. and V.T.; Visualization and supervision, M.C.C. and M.B. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
**Nomenclature**  
AD Anaerobic digester  
CAS Conventional activated sludge  
CSH Cell surface hydrophobicity  
EPS Extracellular polymeric substances  
EPSb Bound extracellular polymeric substances  
EPSs Soluble extracellular polymeric substances  
EPSp Protein fraction of bound extracellular polymeric substances  
EPSc Carbohydrate fraction of bound extracellular polymeric substances  
FP Foaming power index calculated as consumed sample per liter of supplied air  
FP2 Foaming power index calculates as foam volume produced per liter of supplied air  
FR Foam rating  
FS Foam stability  
FSI Foaming scum index  
FV Foam volume  
FSC Foam surface covered  
MBR Membrane bioreactor  
NIN Normalized intersections number  
SDS Sodium dodecyl sulphate  
SEM Structural equation modeling  
SI Scum index  
SMP Soluble microbial product  
SMPp Protein fraction of soluble microbial product  
SMPc Carbohydrate fraction of soluble microbial product  
SS Suspended solids  
THM Trihalomethane  
VSS Volatile suspended solids  
WWTP Wastewater treatment plant
# Enhancing Kazakh Sign Language Recognition with BiLSTM Using YOLO Keypoints and Optical Flow
## 5 Results and Discussion
### YOLOv8-Pose Model Inconsistencies
#### 5.4.1 Inconsistency Analysis for the 47-Class Dataset  
The full dataset inconsistency matrix highlights several key observations. Firstly, certain gestures exhibit high misclassification rates, particularly those with similar hand positions or overlapping motion patterns. Secondly, the model often confuses gestures that involve minimal hand movement, as static optical flow values may not capture subtle differences. Finally, few dynamic gestures suffer from incorrect temporal associations, where partial hand trajectories are similar to other gestures.
## 5 Application to the Liquid Bulk Terminal in the Port of Cartagena (Spain) and Its Evaluation
### Theoretical Anchoring Delay Reductions  
The first analysis estimates the improvements that could be obtained by a system that uses optimization techniques to assist and monitor a consensus among terminal operators in E010 to make small adjustments to vessel arrival dates. The target is to measure how much the original congestion anchoring (6.3 h) could have been reduced if the terminal operators had had a system like HADES to recommend adjustments.  
The time margin flexibility considered is the same for all the vessels. Three tests are conducted, where each vessel can advance or delay its arrival, at the most, 6, 12, and 24 h, from its recorded arrival time. These time margins are consistent with feasible operations according to terminal operators at HADES meetings. Moreover, it is assumed that the HADES system would have accurate information about future vessel arrivals, which inherently assumes fair and precise estimations and announcements by HADES users.  
The results of the tests are shown in Table 3. The first row of the table refers to the average call time, subtracting the congestion time not caused by congestion (13.79 h on average), which is considered as nonoptimizable, i.e., we assume that HADES is not able to improve such time in any form, a conservative approach. Results show that congestion anchoring time can be reduced by 50% if the per-vessel time arrival flexibility (H) is plus/minus 6 h, by 75% for flexibility of H = 12 h, and it is practically eliminated withflexibility of one day. Assuming a freight charge of 20,000 dollars per day, these reductions would reach annual economic savings for the terminal clients of the E010 dock of between 220,000 dollars (H = 6 h) and 480,000 dollars (H = 24 h).
## 4 Service-Oriented Approach for Dynamic Network Services  
The adaptive composition and delivery of network services within the NFV framework requires the conception of architectural models and techniques for dynamic definition, orchestration and management of network functions. We argue that SOA provides an effective solution for coordinating and elastically composing virtualized network functions, _i.e._, VNFs, across heterogeneous systems while leveraging SDN capabilities to programmatically set up data delivery paths through the dynamically established sequence of VNFs. Thus, as depicted in Figure 2, we envision a synergistic connection among SOA, NFV and SDN for addressing more effective service delivery models that allow NSPs to stay competitive and keep the pace with the service offer and infrastructure innovation of OTT providers.  
Although virtualization does not necessarily imply the adoption of service-oriented principles, it favors the usage of service-oriented abstractions to model and handle network functions executed on top of virtual resources. Indeed, thanks to the definition of open and well-defined interfaces between network functions and their management entities, VNFs can be represented as \"black boxes\" in the form of SOA-compliant network services (arrow 1 in Figure 2). By leveraging service-oriented principles, these network services can be dynamically consumed and composed to provide more complex and adaptive services based on specified requirements, even in a multi-provider environment (arrow 2). To complete the picture, the dynamic provision of VNF-enabled service chains leverages the capability offered by SDN of enforcing adequate traffic forwarding capabilities through the constituent VNFs (arrow 3).  
In this perspective, the adoption of service-oriented models can help in defining the proper level of abstraction of network capabilities provided by the NFV infrastructure, thus enabling a loose-coupled, flexible, and effective collaboration among providers of infrastructural resources, network and application services. Indeed, by offering a virtualized access to the physical infrastructure, a NSP can cooperate with other providers to offer advanced network services and capabilities to different consumers (e.g., OTT providers) on top of a virtual resource infrastructure, _i.e._, NFVI.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### EMG and GRF Profiles  
The ensemble average of the EMG of the TA and SL and the GRF curve of the heel and the hallux of two representative subjects randomly selected from 10 subjects are plotted in Figure 5. The solid line in Figure 5 is the ensemble average, whereas the dashed line is the \(\pm 1\) standard deviation (SD) band, and the distance between them represents the stride-to-stride and inter-subject variability at different moments of the gait. It can be seen that, generally, the SD of the curve will be larger at the peak, where greater force is applied by humans. It can be concluded that although there are some differences between the different strides, individuals and terrains, both the EMG and GRF follow similar profiles [39; 56; 73]. Taking the GRF signal as a reference, the EMG-LE profile reveals the state of muscle exertion in a complete gait. For the TA, two peaks can be observed. The TA generates the peak at about 25% of the gait cycle to lower the foot to the ground soon after the HS. After the toe-off (TO), at about 80% gait, a smaller peak is generated for the foot clearance, resulting in ankle dorsiflexion. For the SL, the main feature is a significant peak at about 60% gait when the SL contracts and generates the impulse of energy to push-off. When walking downhill, the SL also plays a minor roll during midstance, mainly to maintain a balanced gait, which results in the rise at 25% gait when walking downhill. It is worth noting that the discussion above is the basis of selecting the statistical features of the EMG, which will be discussed in detail in Section 3.2. In addition, Figure 5 shows the EMG profile of the TA and SL when walking on level ground, which is consistent with the standard profile of these two muscles during level walking presented in [56], and highlights the correctness of the experimental setup and data pre-processing. Section 3.3 will further validate the classification performance of our proposed technique.