## 1 Introduction  
Modern methods of animal husbandry are designed to address concerns facing the world, including feeding the rising population while simultaneously minimizing environmental pollution and mitigating climate change. This will be accomplished by making more effective use of natural resources, reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, and growing more resilient to changes in the climate. The European Union's Farm to Fork Strategy includes requirements for reducing the adverse effects of environmental and climate change on livestock farming. In addition, it requires transitioning to more environmentally friendly animal husbandry [1]. The European Union imports around 75% of the high plant-based protein sources required to maintain balanced ratios for high-producing animals [2]. As a result, an ecologically sustainable approach can be adopted by lowering reliance on essential feed ingredients such as soybean cultivated on degraded lands. Growing alternative protein crops or other plants that can be used to produce protein by-products is one solution to the problem [3,4]. Camelina [_Camelina sativa_ ([PERSON]] is an oilseed and protein crop of the Brassicaceae family. Several archaeobotanical researches proved that amelina has been cultivated for a long time in Europe and Asia Minor [5, 6, 7]. It was used as an agricultural crop in numerous European countries until the mid-twentieth century [4,8]. Over the last decade, amelina has increased in popularity due to its environmental adaptability and nutritional profile, which is comparable to that of widely used oilseeds. Camelina can be successfully cultivated under several climatic patterns since it is characterized by its drought, low temperature, and heat tolerance [9, 10, 11, 12]. Moreover, because of its decreased nutrient and water requirements, it is able to grow without irrigation and with little amounts of fertilizers, and it is typically grown on marginal and saline soils [9,13]. This crop seems to be more resilient to numerous pests and diseases in contrast to other plant species of the Brassicaceae family, making its production more ecologically beneficial because of lower herbicide and pesticide use [8,14,15]. In addition to the above-mentioned characteristics, amelina seed oil has a distinct oil composition, abundant in \(\alpha\)-linolenic acid (\(>\)25%) and tocopherols [16,17], consequently characterizing its oil as a potential alternative source for food or non-food applications such as biodiesel and aviation turbine fuel production [18,19]. Whilst the seed cake is characterized by its high content in proteins (30-40%), its remaining oil (10-15%), carbohydrates, and additional phytochemicals [8,20] have been proposed as a cheap alternative protein feed-stuff and a valuable source in animal nutrition [3,4,8], because amelina byproducts are less expensive than other crop sources, particularly soybean [21]. Agronomic management techniques, such as seed rate, plant density, fertilization, tillage system, souring time, and irrigation, influence crop environment, which subsequently influences crop growth and, ultimately, yield and quality [9,11, 12, 13]. Fertilization plays a critical role in increasing agricultural output by providing the necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, that crop plants require to maintain vegetative development in tandem with reproductive growth. Improved crop yield can only be obtained when nutrients are supplied at the optimum dose required by crop plants [12,22]. Furthermore, data from many researchers clearly illustrate the beneficial effects of organic fertilization on the quality characteristics of several crops [23,24]. Tillage is one of the most crucial procedures in the agricultural production system. Tillage methods suppress weeds, provide a proper seedbed for crops, incorporate crop residues into the soil, promote chemical reactivity, and therefore improve all physicochemical soil conditions that affect plant growth, development, and quality.