## 3 Results
### Experiment on a 25 L Scale (125 L per m\({}^{2}\) Filtration Surface)
#### 3.1.2 Effect on the Volatile Profile of the Filtered Wines  
Figure 3 shows the impact of filtration on the ester profile (sorted by ester families) of the wines, and the Supplementary Material (Tables S3-S5) shows the impact on the individual compounds. Figure 1: Reduction in impact substances of wine defects by filtration with conventional EKS layers (variant 2) and Fibrafic() TX layers (variant 3) compared with the control sample (variant 1) in the small-scale test: (**a**) geosmin; (**b**) 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. Significance test by simple ANOVA and post hoc test Tukey B test. Same letters mean no significant difference based on significance level \(p\leq 0.05\) with alphabetical order, starting with a (smallest value) to c (largest value). Figure 2: Reduction in impact compounds of the wine faults by filtration with conventional EKS layers (variant 2) and Fibrafic() TX layers (variant 3) compared with the control sample (variant 1) in the small-scale test. Wine A was spiked with geosmin, wine B with TCA, and wine C with impact compounds of the “animal” phenolic character (Brett): (**a**) 4-ethylphenol; (**b**) 4-ethylguaiacol; (**c**) 4-ethylcatechol. Significance test by simple ANOVA and post hoc test Tukey B test. Same letters mean no significant difference based on significance level \(p\leq 0.05\) with alphabetical order, starting with a (smallest value) to c (largest value). Figure 3: Reduction in ester compounds by filtration with conventional EKS layers (variant 2) and Fibrafic(r) TX layers (variant 3) compared with the control sample (variant 1) in the small-scale test. Wine A was spiked with geosmin, wine B with TCA, and wine C with impact compounds of the “animal” phenolic character (Brett): (**a**) sum of aromatic esters; (**b**) sum of acetate esters of higher alcohols; (**c**) sum of ethyl esters with carboxylic acids having an even number of C atoms; (**d**) sum of esters of higher alcohols and medium-length chain carboxylic acids; (**e**) sum of ethyl esters with carboxylic acids having an odd number of C atoms; (**f**) sum of isoamyl esters with medium-length chain carboxylic acids; (**g**) sum of methyl esters. Significance test using simple ANOVA and post hoc test Tukey B Test; same letters mean no significant difference based on significance level \(p\leq\) 0.05 with alphabetical order, starting at a (smallest value) to c (largest value). * No normal distribution; significance test using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and pairwise comparisons based on Mann–Whitney \(U\) tests at significance level \(p\leq\) 0.10. For aromatic esters (Figure 3a), a significant decrease was observed by filtration with Fibrafix(r) TX layers for all wines and for red wine, which generally has higher contents [35], and also by normal EKS filtration. For the acetate esters of higher alcohols (Figure 3b), there were also significant decreases by filtration with Fibrafix(r) TX layers, while filtration of wine B by means of EKS layers did not lead to any significant decrease, and this was very much the case for trial wine C. The difference between the two wines filtered with Fibrafix(r) TX layers was not significant. Only wine B showed a significant difference between the two filtered wines. The sum of ethyl esters is known to be higher in white wines than in red wines [35; 38], which can also be seen in Figure 3c. EKS filtration did not lead to any significant reductions in this ester group, whereas filtration with zeolites led to a significant reduction. The reduction was even up to 64% for trial wine A. For the esters with higher alcohols and medium-long-chain carboxylic acids, the aroma loss due to filtration was lower. Only in the case of trial wine C a significant reduction was observed in these ester compounds when filtered with zeolites (Figure 3d); similarly, for the ethyl esters with carboxylic acids with an odd number of carboxylic acids (Figure 3e), a significant reduction was only observed in the case of trial wine B when filtered with Fibrafix(r) TX layers.