# Coexistence in Wireless Networks: Challenges and Opportunities
## 6 Challenges, Opportunities, and Limitations of Coexistence  
Wireless communication technology has become increasingly integrated into our daily lives. The proliferation of devices capable of wireless connectivity has led to a surge in the demand for network capacity [110]. The coexistence of multiple wireless communication systems poses significant challenges in ensuring reliable and efficient network operation. Diverse technologies, protocols, and spectrum sharing requirements create complex interactions that can degrade system performance [111]. Below are some of the key challenges of coexistence in wireless communication. * Interference: Interference remains a primary challenge in wireless communication coexistence [112]. Multiple wireless systems operating within the same frequency band can cause mutual interference, leading to signal degradation and elevated error rates. This can result in poor quality of service, reduced range, and decreased data rates. Interference can occur due to overlapping frequency bands, insufficient separation between systems, and power imbalances [113]. * Network congestion: As the number of wireless communication systems increases, they compete for limited resources such as bandwidth and transmission power, leading to network congestion [114]. This can result in reduced performance, increased latency, and lower throughput. Network congestion can occur due to insufficient capacity, high demand, and inefficient resource allocation. * Security: With multiple wireless communication systems operating in the same space, there is an increased risk of unauthorized access and security breaches. This can result in data theft, malicious attacks, and network downtime [115]. Security challenges can occur due to weak encryption, insufficient authentication, and vulnerabilities in the wireless communication systems. * Coexistence standards: The coexistence of multiple wireless communication systems requires the development of coexistence standards to ensure that different systems can effectively operate together. However, the development of these standards can be complex, time-consuming, and costly. This can result in delays in the implementation of new wireless communication systems and reduced innovation [116]. * Compatibility: Diverse wireless systems employing disparate protocols and technologies often exhibit incompatibility challenges [117]. This can result in reduced interoperability and increased complexity in the management of wireless communication systems [118]. * Frequency resource management: The growing number of wireless communication technologies has intensified the competition for available spectrum resources. Efficient frequency management is required to mitigate spectrum scarcity, but issues such as spectrum fragmentation, inefficient allocation, and regulatory constraints pose significant challenges. * Energy consumption management: The demand for high-speed, always-on connectivity has led to concerns about energy efficiency in wireless networks. Managing energy consumption, especially in battery-powered devices and infrastructure, is critical; however, existing systems often lack optimized power control mechanisms, resulting in excessive energy use. * Adaptation to dynamic environments: Wireless networks operate in highly dynamic conditions where factors such as interference levels, user mobility, and environmental changes constantly fluctuate. The inability of current systems to adapt efficiently to these variations leads to network inefficiencies and degraded service quality. Wireless communication is an essential aspect of modern society, with many devices and technologies relying on it [119]. However, a primary challenge in wireless communication is the coexistence problem, where multiple wireless systems sharing the samefrequency band experience interference, resulting in degraded performance [120].