## 6 Illustrative Case Study and Discussion
### Conflict over the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel Project  
The construction of the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel is part of the high-speed railway project that passes through Cheonseong Mountain in the Republic of Korea (Table 6). Its official name is the Wonhyo Tunnel, but it is better known as the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel because of the conflict that occurred during its construction. Construction started in 2003 and was completed in 2008. The conflict arose when religious believers living on Cheonseong Mountain raised concerns about the disruption of their religious practice environment and the destruction of the ecosystem. The symbol of opposition to the construction was the salamander. Religious believers and environmental groups argued that the construction would destroy the salamander habitat and ecosystem around Cheonseong Mountain. With a religious believer's lawsuit and hunger strike, the conflict spread nationwide. The government and the opposition made efforts to resolve the conflict; they formed a committee to review alternative routes together and re-implemented the environmental impact assessment. However, they failed to reach an agreement. Eventually, the Korean Supreme Court made a decision to dismiss the lawsuit and the construction resumed. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Date** & **Major Event** \\ \hline December 2002 & The presidential candidate promised to reconsider or cancel the construction \\ March 2003 & The president ordered suspension of the project execution and to review alternative routes \\ September 2003 & The Alternative Route Review Committee decided to keep the original route \\ October 2003 & Lawsuit by a religious believer and environmental groups \\ December 2003 & Construction began on the Cheonseong Mountain section \\ August 2004 & Suspension of construction (\(\sim\)November 2004) \\ May 2005 & Joint environmental impact investigation \\ August 2005 & Suspension of construction (\(\sim\)November 2005) \\ June 2006 & Decision made by the Supreme Court to resume construction \\ February 2008 & Completion of the Cheonseong Tunnel Mountain Tunnel construction \\ November 2010 & Beginning of operation of the high-speed train service that passes the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Progress of the Cheonseong Mountain Tunnel Project. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Dataset** & **Language** & **Base Model** & **Class Num.** & **F1-Score** \\ \hline
[39] & News articles & English & BERT-BiLSTM & 4 & 85.3\% \\ \hline
[40] & Inspection report & English & BiLSTM & 5 & 86.0\% \\ \hline
[41] & Change order & English & CRF & 11 & 82.0\% \\ \hline
[42] & Inspection report & English & BERT-BiLSTM & 6 & 98.5\% \\ \hline
[43] & Specification & English & BiLSTM & 6 & 91.7\% \\ \hline
[44] & Regulatory document & English & BiLSTM & 10 & 93.0\% \\ \hline
[45] & Defect document & Korean & BERT-KoBERT-KoELECTRA & 17 & 91.0\% \\ \hline
[46] & Building code & Chinese & BERT & 7 & 86.2\% \\ \hline Our model & News articles & Korean & ChatGPT & 21 & 85.7\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of the KPC performance with other models. Figure 2 presents the number of the identified keyphrases of each conflict driver from 2002 to 2016. A total of 4338 keyphrases were identified over 15 years, and 78.4% of the keyphrases appeared over the 4 years from 2003 to 2006, indicating that conflict was serious during this period. As shown in Table 6, beginning in late 2003, the conflict had intensified and spread nationwide with the opposition movement of religious believers and environmental groups including the lawsuit. This indicates that the results of the KPE align with actual conflict situations. The identified keyphrases show in more detail which conflict drivers were the dominant and root causes of the conflict. Table 7 presents the representative keyphrases related to the Cheonesog Mountain Tunnel that accounted for more than 5% of all keyphrases.