# Optimizing Large Language Models: A Deep Dive into Effective Prompt Engineering Techniques
## 5 Simulation Result
### Overall Performance Analysis and PE Strategies
In contrast, the R(C) technique excels in generating fact-based responses, indicating its potential effectiveness in more specialized response generation scenarios. Furthermore, when applying RAG, the effectiveness can be further enhanced by using CoT-based data augmentation with R(C), rather than directly applying raw data with R(B). To elucidate the dependence on PE techniques and identify the optimal combinations for each LLM, Table 18 presents an analysis of the frequency with which different PE techniques are employed across various LLMs. As demonstrated in Tables 16 and 18, there is a clear inverse relationship between the performance of the base PLM and its reliance on PE strategies, i.e., models such as Gemma2 and Llama3, which exhibit superior \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **ARC** & **GSMsk** & **HellaSwag** & **MMLU** & **TruthfulQA** & **Winograde** \\ \hline
**Category** & **Reasoning** & **Math** & **Reasoning** & **General** & **General** & **Reasoning** \\ \hline  & & & **Llama3** & & & \\ \hline
**BLEU** & S, R(C) & S, T, R(C) & C, I & T, C & S, T, R(C) & T, R(B) \\ \hline
**ROUGE** & C & S, R(C) & T, C & C & S, T, R(C) & T, C, I \\ \hline
**METEOR** & C & T, R(C) & T, C & C & S, T, R(C) & T, C, I \\ \hline
**BLEURT** & C & S, R(C) & S, C, I & C, I & S, T, R(C) & T, C, I \\ \hline
**BERTScore** & T, C & I & T, C & C, I & S, T, R(C) & T, C, I \\ \hline
**Best PES** & **C** & **S, R(C)** & **T, C** & **C \& C, I** & **S, T, R(C)** & **T, C, I** \\ \hline  & & & **Gemma2** & & & & \\ \hline
**BLEU** & S, C & T, R(C) & T, C & T, C & S, R(C) & T, S, I \\ \hline
**ROUGE** & R(C) & S, C & T, R(C) & R(C) & S, T, R(C) & S, C \\ \hline
**METEOR** & R(C) & C, I & T, R(C) & R(C) & S, T, R(C) & S, C \\ \hline
**BLEURT** & S, C, I & C, I & T, R(C) & R(C) & S, T, R(C) & S, C \\ \hline
**BERTScore** & S, C, I & C, I & T, R(C) & C & S, T, R(C) & S, C \\ \hline
**Best PES** & **R(C \& S, C, I & **C, I** & **T, R(C)** & **R(C)** & **S, T, R(C)** & **S, C** \\ \hline  & & & **Mistral** & & & & \\ \hline BLEU & S, T, C, I & T, C, I & R(C) & T, R(B) & T, R(C) & T, C \\ \hline
**ROUGE** & S, T, C, I & T, C, I & C, I & S, C & T, R(C) & C, I \\ \hline
**METEOR** & S, T, C, I & T, C, I & S, C & S, C & S, T, C, I & C, I \\ \hline
**BLEURT** & S, T, C, I & T, C, I & C, I & S, C & S, T, C, I & C, I \\ \hline
**BERTScore** & T, R(B) & T, C, I & C, I & T, C, I & S, T, C, I & C, I \\ \hline
**Best PES** & **S, T, C, I** & **T, C, I** & **C, I** & **S, C** & **S, T, C, I** & **C, I** \\ \hline
**Best PLM** & **Gemma2** & **Llama3** & **Llama3** & **Gemma2** & **Mistral** & **Gemma2** \\ \hline
**Best LLM** & **Gemma2** & **Llama3** & **Gemma2** & **German2** & **Llama3** & **Gemma2** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 16: Comparison of results across models and datasets using different metrics. base PLM performance, show reduced dependence on PE techniques. In contrast, Mistral, characterized by the lowest base PLM performance, exhibits a greater reliance on PE strategies. This observation implies that when the base PLM or foundational model possesses limited capacity or insufficient performance, it becomes imperative to leverage PE strategies to mitigate these deficiencies. In terms of specific dependence on PE techniques, it is evident that models like Gemma2 and Llama3, which have the most robust base PLM performance, exhibit a reduced reliance on ICL techniques, whereas Mistral, with its comparatively lower base PLM performance, demonstrates a heightened dependence on ICL. This discrepancy may suggest that Gemma2 and Llama3 have already undergone sufficient ICL training during their base PLM stages, whereas Mistral may have experienced inadequate ICL. Additionally, Gemma2 and Llama3 display a greater reliance on R(C) techniques, indicating that even in the most advanced LLMs, there may exist contexts within the data that remain undefined.