## 2 Background  
WSN is a large-scale network with numerous sensor nodes deployed within a particular region for sensing, collecting the information, and transmitting it to the base station (BS). WSN nodes observe temperature, health conditions, intrusion detection, fire detection, and military applications. The development of sensor networks is employed in military applications, namely, enemy tracking, soldier surveillance, and battlefield surveillance. WSNs are also utilized in other applications such as wildlife monitoring, habitat monitoring, fire surveillance, etc. WSNs possess several key characteristics that enhance their functionality and applicability. Energy efficiency is crucial as WSNs are designed to maximize network lifetime while operating with limited power resources. Scalability ensures that these networks can accommodate a large number of sensor nodes, making them suitable for extensive deployments. Mobility allows nodes to move dynamically, optimizing communication efficiency and coverage. Fault tolerance is another essential feature, enabling WSNs to continue functioning even when some nodes fail. Heterogeneity is inherent in WSNs, consisting of diverse sensor nodes with varying capabilities. Additionally, environmental resilience allows WSNs to operate effectively in harsh conditions such as deserts, mountains, and rivers. Ease of use makes these networks simple to deploy, operate, and troubleshoot. Furthermore, low cost ensures affordability, making WSNs accessible for various applications. Lastly, their small size enables discreet and efficient deployment, allowing seamless integration into various environments. These characteristics collectively make WSNs highly adaptable and efficient for real-world applications. WSNs face several key challenges that impact their performance and efficiency. Node and link heterogeneity arise from the diversity of sensor types and nodes with varying capabilities, making it challenging to ensure seamless network functionality. Limited energy and power are another critical concern as battery-powered sensors operate with constrained energy resources. Power consumption is primarily divided among sensing, communication, and data processing functions, necessitating efficient energy management. Security remains a significant issue as WSNs are vulnerable to attacks such as eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing, requiring strong protective measures to ensure data confidentiality. Additionally, signal interference from other wireless devices can disrupt communication among sensor nodes, making reliable data transmission challenging. Scalability is also a concern as WSNs must handle a large number of sensor nodes and manage vast amounts of data efficiently. Furthermore, limited bandwidth affects sensor message interactions, making synchronization impractical without frequent message exchanges. Lastly, node deployment is crucial in network performance and topology control. Whether deterministic or arbitrary, proper deployment strategies can significantly reduce complexity and improve efficiency. In a deterministic arrangement, sensors are physically placed with pre-defined data transmission paths, ensuring structured communication. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing the reliability and effectiveness of WSNs. Signal interference in wireless communications is defined as the disturbances interrupting data transmission between nodes, whether legitimate or illegitimate. Signal interference is essential in WSNs and impacts the network's performance, reliability, and energy efficiency. It is vital to optimize WSN across different applications, namely, environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and healthcare. Once signals from several nodes overlap, the received data are degraded with noise, leading to inaccurate readings and unreliable information. Maximum interference levels lead to network congestion, where nodes struggle to discover available channels to broadcast data for impacting network throughput.