esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions and Perspectives  
To date, the effect of EDPs has been shown to be dependent on the type of cells or model organisms. However, it is generally accepted that EDPs can indirectly (by affecting the expression and/or activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT or SOD) and/or directly affect the level of ROS. Moreover, increased EDP levels have also been detected in various pathological conditions associated with a high level of ROS (e.g., cancers, arteriosclerosis, obesity). Given the literature data presented here, it can be assumed that there is some positive feedback between ROS and EDPs, and the presence of one component increases the amount of the other one (Figure 3). This phenomenon fits into the free radical theory of aging. Moreover, due to the inseparability of EDPs and ROS, the cellular aging can only be slowed down by reduction of the amount of ROS in the organism. A healthy lifestyle and an antioxidant-rich diet or avoidance of high sun exposure may be helpful to slow down aging. Unfortunately, we have no influence on the spontaneous elastin degradation process during aging. Therefore, future medicine should focus on the antiaging therapies on inhibition of elastin degradation, removal of EDPs from the organism, and acceleration of the reconstruction of elastin in tissues.  
Figure 3: Summarizing scheme of the positive feedback of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elastin degradation yielding elastin-derived peptides (EDPs).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, K.A.S.; software, B.S.; writing--original draft preparation, K.A.S. and B.S; writing--review and editing, K.A.S. and B.S.; visualization, B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by statutory funds of the University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Poland (DS 503-07-01-27).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank [PERSON], a proofreading and copyediting expert, for improving the language in the manuscript.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
# Light-Activating PROTACs in Cancer: Chemical Design, Challenges, and Applications
## 2 Protein Degradation Strategies
After reaching the intracellular site, PROTAC binds to POI through its POI-recognized warhead, while the warhead on the other side of PROTAC recognizes  
Figure 2: (**A**) PROTAC strategy workflow representation in targeted protein degradation. (**B**) Generalized chemical design of Photoswitchable PROTACs. (**C**) Generalized chemical design of Photocaged PROTACs. an E3 ligase protein, ultimately leading to a ternary complex (POI-PROTAC-E3 ligase) formation and facilitating polyubiquitination of the POI, as illustrated in Figure 2A. This polyubiquitin process is an important process that involves transfer of ubiquitin units of the lysine amino acid residues over the POI surface, marking it for its hydrolysis. Therefore, the presence of lysine amino acids over the POI surface plays a decisive role in extending its prolytic hydrolysis. PROTACs have two salient features in comparison to conventional small-molecule inhibitors (SMI): (a) high potency (sub-micromolar-to-nanomolar) for POI is not a necessary requirement for PROTAC to bind with POI, and therefore incidences of dose-dependent toxicity of PROTACs are quite low and would otherwise also improve their overall therapeutic indexing, (b) PROTACs are unlikely to have the emergence of resistance because of their ability to degrade the POI than inhibit the POI. Therefore, downregulation of POI by any point mutation is less likely possible, and no continuous dosing is required as it is reported that prolonged exposure to POI with inhibitors utilizing occupancy-driven pharmacology alters the utilization of downstream intracellular signaling. Although these advantages show the superiority of PROTACs over SMI-based targeting, they also have their own issues and share design flaws like any medium-to-large-sized heterocyclic structure. As an example, PROTACs have average physicochemical properties because of their molecular obesity (molecular size). Moreover, PROTACs cannot differentiate the normal cells from the disease state cells, and therefore this could cause systemic toxicity and a number of undesired side effects. An example is an excellent regression of castrate-resistant prostate cancer in a mouse model, which was achieved by ARV-771 (a potent BET protein PROTAC), along with skin deterioration at the injection site and systemic cytotoxicity being observed. This exemplifies a requirement for more features incorporated into PROTAC strategies and helps to improve their protein specificity and cell selectivity. Therefore, photochemical biology tools were explored. On the basis of the incorporation of photoelectron type, two strategies were exploited for PROTACs: (a) photoswitches that help in the reversible conformation of PROTACs, where one isomer is biologically active while the other is inactive [20], as shown in Figure 2B, and (b) a photocleavable protecting group (PPG) (caging or photocaging) [21], as displayed in Figure 2C.
# Error Analysis and Calibration Improvement of the Imaging Section in a Mueller Matrix Microscope
## 3 Application and Discussion
### Calibration Application on a Standard Sample of Air
All the values of the fourth row or column are approximately zero, and the element errors caused by the polarizing section are less than 0.01 on these elements for the air sample. Next, the proposed calibration method was applied. Considering the imaging section as well as the polarizing section, the Mueller matrix of air was recalculated; the results are presented in Table 1(c) and Figure 4, which show that the maximum errors were reduced to less than 0.01 for all the elements. The calibrated system parameters were \(a_{2}=-0.0093\), \(a_{3}=0.0290\), \(a_{4}=0.0263\), \(b_{2}=0.0992\), \(b_{3}=0.0631\), \(\theta_{O}=0.2769\), \(\psi_{O}=0.7844\), and \(\Delta_{O}=-0.0905\). To test the robustness of the proposed method, the system parameters \(a_{2}\) and \(a_{3}\) were also set to several different values around their default values. These two system parameters were singled out because they can be precisely controlled and constrained in a particular range to avoid a large condition number of the instrument matrix. Thus, the values of the system parameters \(a_{2}\) and \(a_{3}\) were set to \(-15^{\circ}\), \(-10^{\circ}\), \(-5^{\circ}\), \(0^{\circ}\), \(5^{\circ}\), \(10^{\circ}\), and \(15^{\circ}\). Figures 5 and 6 show the calibration results for the air sample when \(a_{2}\) and \(a_{3}\) deviate from their default values; Figures 5 and 6 correspond to \(a_{2}\), while Figures 5 and 6 correspond to \(a_{3}\). The vertical axis shows the difference between the calibration and assumed values. The experimental results clearly show that the calibration result of \(b_{3}\) determined using the conventional calibration method is unstable (Figure 5), but the calibration result with the proposed method (Figure 6) fluctuates only slightly, and the standard deviations of \(b_{3}\) for the conventional and proposed methods are 1.6772 and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(a)**} \\ \hline
**1** & \(\mathbf{-0.0724}\) & \(\mathbf{0.0191}\) & \(-0.0027\) \\ \(-0.1078\) & \(1.1662\) & \(-0.1303\) & \(-0.0497\) \\ \(-0.0251\) & \(1.1151\) & \(1.1505\) & \(0.0820\) \\
0.0054 & \(0.0554\) & \(-0.0785\) & \(0.9956\) \\ \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**(b)**} \\ \hline
1 & \(-0.0036\) & \(-0.0027\) & \(0.0005\) \\ \(-0.0030\) & \(1.0095\) & \(0.0060\) & \(-0.0534\) \\ \(-0.0024\) & \(0.0048\) & \(0.9969\) & \(0.0730\) \\
0.0007 & \(0.0476\) & \(-0.0725\) & \(1. 0.0971, respectively. In addition, the calibration results for all the other parameters in the polarizing section have good consistency, indicating that the proposed method is highly robust.
# Small Satellite Tools for High-Resolution Infrared Fire Monitoring
## 3 The FireBIRD Main Payload
### Bi-spectral Sensors of TET-1 and BIROS
#### 3.1.3 Radiometric On-Board Calibration of the FireBIRD Bi-Spectral IR Sensors
Among other things, the current cooling state of the detector and the thermal state of the sensor system are further input variables for these detector-element-related calibration coefficients. The application of these continuously updated and detector-element-related calibration coefficients to the digitized raw signal levels of the recorded scene data thus also has the effect of cleaning the derived radiance values from possible temporal variations in the thermal self-radiation components of the IR sensor heads. The application of the detector-element-related offset and sensitivity coefficients to the scene measurement data is accomplished by the BIROS radiometric processor.
# A Microfluidic Approach for Biosensing DNA within Forensics
###### Abstract  
Reducing the risk of (cross-)contamination, improving the chain of custody, providing fast analysis times and options of direct analysis at crime scenes: these requirements within forensic DNA analysis can be met upon using microfluidic devices. To become generally applied in forensics, the most important requirements for microfluidic devices are: analysis time, method of DNA detection and biocompatibility of used materials. In this work an overview is provided about biosensing of DNA, by DNA profiling via standard short tandem repeat (STR) analysis or by next generation sequencing. The material of which a forensic microfluidic device is made is crucial: it should for example not inhibit DNA amplification and its thermal conductivity and optical transparency should be suitable for achieving fast analysis. The characteristics of three materials frequently used materials, i.e., glass, silicon and PDMS, are given, in addition to a promising alternative, viz. cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). New experimental findings are presented about the biocompatibility of COC and the use of COC chips for multiple displacement amplification and real-time monitoring of DNA amplification.  
biosensing; DNA analysis; forensics 20202  
the ANDE Rapid DNA system has been approved by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, but also with this machine it takes about 90 min from sample to result [5].  
Having a fast analysis is of utmost importance at the scene of crime, for instance in the case of the identification of human remains or in sexual assault cases [6,7]. This is one of the motivations for the interest in microfluidic devices, which will be elaborated in the following section. Subsequently, two microfluidic DNA biosensing examples will be explored, namely DNA profiling by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis and by next generation sequencing (NGS). The biochemical compatibility of the materials used for microfluidic devices is an important requirement for forensic DNA analysis. Three commonly used materials (i.e., silicon, glass and PDMS) will be compared in terms of biocompatibility, thermal conductivity and optical transparency. The latter two characteristics play a role in fast amplification protocols and optical detection. An interesting alternative, cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), will be discussed on the basis of our own experimental findings, which demonstrates that this promising material can compete with reported materials for disposable forensic microfluidic devices. Finally, results regarding the use of COC microfluidic devices for multiple displacement amplification and on-chip real-time fast analysis of DNA amplification will be shown.
# Assessment of Bioactive Surfactant Levels in Selected Cereal Products
## 3 Results
### Analysis of Real Samples
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Content of PFAS [ng/g]**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{_Sample Number_} & _Wheat Flow_ & _Rye Flour_ & _Wheat Bran_ & _Rye Bran_ \\ \hline PFBA & 1 & 2.15 & 6.16 & 103.27 & 42.18 \\ PFBA & 2 & 3.56 & 22.99 & 56.03 & 133.27 \\
3 & 0.88 & 5.93 & 84.18 & 17.80 \\  & 4 & 2.05 & 45.58 & 152.11 & 64.49 \\  & 5 & 3.31 & 19.61 & 202.85 & 58.82 \\  & **range** & **0.88–3.56** & **6.16–45.58 (20.05 & **56.03–202.85** & **17.80–133.27** \\  & **(mean \(\pm\) SD)** & **(2.39 \(\pm\) 1.08)** & **\(\pm\) 16.22)** & **(119.68 \(\pm\) 58.20)** & **(63.31 \(\pm\) 43.11)** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: PFAS content in analyzed flour and bran samples. The Kruskal-Wallis H non-parametric test was conducted to determine whether there were any differences among the analyzed groups for each of the 10 variables. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis H non-parametric test for detected variables are depicted in Figure S2 (Supplementary Materials). The Kruskal-Wallis H test (H(14, 89) = 87.19836, \(p<0.05\)) performed for PFBA was statistically significant, and multiple comparison tests showed significant differences between the investigated groups. Significant differences were confirmed between wheat bran and, successively, wholemeal (\(p\) = 0.0037) and boltona bread (\(p\) = 0.0037), wheat (\(p\) = 0.0052) and graham roll (\(p\) = 0.0361), white (\(p\) = 0.0361) and brown (\(p\) = 0.0361) rice, roasted buckwheat groats (\(p\) = 0.0361), and millet groats (\(p\) = 0.0361). For rye bran, statistically significant differences were determined between both types of bread (wholemeal and boltona at \(p\) = 0.0116) and wheat roll (\(p\) = 0.0155). Moreover, there were significant differences between rye flour and both wholemeal and boltona bread, both with a p level equal to 0.0492. For PFhxA, the statistical test was also significant (H(14, 89) = 80.86452, \(p<0.05\)), and significant differences were revealed  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Content of PFAS [ng/g]**} \\ \hline _Product_ & _Sample Number_ & _PFBA_ & _PFPA_ & _PFOA_ & _PFOS_ \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_plain noodles_} & 1 & 1.63 & \textless{}LOQ & \textless{}LOQ & \textless{}LOQ \\  & 2 & 1.60 & \textless  
between wheat roll and two types of analyzed bread (wholemeal (\(p\) = 0.0327), boltona (\(p\) = 0.0458)). Moreover, as demonstrated on the basis of the Kruskal-Wallis test (H(14, 89) = 76.29295, \(p\) < 0.05), statistically significant differences in PFOA concentrations were observed between wholemeal bread samples and, successively, wheat noodle (\(p\) = 0.0044), unroasted buckwheat (\(p\) = 0.0004), wheat (\(p\) = 0.0004) and rye bran (\(p\) = 0.0004), and wheat (\(p\) = 0.0004) and rye flour (\(p\) = 0.0004). No significant differences were found for the other variables.
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Develop \"Taipei Main Station Intelligent Disaster Prevention System\"  
The system platform proposed in this study was integrated and developed on the basis of a central supervisory and remote control (CSRC) system, including dual-screen management, a data center, the Joint Emergency Operation Center, and a general disaster prevention center. The operating system was linked to the data center, as illustrated in Figure 3. In Figure 3, the system data interface includes Fire alarm, CCTV, CSRC, Graphic and Control. The system uses a dual-screen design to display Google Map and BIM/Facility management. The system platform includes:  
1. Database system: Microsoft SQL Server was the database management system used in this study platform and was responsible for the connection of back-end data management and graphics integration;
2. Graphics display system: Google Map and BIM (Revit) performed the front-end graphic display of related information, displaying coordinates and related action paths on the relevant webpage.
3. Communication protocol architecture: The communication architecture integrated the underlying data of the system, connected the system in series and quickly switched for the data querying of pictures or texts (Figure 4).  
The main content of developing this intelligent disaster prevention system was to integrate various fire protection tools, alert relevant personnel, and notify the fire department of relevant information when a fire occurs. Its functions are described as follows:  
1. MAP/BIM: Display disaster information and the regional map division management model, apply Google Maps as the construction platform, and use FORGE as the 3D graphic switching platform;
2. Equipment information query: Provide disaster prevention and relief resources, equipment information, and equipment maintenance functions;  
Figure 3: System interface diagram. (Source: Taipei Main Station Intelligent Joint Disaster Prevention Center, 2022).  
* Image file management: Upload and download files related to disaster prevention and relief resources;
* Disaster record management: Manage disaster prevention and responses to previous warnings;
* Emergency signal management: Provide four-level disaster signal display and notification, fire equipment status monitoring, and abnormal signal dispatch management;
* Dispatchment and maintenance management: Provide preventive maintenance, dispatch management, and inspection management required for the maintenance management system;
* Data analysis: Weakness analysis (excessive amount of abnormal equipment damage) and excessively high frequency reporting from the areas of disaster sites.  
This intelligent disaster prevention system can be connected to a central data center through a web terminal, which grants access to the integrated management platform of disaster prevention and relief information to users. The system development environment was Apache Tomcat; the front-end was JSP and JavaScript; the back-end was Java; and the database used the Microsoft SQL Server.
## 2 Related Work  
### Pedestrian Detection  
Pedestrian detection algorithms based on deep learning can be categorized into two-stage and single-stage approaches. Two-stage detection algorithms are candidate box-based methods, with representative examples including Fast R-CNN [11], Faster R-CNN [4], and SA-Fast R-CNN [12]. Compared to two-stage methods, which often suffer from slower inference speeds, typical single-stage detectors such as the single-shot multibox detector (SSD) [13] and YOLO can simultaneously perform object localization and classification, resulting in faster runtimes and greater advantages in practical applications. Although the SSD algorithm improves detection efficiency and enhances adaptability to multi-scale objects, its accuracy is somewhat limited. [PERSON] et al. [14] introduced a new loss function, focal loss, to address class imbalance issues during training and utilize feature pyramid networks and anchor boxesto extract multi-scale features and locate objects. Building on SSD, [PERSON] et al. [15] adopted cross-layer feature adaptive fusion to make the extracted features more directional, thereby improving pedestrian detection accuracy. [PERSON] et al. [16] proposed YOLO, a single-stage object detection algorithm that uses a single neural network to predict both object classes and locations, achieving high speed while maintaining high accuracy. With the evolution of pedestrian detection, models such as YOLOv2 [17] and YOLOv3 [18] were successively developed. In 2020, [PERSON] introduced YOLOv5, an advancement built upon YOLOv4 [19] offering improved speed, accuracy, and deployment flexibility. Additionally, in September 2022, the visual AI department of Meituan released YOLOv6 [20] on ArXiv, providing a range of models with varying sizes for industrial applications. In July 2022, [PERSON] published YOLOv7 [21], achieving the best results in both speed and accuracy. In 2023, Ultralytics released YOLOv8 [10], achieving higher precision and speed compared to previous versions. YOLOv9 [22] integrates advancements grounded in the information bottleneck principle and invertible function design, significantly improving information transmission and computational efficiency. YOLOv10 [23] further enhanced consistency and implemented NMS-free dual-task training, focusing on both efficiency and accuracy improvements. In 2024, Ultralytics proposed YOLOv11 [24], further enhancing detection accuracy and usability, making it an excellent choice for tasks such as object detection and tracking, pedestrian detection, instance segmentation, image classification, and pose estimation.
# Numerical Analysis of a Spiral Tube Damping Busbar to Suppress VFTO in 1000 kV GIS
## 6 Summary  
In this work, a higher damping effect was investigated by designing a spiral litz coil connected in series to the damping busbar, which increased the total inductance value. The simulation results show that there was a considerable increase in the damping effect, as shown in Figure 10. Furthermore, improving the design and material type could be useful to achieving an optimal suppressing effect. The main advantages of this improved design are the higher damping effect, accuracy, simplicity, and ability to be used in any existing GIS without any change in the GIS design or construction. The transient characteristics of the VFTO after adding a 0.1 mH litz coil are illustrated in Table 6.  
Another obvious advantage of this improved design is no magnetic saturation problem and mitigation of the overvoltage magnitude due to dissipation of the transient energy in the damping resistance. On the other hand, litz wire has been classified as a cost-effective choice to reduce eddy current loss in high-frequency transformer and inductor windings. Some solutions could be successful in increasing the dielectric strength for a high voltage level or for safety requirements, like adding thermoplastic insulation such as PTFE, which could be used for bundle insulation on litz wire in some applications [36].  
The proposed improved damping busbar has limitations when thermoplastic insulation is added due to the extra cost. So, in future work, it will be fundamental to develop the design to improve the estimation quality to meet the industry's requirements for low costs. However, compared with other existing expensive VFTO suppression methods that require changes in GIS design and construction,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**VFTO Characteristics**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Simulation Results**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Without Damping** & **Damping Busbar Only** & **Spiral Litz Coil in Series** \\  & **Busbar** & **with the Damping Busbar** \\ \hline Rise time [ns] & 10 & 29 & 31 \\ Maximum amplitude of & 1.554 & 1.13 & 1.081 \\ VFTO [p.u.] & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The transient characteristics of VFTO under an opening operation at load side with and without installing the spiral litz coil (0.1 mH).  
Figure 10: VFTO waveform at the load side: **(a)** before installing the damping busbar, **(b)** after installing the improved design of the damping busbar; VFTO at the load side for one breakdown at 0.013 s: **(c)** before installing the damping busbar, **(d)** after installing the improved design of the damping busbar.  
the proposed method can be easily implemented in any existing GIS without any change in its structure, making it very cost-effective. Therefore, it is necessary to use simulation calculations to optimize the insulation reliability of the uniform electric field and increase the insulation of the busbar. Table 7 shows the mitigation effect of different damping methods, including the new method.
# A Baseband Wireless Spectrum Hypervisor for Multiplexing Concurrent OFDM Signals
## 8 Experimental Evaluation
On the other hand, we also see that the CPU processing load of the memory set operation, _memset_, remains constant throughout the evaluated MCS values. It is also important to highlight that bit interleaving processing gets heavier as the MCS value increases, consuming approximately 0.81% of CPU time for a MCS equal to 0 and going to 10.59% when the MCS value is made equal to 28. Figure 23: CPU profiling of individual components of the architecture prototype for 1 and 12 vPHYs.