# Polymeric and Crystalline Materials for Effective and Sustainable CO\({}_{2}\) Capture
## 8 Conclusions  
In summary, this review provided an overview of the recent polymers (petroleum-based and bio-based) for the capture of CO\({}_{2}\). In particular, amine-based, ionic polymers, conjugated porous polymers, and porous polymer networks offer a variety of performances for CO\({}_{2}\) adsorption. In the same vein, bio-based polymers propose greener alternatives with comparable adsorption capacity. The above classes of porous solid adsorbents propose great promise for CO\({}_{2}\) capture. However, challenges such as stability, scalability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed for widespread commercial adoption. Nonetheless, ongoing research and development efforts continue to improve the performance and viability, it is generally accepted that MOFs remain the leading candidates for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from industrial sources. In a broader perspective, the carbon capture technologies described in this review could play a critical role in achieving global climate goals and transitioning to a low-carbon future. As mentioned, there is an urgency to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to mitigate climate change, as well as to tackle challenges associated with decarbonizing various sectors, particularly those reliant on fossil fuels like power generation. Carbon capture technology offers a transformative solution for heavy-emitting industries, such as power, steel, cement, oil, gas, chemicals, and transport, potentially reducing CO2 emissions by over 95%. These sectors are pivotal in the energy transition, supplying essential resources while striving for lower-carbon outputs, crucial for renewable energy infrastructure like wind turbines and solar panels. Achieving net-zero emissions in these industries is feasible, as indicated by a 2019 IEA report projecting carbon capture technologies to contribute around 27% of necessary emission reductions in, for instance, the cement, iron, steel, and chemical sectors [245]. On the brighter side, these industries are, nowadays, more inclined to support and develop carbon capture initiatives as there are now several tax credit programs to further strengthen the viability of these new initiatives. For example, the United States passed the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022, and several countries, such as Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, have joined the effort and proposed similar programs. In summary, carbon capture stands poised to overcome financial challenges and offer a competitive pathway to achieving net-zero targets with robust industry involvement, government backing, and creative supply chain strategies. The outlook for this technology appears brighter than ever before. **Author Contributions**: [PERSON] and [PERSON], writing, review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. **Funding**: This research received no external funding. **Institutional Review Board Statement**: Not applicable. **Informed Consent Statement**: Not applicable. **Conflicts of Interest**: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. [PERSON] and [PERSON] are employed by Kemitek, a College Centres for the Transfer of Technology (CCTT). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. **Abbreviations**  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript: \begin{tabular}{l l} AIB & 2,2\({}^{\prime}\)-azobis[2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride \\ AICI3 & aluminium chloride \\ BDC & benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate \\ BTB & 1,3,5-benzenetribenzoate \\ BZ & benzoxazine \\ CCS & carbon capture and storage \\ CCU & carbon capture and utilization \\ CH4 & methane \\ CO2 & carbon dioxide \\ CO2 EXIDE & CO2-based electrosynthesis of ethylene oxide \\ COFs & covalent-organic frameworks \\ CTFs & covalent triazine-based frameworks \\ DHPT & dihydroxyterephthalalaldehyde \\ DMF & \(N\),\(N^{\prime}\)-dimethylformamide \\ EPS & expanded polystyrene \\ \end{tabular}