# ABANICCO: A New Color Space for Multi-Label Pixel Classification and Color Analysis
## 2 Fundamentals
### Color Terms  
The continuous nature of color, with no clear transitions or limits, makes classifying and naming individual colors problematic. The first attempts at color naming and classification were driven by the boom of exploratory trips and expeditions in the 18 th and 19 th centuries ([18; 19; 23; 24; 25]); however, all these proposals relied heavily on context and cultural cues. In the 20 th century, two significant attempts were made at color naming standardization, and remain the baseline against which most research is compared:  
1. To standardize color naming, the Inter-Society Color Council (ISCC) and the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) first established, in the 1930s, the ISCC-NBS System of Color Designation [26], which defines three levels of color naming: Level 1 consists of 10 color terms; Level 2 adds 16 intermediate categories; and Level 3 uses brightness and pureness modifiers to obtain 267 color categories. This system was used in one of our experiments, to test the accuracy of ABANICCO's color naming in Section 6.1.
2. In 1969, [PERSON] and [PERSON] examined the effect of culture on the differences in color naming in natural languages. They found 11 basic color categories in most of them: white, gray, black, yellow, orange, red, pink, purple, blue, green, and brown. In theirwork _Basic colour Terms: Their Universality and Evolution_[27], they were able to link the universality of these terms to similar evolutionary processes. They also found that within these categories, the central regions would elicit higher consensus than the boundaries, where consensus tapered off, consistent with the continuous nature of color.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON]'s categorization and the ISCC-NBS System are the most-used color terms standardizations in digital imaging and color research nowadays. However, both present approaches have problems that limit their practical use. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s color terms fail to combine successfully to create secondary and intersectional classes. Additionally, the experiments were conducted using exclusively high chroma levels, never testing less saturated colors. Furthermore, the ISCC-NBS color terms may seem arbitrary to different users who do not agree with the provided descriptions. Moreover, the terms on Levels 2 and 3 do not follow logical reasoning that could make them understandable to any human or machine, as demonstrated by [PERSON] in [28].  
Figure 1: Color theory bases: (**A**) representation of color wheel; the color wheel is obtained from the primary colors (P) Red, Yellow, and Blue; by blending the primary colors, we get the secondary (S) colors, Green, Purple, and Orange; finally, by blending the secondary colors, we obtain the tertiary (T) colors, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet, and Red-Violet; (**B**) depiction of the concept of tints, shades, and tones with the color wheel in A; in every wheel, each ring going outward shows a 25% increase in added white for tints, black for shades, and gray for tones; these show the near-achromatic colors. (**C**) the four main color spaces used in digital imaging—RGB, YCbCr, HSV, and CIELAB; (**D**) color picker results displaying the colors within the shapes marked in the shades (s)- and tones (t)-modified color wheels; the circles show the effect of adding black (shades) or gray (tones) to orange; the triangle shows a dark shade of green called forest green; the obtained results show that what we understand as brown is not a pure color but rather shades of pure colors ranging from red to warm yellow.