# Efficient Next-Hop Selection in Multi-Hop Routing for IoT Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
## 2 Related Work
It transmits data between clusters by utilizing gateway nodes that contain more energy and common channels and also selects a head node based on residual energy, channels, neighboring nodes, and distance from the sink. The introduced scheme provides efficient data forwarding from the root node to the sink. The implementation of a green routing protocol in a WSN is a challenging task. In a WSN, a limited amount of energy is available for performing critical tasks in remote areas as well. It results in limiting the network lifetime. [PERSON] et al. introduced an energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol that reduces the data aggregation cost, enhancing the life of the network and also reducing excessive overhead. Collected information is not directly transmitted from \(CH\) to the sink node; however, the relay nodes are utilized for minimizing the effective transmission distance. \(CH\) is assumed as intermediary to avoid the complexity of the protocol. It improved energy consumption, data transmission, scalability, and network lifetime [18]. The presented MDTA approach consumes a minimum amount of energy and also analyzes data delivery cost with the size of the network by comparing with other energy-aware routing schemes. Communication protocols utilize efficient data transmission between multiple nodes, for example, the agile data delivery framework. The MDTA provides optimal path formulation among the root nodes and the sink nodes based on end-to-end delay and efficient energy consumption. In this scenario, it is applicable to heterogeneous sensors and vehicle networks [19]. Reliable data monitoring with energy efficiency is a challenging issue in WSNs. In this regard, [PERSON] et al. provided energy-aware and guaranteed quality-based scheduling by considering the energy of the sensing devices and network topologies. In data fusion, the transmission of data depends on the data forwarding cost and the battery power of the sensing node. The scheme minimizes the number of awakening nodes and also maintains reliability while aggregating data [20]. In [21], a location-based routing protocol that considers residual energy to link quality as a multi-objective optimization function was introduced. Equation (3) provides an energy consumption model where \(E_{T-elec}\) and \(E_{T-amp}\) are denoted as transmitter and amplifier energy consumption. \[E_{T}(m,d)=E_{T-elec}(m)+E_{T-amp}(m,d)=mE_{T-elec}(m)+md^{\prime},\;2\leq r\leq 4 \tag{3}\]  
Transmission range is represented as M, communication range is d and r is changeable coefficient. Energy consumption while receiving data is shown in (4), where a current node \(i\) selects next node \(\Delta(i,j)\). It also calculates \(\Omega_{dist}(x,D)\), which is a distance between node \(x\) and destination node \(d\). It minimizes energy consumption by 10% and maximizes lifetime by 45.2% while comparing with other routing protocols [21]. \[E_{R}(m)=E_{R-elec}(m)+mE_{elec} \tag{4}\]  
[PERSON] et al. presented a secret sharing scheme for security and enhanced energy efficiency of multiple hop nodes. The presented protocol is based on three aspects: a network divided into inner and outer fields based on node location, secure data transmission from \(CH\) to sink node, and minimizing the rate of disturbance in routing by analyzing the data link. Furthermore, it provides the shortest route to send data while considering the efficient energy consumption of nodes. To minimize data disturbance and retransmission, quantitative analysis is conducted to avoid and identify congestion while routing [22]. [PERSON] et al. presented a centroid-based energy-efficient routing protocol considering three key features to improve the performance of WSN-assisted networks. Firstly, the organization of nodes is achieved by implementing a distributed cluster-based technique. Secondly, algorithms are used for cluster formation and efficient routing based on the centroid head node to manage energy load among sensing devices.