## 6 Applications
& [167] \\  & & The suggested seven-level hybrid cascaded \(H\)-bridge enables the use of a single power supply, with the remaining ‘\(n-1\)’ sources consisting of capacitors, and is referred to as a hybrid cascaded \(H\)-bridge multilevel inverter (_HCMLI_). & [164] \\ Seven-level Hybrid Cascaded \(H\)-bridge _Cascaded \(H\)-bridge Inverter. & Hybrid electric vehicles (_HEVs_) & Due to the great number of output levels, the _HCMLI_ produces high-quality output power while maintaining a high conversion efficiency and minimal thermal stress due to its fundamental frequency switching method. By substituting a fuel cell for the capacitance source, which is incompatible with high-temperature operation, and making necessary modifications, this topology can be applied in hybrid electric vehicles (_HEVs_). & [164] \\ Five-, Seven-, and & & A fuel cell-based multilevel inverter is presented. The basic units are connected in series to provide a larger output level and reduce the number of switches. The installation of the H-bridge \(C\) results in both positive and negative levels in the absence of the _FC_ and _DC_. The suggested multilevel inverter had output voltage levels of five, seven, and fifteen. The FC considered having an _output voltage of 48 V and is boosted to 400 V. & [165] \\ Bidirectional Resonant Dual Active Bridge (_DAB_) & Electrical vehicle chargeng/discharging & The proposed system is like an LLC resonant converter but differs by the addition of an additional capacitor and inductor to the circuit’s secondary side for bidirectional operation. This makes the resonant network symmetric for operation in both reverse and forward directions. Both _ZCS_ and _ZVS_ can reduce losses and support operation at high frequencies; this reduces the size of filter capacitors and magnetic elements, thereby reducing the volume, weight, and size, as well as increasing the power density of the system. & [166] \\  & & The forward and reverse output power capability of the _CLLC_ topology has been investigated. It was discovered that the forward and reverse output power ability of the _CLLC_ converter is asymmetrical, which makes it difficult to fully meet the application requirements of an onboard charger (_OBC_). An _OBC_ is a power conversion device
\begin{table}
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**Converter Type** & **Application Area** & **Description** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Full-Bridge Bidirectional LLC Resonant Converter.} & \multirow{9}{*}{Light electric vehicle (_LEV_)} & The research offered a fast charger prototype for an _LEV_ equipped with an 800 Wh lithium-ion battery and a 50 Wh supercapacitor. This prototype fast charger is comprised of an _AC/DC_ rectifier and a _DC/DC_ stage. The _DC/DC_ stage incorporates a full-bridge _LLC_ resonant converter for soft switching and stress reduction. Additionally, it is controlled by a pulse frequency modulation (_PFM_) and _PI_ controller using a constant current and constant voltage transformation method. \\ \hline \multirow{9}{*}{Five-level Inverter Full-Bridge Bidirectional Converter.} & \multirow{9}{*}{On-board _EV_ battery chargers in smart grids} & The development of a new on-board _EV_ battery charger (_EVBC_) has been proposed based on a bidirectional multilevel topology. The proposed design evolved from the standard full-bridge rectifier by connecting four devices to the split _DC_-link as the power factor correction (_PFC_) three-level _DC-DC_ converter. This design is capable of generating five different voltage levels. An _AC-DC_ converter is incorporated in the proposed topology as an interface on the grid side; it also has a _DC-DC_ converter for an interface on the battery side. A split _DC_-link was used to interface the two converters to ensure different levels of voltage in both converters. The evaluation result allowed for the validation of the bidirectional operation mode of the new _EVBC_ on a multilevel topology.