###### Abstract
Subsequently, each CH begins forming its cluster by broadcasting announcement messages to the remaining nodes, which were not selected as CHs in the current round and are referred to as normal nodes (Ns). In response, each N determines the appropriate CH to join for the current round. Usually, the selection of a suitable CH depends on the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). Consequently, each N transmits a Join-Request (JOIN-REQ) message to the CH with the highest RSSI and waits for an acknowledgment. To coordinate data transmissions within the cluster, the CH generates a Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) schedule that assigns a specific time slot to each node. Thus, each node can transmit during its assigned slot. The steady-state phase follows the setup phase, during which the Ns collect data from the environment and then transmit the data to their CH. The collected data are compressed and directly sent by the CH to the BS. To eliminate the impact of interference that may occur between clusters, a Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) code can be employed [6]. The LEACH protocol offers various advantages for WSNs such as enhancing the network's energy efficiency by dividing all the network nodes into clusters. It assumes that the CHs are rotated every round, which in turn ensures balance among the nodes and extends the network lifetime. However, the LEACH protocol faces several challenges that lead to increased energy consumption. One such challenge is the extensive deployment area, where CHs require considerable energy to transmit the aggregated data to the BS. Furthermore, the LEACH protocol assumes that all the network nodes must remain in the active state throughout the network's lifetime. This assumption increases the amount of redundant data transmitted within the network, thereby increasing energy consumption and decreasing network performance [7]. Therefore, several protocols have been presented to overcome these challenges. The DMR protocol is considered one of them [8]. It provides a dynamic approach for data transmission among all the network nodes, taking into account the remaining energy of the nodes, their locations inside and outside the clusters, and their distances to the CHs and the BS. Additionally, it introduces new approaches for cluster formation, electing the CHs, and determining the maximum number of normal nodes in each cluster. The results of using this protocol revealed a significant improvement in energy consumption, which positively impacted the network's performance compared to the LEACH protocol and several previous protocols in this domain. On the other hand, the DMR protocol assumes that all sensor nodes, whether CHs or Ns, are active and continuously transmit their data to the CHs, which subsequently forward the collected data toward the BS. A considerable portion of the data is redundant, or no substantial update has occurred in the previous data. In this case, it is clear that a notable loss of energy is wasted unnecessarily. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the EDMR protocol is proposed in this paper. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows:  
1. Propose the EDMR protocol as an enhanced version of the DMR protocol to reduce energy dissipation and prolong the network's lifetime;
2. Introduce a novel sleeping mechanism to selectively deactivate clusters that have not transmitted new or significantly updated data to the BS. Unlike many previous sleep-based protocols that maintain fixed sleeping approaches at the node or cluster level throughout each round, the proposed protocol provides two alternative sleeping scenarios based on the WSN's demands: * The static sleep scenario is designed for monitoring applications, where the sensed data typically do not change rapidly. Consequently, maximum energy savings can be achieved while preserving the network's performance and intended functionality; * The dynamic sleep scenario departs from static assumptions by allowing sleep/wake states to be adjusted within the same round.