# Towards a Maturity Model for IoT Adoption by B2C Companies
## 5 Case Studies Analysis
### Port of Hamburg  
The first IoT adoption case reviewed is the case of the Port of Hamburg written by Sia Partners [46]. It is one of the biggest ports in Europe and a pioneer in the integration of IoT technologies. Technological innovation is highly important for Hamburg's Port to continue business growth and remain competitive on the international scene. By 2025, the management of the port are aiming to transform it into a smart port, as written in the 2025 Port Development Plan. It is clear from the presence of such an extensive document that the integration of IoT technology has a strong strategic foundation in it. Therefore, a dimension _strategy_ was identified. A smart port encompasses three pillars: smart port infrastructure, intelligent traffic flows, and intelligent trade flows. The IoT technologies adopted to empower the smart transformation in the area of smart port infrastructure include smart lighting, smart storage systems, smart maintenance sensors monitoring the use of assets and infrastructure, as well as sensors for security purposes. Moreover, IoT is also used to make Hamburg a green port. That is, sensors monitoring such parameters as temperature and pressure are installed to control the energy use in the port. As for the intelligent traffic flows, the use of IoT is seen in the installation of sensors monitoring the traffic and parking in the port. In the area of intelligent trade flows, IoT technologies allow the port's management to track every good moving around the port, efficiently manage deliveries, and reduce labour costs by reducing the number of physical checks needed at customs control. Further reviewing the case study, it became clear which difficulties were faced by the port's management in the process of IoT integration. The challenges indicated in the case study are: heterogeneous technologies, fear of transparency, and business process reengineering (BPR). The first one relates to the issue of integrating different technologies together to create a smart network. There is a strong need for the development of common technological and transmission standards in order to ensure that connected devices can freely communicate in the same language and efficient data management can be achieved. Moreover, a modular approach is advised to be followed, such that new system modules can be easily added to the existing system. This takeaway makes it clear that _technology_ is of course a vital part of IoT implementation and must be included as a model dimension. Moreover, the question of _standardisation_ of technology and communication appears to be important as well, therefore, it is included in the model as a sub-dimension under dimension technology. The same is observed in the IoT Project Workbook. The second challenge is fear of transparency. It concerns data privacy and security within the IoT network. Free transmission of data over the IoT network is an integral part of IoT technology. Naturally, with many parties involved, there is a big concern about the safety of information being disclosed. In the case of Hamburg Port, many firms doing business with the port were reluctant to share their information with the central management that processes it. Because of this, many resources were put into building a secure data management system and communicating with the said companies to ensure them about the safety of the data they share. From this follows the identification of _data security and privacy_ sub-dimension(s) under the dimension of data. The inclusion of these sub-dimension(s) is also supported by the literature analysis and the views of both experts. The final challenge highlighted in the case study is BRP. Here, the central message is that simply adopting IoT technology is not enough--efforts aimed at reengineering the related business processes are needed. As many stakeholders are involved in this process, BRP requires a thorough approach and takes a lot of time in order for the result to be successful. Thus, the _business processes_ dimension is identified.