# Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges
## 4 Smart Mobility Services and Applications
### Outdoor Navigation Technologies
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Requirements** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Key Concerns**} & **Description** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Transparency} & \multirow{8}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Transparency is strictly related to privacy and data governance. The manufacturers must provide information about data collection and their use.} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Moreover drivers must be aware of the AV’s mechanisms for accountability.} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Diversity, \\ non-discrimination and \\ fairness \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Intelligent systems learn from available data and they can be biased} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Societal and \\ environmental wellbeing \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{What will be the consequences of a net impact of introducing AVs?} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{The use of AVs must ensure an increase in public health and mobility, reduce the traffic flow, and decrease carbon emissions.} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Accountability \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{8}{*}{\(\bullet\)} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{2}{c}{} \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: _Cont._transmission [108]. DGPS can be defined as a real-time positioning method that makes use of at least two GPS receivers, one installed at a point with known coordinates (called a base or reference station) and the other moving along a given path whose coordinates need to be discovered. The base station calculates the differential corrections and transmits them to the mobile receiver so that the accuracy of its location can be improved. Another approach is the use of active beacons that can use radio, sonar or laser and determine the location of the person or object based on the triangulation of the signal. The delay in receiving the signal causes inaccuracy in the location obtained and there are also high costs in the associated infrastructure, which requires the existence of many beacons [109]. Dead reckoning is an ancient maritime term to describe navigation based on the starting position and a velocity vector composed of speed and direction and how long the velocity is maintained to determine the new position [110]. This technique, applied to pedestrian navigation, measures and analyzes a person's way of walking in order to understand and measure displacement in relation to an initial position based on a set of sensors that allow the extraction of speed and altitude information. The calculated positioning is based entirely on the information collected through sensors [111], the error being accumulated because the current position is calculated based on the previous one, and so on. This method has been used in conjunction with GPS to improve the determination of a user's position outdoors.