# Effectiveness of Driving Simulators for Drivers' Training: A Systematic Review
## 3 Results
### Characteristics of the Eligible Research Articles
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**Author/s, Year, and Country** & **Objectives** & **Methods and Sample** & **Results (Main Outcomes)** & **Key Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2015) [71]} & & & The experimental group showed higher accident avoidance and hazard recognition skills & \\  & To test the long-term effectiveness of a virtual motorcycle (2015) [71] & The experimental group was simulator-trained one year prior to the evaluation, while the control group was not. & The experimental avoidance and hazard recognition skills compared to their initial performance and that of the control group. & \\  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [72]} & & A total of 73 participants were divided into three groups: (a) viewed still images on PC, (b) viewed an HMD version using still images, and (c) viewed an HMD version using videos. & The training was effective, and all three programs showed improvements in RAPT performance. & The study does not state its limitations \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{[PERSON] et al. (2009) [73]} & & & There were significant relationships between simulator performance and driving test performance (fewer steering errors, fewer violations, and faster task execution). However, the sample of simulator trainees was about 5\% more likely to pass their driving test, which is not evidence that a simulator leads to better test results. & The actual road training during this period was not controlled. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & A total of 91 adult drivers were randomly assigned to (a) a driving simulator & The driving simulator from on-road driving performance compared to the attention training group. & The simulator caused discomfort in a few participants, which led to the discarding of 15\% of the sample. \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \cline{1  
Thus, in relation to the methodologies used in the research on the effectiveness of driving simulators for driver training, several elements of interest can be observed. On the one hand, most of the studies employed an experimental methodology. Therefore, in 7 of the selected studies, which represented 46.7%, groups of participants who had been trained with a training program using a simulator were compared with the control groups, consisting of participants who had not been subjected to this training process, to determine the effectiveness of the simulator for this task. In other cases, different training programs were compared, either with and without simulators or with various types of simulators with different degrees of realism for the user, but, in all cases, without using any group as a control (\(n=4\), representing 26.6% of the studies). On the other hand, only one study (6.7%) used the same simulator training method for different groups of users to analyze the differences depending on their roles as drivers [64]. The rest of the investigations (\(n=5\), representing 33.3%) employed a single group of subjects, so these were longitudinal studies in which intrasubject comparisons were performed, i.e., each subject was assigned all the conditions of the independent variable. Therefore, the magnitude of the disturbing variables was constant for each subject, and the variation observed in each subject was explained by the variation of the independent variable, which, in this case, was training or training with a driving simulator. Thus, the process was not identical in all studies of this type. In 2 studies (13.3% of the total number of studies selected), the same group was exposed to real road circumstances and to a simulator.