## 5 Tomato Bioactives as Ingredients in Sun Oils for Skin Care
### In Vivo Studies--Main Findings
Although tocophenyl glucoside is the vitamin E derivative less used in sunscreen formulations, some studies were performed to confirm its multifunctional antioxidant and photoprotective effectiveness, in both reconstituted human epidermis and viable human skin, where it was shown that tocopheryl glucoside reveals a higher percentage of metabolization to the active form (\(\alpha\)-tocopherol) than tocopheryl acetate, even though skin diffusion was slower, by producing a significant reservoir effect, associated with a progressive supply of free tocopherol, first in the stratum corneum and then in the other skin compartments, conferring protection. Nevertheless, further studies are required to clarify the photoprotective effectiveness of both these tocopheryl derivatives, as well as to improve their delivery and bioactivity and vitamin E release in human skin. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Component Structure** & & **Main Findings/Type of Study** & **Year of Study** & **References** \\ \hline
**Lycopene** & **Antioxidant** & & 2011 & [27] \\
**Moisture** & **Skin suppleness** & & \\
**Photopretical** & & **In vitro** & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The medication was provided with an 8-h target sustained release in vitro The developed formulations’ intended outcome did not show any tissue degradation, and they demonstrated increased therapeutic efficacy and offered greater therapeutic efficacy in addition to a longer resting period (24 hours), as compared to normal suspension
* Tissues examined in preliminary fashion revealed that the experimental formulations did not cause irritation.
* The analgesic impact of propolisols and lycopene aqueous extract nanoemulsion applied locally showed great potential in therapeutic safety, as well as efficacy
* **Minor UV protection** & **Anti-Available** & **Phototoxic damage** \\
**Vitamin C** & **Eykhema** & & 2004, 2009 & [43, 45] \\
**Sunburn cell development** & & & \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* **Four treatment groups were examined on In vivo UV-induced erythema over a 50-day period: RRR=-tocopherol (2 g/d) and ascorbate (3 g/d) as single components, a combination of a-tocopherol and ascorbate (2 and 3 g/d, respectively), and controls receiving no treatment. The sulphur threshold dramatically increased with combined treatment; MED was approximately 100 m/\(\square\) prior to supplementation while approximately 180 m/\(\square\) afterwards
* **L-Asorbic Acid**: Increased amounts obtained through topical application protect the skin from UV light \(\rightarrow\) through the neutralization of reactive oxygen species produced by UV light
* Can reduce photodamage, which is quantified histologically as sulphur cells
* Protection against UV damage appears to be particularly good
* Sunburn can be treated with topical ascorbic acid, probably via reducing inflammation
* **Tocephered**: Pervents oxidative stress on the cell membrane and resists UV-induced cellular deterioration (including photographing, lipid peroxidation, immunosuppression, and photocon carcinogenesis)  
\end{table} 
Table 3: The main findings of some in vitro and in vivo studies of lycopene and vitamin C and E.