# The Future of the Human-Machine Interface (HMI) in Society 5.0
## 1 Introduction
### Societal and Industrial Transformation in the Form of Revolutions  
In the available literature, there have been several discussions on industrial revolutions that extend to several associated aspects and discretize key milestones and innovations in chronological order. However, there is little, to our best of our knowledge, discussion on the correlation to societal evolution. Correspondingly, regarding society, five key eras can be distinguished, which are the key topic of the following paragraphs. Society 1.0 was characterized by our earliest ancestors living in small, nomadic groups and relying on hunting and gathering for their sustenance. As humanity progressed, Society 2.0 emerged with the development of agriculture, which allowed for larger settlements and more complex social structures. Society 3.0 marked the beginning of the industrial era, with mass production and urbanization leading to significant societal changes. Society 4.0, also known as the digital era, is characterized by the widespread use of computers, the Internet, and other digital technologies [7]. Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 are indeed two different terms that are used in order to describe different stages of the industrial revolution timeline. To compare the two, Industry 5.0 is an evolution of Industry 4.0 that emphasizes the integration of humans and machines towards the creation of a more human-centered and sustainable manufacturing landscape. Industry 4.0 refers to the fourth industrial revolution, which is characterized by the integration of digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Big Data, into the manufacturing process. In reality, Industry 4.0 represents a series of technologies and techniques that are focused on the complete digitization and digitalization of manufacturing systems and networks. On the other hand, Industry 5.0 is a subset of a greater initiative that has been given the name Society 5.0 by the Japanese government. Industry 5.0 seeks to integrate humans and machines in a way that maintains and elevates the virtues of both. Rather than replacing human workers with machines, Industry 5.0 aims to create a more human-centered and sustainable manufacturing process by utilizing the creativity, problem solving skills, and emotional intelligence of human workers in conjunction with the precision and efficiency of machines. Specifically, this initiative targets the utilization and expansion of the current technological advances in order to create a super-smart and intelligent society, thus focusing on the human aspect of technologies. Consequently, it would be wise to state that Society 5.0 is characterized by three keywords, namely, (i) human-centric, (ii) sustainable, and (iii) resilient. Following the same convention, Industry 4.0 can also be considered as a subset of the current societal status, which has also been defined in several research works as Society 4.0. The fundamental characteristics of Society 5.0, which differ from Society 4.0 in terms of value creation, diversity, decentralization, resilience, sustainability, and environmental harmony, are illustrated. Society 5.0 is considered to be a human-centered Industry 4.0 environment and is defined by the Cabinet Office of Japan as a society that integrates cyberspace and physical space to achieve a balance between economic progress and social problem solving [8]. Society 5.0 aims to use digital technologies and data to create a diverse society where people can pursue happiness in their own unique ways. In Society 5.0, individuals will have the freedom to pursue diverse lifestyles and values without constraints. The focus will shift from efficiency to problem solving, value creation, and meeting individual needs. Society 5.0 aims to eliminate suppressive influences on individuality, such as gender, race, and nationality, as well as wealth and information concentration disparities.