## 3 System Design
### Network Model  
Figure 1 depicts the WMSN containing n number of powered battery sensor nodes and base stations. WMSN is represented by a weighted undirected graph \(g=(v_{s},l_{s},w_{s})\), here the term \(v_{s}=v_{1},v_{2},\ldots,v_{n}\) depicts vertex set, \(l_{s}=l_{1},l_{2},\ldots,l_{n}\) indicates the set of bidirectional links and \(w_{s}=w_{1},w_{2},\ldots,w_{n}\) signifies the set of link weights [28]. The random deployment of SNs monitors and gathers the data from the network field. Furthermore, the collected data of SNs are stored in the BS for further processing. The sensors erected on the network field have a unique ID, a set of neighboring nodes with a communication radius (\(\Re\)) that are delineated as \(n(v_{x})=\left\{v_{y}/D\big{(}v_{x},v_{y}\big{)}\leq\Re\text{ and }v_{y}\in v_{s}\right\}\). The terms \(n(v_{x})\) and \(D\big{(}v_{x},v_{y}\big{)}\) represent number of multimedia sensor nodes in the network and distance between the nodes \(v_{x}\) and \(v_{y}\), respectively. Due to the deployment of SNs in hostile \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Author and Year** & **Technique** & **Objective** & **Pros** & **Cons** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2021) [17] & Efficient multipath routing method & Enhance network lifetime & Improve network performance & Ineffective due to burst data \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [18] & Efficient region source routing protocol (ER-SR) & Maximize the lifetime of WSN & High efficiency and enhanced the performance & High network overload performance \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2020) [19] & Capsule neural network (CNN) & Enhancing the network performance of the sensor & Achieved higher performance & High Computation time \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2021) [20] & Hybrid red deer salp swarm (HRDSS) & To tackle the complications such as high packet loss and network congestion & Reduce packet loss, Expected Transmission (ETX) cost, and transmission delay & Not implemented in engineering-related applications \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [21] & Image authentication model & Improve the image authentication process to secure the hidden data of watermarking & Improve performance & Not able to adjust the location \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [22] & Simulated annealing algorithm and hybrid hierarchy genetic algorithm (SA-HHGA) & To secure private data & Attained stable condition & Security was not guaranteed \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2018) [23] & Radio frequency identification (RFID) & Secure the lightweight and privacy data obtained in a smart city & Improved security & Attacker could be easily hacked without authorization \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2021) [24] & SDN-based intrusion detection & To protect lightweight protocols from anomalies & Improved performance & Processing was further performed after modifying \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [25] & Lightweight and anonymous mutual authentication scheme & To secure the unauthenticated usage of data from illegal access & High performances & Improve effectiveness and strength of security \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [26] & Shift cipher technique & Securing sensitive data & Improve security performance & decrypted data was easily hacked \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2015) [27] & Web service-based android application & Reduce the consumption of time while using the android application & Improved the bandwidth & Hacked information easily \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._regions, the battery replacement process becomes a complicated task. In this mechanism, the cluster member senses the data and transmits them to the CH. However, the WMSN is also subject to network hole issues which greatly affect the data transmission capability of network. Also, due to restricted resources such as network bandwidth, energy, and memory, the WMSN performance becomes extremely influenced. Therefore, to overcome these difficulties, the multipath routing mechanism is utilized.