## 7 Results and Discussion
The high density allows for a larger number of potential nodes, ensuring that disruptions caused by node mobility are quickly compensated by alternative routing paths. At lower node density, faster movement speed may cause a minor raise in energy expenditure as fewer adjacent nodes are available for routing and need frequency route recalculations. However, in higher density, this variation in energy consumption across different movement speeds becomes negligible as the network's ability to adapt to topology changes balances the potential energy cost. Figure 5c illustrates the total energy consumption as the node movement (0 m/s to 4 m/s) and node density varied. As node density increases, the total energy expenditure decreases. As node density rises, the proximity of neighboring nodes reduces the transmission distance, leading to lower energy utilization. This not only optimized energy efficiency but also enhances the reliability of the network by providing more alternative routing options, which helps to mitigate the risks associated with void areas. In lower node density, the void region forces nodes to send them over greater distances, which increases energy usage. However, higher node density reduces the possibility of encountering void holes, facilitating more energy-efficient routing. Furthermore, while node movement speed introduces some variation in energy consumption, its impact diminishes as node density increases. Figure 5d illustrates the packet delivery ratio as the node movement (0 m/s to 4 m/s) and node density varied. The PDR increases with the increase in the node movement as well as node density. As the node density increases, the network becomes more robust due to the higher availability of neighboring nodes. The greater node availability reduces the chances of void regions without node availability, which could lead to packet loss. Also, mobile nodes increase more routing opportunities as they move, increasing the possibility of maintaining connectivity and finding alternate routes around void nodes. This adaptability allows the network to adjust its routing paths in real time, enhancing the probability that packets will reach their destination successfully. Both the node density and movement contribute to the observed 100% reliability in the PDR. By selecting routes with higher node availability, movement, and optimal link quality, the network minimizes the chances of packet loss, ensuring reliable packet delivery. Figure 5e illustrates the network throughput as the node movement (0 m/s to 4 m/s) and node density varied. The graphical representation demonstrates a positive correlation between the NT and increased node density and movement speed. As node density increases, it improves the connectivity by reducing void regions and shortens the transmission distances, enhancing both energy efficiency and reliability. Additionally, moderate node movement (1 m/s to 3 m/s) provides more dynamic routing opportunities, which allow for adaptive path selection that mitigates void issues and maintains high reliability. At higher node movement speeds, with the NT elevated, the network stability can be compromised due to rapid topology changes. The combined effect of these factors highlights how void-aware, energy-efficient routing optimizes throughput while maintaining reliability in dynamic underwater environments. Figure 5f illustrates the number of dead nodes as the node movement (0 m/s to 4 m/s) and node density varied. As the node density increases, the number of dead nodes decreases significantly. This can be due to improved connectivity and reduced void regions. At higher node density (400 nodes to 500 nodes) and with increased node movement speeds, the network maintains stability due to an increased number of alternative paths, which mitigates the impact of topological changes caused by faster-moving nodes. Although faster node movement speeds can introduce instability, the higher node density compensates for it by ensuring continuous route availability, leading to minimal node failures.