## 3 Results
### Poultry Litter and Its Biochar on Available Plant Nutrients Concentration in the Soil  
Table 3 displays the macro and micro nutrients in the soil (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn). Macronutrients were significantly more available at high concentrations than micronutrients (Table 3) with Ca \(>\) Mg \(>\) K and P being the most abundant. The level of macronutrient in the soil increased as the application rate increased. The decreasing concentration order for micronutrients was Fe \(>\) Mn \(>\) Zn \(>\) Cu, with a significant statistical difference (\(p<\) 0.05) observed at different application rates (Table 3). Iron (Fe) concentrations increased even in alkaline soil pH when compared to other soil micronutrients. Furthermore, the combination of organic amendments resulted in a slight increase in nutrient concentration when compared to pure organic amendments.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ogamic Amembments**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Application Rate (g/kg)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**r**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**k**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Mg**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ca**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Zn**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Cu**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fe**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Mn**} \\ \cline{4-4} \cline{6-9}  & & & & & & & & (mg/kg) & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\(\Sigma\)} & 0 & 13.89 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 49.81 \(\pm\) 0.86 & 4.79 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 11.49 \(\pm\) 0.35 & 0.12 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 8.89 \(\pm\) 0.80 & 2.84 \(\pm\) 0.36 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 30 & 602 \(\pm\) 1.27 & 7.88 \(\pm\) 1.83 & 5.96 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 13.88 \(\pm\) 0.84 & 0.21 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.06 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 9.34 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 2.31 \(\pm\) 0.18 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 60 & 93.33 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 11.29 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 7.53 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 18.87 \(\pm\) 1.26 & 0.32 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 10.19 \(\pm\) 0.44 & 3.07 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 103 & 16.83 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 21.30 \(\pm\) 0.99 & 11.33 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 22.12 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 10.18 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 11.36 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 3.53 \(\pm\) 0.33 \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{\(\Sigma\)} & 0 & 13.13 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 4.34 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 4.30 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 11.44 \(\pm\) 0.22 & 0.04 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 8.91 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 2.59 \(\pm\) 0.34 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 15 & 2.97 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 4.48 \(\pm\) 0.34 & 5.37 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 12.68 \(\pm\) 0.30 & 0.10 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 10.51 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 2.96 \(\pm\) 0.36 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 30 & 4.32 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 7.35 \(\pm\) 0.25 & 5.16 \(\pm\) 0.18 & 14.11 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 0.17 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.05 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 11.28 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 3.19 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 60 & 7.24 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 12.98 \(\pm\) 1.29 & 7.87 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 19.48 \(\pm\) 0.33 & 0.25 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.09 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 12.28 \(\pm\) 0.74 & 4.23 \(\pm\) 0.33 \\ \cline{2-9}  & 129 & 12.51 \(\pm\) 0.37 & 20.67 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 10.32 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 24.93 \(\pm\) 0.38 & 0.23 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 0.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 13.41 \(\pm\) 0.54 & 4.21 \(\pm\) 0.18* \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Available plant nutrient concentrations in soils incorporated with different application rates of poultry litter and its biochar at harvest.  
Figure 2: Effects of poultry litter and its biochar on (**a**) Moisture content (%), (**b**) Water holding capacity (%) and (**c**) Bulk density (g/cm\({}^{3}\)) at different application rates of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 (g/kg). Graphs represent mean and standard error, \(n=3\).