### Carbon-Containing Functional Composites Based on Graphene  
The active interest in graphene is due to the search for new functional film (2D) materials and technologies based on them, aimed at cost-effective, large-scale production of electronic components and flexible electronics devices [25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30]. Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms tightly packed in a benzene ring structure. The graphene model is widely used to describe the properties of many carbon-based materials, including graphite, fullerenes, nanotubes, and others [30; 31; 32; 33]. An overview of graphene synthesis techniques is shown in the flow chart in Figure 2.  
Figure 1: Different forms of nanocarbon. It was noted [29] that the structure of graphene is responsible for its high specific surface area of -2630 m\({}^{2}\)/g and good electrical conductivity. The mobility of carriers in graphene films at room temperature, which is due to scattering by impurities or nanowaviness of the crystal, has a huge potential for growth and, according to experimental estimates, is limited by the value of 200,000 cm\({}^{2}\)/W\(\cdot\)s due to phonon scattering [30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35]. [PERSON]'s modulus or modulus of elasticity of monolayer graphene membranes is \(340\pm 50\) N/m or E = 1.0 \(\pm\) 0.1 TPa, and the tensile strength of defect-free graphene is determined as \(\sigma\) - 42 N/m. Despite its incredible strength, graphene is flexible and can be subjected to 20% deformation without the crystal lattice breaking [36]. For a suspended monolayer graphene \"particle\" obtained using mechanical separation, the thermal conductivity was about 5000 1/W K [37; 38]. For graphene, constant transparency (\(\sim\)97.7%) in the visible range and transmittance that linearly decreases with the number of layers for n-layer graphene were experimentally found [39]. Opacity increases with graphene thickness so that each graphene layer adds 2.3% [40; 41; 42; 43]. In [44], the authors were able to solve the problem of the instability of two-dimensional crystals and the isolation of graphene. In this work, the authors experimentally obtained graphene by the mechanical splitting of graphite and investigated its unique properties. The production of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) requires temperatures of about 3300 K, while the splitting onto a substrate is carried out at a temperature an order of magnitude lower than the growth temperature; therefore, two-dimensional graphene films are obtained stable [32; 45]. In addition, the large specific surface area of 2D materials motivates their use in surface-active applications such as catalysis and sensing. The atomic thickness and high anisotropy provide 2D materials with excellent mechanical flexibility and optical transparency, which provide great opportunities for the development of 2D materials-based opto-electronic devices and wearable flexible devices [46; 47]. It should be noted that during the synthesis of 2D materials, the formation of van der Waals heterostructures is assumed, in which different 2D layers with a strong covalent bond in the plane are transferred to each other, and in the vertical direction, the layers are held by rather weak van der Waals forces [39]. Nonlinear characteristics at room temperature make these structures interesting for practical applications. Since 2013 works began to appear on heterostructures using layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (NbSe\({}_{2}\), MoS\({}_{2}\), WS\({}_{2}\), WSe\({}_{2}\), TaS\({}_{2}\), etc.) [29; 48; 49] (Figure 3). At present, several types of such heterostructures have been created and studied,  
Figure 2: A process flow chart of Graphene synthesis [34]. and they have already shown a huge potential for the development of this direction [29]. A new version of the lateral transistor was proposed using a tunnel-transparent barrier built into a planar graphene channel [48,50,51].