# Application of Blockchain Technology in Emergency Management Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis
## 4 Results
### Research Hotspots and Evolution Trend Analysis
#### 4.6.4 In-Depth Analysis of Major Clusters  
As shown in Figure 7, the intellectual framework of this study is built upon seven major clusters, each representing a distinct thematic area. The intellectual core of the identified clusters was established through an analysis of the most frequently cited works and the major citing articles within each cluster. These core publications define the methodological foundations of each thematic area, while the major citing articles reflect the evolution and diversification of research approaches within the field. In this study, we provide a more detailed analysis of each cluster. The largest cluster (#0) has 48 members with a silhouette value of 0.843. The intellectual core of this cluster is built upon several seminal studies focusing on the management  
Figure 9: Top ten references with the strongest citation bursts. References cited in the figure: [61–70]. of personal health records through blockchain [61; 62; 64; 71; 72]. Notably, [PERSON] et al. [61] established a robust framework with their MedRec model, laying the groundwork for secure medical data access and permission management. Complementary contributions by [PERSON] et al. [62] and [PERSON] et al. [64] further advanced the integration of blockchain technologies into healthcare systems. Major citing articles such as those by [PERSON] et al. [73] and [PERSON] et al. [74] have diversified these approaches by systematically reviewing and extending the application of blockchain technologies to enhance healthcare resilience and emergency management. Cluster (#1), the second-largest cluster, consists of 40 members and has a high silhouette value of 0.956. This cluster examines the application of blockchain technology in the context of humanitarian supply chain management, emphasizing the potential of blockchain to overcome barriers and optimize logistics during emergencies and humanitarian crises. The key studies in this cluster explore a variety of approaches to utilizing blockchains to improve the efficiency, transparency, and security of supply chains. [PERSON] et al. discussed the role of blockchains in mitigating the challenges faced by humanitarian supply chains, highlighting the ability to enhance transparency and traceability in disaster relief operations [75]. [PERSON] et al. investigated the feasibility of implementing blockchains in various industries, including humanitarian logistics, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities of blockchain adoption in these contexts [76]. In [77; 78], the authors addressed the impact of blockchain technology on risk management in supply chains, particularly in the digital transformation era. [PERSON] et al. proposed a blockchain-enabled framework for sharing logistics resources during emergency operations while facilitating faster and more efficient response times [79]. The most cited works within this group include [PERSON]'s study [80] on the role of blockchains in improving supply chain performance, [PERSON]'s research [81] focusing on sustainable supply chain management, [PERSON] et al. 's work [82] on the barriers and benefits of blockchain technology in supply chains, and [PERSON]'s study [83] on the role of blockchains in supply chain transparency. These contributions collectively underscore the growing recognition of the potential of blockchain technology to transform humanitarian logistics by improving the effectiveness of supply chain management, ensuring greater resource efficiency, and facilitating faster and more transparent responses during crises. Cluster (#2), the third-largest cluster, comprises 32 members with a silhouette value of 0.904, reflecting strong cohesion and relevance within its field. This cluster is primarily focused on the integration of blockchain technology to enhance patient-centered healthcare, with a specific emphasis on improving the patient journey. This cluster particularly emerges in the context of emergency medicine and healthcare management during the COVID-19 pandemic.