## 3 Results and Discussion
rhamnosus_ in all the powders was greater than 6 log CFU/g, and counts were higher than the levels recommended by the FAO/WHO [20] for probiotics to provide well-being and provide the consumer with health benefits. Furthermore, the highest viability of _L. rhamnosus_ (9.26 log CFU/g) was obtained in powders with 0.6% (w/v) of CM and 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C of inlet air temperature, counts higher than the levels required by the Italian Ministry of Health and Health Canada of the Government of Canada (9 log CFU) [60]. The effects of storage under refrigeration conditions (4 \({}^{\circ}\)C) on the viability of _L. rhamnosus_ encapsulated after 80 and 250 days are shown in Table 4. The count after 80 days varied from 6.39 to 9.12 log CFU/g, while after 250 days, it varied between 6.30 and 9.07 log CFU/g. Therefore, all the treatments showed counts higher than 6 log CFU/g, the minimum count recommended to offer consumer health benefits [20]. After 80 days of refrigerated storage, the viability of _L. rhamnosus_ was significantly (\(p<0.001\)) higher in the powders with 0.6% (w/v) of CM and dried at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C. On the other hand, after 250 days of storage at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C, the viability was significantly (\(p<0.001\)) higher in powders with 0.3 and 0.6% (w/v) dried at 90 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**T \({}^{\circ}\)C**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Composition ES (\% w/v)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Viability (log CFU/g)**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **MD \({}^{\ddagger}\)** & **CM \({}^{\ddagger}\)** & **Day 80** & **Day 250** \\ \hline
**90** & 15 & 0 & 7.82 \(\pm\) 0.25 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) & 7.77 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\rm{b}}\) \\  & 14.7 & 0.3 & 8.76 \(\pm\) 0.05 \({}^{\rm{ab}}\) & 8.72 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\rm{a}}\) \\  & 14.4 & 0.6 & 9.12 \(\pm\) 0.11 \({}^{\rm{a}}\) & 9.07 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\rm{a}}\) \\ \hline
**110** & 15 & 0 & 7.63 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) & 7.43 \(\pm\) 0.28 \({}^{\rm{b}}\) \\  & 14.7 & 0.3 & 7.51 \(\pm\) 0.33 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) & 7.29 \(\pm\) 0.26 \({}^{\rm{b}}\) \\  & 14.4 & 0.6 & 8.02 \(\pm\) 0.24 \({}^{\rm{b}}\) & 7.67 \(\pm\) 0.04 \({}^{\rm{b}}\) \\ \hline
**130** & 15 & 0 & 6.39 \(\pm\) 0.14 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) & 6.33 \(\pm\) 0.17 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) \\  & 14.7 & 0.3 & 6.48 \(\pm\) 0.24 \({}^{\rm{de}}\) & 6.60 \(\pm\) 0.12 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) \\  & 14.4 & 0.6 & 7.29 \(\pm\) 0.16 \({}^{\rm{cd}}\) & 6.30 \(\pm\) 0.10 \({}^{\rm{c}}\) \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\dagger}\) MD: Maltodextrin; CM: Chia seed nuclage. Different letters in the same column indicate significant differences by [PERSON]’s one-way analysis of variance (\(p<0.05\)).  
\end{table} 
Table 4: Effect of the encapsulating solution (ES) composition and drying inlet air temperature (T) in spray drying on viability of _L. rhamnosus_ after 80 and 250 days of storage at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Factors**} & **DF \({}^{\rm{a}}\)** & **Mean Square** & **F\({}_{\rm{exp}}\)**\({}^{\rm{b}}\)** & \(p\) \(>\) F** \\ \hline INL & 1 & 12.40 & 1.95 & 0.2211 \\ T & 1 & 895.19 & 140.99 & \(<\)0.0001 \\ INL\({}^{2}\) & 1 & 114.07 & 17.97 & 0.0082 \\ T\({}^{2}\) & 1 & 34.70 & 5.46 & 0.0666 \\ INL\(\times\) T & 1 & 25.07 & 3.95 & 0.1037 \\ \hline CM & 1 & 39.49 & 6.78 & 0.0314 \\ T & 1 & 811.03 & 139.28 & \(<\)0.0001 \\ \hline FM & 1 & 44.55 & 2.97 & 0.1233 \\ T & 1 & 645.01 & 42.95 & 0.0002 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\rm{a}}\) DF = Degree of freedom. \({}^{\rm{b}}\) F\({}_{\rm{exp}}\) = Fisher ratio. Test for comparing model variance with residual variance.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of ANOVA for the overall effects of chia seed nuclage (CM), flaxseed nuclage (FM), or inulin (INL) concentration in the encapsulating solution and drying inlet air temperature (T) on the survival of the _L. rhamnosus_ after spray drying. values show the production spray-dried powders with good manipulation characteristics, stable due to the lower amount of water available for chemical reactions, probiotics viability, and stability of the product during storage, among others.