# A Methodological Approach for the Smartification of a University Campus: The Smart ESI Use Case
## 4 Smart ESI: A New Model of School
### System Architecture
#### 4.3.1 Physical Layer: Sensors and Actuators  
At the moment of writing these lines, we have deployed a total of 59 devices, with sensing/action and communication capabilities, on the ESI campus in order to monitor the comfort of classrooms, lecture halls and laboratories, parking space occupancy, weather and energy expenditure. For incident management, we used a total of 28 NFC tags that were recorded with the appropriate information and deployed in the classrooms of Module B. Table 3 shows the total number of devices. We define three separate networks for supporting the operation of the devices in Table 3: LoRa, WiFi and 3G network, whose details are described next. The LoRa network is composed by LoRa devices and the LoRaWAN Gateway UG67 of Milesight LoRaWAN Gateway UG67 ([[https://www.milesight-iot.com/lorawan/gateway/ug67](https://www.milesight-iot.com/lorawan/gateway/ug67)]([https://www.milesight-iot.com/lorawan/gateway/ug67](https://www.milesight-iot.com/lorawan/gateway/ug67)), accessed on 8 October 2023), which is located on the false ceiling on the ground floor of the Fermin Caballero building. Some sensors need to be activated and minimally configured (e.g., transmission period, activation type) through an _app_ provided by the manufacturer that connects to the device generally via NFC. Most of the LoRa sensors are equipped with power supplies that, according to the manufacturer, provide lifetimes very \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c l c c} \hline \hline \# & **S/A** & **Model** & **Parameters** & **Net** & **Loc** \\ \hline
4 & S & Elsys ER2 \(CO_{2}\) & Temp., Humidity, \(CO_{2}\), Light, Movement, Batt. & LoRa & B \\
4 & S & Bosch Parking & Car occupation & LoRa & O \\
1 & S & MCF- & Temp., Humidity, Pressure, PM1, PM2.5, PM10, Batt. & LoRa & O \\  & & LW12 TERPM & & & \\
1 & S & Parametric PCR2 & People flow counter: LTR, RTL & LoRa & F \\
14 & S & Shelly Plus H\&T & Temp., Humidity, Batt. & WiFi & F \\
4 & A & Shelly TRV & Temp. & WiFi & F \\
28 & S & NFC tags & Room, Alert, Object, User & NFC+WFi & B \\
3 & S & S Patel Datalogger & Energy consumption, Power, Current, Voltage & 3G & F \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Summary of devices deployed on Smart ESI campus. Legend: S: Sensor; A: Actuator. LTR: Left to Right; RTL: Right to Left. Loc: Location: F: Fermin Caballero Building; B: Module B; O: Outdoor. Figure 4: Overall Architecture of the Smart ESI case use. long (around several years). The weather station, installed on the roof of a building, is also equipped with a solar panel to recharge its batteries. For security reasons, prior to deployment, LoRa devices are connected to the gateway via their DevEUI and AppKey identifiers, to ensure that only the registered devices will be able to transmit data to the network. LoRa devices transmit periodically data towards the gateway in one only hop, covering distances not larger than 200 m. The data transmitted are received by the gateway, which acts as a LoRa/IP gateway by retransmitting all data towards an IP server that is located within the data center in our school. We did not detect packet losses in this network due to the low traffic generated and the fact that the devices used a low duty cycle (DC), in compliance with the ETSI EN300.220 standard, which states that a DC can range from 0.1% to 10% in each subband. The WiFi network. On the other hand, the WiFi devices were connected to a wireless network separated from the one usually used for teaching and research. This network was specifically designed by UCLM-TIC services for IoT connection devices purposes. To ensure complete coverage throughout the campus and for security reasons, the technical services of the UCLM enabled this network as a virtual network in each access point (AP) and defined an appropriate IP address block from which to assign addresses to WiFi devices requesting connection. Thus, the data transmitted by the WiFi devices achieves the paired AP, which forwards the data to the IP server, possibly in more than one hop. 3G network.