esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A 200-MS/s 10-Bit SAR ADC Applied in WLAN Systems
## 2 ADC Architecture and Considerations
### In Terms of Speed  
In this design, the sampling time can be optimized at various sampling rates by adjusting the duty cycle through the clock generation circuit. This provides more time for the SA phase. During the SA phase, the speed limit of each bit conversion cycle is usually determined by the delay in the data path. The data paths in each bit conversion cycle, as shown in the red part of Figure 6, mainly include \(T_{comp}\), \(T_{sat}\), and \(T_{set}\).  
\(T_{comp}\) represents the decision time of the comparator, \(T_{sat}\) represents the delay of the SAR logic, and \(T_{set}\) represents the time required for the VIP and VIN voltages at the comparator input to be established to the required accuracy. To shorten the corresponding delays, this design has been optimized for high-speed timing in several aspects.  
Figure 4: Voltage jumping during the 4-reference voltage scheme.  
Figure 5: Kickback noise affects RVB and driving stages.  
Figure 6: Data path during the SA phase.  
Firstly, the optimization of \(T_{set}\) is crucial in the high-speed design. Reducing the settling time means enlarging the possibility of settling error, and the redundancy scheme [20] can be used to tolerate a certain range of settling error during bit-cycling. Additionally, redundancy techniques can also mitigate decision errors that may occur during the comparison process. This paper proposes a binary-scaled recombination redundancy scheme based on the 4-reference voltage scheme. Furthermore, to meet the requirements of fast response for the reference voltage, a high-speed on-chip RVB is proposed.  
Additionally, in order to further reduce the delay in the data path, this design employs dynamic SAR logic based on a window-opening strategy. This approach allows the comparator results to be directly transmitted to the control signals of CDAC, greatly reducing the \(T_{sur}\) in the data path.  
Moreover, to speed up the comparator, a monotonic switching procedure is adopted in this work. Specifically, the output common mode voltage of the CDAC decreases as the bit cycling progresses to the least significant bit (LSB), which increases the comparator's transconductance (gm) when using a p-type input pair.
## 4 Multiplexing
### Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
Results prove that buffering in the physical layer allows the system to have more robust performance in terms of the Outage Probability (OP), error rate, and ergodic capacity. Moreover, the proposed MIMO system grants many users with low complexity. [PERSON] et al. [111], interrogate an asymmetric dual-hop RF/FSO system that utilizes a DF relay. Each link takes the advantage of MIMO technology in the relay node to compensate for the loss due to the fading. The relay transforms the electrical signals received by the RF antennas into optical signals using SIM to be transmitted over the FSO link. However, each link has a different number of antennas to focus on the performance of the diversity multiplexing. FSO link has photo aperture transmitters that adopt repetition coding and photodetectors receivers that occupy an equal gain combining scheme. In addition, OP, Bit Error Rate (BER), and average ergodic capacity are calculated to evaluate the performance and stability of the system. This model has excellent characteristics such as magnificent error performance, high energy efficiency, and robustness. This project is an excellent solution for future large-capacity and high-speed communication systems. [PERSON] et al. [112], enhance the capacity of hybrid FSO/RF that utilizes orbital angular momentum (OAM) based on MIMO/spatial mode multiplexing (SMM) using M-ary MPPM and spatial PPM (SPPM). The results highlight new advances using OAM multiplexing that supports the high capacity for FSO and RF communication systems. The authors advance the MPPM by using the source Gaussian model and SMM by coming up with a new form of hybrid SPPM and MPPM that reduces the BER and complexity of the system. Moreover,  
Figure 3: Mixed RF and hybrid RF/FSO relay network model. Figure 2: Hybrid DF multi-hop RF/MIMO FSO network with multiple optical sources and multiple optical detectors. they use SMM with OAM-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with MIMO scheme under weak and strong weather conditions. In addition, the numerical results confirm that the OAM-based MIMO surpasses the conventional MIMO communication systems with a long-distance between sender and receiver. Furthermore, transmitter lenses boost the OAM beams with bigger mode spacing and decrease power loss and power penalty. This project maintains perfect SNR under strong weather turbulence. The authors confirm that the SPPM and MPPM using MIMO scheme decreases BER and the complexity of the spatial mode multiplexing. In addition, MPPM boosts the capacity and data transmission of RF/FSO link. Moreover, power penalties can be improved by using OAM based on MIMO system.
# Intelligent Identification of Trend Components in Singular Spectrum Analysis
## 5 Justification of EOSSA
### Methods of Constructing the Basis  
Let us describe two ways of choosing a basis in step 5 of Algorithm 2.  
The first way is the simplest, the columns of the matrix \(\mathbf{T}[G_{j}]\) are chosen as the basis. In this case, the basis is complex, but this is not a problem, since the resulting time series will be real due to the inclusion of the conjugate pairs of roots in the same group. In this case, step 7 can be written as \(\mathsf{Y}^{(j)}=\mathcal{T}^{-1}\circ(\boldsymbol{\Phi}\mathbf{\Psi}^{ \mathrm{T}})[G_{j}]\), i.e., clustering and decomposition are permutable.  
In the second way, the leading \(|G_{j}|\) left singular vectors of the SVD of the matrix \([\mathsf{Re}(\mathbf{T}[G_{j}]):\mathsf{Im}(\mathbf{T}[G_{j}])]\) are chosen as the basis. In this case, the real-valued basis is found at once, and the matrix \(\widetilde{\mathbf{T}}\) becomes block-diagonal with orthogonal matrix blocks. Note that formally, the algorithm result does not depend on the choice of basis. However, the numerical stability can differ.
# Electrification in Maritime Vessels: Reviewing Storage Solutions and Long-Term Energy Management
## 2 Electrification of Marine Vessels
### Artificial Intelligence and Applications in Marine Vessels
#### 2.5.3 ML-Based Approaches
Furthermore, AI-based heuristics are applied to solve large-scale, complex LP problems encountered in EMSs and BMSs, such as optimizing power distribution across multiple subsystems or managing battery charging cycles. These heuristics avoid the exhaustive search methods required in traditional LP techniques, improving efficiency for real-time decision making. This approach is particularly crucial in naval environments, where balancing mission-critical systems, fuel consumption, and environmental impact is essential. Integrating AI with LP in EMSs and BMSs overcomesthe limitations of traditional optimization methods. These advanced techniques provide flexible and scalable solutions, optimizing energy use while meeting constraints related to non-linearity, battery performance, and operational requirements. In naval vessels, this results in improved energy management, enhanced mission readiness, extended battery life, and reduced environmental impact, contributing to more sustainable and efficient naval operations [100].
# PreNNsem: A Heterogeneous Ensemble Learning Framework for Vulnerability Detection in Software
## 4 Experiments and Results
### Comparative Analysis  
We compared our best experimental results with those of state-of-the-art methods in order to verify the performance of the proposed method. We chose open-source static analysis tool Flawfinder [2], commercial static analysis tool Checkmarx [17], vulnerable code clone detection tool VUDDY [50], and academic deep learning methods VulDeePecker [13], DeepSim [32], and VulSniper [29]. Our three reasons for selecting these were: (1) these tools represent the state-of-the-art static analyses for vulnerability detection; (2) they directly operate on the source code; and, (3) they were available to us. Flawfinder and Checkmarx represent manual methods based on static analysis. VUDDY is suitable for detecting vulnerabilities incurred by code cloning. VulDeePecker, DeepSim, and VulSnipper use deep learning to analyze source code. All of the results in Table 7 are based on the CWE-119 dataset. The results of Checkmarx and VulDeePecker were obtained from [13]. The results of DeepSim and VulSniper were obtained from [29].  
Our method outperformed the state-of-the-art methods. Because these traditional tools depend on the rule base, they incurred high FR (FPR and FNR) and lower precision, recall, and F1. VulDeePecker was found to be better than the other tools, with a precision of 91.7%. However, VulDeePecker's recall rate was low, only 82.0%, because it does not expand the corpus during the word embedding phase. DeepSim and VulSnipper extract features from the intermediate code, which loses some of the information. Accordingly, both precision and recall do not work well. Our method automatically extracts vulnerability features directly from the slice source code and does not rely on the rule library. In the word embedding phase, we expand the corpus to obtain richer semantics. Therefore, we improved vulnerability detection capabilities. When compared to VulDeePecker, we improved FPR by 1.4%, FNR by 10%, pPrecision by 3.7%, recall by 9.9%, and F1 by 7%.
# Experimental Study on a Granular Material-Filled Lining in a High Ground-Stress Soft-Rock Tunnel
## 4 Study of the Mechanical Properties of Different Filling Materials
### Energy Transformation of the Granular Material Filling Lining  
After tunnel excavation, stress is redistributed. Relevant scholars [43] have studied energy transformation in tunnel excavation. Equations (9) and (10) describe the law of energy transformation in tunnel excavation:  
\[W_{c}+U_{m}=U_{c}+W_{n}+W_{f}+W_{r} \tag{9}\]  
\[U_{c}+W_{n}+W_{f}+W_{r}\approx\textit{constant} \tag{10}\]  
where \(W_{c}\) is the work done by the internal stress of the rock mass during excavation; \(U_{m}\) is the strain energy released by the excavation of the rock mass; \(U_{c}\) is the elastic energy reaccumulated by the rock mass after tunnel excavation; \(W_{n}\) is a part of the inelastic energy of the loss of viscosity, plasticity and brittle fracture of the surrounding rock; \(W_{f}\) is the energy absorbed by the lining support structure; and \(W_{r}\) is the elastic energy lost during tunnel excavation.  
According to Equation (9), overall tunnel safety can be improved by improving \(W_{f}\). The granular material filling lining is designed based on this idea, as shown in Equations (11) and (12).  
\[W_{f}=W_{fe}+W_{fc} \tag{11}\]  
\[W_{f}^{\prime}=W_{fe}+W_{fe}^{\prime}+W_{collad} \tag{12}\]  
Equation (11) is the energy \(W_{f}\) absorbed by the traditional supporting structure. The energy absorbed by the lining structure comprises elastic energy \(W_{fe}\) and plastic energy \(W_{fc}\) (as shown in Figure 25a). Equation (13) represents the energy \(W_{f}^{\prime}\) absorbed by the support structure of the granular material filling the lining. This consists of the elastic energy \(W_{fe}\) of the lining structure, the elastic energy \(W_{fe}^{\prime}\) of the filling material, the plastic energy \(W_{fc}^{\prime}\) of the filling material, and the energy released \(W_{unload}\) by the granular material (as shown in Figure 25b). The lining structure does not produce plastic strain energy \(W_{fc}\).
# Effect of Aging and Moisture Damage on Fatigue Cracking Properties in Asphalt Mixtures
## 1 Introduction
It demonstrates that the number of potholes is more closely correlated to the number of days that saw precipitation than to the average annual precipitation. In other words, more rainy days are likelier to result in greater numbers of potholes. Figure 1: The amount of precipitation and the number of days that saw precipitation compared to the number of potholes [14]. In this study, an experimental procedure to study the moisture damage and damage properties of asphalt pavements considering the recent precipitation properties, deterioration of road pavement, and changes in traffic conditions in South Korea was developed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect and contribution of moisture damage properties and fatigue cracking according to the degree of aging in asphalt pavements. An evaluation of the effect on the material properties of the aged asphalt mixture due to moisture damage was evaluated with a focus on fatigue cracks, which is a form of asphalt pavement failure, at room temperature. Furthermore, to understand the effect of moisture damage of asphalt mixture due to aging on the material and fatigue cracking properties, dynamic modulus and direct tensile cyclic load tests were performed on hot mix asphalt (HMA) and warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures generally used in South Korea.
## 4 Discussion
### Validation of Meteorological Interpolation Data
Figure 14: Comparison and verification of interpolation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) data of relative humidity for selected Köppen-Geiger classifications (**a**) BWk, (**b**) ET, (**c**) BSk, (**d**) Cfa, (**e**) Dwa, (**f**) Cwa, (**g**) Dwb, and (**h**) across China (see Table 3 for explanations of the abbreviations). Figure 13: Comparison and verification of interpolation data and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) data of precipitation for selected Köppen-Geiger classifications (**a**) BWk, (**b**) ET, (**c**) BSk, (**d**) Cfa, (**e**) Dwa, (**f**) Cwa, (**g**) Dwb, and (**h**) across China (see Table 3 for explanations of the abbreviations). As for the changing trend of vegetation GPP, we observed a significant upward trend in most parts of China. This phenomenon may be caused by several factors, such as atmospheric-CO\({}_{2}\) fertilization effects, the increase in temperature, and solar radiation [60; 61]. In addition, ecological restoration measures, such as the implementation of the Grain for Green Project, also play a vital role [62]. However, studies have shown that the increase in forest cover may lead to a decrease in soil moisture, which in turn may have negative impacts on plant growth and water resources [63]. The regions with a decreasing trend of GPP are mainly concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with the trend being more obvious in spring and winter. This may be due to drought events caused by low rainfall. Water availability is the most important factor influencing GPP changes in this region [64].
## 2 System Architecture  
For this paper, we constructed the basic architecture of a UWOC system, as shown in Figure 1. At first, the bit error rate test set (BERT) (Anwayer V8, up to 1.5 Gbps data rate)was used to generate NRZ-OOK with PRBS of 7, 24, or 31 formats to measure the signal difference at lower speed and higher speed than 1.5 Gbps. Then, we modulated the 450 nm blue light laser (OSRAM, PL450B) via the Bias Tee (ZZX85-12G-S+). The laser had a peak output power of 80 mW and reached a peak wavelength of 450 nm at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The current source (ILX Lightwave LDC3722) was operated at 80 mW to reach the optimal 450 nm blue light source. A collimating lens was used to focus the laser beam and then passed through the 1.5 m length water tank with a width of 0.3 m and a height of 0.3 m, respectively. A Fresnel lens was used to focus the beam, and polarizers were used to improve the system performance. A photodetector (Menlo, APD 210) with a high bandwidth up to 1000 MHz and responsivity of 5A/W at the central wavelength of 450 nm was used. Finally, the optically converted electronic signal was sent to the BERT for system performance evaluation. Mirrors were used to multiple reflect the laser to extend the total transmission length by made the laser light reflected back and forth in the water tank.
## 4 MSCT Topology  
In this section, we present our improved cluster-tree topology based on the minimum spanning tree. We call our topology the minimum spanning cluster-tree (MST). Basically, as discussed in the previous sections, the typical cluster tree is based on the association-request and association-response sent between the node and the coordinator; the coordinator then decides which position has to be attributed to the requesting sensor node. This position depends more on the timing of association-request; the network is created progressively with its expansion. In the MSCT topology, the process of network creation is totally different. We explain in this section how the topology is created in our system.
# Non-Thermal Methods for Ensuring the Microbiological Quality and Safety of Seafood
## 5 Pulsed Electric Fields--PEF
### Microbiological Quality and Safety  
In contrast with NTAP, which is mainly used on solid food [7], PEF is preferred to treat liquid food [173]. Still, it remains an effective method for the inactivation of various microorganisms such as foodborne pathogenic bacteria, commonly contaminating fish and seafood products [174]. The inadequate effect of PEF treatment on solid food matrices can be the main reason for the limited number of studies investigating the antimicrobial effect of PEF on fish and seafood products. To our knowledge, there are only two studies on fish and seafood products where the authors investigated the efficacy of PEF to decrease microbial growth.  
In the first study, contacted in 2001 by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [175], they found that the total bacteria counts of fresh lumpfish (_Cycloptera lumpus_) rose reduced by 1 log\({}_{10}\) cycle when treated with PEF at 11 kV/cm and 12 pulses. However, the sequential exposure of the lumpfish roes at 13 kV/cm and 200 MPa doubled the bacterial reduction (2 log\({}_{10}\) cycles), exhibiting the potential impact of using HHP to increase the antimicrobial effect of PEF treatment in fresh seafood products in such low intensities. When PEF treatment is used alone, it needs to rise above 13 kV/cm to be effective against most microorganisms. In a recent study, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [176] tested the effect of PEF in the microbiological changes in Pacific white shrimp (_L. vannanei_), a very popular crustacean. The shrimps were stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 10 days and were treated every two days with PEF at different densities (54-483 kJ/kg) and pulse numbers (200-600). Those included PEF-T1 (5 kV/cm, 200 pulses), PEF-T2 (10 kV/cm, 400 pulses), and PEF-T3 (15 kV/cm, 600 pulses) with the PEF specific energy of 54, 214, and 483 kJ/kg, respectively. The shrimps treated with PEF at the highest level (PEF-T3) (483 kJ/kg, 600 pulses) had the lowest bacterial load of 4.58 log CFU/g at the end of the storage period. Similarly, PEF-T3-treated shrimps had the lowest psychotropic bacterial counts after 10 days of storage at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The authors concluded that PEF could be an effective method to inhibit the psychrophilic bacteria, which are the main cause of shrimp spoilage during refrigeration storage [177; 178].
# Usefulness of OSM and BDOT10k Data for Developing Tactile Maps of Historic Parks
###### Abstract  
A map, being a scaled-down image of a fragment of the Earth, reflects the actual relationships between objects in a way that allows for comprehensive exploration of large areas. In particular, a map is an ideal tool for exploring the layout of historic parks, as it shows their character according to their style. Depending on the style of the parks, their maps will differ in terms of the appropriate selection of the scope of content and the system of cartographic signs. Nowadays, distribution maps of parks for the visually impaired are increasingly popular. Depending on the purpose of a map, it is essential to obtain the relevant spatial data before creating it. Spatial data are also important to convey knowledge about the form of the given park and its function, elements, small garden architecture, plant compositions, and garden arrangements. The purpose of this study is to assess the usefulness of OSM (OpenStreetMap) and BDOT10k (the Topographic Objects Database) data for the development of tactile maps of historic parks, with five garden styles. Data features, such as accessibility of spatial objects and descriptive attributes, including names that allow identification of the object type or completeness of object occurrence, were taken into consideration. The assessment was conducted for three levels of map detail and separately for each garden style. The results showed that almost half of the tactile maps' content items could be taken from BDOT10k or OSM. The Data Usefulness Index (DUI) confirmed a slight advantage of BDOT10k, taking almost the same values as OSM (0.49:0.48 at the first level of map detail and 0.40:0.38 at the second level of map detail). Complementing information on park objects obtained from OSM and BDOT10k data with data from orthophotomaps or field measurements makes it possible to develop maps that convey information about the composition of a park as a whole and about the cultural assets that blind or visually impaired people have not yet been able to fully experience in a direct way.  
data visualisation; OSM; BDOT10k; tactile maps; garden styles; historic parks 2022
## 1 Introduction
These simulators provide a high-level interface in which the behavior of the lower layers must be defined _ad hoc_ since the protocols do no work in real-time but in an event-driven manner. Therefore, this approach limits the capacity of testing real-world MAC and PHY implementations. On the other hand, _software-in-loop_ is a paradigm in which a piece of software can be tested within a controlled environment respecting its timing structure. In this work, a _software-in-loop_ system capable of simulating the real-time operation of an EM-UWSN based on a STANAG 5066 communications stack is presented. This STANAG 5066 stack is embedded into the development of an actual underwater sensor node, framed within the Spanish Research Administration project HERAKLES. This project has two main objectives. On the one hand, it aims to study the propagation of EM signals in underwater environments, both theoretically and experimentally. On the other hand, it proposes the development of a Multiple Input Node Interface for Offshore Networking (MINION) as the building block of an UWSN. Figure 1 depicts the actual design of the underwater node. This paper focuses on the development of a _software-in-loop_ platform capable of simulating the behavior of an underwater network of MINIONs, which uses a real-implementation of the STANAG 5066 stack. Figure 1: HERAKLES’ MINION device block diagram. With the final objective of embedding the developed STANAG 5066 stack into a real UWSN deployment, a simulator capable of handling the communication of 20 virtual nodes simultaneously was implemented. This simulator allows the execution of the software that will be actually running inside each MINION, without any modification. Unlike other simulation schemes such as discrete event processing, in which framework-specific implementations of STANAG 5066 would have been needed, the proposed scheme is characterized by the complete reuse of the developed software. This paper is structured as follows--Section 2 provides a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art solutions regarding UWSN simulation. Section 3 introduces the NATO STANAG 5066 protocol and describes its particularities. The electromagnetic underwater propagation model considered in this paper is presented in Section 4. The _software-in-loop_ system developed in this work is in-depth presented in Section 5. The methodology used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed _software-in-loop_ approach, and the obtained experimental results are presented in Sections 6 and 7 respectively. Finally, the results are in-depth discussed in Section 8, and some conclusions are extracted in Section 9.