# Dynamics of Changes in Climate Zones and Building Energy Demand. A Case Study in Spain
###### Abstract  
In the current context of the climate crisis, it is essential to design buildings that can cope with climate dynamics throughout their life cycle. It will ensure the development of sustainable and resilient building stock. Thus, this study's primary objective has been to demonstrate that the current climatic zones for buildings in peninsular Spain do not represent the current climatic reality and are not adapted to climate change and the impact on the energy demand of buildings. For this reason, the climatic zones of 7967 peninsular cities have been updated and adapted to the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios by using the data measured in 77 meteorological reference stations. The results obtained have shown that in more than 80% of the cities, buildings are designed and constructed according to an obsolete climatic classification that does not take into account the current or future climatic reality, which will significantly affect the thermal performance of a building and highlights the need to review the climatic zoning in the country. The results obtained can be extrapolated to other regions. The methodology defined in this work can be used as a reference, thus making an essential scientific contribution in reflecting on current capacities and the possibilities of improving the building stock. climate zone; climate change; building; energy demand; building resilience +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
RCP 4.5. An intermediate stabilization pathway in which RF is stabilized at approximately 4.5 W/m\({}^{2}\) after 2100. It will be necessary to limit emissions through increased use of electricity, lower-emission energies, CO\({}_{2}\) capture technologies, and geological storage. The area of forests is also expected to increase for this scenario, compared to the current state. Furthermore, CO\({}_{2}\) emissions from energy and industrial sources are expected to increase until 2040 and then decrease to the prescribed atmospheric CO\({}_{2}\) concentration of 538 ppm in 2100. At the same time, by 2081-2100, the global mean surface temperature will increase by 1.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C (likely range 1.1 to 2.6 \({}^{\circ}\)C) compared to 1986-2005 climate period [5; 6]. RCP 8.5. During the 21 st century, RF will grow steadily and reach 8.5 W/m\({}^{2}\) in 2100. Very high GHG emissions characterize the scenario. RCP 8.5 combines the assumptions of a steady increase in the global population, a moderate rate of technological change, and energy intensity improvements. In the long term, this leads to high energy demand and GHG emissions in the absence of a climate change policy. The prescribed CO\({}_{2}\) concentration is 936 ppm in 2100. At the same time, by 2081-2100, the global mean surface temperature will increase by 3.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C (likely range 2.6 to 4.8 \({}^{\circ}\)C) compared to 1986-2005 [7; 8]. Consequently, in the future, the temperature increase will determine the setting of new energy budgets; indeed, climate change is transforming buildings and cities' energy performance [8; 9]. Thus, numerous studies show that it is essential to take climate dynamism into account in the building design phase; otherwise, the estimated energy demand (ED) could triple [9; 10; 11; 12]. For example, [PERSON] et al. 2006 [13], showed how global warming's impact increases the cooling energy demand of buildings. In the study by [PERSON] et al. 2014 [14], a simplified building dynamic model, based on the electrical analogy, was developed and implemented in a Matlab/Simulink environment in order to perform several analyses on heating (H) and cooling (C) energy demand in a wide range of climatic conditions. [PERSON] et al. 2020 [6] showed the effects of climate change on variations in climatic zones and heating energy consumption of residential buildings in southern Chile under different climate change scenarios. Thus, in the general context of global warming, in cold regions, the intensity of energy consumption reduction will be greater than the intensity of increase in cooling energy consumption [15; 16].