## 3 Results and Discussions
### Fresh State and Rheological Characteristics
#### 3.1.1 Slump Flow, Viscosity and Setting Times  
The slump flow and viscosity were measured simultaneously at the same specified time intervals (0, 30 and 60 min) of post mixing to observe their relationship to time. The slump flow diameter measurements at a specified time were normalized by dividing the flow diameter at a specified time 't' (D\({}_{\text{T}}\)) by the initial slump flow diameter (D\({}_{0}\)) at 0 min of post mixing (t\({}_{0}\)) to determine the normalized slump flow spread (D\({}_{\text{N}}\)). Additionally, the same kind of normalization was adopted for viscosity values to observe the relative viscosity (\(\upmu_{\text{N}}\)) with time. This normalization allowed making the relative comparison of slump flow and viscosity of different AAMs. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Mix-ID**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Slump Flow (mm) with**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Relative Slump (T) with**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Viscosity (Pa,s) with Time**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Vield Stress**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Shear**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Setting Time (min.)**} \\  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Time (min)**} & & & & & & & **(min)** & & **Modulus (Pa)** & **Initial** & **Final** \\ \cline{2-11}  & **0** & **30** & **60** & **0** & **30** & **60** & **0** & **30** & **60** & **30** & **60** & **30** \\ \hline FFCM & 480 & 500 & 490 & 22.0 & 24.0 & 23.0 & 1.8 & - & - & 6.6 & 9.5 & 474 & 522 \\ \hline CSM1 & 200 & 105 & 100 & 3.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 64.7 & 92.2 & 120.1 & 160.8 & 300.1 & 216 & 248 \\ \hline CSM1N & 150 & 105 & 100 & 1.2 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 99.8 & 123.1 & 133.0 & 129.8 & 373.4 & 225 & 250 \\ \hline CSM2 & 250 & 180 & 130 & 5.2 & 2.2 & 0.7 & 30.2 & 32.7 & 34.8 & 62.2 & 129.4 & 311 & 369 \\ \hline CSM2 & 230 & 170 & 140 & 4.3 & 1.9 & 1.0 & 48.3 & 56.0 & 69.1 & 102.6 & 383.9 & 277 & 345 \\ \hline CFSM1 & 245 & 105 & 100 & 5.0 & 0.1 & 0.0 & 36.7 & 151.3 & 120.6 & 77.4 & 250.9 & 145 & 230 \\ \hline CFSM1N & 235 & 100 & 100 & 4.5 & 0.0 & 0.0 & 73.2 & 149.8 & - & 65.4 & 163.9 & 122 & 215 \\ \hline CFSM2 & 300 & 290 & 170 & 8.0 & 7.4 & 1.9 & 12.7 & 26.9 & 22.0 & 54.4 & 128.0 & 458 & 483 \\ \hline CFSM2N & 290 & 300 & 175 & 7.4 & 8.0 & 2.1 & 18.6 & 30.7 & 33.0 & 51.2 & 123.0 & 438 & 472 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Fresh state and rheological characteristics of alkali-activated and cement mortars. The slump flow spread, relative slump and viscosity of AAM mixes varied from 150 to 300 mm, 1.2 to 8.0 and 12.7 to 99.8 Pa.s, respectively, at 0 min post-mixing (Table 4). The initial setting times of the AAM mixes varied from 122 to 458 min, while the final setting times ranged between 215 and 483 min (Table 4). The viscosity of the mix compositions was observed to be related to the slump flow diameter values. In general, the slump flow diameter and relative slump gradually reduced as time progressed, resulting in higher viscosity values at 60 min of post-mixing. The variation of slump flow spread showing a reduction (from 290 mm to 175 mm) with time for a typical ternary mix CFSM2N is illustrated in Figure 3.  
The evolution of normalized viscosity (\(\mu_{\text{N}}\)) and relative slump flow spread (\(\text{D}_{\text{N}}\)) with time (0, 30 and 60 min) is presented in Figure 4a,b. It can be noted from Figure 4a,b that the normalized viscosity increased, and normalized slump flow decreased with the increase in time. The rate of increase or decrease was higher for ternary (CFS) mixes than their binary (CS) counterparts. Figure 3: Variation of slump flow spread for CFSM2N at (a) 0 min; (b) 30 min; (c) 60 min. A linear correlation was observed between the slump flow spread and viscosity at different times of 0, 30 and 60 min (as noted in Figure 5) with good correlation coefficients of 0.87, 0.71 and 0.83, respectively.