## 4 Case Studies
### Port of Rotterdam  
The Port of Rotterdam (www.portofroftterdam.com, accessed on 4 February 2024) is the largest seaport in Europe in terms of cargo tonnage. Its terminals have direct connections to deep sea and feeder, short sea, and RoRo, handling various cargo such as containers, dry bulk, liquid bulk, breakbulk, and LNG. The port of Rotterdam is also Europe's largest bunkering port for ships supplying transitional fuels and alternative low-carbon fuels. The port is committed to accelerating sustainability. In the period of 2016-2022, the port achieved a CO\({}_{2}\) reduction of 67%. The future targets are to reduce scope 1 and scope 2 emissions by 75% in 2025 and 90% in 2030 compared to 2019 levels. The long-term target is to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050. The committed and planned measures to reduce emissions include the following:  
* **Operational measures**: Conducted three green-corridor projects to seek port call optimisation; showed 14% CO\({}_{2}\) emission reduction by utilising just-in-time vessel arrivals. * **Retrofitting existing vessels**: In 2018, eight vessels were switched from conventional diesel to 100% HVO fuel; in 2025, seven vessels will be switched from conventional diesel to cleaner 30% HVO fuel; in 2025-2035, will gradually replace the vessel fleet to be 100% HVO and zero-emission vessels. * **Electrify vehicles**: During 2018-2021, 75% personal lease vehicles were transitioned to be fully electric; 25% of business lease vehicle were fully electric; during 2021-2025, passenger car fleet will be fully electric; during 2025-2030, will achieve fully zero-emission vehicle fleet. * **Shore power supply**: During 2023-2025, will conduct four case studies to prepare Onshore Power Supply systems (OPS) at four major terminals in the port of Rotterdam. * **Alternative fuels:** Will put the first zero-emission vessels into service from 2025; during 2028-2029, first zero-emission dredging work through the use of cleaner fuels such as bio-LNG, HVO, hydrogen, and methanol. * **Infrastructure**: During 2026-2027, will redevelop new multifunctional housing only using renewable energy; replace heating oil with gas or climate-neutral energy; install onshore power systems to provide 35 MW of power for container ships, liquid bulk, and cruise ships by 2025. * **Infrastructure to supply alternative fuels for vessels**: Scale up the supply of alternative bunker fuels including ammonia, electric shipping, LNG, biofuels, hydrogen, and methanol. * **Digitalisation measures**: From 2019, test and implement digitalisation of logistics processes, including digital tools such as PortXchange, Navigate, Routescanner, and Nextlogic to enable sharing real-time data among stakeholders, including port authorities, terminal operators, shipping companies, and agents during a port call. * **Policies and incentives on employee travels**: From 2018 and 2021, new policies on employee commuting and business travel (including flights) to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) emissions, e.g., effective incentives for the use of bicycle and public transport, air travel using sustainable aviation fuels. * **Policies and collaborations with partners**: Policy and incentive schemes are initiated, such as vessel speed limits, and Environmental Ship Index-based green passport. From 2019, sign green energy contracts with suppliers to reduce scope 2 emissions from purchased electricity and district heating; from 2019, be a participant in the national partnership under the Green Deal on Maritime and Inland Shipping and Ports, which aims to reduce greenhouse gases from shipping; be a leader in the international partnership under the World Ports Climate Action Program, which focuses on port management to reduce CO\({}_{2}\) from shipping; be a participant in an international knowledge network under the Getting to Zero Coalition, which aims to demonstrate the first zero-emission seagoing vessels from 2030. It is worth noting that the decarbonisation measures presented in the above case studies are not exhaustive.