## 3 Technologies Used for Artificial Reef Design and Manufacturing  
### Modeling and Design  
Modeling artificial reefs can serve several purposes, especially in understanding their impact on coastal processes. It is a crucial element for the design of artificial reefs, especially if 3D printing is involved later in the process. The primary purpose of modeling is to design the artificial reef itself; other processes are connected with the optimization of the model for a particular environment and the simulation of behavior in underwater conditions. The modeling allows for obtaining the complexity and diversity of shapes used for artificial coral reefs, including the proper surface roughness that is necessary for the further growth of organisms. An exemplary solution, designed using a parametric design tool using Rhino and Grasshopper software (v.7), is presented in  
The design tool allowed for the generation using clay deposition trajectories; it was possible to create highly complex microfeatures, which increased the efficiency of colonization by different organisms [19]. In the case of simulation behavior in underwater environments, one primary use is to evaluate the effects of behavior on sediment transport and bed erosion. Numerical models can simulate how artificial reefs influence the movement of sediment and whether they help stabilize the seafloor under different conditions [25]. These models also help to assess how artificial reefs affect morphological changes in coastal areas, such as the formation of sandbars or the trapping of sediment in sheltered areas, which can contribute to beach stabilization [26]. Moreover, numerical modeling can be used to study the hydrodynamic effects of artificial reefs, such as wave attenuation and current modification. These simulations are crucial for understanding how reefs dissipate wave energy and reduce the intensity of currents, which can protect shorelines from erosion [27]. In areas where physical experimentation is challenging, modeling can provide detailed insights into the behavior of artificial reefs in various wave conditions [28], helping to refine designs for coastal protection projects. Figure 2: Visualization of network connection based on used keywords in analyzed articles. By simulating different scenarios, models can also predict the long-term impacts of artificial reefs on beach profiles and the surrounding environment, guiding effective coastal management strategies.Figure 3[19]. Traditionally, the complex morphological features and ocean forces at the field scale have been modeled using two-dimensional wave-current models (2 DH) or three-dimensional (3D) wave-current models [29; 30; 31], with waves and mean currents typically coupled through radiation stresses, as introduced by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [32]. For spectral wave transformation over realistic reefs, including infragravity waves, the XBEACH phase-averaged surfbeat model and phase-resolving non-hydrostatic models have been used more frequently in recent years [29; 33]. At the laboratory scale, Boussinesq-type models, which are computationally efficient and phase-resolving, are the most commonly used. Boussinesq-type models such as FUNWAVE [34; 35], COULWAVE [36; 37; 38], and others have been able to simulate the motion of monochromatic waves, spectral waves (including infragravity waves), and solitary waves over various reef profiles. Another popular group is the non-hydrostatic models, such as XBEACH [39; 40] and NHWAVE [41; 42], which have been used to model wave transformation over various laboratory reefs. However, both Boussinesq and non-hydrostatic models still face challenges in resolving detailed wave-breaking processes, such as wave overturning and breaking-induced turbulence over reefs. Meanwhile, bottom roughness in the above models is typically addressed using a quadratic friction law or Manning's friction formula.