## 4 Methodology
### Simulation Scenarios  
In our evaluation of the protocols, we will use two different simulation scenarios:  
* **Scenario 1:** R4B4, which contains four red aircraft and four blue aircraft representing two different teams (red and blue). This scenario is depicted to the left in Figure 5.
* **Scenario 2:** BVR (beyond visual range), which contains a total of 24 aircraft from three teams (red, blue, green). This scenario is depicted to the right in Figure 5.  
In Scenario 1, the two teams start far enough from each other to avoid leaking packets to the adversary, but close enough (i.e., within Tx range) within the team to enable direct communication. The two teams approach each other until the majority of the nodes are in detection range from at least one of the adversary aircraft. At this point, HDARP starts using multi-hop communication to avoid forbidden sectors. Eventually, the aircraft veer away from adversary nodes.  
In Scenario 2, the red and blue team consist each of a bulk of eight fighter jets. These are shown closely packed together, visible as clusters in the figure. We have drawn a vertical red line in that figure that separates the two clusters. In addition, the red and blue teams have each two airborne early warning (AEW) nodes that act as command-and-control (C2) centers from behind the fighter jets. They are shown to the far left and right of the figure, respectively. Furthermore, the blue team has a node denoted as blue-ship1, visible at the top of the figure on the left side of the red vertical line. Similarly, the red team has a red-ship1 node located at the bottom, on the right side of the red vertical line. Blue-ship1 and red-ship play the role of mid-air tanker aircraft. The green team has two nodes, one at the top on the right of the vertical line and one at the bottom on left of the vertical line. We have drawn arrows in the figure to ease the identification of the green nodes in the figure.  
The red and blue clusters are initially out of Tx range from each other, and thus, direct communication within the cluster is possible. The clusters approach each other while the AEW nodes remain behind. The tanker aircraft remain stationary through the whole simulation. When the two clusters come within Tx range, they begin using the tanker and AEW nodes in their team as relay nodes. The green nodes are out of Tx range for the entire simulation, and thus, cannot communicate with each other. Their role is to stress the directional antenna emulation part of the simulation, as well as the forbidden sector detection in HDARP. After a close encounter, the red and blue clusters return to their approximate starting positions.  
Figure 5: Simulation scenarios. Upper: Scenario 1. Lower: Scenario 2. Maps data: Google ©2023.  
In each scenario, we can choose one out of six routing protocols: AODV, BATMAN, DSDV, DSR-UU, HDARP (our protocol), and OLSR, respectively. A third parameter is the antenna type: directional (dir), or omnidirectional (omni). The choice of antenna only affects the operation of InterceptApp, but the simulation must be re-run if we want results for a different antenna type. To increase the statistical accuracy of the results, we run each scenario + protocol + antenna type combination 30 times with different RNG seeds.