## 1 Introduction  
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are rapidly emerging as one of the fastest-growing technologies, capable of producing even the most geometrically complex models [1, 2]. According to ISO/ASTM standards, specifically 52900 [3] and 52910 [4], there are seven defined additive processes for shaping objects. The primary differences among these processes lie in how the successive layers are cured and the types of materials used [5]. One manufacturing process frequently utilized across various industries, such as the automotive [6], aerospace [7], medical [8], and jewelry [9] industries, is vat polymerization (VPP). This process involves the selective, layer-by-layer curing of photopolymer resins contained in a vat using a light source [10]. As functional models are increasingly produced using the VPP process, there are growing quality requirements concerning dimensional and geometry accuracy. The two most commonly used photopolymerization methods are stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) [11]. An additive method called LCD, often called masked stereolithography (mSLA), has recently been recognized as part of the VPP process [12; 13]. The mSLA method uses ultraviolet (UV) light to cure photopolymer resin. The process begins by placing the resin in a specialized container. The 3D printer utilizes an LCD matrix to project images of each object layer onto the bottom of the container, where a film allows UV light to pass through. The UV light then cures the resin in specific areas, forming a layer of the object. After each layer is cured, the printer's working platform moves upward to prepare for the next layer. For the mSLA method, it is necessary to develop guidelines for determining the exposure time [12; 14; 15]. Although manufacturers provide a recommended exposure time, this is only an approximate value because the resin curing phenomenon in mSLA printing is complex. As shown in a study [16], the depth of resin cure can be modeled based on Lambert-Beer's law. The curing depth is determined by the specific parameters of the 3D printer, particularly the power of the UV lamp and the transmission of UV light through the bottom of the vat. The device's operation may affect these factors. Determining the appropriate exposure time is essential, as it impacts the detail and strength of the finished 3D model [15; 16]. Increasing the exposure time enhances the likelihood of successful manufacture, particularly for models that are heavy or have narrow sections. It is important to note that the cured layer adheres to the model and the bottom of the vat. This adhesion causes the platform to move upward between layers, which can force the model away from the bottom [12]. If the layers are not strong enough due to inadequate UV light exposure, this upward force--acting along the vertical axis of the 3D printer--can damage the model. The extent of this force is influenced by the layer's geometry and the viscosity of the resin used [17]. When the exposure time is prolonged, the area affected by the energy required for curing increases. As a result, excessive curing can occur in adjacent layers and beyond the edges of the mask due to the scattering of UV light, which is not always perpendicular to the mask's surface. Consequently, as the exposure time increases, the outer outlines of the model expand while the inner outlines shrink [18]. This leads to geometric errors that can impact the fit of objects. Additionally, as the LCD array only accurately depicts lines aligned with the X-axis and Y-axis of the 3D printer, angled lines are rendered as a stepped structure. Thus, the very mask displayed by the LCD introduces a distortion due to the pixel size of the matrix. However, sharp edges are expected to be reproduced as rounded edges. Consequently, an edge that is 3D printed at angles different from 0 and 90 degrees will be characterized by increased roughness. This effect can be eliminated by using anti-aliasing [17].