## 1 Introduction  
The increased focus on energy efficiency has prompted the continual introduction of new light-emitting diode (LED) applications with ever expanding scopes. LED headlights are expected to completely replace energy-intensive car lights over time. With the evolution of automotive technology, the application of high-power, high-brightness LEDs in the vehicle headlight market has attracted considerable attention, especially in the electric vehicle market; however, battery life remains a major limiting factor [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. At a given current, the luminous intensity of white light is approximately 180 lm/W, which is considerably higher than that of traditional light sources. The current-voltage characteristics of traditional light sources and LEDs are substantially different, but these technologies can be compared using the same power input [6]. Compared with traditional light sources, LEDs have numerous advantages, such as environmentally friendly properties, high reliability, high efficiency, and a long life [7, 8]. Studies on LED lighting have focused on application-specific LED packaging, whose volume and size can be as small as one-eighth of that of traditional LEDs. The life cycle impact of LED products is still not completely understood. As of 2022, phosphors, silicones, epoxies, and LEDs are still typically sent to landfills [9; 10; 11]. However, a major problem that reduces the lifetime of an LED system is the heating generated by the system itself [12; 13; 14]. A high LED junction temperature accelerates the degradation of the packaging material of an LED, which weakens the LED and causes phenomena such as yellowing, cracking, and delamination of encapsulation materials [15; 16]. When the junction temperature of an LED increases, its life is considerably shortened. Researchers have conducted parameter analyses to optimize the thermal model of a new type of heat sink that is suitable for LED lamps [17]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a novel design that uses a liquid-cooled heat sink to cool electronic equipment; in this manner, the uniform temperature distribution is achieved [18]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a finite element analysis by applying a thermal resistance network model in a three-dimensional environment, changing thermal stress distribution, thereby demonstrating the performance of analyzing LED thrust under high-temperature conditions [19]. Electronic cool systems often utilize a plate-fin heat sink [20]. [PERSON] proposed the application of numerical methods for assessing the influence of orientation on a heat sink that was utilized to cool an LED light [21]; in that study, cooling performance was evaluated using a ribbed flat-plate fin heat sink. [PERSON] et al. examined the thermal interaction between the leading array and placement design in natural convection by applying the computational fluid dynamics method [22]. [PERSON] et al. conducted a detailed examination of the recycling potential of the metals found in lighting products [23] and verified that the metals within LED lighting products are a major source of environmental pollution. Aluminum heat sinks also contribute considerably to the generation of hazardous waste [24]. [PERSON] et al. proposed a novel design for a heat pipe-assisted compact heat sink for LEDs to reduce the junction temperature of LEDs [25]. [PERSON] et al. assessed the thermal and hydraulic performance of a novel LED cooling block with a dual-separated liquid cooling channel by testing it in cooling applications for single-LED and multi-LED printed circuit boards that are utilized in automotive lighting systems [26]. [PERSON] et al. experimentally evaluated the thermal performance of small liquid cooling systems that use polymeric hollow fibers and are designed to cool automotive lighting components that are integrated with high-power LEDs [27]. LED manufacturers are increasingly prioritizing the heat dissipation efficiency of LED light modules and reducing the mass of aluminum required in lighting products. Numerous factors determine the lifespan of an LED.