## 4 Discussion  
T1D is a chronic autoimmune disease that is strongly associated with inflammation. Innate immunity, as well as inflammatory mediators, are implicated in T1D more notably than initially assumed [23]. VAT inflammation and dysfunction have recently been recognized as early mechanisms triggering \(\beta\)-cell autoimmunity in T1D [24; 38]. These pro-inflammatory actions are associated with macrophage recruitment, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress responses, apoptosis and downregulation of adipokines and the release of free fatty acids and molecules that affect insulin signaling. Insulin acts on adipose tissue by enhancing glucose absorption, triglyceride synthesis, suppressing triglyceride hydrolysis and the release of free fatty acids and glycerol into the bloodstream [39]. Adipocytes express key receptors for SCFAs, and adipose homeostasis can be modulated by SCFA profile and the composition of gut microbiota. Butyrate has been shown to inhibit NFxB activation and moderate VAT inflammation [40]. In addition,  
Figure 2: A representative HPLC chromatogram of lactic acid and SCFAs determination in rat feces, using a Refractive Index Detector (RID-10A). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**CD**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**PD**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DCD**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**DPD**} \\  & **Baseline** & **End** & **Baseline** & **End** & **Baseline** & **End** & **Baseline** & **End** \\ \hline lactic acid & 0.798 \(\pm\) 0.063 & 0.921 \(\pm\) 0.216 & 0.760 \(\pm\) 0.056 & 1.345\({}^{\circ}\) \(\pm\) 0.625 & 1.429 \(\pm\) 0.314 & 0.819\({}^{\circ}\) \(\pm\) 0.109 & 1.508 \(\pm\) 0.490 & 0.711\({}^{\circ}\) \(\pm\) 0.073 \\ acetic acid & 5.224 \(\pm\) 0.785 & 7.274 \(\pm\) 2.169 & 5.303 \(\pm\) 0.671 & 6.617 \(\pm\) 0.720 & 5.744 \(\pm\) 2.963 & 9.171 \(\pm\) 2.410 & 6.424 \(\pm\) 2.764 & 5.845 \(\pm\) 1.827 \\ propionic acid & 0.911 \(\pm\) 0.150 & 0.960 \(\pm\) 0.145 & 0.965 \(\pm\) 0.073 & 1.078 \(\pm\) 0.241 & 0.916 \(\pm\) 0.438 & 1.225 \(\pm\) 0.284 & 1.019 \(\pm\) 0.407 & 0.766 \(\pm\) 0.124 \\ isobutyric acid & 0.199 \(\pm\) 0.012 & 0.213 \(\pm\) 0.038 & 0.206 \(\pm\) 0.012 & 0.249 \(\pm\) 0.046 & 0.173 \(\pm\) 0.026 & 0.215 \(\pm\) 0.039 & 0.164 \(\pm\) 0.020 & 0.180 \(\pm\) 0.024 \\ butyric acid & 0.937 \(\pm\) 0.149 & 0.845 \(\pm\) 0.159 & 0.834 \(\pm\) 0.175 & 0.936 \(\pm\) 0.312 & 0.606 \(\pm\) 0.196 & 0.764 \(\pm\) 0.213 & 0.653 \(\pm\) 0.223 & 0.580 \(\pm\) 0.198 \\ isovaleric acid & 0.040 \(\pm\) 0.009 & 0.074 \(\pm\) 0.016 & 0.056 \(\pm\) 0.010 & 0.034 \(\pm\) 0.012 & 0.030 \(\pm\) 0.016 & 0.068 \(\pm\) 0.048 & 0.033 \(\pm\) 0.013 & 0.026 \(\pm\) + 0.014 \\ valeric acid & 0.109 \(\pm\) 0.033 & 0.191 \(\pm\) 0.031 & 0.135 \(\pm\) 0.034 & 0.134 \(\pm\) 0.039 & 0.120 \(\pm\) 0.041 & 0.191 \(\pm\) 0.067 & 0.183 \(\pm\) 0.054 & 0.182 \(\pm\) 0.064 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Values are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SEM, \({}^{\circ}\)\(p<0.05\) vs. DCD, \({}^{\circ}\)\(p<0.05\) vs. CD, \({}^{\circ}\)\(p<0.05\) compared to baseline values of same group. CD: Control Diet, PD: Pistachio Diet, DCD: Diabetic rats Control Diet, DPD: Diabetic rats Control Diet, DPD: Diabetic rats Pistachio Diet.  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the four groups of animals, at baseline and at the end of the dietary intervention. gut and adipose tissue have an impact on \(\beta\)-cell biology, influencing the function of \(\beta\)-cells under normal and diabetogenic conditions [27]. Taking into consideration these inter-organ communications, the identification of the fatty acid profile in VAT and plasma as well as SCFAs in feces could provide important information regarding the disease of T1D and the possible beneficial effects of dietary interventions. Dietary ingredients affect glycemic control, among others, and thus can contribute to the progress of diabetes complications [28]. In patients with severe T1D, increased plasma lipids are detected, which can be rendered to normal after adequate insulin therapy [41].