esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Study Area and Data  
### Experimental Area  
Between October and November 2022, a comprehensive series of in-orbit tests and experiments was carried out on the C-SAR satellites at the Xilinhot SAR satellite calibration and validation site. These endeavors were made possible through the support of the CASPLOS_CCSI. During this time frame, the geometric positioning accuracy of the C-SAR data series was thoroughly assessed and validated, employing automatic trihedral CRs. The study area was centered around the Xilinhot SAR satellite calibration and validation site, encompassing an approximate 20 km \(\times\) 20 km region. The predominant surface features in this area comprise grassland, farmland, and low houses, with an elevation ranging from 1090 m to 1160 m. Notably, the study site is devoid of prominent targets or electromagnetic interference, thereby allowing for the effective reduction in background clutter interference [15].  
Throughout the experimental timeframe, a total of 11 C-SAR images were obtained. In support of C-SAR satellite radiometric and geometrical calibration and validation, 15 automatic CRs were enlisted. To execute satellite-ground synchronization experiments, two deployment schemes were sequentially employed, as delineated in Figure 1. The first deployment scheme was enacted between October 14 and November 10, followed by the implementation of the second deployment scheme that took place from November 11 to November 22.
# Approximation Algorithm for Shortest Path in Large Social Networks
## 6 Experimental Results and Discussions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Graph** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Our Algorithm**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**CDZ**} \\ \hline
**Network** & \(T_{init}\) **(ms)** & \(T_{q}\) **(ms)** & \(p\) & \(T_{init}\) **(ms)** & \(T_{q}\) **(ms)** & \(p\) \\ \hline Email-Enron & 10,919.21 & 1.1720 & 1.022 & 112,448 & 11.38 & 1.026 \\ \hline itdk0304\_rlinks & 46,723.65 & 4.7413 & 1.020 & 1,092,348 & 109.34 & 1.023 \\ \hline DBLP & 87,657.1 & 8.8196 & 1.020 & 8,623,459 & 862.44 & 1.020 \\ \hline roadNet & 167,074.3 & 16.7218 & 1.019 & 18,824,559 & 1882.55 & 1.019 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Runtime and accuracy of CDZ and our algorithm on four networks. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Graph** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Our Algorithm**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**LCA**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**LBFS**} \\ \hline
**Network** & \(T_{q}\) **(ms)** & \(p\) & \(T_{q}\) **(ms)** & \(p\) & \(T_{q}\) **(ms)** & \(p\) \\ \hline Email-Enron & 1.1720 & 1.022 & 0.84 & 1.095 & 1.29 & 1.030 \\ \hline itdk0304\_rlinks & 4.7413 & 1.020 & 3.57 & 1.083 & 5.60 & 1.028 \\ \hline DBLP & 8.8196 & 1.020 & 6.35 & 1.072 & 15.99 & 1.025 \\ \hline roadNet & 16.7218 & 1.019 & 10.70 & 1.067 & 37.89 & 1.022 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Results from LCA, LBFS and our algorithm. From our experiments, we deduced that threshold \(t\) affects the efficiency and accuracy of our algorithm. Table 4 shows the influence of threshold \(t\). From Table 4, it can be seen that runtime increases and path ratio decreases when threshold is increased. When there are more nodes at the top level network, approximation is more accurate but requires more time for [PERSON]'s algorithm. When \(t\) increases from 40 to 100, \(Tq\) also increases a little, but \(p\) improves significantly. When the threshold value increases from 100 to 180, \(Tq\) increases sharply, but \(p\) remains nearly constant. We therefore set the threshold value at 100 in order to obtain a good trade-off.
# Experimental Device to Evaluate Aerosol Dispersion in Venues
###### Abstract
Consequently, this technique is not suitable for use in everyday environments [9]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [18] developed a portable measurement system consisting of one aerosol generator and several aerosol absorbers. The aerosol generator continuously releases a 10% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The NaCl in the aerosol particles serves as a tracer, simulating the spread of an airborne virus [18]. The aerosol captured by the absorber is dissolved in ultrapure water and the amount of NaCl is calculated via conductivity measurement. Thus, the system can measure the temporal and spatial dispersion of the aerosol. It can be used to examine the effects of protective measures like active or passive ventilation and face masks without underlying assumptions or constraints like clean room environments. In this paper, the measurement system of [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [18] was modified. To investigate venue-specific aerosol distribution patterns, venues with different room characteristics and ventilation concepts were examined using the experimental measurement system and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses, with experimental methods being the focus of this paper. Three venues with different ventilation concepts were investigated, including displacement ventilation, mixing ventilation, and natural ventilation. The paper by [PERSON] and [PERSON] et al. [19] used the data of this study to investigate the infection risk potential in the venues, asses the effect of different mitigation measures, and develop recommendations. It also discusses the CFD simulations in more detail. All information about the setup and settings of the simulation can be found there. They are therefore not explicitly listed again in this publication. CFD data in this paper were used to support and augment the experimental findings of the new measurement system. The combination of both methods gives a more complete picture and allows in some way for implications at points where no experimental measurements were made.
While LDPC-based methods have shown promise, they often suffer from higher decoding complexity and latency, which are critical drawbacks in low-latency and resource-constrained VLC applications. In addition, network coding, particularly PNC, improves system throughput and minimizes communication latency, making it ideal for real-time applications. By combining PNC with polar codes, this study leverages the error correction and stability benefits of polar codes alongside the efficiency and reduced transmission time enabled by network coding. The proposed method thus addresses key challenges in VLC systems, such as achieving high throughput, low latency, and cost-effectiveness, which are crucial for practical deployment. Experimental results indicate that the BER of the proposed method closely aligns with that of traditional schemes, yet it achieves superior throughput, reduced equipment requirements, and enhanced cost-efficiency. By integrating polar codes with PNC, this study provides a comprehensive framework that not only enhances communication reliability but also ensures the efficient use of network resources. The structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of the foundational concepts, including the VLC system, polar codes, network coding, and relay strategies tailored for VLC. Section 3 focuses on the joint implementation of polar codes and PNC in the VLC framework. Section 4 highlights the simulation results of the proposed approach, and Section 5 offers concluding remarks.
## 4 The WBANs Communication Stack  
The communication stack of WBANs is mainly governed by the application layer, which specifies a number of important parameters such as the packet transmission rate, the network topology, the traffic patterns, the required quality of service, and so on. Moreover, the selection of appropriate routing strategies, feasible medium access mechanisms, available physical layers, channel and mobility modeling, are important stages during the design of WBAN-based applications. This section explores the most recent research works on the mobility and channel modeling for WBANs, as well as the design of efficient MAC and networking layers for WBANs. The reader is referred to Section 3 for further details about available IEEE 802.15.6 physical layers and their related parameters.
# Development of a Framework to Understand Tables in Engineering Specification Documents
## 4 Minimal Table Identification  
The XY-tree algorithm [21] can make a tree structure of cells in a table. The algorithm utilized geometric information of lines composing the table in order to separate chunks of cells. The algorithm was modified to find sub-tables in a complex table. In addition, a blank space between two texts also gives information to separate cells, the XY-tree algorithm was modified to consider a blank space between two texts. A minimal table is a rectangular table which has a matrix form. The proposed algorithm identifies minimal tables with five steps in Figure 4, which shows a flowchart of the five steps.  
The input of the proposed algorithm is a set of pre-processed graphical features of a given table image. The pre-processed graphical data include a list of lines, boxes, and blank spaces. Each line has geometry data such as a starting point, an end point, and thickness data. Each box represents texts in the table, and its geometry data include left-top and right-bottom points. Blank space represents an invisible line in a table so that its data consist of a starting point and an end point. A blank space can be found if horizontal or vertical spaces between two lines of texts are relatively larger than average space between two texts. The description of the five steps is elaborated as followings:  
1. Find horizontal lines or blank space from end to end from a pre-processed table data.
2. Find vertical lines or blank spaces that cross the end-to-end horizontal line from the top horizontal line.
3. If there is no such a vertical line or blank space, the next horizontal line or blank space is recognized as the end of the minimal table. Then, it performs the S2 from the lower horizontal line or blank space.
4. If there are multiple vertical lines or blank spaces, find the least extensive vertical line or blank space starting from the same end-to-end horizontal line or blank space. Then, a line or blank space up to the horizontal line or blank space where the shortest line or blank space meets is recognized as the end of the minimal table.
5. If the lower horizontal line or blank space is the last, end the algorithm. If it is not the last horizontal line, perform the S2.  
The gross output of this step is a list of minimal tables. This step breaks down a complex structure of a given table to several sub-tables. Figure 5 shows the outputs of the proposed algorithm when it is applied to the table in Figure 2. The table in Figure 1 is a minimal table itself.  
Figure 4: Five steps to find minimal tables.  
From each cell of a minimal table, contents of cells are collected to create a dataset for the next step, which classifies cells into labels and data.
# Electrical Stimulation May Improve the Feeding and Nutritional Status of Children with Dysphagia
## 1 Introduction
Then, difficulties with swallowing and breathing coordination may become more apparent [1; 8]. Dysphagia can also occur in older children who are more communicative, and signs of swallowing difficulties may be easier to spot. It may also develop after an illness or incident that causes swallowing difficulties [2; 24]. It is important to note that dysphagia refers to impaired swallowing mechanics, but not to a sensory or psychological aversion to food [24]. Traditional treatments of dysphagia usually consist of physical exercises of the orofacial muscles and a diet modification to suit the child's abilities [22; 24]. These methods do not always bring the desired results, which prompts researchers to search for new therapeutic solutions. One of the promising methods supporting dysphagia therapy is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which uses low-frequency currents for transcutaneous muscle stimulation [21; 25]. In dysphagia therapy, this technique involves stimulating the muscles that control the swallowing process. NMES has so far been used successfully in adults, e.g., in the treatment of dysphagia after myocardial infarction, after brain injury, or as an adjunct in the therapy of neck cancer or soft tissue and bone injuries, as well as in the rehabilitation of the muscles of the motor system in adults [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36]. But the use of electrical stimulation in the treatment of dysphagia in children is relatively new and not standard practice [26]. A limited number of studies have demonstrated favorable outcomes of NMES in comparison to conventional therapy in children with dysphagia. In this paper, we describe the challenges of pediatric dysphagia and the possibility of using NMES for dysphagia therapy [20]. The purpose of this article is to highlight and discuss the difficulties associated with dysphagia in children, as well as the possibility of employing NMES in its treatment. It can be anticipated that NMES, by enhancing swallowing, may also improve the nutritional status of children with dysphagia.
## 3 Literature Review
### Real-Time Traffic Monitoring for Smart Cities  
In another study, drones successfully monitored real-time traffic as a valuable tool for designing new roads and bridges [14]. The cost-effective collection of length-based vehicle classification data, indicates the importance of drones in pavement design, especially considering variations in size and weight [7]. The potential contribution of drones to developing smart cities, lane systems, and movable bridges confirms their role in modern urban planning [14].
# In Situ Rubber-Wheel Contact on Road Surface Using Ultraviolet-Induced Fluorescence Method
## 2 Methodology
### Experimental Condition and Procedure  
The rubber-wheel contact with road replica was captured using the high-speed digital camera under stationary and dynamic conditions. As shown in Table 3, the stationary test was conducted by pressing the rubber-wheel with several variant normal loads, ranging from 40.2 N to 159.9 N. As the rubber kept deforming during pressing (called creep deformation), rubber creep experiment was conducted to obtain the selected pressing time in which the creep deformation was minimal to be ignored. Figure 4 shows the deformation of the rubber-wheel contact area caused by 40.2 N load, with over 600 s of pressing time. The result shows that the appropriate pressing time was 300 s, beyond which the deformation of the rubber-wheel contact area was minimal. The same pressing time was used by [PERSON] et al. when conducting a stationary test to measure the contact area [23]. Therefore, the rubber-wheel contact area of the experiment on the static test was maintained for 300 s before the image was captured. In the stationary contact experiment, the rubber-wheel was removed from the road replica for about 300 s after capturing the contact image. This was to ensure the rubber-wheel returned to its initial condition for the next load test.  
Figure 4: Rubber-wheel deformation due to elapsed time.  
Figure 3: (**a**) Pyranine substance, (**b**) Fluorescence solution of pyranine.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Contact Condition** & **Applied Load (N)** \\ \hline Static contact & 40.2 \\ Static contact & 50.0 \\ Static contact & 59.8 \\ Static contact & 69.7 \\ Static contact & 80.4 \\ Static contact & 90.3 \\ Static contact & 99.1 \\ Static contact & 121.6 \\ Static contact & 140.3 \\ Static contact & 159.9 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Experimental conditions for static contact.  
The dynamic condition test used a loaded rubber-wheel, running on the top of fluorescence-liquid-covered road surface replica with a constant moving speed of 4, 8, 20, 40, and 80 mm/s. These were 5 different moving speeds, respectively, as one set. Every set of dynamic tests were performed for 3 types of applied loads of 40.2, 60.8, and 80.4 N, respectively. In this study, the speed represented free rotation which is mixed movement of rolling and sliding. The information on the applied load and moving speed in the dynamic test is shown in Table 4. The apparent contact areas during movement were captured at 100 frames per second (fps) and a shutter speed of 1/200. The detailed information on high-speed camera specifications for every image is shown in Table 5.  
The temperature of the dye solution has an impact on fluorescence intensity [24]. Therefore, all experiments were performed in an air-conditioned room with temperature and humidity set at approximately 23 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 65%, respectively. Also, the distilled water used for the pyranine solution came from the same source with constant density and P.H.
## A Game Theory-Based Obstacle Avoidance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1**  
1 School of Information Science and Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (H.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.B.)  
2 Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS].  
_Received: 10 August 2011; in revised form: 10 September 2011 / Accepted: 28 September 2011 / Published: 29 September 2011_  
**Abstract:** The obstacle avoidance problem in geographic forwarding is an important issue for location-based routing in wireless sensor networks. The presence of an obstacle leads to several geographic routing problems such as excessive energy consumption and data congestion. Obstacles are hard to avoid in realistic environments. To bypass obstacles, most routing protocols tend to forward packets along the obstacle boundaries. This leads to a situation where the nodes at the boundaries exhaust their energy rapidly and the obstacle area is diffused. In this paper, we introduce a novel routing algorithm to solve the obstacle problem in wireless sensor networks based on a game-theory model. Our algorithm forms a concave region that cannot forward packets to achieve the aim of improving the transmission success rate and decreasing packet transmission delays. We consider the residual energy, out-degree and forwarding angle to determine the forwarding probability and payoff function of forwarding candidates. This achieves the aim of load balance and reduces network energy consumption. Simulation results show that based on the average delivery delay, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio performances our protocol is superior to other traditional schemes.  
**Keywords:** wireless sensor networks; obstacle avoidance; game theory; Nash equilibrium
# Smart Waste Collection System with Low Consumption LoRaWAN Nodes and Route Optimization
## 4 Case Study: Region of Salamanca  
In order to validate the developed sensor and operating platform presented in this article, they are used in a case study in the region of Salamanca, Spain. The study is based on a public tender procedure from the year 2016 about the selective collection of waste (paper, packaging, etc.) [87]. According to the technical document, the regional administration of Salamanca requires the recollection of selective waste from 329 towns in the region and from their own installations. In addition, they include relevant information about number of containers in each town and their yearly productions of selective types of waste. In the same document, they specify a minimum fleet of eight vehicles for the collection.  
We used this information to formulate the CVRP problems. In the case study, we set the constraint that these vehicles collect waste every two weeks, and they always perform the permanent routes presented in Figure 7. This results in a cost of around 3050.725 km in journeys every two weeks.  
Figure 6: Optimization route flowchart.  
This case study was performed using synthetic data generated according to statistics of selective waste production in towns. This information was derived from the previous documents and the waste plan of the regional administration of Castilla y Leon (Junta de Castilla y Leon) [85]. Data related to the region in OpenStreetMaps was loaded in the geographical information subsystem.  
The following section presents a discussion about the results related to the developed sensor, the WSN presented for this case study and the process of route optimization applied to this case study.
## 3 Results
### Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of DE and GD
#### 3.1.3 Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Evolution  
ArcGIS was utilized to map the standard deviation ellipse and the centroid's displacement trajectory for the DE and GD levels during 2013-2021 (Figure 4), and the standard deviation ellipse parameters were calculated to quantitatively depict the evolution trend (Tables 2 and 3). From 2013 to 2021, the centroids of the standard deviation ellipse for the DE were concentrated within Henan Province. During this period, the major axis of the standard deviation ellipse remained relatively unchanged, while the minor axis increased by 13.68% up to 2020. This expansion was primarily attributed to forces from the northwest, indicating a tendency of dispersion in DE development. In 2021, a contraction was observed toward the southeast direction compared to 2020, resulting in slight reductions in both the major and minor axes, indicative of a greater impact of financial shock on the northwest region. Likewise, the centroids of the standard deviation ellipse for GD were concentrated within Henan Province throughout the study period. Although there was only a slight change in the major axis from 2013 to 2019, the minor axis expanded by 27.37%, implying a stronger expansion power for cities located in the southeastern and northwestern regions, signaling a decentralized trend in GD. It is worth noting that in 2014, a significant expansion was observed in both the southeast and northwest directions. Subsequently, the standard deviation ellipse showed a contraction pattern in 2020 and 2021. The overall pattern remained stable with a slightly decrease in the major and minor axes.  
Figure 4: Standard deviation ellipse and gravity center shifted the trajectory of the DE and GD levels from 2013 to 2021. (**a**) Standard deviation ellipse and gravity center shifted the trajectory of the DE level from 2013 to 2021. (**b**) Standard deviation ellipse and gravity center shifted the trajectory of the GD level from 2013 to 2021.