# Reputation Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain Based on Information-Centric Networking
## 4 Design
### Hybrid Consensus Mechanism
#### 4.2.1 Reputation Consensus Mechanism
Figure 10d illustrates the impact of varying the proportion of ICN nodes and network size on the broadcast delay optimization rate under 90% broadcast coverage. The network size ranges from 5000 to 15,000 nodes. As changes in network size induce topological variations, which in turn affect broadcast delay, the vertical axis represents the broadcast delay optimization rate of RepuICN relative to Casper FFG. This normalization helps mitigate the influence of topological changes. From the figure, it is evident that for a given network size, a higher proportion of ICN nodes leads to a greater optimization rate in broadcast delay for RepuICN. Although increasing network size introduces fluctuations in the optimization rate due to topological changes, the overall trend indicates that the

broadcast delay optimization rate of RepuICN, compared to Casper FFG, increases with larger network sizes. #### 6.2.2 Transaction Throughput

In the CasperFFG protocol, block generation time is set at 12 s, and assuming a uniform transaction count per block, the transaction throughput remains consistent. For comparative purposes, we compute the throughput of RepuICN by analyzing the proportion of time taken for final confirmation of checkpoint blocks. In Ethereum, checkpoint blocks require validation by over two-thirds of validators to be considered valid. Figure 11 illustrates the variations in transaction throughput across different ICN node ratios and their associated errors. The gray dashed line in the figure represents the reference throughput line for Casper FFG. As the proportion of ICN nodes increases, the average transaction throughput of RepuICN also shows a progressive increase, and the standard deviation of throughput decreases, indicating enhanced stability in TPS. Notably, when the ICN node ratio reaches 2%, the TPS of RepuICN is 3.4 times that of Casper FFG. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that while an increase in ICN nodes can enhance throughput, it may also pose a risk of network centralization. When ICN nodes serve as relay nodes in the network, a higher proportion of ICN nodes reduces the impact of P2P node configurations on overall network performance. As a result, the network's operation becomes increasingly dependent on the stability of ICN nodes rather than the collaborative participation of P2P nodes. Should ICN nodes fail or be subject to malicious control, the stability and security of the network could be severely compromised, leading to potential centralization risks. Therefore, a careful balance between efficiency gains and the preservation of decentralization is essential. Figure 10: Comparison of block propagation delay: (**a**) varying with coverage, (**b**) varying with icn node percentage, (**c**) varying with block height, (**d**) varying with network size and ICN node percentage. #### 6.2.3 Bandwidth Consumption

In this study, we maintain the P2P network structure while comparing network traffic consumption under various protocols. Figure 12 illustrates the bandwidth consumption of the entire network over a fixed period as the proportion of ICN nodes increases. At an ICN node ratio of 0%, the bandwidth consumption corresponds to that observed under the Casper FFG protocol. The histogram in the figure distinguishes between the bandwidth consumed by P2P networks, represented in grey, and that by ICN networks, shown in orange. The results indicate that an increase in the ICN node ratio leads to a progressive reduction in the total network bandwidth consumption, while the bandwidth consumption of the ICN network exhibits a slow linear increase. Specifically, a 10% ICN node ratio results in a 3.2% reduction in overall network bandwidth consumption; at a 30% ratio, this reduction reaches 17.7%. This decreasing trend becomes more pronounced with higher ICN node ratios, primarily due to the caching mechanism within the ICN layer of RepuICN, which significantly lowers the total network traffic.