# Retracted: W-GPCR Routing Method for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 1 Introduction  
Since the advent of the car, driving safety has been a major concern in the field of transportation. Reducing traffic accident casualties usually involves two aspects: reducing the incidence of accidents by installing brake assist and electronic stability control systems in vehicles; and by installing protective equipment, such as seat belts and airbags, in vehicles to reduce the rate of casualties in the event of an accident. The rapid development of in-vehicle sensor technology has led to safety features such as blind-spot detection technology, lane departure detection technology, and forward collision warning technology. These innovations can help reduce the incidence of traffic accidents, but the measurement accuracy and reliability of sensors have certain limitations. Under the influence of severe weather conditions and other force majeure factors, performance will be significantly reduced. In order to solve the shortcomings of sensors, many researchers have investigated Internet of Vehicle (IoV) technology. Using vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to road (V2R) communications to exchange information [1] can greatly improve the vehicle's ability to perceive the surrounding environment andpredict accidents, and further reduce the accident rate. V2X (Vehicle to X) technology has become a popular research topic in China and abroad in recent years. V2X is a preventive safety technology, which, in addition to addressing driving safety issues, will also play a significant role in improving traffic efficiency, alleviating congestion, and reducing environmental pollution [2; 3]. As an emerging field of MANETs (mobile ad-hoc networks), VANETs (vehicle ad-hoc networks) are a form of wireless communication network, with the purpose of improving driver safety and passenger comfort. A VANET is a wireless network in which nodes are both network participants and collaborators through the wireless communication equipment [4] installed on each node. Nodes communicate through other intermediate nodes within their transmission range to form a network. A VANET is a self-organizing network and does not depend on any fixed network, infrastructure. Although some fixed nodes act as roadside units, it is convenient to provide geographical location data for the vehicle network or access to the Internet [5; 6]. The high-speed dynamics of the nodes are the main characteristics of VANETs, which also leads to rapid changes in the network topology [7]. In order to provide reliable services, a VANET needs to solve many challenges. Establishing reliable routing is one of the main challenges, so more research is needed to promote the development of VANETs. Traditional IoV routing protocols are divided into two main types: a topology-based routing protocol, and a location-based routing protocol. The topology-based routing protocol uses the link information in the network to send data packets from the source node to the target node. This method is not suitable for high-speed moving vehicle node networks, because the high-speed mobility of nodes causes the network topology to change rapidly. Depending on the link information in the network, the data packet may not be successfully sent to the target node. Because of the movement of nodes, the amount of routing table information in the network that is updated in real-time is very large, and the network overhead is also very large. As a result, this method does not apply to the current Internet of Vehicles [8]. The location-based routing protocol uses the geographic location information of the nodes to establish a data link from the source node to the target node. It fully adapts to the high-speed dynamic characteristics of vehicle nodes. Unlike topology-based routing protocols, location-based routing protocols do not require any routine maintenance. The protocol only determines a data link when it needs to forward data packets, so the network overhead is small. The above features make the location-based routing protocol more suitable for the Internet of Vehicles.