esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Adaptive Rate-Compatible Non-Binary LDPC Coding Scheme for the B5G Mobile System
## 5 Conclusions  
For the B5G mobile system, this paper first proposed a construction method of the RC-NB-LDPC code, which is realized by combining masking and puncturing technology. The RC-LDPC code constructed by the method has an easy hardware implementation of the check matrix structure and better waterfall performance in a larger code rate range. Compared with the LDPC codes in the  
Figure 21: Reconstruction of images under different schemes. (**a**) is the original image, and image (**b–d**) are reconstructed images using the three schemes, respectively.  
DVB-S2 standard, the RC-NB-LDPC codes achieved a performance gain of about 0.2-0.5 dB, which is suitable for data transmission. Then, according to the influencing factors of the wireless channel, this paper proposed using the k-means++ algorithm to cluster the wireless channel environment to obtain the code rate allocation scheme. Finally, this paper took compressed image transmission as an example, applied the clustering algorithm to the fast classification of channel environment, combined the characteristics of the SPIHT code stream structure, and studied the problem of compressed image transmission in the wireless channel. In the process of transmitting the compressed image code stream, the proposed adaptive-rate transmission scheme can effectively utilize the limited bandwidth resources of the channel to ensure reliable transmission of image information, and obtain higher reconstructed image quality than the fixed code rate-coding scheme. Further enhancements can be obtained by combining the UEP strategy. Through simulation, the adaptive-rate transmission scheme can achieve a performance improvement of about 2 dB over the fixed-rate transmission scheme. Moreover, using the adaptive-rate transmission scheme with UEP, the PSNR of the reconstructed image can be additionally increased by about 0.5 dB on average.  
This paper only provides an adaptive channel-coding scheme, but the other advanced source-coding techniques can be used to further design a better joint source channel-coding scheme. In addition, channel-coding technology can be combined with modulation, power control and other technologies to design a more complete adaptive transmission scheme.  
**Author Contributions:** [PERSON]-f.Z. and [PERSON] conceived the ideas and concept. [PERSON] implemented the software, carried out the experiments, and wrote the manuscript. [PERSON] and [PERSON] carried out simulation experiments and further verified the experimental results. [PERSON] and [PERSON] critically reviewed the paper.  
**Funding:** This research work was supported in part by the ZTE Cooperation Research Forum Project under Grant No. KY10800160020, and in part by Foundation of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation 722 Research Institute under Grant KY10800170051.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 1 Introduction
In this context, we first propose a classical feedback power control strategy, which tends to balance (i.e., equalize) the link SNRs and is optimal in traditional transmitting scenarios where the sources are independent. Then, we derive an innovative optimized power control strategy, which makes the system operate in the feasible SNR region at the lowest transmit energy consumption. It will be shown that the latter strategy leads to \"unbalanced\" target SNRs at the correlated sensors and, to the best of our knowledge, this is a novel result. The impact of possible non-idealities, in terms of residual multiple access interference and noisy feedback channels, on the performance of multiple access schemes using the proposed feedback power control strategies is also investigated. Even in this case, it will be shown that the unbalanced SNR strategy is still to be preferred. Finally, we apply the proposed feedback power control strategies to a so-called central estimating officer (CEO) problem, which can be interpreted as a limiting case of the general class of considered multiple access scenarios [21]. In the considered CEO setting, the information sequences at the input of the sensor nodes correspond to noisy observations of the sequence output by a single binary source, and the AP's goal is to estimate the latter sequence. In this scenario, we derive a proper fusion rule to be applied, at the AP, after feedback power control. In particular, this does not entail any modification of the proposed feedback power control strategies, which can be directly utilized. This paper is structured as follows. In Section 2., we describe the considered multiple access scheme. In Section 3., we first derive the power control strategies with unlimited transmit power, using both balanced SNR and unbalanced SNR strategies. Section 4. is devoted to the description of the JCD iterative decoding scheme at the AP and to the simulation-based performance analysis of the proposed multiple access schemes with feedback power control. In Section 5., we investigate the robustness of the proposed feedback power control strategies with respect to errors in the power control commands and the possible presence of residual multiple access interference. In Section 6., the proposed framework for multiple access schemes is extended to encompass, at the AP, the presence of information fusion after feedback power control, i.e., to a CEO scenario. Finally, in Section 7. we provide concluding remarks.
# The Impact of Large Language Models on Programming Education and Student Learning Outcomes
## 5 Discussion
### The Impact of LLMs on Code Generation and Debugging  
Notably, our results demonstrate a concerning trend regarding the reliance on LLMs for code generation and debugging purposes. A significant negative relationship was found  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**LLM Use** & **Spearman’s Rho** & **95\% Bootstrap CI** & \(p\) \\ \hline Generating code & \(-0.305\) & \((-0.595,\,-0.058)\) & \(0.045\) \\ Additional explanations & \(-0.201\) & \((-0.523,\,0.220)\) & \(0.135\) \\ Debugging & \(-0.360\) & \((-0.628,\,-0.011)\) & \(0.021\) \\ Average & \(-0.347\) & \((-0.626,\,-0.044)\) & \(0.026\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note: one-sided [PERSON]’s correlation test was used, testing the negative correlations.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Results of [PERSON]’s correlation analysis with bootstrap between LLM use and final grade.  
between increased reliance on LLMs for tasks demanding critical thinking and decreased final grades, indicating a potential hindrance to students' ability to independently tackle programming challenges. This aligns with the assertion made by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [9] regarding the importance of cultivating expertise in debugging to maintain the reliability and integrity of software systems.  
Even though debugging and dealing with errors can be particularly difficult for programming novices and can often be a major source of frustration, it is still an essential skill in the context of programming since systematically examining programs for bugs, finding and fixing them is a core competence of professional developers [18]. Furthermore, the significance of debugging skills extends beyond the programming realm. Such skills are also common in our daily lives, and studies suggest that instructing debugging techniques can facilitate the transfer of these skills to non-programming contexts [19].  
Our findings suggest that excessive reliance on LLMs for these tasks may hinder the development of essential troubleshooting skills, which are fundamental in software development. This is aligned with [PERSON] and [PERSON] [20], who stated that building software systems entails more than mere development and coding; it requires complex design and engineering efforts. While LLMs have made efforts to support coding syntax and error warnings, addressing abstract concerns like code smells, language idioms, and design principles remains challenging.  
Moreover, the observed downward trend in final grades with increased average LLM use across all types of LLM usage further emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to integrating LLMs into programming education. While LLMs undoubtedly offer valuable support and facilitate learning, our results suggest that it is important to balance their use with the development of independent problem-solving skills. This resonates with the broader educational objective of fostering self-sufficiency in students, particularly in domains like programming, where autonomous problem-solving is crucial since it facilitates the process of learning to program [18].
# Development of Analytical Model for Bonding of CFRP Rod in Concrete Subjected to Cyclic Loads
## 4 Experimental Double Pull-Out Test on G40 Concrete and UHPFRC
### Experimental Test Result Analysis
#### 4.2.2 Double Pull-Out Test Result  
The experimental setup for both concrete and UHPFRC followed the same procedure and amplitude. Initial observations were conducted throughout the testing procedure. The observation result of G40 concrete revealed debonding of CFRP of 10.18 mm (Figure 13a). Despite the strain gauges and cyclic actuator collecting data of force-displacement and stress-strain, observations were necessary to monitor the behaviour of CFRP rod bonding.  
The cyclic pull-out test on UHPFRC exhibited a distinct behaviour compared to the G40 concrete. As anticipated, UHPFRC exhibited superior force-displacement characteristics compared to G40 concrete. Moreover, the observation on the bonding of CFRP indicated that the CFRP experienced minimal displacement and ultimately failed due to the CFRP material itself, rather than debonding from the UHPFRC (Figure 13b). This experiment provides compelling evidence of the superior interlocking between the CFRP rod and UHPFRC, attributed to the finer particle matrix of UHPFRC compared to conventional  
Figure 11: Failure Mode of Test Specim: (**a**) G40 Concrete; (**b**) UHPFRC.  
Grade 40 concrete, which contains coarse aggregate. Another factor is the ductility and flexibility of UHPRC, in contrast to the brittleness of G40 concrete. The ductility of UHPFRC enables movement and displacement of the CFRP under cyclic load without failure or debonding. The material interlocking will move up and down as the cyclic load causes the CFRP to undergo push and pull criteria.  
The maximum displacement was recorded at 3269 s, reaching 10.18 mm before debonding fully at 3298 s. Figure 13(a) shows the time-force graph, indicating a maximum force of 11.53 kN achieved at 2469 s. The force then oscillated until the pull-out failed at 3298 s, terminating the experiment. This maximum force can be attributed to the debonding of the CFRP rod from the concrete base element.  
For the UHPFRC specimen, Figure 13(b) shows the time-force graph, with a maximum force of 41.5 kN achieved at 3103 s. The force continued to oscillate until the pull-out was fully complete at 5356 s, marking the end of the experiment. The maximum force in this case can be attributed to the debonding of the CFRP rod from the UHPFRC base element.  
A comparison of the results between the G40 concrete control specimen and the UHPFRC test prototype was conducted (Figure 15 and Table 9). The hypothesis, which aimed to validate the superior performance of UHPFRC compared to G40 concrete, was upheld. This is due to the higher ductility and strength of UHPFRC, the finer interlocking mesh resulting from the absence of coarse aggregate, and the resulting improved bonding.  
Figure 12: Test Result Comparison of G40 Concrete and UHPFRC.  
Figure 13: Debonding/Failure of CFRP–Concrete Element: (a) G40 Concrete; (b) UHPFRC.
## 2 Problem Description  
### Beat wave Propagation along Dielectric Bar  
The relative permittivity of the dielectric bar is \(\varepsilon_{r}=4.3\). The bar is a square in cross section. An incident plane wave propagates toward \(+z\) direction with the electric field polarized in \(y\) direction, as shown in Figure 2a. The CST models used in this work are shown in Figure 2b,c. In the CST Eigenmode solver, the model shown in Figure 2b has perfect electric conductor boundaries in one transverse direction and perfect magnetic conductor boundaries in the other transverse direction. Periodic boundaries are applied in the longitudinal direction. In the CST Time-Domain Solver, the model shown in Figure 2c has open boundaries and periodic boundaries in all transverse directions for single bar simulation and absorbing array simulation, respectively. Open boundaries in the longitudinal direction are always applied for exciting incident plane waves. These two models are used for the simulations in this paper containing the following sections.  
Field distribution on the xoz plane with a plane wave excitation is shown in Figure 2d. It is observed that a beat wave propagates along the dielectric bar. It should be mentioned that the beat wave is usually defined as the superposition of two waves with different frequencies; however, in this situation, the waves at the same frequency have different wave numbers in the propagation direction.  
A lossy bar under plane-wave excitation is simulated and the electric field distribution and power loss distribution are obtained and shown in Figure 3. The lossy material is FR-4. It has a relative permittivity of 4.3 and a tan\(\delta\) value of 0.025. Figure 3 shows that the beat wave phenomenon still occurs when the material of the dielectric bar is lossy.  
Further, wave propagation along the dielectric bar is investigated by CST simulation when the bar is illuminated by the radiation form a horn antenna. The results are shown in Figure 4. It is observed that beat wave distribution still exists under the radiation emitted from a horn antenna.  
Thus, it is found that the beat wave propagation along the dielectric bar (whether lossy or not) may appear under specific types of excitation. Further discussion will be found in the next sub-section.
# A Design of a Lightweight In-Vehicle Edge Gateway for the Self-Diagnosis of an Autonomous Vehicle
## 2 Related Works
### A Design of an InV-Management Layer (InV-ML)
The Priority value of the CAN message frame is stored in the Priority field in the EX2 of Table 1.  
The Source Protocol field is 2 bits and has a source protocol number in it. If the Source Protocol field value is 00, it means a CAN protocol. If it is 01, it means a MOST protocol. If it is 10, it means a FlexRay protocol. If it is 11, it means an Ethernet protocol. The source protocol bus number which sent a message is stored in the Source Bus Number field. Because the Source Protocol field value is 10 and Source Bus Number field value is 1 in the EX1 of \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Field Name** & **Ex1 (FlexRay)** & **Ex2 (CAN)** & **Ex3 (MOST)** & **Ex4 (Ethernet)** \\ \hline Cycle & 4 & 0 & 1 & 2 \\ ID & 12 & 15 & 57 & 22 \\ Priority & 0 & 3 & 2 & 4 \\ Source Protocol & 10 & 00 & 01 & 11 \\ Source Bus Number & 1 & 2 & 2 & 0 \\ Source Address & 1002 & 0452 & 8847 & 4571 \\ Destination Protocol & 00 & 01 & 10 & 00 \\ Destination Bus Number & 2 & 2 & 1 & 1 \\ Destination Address & 0512 & 9960 & 1140 & 0324 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: The example of an Address Mapping Table. Figure 5: The movement of messages in InV-ML. Table 1, it means that a message was received from the Bus 1 using a FlexRay protocol. Because the Source Protocol field value is 00 and the Source Bus Number field value is 2 in the EX2 of Table 1, it means that a message was received from the Bus 2 using a CAN protocol. The source address of the received message is stored in the Source Address field. The Destination Protocol field is 2 bits large and has a destination protocol number in it. The destination protocol bus number is stored in the Destination Bus Number field. The destination address of the received message is stored in a Destination Address field. If the header information is stored in the Address Mapping Table, the InV-ML transfers the stored header information and the original message of the Input Message Queue to the InV-DTL according to priority. The stepwise process is shown in Figure 6.  
1. Before the Input Message Queue transfers messages to the InV-DTL, it searches for the tuple of the Address Mapping Table with the same the sending message ID as Address Mapping Table ID. 2. The message which must be translated and the tuple of the Address Mapping Table are transferred to the InV-DTL. 3. The InV-DTL translates messages, compares the destination and source address of the translated message to those of the Address Mapping Table. If they are all the same, the InV-DTL transfers the message to the InV-ML. 4. The InV-ML sets the paths of the translated messages, and delivers the messages to the Output Message Queue and transfers the message of the Output Message Queue to the SRL according the paths.
## 4 Intraoral Molar Distalization Methods
### Skeletal Anchorage-Assisted Distalization Methods
#### 4.2.1 Palatinal Miniscrew-Assisted Distalization Applications  
The palatal region offers several advantages over other anatomical sites for miniscrew placement in the maxilla. These include the keratinized surface of the palate, the absence of fronulum attachments and mobile tissues, and a reduced risk of root contact [47]. To prevent anchorage loss during molar distalization, miniscrews have been incorporated into distalization appliances, either by modifying existing devices or by being included in original appliance designs.  
Beneslider Appliance  
[PERSON] et al. [48] introduced the 'Beneslider' appliance for molar distalization, describing it as a modification of the miniscrew Keles Slider and Distal Jet appliances. In this appliance, anchorage is achieved using miniscrews placed in the palatal region in either an anteroposterior or right-left orientation. Stainless steel (SS) wire 'Beneplates' are passed through the grooves of the 'Benetubes', which are attached to the molar bands, allowing the applied force to pass through the molars' centers of resistance. The appliance can apply a force ranging from 200 to 500 g, generated by compressing Ni-Ti springs using activation locks.  
An intraoral occlusal view of the Beneslider appliance is shown in Figure 7.  
[PERSON] [49] used a modified mini-implant-anchored Lokar appliance on 20 patients to evaluate its effectiveness. An activator tube soldered to the Lokar was positioned on the buccal side and attached to the molar band to ensure the force passed as close as possible to the center of resistance. Mini-implants were placed between the first molar and second premolar, serving as anchors, while the Ni-Ti coil springs on the Lokar appliance were activated to generate the distalization force. After 10.8 months of treatment, the results indicated a 3.28 mm distal movement and a 5.48\({}^{\circ}\) distal tipping of the molars. The author also noted that the distal movement of the upper incisors was insignificant and that the overjet values decreased due to a 0.93\({}^{\circ}\) distal tipping.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Quantification of Nitrite and Nitrate Concentrations in PAM  
The levels of nitrites (NO\({}_{2}^{-}\)) and nitrates (NO\({}_{3}^{-}\)) in PAM were assessed using the Griess Reagent System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The nitrites detection using the Griess reagent system is based on a chemical reaction of sulfanilamide solution (SS) and N-1-naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED) under acidic conditions (phosphoricacid). For each sample, 50 \(\upmu\)L of PAM was mixed with 50 \(\upmu\)L of SS and incubated for 10 min in the dark at room temperature. Afterward, 50 \(\upmu\)L NED was added to each sample, followed by a new incubation stage of 10 min in the dark at room temperature. The samples were read at 540 nm with the multimodal plate reader FilterMax F5 (Molecular Devices LLC, San Jose, CA, USA). In order to detect nitrates, the NO\({}_{3}^{-}\) was reduced to NO\({}_{2}^{-}\) with vanadium chloride [65], then, the reduced nitrates cumulated with the nitrites initially present in the sample were spectrophotometrically evaluated as previously described. Afterward, NO\({}_{3}^{-}\) levels have been identified by subtraction of NO\({}_{2}^{-}\) levels from the total amount of reduced NO\({}_{3}^{-}\) plus NO\({}_{2}^{-}\) levels.
# Safety Concept for Textile-Reinforced Concrete Structures with Bending Load
## 5 Reliability Calculation Results
### Comparison of the Methods for Determining Reliability  
To show the equivalence of the methods FORM, MC and MC-IS, the calculated probabilities of failure (or reliability indices \(\beta\)) are compared for an AR-glass and a carbon textile reinforcement (\(\gamma_{\rm T}=1.5\)) (Figure 8). Comparable reliability indices are obtained regardless of the calculation method used.  
The reliability indices determined according to the MC and MC-IS are constantly about \(\Delta\beta\approx 0.1\) higher or lower over the entire range of the curve than when using the FORM. This difference was also observed in the example calculations of [PERSON] [29]. In the calculations carried out by [PERSON] [19], the differences were partly \(\Delta\beta\approx 0.4\). It can be assumed that with the MC, the probabilities of failure can be more accurately calculated if a sufficient amount of simulations are conducted. However, since in the example addressed in this study the differences are small, they can be neglected. Based on these considerations, a FORM analysis is sufficient to determine the reliability of textile-reinforced concrete components subject to bending loads. For this reason, only the results of the parametric studies determined with the FORM are shown below.  
Figure 8: Reliability indices calculated according to FORM, Monte Carlo method (MC) and Monte Carlo method with importance sampling (MC-IS) considering an effective depth of \(d=15\) mm: (**a**) AR-glass; (**b**) carbon.