In-Depth Analysis and Characterization of a Hazelnut Agro-Industrial Context through the Integration of Multi-Source Satellite Data: A Case Study in the Province of Viterbo, Italy  
[PERSON]  
1 Research Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00028 Rome, Italy;  
1 [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (F.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S. );  
2 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Research Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00028 Rome, Italy;  
1 [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (F.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S. );  
2 Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Research Unit of Electronics for Sensor Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00028 Rome, Italy;  
1 [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (F.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.P. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.S. );  
3 Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00028 Rome, Italy;  
1 [PERSON]_ADDRESS] (F.L. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.P. ); m.santonico@unicampus. productive standpoint within the framework of a circular economy [2]. In Italy, due to pedoclimatic and territorial development dynamics, cultivation is concentrated in a few districts [3]. According to statistics, the province of Viterbo (1.2% of the Italian territory) alone holds approximately 26% of the total hazelnut surface area in Italy [4], with a continuously increasing trend due to growing demand in the market. According to the Association of Direct Cultivators (\"Coldirett\"), hazelnut cultivation involves 30 municipalities, supporting around 8000 families. This territorial concentration has facilitated the expansion of the market for industry businesses and the development of technical and commercial services. In this area, there is a historical tradition of hazelnut production, particularly in the district of the Cimini Mountains, where hazelnuts represent a profitable form of local development and income [5]. The promotion of this local product as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) further emphasizes their exceptional quality and authentic regional identity [6]. The rapid expansion of hazelnuts as a local monoculture has raised valid concerns regarding the sustainability of the system [7; 8]. In this context, obtaining information on the spatial distribution of the hazelnut groves is crucial for various reasons, ranging from the development and optimization of the supply chain to the detection of anomalies associated with local or widespread phenomena [9], as well as enabling the implementation of a consortium-based precision agriculture practice [10]. This integrated approach will facilitate targeted interventions and resource allocation [11], ensuring the long-term viability and environmental stewardship of hazelnut production in the region. Identifying and classifying agricultural land cover is a fundamental topic in satellite remote sensing, especially in the case of studies concerning their spatial and temporal change. Satellite images are the main source of a wide range of environmental information about the landscape and its changes [12], which is essential for effective sustainable land planning and management [13]. In this context, remote-sensing tools offer valuable resources [14; 15; 16; 17], with satellite sensor constellations cyclically collecting ground information at various spatial, radiometric, spectral, and temporal resolutions [18]. Numerous studies in the literature focus on regional crop recognition through the analysis of remotely sensed images [19; 20].