# Supply Chain Management in Renewable Energy Projects from a Life Cycle Perspective: A Review
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**LCA Phases** & **Supply Chain Stage** & **Similarities** & **Differences** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Manufacturing} & Production and Manufacturing & Both involve the creation of products, such as solar panels, wind turbines, or components within the supply chain. & Manufacturing RE equipment focuses on producing energy technology, while the supply chain encompasses a broader range of products. \\  & Logistics and Distribution & Both involve the movement of products from the manufacturing site to the installation site. & Transport of renewable products focuses more on heavy, specific equipment, such as wind turbines, whereas the supply chain can involve products from various sectors. \\  & Assembly and Installation & Both stages involve the installation of equipment on-site. & RE installation focuses specifically on implementing complex technological systems, while installation in the supply chain can be more general. \\  & Operations and Inventory & Both stages focus on operational efficiency and the maintenance of systems or products. & In RE, operation refers to continuous energy generation, while inventory management in the supply chain refers more to the distribution of products. \\  & Dismantling and & Dismantling and Recycling & Both involve handling products at the end of their life cycle. & RE dismantling focuses on waste management and recycling of specific materials, while the supply chain may have a broader focus on product recycling. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of life cycle stages of renewable energy and supply chain stages. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Metric** & **Unit of Measurement** & **Description** \\ \hline Carbon Footprint (CO\({}_{2}\)) & kg CO\({}_{2}\)-eq/kWh & Measures GHGs associated with each life cycle stage. \\ Energy Consumption & MJ or kWh & Indicates the amount of energy used in each life cycle phase. \\ Natural Resource Use & kg or tons & Evaluates the use of materials such as rare earths, metals, and water. \\ Water Footprint & m\({}^{3}\) of water/kWh & Measures the water consumed or polluted throughout the system’s lifetime. \\ Waste Generation & kg/kWh & Quantifies waste generated during manufacturing, operation, and end of life. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Key indicators for life cycle assessment. Unlike fossil fuels, RESs such as solar, wind, and biomass not only reduce dependence on fossil resources but also enhance energy security by mitigating risks associated with geopolitical conflicts and fossil fuel market price volatility, due to their wide availability and abundance [140; 141; 142], However, as established earlier in this article, their environmental impact is not negligible [143; 144; 145], as each phase of their life cycle entails significant environmental implications that must be analyzed comprehensively. The extraction of minerals required for RESs also raises environmental concerns. Mining activities reduce soil fertility and contribute to GHG emissions and ozone layer depletion. Furthermore, large-scale RES deployment will generate new types of industrial waste and mineral resource depletion, which could significantly impact ecological systems [146]. The supply chain of each RES comprises several key phases, each involving specific processes that contribute to the complete LCA of RE technologies, as represented in Figure 1.