## 4 Results and Discussion  
This section presents the results and discussion of both existing and proposed schemes by using various evaluation metrics. The simulation model setup for the performance evaluation of the developed EMI minimization technique was built upon a full-fledged MATLAB/Simulink environment. The model included an interleaved boost DC-DC converter topology, built from fundamental power electronic devices like inductors, switches, diodes, and output filters. The control method was realized through a digital control block including the space vector-dithered sigma delta modulation (SV-DiSDM) scheme. A periodic dithering function was implemented to dynamically alter the switching parameters, thereby accurately simulating the randomization behavior. A pseudo-random number generator based on the linear congruential generator (LCG) was also utilized for signal modulation, and control pulses for switching were generated accordingly. For efficiency analysis of EMI suppression, total harmonic distortion (THD), switching frequency, and electromagnetic spectral distribution were tracked by respective measurement blocks. This overall setup provided a correct performance evaluation of the proposed technique for different operating conditions. In the proposed work, the periodic dithering model was  
Figure 7: Random dither generation unit. utilized for designing the interleaved boost DC-DC converter topology, where the pulses were used to controlling the switching activities. Figure 8a,b compares the PWM spectrum of both fixed and dithering techniques, respectively, under varying frequencies in terms of KHz. Based on this evaluation, it was observed that the dithered PWM could efficiently reduce the peak of the spectrum, which helped to suppress the harmonic contents. Figure 8a,b shows the generated dithered PWM signal for the bandwidth of 16 kHZ to 24 kHz with the sweep of 1000 Hz and 500 Hz, respectively. By using these results, the sweep effect was analyzed with respect to varying frequency in terms of KHz. From the evaluations, it was observed that the peak value of the spectrum was efficiently reduced with the sweep value. Figure 9 shows the analysis of EMI emission peak level with respect to varying modulation index, where \(\Delta\)f indicates the frequency deviation, and m is the modulation index. In this analysis, the EMI measurement is validated based on the optimum value of the modulation index in the plot. According to the evaluation, it was analyzed that the highest EMI reduction was achieved with the varying modulation index. Figure 10 depicts the output ripple voltage of the interleaved boost DC-DC converter with respect to varying modulation index values. Similarly, the efficiency of the converter was estimated  
Figure 8: (a) Dithered PWM signal with 1000 Hz sweep. (b) Dithered PWM signal with 500 Hz sweep. for varying frequency deviations and modulation index values, as shown in Figure 11. Typically, the efficiency of the converter highly depends on the switching pulses generated by the controller. Moreover, the voltage deviation was also estimated with respect to different modulation index values, as shown in Figure 12. From the obtained results, it was analyzed that the proposed new randomization-based modulation scheme provided improved performance results by efficiently reducing the level of EMI. Figure 10: Output voltage ripple. Figure 9: Analysis of EMI emission peak level. Figure 13 analyzes the total harmonics distortion (THD) level of both existing and proposed schemes with respect to varying modulation index, which includes sigma delta modulation (SDM) [35], space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) [33], random PWM [34], and space vector SDM [35]. From the evaluation, it was identified that the proposed DiSDM technique efficiently reduced the level of THD for all modulation indexes when compared to the other techniques. Figure 11: Efficiency analysis. Figure 12: Output voltage deviation.