## 1 Introduction  
Fire disaster is one of the common hazards in various regions, such as Japan, Europe, Australia, Greece, and Taiwan [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. According to diverse statistical analyses and methodologies used to streamline datasets when investigating the causes of fire occurrences and regional characteristics [2; 3; 5; 9], fire incidents are categorized into various causes, including electrical factors, mechanical equipment, smoldering materials, spontaneous combustion of flammable substances, cigarette butts, candles, suicide, cooking-related fires, stoves, religious activities, ancestral worship, tomb sweeping, bomfires, construction accidents, playing with fire, gas leaks or explosions, fireworks, chemicals, traffic accidents, natural disasters, unknown causes, and other reasons [10; 11]. In exploration of factors influencing fire safety, [PERSON] et al. [12] mentioned that the elderly population faces concerning domestic fires, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate such risks in their homes. As underscored by [PERSON] et al. [13], the age of the dwelling emerges as a critical factor amplifying the susceptibility to fire hazards. Their research signals that as houses age, the risk of fire incidents escalates, shedding light on a nuanced aspect of fire safety that demands attention [13]. Furthermore, there are socioeconomic dimensions of fire safety, acknowledging the significance of socioeconomic factors as prominent predictors of fire rates at the neighborhood level [14]. Through a synthesis of these factors and insights from the existing literature [10; 11; 12; 13; 14], our study seeks to provide a nuanced and comprehensive perspective on the interconnections between demographic shifts, structural aging, economic dynamics, and fire safety. According to data from Taiwan in 2021 [15], there were a total of 21,684 reported fire incidents, leading to a significant economic loss surpassing 355.2 million New TaiwanDollars (NTD). These incidents resulted in approximately 192 fatalities and 304 injuries. In the context of Keelung City, there were 133 reported fire incidents in the same year. Among these incidents, electrical factors emerged as the predominant cause, constituting 39 cases and representing 29% of the total occurrences [16; 17]. Based on the fire investigation data from the Keelung City Fire Bureau in the past decade [18], building fires are the most common type of fires in Keelung City. The investigation data reveals that most fire incidents in the city are caused by human negligence, with electrical factors and cooking-related fires being the primary causes [17; 18]. Previous studies in various countries, including Spain, Japan, and Europe [2; 3; 6], have utilized various approaches like principal component analysis (PCA), comparative analysis, and statistical analysis to explore the factors behind fire incidents and regional attributes. PCA stands out as a prevalent dimensionality reduction technique frequently employed in the investigation of fire incidents and regional attributes, identifying numerous factors associated with fire characteristics [19; 20; 21; 22]. These variables encompassed average population density, household density, ratios of elderly population, and more. Findings from the prior studies [2; 5; 23; 24; 25] indicate that the spatial-temporal dynamics within fire regime attributes, including fire frequency, burnt area, occurrences of large fires, and incidents of both natural and human origin, constitute a critical component of fire regime characterization. These findings unveiled spatiotemporal trends in fires [26; 27]. Additionally, the geographic information system (GIS) enables spatial analysis and the integration of spatial data for environmental analysis and disaster management [28; 29]. Combining GIS with PCA aids in identifying spatial patterns and trends associated with human-caused fires [30], offering multiple benefits for delineating fire patterns [31].