## 6 Conclusions  
Firstly, based on the rock mechanics laboratory test results, the brittleness index and energy index were used to qualitatively analyze and evaluate the rockburst potential of different stratigraphic lithologies. Secondly, a three-dimensional discrete element method was applied to model and analyze the excavation process of the deep-buried roadway traversing multi-stratigraphic tectonics, using the developing entry near the 14\(\mu\) exploration line in the middle section of 1104 of the Huize lead-zinc mine as the engineering background, in order to investigate the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock during roadway excavation and to assess the degree of rockburst risk. The main findings are as follows:  
1. Based on the results of the rock mechanics laboratory tests, and combined with the brittleness index and the maximum stored elastic strain energy index criteria, it was found that the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation (dolomite) is prone to slight to moderate rockburst, while the C\({}_{1}\)d formation (limestone) is prone to slight rockburst. From the perspective of internal causative factors, both formations possess rockburst potential. 2. Differences in the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress field were observed when the roadway crossed different formations. In the C\({}_{1}\)d formation, the stress release zone is larger, the stress concentration zone is located farther from the excavation surface, and the degree of stress accumulation is relatively low. In contrast, in the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation, the stress release zone is smaller, the stress concentration zone is closer to the excavation surface, and the degree of stress accumulation is relatively high. Additionally, when the roadway crosses the stratigraphic boundary, an abnormal stress zone forms in the lower plate (the relatively harder formation), primarily concentrated near the vault. This stress abnormal zone provides favorable external conditions for energy accumulation, thus increasing the likelihood of rockburst disasters. 3. The surrounding rock displacement is significantly affected by lithological differences, particularly in formations with a low elastic modulus. Furthermore, the displacement in the high-modulus rock near the stratigraphic boundary is greater than in other locations within the same formation. This may be attributed to the larger displacement of the lower-modulus rock squeezing the harder rock, a phenomenon particularly evident near the vault. 4. When the roadway is located in the C\({}_{1}\)d formation, larger BSR values are distributed farther from the excavation surface. In the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation, larger BSR values appear closer to the excavation face, indicating a higher rockburst risk in the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation compared to the C\({}_{1}\)d formation. In the scenario where the roadway is excavated from the C\({}_{1}\)d formation to the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation, the BSR index peaks near the arch top adjacent to the stratigraphic boundary (close to the D\({}_{3}\)zg formation), reaching a maximum of 0.551, which corresponds to a slight rockburst risk. However, when the excavation direction is reversed (from D\({}_{3}\)zg to C\({}_{1}\)d), the BSR index peaks at 0.619, indicating a moderate rockburst risk, which is higher in magnitude. These simulation results demonstrate that the direction of roadway excavation affects the level of rockburst risk, especially when crossing multi-stratigraphic tectonic zones with differing lithologies. [PERSON] contributed to writing--review and editing, resources, supervision, and funding acquisition. [PERSON] and [PERSON] was involved in conceptualization, methodology, data curation, software, writing--original draft preparation. [PERSON] helped in writing--review and editing, supervision, and data curation. [PERSON] helped in writing--review and editing, supervision, and data curation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.