esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Materials and Methods  
SiCp/6061 Al composites with SiCp volume fractions of 5%, 10%, and 15% were prepared by the vacuum hot pressing sintering method using micron-sized 6061 Al powder and SiC particles as the raw materials. The chemical composition of the matrix 6061 Al alloy was (wt%) Mg 0.8-1.2, Si 0.4-0.8, Cu 0.15-0.4, Fe 0.7, and Al. The 6061 Al powder was microscopically spherical, the average particle size was 30 \(\upmu\)m, the yield strength was 199 MPa, and the elastic modulus was 69 GPa. The particle size of the SiC ceramic particles (SiCp) was about 14 \(\upmu\)m. For uniform mixing of the powders, the mechanical milling process was employed by a high-energy ball mill (QM-3 SP2, Nanjing Chishun Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China). Powder mixtures with different reinforcement contents (5, 10, and 15 vol%) were milled at 300 rpm for 2 h. For all experiments, a stainless steel ball with a diameter of 10 mm was used as the ball-milling medium, and the ball-to-powder weight ratio of 10:1 was utilized. Argon gas (99.99% pure, Wuhan Newred Trading Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China) was used as the milling atmosphere. The hot pressing sintering process had a sintering temperature of 490 \({}^{\circ}\)C, a sintering pressure of 25 MPa, and a holding time of 1 h. The vacuum degree in the furnace was 10\({}^{-1}\) Pa. The green body obtained by hot pressing sintering was a small cylinder with a diameter of 30 mm and a height of about 10 mm.  
The microstructure and fracture morphology of the samples were observed by an OLYMPUS GX-51 optical microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and a Merlin Compact scanning electron microscope (Carl Zeiss NTS GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany). The quasi-static tensile test was carried out on the CMT5105 electronic universal testing machine (New Sansi (Shanghai) Enterprise Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The tensile specimen was cut from the center of the billet, with a cross section of 1.4 mm \(\times\) 1 mm and a gauge length of 2.5 mm. The center of the billet was used to make the samples. The specimen surface was wet ground and polished with diamond sandpaper. The etchantwas Kaller reagent (composition: 1% HF + 1.5% HCl + 2.5% HNO\({}_{3}\) + 95% water). The indentation depth-load curve of the SiCP/6061 Al composite matrix was obtained by a TP-Premier nanoindentation system with a Berkovich diamond indenter (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). The maximum indentation depth of the nanoindentation test was 2 \(\upmu\)m, and the loading/unloading rate was 0.02 \(\upmu\)m/s. A metallographic specimen can also be used in a nanoindentation test. However, in order to avoid the influence of the oxide layer on the surface of the aluminum alloy in a nanoindentation test, the metallographic specimen should be immediately put into a volume fraction of 10% NaOH solution to prevent the formation of the oxide layer after grinding and polishing, and the nanoindentation experiment should be carried out as soon as possible. Each test was repeated 4 times to avoid the contingency of the test data.  
The finite element software used in this work is Abaqus2012 (Dassault Systemes, Aachen, Germany).
# Vegetation Dynamics and Recovery Potential in Arid and Semi-Arid Northwest China
## 2 Results
### Climate-Driven Vegetation Dynamics in Northwest China
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Year**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Degraded**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Degraded**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**No Change**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Restored**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Restored**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Restored**} \\  & **Significantly** & & & & & & **Significantly** \\ \hline
1982–2019 & 21.3 & 4.89 & 2.09 & 29.02 & 2.8 & 6.08 & 33.82 \\
1982–2000 & 0.1 & 0.35 & 0.56 & 78.36 & 7.29 & 7.28 & 6.06 \\
2000–2019 & 11.92 & 7.18 & 5.03 & 59.69 & 6.91 & 4.2 & 5.07 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Area proportions for NDVI trend in the northwest (%). Figure 1: Trend of vegetation greening in northwest China during 1982–2019: **(a)**, spatial distribution map of multi-year average satellite-observed NDVI; **(b)**, annual variation in NDVI; **(c)**, spatial distribution of multi-year average LPJ-simulated NDVI; **(d)**, annual variation in NDVI.
# Data Privacy and Ethical Considerations in Database Management
## 3 Best Practices
### Transparent Communication with Stakeholders  
Effective and transparent communication with target audiences and other stakeholders is crucial for addressing the challenges and opportunities of data management [58]. Communication is a powerful tool that explains limitations and potential risks, followed by decision making. It is essential to find the right balance in communication to avoid excesses that cause information fatigue and lack of communication that leads to misunderstandings and mistrust.  
Regarding ethical considerations in data management, it is essential to deal with issues related to data privacy [59]. Good data management practices must follow evolving privacy regulations, ensuring that sensitive information is collected, stored, and used following legal guidelines [60]. By providing clear information about their data practices and allowing people to control their personal information, organizations can show their commitment to ethics.  
To communicate efficiently with stakeholders, organizations need to implement best practices for communicating with these stakeholders [61]. This encompasses a four-step process: planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation [61].  
Ideal practices for transparent communication are as follows:  
* Establish clear objectives and roles: Allows all stakeholders to understand the goals and their affiliated roles. This transparency contributes to clarity and establishes the alignment of expectations from the beginning.
* Two-way communication: Transparency involves maintaining open communication channels with stakeholders regarding projects or initiative progress. Regular updates for stakeholders to make inquiries and feedback encourage a sense of inclusion and mutual dedication.
* Sharing positive and negative information: Demonstrating sincerity builds credibility and shows that the organization is not concealing information.
* Use clear, concise language: Avoid technical terminology and overly complex terms that non-technical stakeholders may find challenging to comprehend. The goal is to ensure that information is accessible and easily understood by all relevant stakeholders.
* Schedule regular communication: Set a periodic calendar of stakeholder meetings. This may involve weekly status updates, monthly progress reports, or ad hoc meetings as needed. Keeping all parties informed and aligned is facilitated by consistent communication.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Antibacterial Activity  
Mueller Hinton medium (agar or broth) and antibiotics were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc., Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. The antibacterial activity of the _P. paperayaccum_ extract was evaluated by the agar diffusion method [21]. Three Gram-negative (_Escherichia coli_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 25922\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\), _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 27853\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\), and _Proteus mirabilis_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 14153\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\)) and three Gram-positive (_Bacillus cereus_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 11778\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\), _Bacillus subtilis_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 11774\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\), and _Staphylococcus aureus_ ATCC\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) 12600\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\)) bacterial strains were used in the experiment.  
Mueller Hinton agar plates were inoculated with 50 \(\upmu\)L overnight-grown at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C bacterial suspensions (concentration 1 \(\times\) 10\({}^{\text{\textregistered}}\) CFU/mL). Then, 20 \(\upmu\)L containing 20 \(\upmu\)g of the cyanobacterial extract were applied on standard holes in the agar medium with a diameter of 8 mm. A quantity of 20 \(\upmu\)L of antibiotics (20 IU penicillin and 20 \(\upmu\)g streptomycin) and 20 \(\upmu\)L DMSO/water (1:1) served as positive and negative controls. The plates were incubated at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 24 h, and then the diameters of the inhibition zones were measured in millimetres. Determinations were performed in four repetitions.
###### Abstract  
We report the preparation of a 780.2 nm and 852.3 nm laser device based on single-pass periodically poled magnesium-oxide-doped lithium niobate (PPMgO:LN) bulk crystals and diode-laser-seeded fiber amplifiers. First, a single-frequency continuously tunable 780.2 nm laser of more than 600 mW from second-harmonic generation (SHG) by a 1560.5 nm laser can be achieved. Then, a 250 mW light at 852.3 nm is generated and achieves an overall conversion efficiency of 4.1% from sum-frequency generation (SFG) by mixing the 1560.5 nm and 1878.0 nm lasers. The continuously tunable range of 780.2 nm and 852.3 nm are at least 6.8 GHz and 9.2 GHz. By employing this laser system, we can conveniently perform laser cooling, trapping and manipulating both rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) atoms simultaneously. This system has promising applications in a cold atoms Rb-Cs two-component intereeremeter and in the formation of the RbCs dimer by the photoassociation of cold Rb and Cs atoms confined in a magneto-optical trap.  
fiber amplifier; single-pass sum-frequency generation; single-pass second-harmonic generation; rubidium D\({}_{2}\) line (780.2 nm), cesium D\({}_{2}\) line (852.3 nm) +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters
## 2 Related Works
[26] proposed a highly robust SBPP algorithm. This algorithm effectively mitigates physical layer impairments in the network by allocating primary path resources to the L band and backup path resources to the C band. The results demonstrate notable improvements in BBP and OSNR through the implementation of this algorithm. It should be noted from the above literature that existing studies in C+L-EONs mainly focus on spectrum fragmentation, ISRS-based QoT estimation, and network survivability. However, the spectrum fragmentation issue limits the spectrum resource usage efficiently. Moreover, the influence of ISRS becomes more significant in C+L-EONs, further limiting the potential capacity improvement of C+L-EONs. Additionally, network survivability should be taken into account, as link failures can result in significant economic losses due to the interruption of numerous services. Therefore, we comprehensively consider the effect of spectrum fragmentation and ISRS impact on resource allocation based on the network survivability, and we proposed the ISRS- and fragmentation-aware survivable RBMSA algorithm to ensure the network survivability, increase the spectrum fragmentation, and mitigate the ISRS impact of requests.
# GC- and UHPLC-MS Profiles as a Tool to Valorize the Red Alga Asparagopsis armata+
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Plant Material and Extracts Preparation  
_Asparagopsis armata_ Harvey (on gametophyte phase) was collected in June 2017, in the intertidal zone of S. Miguel Island coast, in Ponta Delgada, Azores. Prof. [PERSON], expert on seaweeds from University of Azores, was responsible for the taxonomic identification of the harvested alga. A voucher specimen (SMG-2017-06) was deposited in Ruy Telles Palhinha Herbarium (AZB).  
_Asparagopsis armata_ sample was cleaned from salt and epiphytes, drained between sheets of absorbent paper, and cut into pieces approximately 1 cm long. Fresh algae after draining contains 92.9% (\(\pm\)0.97%) of water.  
Dried _A. armata_ (231.06 g) were obtained from fresh material by air drying, protected from light, and then dried in an oven with forced ventilation at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, until constant weight.  
The lipophilic extract (extract A) was prepared from 229.2 g of dried seaweed by maceration (1:10 algae:dichloromethane) at room temperature, under stirring and in the dark, for 3 cycles of 3 days each, with solvent renewal at the end of each cycle. The solvent from the combined extraction steps was first evaporated with a rotary vacuum evaporator at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C and then dryed under vacuum at room temperature (yield 1.25%).  
From fresh _A. armata_, collected from the same place and date, several polar extracts were prepared, using different polar solvents (ethanol, ethanol:water (50%), and water) and different methods of extraction (maceration, ultrasounds, and microwave) in order to optimize the extraction procedure according to the Table 1.  
The dried polar extracts were obtained after evaporation and/or lyophilization. The yields obtained are shown in the Table 2.
## 3 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Stage 4--Maintenance
#### 3.3.1 Petroleum Oil--RJS Ageing  
Continuous Cleaning  
In this test, aluminium RJS specimens, were immersed in petroleum oil for a given period of time and subsequently tested in shear loading until failure. The aluminium specimens correspond to the worst-case scenario in this test. The maximum load values are shown in Figure 14, for which the 0 h condition represents the initial, unaged condition. Due to the fact that multiple batches of specimens were manufactured for all the tests, the initial value (0 h) may vary slightly.  
From the presented data, there is no distinct pattern with regard to the way in which petroleum oil affects the joint's maximum strength, with no clear correlation between the amount of time the joint spends submerged in the fluid and strength loss. This variability, defined by both the oscillating mean values and high standard deviations, is explained by the small scale of the adhesive joints used, where small defects in the joint can result in significant reductions in strength. In this case, this is also related to higher fluid uptake in the interface and/or defects of the joint.  
Having said that, and taking into consideration the established threshold, a maximum of sixteen continuous hours of immersion in petroleum oil can be defined as a practical limit. This allows us to preserve the performance of the bonded joint, with a 20 to 30% reduction in the maximum shear strength.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \(D_{i}\) (mm) & \(D_{f}\) (mm) & \(\Delta D\) (mm) & \(\Delta D\) (\%) \\ \hline
99.993 & 100.005 & 0.012 & 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Dimensional variation measurements.  
These findings are backed by the information depicted in Table 3 for 100 h. Typically, a wide range of oils lead to a 15 to 20% decrease in strength. In the case of this study, the decrease was slightly higher, which is somewhat expected, since the bonded area of the RJS specimens is extremely small and any diffusion through the interface will lead to significant changes in joint performance.  
Despite this, the long-term results are in line with what was anticipated by the 500 h and 1000 h conditions of the aforementioned oils, where the damaging effect stabilised. This is also the case for this fluid, where after one month (720 h) it maintained an approximately 20% decrease.
# A Survey of Secure Time Synchronization
## 2 Time Synchronization
### Time Synchronization Requirements
#### 2.4.3 Precision  
Synchronization precision depends on the specific applications which may vary for different applications in sensor networks. For example, for some applications simple ordering of events may be sufficient, whereas microsecond accuracy may be required for some other applications [35]. In current protocols, the RBS protocol uses a receiver-to-receiver approach which eliminates the nondeterminism at the sender which helps the RBS protocol to provide high precision [33], whereas the TPSN utilizes the MAC layer for messages exchanges from both sides between nodes which results in providing a better precision rate than the RBS protocol [31]. Furthermore, the FTSP provides even higher precision by utilizing the MAC layer timestamps and linear regression to eliminate clock drift and offset [32]. However, the LTS protocol is not suitable for high precision apps because its accuracy reduces towards the depth of the tree [34].
# Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based Microgels and Nanogels Toward Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications
## 2 Hydrogel Materials
### Synthetic Hydrogels
#### 2.1.4 Poly(acrylic Acid)  
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is a versatile ionizable polymer, primarily classified as an anionic polymer due to its abundance of carboxylic acid (-COOH) groups [48,49]. PAA hydrogels exhibit efficient and tunable responsiveness to pH changes, and this pH-responsive nature makes them highly attractive in drug delivery systems for oral administration and tumor-targeted drugs, where the system undergoes pH shifts and subsequently releases drugs at a specific site [48,50,51]. In addition, physical and chemical properties of PAA resemble the extracellular matrix, and it has been increasingly utilized in tissue engineering, biomedical sensing, and diagnostics [15].  
The pKa value of PAA is approximately 5 and tunable within the range of 4 to 7 by altering its molecular weight, polydispersity, and chemical functionalities, which renders PAA polymers ionizable and responsive in different pH environments [48,51,52]. Carboxyl groups remain protonated in acidic conditions, more specifically at below the pKa value, rendering the PAA hydrogel hydrophobic and low in water retention. The swelling behavior of PAA hydrogels is determined by the ionic strength and pH of the surrounding medium. At above the pKa, deprotonation occurs that induces electrostatic repulsion between neighboring polymers, leading to the swelling of the PAA hydrogels. Reversible swelling-deswelling behavior under pH changes also makes PAA a promising candidate for soft actuator and artificial muscles.  
The common synthesis strategies of PAA hydrogels are free radical polymerization and photopolymerization, specifically inducing polymerization reactions at the carbon-carbon double bond present in its monomer structure [49,53,54,55]. Besides free radical initiators, photoinitiators are also highly compatible with PAA hydrogel, enabling rapid and spatially controlled gelation under UV or visible light. Also, hydrogen bonding between carboxyl groups in PAA can form reversible networks, which is crucial for self-healing or dynamic responsiveness. Combined with their excellent swelling characteristics, PAA hydrogels present promising potentials especially toward advanced drug delivery; however, they often suffer from brittleness and limited mechanical strength, which are significantly pronounced in nanoscale applications such as hydrogel nanoparticles [8,56,57,58]. The brittle nature of PAA hydrogels is primarily due to the dense crosslinking of polymer chains, which is directly related to their limited biodegradability as well. Enhancing degradability through biodegradable crosslinkers or copolymerization with natural polymers like chitosan or alginate has been highlighted as an alternative strategy [53,59]; however, this poses practical challenges like maintaining uniformity and reproducibility in large-scale synthesis.
## 4 Discussion and Conclusions
### Deep Learning-Based Prediction of FFR
We have considered data augmentation by adding a small amount of noise to the 1D radius sequence used as input, but the results have not improved. A DL- or ML-based prediction of FFR was considered also in studies relying on other types of medical images (CCTA, XA). [PERSON] et al. [74] proposed a DL model to estimate invasive FFR from CCTA. They had a dataset containing 207 measurements from 131 patients and have obtained an accuracy of 75.9% in predicting an abnormal invasive FFR (\(\leq\)0.8). Another interesting approach was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [75], they used DL in an unsupervised manner and obtained an overall accuracy of 78% on CCTA data. They obtained an accuracy of 66% for FFR < 0.7, 75% for an FFR between 0.7 and 0.8, 79% for an FFR between 0.8 and 0.9, and 73% for an FFR > 0.9. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed a DL model that was trained on ground truth values computed with a CFD-based approach on a database of synthetically-generated coronary anatomies. They achieved an accuracy of 83.2% on CCTA data.
## 3 Scalable On-line Anomaly Detection System (SOADS)
### Implementation  
To implement the Scalable On-line Anomaly Detection System (SOADS) proposed in this study, we used the distributed messaging technology Kafka, the real-time event processing technology Apache Spark streaming, the machine-learning library of Apache Spark, Spark MLlib, the NoSQL database system Apache Hbase, and the relational database MySQL. The components of each subsystem were implemented using Python.
## 4 Conclusions  
The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial efficiency of an easy-to-use, low-voltage piezoelectric cold plasma using ambient air as an inducer gas against foodborne pathogens inoculated on stainless-steel surfaces. Results showed that this technology was able to achieve a high reduction for _L. monocytogenes_ and _Salmonella_ in a matter of minutes. Results also showed that the exposure time to cold plasma, the distance from the plasma source, and surface cleanliness significantly influence the antimicrobial efficiency of the treatment. The Weibull + tail model showed higher accuracy in estimating the log reduction achieved during the treatment timeframe studied. Thus, this study demonstrated that a low-voltage CAP source that uses environmentally friendly ambient air could potentially be introduced in highly automated food-processing environments for decontaminating stainless-steel surfaces as means of controlling foodborne pathogens and minimizing cross-contamination. Although this study focused on _L. monocytogenes_ and _Salmonella_, other Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens could be inactivated using this technology; however, further studies are needed to conclusively state this. In addition, further work against food spoilage microorganisms, other types of food contact surfaces, and the potential influence of different relative humidity values on the antimicrobial efficiency of this technology is needed to fully elucidate the efficiency and suitability of this technology in the food-processing environment.  
Figure 3: Effect of treatment time on inactivation of _Salmonella_ with a distance of (**a**) 10 and (**b**) 20 mm. Models were fitted using a Weibull + tail inactivation curve (Equation (2)) (\(n=6\)).  
Figure 2: Effect of treatment time on inactivation of _L. monocytogenes_ with a distance of (**a**) 10 and (**b**) 20 mm. Models were fitted using a Weibull + tail inactivation curve (Equation (2)) (\(n=6\)).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.C.S.; methodology, C.R.G.-G., B.J.H., S.S. and A.C.S.; software, C.R.G.-G. and B.J.H.; validation, C.R.G.-G., B.J.H., S.S. and A.C.S.; formal analysis, C.R.G.-G., B.J.H. and A.C.S.; investigation, C.R.G.-G., B.J.H. and S.S.; resources, A.C.S.; data curation, C.R.G.-G. and B.J.H.; writing--original draft preparation, C.R.G.-G.; writing--review and editing, C.R.G.-G., B.J.H., S.S. and A.C.S.; supervision, A.C.S.; project administration, A.C.S.; funding acquisition, A.C.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This study was supported by a University of the West of England internal funding grant awarded to A.C.S.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.