esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Enhanced Fully Generalized Spatial Modulation for the Internet of Underwater Things
## 5 Simulation Results  
In the following, computer simulation outcomes are presented for the proposed EFGSM over an uncorrelated underwater acoustic channel by using simulation outcomes achieved for \(10^{6}\) symbols conveyed over a regular underwater acoustic channel as in [15; 26]. In the receiver, the ML detection technique is used to estimate the transmitted symbols and indices and the average BER performances is obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation method using different transmission techniques. First, the proposed EFGSM achievable data rates are investigated at a different number of transmitted antennas, \(N_{T}\), and compared with the conventional SM, GSM, and FGSM achievable data rates. Next, the ABER performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated by numerical and analytical simulations and compared with the current SMTs at various MIMO configurations. Then the power consumption efficiency and receiver computation complexity of the different SMTs are compared.
# Methods and Means of Eddy Current Testing of Soldered Lap Joints of Electrical Machines
### Probe Design
An ECP with a U-shaped core provides high homogeneity in the magnetic field in the interpole space. The disadvantage of using a U-shaped ECP is the need for three-sided access to TOs, the high labor input for testing, and low accuracy caused by the non-uniformity of the magnetic field distribution inside the U-shaped core. A significant limitation is the monolithic design of the probe, which allows an ECP to be applied for a particular joint type; therefore, any other joint type requires the development of a new ECP. Most importantly, the excitation field input of the U-shaped probe is directed perpendicular to the solder plane of soldered lap joints and does not guarantee sensitivity to defects in lap joints. Tangential ECPs are characterized by the direction of the sensor coil axis relative to the ECP installation plane. An ECP is known that consists of an excitation coil placed parallel to the installation plane of the probe and a measuring coil perpendicular to the installation plane of the ECP, passing through the center of the excitation coil [25]. There is also an ECP in which, on the contrary, the excitation coil is installed perpendicular to the installation plane and the measuring coil is placed parallel to the installation plane, symmetrical to the excitation coil, and below its effective turns [26]. There is a tangential ECP containing an excitation coil and a measuring coil embedded in it that is perpendicular to the installation plane of the ECP [27]. This design was further developed in [28] by stabilizing the compensation and optimizing the direction of the excitation field to increase the sensitivity and depth of testing. In [29], an increase in sensitivity to angular displacement between the plane of the coils and the TO was demonstrated. There is an ECP [30] containing a rectangular excitation coil, whose axis is perpendicular to the installation plane of the ECP, and two measuring coils, installed in a T-shape relative to each other. One measuring coil is perpendicular to the installation plane of the ECP and measures the normal component of the magnetic field, and the second one is parallel to the installation plane and measures the tangential component. A similar design was improved in [31] by adding two measuring coils symmetrically relative to the tangential measuring coil, which allowed for a significant reduction in the influence of ECP misalignment on the scanning signal. To further increase the reliability of defect detection, a second excitation coil coaxial to the first excitation coil and a pair of measuring coils perpendicular to the installation plane of the ECP were added to the design [32]. This change made it possible to simultaneously register both the axial and tangential components of the magnetic field to detect cracks in the TO. The considered ECPs with tangential coils are overwhelmingly used for the inspection of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic products and are specialized for crack detection and delamination identification.
# Robust Backstepping Control of Wing Rock Using Disturbance Observer
## 4 Design of Robust Backstepping Attitude Control Based on Disturbance Observer
: To analyze the stability of the closed-loop system, the following Lyapunov function candidate is chosen as  
\[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]3  
Then, differentiating \(V\) and invoking Equations (39), (45), we have \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]4 \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]5 \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]6 \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]7 \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]8 \[\dot{\xi}_{2} = -k_{aux2}\xi_{2}+g_{2}\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right)\Delta u \tag{30}\]9 \[e_{1} = x_{1}-y_{d}-\xi_{1}\]0 \[e_{1} = x_{1}-y_{d}-\xi_{1}\]1  
where  
\[\kappa = \max\left\{ \begin{array}{l}2\left(c_{1}-\frac{1}{2}\tilde{ \lambda}_{1}-\max\{\omega_{1i}\}\right),2\left(\lambda_{\max}\left(\Gamma_{1} ^{-1}\right)-1\right),2\left(\frac{\rho_{1}}{2}-\frac{2}{\tau}\right)\\ \frac{2\left(\frac{3}{4}\omega_{1i}-\frac{\mathsf{T}}{2}M_{PBS1}^{2}-\frac{M_ {PC_{si}}}{4\tau}\right)}{\lambda_{\max}\left(P_{si}\right)},2\left(c_{2}- \max\left\{\omega_{2i}\right\}\right),2\left(\frac{\rho_{2}}{2}-\frac{1}{\tau }\right)\\ \frac{2\left(\frac{3}{4}\omega_{2i}-\frac{\mathsf{T}}{2}M_{PBS2}^{2}-\frac{ \mathsf{T}}{2\omega_{2i}^{2}}M_{BASi}^{2}-\frac{M_{PB_{fi}}}{4\tau}\right)}{ \lambda_{\max}\left(P_{fi}\right)},2\left(\lambda_{\min}\left(k_{aux1}\right) -\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\lambda}_{1}\right)\\ 2\left(\lambda_{\min}\left(k_{aux2}\right)-\frac{1}{2}\tilde{\lambda}_{2}- \frac{1}{2}\right)\end{array} \right\} \tag{48}\] \[C = \sum_{i=1}^{2}\left(\frac{M_{PC_{si}}{}^{\mathsf{T}}}{\omega_{1i }^{2}}M_{h_{1i}}^{2}\right)+\sum_{i=1}^{2}\left(\frac{M_{PB_{fi}}{}^{\mathsf{T }}}{\omega_{2i}^{4}}M_{h_{2i}}^{2}\right)+\frac{1}{2}\bar{M}_{1}^{2}+\frac{\rho _{1}}{2}\|W_{1}^{*}\|^{2}+\frac{\rho_{2}}{2}\|W_{2}^{*}\|^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \Delta u^{\mathsf{T}}\Delta u\]  
According to Equation (47) and Lemma 1, we obtain  
\[0\leq V\leq\frac{C}{\kappa}+\left[V\left(0\right)-\frac{C}{\kappa}\right]e^{- \kappa t} \tag{49}\]  
Considering Equations (31), (46), (49), we obtain  
\[\left\{ \begin{array}{l}\|\varepsilon_{1}\|\leq\sqrt{2V}\\ \|\xi_{1}\|\leq\sqrt{2V}\end{array} \right. \tag{50}\]  
Then, we obtain  
\[\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\|x_{1}-y_{d}\|\leq\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\left( \|x_{1}-y_{d}-\xi_{1}\|+\|\xi_{1}\|\right)=2\sqrt{\frac{2C}{\kappa}} \tag{51}\]  
Hence, it is obvious that the attitude tracking error is convergent and bounded under the proposed adaptive robust backstepping control scheme. Similarly, we can conclude that the disturbance estimation errors \(\varepsilon_{13i}\), \(\varepsilon_{245i},i=1,2\) of the disturbance observers (16) and (25) are also convergent and bounded. This concludes the proof.
## 2 Background  
### Terminology  
In this paper, we define modality as a way to transfer data that can be used to interpret the sender's state [5], or intent [6]. In the context of MI systems, the sender can be either the agent or interaction system (Figure 1). \"State\" refers to the contextual information of the sender, such as temperature, pressure, and other information. Affective computing is another way to understand the sender's context, which is a discipline that focuses on the identification of a human's emotional state via computer and sensor devices [23]. Research on affective computing in MI systems has been conducted with different data sources, such as facial expressions, sound, and body gestures [5]. \"Intent\" refers to the sender's planned actions or command inputs, which the MI system may be able to predict. Predicting the sender's intent by an MI system with high accuracy is an open research problem in MI system development [6].  
The usability of interactive systems consists of effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction experienced by a user, according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 9241-11:2018 [24]. In addition, according to the ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission technical report standard 29181-6:2013 [25] and the International Telecommunication Union standard P.10/G.100 [26], QoE is defined as a user's feeling from the use of a product, system, or service. Ease-of-use is a keyword used when a system's usability is evaluated by its users. In contrast, QoE evaluation places importance on impressions that the user receives while using a system or service. Therefore, QoE evaluation is related to subjective measurement [25], whereas usability evaluation is related to objective measurement [27].
## 2 Study Area and Data Sources
### Data Sources  
#### 2.2.1 Remote Sensing Data  
The Sentinel-1 (5-20 m) and Sentinel-2A (10-60 m) data used in this study were obtained from GEE.  
For the GRD data of Sentinel-1, backscattering coefficients of vertical-horizontal (VH) polarization and vertical-vertical (VV) polarization are used. Average images for each month in 2021 were collected, totaling 12 images. Average processing can reduce the pollution caused by noise.  
For the surface reflectance data of Sentinel-2, there are 13 spectral bands. And only B2, B3, B4, B7, and B8 are selected in this paper. September to October is the fruiting period of the apple orchard, and the characteristics of the apple orchard are more prominent [25]. Therefore, the monthly average Sentinel-2 image for October 2022 was selected. Although it is affected by the number of images and cloud cover, it still covered most of the study area.  
The geographic coordinate system of all the data used in this study was GCS_WGS_1984. The band information of the remote sensing image data is described in Table 1.
## 1 Introduction
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that discusses the recent work conducted on AM, specifically in the area of spare parts logistics. As the obstacles which prevent AM from being competitive in various sectors and the strategic ways to overcome these challenges are currently at the hedge of the debate among decision makers and policy makers [14], the technology of additive manufacturing is gaining more interest among firms, industries, and academia. This paper provides a holistic view of the current modeling of AM. The potential of AM in spare parts logistics is discussed within various contexts such as resource allocation, logistics, manufacturing, decision making, etc., which will be explored in detail in Section 3. Difficulties and hurdles in terms of AM adaptation and spare parts handling are also discussed. This study aims to answer the following research questions:  
RQ1: What opportunities exist for AM in spare parts SC? RQ2: What models are available to analyze AM in SC? RQ3: What challenges make AM more difficult to adopt? RQ4: What difficulties are faced in spare parts management? The main contribution of this study is to provide a broader understanding of the status in the analysis, adoption, challenges, and research of SCs that can support spare parts management by utilizing AM. This paper uses a systematic review process and content analysis to review the literature on additive manufacturing-based spare parts SC. As AM is generally a recent phenomenon, this study focuses on the literature published in the last 10 years. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the results of this review process. Section 3 discusses the SC potential for AM based on the results obtained in Section 2. Section 4 summarizes the main findings and proposes future research directions. This paper follows a systematic literature review method to extract the content of the literature. The literature used in the review was extracted from the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and ScienceDirect. The search was conducted using a combination of the following keywords: \"Additive Manufacturing\", \"3D Printing\", \"Supply Chain\", and \"Spare Parts\" within the title, abstract, and keywords of the publications. The search range date was limited to the last 10 years, from 2010 to April 2021. The inclusion criterion considered articles which concentrate mainly and contribute at least one of the three core subject areas: AM, SC, and spare parts management. After the systematic method, the content analysis was applied to extract and analyze the literature content. Table 1 illustrate the references along with the areas where they contribute. In total, 152 articles were retrieved, of which 60 were eligible for the study according to the established criteria as shown in Figure 1.
###### Abstract  
A proper bond between root canal filling materials and dentin surface is essential to resist dislodgement and guarantee long-term success. Blood exposure is likely to occur in various clinical situations in which calcium silicate-based materials are used; therefore, it is fundamental to render data concerning the influence of blood on bond strength. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of blood contamination on the push-out bond strength obtained with three different biomaterials to root canal dentin; Ninety extracted human mono-radicular permanent teeth were selected. The root canals were prepared with Gates Glidden burs until a diameter of 1.10 mm was achieved. Teeth were then randomly divided into six experimental groups (\(n=15\)) according to the presence/absence of blood contamination and biomaterial used for root canal filling (ProRoot(r) MTA, Biodentine(tm), and TotalFill(r) BC Putty). After one week, each root was sectioned in three segments (coronal, middle, and apical regions). Specimens were then submitted to push-out bond strength tests. Fracture pattern evaluation was performed. The significance level was set at 5%; Blood contamination did not affect the push-out bond strength of any of the three tested calcium silicate-based cements (\(p>0.05\)). Regardless of blood contamination, TotalFill showed statistically higher push-out bond strength when compared with Biodentine (\(p=0.040\)) and MTA (\(p=0.004\)). Biodentine exhibited higher bond strength than MTA (\(p=0.043\)). Biomaterials' comparison within each radicular segment revealed statistically superior bond strength of both Biodentine and TotalFill over MTA (\(p<0.05\)) in the coronal segment. TotalFill presented higher push-out bond strength regarding the apical segment compared to Biodentine (\(p=0.003\)). Fractures were mostly adhesive;. Overall results indicate TotalFill presents the highest push-out bond strength values, followed by Biodentine and, lastly, MTA. Blood contamination did not affect the dislodgement resistance. Biomaterials' comparison within each radicular segment revealed both TotalFill and Biodentine as the preferable alternatives for application in the coronal region. TotalFill might be the biomaterial of choice for placement in the apical region.  
Biodentine; blood contamination; calcium silicate-based cements; mineral trioxide aggregate; push-out bond strength; TotalFill BC Putty +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Imaging
# Mechanical and Conductive Behavior of Graphite Filled Polysulfone-Based Composites
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Composite Density and Porosity
Due to this, the density and, consequently, the material's thermal and electrical characteristics rise significantly. The obtained material starts to conduct better than on the basis of artificial graphite because of the wide contact surfaces. [PERSON] et al. [34] had similar findings when they studied the variations of bulk density of talc and graphite filler in polypropylene and its impact on the thermal properties of the composite. It was observed that when the amount of graphite in graphite-PP composites increases, so does their density. When the amount of graphite is increased from 0 to 10 wt.%, the bulk density increased from 0.923 gm/c\({}^{3}\) to 0.968 gm/c\({}^{3}\), which resulted in a high thermal stability as the filler content increased. The porosity along the polymer-filler interfaces for all varieties of composite materials is quite similar, according to the SEM results. This suggests that the greatest contribution to the formation of the conductive properties of materials is made by the defectiveness of the fillers used and the nature of the contact between the particles--point or linear. Porosity results are shown in Figure 3.  
Figure 3: Porosity of PSU based composites filled with NG (1), AG (2) and EG (3).
## 3 Results
### Classification Outcome
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Accuracy of Different Multivariate Models for Breast Cancer Diagnosis**} \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Methods**} & **Classification Accuracy 2 (\%)** & **Sensitivity (\%)** & **Specificity (\%)** & **PPV (\%)** & **NPV (\%)** & **T-Test 3 ** \\  & **Classification Accuracy 2 (\%)** & **Sensitivity (\%)** & **Specificity (\%)** & **PPV (\%)** & **NPV (\%)** & **TV (\%)** & **TV-Test 4 ** \\  & **Accuracy 2 (\%)** & **Sensitivity (\%)** & **Specificity (\%)** & **PPV (\%)** & **PPV (\%)** & **TV (\%)** & **TV (\%)** \\  & & & & & & **_p-Value_ \\ \hline IPCT-SPAER & 74.3 (69.4–80.1) & 80 & 81.3 & 72.7 & 86.7 & 5, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ PCT-SPAER & 74.3 (70.4–79.1) & 85.0 & 85.9 & 79.1 & 90.2 & 4.5, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ NMF-SPAER & 77.7 (70.9–82.1) & 78.7 & 82.1 & 73.3 & 86.1 & 1.1, \(<\) 0.27 \\ Sparse PCT-SPAER & 74.3 (69.9–79.6) & 86.3 & 80.5 & 73.4 & 90.4 & 4.9, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ Sparse NMF-SPAER & 72.3 (68.5–76.2) & 81.3 & 91.4 & 85.5 & 88.6 & 7.8, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ Clinical 1 & 72.8 (70.4–75.3) & 73.8 & 70.3 & 60.8 & 81.1 & 7.1, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ IPCT-SPAER + Clinical & 76.2 (71.4–79.6) & 86.3 & 82.8 & 75.8 & 90.6 & 2.6, 0.009 \\ PCT-SPAER + Clinical & 77.7 (73.3–82.1) & 83.7 & 84.4 & 77.01 & 89.3 & 0.6, 0.5 \\ NMF-SPAER + Clinical & 78.2 (74.3–82.5) & 80 & 87.5 & 80 & 87.5 & - \\ Sparse PCT-SPAER + Clinical & 77.7 (72.3–81.6) & 81.3 & 88.3 & 81.3 & 88.3 & 0.2, 0.8 \\ SparseNMF-SPAER + Clinical & 74.8 (70.9–77.2) & 87.5 & 81.3 & 74.5 & 91.2 & 4.8, \(<\) 0.0005 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* The covariates used for the clinical and demographics were family history, age, and marital status. 2 Classification accuracy reported by median (\(\pm\)IQR) (Interquartile range-IQR). 3\({}^{t}\)-test calculated for each method versus maximal accuracy.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Results of diagnosis based on the classification of symptomatic versus asymptomatic patients with leave-one-out cross-validation. \(p\)-value = 0.5), whereas the rest of the methods showed significant statistical differences. Figure 5 presents the ROC graphs of the baseline models with different embedding SPAER methods. The total computation of this study was performed in the Python programming language using the TensorFlow Python library [61; 62]. All parameters, including the number of trees, depth, and random state, were optimized in a cross-validation loop through a greed search. This greed search not only guaranteed that we optimized the parameters, but it also confirmed that we did not overfit the parameters as we did it after leaving one subject out of the optimization. To improve the model's accuracy, we suggest increasing the number of patients to increase the learning and statistical power.
# MRAS Using Lyapunov Theory with Sliding Modes for a Fixed-Wing MAV
## 1 Introduction
Due to the fixed-wing UAVs being used in different fields or tasks where it is necessary to fly in other weather conditions, different altitudes and attitudes, and variable speeds, the adaptive controller with the three robust adjustment mechanisms proposed is applied to a fixed-wing MAV to probe the effectiveness and robustness of the adjustment mechanism in the presence of disturbances by unknown wind-gusts. Several computer simulations present the results. The main contributions of this work are:  
* A new design of the adjustment mechanism for an MRAS is obtained based on Lyapunov theory and sliding mode theory, with the control objective to achieve the desired values in attitude and altitude in a fixed-wing MAV despite unknown wind gusts. * The significant reduction in the oscillations in the system with the sliding mode theory to the design of the adjustment mechanism. * Achieve the control objective in attitude and altitude by designing two adjustment mechanisms for the proportional and derivative gains. * The stability proof of the adjustment mechanisms considering the Lyapunov and sliding modes theory and the stability proof of the controller. On the other side, in future work, the development of specific applications with fixed-wing MAVs like Topography [12; 13], photogrammetry [14; 15], forest fire detection [16], surveillance or missions inspection [17], for shorelines investigation [18], precision agriculture [19; 20] or others, is possible. This work is organized as follows: Section 2 shows the mathematical model to define the fixed-wing UAV. Section 3 presents the adaptive controller with a robust adjustment design. Section 4 shows the simulation results obtained after several tests. Finally, Section 5 presents the discussion, and the future work.
# Dynamic Tensor Modeling for Missing Data Completion in Electronic Toll Collection Gantry Systems
## 3 Materials and Methods
### ETC Gantry Data Completion Method Based on Improved Tensor Decomposition
#### 3.2.4. ETC Gantry Data Completion Based on Improved Tensor Dynamic Decomposition  
Restoration of missing ETC gantry data leverages the correlation among inter-tensor block traffic data. We approximate the kernel tensor for missing data by analyzing the decomposition of surrounding tensor blocks.
###### Abstract  
A study on the optimal design of preforms has previously been actively conducted as a method to solve defects such as voids and flash in forged products. However, previous research has generally been performed through deterministic optimization for ideal cases that do not take manufacturing tolerances into account. As a result, the application of such optimal designs in actual processes may be limited due to various factors such as material manufacturing tolerances and the machining environment of preforms. Therefore, this study conducted reliability-based optimization considering tolerances in billets and preforms. The objective of the study was to optimize the design of a bearing hub and minimize defects in the final product. When comparing deterministic optimization and reliability-based optimization, the former showed relatively superior results in terms of defect indicators but had a higher occurrence of voids and lower forming loads, increasing the probability of void occurrence. On the other hand, the reliability-based optimization showed relatively lower performance in quality improvement indicators, but it successfully met the target reliability of 99% by reducing the probability of defect occurrence. These results were derived using an approximate model based on the Kriging method, providing an optimal design that is practical and effective in actual manufacturing processes.  
approximate model; bearing hub; deterministic design optimization; reliability-based design optimization; robust optimization; preform 2020