# Photovoltaics on Landmark Buildings with Distinctive Geometries
## 3 Presentation of the Samples
### Maracana Stadium  
The Maracana stadium (Figure 5) is one of the biggest in the world and the most popular among the Brazilian stadiums refurbished for the FIFA World Cup 2014 [26]. The idea behind the integration of PV systems on the roof of the stadium was to make the World Cup event environmentally responsible. The Maracana stadium was originally built in 1950, while its $500 million modernization started in 2009 and was completed in 2013 [27].  
The Maracana stadium PV system consists of two rings (Figure 5, left) and has been integrated in the new roof's structure (Figure 5, right). The stadium was the venue for the final of the FIFA World Cup 2014, and for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2016 Olympic Games [22]. The reconstruction of the roof, including the photovoltaic design, was done by the Schlaich Bergermann Partner architect office. The double metal ring encircling the top of the stadium consists of 1556 PV panels, with an installed capacity of 390 kWP producing about 500 MWh per year [28]. It prevents emission of 350 tons of carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) into the atmosphere annually. Not visible from the ground, the PV system is an architectural integrated element that emphasizes the elliptical shape of the stadium and contributes to the geometry of the stadium's fifth facade. Socially, the system influences the public awareness on green energy on a global level because of the importance of the building and the hosted events (e.g., 2016 Olympic Games opening and closing ceremonies, FIFA World Cup 2014 final). Dubbed as Maracana Solar, the project was approved by Brazilian Instituto do Patrimonio Historico e Artistico Nacional for its historical and artistic heritage value [29]. Conceptualization and organization of world scale events, like sport events, sometimes include the idea of sustainability and green energy in the background. Introduction of PV green energy was a strong environmental message for both the soccer fans and local/international society. Choosing one of the most iconic stadiums worldwide for integration of PV systems, particularly Maracana Stadium, has shown how buildings geometry can be coupled efficiently  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Location**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Solar Irradiation**} \\ \cline{2-7}
**Landmark Object** & **Latitude** & **Longitude** & **Altitude** & **Global** & **Diffuse** & **Direct** \\  & (°) & (°) & (m) & (m) & Horizontal & Horizontal & Radiation \\  & (°) & (°) & (m) & (kWh/m) & (kWh/m) & (kWh/m) \\ \hline Maracana Stadium (BR) & \(-\)22.91 & \(-\)43.23 & 105 & 1692 & 5185 & 1358 \\ Apple Headquarters (USA) & 37.33 & \(-\)122.01 & 48 & 1735 & 644 & 1841 \\ Thermo resolution (CN) & 31.18 & 121.48 & 11 & 1274 & 826 & 714 \\ Powerhouse Plantarkia (NO) & 63.43 & 10.40 & 0 & 885 & 441 & 1084 \\ Paris Courthouse (FR) & 48.89 & 2.31 & 32 & 1068 & 597 & 881 \\ La Seine Musica (FR) & 48.82 & 2.23 & 35 & 1089 & 619 & 885 \\ Umweit Arena (CH) & 47.42 & 8.37 & 400 & 1121 & 590 & 998 \\ Kaboning Stadium (TW) & 22.70 & 120.29 & 120 & 1525 & 866 & 1018 \\ Novartis Campus (CH) & 47.57 & 7.58 & 299 & 1131 & 598 & 1007 \\ International School (OK) & 55.71 & 12.60 & 0 & 1019 & 528 & 1015 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Location and solar radiation data for the examined cases.  
Figure 4: Levels of close (**on the left**) and remote (**on the right**) visibility of PV surfaces from public domain. Reproduced with permission from [PERSON], [PERSON], Solar Energy; published by Elsevier, 2019 [15; 24].  
with PV integration. It also shows how the PV installation can contribute to emphasize the building architecture and its shape. This aspect was applied to other existing stadiums and arenas, which are equipped with PVs, among others, the Amsterdam Arena (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), St. Jakob Park (Basel, Switzerland), Bentegodi Stadium (Verona, Italy) and Lincoln Financial Field (Philadelphia, PA, USA).