# An Intelligent Parking Management System for Urban Areas
## 2 Related Studies
Assistance in locating the space is provided by LEDs that indicate the status of the parking space. In the context of public parking space management based on image sensors, [PERSON] [15] described image-processing techniques, using threshold algorithms, to monitor parking spaces, achieving high-performance detection of their occupancy status. [PERSON] [16] proposed the ScanTraffic architecture, which is used to develop a system to monitor traffic flow and parking spaces at the International Airport of Pisa; this system is also based on a wireless image sensor network. [PERSON] [17] described the iParking system, which is designed to facilitate the location of available spaces in an indoor car park. The system receives data from sensors located inside the car park, which indicate the spaces that are free, and is able to guide the driver to a free space using a positioning system for indoor spaces that is based on smartphone capabilities. [PERSON] [18] proposed a system for managing parking spaces on public roads. The system is called Street Parking System (SPS), and uses a three-axis magnetic sensor to detect vehicles and ZigBee technology for wireless communications, achieving a reliability rate close to 99% in vehicle detection. [PERSON] [19] also proposed a similar system, based on a wireless sensor network and LED display system that indicates the available spaces to drivers at the car park access points. The sensors are infrared and communications are established by radio frequency (RF). In the context of the Smart City paradigm, [PERSON] [20] proposed an IPA (Intelligent Parking Assistant) conceptual architecture that aims to overcome current parking management problems. [PERSON] [21] presented a prototype Smart Parking Services system, based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), for finding free parking spaces. The proposed scheme consists of wireless sensor networks, an embedded web server, a central web server, and a mobile phone application. Each parking space has a light sensor node that detects the status of the parking space, reporting periodically to the embedded web server via the wireless sensor networks. Using a Wi-Fi network, this information is sent to the central web server in real time, displaying the status of the parking spaces on the driver's mobile device. [PERSON] [22] proposed a smart parking system for urban areas. The system's functions include parking detection, reservation guarantee and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) or Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (I2V) communication. Considering the requirements of the user, the system assigns and reserves an optimal parking space combining proximity to destination and parking cost, ensuring that the overall parking capacity is efficiently utilised. The system was tested in a garage of Boston University. [PERSON] [23] proposed an intelligent parking management system based on License Plate Recognition (LPR), which recognises the licence plate automatically at the car park access point and provides vehicle information; experimental results show that this parking management system can achieve 95% accuracy, and can be applied to real-time implementation. [PERSON] [24] proposed an intelligent parking system that uses image-processing techniques to solve the problem of unnecessary time consumption in finding a parking space in commercial car parks. This parking management system provides information about the available parking spaces, as well as an automated payment system for registered users. [PERSON] [25] proposed a low-cost service to predict and manage indoor parking spaces. This service is based on a central system that predicts the available spaces in the car park using cellular automata and an application for smartphones that uses various technologies to help drivers find free parking spaces. In summary, this review of related studies shows that most of the proposed systems are designed to be deployed in indoor car parks and to monitor individual parking spaces, and that they usually include guidance services to locate the available space.