esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Variable Neighborhood Search for the Two-Echelon Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows
## 4 Solution Approach
### Variable Neighborhood Search for the 2E-EVRP-TW
#### 4.3.4 Local Search Neighborhoods  
For the local search phase (that is, for the application within VND), the algorithm makes use of three inter-route operators (_exchange(1,1)_, _shift(1,0)_, and _swap_) and three intra-route operators (_relocation_, _two_opt_, and _CS_reinsertion_). In all these neighborhoods--except for _CS_reinsertion_--we use the first-improvement strategy, that is, a neighborhood exploration stops once the first improving solution is found. Infeasible moves are also allowed but they are penalized. Figure 6 graphically illustrates these local search neighborhoods.  
The _exchange(1,1)_ neighborhood considers all exchanges of each customer with every other customer not in the same route. The _shift(1,0)_ neighborhood looks at all possibilities of removing a customer from its current route and inserting it at any position in the rest of the routes. Next, the _relocation_ operator removes each customer from its current position and inserts it into another position in the same route. The _swap_ neighborhood considers changing the positions of two selected nodes of the same route. The _two_opt_ neighborhood considers all possibilities of selecting two non-consecutive nodes in the same route and reversing the node sequence between the two selected nodes. Note that there must be at least three nodes between the two selected nodes in order not to repeat moves already considered in the _swap_ operator. The _CS_relocation_ operator removes the current charging stations of a route and reinserts them in different positions in the same route in order to find the best positions for the charging stations. Unlike _CS_relocation_, the _CS_reinsertion_ operator removes the current charging stations from a route. Instead of reinserting the removed ones, the greedy charging station insertion operator from the previous section is applied to repair the route. Thus, charging stations different from the removed ones may be inserted into the route.  
Figure 5: An illustration of the charging station insertion operator. In the battery-infeasible route, the electric vehicle runs out of battery before reaching node \(v_{4}\).
# Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Transesterification Reactor Modeling
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### WCO-FAME Characteristics  
Once the WCO-FAME production was carried out, a product with a FAME content of above 97% was obtained, which indicates the high conversion rate of this process. This value is higher than those in other studies based on rapeseed- or sunflower-derived biodiesel, where FAME contents of 90.9 and 95.5% were obtained, respectively [49]. In our case, this value is above the lower limit established by the UNE-EN 14214 standard [40]. Other works, where WCO biodiesel was produced, obtained FAME contents of nearly 100% [50]. Also, a recent review has pointed out high biodiesel yields in different processes (with different reactors) where WCO was the starting material, with 90-99.9% yields in general [51]. This is a desirable scenario, as high-purity products normally can provide reliable physicochemical parameters.  
Indeed, most parameters studied were within the limits established by the standard [40], with the compliance of the density (880 kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{3}\)), viscosity (4.7 cSt), acidity value (0.37 mg\({}_{\text{KOH}}\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\)), cold filter plugging point (\(-1\)\({}^{\circ}\)C), and flash and combustion points (185 and 196 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively). Regarding the FAME profile, the majority of the compounds found in this study were methyl linoleate (52%), followed by methyl oleate (33%), methyl palmitate (7%), and methyl linolenate (<3%).  
Thus, compared to previous studies [52], it should be noted that the fatty acid composition of WCO can be variable, depending on culinary habits and sampling, always requiring the perfect characterization of the raw material used. The presence of monounsaturated or saturated esters is essential to obtain products with high oxidation stabilities, which play important roles in retaining parameters, like viscosity and acidity, during storage or under oxidation conditions [53]. In this case, a high methyl linoleate percentage was found, which possibly contributed to the low oxidation stability of the sample (3.2 h), requiring the use of antioxidants to improve this parameter, increasing it above the upper limit of 8 h [54].
# An Architecture for Reliable Transportation of Delicate Goods
## 4 The Main Scenario  
Before discussing the details of the proposed architecture, it is important to consider the main stages of the transportation process (see Figure 1). These include:  
* The definition of the transport and shipping contract.
* Transporting the merchandise from operator to operator.
* Delivery of the merchandise to the recipient.  
The sender is the customer who intends to send the merchandise under certain conditions of transport. He hires the service to a transport company, to which surrenders the merchandise, with the guarantee that it will be transported under the contracted conditions.  
In the simplest case, the merchandise is placed directly in the vehicle that takes it to the destination, to be delivered to the recipient. Typically, however, several merchandises will share a single transport, in order to optimize the use of resources. This means that at least an initial storage facility is necessary, to compose the cargo to be transported. This process will be designated by cargo aggregation.  
Since the cargo may contain several merchandises, most probably for distinct recipients, located on distinct geographical areas, the inverse process will also happen, meaning that the cargo will have to be disaggregated. Most likely, the aggregation and disaggregation will happen several times during the route between sender and recipient.  
The cargo will pass from operator to operator, or from these to logistic warehouses. These are the two main players that we will designate generically by operators. Carriers and warehouses may belong to the same or to distinct companies. Nevertheless, all must know and ensure the contractual conditions. The last carrier is the one that delivers the merchandise to the recipient.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Visual Observation of PVA Treatment Effects by Ferrite Process  
To evaluate the treatment effectiveness of the modified ferrite process on PVA wastewater at various concentrations, visual observation studies were first conducted. Figure 1 illustrates the appearance changes of PVA solutions before and after treatment. In the initial state after surfactant addition (Figure 1a), the solutions gradually transformed from colorless and transparent to light brown as PVA concentration increased (0-17 g/L), indicating preliminary interactions between PVA and the surfactant. After ferrite treatment (Figure 1b), significant color changes were observed. At a PVA concentration of 4.25 g/L, the solution exhibited a uniform orange-brown color, suggesting effective interactions between Fe\({}^{2+}\)/Fe\({}^{3+}\) ions and PVA molecules [35]. As PVA concentration increased to 8.5 g/L, the solution color deepened while maintaining uniformity, demonstrating that the ferrite treatment remained effective within this concentration range. Even at higher PVA concentrations (17 g/L), although slight stratification was observed, the solution still displayed distinct treatment reaction characteristics. These phenomena preliminarily indicate that the modified ferrite process shows treatment potential for PVA wastewater across different concentrations. Notably, all PVA-containing samples exhibited significant color changes after treatment, contrasting sharply with the blank control (No PVA), which further confirms the effective action of ferrite treatment on PVA. These remarkable visual changes provide important insights for subsequent in-depth studies on PVA removal mechanisms while demonstrating the feasibility of this process for practical applications.
# Comparison of Multivariate Analysis Methods as Applied to English Speech
## 3 Results  
### Factor Loadings of the Three Spectral Factors  
From the perspective of the analysis processes, the major differences between the two methods, i.e., the factor analyses in [PERSON] et al. (2017) [8] and in [PERSON] et al. (2016) [12], were whether to use the cepstral liftering and the origin shift to the silent point. Figure 1 shows the factor loadings for all the English speech samples spoken by the three native speakers, obtained with each of the four analysis methods. One division of the horizontal axis corresponds to 0.5 critical bandwidth. Four main frequency bands were obtained. The first constituted a low-frequency band, approximately from 50 to 600 Hz. The second was a mid-low frequency band, approximately from 600 to 1700 Hz, followed by a mid-high-frequency band, approximately from 1700 to 3000 Hz. Finally, the fourth range was ahigh-frequency band, approximately above 3000 Hz. Confirming the results of [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) [7], [PERSON] et al. (2017) [8], and [PERSON] et al. (2016) [12], these four frequency bands were related to three spectral factors. One factor, the \"low & mid-high factor\" (Figure 1, red line) was bimodal in that the frequencies of relatively high loadings were around 300 Hz and around 2300 Hz. The second factor, the \"mid-low factor\", was located around 1100 Hz (Figure 1, black line). The third factor, the \"high factor\", was located around 4100 Hz (Figure 1, blue line).  
The cumulative contributions of the three spectral factors were around 43% in Figure 1a,b, while they were around 45% in Figure 1c,d. As can be seen by comparing Figure 1a,b, or by comparing Figure 1c,d, the origin shift did not greatly affect the factor loadings--the factor loadings with origin shift and without origin shift turned out to be very similar. Cepstral analysis, however, affected the factor loadings for just one factor. That is, the second peak of the bimodal \"low & mid-high factor\"  
Figure 1: Factor loadings of the three extracted spectral factors of 200 English speech samples from three native speakers. Four different factor analyses were performed: (**a**) origin-shifted factor analysis with cepstral filtering, following [12]; (**b**) normal factor analysis with cepstral filtering; (**c**) origin-shifted factor analysis without cepstral filtering; (**d**) normal factor analysis without cepstral filtering.  
was prominent without cepstral liftering, as can be seen in Figure 1c,d, but was reduced with cepstral liftering, as shown in Figure 1a,b. Thus, the similarity in the factor loadings between Figure 1a,b or between Figure 1c,d confirmed that the origin shift keeps the essential features of the factors in the analyses.
## 4 Data Storage and Processing: Automated Data Processing and Storage
### Containerization Strategies  
Table 3 summarizes the key containerization technologies and their benefits, explaining how they enable responsive and adaptive data processing pipelines for irrigation management. These technologies support the efficient resource utilization, isolation, and portability of applications, crucial for maintaining system performance and reliability. For instance, Kubernetes can automatically adjust the number of running container instances based on the incoming data volume from field sensors, ensuring optimal resource allocation during peak irrigation periods or when processing large volumes of weather forecast data.  
By leveraging containerization, irrigation management systems can achieve greater flexibility, scalability, and reliability. This approach allows for the rapid deployment of software updates, the easy integration of new algorithms or data sources, and consistent performance across diverse agricultural environments. Containerization also facilitates the implementation of microservices architecture, where each containerized component can be developed, updated, and scaled independently, leading to more agile and maintainable irrigation management systems.
## 3 Experimental Results and Analysis
### Sample D-1  
As shown in Figure 5d, the fracture development around the two openings in the sample D-1 subjected to uniaxial compression was distinctly reproduced. Likewise, the primary pores and fine fissures in the sample would close under the action of a small load. Correspondingly, numerous yellow spots occurred in the sample at the start of the test. During the elastic deformation, some micro cracks might be formed round these defects owing to stress concentration. At 40 MPa, two elementary tensile cracks 1\({}^{\text{a}}\) and 1\({}^{\text{b}}\) emerged at the floors of the two openings, but the crack 1\({}^{\text{a}}\) initiated first. As the stress continued increasing, the slabbing failure happened on the sides of the openings and the V-shaped notches came into being. Next, a posterior tensile crack 2\({}^{\text{a}}\) parallel to the orientation of the load appeared at the lower-right corner of the lower-left opening. With the growing of the stress to the maximum stress, the length of the crack 2\({}^{\text{a}}\) increased, and the other two posterior tensile cracks 2\({}^{\text{b}}\) and 2\({}^{\text{c}}\) were formed round the upper-right corner opening. After the peak, the two openings got linked via an initiated shear crack 4\({}^{\text{a}}\). Additionally, the other shear crack 4\({}^{\text{d}}\) occurred in the upper-right corner of the sample and would link with the V-shaped notch on the right side of the upper-right opening at last.
# Analysis of Slope Stability in Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Mine Under In Situ Leaching Condition
## 1 Introduction
[22] analyzed the evolution of seepage fields, deformation fields, and slope stability during in situ leaching of a rare earth ore based on monitoring data. The results indicated that the intensity of  
Figure 1: Schematic depicting the in situ leaching mining method. -leading solution injection and the height of the seepage line are key factors affecting slope stability. During the in situ leaching process, large amounts of leaching solution are injected into the weathered layers of the mountain, increasing their liquid content. The displacement reaction of leaching solutions with rare earth ones diminishes the strength parameters of weathered ore layers, resulting in reduced stability and subsequent landslides [23; 24]. [PERSON] et al. [25] employed FLAC 3D (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) software to simulate the effects of continuous leaching on pore pressure fields, displacement fields, and safety factors of a rare earth mine slope. [PERSON] et al. [26] applied the BP neural network and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods to study slope stability. [PERSON] et al. [27] intelligently predicted slope stability based on visual exploratory data analysis of 77 situ cases. [PERSON] et al. [28] compared several ensemble learning approaches to study slope stability, enabling more accurate predictions. [PERSON] et al. [29] improved the prediction of slope stability using a hybrid stacking ensemble method based on finite element analysis and field data. The above research indicates that the accurate slope stability analysis during in situ leaching is vital for safely extracting rare earth. Although a few studies have been conducted on this topic. Due to the rarity of ionic rare earth ones and the complexity and variability of specific engineering projects, it is necessary to further study the stability of slopes in these rare earth mines. In particular, the coupled effects of seepage and stress on the stability of rare earth slopes need to be further explored. In this study, an actual rare earth mine engineering project in Cenxi city, China, was chosen to analyze. The SEEP/W, SIGMA/W, and SLOPE/W modules of Geo-Studio software were used to study the specific changes in the internal seepage field of rare earth slopes during dynamic leaching. Specifically, the transient analysis is first conducted using the seepage module to compute the seepage field of the slope during dynamic injection. Subsequently, the volume stress module is employed to couple the seepage field results and compute the slope's stress and displacement fields under leaching conditions. In addition, the change law of the stability coefficient of slope under the action of seepage-stress coupling and potential failure mechanisms is analyzed. Finally, the optimal engineering control measures are designed to enhance safety and reduce costs, providing theoretical guidance for slope management in in situ leaching mining sites of similar ionic rare earth mines.
## 2 Optimisation Modelling of Gate Assignments
### Constraints  
The related constraints are illustrated as follows:  
\[\sum_{u\in M}x_{ku}=1,\forall k\in N \tag{8}\]  
\[f_{4}\leq g_{l}+(1-x_{ku})\delta,\forall k\in N,u\in M,l\in M,\delta\in R^{+} \tag{9}\]  
\[\Delta t_{ku}=a_{k}+x_{ku}\cdot(\frac{d_{iu}}{v}),\forall k\in N,u\in M,i=1,2,3 \tag{10}\]  
\[\left|A_{k}-D_{j}\right|\geq T,\forall k,j\in N \tag{11}\]  
Equation (8) maintains that only one aircraft can be assigned to a gate at any given moment. Equation (9) assures that the aircraft receives service from the gate according to the flight type, where \(f_{q}\) is the aircraft type and \(g_{l}\) is the large gate, i.e., the type of aircraft that can accommodate the largest size. Equation (10) calculates the entrance and exit times for gate \(u\) and aircraft \(k\) using the taxiing distance and arrival time, where \(\Delta t_{ku}\) is expressed as the entry time of aircraft \(k\) to gate \(u\), \(a_{k}\) is the expected arrival time of aircraft \(k\), and \(d_{ku}\) is the distance from aircraft \(k\) landing on the runway to gate \(u\). Equation (11) means that the time interval between two adjacent flights at the same gate must be greater than the safety interval time, where \(A_{k}\) is the scheduled arrival moment of aircraft \(k\), \(D_{j}\) is the scheduled departure moment of flight \(j\), and \(T\) is the safety interval time.
# Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics
###### Abstract  
Today, more than ever before, technological progress is evolving rapidly, and in the absence of adequate regulatory frameworks, the big players in the digital market (the so-called Big Techs) are exploiting personal data (name, address, telephone numbers) and private data (political opinions, religious beliefs, financial information, or health status) in an uncontrolled manner. A crucial role in this scenario is played by the weakness of international regulatory frameworks due to the slow response time of legislators who are incapable, from a regulatory point of view, of keeping pace with technological evolution and responding to the new requirements coming from the social context, which is increasingly characterized by the pervasive presence of new technologies, such as smartphones and wearable devices. At the European level, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Regulation on Electronic Identification, Authentication and Trust Services (eIDAS) have marked a significant turning point in the regulatory landscape. However, the mechanisms proposed present clear security issues, particularly in light of emerging concepts such as digital identity. Moreover, despite the centrality of biometric issues within the European regulatory framework and the practical introduction of biometric data within electronic national identity (eID) cards, there are still no efforts to use biometric features for the identification and authentication of a person in a digital context. This paper clarifies and precisely defines the potential impact of biometric-based digital identity and hypothesizes its practical use for accessing network-based services and applications commonly used in daily life. Using the Italian eID card as a model, an authentication scheme leveraging biometric data is proposed, ensuring full compliance with GDPR and eIDAS regulations. The findings suggest that such a scheme can significantly improve the security and reliability of electronic identification systems, promoting broader adoption of eIDAS solutions.  
privacy; digital identity; Italian ID card; eIDAS regulation; facial recognition; biometrics; trustworthy digital environment +
Footnote †: journal:  
Article  
Digital Identity in the EU: Promoting eIDAS Solutions Based on Biometrics
## 2 Experimental Testing
### Experimental Setup
#### 2.1.2 Negative Pressure Test
All the collected data were converted into Excel data files by LabView 2019 software. The vacuum pump 2X-70 used in the test was manufactured by Shanghai Nanguang Vacuum Pump Factory, Shanghai, China; it has a pumping rate of 70 L/s and spindle speed of 450 r/min. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Specimen**} & **D SSL** & **t** & **L** & **OV** & **g** \\  & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **(m)** & **(\%)** & **(\%)** \\ \hline T1 & 800 & 1.79 & 5.0 & 0.91 & 1.64 \\ T2 & 1000 & 1.79 & 7.5 & 1.34 & 0.61 \\ T3 & 1200 & 2.17 * & 8.0 & 0.90 & 0.63 \\ T4 & 800 & 1.61 & 5.0 & 0.75 & 1.14 \\ T5 & 800 & 1.79 & 5.0 & 1.56 & 2.00 \\ \hline \end{tabular}  
* Due to material limitations on-site, the 1200 mm pipes have a wall thickness of 2.17 mm.  
\end{table} 
Table 1: Measured geometric dimension of lined pipe specimens. Because of the large sealed volume of the pipeline, a 2X-70 vacuum pump was adopted, and the curve of the suction speed changing with the pressure was shown in Figure 4a. The actual critical buckling load cannot be determined before the test, so when the vacuum reaches 10 kPa during the continuous pumping process (CNP Process), close the vacuum pump for 20 min to ensure reliable tightness of the test system. After that, the air was pumped at a constant rate until the lining flexed (Figure 4b). The critical buckling pressure of the continuous negative pressure was taken as the standard, multiplied by the corresponding coefficients (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2, respectively) to obtain a five-level vacuum degree (Figure 4c). It should be noted that, during the instantaneous negative pressure (INP) test, the instantaneous state was achieved by first reaching the preset test vacuum inside the main engine pipe and then immediately opening the inlet and closing the vacuum pump at the same time.