esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Porous asphalt pavement (PAP) system is a widely used treatment measure in sustainable stormwater management and groundwater recharge, but their variable performance in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal requires further reinforcement prior to widespread uptake. Two laboratory-scale PAP systems were developed by comparing limestone bedding and zeolite incorporated into modified zeolite powder porous microsphere (MZP-PM) as a filter column under a typical rainfall. The PAP system of zeolite bedding incorporated into MZP-PM (a weight less than 5% of zeolite) removed 74.5% to 90.6% of ammonium (NH4\({}^{+}\)-N) and 72.9% to 92.4% of total phosphate (TP) from the influent, as compared with 25.7% to 62.7% of NH4\({}^{+}\)-N and 32.6% to 56.4% of TP by that of the limestone as bed material. This improvement was presumably due to MZP-PM's high adsorption capacity and surface complexation. The formation of \(\equiv\)(La)(OH)PO\({}_{2}\) was verified to be the dominant pathway for selective phosphate adsorption by MZP-PM and ion-exchange was proved to be the main removal process for ammonium. This study provides promising results for improving N and P removal by modifying a porous asphalt pavement system to include an MZP-PM adsorbent column as a post-treatment.  
nutrients removal; porous asphalt pavement system; modified zeolite powder porous microspheres; ion exchange; Nemenow pollution index +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# The Influence of the Quality of Digital Elevation Data on the Modelling of Terrain Vehicle Movement
## 3 Results
### Efficiency Improvements of the Elevation Models
It shows that the determination of impassable and hardly passable areas when using a lower-detail elevation model can be very variable. The method of slope correction was the right way to improve a current state, which was verified by better coverage results in comparison with DTM 5.
## 5 Conclusions and Discussion  
In this paper, a new active localization method is proposed to estimate the position of a silent intruder.  
For feasibility testing and analysis of the proposed method, we performed the following four steps. Firstly, feasibility tests were performed in an anechoic chamber. Secondly, an FDTD simulation was conducted to verify that the proposed method operates according to the reflection in the boundary of the control space. Thirdly, EDT and RT20 were used to represent the conditions under which active localization can operate in a reverberant environment through FDTD simulation data. Finally, the operation of the active localization method in a classroom was confirmed under conditions based on the EDT and RT20, and then we analyzed the localization results of a PVC pipe and a person through energy maps. Therefore, the proposed method was verified for the position estimation of a silent intruder. The active localization method is expected to be applied in home security systems in conjunction with conventional security sensors to improve the capability of intrusion detection because the proposed system can estimate the position of a silent intruder and can be implemented using loudspeakers and microphones built-in in home appliances.  
In a further study, we intend to expand the frequency band to conduct more precise analyses of the security space, represent the SRP energy maps using wideband data, and design digital filters to determine the robustness of the proposed method.  
Conceptualization, K.K., S.W., and S.Q.L.; methodology, K.K.; software, K.K.; validation, K.K., H.R., S.W., and S.Q.L.; formal analysis, K.K.; data curation, K.K., and H.R.; writing--original draft preparation, K.K.; writing--review and editing, S.W.; supervision, S.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the \"GIST Research Institute (GRI)\" grant funded by the GIST in 2020.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Engineering Overview and Model Establishment
### Calculation Model and Parameters of Bearing Capacity of Dam Body  
#### 3.3.1 Yield Criteria  
According to the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion [29], the material yields when the stress state reaches the following limits:  
\[|\tau|=c-\sigma tg\varphi \tag{8}\]  
\[A=\left(\frac{c}{tg\varphi}-\sigma_{1}+\frac{\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}}{2}\right) \text{sin}|\varphi\textgreater\frac{\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}}{2} \tag{9}\]  
If the above Equation (9) holds, it means that the point has not yielded; otherwise, the point has yielded already, as shown in Figure 5. The strength failure limit equation can be obtained as follows:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Density (kg/m3)** & \(E\) **(GPa)** & \(v\) \\ \hline CSGR & 2400 & [PERSON]’s model & 0.2 \\  & & Linear elastic model is 15 & 0.2 \\ Foundation & 2690 & 10 & 0.25 \\ C20 Concrete & 2400 & 25.5 & 0.2 \\ C15 Concrete & 2400 & 22 & 0.2 \\ C15 rich-mix CSGR & 2400 & 22 & 0.25 \\ C10 rich-mix CSGR & 2400 & 17.5 & 0.25 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: List of parameters of dam structure calculation.  
Figure 4: Finite element model of CSGR.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Calculation Conditions** & **Content** \\ \hline Normal high water level (NHWL) & Dam weight + upstream water level (44 m) + downstream water level (0 m) + uplift pressure \\ Design flood level (DFL) & Dam weight + upstream water level (45.39 m) + downstream water level (7.33 m) + uplift pressure \\ Water level of check flood (WLCF) & Dam weight + upstream water level (47.28 m) + downstream water level (9.58 m) + uplift pressure \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Calculation conditions of mechanical behavior of dam structure.  
\[\sigma_{1}-\sigma_{3}=2c\cos\varphi-(\sigma_{1}+\sigma_{3})\sin\varphi \tag{10}\]  
Based on [PERSON]'s model, the above Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion is added to calculate the bearing capacity of the dam body, namely, the strength-reduction method and the overload method.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### GC-IMS Analysis  
HS-GC-IMS was used to separate and analyze the VOCs of the four fermentation groups. The HS-GC-IMS method was based on the previously published method [13; 18] with minor modifications. The GC-IMS instrument (Fla-vourSpec(r), G.A.S., Dortmund, Germany) was equipped with a DB-WAX column (30 m \(\times\) 0.32 mm \(\times\) 0.25 \(\upmu\)m) and an automatic headspace sampler with an injector. First, a two-fold diluted wine sample (4 mL) was placed in a 20 mL sealed headspace vial and incubated at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 min. Then, 200 \(\upmu\)L of the headspace sample (at 85 \({}^{\circ}\)C) was injected into the system using aheated syringe, where it was pre-separated by the GC column and coupled with IMS. Ultra-pure nitrogen served as the carrier gas. The GC temperature program was as follows: initial temperature of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C held for 3 min, ramped to 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\) and held for 5 min. The pre-separated compounds were ionized in the IMS ionization chamber and then transferred to the drift tube (at 45 \({}^{\circ}\)C) with a carrier gas flow of 150 mL\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\). Data processing was conducted using Vocal software (version 0.2.9, G.A.S., Dortmund, Germany). The retention indices (RI) of the volatile compounds were referenced to C4-C9 n-alkanes (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and were qualitatively analyzed by comparing RI and drift time (DT) with values in the database.
# Using Virtual Reality Simulators to Enhance Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Skills Learning
## 3 Results
### Meta-Analysis
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Intervention**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean Difference**} & **Weight** & **Mean Difference** \\ \hline
**Study** & **Mean** & **S.D.** & **N** & **Mean** & **S.D.** & **N** & **IVhet, 95\% CI** & **(\%)** & **IVhet, 95\% CI** \\ \hline VR vs. NAT subgroup & & & & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & 8.13 & 1.88 & 20 & 5.13 & 4.13 & 20 & 3.00 [1.01, 4.99] & 7.91 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [31] & 5.76 & 4.24 & 33 & 4.00 & 3.00 & 31 & 1.76 [\(-\)0.03, 3.55] & 9.71 & \\ [PERSON] et al. (14) [35] & 8.17 & 1.83 & 8 & 4.71 & 3.71 & 8 & 3.47 [0.60, 6.33] & 3.80 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [39] & 7.27 & 2.73 & 16 & 3.35 & 2.35 & 16 & 3.91 [2.14, 5.68] & 9.97 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [45] & 7.97 & 0.84 & 8 & 5.50 & 4.50 & 8 & 2.47 [\(-\)0.70, 5.64] & 3.10 & \\ Subtotal & & & 85 & & 83 & 2.92 [1.97, 3.87] & 34.49 & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline VR vs. TT subgroup & & & & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [33] & 3.92 & 2.92 & 7 & 8.78 & 1.22 & 9 & \(-\)4.86 [\(-\)7.17, \(-\)2.56] & 5.87 & \\ [PERSON] et al. (13) [37] & 8.96 & 1.04 & 10 & 3.77 & 2.77 & 10 & 5.19 [3.36, 7.03] & 9.28 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [40] & 7.78 & 2.22 & 9 & 3.57 & 2.57 & 8 & 4.21 [1.91, 6.51] & 5.90 & \\ Subtotal & & & 26 & & 27 & 2.11 [\(-\)4.16, 8.38] & 21.06 & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline VR+ vs. VR subgroup & & & & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [34] & 8.33 & 1.67 & 7 & 2.67 & 1.67 & 7 & 5.65 [3.90, 7.41] & 10.13 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [36] & 7.31 & 2.69 & 107 & 4.71 & 3.70 & 81 & 2.61 [1.66, 3.57] & 34.32 & \\ Subtotal & & & 114 & & 88 & 3.30 [0.00, 6.61] & 44.45 & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Overall & & 225 & 198 & 2.92 [0.96, 4.88] & 100.00 & \\  & & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Forest plot for performance assessments. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Intervention**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Control**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Mean Difference**} & **Weight** & **Mean Difference** \\ \hline
**Study** & **Mean** & **S.D.** & **N** & **Mean** & **S.D.** & **N** & **IVhet, 95\% CI** & **(\%)** & **IVhet, 95\% CI** \\ \hline Students subgroup & & & & & & & & \\ [PERSON] et al. [27] & 8.13 & 1.88 & 20 & 5.13 & 4.13 & 20 & 3.00 [1.01, 4.99] & 8.40 & \\ [PERSON] et al. (14) [35] & 8.17 & 1.83 & 8 & 4.71 & 3.71 & 8 & 3.47 [0.60, 6.33] & 4.04 & \\ [PERSON] et al. (13) [37] & 8.96 & 1.04 & 10 & 3.77 & 2.77 & 10 & 5.19 [3.36, 7.03] & 9.86 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [40] & 7.78 & 2.22 & 9 & 3.57 & 2.57 & 8 & 4.21 [1.91, 6.51] & 6.27 & \\ [PERSON] et al. [42] & 7.27 & 2.73 & 16 & 3.35 & 2.35 & 16 & 3.91 [2.14, 5.68] & 10.60 & \\ Subtotal & & & 63 & & 62 & 4.04 [3.12, 4.96] & 39.16 & \\  & & & & & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Forest plot for performance assessments: students vs. residents.
## 1 Introduction
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported study of deep integration between polarization-based fiber-optic communication and forward-transmission distributed fiber-optic sensing. The shared modules include the laser source, optical fiber, wavelength, optical signal, and demodulator. Additionally, the longest single-span sensing distance (~121 km) is demonstrated for fiber-optic communication-sensing integration. The sensing distance is mainly limited by nonlinear effects such as stimulated Brillouin scattering, as well as system and environmental noise, which both lower the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus the maximum sensing distance.
## 2 Data and Methods  
### Data Sources  
The data used in this study are collected from the FLUXNET dataset [6], which was derived from FLUXNET2015 database ([[https://fluxnet.org/](https://fluxnet.org/)]([https://fluxnet.org/](https://fluxnet.org/)) accessed on 1 September 2020). The FLUXNET dataset includes data from multiple flux networks, including ICOS, Ameri-Flux, NEON, AsiaFlux, ChinaFLUX, and TERN-OzFlux. All variables within the datasethad gone through quality control with a code package called ONEFlux (Open Network-Enabled Flux processing pipeline, available at [[https://github.com/AmeriFlux/ONEFlux/accessed](https://github.com/AmeriFlux/ONEFlux/accessed)]([https://github.com/AmeriFlux/ONEFlux/accessed](https://github.com/AmeriFlux/ONEFlux/accessed)) on 5 February 2021). This study selected the SUBSET data product from the FLUXNET2015 that contains micrometeorological, energy, and NEE data. The SUBSET dataset contains data products in hourly, daily, and yearly time steps. Ten micrometeorological variables were used for the NEE prediction (details in Table 1). The daily dataset in all FLUXNET2015 (Tier 1) sites were screened and if any of the 11 variables (10 micrometeorological features and NEE) required for modeling had a missing value, the datapoint was removed. Finally, we obtained 69 sites for this analysis, including 5 sites for evergreen broadleaf forest (EBF), 12 sites for deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), 17 sites for evergreen needleleaf forest (ENF), 4 sites for mixed forest (MF), 15 sites for grassland (GRA), 5 for croplands (CRO), 2 sites for open shrublands (OSH), 1 site for closed shrublands (CSH), 4 sites for savannas (SAV), and 4 sites for woody savannas (WSA) (Table 2).
## 5 Numerical Results
The results above demonstrate that the 3D-SWZCC code is capable of outperforming the other codes tested in this investigation, making it more flexible and convenient for meeting optical communication demands and being used in an NG-3D-OCDMA-PON network. Finally, the alteration of the PINN as a function of the received power is shown in Figure 11 for 150 active users. First, note that the relationship between the PINN and received power is linear. Second, both the 3D-PD and 3D-PD/MD codes have the same PINN alteration, whereas the 3D-DCS/MD code has less power. Third, the 3D-PTZCC and 3D-SWZCC codes have similar values with a low difference between them. However, we find that the 3D-OCDMA system based on the 3D-SWZCC code is the least influenced by PINN compared to the other codes. To confirm this, the values of the PINN at \(P_{r}=-25\) dBm are \(3.9\times 10^{-18}\), \(5.4\times 10^{-18}\), \(3.13\times 10^{-15}\), and \(8.3\times 10^{-15}\) A for the 3D codes SWZCC, PTZCC, DCS/MD, PD, and PD/MD, respectively [1; 22; 23; 24]. Figure 4:1 PINN versus received power. Figure 4:2 Q-factor versus number of simultaneous users. PD output current and dark current noise alteration as a function of received power as shown in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. It is observed that the variation of output PD current with an effective source power of 3D-SWZCC code is smallest compared with 3D codes: PD, hybrid PD/MD, and DCS/MD whereas the 3D-PTZCC code is less than our proposed code. This is due to these codes using the AND detection technique at the receiver level, whereas our code and the 3D-PTZCC code are using the SDD detection technique. As it is known, the AND detection technique permits the implementation of a specific filter for each wavelength which increases the signal quality. However, it is enough to implement a single filter whatever the code weight in the SDD detection technique. So, the power of the signal resulting from the SDD technique is less minor than the AND technique. Moreover, the AND technique needs to use eight PDs, but the SDD technique needs just a single PD. Consequently, the SDD technique minimizes the OCDMA system complexity based on the 3D-SWZCC code up to 75% compared with the OCDMA system using the 3D codes: PD, hybrid PD/MD, and hybrid DCS/MD. Figure 4:3 Incident current versus effective source power. Figure 4:4 Dark current noise versus effective source power. Additionally, we are interested in studying the following parameters. In contrast, as cleared in Figure 13, the current dark noise is a function of effective source power where it is observed that the significant effect caused by PIIN on OCDMA system uses the 3D codes: PD, hybrid PD/MD, and DCS/MD. Furthermore, these codes suffer from fixed in-phase cross-correlation in spite of the high auto correlation values. However, due to the characteristics of our code which provided a high auto correlation and zero cross-correlation, the MAI is totally suppressed, and the PIIN is reduced, which reduces the value of the dark current noise.
## 2 Background
### Fault-Based Test Case Generation for Digital Systems  
Digital systems were one of the early research areas studying and applying fault-based test generation. In [16], the authors described a test generation method that combined architectural and gate-level techniques to achieve tests with a high fault coverage. In [17], the tests generated from high-level descriptions using software test generation techniques were used as drivers for subsequent gate-level automatic test pattern generation processes reducing the effort and testing time. [PERSON] et al. [18] presented an automatic test-program generation for the testing of system-on-a-chip cores based on evolutionary algorithms aiming at obtaining a high fault coverage for design validation at the behavioral register-transfer level. In [19], the authors described a method for generating tests starting from a VHDL model and using behavioral descriptions to describe the failure model. In [20], a two-phase approach was described for minimal diagnostic test set generation. In [21], [PERSON] et al. described a genetic-algorithm-based approach to diagnose test generation, aiming to generate tests capable of diagnosing a single fault. In [22], the application of integer linear programming techniques to select a representative set of test cases for diagnostic purposes was described.  
Satisfiability (SAT) solvers have been extensively used as backend engines for automatic test pattern generation (ATG) procedures. The papers [23] and [19] represented the initial stage of research efforts on converting ATPG to SAT problems. [PERSON] et al. [24] described a formal engine based on SAT-solving techniques for generating a minimal test set.  
In [25], the authors provided an overview of recent advances in exploiting such techniques, introducing an incremental satisfiability-based mechanism. In [26], a general overview of the strength and weaknesses of this technique was summarized, which pointed out two main challenges, including transformation overhead and efficiency. Among recent works, new SAT-based APTG processes were designed to face challenges via preprocessing [27], incremental workflow [28], and increased defect coverage [29].
## 4 Training Sequence  
To determine linear FFE tap coefficients, the array-based method described in [21] is used. An example for a six-tap FFE is given in Equation (2). Here, \(a_{-2}\ldots a_{3}\) denote the pre-main- and post-cursors of the pulse response. The solution of the equation yields the tap coefficients \(c_{-2}\ldots c_{3}\) (with \(c_{0}\) being the main tap filter coefficient).  
Figure 7: Block diagram of adaptive FFE, \(n\) pre and \(m\) post-taps, 12 sets of coefficients for PAM-4 signaling.  
\[\begin{bmatrix}a_{0}&a_{-1}&a_{-2}&0&0&0\\ a_{1}&a_{0}&a_{-1}&a_{-2}&0&0\\ a_{2}&a_{1}&a_{0}&a_{-1}&a_{-2}&0\\ a_{3}&a_{2}&a_{1}&a_{0}&a_{-1}&a_{-2}\\ 0&a_{3}&a_{2}&a_{1}&a_{0}&a_{-1}\\ 0&0&a_{3}&a_{2}&a_{1}&a_{0}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}c_{-2}\\ c_{-1}\\ c_{0}\\ c_{1}\\ c_{2}\\ c_{3}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}0\\ 0\\ 1\\ 0\\ 0\\ 0\end{bmatrix} \tag{2}\]  
For the proposed digitally tunable FFEs a training sequence, shown in Figure 8a, is proposed. It contains all 12 possible pulse responses. The aforementioned matrix method can then be used to calculate coefficients for every response. Since the VCSEL is not linear, this method does not yield perfect results for the first iteration. To obtain more accurate results, the waveform was repetitively measured and the resulting coefficients were added to the previous ones until sufficient correlation was obtained. Figure 8b shows the 12 pulse responses overlaid after the coefficient training. Pre-, main- and post-cursors are marked by red circles and show excellent overlapping with the DC-levels.  
For the FFE using 4 sets of coefficients, the three responses for every level were normalized, and an average was formed, which then was used as a coefficient set.
# _CoVSCode_: A Novel Real-Time Collaborative Programming Environment for Lightweight IDE
## 3 Design Objectives and Rationales
### Design Objective B: Supporting Real-Time Collaborative Programming with Intuitive Awareness  
While preserving compatibility with single-user programming and non-real-time collaboration in the existing lightweight IDE, the proposed environment would support additional functionalities and features for real-time collaboration. Within a real-time collaborative programming session, a group of programmers can concurrently view and edit a shared collection of source code directories and files (i.e., the source code tree) as well as the contents of the source code files. Each programmer's change will be made instantly visible to other collaborators in real-time, and the consistency of the source code copies will be automatically maintained by the system.  
During a real-time collaboration session, the proposed environment should ensure high local responsiveness at all sites, in the sense that each local editing operation performed on the source code must immediately take effect without noticeable delay (i.e., they must be as responsive as the local operations in traditional single-user programming without real-time collaboration).  
In addition, the proposed environment would also support effective and intuitive awareness among programmers in a real-time collaboration session, which assists programmers in preventing potential conflicts in the closely-coupled collaborative work.  
Design Objective C: Achieving Unconstrained and Flexible Real-Time Collaboration for Programmers with Equal Roles  
As discussed in Section 2.3, the two official real-time collaboration plugins support the _host-participator_ pattern only, which has serious limitations in meeting diverse collaboration needs. In this study, the proposed environment must support unconstrained and flexible real-time collaboration where collaborating programmers' roles are exactly equal. Given a collaborative team and a shared software project, each team member can flexibly access the project and edit the shared source code at any preferred time. Programmers may work individually at different times or collaboratively at the same time based on their collaboration needs.  
Under all circumstances, the proposed environment ensures that: (i) whenever a programmer accesses the source code of the shared software project, the programmer always retrieves the latest version and continuously receives real-time updates from other active collaborators in the session; and (ii) whenever a programmer edits the source code, the change is immediately visible to other real-time collaborators, and also available to any incoming collaborator later.
# Effective Dereverberation with a Lower Complexity at Presence of the Noise
## 4 Experiments and Evaluation
### Analysis and Comparison of the Test Results  
#### 4.3.1 Effect of Filter Order  
The effect of the filter order \(L\) on the algorithm performance is investigated in an exemplary simulation condition, namely, SNR = 10 dB and \(T_{60}\) = 800 ms. Here, the proposed method and ISCLP are evaluated based on the variation in \(L\). Figure 3 shows the incremental results of the PESQ, STOI, CD, and SIR for different filter orders. The ISCLP shows better performance with respect to the PESQ, STOI, and CD in the case of shorter filter order, while for SIR, the ISCLP shows the dependence on the filter order. The proposed method shows the dependence on the filter order in the PESQ, STOI, and SIR results, and its performance is the best at eight options of the filter order and tends to be convergent at some fixed order \(L\) for different tests. In the evaluation results of the PESQ, STOI, and CD, the proposed method is better than ISCLP at all filter orders. In the evaluation result of the SIR, the proposed method is slightly worse than ISCLP. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the CD results of the proposed method and ISCLP have positive increments, which indicates that the speech distortion is increased. This may be caused by the inaccurate estimation of some key parameters in the Kalman filtering, but the distortion caused by the ISCLP is significantly larger than the proposed method.  
Figure 3: \(Cont.\)