# Measuring the Effect of Circular Public Procurement on Government's Environmental Impact
## 3 Results
### Effect Estimation Based on Interviews  
We found the following from the 62 applied CPP criteria:  
* Twenty were not clearly deviating from common practice and thus comparable to the market standard. This was the case with, for example, ICT hardware, where requirements regarding availability of spare parts were defined in a very general way, as is common practice. It also occurred with the collection and recycling of solar panels after use, which does not deviate from the common practice described in the WEEE directive [35]. Without more specific requirements for recycling, no extra benefits are to be expected. Figure 3: Number of R-strategies found in tenders on the seven product groups (R2 = longer life span, R3 = reuse, R4 = repair, R5 = refurbish, R8a = recycled content in product and R8b = fit for recycling after use). Six criteria applications contributed both to R4 and R8b, and this is therefore shown as a separate bar to avoid counting twice. These criteria focused on steering toward easier disassembling of parts, which is beneficial for both repair (R4) and recycling (R8b). * Seven were not operationalized in the contracting phase. Examples included criteria on the recyclability of furniture and workwear after use, which were not operationalized in the contract with the supplier nor secured in the organization of the contracting authority. * For 21 applications, the ambition and level of operationalization remained unclear. For example, in the case of ICT, the tendering organizations did not administrate how often the option to order refurbished ICT devices within the contract was used. Additionally, no data were gathered to evaluate if the longer guarantee period indeed resulted in longer use of the devices. In the case of furniture, it remained unclear if and how a criterion on easier disassembling was operationalized. Furthermore, agreements on maintenance and repair were not monitored. Data on the type and number of repairs were not gathered for either the reference or the new situation. This type of administration is necessary to assess if CPP application leads to any impact or should be adjusted. * Fourteen applications were both more ambitious than the market standard and operationalized specifically. An analysis per the applied criteria found in the sample of 72 tenders can be found in Supplementary Materials S1, Table S1. Presenting the results on the level of tenders instead of the applied criteria shows the following (Figure 4):
* A total of 43% of the tenders contained one or more CPP criteria;
* Of this, the larger part (38%) used criteria directly related to circularity, and 5% used criteria that triggered circularity indirectly;
* Between 22 and 25% of the tenders contained one or more CPP criteria that were more ambitious than the market standard;
* Between 15 and 21% of the tenders contained one or more CPP criteria that were more ambitious than the market and were also operationalized specifically. % of tenders with criteria that directly ask for circular strategies (reuse, recycling, etc.) % of tenders with criteria that trigger circular strategies % of tenders with criteria that trigger more ambitious circular strategies than the present market standard % of tenders with criteria that successfully trigger more ambitious circular strategies than the present market standard % of tenders with criteria that successfully trigger more ambitious circular strategies than the present market standard % of tenders with criteria that triggered circularity (including, standard) % of tenders with criteria that triggered circularity (including, standard) % of tenders with criteria that are more ambitious than the market standard. The fourth bar is the percent of tenders with CPP criteria that are both more ambitious than the market standard and also operationalized. The light gray bars in the latter two bars reflect the tenders that included criteria for which it remained unclear if the CPP criteria were more ambitious than the market standard or if they were operationalized.