Characterizing and Visualizing the Impact of Energy Storage on Renewable Energy Curtailment in Bulk Power Systems  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.M.) 1  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.M.) 1  
[PERSON]  
2 State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Company, Xining 810008, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L.) 2  
[PERSON]  
2 State Grid Qinghai Electric Power Company, Xining 810008, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (J.L.) 2  
[PERSON]  
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.G. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.M.) 1  
[PERSON]  
3 New Energy Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.W. ); meishengwei@mail. generators and the wind farm output, and the second stage optimizes the operational strategies of battery energy storage while penalizing the curtailment in the objective function. In Reference [7], a chance-constrained model is developed to address the energy storage sizing problem, where the constraint on total curtailment rate is satisfied given a confidence level. The optimal placement framework for ESU is proposed in Reference [8], which minimizes the hourly social cost and maximizes wind power utilization within a power system with high wind penetration. In the area of operation, an ESU, together with demand response, is used in Reference [9] to reduce curtailed wind energy; moreover, the role of generation mix on the curtailed wind energy is analyzed; then, additional reductions in the curtailed wind energy by demand response are quantified. Pumped hydro storage is technically mature and economical for storing electrical energy on a large scale; it is optimally scheduled in Reference [10] to properly deal with wind energy curtailment cost, total social cost, and also the ESUs' revenue. As a promising ESU, compressed air energy storage is being scrutinized as a viable and economically appealing option for mitigating wind curtailment [11]. Additionally, the feasibility and effectiveness of hybrid energy storage for smoothing photovoltaic power fluctuations are evaluated in Reference [12], considering active power curtailment. In the REG-concerned problems, it is a critical issue to characterize the uncertainty of renewable power. Stochastic programming relies on representative scenarios to build an empirical probability distribution of uncertainty [13]. It is used in Reference [14], where the expected daily operation cost of the distribution network is minimized under the empirical distribution by sample average approximation; meanwhile, a stochastic chance-constraint is employed to ensure the amount of total energy-saving. In Reference [15], the stochastic capacity expansion planning of remote microgrids with wind farms and energy storage is explored; the scenarios are generated by Monte Carlo simulations. Another method is robust optimization, which describes the uncertainty with an uncertainty set that encloses all the possible candidates of uncertain realizations [16]. A typical application in power system is robust unit commitment; in Reference [17], a two-stage robust unit commitment model with wind power and pumped storage hydro is proposed, to accommodate wind output uncertainty, providing a robust day-ahead unit commitment schedule for the thermal generators that minimizes the total cost under the worst wind-power output scenario. Moreover, the robust energy and reserve dispatch under variable renewable generation are investigated in Reference [18]. [PERSON] et al.