esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring
###### Abstract  
With the rapidly aging society and increased concern for personal cardiovascular health, novel, flexible electrodes suitable for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring are in demand. Based on the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene and the rapid development of graphene device fabrication technologies, graphene-based ECG electrodes have recently attracted much attention, and many flexible graphene electrodes with excellent performance have been developed. To understand the current research progress of graphene-based ECG electrodes and help researchers clarify current development conditions and directions, we systematically review the recent advances in graphene-based flexible ECG electrodes. Graphene electrodes are classified as bionic, fabric-based, biodegradable, laser-induced/scribed, modified-graphene, sponge-like, invasive, etc., based on their design concept, structural characteristics, preparation methods, and material properties. Moreover, some categories are further divided into dry or wet electrodes. Then, their performance, including electrode-skin impedance, signal-to-noise ratio, skin compatibility, and stability, is analyzed. Finally, we discuss possible development directions of graphene ECG electrodes and share our views.  
graphene electrode; ECG; flexible devices; wearable electronics +
Footnote †: Copyright** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/py/4.0/))).
# A Cross-Layer Approach MAC/NET with Updated-GA (MNUG-CLA)-Based Routing Protocol for VANET Network
## 2 Comprehensive Survey
In terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end latency, and total network performance, the outcomes of these simulated studies in reasonably congested metropolitan contexts demonstrate significant gains. Still, this type of method produces reasonable performance when applied to a high-speed dynamic network [14]. The designers present a hop greedy routing mechanism in this research that offers a route with the fewest number of intermediate intersection nodes, while considering connection. They also present back-bone nodes, which play an important role in determining connection over a confluence. Aside from that, the backbone nodes permit a payload to be routed in a different path by tracking the position of both the sender and receiver. The suggested routing method has better packet delivery ratio and a lower end-to-end latency, according to numerical simulations. However, this provides moderate results in terms of efficiency [15]. A novel adaptive geographic routing system for enabling simplex VOD broadcast in metropolitan areas is suggested in this study. Instead of one route, a number of random routes between network and host vehicles are established in this system, and the amount is determined by the size of the demanded clip and the lifespan. The connection likelihood of a path is estimated using a shuttered formula, which can then be utilized to pick the greatest linked lines. The optimal path selection is done using this method, which does not satisfy the current drawbacks of VANETs, such as efficiency improvement and collision reduction [16]. A few recent models are discussed [17; 18; 19; 20], such as mobility management, SDN networks performance with VANETs, optimal path findings and trust-based priority in VANETs. All these models produce moderate efficiency in the overall calculation.
# RS-YOLOX: A High-Precision Detector for Object Detection in Satellite Remote Sensing Images
## 4 Experiments
### Evaluation Metrics  
The performance of model in this article is evaluated comprehensively through AP, mAP, Latency, and FPS.  
AP represents the average precision of a single category under different recall conditions, which is also equal to the area under the Precision-Recall curve. The mAP metric represents the mean of AP values of all categories and can be used to measure the accuracy of model detection. The formulas for calculating AP and mAP are as follows:  
\[\text{AP}=\int_{0}^{1}\text{P}(\text{r})\text{dr} \tag{7}\]  
\[\text{mAP}=\frac{\sum_{\text{k}=1}^{\text{n}}\text{AP}^{\text{k}}}{\text{n}} \tag{8}\]  
\(\text{AP}_{50}\) and \(\text{mAP}_{50}\) represent the AP value and the mAP value, respectively, when the threshold of IoU is 0.50; \(\text{mAP}_{50.95}\) is the average of 10 mAP values with IoU thresholds of 0.50, 0.55, 0.60,..., 0.90, 0.95.  
Latency represents the average inference time to detect an image, and FPS means the number of image frames detected per second. Latency and FPS can be used to measure the detection speed of the model.  
In addition, we used P to represent the total number of parameters of the model, which is used to measure the size of the model.
# Proteomics in Forensic Analysis: Applications for Human Samples
## 3 Applications of Forensic Proteomics for Human Samples
### Other Applications of Forensic Proteomics for Human Samples
#### 3.4.2. Fingernail  
Fingernails can be used in forensics because body fluids and tissues may be trapped under the fingernails of individuals involved in violent contact during a crime. The traces under fingernails provide DNA profiles that indicate the origin of the traces. In addition, proteomic profiles can be obtained to determine the type of fluid or tissue in the traces. A recent study reported the detection of cornulin (a protein biomarker for vaginal fluid) up to 5 h and hemoglobin (a protein biomarker for blood) up to 18 h post-deposition in fingernails [34]. The authors proved that proteomic analysis can be complementarily performed using a genomics approach to provide forensic information from fingernail  
Figure 6: Other applications of forensic proteomics for human samples (**a**) LC–MS/MS chromatograms of IGFBP 1, 2, 3, and 5 and stable isotope-labeled peptides used as internal standards. Figure adapted from [48], Copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier. (**b**) Plasma levels of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and alpha-1 antitrypsin in drowning and control samples (Student unpaired \(t\)-test) and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves of ApoA1 and alpha-1 antitrypsin levels in the prediction of death by drowning. Figures were adapted from [50], under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)]([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)) (accessed on 3 March 2021). (**c**) Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) of a fingermark contaminated with vaginal fluid (with the matched trypptic peptides of cornulin were asterisked) and MS/MS spectrum of cornulin tryptic peptide \(m\)/\(z\) 1501.91. Ion intensity maps of \(m\)/\(z\) 1501, 994 (peptides of cornulin), and 1179 (a peptide of human cytoskeletal keratin) were imaged. Figure reprinted by permission from Springer Nature, International Journal of Legal Medicine [35], Copyright (2017).  
debris. In the examined case, the DNA results showed that the suspect had touched the victim, whereas the proteomic results revealed that the touching involved the vagina.
## 4 Numerical Examples in 2D Case
### FGM with Maximum Shear Modulus CBS  
In this example, CBS with extreme performance of maximum shear modulus is adopted for the design of FGM. Identically, the transitional connection method is used for the smooth connection of the microstructural boundary. The gradient of volume fraction is varying from 0.25 to 0.4. Each single cell is discretized by \(20\times 20\) four-node quadrilateral elements, and the material properties are selected as \(\mathrm{E}=910\) MPa and \(\
u=0.3\). Similarly, for comparison, the conventional porous structure with single type CBS is devised with the same total volume fraction. Two design results are shown in Figure 12, and the volume fraction of each CBS or TCS is shown in Table 5.  
In the simulation analysis, the FGM is tiled into 11 columns, and modelled with 1 mm thickness. Similarly, three common boundary conditions given in Figure 9 are considered. The magnitude of all the forces in the examples is set to be 50 N, and the material properties in the simulation process are exactly the same as those in the optimization process. Figure 13 shows the structure deformation within the two designs under the same loading case of the cantilever beam type. The strain energy under different loading and boundary conditions is compared in Figure 14. The improvement in structural stiffness of the FGM design when compared to the design with a single type CBS is also presented in Table 6. It can be seen from the numerical results that, with the transitional connection, the FGM with maximum shear modulus CBS also shows a greater stiffness under the three different loading and boundary conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Loading Condition** & **Cantilever Beam** & **MBB Beam** & **Loading on Top** \\ \hline Performance improvement (\%) & 8.8\% & 13.9\% & 25\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: The improvement on structural stiffness of the FGM design comparing to the design with single type CBS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Loading Condition** & **Cantilever Beam** & **MBB Beam** & **Loading on Top** \\ \hline Performance improvement (\%) & 10.6 & 15.8 & 21 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: The improvement on structural stiffness of the FGM design comparing to the design with single type CBS.  
Figure 12: Two different porous structures with the maximum shear modulus: (**a**) FGM design; (**b**) design with single type CBS.
## 4 Related Work
The study reported in [26] gives a design of a distributed, scalable congestion elimination mechanism in the transport layer, which ensures fair delivery of packets to the sink when using either a probabilistic selection or a epoch-based proportional selection. Interference-Aware Fair Rate Control (IFRC) discusses a mechanism for each node to detect the contending flows locally and fairly by adapting its own transmission rate and using a congestion sharing mechanism. It can achieve MAC layer fairness, but not application layer fairness. Application layer fairness is more important to users. Fusion combines three mechanisms that span to different layers. They are hop-by-hop flow control, rate limiting source traffic, and a prioritized MAC protocol. Hop-by-hop flow control is used for congestion detection and mitigation. Rate limiting is used to prevent unfairness toward sources which are far from the sink. A prioritized MAC scheme is designed for congested nodes to have higher priority to access the channel as to quickly drain out their buffer. The works reported in [28, 29, 30] share a similar idea and use node priority index to reflect the importance of each node for priority-based congestion control. These papersneglect the details of MAC protocols and assume they provide even access opportunities for each node, which neglect the important characteristic of time-varying wireless links in WSNs. Finally, the priority index design is based on node priority, not priority of different classes of information. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one paper that discusses congestion control for heterogeneous traffic [31]. But the protocol did not consider the wireless link characteristic, fairness and coverage fidelity. Our scheme, however, can efficiently collect different categories of information based on their relative priorities and also consider the affect of wireless links to achieve fairness.
# Research on Path Planning Multiple Mobile Robots Based on the LAPGWO Algorithm
## 4 Results
### Path Simulation Comparison
#### 4.2.7 Dynamic Complex Scenarios  
In practical scenarios, in addition to the robot swarm, there will be other moving obstacles. To further highlight the algorithm's real-time collision avoidance ability, this paper will add a robot labelled No. 9 as a dynamic obstacle in a complex warehouse environment. The dynamic obstacle will move dynamically within a specified area, and 50 tests will be conducted, with one selected for display. As shown in Figure 14, it is the movement diagram of the dynamic obstacle. The red dashed path is the movement path of the obstacle. The comparative algorithm is the LM-GWO algorithm, and the comparison results are shown in Figure 15. Among them, Figure 15a is the operation result diagram of  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Evaluation Indicators** & **DSA-EGA** & **LM-GWO** & **LAPGWO** & **CWSO** \\ \hline Average Path Length (m) & 93.12 & 94.33 & 82.45 & 86.81 \\ Average Planning Time (s) & 3.247 & 3.482 & 2.612 & 2.871 \\ Path Smoothness (Curvature) & 0.32 & 0.34 & 0.23 & 0.29 \\ Average Number of Iterations & 91 & 99 & 37 & 84 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Comparison of algorithm performance in complex non-warehouse environments.  
Figure 13: Comparison diagram of algorithm performance.  
the LM-GWO algorithm, and Figure 15b is the operation result diagram of the LAPGWO algorithm.The specific experimental data are shown in Table 8.  
As can be seen from Figure 15, compared with the LM-GWO algorithm, the LAPGWO algorithm proposed in this paper can plan a path that can avoid obstacles in real time when facing the dynamically moving obstacle robot No. 9, with a conflict avoidance rate of 96%, ensuring the safety of the robot's travel. However, when the LM-GWO algorithm faces the dynamic obstacle No. 9, it will encounter the problem of search failure multiple times and collide with No. 9, with a conflict avoidance rate of 88%, and the generated path is not the optimal path. The comprehensive comparison test results of the  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Simple Warehouse**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Complex Warehouse**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**Complex Non-Warehouse**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Comprehensive Results**} \\ \cline{2-2}
In this paper, multiple tests were carried out according to the three scenarios, and an ANOVA significance test was conducted on each algorithm based on the path length information. The test results of the three scenarios are shown in Figure 16. By adding significance verification, it is demonstrated that there are apparent differences between the LAPGWO algorithm and other methods.  
From the ANOVA significance test results in Figure 16 and the comprehensive performance comparison results in Table 9, the LAPGWO algorithm proposed in this paper has significantly improved. It ranks first in the comprehensive test results, followed by the CWSO algorithm in second place, the DSA-EGA algorithm in third place, and the LM-GWO algorithm in fourth place.
###### Abstract  
Atmospheric-pressure \(Ar\) plasma jets are known to be detrimental to _Cordycepus prunosa_ spores. However, it is not clear what kinds of reactive species are more effective with regard to fungal cell death. Herein, we study which reactive species plays pivotal roles in the death of fungal spores using an electric shock-free, atmospheric-pressure air plasma jet, simply called soft plasma jet. Plasma treatment significantly reduced the spore viability and damaged fungal DNA. As observed from the circular dichroism spectra, scanning electron microscope images, and flow cytometric measurements, cell wall integrity was decreased by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from the plasma itself and the plasma-activated water. Consequently, degradation of the spore cell wall allows RONS from the plasma to reach the intracellular components. Such plasma-induced intracellular RONS can attack spore DNA and other intracellular components, as confirmed by electrophoresis analysis and phosphorylated histone measurement. In addition, weakening of the spore cell wall allowed for the loss of intracellular components, which can lead to cell death. Plasma radicals were investigated by measuring the optical emission spectrum of the soft plasma jet, and intracellular reactive oxygen species were confirmed by measuring the fluorescence of \(2^{\prime},7^{\prime}\)-dichlorodifluororescein-diacetate (\(H_{2}\)_DCF-DA_)-stained spores. The soft plasma jet generated considerable amounts of \(H_{2}O_{2}\) and \(NO_{x}\) but a very small number of \(OH\) radicals as compared to the atmospheric-pressure \(Ar\) plasma jet; this indicates that plasma-induced long-lived reactive species (\(H_{2}O_{2}\) and \(NO_{x}\)) play an important role in the weakening of spore cell walls and cell death.  
electric shock-free plasma; reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; cell wall integrity; DNA; phosphorylated histone; flow cytometry; SEM; circular dichroism +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Soft, 2019, 9, 3921; doi:10.3390/app9183921
## 2 USV Model  
### Slip Motion Model  
The movement of a ship has six degrees of freedom (DOF), which represent the position and direction of the ship's movement, and therefore six separate coordinates are required to describe these six degrees of freedom. (\(x,y,z\)) represents the position of a ship in the inertial frame, and the first-order differentiation of (\(x,y,z\)) represents the translational motion along \(x,y,z\). The first three DOF are surge, sway, and heave. (\(\varphi,\theta,\psi\)) represents the direction of a ship, and the first-order differentiation of (\(\varphi,\theta,\psi\)) represents the rotation of the ship. The last three DOF are roll, pitch, and yaw [35]. The ship motion description is shown in Figure 1.  
Ship maneuvering usually considers only the movement of the ship in the horizontal plane. For most ship movements and their control problems, it is possible to ignore heave, pitch, and roll motions, and thus only the sway, surge, and yaw are discussed. Therefore, the ship motion can be regarded as a plane motion, and the plane motion has only three degrees of freedom, which further simplifies the research object. The maneuvering mathematical model of a USV [36] can be written as  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{x}=u\ cos\psi-v\ sin\psi\\ \dot{y}=u\ sin\psi+v\ cos\psi\\ \dot{\psi}=r\end{array}\right. \tag{1}\]  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{u}=\frac{m_{22}}{m_{11}}\upsilon r-\frac{d_{11} }{m_{11}}u+\frac{1}{m_{11}}\tau_{u}\\ \dot{v}=-\frac{m_{11}}{m_{22}}\upsilon r-\frac{d_{22}}{m_{22}}\upsilon\\ \dot{r}=\frac{m_{11}-m_{22}}{m_{33}}\upsilon-\frac{d_{31}}{m_{33}}r+\frac{1}{m _{33}}\tau_{r}\end{array}\right. \tag{2}\]  
where \(x\) and \(y\) denote the surge and sway, \(\psi\) denotes the yaw angle, \(u\) denotes the surge velocity, \(v\) denotes the sway velocity, \(r\) denotes the yaw velocity, \(m_{11}\), \(m_{22}\), and \(m_{33}\) are uncertainty parameters representing the intrinsic and additional masses, \(d_{11}\), \(d_{22}\), and \(d_{33}\) are also uncertainty parameters, \(d_{11}\) is the surge hydrodynamic damping factor, \(d_{22}\) is the sway hydrodynamic damping factor, and \(d_{33}\) is the yaw angle hydrodynamic damping factor.  
Figure 1: Ship motion model.  
For simplicity, the high-order nonlinear damping term is ignored. \(\tau_{u}\) is the longitudinal force of the propeller, and \(\tau_{r}\) is the torque of the propeller.
## 2 The Information Bottleneck Method and Coarsely Quantized Information Bottleneck Signal Processing
### An Example of Information Bottleneck Receiver Design with Iterative Detection and Decoding
The most important difference is, however, that the information bottleneck receiver chain does not have access to the continuous received samples \(\hat{y}_{k}\). Instead, it only processes quantization indices from a coarse channel output quantizer, which quantizes the real and imaginary parts of the received signal to quantization indices (i.e., \(y_{k}^{\text{re}},y_{k}^{\text{im}}\in\{0,1,\ldots,2^{q}-1\}\)). Based on these observed quantization indices, the rest of the signal processing chain for channel estimation, detection and LDPC decoding can also be developed using the information bottleneck method. This will be explained in detail in the following.
# Algorithms for Load Balancing in Next-Generation Mobile Networks: A Systematic Literature Review
## 5 Discussion
For example, SDN-enabled hybrid approaches [29] dynamically allocated traffic between 4G and 5G nodes, maintaining 85% spectral efficiency during network slicing trials. This taxonomy underscores a critical trade-off: while semi-automatic methods offered stability for 4G's throughput-centric KPIs, automatic and hybrid paradigms unlocked the agility needed for 5G's heterogeneous service demands. Collectively, these algorithmic advancements highlight how load balancing strategies evolved from human-dependent optimization to intelligent, context-aware systems, mirroring the broader technological leap from 4G to 5G. The taxonomy of load balancing algorithms and their alignment with evolving network demands is systematically summarized in Table 4. This table synthesizes the interplay between semi-automatic, automatic and hybrid approaches, their prioritized performance indicators (e.g., throughput, latency, energy efficiency) and the techniques validated in real-world case studies (2014-2023). Regarding the methodology used, it is worth highlighting that PRISMA provides a clear and systematic structure for conducting reviews, which enhances the quality and transparency of the study. Moreover, the traceability offered by the PRISMA flow diagram \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Algorithm Type** & **Key KPIs** & **Technique** & **Case Study** \\ \hline Semi-Automatic & Throughput, Reliability & LTE-Advanced & \\ Automatic & Latency, Energy Efficiency & Carrier Aggregation & \\  & Latency, Energy Efficiency & AI-Driven Network & \\  & Efficiency & Slicing & \\ Hybrid & Scalability, & Hybrid SDN/Legacy & \\  & Throughput & Integration & [54; 57] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Load balancing algorithms: Correlation with KPIs, techniques, and case studies. Figure 5: Bar plot of Algorithm Type. is a valuable asset when it comes to quickly identifying the amount of information and documentation available on the subject. However, in some cases, it can be a lengthy and tedious process, depending on the potential bias that may be introduced when adapting bibliographic references to the research topic. In addition, if there is limited documentation in the study area, the use of PRISMA may further restrict the available published literature. Additionally, we have added a cost-benefit matrix (Table 5) to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of AI adoption.