# Integration of BIM and GIS for the Digitization of the Built Environment
## 1 Introduction
A significant advantage of this integration is evident when incorporating time information (BIM 4D), allowing stakeholders to visualize and understand decision outcomes before construction through simulation tools. Accurate predictions require a data volume commensurate with the analysis type. Additionally, real-world contextual information, such as environmental and demographic conditions, can enrich BIM models. For instance, GIS data on flood-prone areas can assist designers in selecting the optimal location, orientation, and materials for the structure's spatial context. The availability of shared and easily accessible data opens the door to a number of significant and transformative benefits, facilitating the simultaneous exchange of parametric information on elements and helping to improve the quality and consistency of processes. This leads to a number of benefits, including improved safety on construction sites, where timely and accurate information sharing can prevent accidents and improve working practices; more efficient supply chain management in the construction sector, through more timely planning/coordination of resources; and sustainable urban design, with more accurate and informed planning of urban infrastructure and resources, with long-term benefits for the environment and the quality of life of communities [25; 26]. In fact, this integration is efficient in the post-construction phase, enabling more effective management of structures through a unified database that facilitates information retrieval for maintenance or diagnosis. In facilities management, where constant data use is necessary, an integrated BIM-GIS model ensures access to all required information during operation. Planners can utilize these solutions to retrieve and reuse key data at every stage of a building or property complex's lifecycle. GIS data are crucial for planning operations, especially for infrastructure such as airports, rail networks, bridges, and highways, allowing optimal placement in their environment. BIM-GIS integration overlays the BIM model with geospatial information layers, providing designers with precise details about construction areas. This enables designers to make informed decisions about building materials or foundation types in advance, ensuring the stability and durability of structures over time. The BIM-GIS systems integration promotes sustainability and resilience in infrastructure and land construction [27; 28]. Addressing climate change adaptation, energy transition, and emissions reduction requires innovative information management solutions that enable scenario assessment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and information sharing. These goals are closely tied to the interoperability of GIS and BIM technologies [29; 30]. Parametric data's semantic richness allows BIM to be used in designing new buildings and rehabilitating existing ones, ensuring efficient interventions [31]. GIS's advanced spatial analysis capabilities make it essential for solving environmental conservation issues, and are used in urban planning, mapping geological and seismic hazards, environmental monitoring, and traffic management. These systems are fundamental for ecosystem protection and sustainable natural resource management, enabling detailed analyses of large data sets to identify environmentally favorable strategies [32]. Advanced data processing and simulation of energy and environmental flows allow for assessing projects' environmental and social impacts and identifying strategies to mitigate negative environmental impacts [33]. The functionalities resulting from the combined use of BIM and GIS are numerous and diverse, encompassing a range of applications, including emergency and risk management, support with climate change and energy management, and the monitoring of FM operations. In other instances, the combined use of BIM and GIS encompasses landscape planning, facility management, environmental simulations, pedestrian road design, and spatial control for national security.