## 4 Methodology
### TMR Routing Protocol
Accordingly, \(S_{i}\) represents the time on which the packet is sent out, and, finally, \(n\) is the number of packets delivered successfully. 2. Packet Loss Ratio (PLR): Packet Loss Ratio is the percentage of packets that failed to deliver to the destination end by a total number of packets sent. \[PLR\left(\text{in}\,\%\right)=\frac{\sum P_{i}}{\sum P_{g}}\times 100\] (2) where \(P_{i}\) denotes the number of lost packets and \(p_{g}\) represents the number of generated packets. 3. Throughput: Throughput is the number of packets successfully received by all nodes in the unit of time and is represented in Mbps \[G\left(\text{in Mbps}\right)=\frac{\sum B_{r}\times 8}{T}\times 10^{-6}\] (3) In the given equation, \(G\) represents the throughput, \(B_{r}\) is the total number of bytes delivered successfully, and \(T\) is the time network that has been engaged in data transmission. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline
**Parameter Type** & **Parameter Value** \\ \hline Network Simulator & ns-3.30.1 \\ \hline Traffic Simulator & SUMO 1.7.0 \\ \hline Wireless Protocol & IEEE 802.11p \\ \hline MAC and Physical Layer standard & OFDM rate (6 Mbps, 9 Mbps, 12 Mbps, 18 Mbps, 24 Mbps, 36 Mbps, 48 Mbps, 54 Mbps) 20 MHz \\ \hline Protocols & AOMDV, TSR, FF-AOMDV, EGSR, QMR, ISR, and TMR \\ \hline Number of runs & 5 \\ \hline Simulation Time & 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 s \\ \hline Number of nodes & 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 \\ \hline Mobility speed & 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 m/s \\ \hline Number of concurrent Connections & 5, 8, 10, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29 \\ \hline Data payload & 256, 512, 768, 1024, 2048 3072 bytes/packet \\ \hline Transmission speed & 1024 Kbps \\ \hline Transmission Power & 7.5 db \\ \hline Initial Energy Source & 100 Joules \\ \hline Transmission Energy & 0.2 watt \\ \hline Receiving Energy & 0.1 watt \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Simulation parameters. Routing Overhead (RO): It is the number of routing packets required for network communication that is measured as a percentage (\(\%\)). \[RO\left(\text{in }\%\right)=\frac{R_{p}}{R_{p}+D_{p}}\times 100 \tag{4}\]

where \(R_{p}\) is the number of routing packets and \(D_{p}\) is the number of data packets delivered successfully. Routing overhead reveals the amount of control required for the protocol to work. It should be noted that the control packets impose a cost to the network as time, energy, and occupy medium; therefore, more control packets can impact network performance. 5. Energy consumption (EC): The total amount of energy is being used during simulation by all nodes despite their state. \[EC\left(\text{in}\,\text{Joules}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}(I_{i}-E_{i})\] (5) where, \(I_{i}\) is the initial existing energy of node \(i\), \(E_{i}\) is remaining energy of node \(i\) at end of simulation, and \(n\) represents number of nodes

### Results of Scenario 1

In the scenario depicted in Figure 4, we considered a situation in which data communication occurs between OBUs and the RSU close to it in one road segment. The study's objective in this scenario is to evaluate the effectiveness of each protocol within a road segment. Below are the simulation results of the TMR protocol when compared with AOMDV, TSR, FF-AOMDV, QMR, and EGSR. #### 5.2.1 Assessment of the Simulation Results Based on Simulation Time

With simulation time progression, more data communications among nodes take place and this, in turn, will increase the data traffic problems such as data congestion and collision. Accordingly, the performance of the network will degrade with the simulation time, as we see in the results below. Figure 4: Scenario 1: data communications in one road segment. In Figure 5, TMR enhances the throughput compared to other protocols. TMR selects the route with the minimum RTT and, therefore, can deliver data to the destination vehicle quicker than other protocols. Furthermore, the minimum RTT implies that the selected route has less traffic and therefore avoids network congestion.