## 1 Introduction
Research output, measured by the number of publications, has been found to have a significant relationship with economic growth across countries. Several studies have identified a positive impact of research output on GDP growth, particularly in developed nations and STEM fields (such as by [PERSON] and [PERSON] in [16]; [PERSON] and [PERSON] in [17]). However, the direction of causality varies among countries, with some exhibiting bidirectional relationships ([PERSON] et al. in [18]; [PERSON] et al. in [19]). The alignment of research output with national development goals also plays a role in economic productivity ([PERSON] and [PERSON] in [20]). Factors such as internet usage, R&D expenditure, and international collaboration influence publication productivity and its economic impact ([PERSON] et al. in [21]). Network analysis reveals similarities in research productivity profiles among high-income countries, while lower-income nations show more diverse patterns ([PERSON] et al. in [22]). Overall, these studies suggest that promoting research output, especially in key areas, can contribute to economic growth ([PERSON] et al. in [23]). Still, in our study, we model research output as a dependent variable on economic and social development. Disentangling the bidirectional relationship falls outside the scope of this article. Research concerning scientific production on the specific topics of cybersecurity, blockchain, and privacy has mostly employed bibliometric methods. The most frequent topics of analysis, at the country level, are the absolute number of publications and identifying the top countries in terms of total output rather than discussing productivity and the factors that account for its variability. The studies also include other topics that are specific to this methodology ([PERSON] in [24] and [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] in [25]), such as publication trends over time, citation patterns and impact, collaboration networks among authors and institutions, keyword analysis to identify research themes, and journal analysis to determine influential publication venues. Many studies also examine the distribution of publications across different research areas or subject categories, identify top authors and institutions, and analyze funding patterns. Some more detailed analyses include thematic evolution over time, emerging research trends, and the use of visualization tools to map intellectual structures within the field. While these studies provide valuable insights into research output and collaboration patterns, they often lack an in-depth analysis of the country-level factors influencing scientific productivity beyond basic metrics. As regards cybersecurity research, the United States and China consistently appear as the top two producers globally. According to [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [26], these two countries are the leading contributors, followed by South Korea, the UK, and India. [PERSON] et al. [27] confirm this finding, noting that the US and China are the leading producers across all the major research clusters in cybersecurity. There is a significant concentration of research output among a few countries. [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] [28] found that the top 10 countries accounted for 76.52% of the global publications, with the United States alone contributing 43.75% of the global publications, followed by the United Kingdom (7.73%) and China (5.33%). Regionally, in Eastern Europe, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [29] identified the Russian Federation, Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, and Ukraine as the top five most productive countries in cybersecurity research, accounting for approximately 90% of the region's cybersecurity publications. [PERSON] et al. [27] observed a shift in leadership over time,noting that while the US initially led in the number of top 10% of the publications, China later overtook it in all four major research clusters they identified. While not directly related to productivity, citation impact varied among countries.