## 2 Related Works  
Autonomous life support systems for crewed spacecraft and space stations are critical systems, providing a closed loop control of air, water, food, and waste to keep crew members alive during a mission [24]. Among the various life support resources, food production currently causes the greatest difficulty in terms of the transition to a fully autonomous mode [25]. This is due to several reasons:  
* Growing food in space requires a controlled environment with precise temperature, humidity, and light conditions. Additionally, the food must be nutrient-dense and packaged to withstand the harsh conditions of space travel. * Space stations have limited space for growing crops, and the plants must be grown in a confined environment, which can limit the types of crops that can be grown. * Growing crops requires significant energy, which must be supplied by the station's power systems. * Developing bioregenerative systems, which can recycle and purify air, water, and waste to support food production is complex and requires further research and development. The intelligent ecosystem of life support systems must be capable of autonomous operation, requiring minimal human intervention [26]. This will maximize efficiency and minimize the crew's workload, enabling them to focus on their mission objectives and scientific experiments. However, advances in plant biology, controlled environment agriculture, and food science are leading to the development of more efficient and effective food production systems for use in space [27]. There are some types of alternative bioregenerative life support systems that have been tested in space conditions [28]. Some examples include:  
* Micro-Ecological Life Support System (MELiSSA) that aims to provide a closed-loop system for the production of food, water, and oxygen for long-duration space missions [29]. It is the European project of circular life support system which includesa large number of recycling functions which are demonstrated on the ground (e.g., MELiSSA Pilot Plant) and in space (e.g., Artemiss). BioMed-1 is a controlled environment and plant-growing system developed as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) initiatives [28]. Veggie is a similar BioMed-1 plant-growing system developed by NASA [30]. MOSPECS is a microbial life support system that uses microorganisms to produce oxygen, remove carbon dioxide, and break down waste [28]. Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization (MOXIE) is a system that can use the Martian atmosphere to produce oxygen by separating carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)) from Martian air and then decomposing CO\({}_{2}\) into oxygen and carbon monoxide [31]. In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) is designed to use the local resources of the Martian ecosystem (soil, atmosphere, ice) to produce life support resources [32]. Many of these systems have been tested on the ISS and are being developed for the possibility of fully autonomous food production for deep space flights in the future [28]. To replenish the resources of the life support systems of space stations, cargo spacecrafts are used to replenish this resource. Today, these resources are delivered to space stations by cargo spacecrafts, such as the Russian Progress spacecraft, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, and the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle, as well as by commercial spacecrafts, such as SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft [33]. Completely abandoning the delivery of life support resources and switching to an autonomous mode of replenishing them at stations can be considered when the following conditions are met [34]:  
* Advanced life support technologies are developed and tested to allow for full resource recycling within the station, including air, water, and food. * Reliable and efficient systems for waste management, including human waste, are established. * The ability to produce essential resources, such as oxygen and food, through local ISRU methods. * Adequate storage capacity is available for excess resources and waste.