## 3 Results
### Biochemical Analysis  
Biochemical parameters (TP, ALT, AST, LDH, CHOL, TAG, and COR) were not significantly different (\(p\) > 0.05) between the tested HS groups by the end of the experiment (see Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **HS0** & **HS1** & **HS3** & **HS6** & \(F\) & \(n\) & \(p\) \\ \hline
**Period (d)** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** & **Day 84** \\ \hline TP (g\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 40.79 \(\pm\) 6.25 & 40.25 \(\pm\) 3.74 & 38.11 \(\pm\) 4.33 & 36.79 \(\pm\) 3.90 & 4.68 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 1.97 \\ ALT (uka\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 0.19 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 0.16 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 0.15 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.78 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.62 \\ AST (ukat\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 1.18 \(\pm\) 0.39 & 1.19 \(\pm\) 0.98 & 0.94 \(\pm\) 0.23 & 1.30 \(\pm\) 0.68 & 2.82 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.42 \\ CHOL (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 3.19 \(\pm\) 0.66 & 3.10 \(\pm\) 0.42 & 3.37 \(\pm\) 0.46 & 2.88 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 4.99 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.17 \\ TAG (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.19 \(\pm\) 0.32 & 1.26 \(\pm\) 0.28 & 2.32 \(\pm\) 2.53 & 1.31 \(\pm\) 0.36 & 0.16 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.98 \\ LDH (ukat\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 2.51 \(\pm\) 1.28 & 2.65 \(\pm\) 2.17 & 2.23 \(\pm\) 1.09 & 3.44 \(\pm\) 2.70 & 0.94 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.82 \\ \({}^{*}\) (CLC (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 3.22 \(\pm\) 0.66 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 3.29 \(\pm\) 0.88 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 4.26 \(\pm\) 0.97 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 4.55 \(\pm\) 1.53 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 9.45 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.02 \\ \({}^{*}\) COR (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 113.80 \(\pm\) 124.13 & 191.30 \(\pm\) 122.02 & 208.50 \(\pm\) 202.99 & 142.80 \(\pm\) 118.16 & 5.63 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.13 \\ GSH (mM) & 23.08 \(\pm\) 45.97 & 213.02 \(\pm\) 53.58 & 274.36 \(\pm\) 54.51 & 210.19 \(\pm\) 17.55 & 1.38 \({}^{\rm 1 WA}\) & 40 & 0.26 \\ GSG (mM) & 40.35 \(\pm\) 6.77 & 41.82 \(\pm\) 77.84 & 45.33 \(\pm\) 14.00 & 36.05 \(\pm\) 14.29 & 0.77 \({}^{\rm 1 WA}\) & 40 & 0.52 \\ GSH/GSSG (mM) & 3.63 \(\pm\) 1.31 & 3.69 \(\pm\) 2.11 & 3.96 \(\pm\) 2.38 & 4.55 \(\pm\) 2.23 & 0.41 \({}^{\rm 1 WA}\) & 40 & 0.75 \\ \({}^{**}\) GLC (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 4.97 \(\pm\) 1.27 \({}^{\rm a}\) & 5.50 \(\pm\) 2.13 \({}^{\rm ab}\) & 5.67 \(\pm\) 1.55 \({}^{\rm ab}\) & 7.24 \(\pm\) 1.58 \({}^{\rm b}\) & 3.45 \({}^{\rm 1 WA}\) & 40 & 0.03 \\ \({}^{**}\) COR (mmol\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\)) & 177.90 \(\pm\) 113.99 & 181.10 \(\pm\) 156.08 & 112.70 \(\pm\) 58.64 & 104.00 \(\pm\) 84.03 & 4.76 \({}^{\rm KW}\) & 40 & 0.19 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Note: \({}^{*}\) before the stress challenge, \({}^{**}\) after the stress challenge. The values are presented as means \(\pm\) SD. The number of considered experimental units (\(n\)). One-way ANOVA (\({}^{\rm IW}\)) or Kruskal–Wallis (\({}^{\rm KW}\)) test results with power of test (\(F\)), and level of significance (\(P\)). Different superscripts (a,b) indicate significant differences (Tukey HSD test, \(p\) < 0.05) within one row.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Biochemical parameters (total proteins, TP; alanine aminotransferase, ALT; aspartate aminotransferase, AST; cholesterol, CHOL; triglycerides, TAG; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; glucose, GLC, cortisol, COR and glutathione (reduced glutathione, GSH; oxidized glutathione, GSSG; glutathione ratio, GSH/GSSG) of _C. gariepinus_ after long-term exposure to four experimental HS diets (HS0-HS6). Figure 1: Individual body weight of fish (BW/10, mean \(\pm\) g), eviscerated body (POT, % of BW), head (PH, % of BW), fillets with skin (PFSK, % of BW), and fillets without skin (PFBK, % of BW) of _C. gariepinus_ exposed to experimental diets (HS0–HS6) for a long-term exposure. The values are presented as means \(\pm\) SD. The number of considered experimental units (\(n\) = 96). No superscripts (a,b) above the slopes indicate no significant differences (Tukey HSD test, \(p\) > 0.05) between the groups within one parameter.