## 3 Results  
### Land Use Change Results  
By analyzing the spatial distribution and changes of land use in the Taiwaning Mountains from 2005 to 2019 (Figure 3, Table 3), it can be seen that the types of land use in the region have evident spatial heterogeneity on the whole, and the variation range of land area of each land use type is small during the monitoring time.  
In terms of spatial distribution, the land use types were classified as farmland, forest, grassland, water, construction land, and unused land in the Taiwaning Mountains. Farmland was the largest land use type, between 34.81% and 37.26% in the Taiwaning Mountains, mainly distributed in the low altitude areas of the Taiwaning Mountains, distributed in small  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Type**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2005**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2010**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2015**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**2019**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Area Change Rate**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **Area** & **Pct** & **Area** & **Pct** & **Area** & **Pct** & **Area** & **Pct** & **from2005 to 2019** \\ \hline farmland & 50,460.70 & 37.26\% & 50,224.40 & 37.08\% & 49,980.6 & 36.90\% & 47,133.4 & 34.81\% & –2.45\% \\ grassland & 39,485.90 & 29.15\% & 39,527.00 & 29.18\% & 39,505.3 & 29.17\% & 40,027.8 & 29.56\% & 0.41\% \\ forest & 37,143.70 & 27.42\% & 36,922.40 & 27.26\% & 36,877.5 & 27.23\% & 35,521.2 & 26.23\% & –1.19\% \\ water & 1981.70 & 1.46\% & 1956.27 & 1.44\% & 1960.76 & 1.45\% & 1853.44 & 1.37\% & –0.09\% \\ construction land & 6169.43 & 4.56\% & 6607.65 & 4.88\% & 6914.25 & 5.11\% & 10,704.8 & 7.91\% & 3.35\% \\ unused & 198.92 & 0.15\% & 201.909 & 0.15\% & 201.909 & 0.15\% & 163.055 & 0.12\% & –0.03\% \\ land & & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
Area: Land use type area. Pct: Percentage of land use type area.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Land use change in the Taiwaning Mountains from 2005 to 2020 (unit: area-km\({}^{2}\), proportion-%).  
Figure 3: Spatial distribution of land use in the Taiwaning Mountains in different periods: **(a)** 2005; **(b)** 2010; **(c)** 2015; **(d)** 2019. (The data were obtained from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center ([[https://www.resdc.cn/](https://www.resdc.cn/)]([https://www.resdc.cn/](https://www.resdc.cn/)) (accessed on 28 January 2022))).  
amounts in the mid-altitude areas such as Jincheng and Changzhi. It was followed by forest and grassland which occupy the second and third place, respectively, in the region, mainly distributed in the higher altitude mountain and hilly areas of the Taihang Mountains. Construction land was located in the fourth place with a relatively low percentage between 4.56% and 7.91%, mainly distributed in the central cities of the provinces and larger cities. Water and unused land were the two types with the lowest proportion of all land use types. Water was distributed in the mid and low elevation areas of the Taihang Mountains, such as larger lakes and rivers. Unused land was mainly bare land and saline land with a small amount distributed in the Taihang Mountains.  
From the perspective of the time change, there was a small range change in land use types in different periods in the Taihang Mountains. Between 2005 and 2019, the area of forest and construction land increased slightly. Among them, construction land showed the largest increase, mainly in cities and surrounding areas. The water area change showed a characteristic of decreasing first and then increasing. At the same time, the land use area of arable land, grassland, and unused land showed a feature of decreasing year by year, among which the most decreased was arable land.