## 2 Results and Discussions
### NMR Data of Osthole  
\({}^{1}\)H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl\({}_{3}\)): \(\delta\) 6.23 (1H, d, \(J\) = 9.4 Hz, H-3), 7.61 (1H, d, \(J\) = 9.4 Hz, H-4), 7.28 (1H, d, \(J\) = 8.6 Hz, H-5), 6.83 (1H, d, \(J\) = 8.6 Hz, H-6), 3.53 (1H, d, \(J\) = 7.3 Hz, H-11), 5.22 (1H, m, H-12), 1.67 (3H, s, H-14), 1.84 (3H, s, H-115), 3.92 (3H, s, OCH3-7); \({}^{13}\)C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl\({}_{3}\)): \(\delta\) 161.49 (C-2), 113.11 (C-3), 143.87 (C-4), 126.32 (C-5), 107.47 (C-6), 160.34 (C-7), 118.10 (C-8), 152.95 (C-9), 113.14 (C-10), 22.06 (C-11), 121.25 (C-12), 132.75 (C-13), 18.06 (C-14), 25.91 (C-15), 56.17 (OCH3-7). Aceronene, (_E_)-anethol, \(\beta\)-bisabolenal, \(\beta\)-bisabolenol, \(\beta\)-bisabolene, bicyclogermacrene, \(\delta\)-3-carene, chrysanthenyl acetate, \(\beta\)-caryophyllene, elemol, 3,7(11)-eudesmadien-2-one, gerani, germacrene D, \(\alpha\)-humulene, kessane, limonene, \(p\)-menth-3-ene, nerolidol, (\(Z\))-\(\beta\)-ocimene, (\(E\))-\(\beta\)-ocimene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, \(\beta\)-pinene, \(\alpha\)-phellandrene, \(\beta\)-phellandrene, \(\beta\)-phellandrene, sabinene, \(\gamma\)-terpinene, \(\alpha\)- terpinolene, \(m\)-tolualdehyde, and 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde were reported as major components (\(\geq\)10%) in the essential oil of _Prangos_ species (Table 2). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline _Prangos_ Species & **Plant Part** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Major Components of the Essential Oil**} & **Ref.** \\ \hline _P. acanils_ & aerial parts & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\delta\)-3-carene (25.5\%), \(\alpha\)-terpinolene (14.8\%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (13.6\%), limonene \\ (12.9\%), myxrene (8.1\%) \\ \end{tabular} & [27] \\ \hline _P. asperula_ & fruits & \begin{tabular}{c} \(\delta\)-3-carene (16.1\%), \(\beta\)-phellandrene (14.7\%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (10.5\%), \(\alpha\)-humulene \\ (7.8\%), germacrene-D (5.4\%) \\ \end{tabular} & [28] \\ \hline _P. asperula_ & fresh aerial parts & \begin{tabular}{c} sabinene (43.5\%), \(\beta\)-phellandrene (36.1\%), (E)-neridol (15.2\%), \\ \(p\)-menth-3-ene (14.9\%), (E)-neridol (14.7\%), \(p\)-menth-3-ene (13.3\%) in stem \\ and leaves, \(\alpha\)-pellandrene (11.9\%) in fruits, \(\beta\)-myrcrene (9.2\%) in stem and leaves, \(\alpha\)-terpinene (8.3\%) in fruits, \(\beta\)-phellandrene (7.9\%) in flowers \\ \end{tabular} & [29] \\ \hline _P. asperula_ & aerial parts & \begin{tabular}{c} 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (18.4\%), \(\delta\)-3-carene (18.0\%) and \(\alpha\)-pinene \\ (17.4\%) \\ \end{tabular} & [30] \\ \hline _P. asperula_ & fruit & \begin{tabular}{c} sabinene (43.5\%) \\ \end{tabular} & [31] \\ \hline _P. forulacea_ & fruits & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\alpha\)-pinene (57\%) (vegetative stage), \(\gamma\)-terpinene (30.2–33.3\%) and \(\alpha\)-pinene \\ (16.7–12.8\%) \\ \end{tabular} & [32] \\ \hline _P. forulacea_ & aerial parts &
\begin{tabular}{c} (\(E\))-anethol (95.5\%) (flowering stage) \\ \end{tabular} & [16] \\ \hline _P. forulacea_ & fruits & chrysanthenyl acetate (26.5\%), limonene (19.6\%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (19.5\%) & [33] \\ \hline _P. forulacea_ & aerial parts & \(\beta\)-pinene (43.1\%), \(\alpha\)-pinene (22.1\%) and \(\delta\)-3-carene (16.9\%) & [34] \\ \hline _P. forulacea_ & aerial parts & 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (66.6\%) & [35] \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The major compounds reported as chemical composition of essential oil from _Prangos_ species. Figure 2: The GC-MS chromatogram of the volatile oil of _Prangos__publaria_. 1. menthone; 2. 5-pentylcyclohex-1,3-diene; 3. 1-tridecyne; 4. osthole. [PERSON] reported that the composition of the essential oils isolated from leaves, fruits, and umbels of _P. papularia_ collected from Iran were dominated by spathulenol, \(\alpha\)-bisabolol, and \(\alpha\)-pinene [25]. Bicyclogermacrene, (\(Z\))-\(\beta\)-ocimene, \(\alpha\)-humulene, \(\alpha\)-pinene, and spathulenol were reported as the main constituents of the essential oil of _P. papularia_ fruits collected from Turkey [24]. The chemical composition of the root essential oil of _P.