esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Region of El Oued  
The capacity factor CF evolves proportionally with the \(SM\). The graphs converge towards close values as shown in Figure 5. Except for the graph corresponding to \(TES=0\) h and \(SM=2.2\), which begins to descend slightly, this decrease is due to the loss of excess of the non-stored energy received by the receiver. From above, it can be concluded that the optimal point of operation of the system corresponds to the following coordinates: \(SM=1.8\), \(TES=2\) h, and the electrical production is 11.44 GWh/year.  
In Figure 5a, it can be seen that the electrical production per square meter of heliostats increase proportionally with the \(SM\), except that there is a decrease recorded in the interval (1.2-1.4), where the length of the tower has exceeded the surface of the corresponding heliostat mirrors and then decreases to the value of 80 m, to resume the increase in electrical production in the interval (1.4-1.5), as shown  
Figure 4: (**a**) Effect of Thermal Energy Storage (\(TES\)) on electrical production/m\({}^{2}\) (surface heliostats) under different values of solar multiple (Béchar). (**b**) Solar multiple effect on capacity factor (\(CF\)) under different \(TES\) values (Béchar).  
Figure 5: (**a**) Solar multiple effect (\(SM\)) on electrical production per surface heliostats under different values of \(TES\). (**b**) Solar multiple effect on the surface of heliostats mirrors (m\({}^{2}\)) and length of the tower (m).  
in Figure 5b. Beyond \(SM\) = 1.5, the curves of electrical production continue parallel to their growth but it keeps constant the value of the electrical output at \(SM\) = 1.2 and view the optimal surface of the solar field.  
For \(SM\) = 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4, the electrical production per m\({}^{2}\) increases until to peak values: 45.07 W/m\({}^{2}\), 45.18 W/m\({}^{2}\), and 44.79 W/m\({}^{2}\) for \(TES\) = 2 h then it drops as explained in Figure 6a. The configuration of the plant in these values requires a large area of the heliostat field, which is not profitable. Consequently, the electrical production at the start of the system for \(SM\) = 1.2 is greater, drops slightly up to \(TES\) = 2 h and then coincides with the curve corresponding to \(SM\) = 1.8.  
The capacity factor (CF) evolves proportionally with the solar multiple (\(SM\)), the curves increase in parallel and tend towards close values as shown in Figure 6b, except for the curve corresponding to \(TES\) = 0 h and \(SM\) = 2.2 which begins to descend slightly; this decrease is due to the loss of excess of the non-stored energy received by the receiver.  
From above, it can be concluded that the optimal point of operation of the system corresponds to the following coordinates \(SM\) = 1.2, \(TES\) = 2 h and the electrical production is 7.4 GWh per year.
## 4 Taxonomy of Clustering Schemes
### Classification of Clustering Attributes in WSNs  
#### 4.1.1 Cluster Characteristics  
_Variability of Cluster Count_: Based on variability of cluster count, clustering schemes can be classified into two types: fixed and variable ones. In the former scheme, the set of cluster-head are predetermined and the number of clusters is fixed. However, the number of clusters is variable in the latter scheme, in which CHs are selected, randomly or based on some rules, from the deployed sensor nodes.  
_Uniformity of Cluster Sizes_: In the light of uniformity of cluster sizes, clustering routing protocols in WSNs can be classified into two classes: even and uneven ones, respectively with the same size clusters and different size clusters in the network. In general, clustering with different sizes clusters is used to achieve more uniform energy consumption and avoid energy hole.  
_Intra-Cluster Routing_: According to the methods of inter-cluster routing, clustering routing manners in WSNs also include two classes: single-hop intra-cluster routing methods and multiple-hop ones. For the manner of intra-cluster single-hop, all MNs in the cluster transmit data to the corresponding CH directly. Instead, data relaying is used when MNs communicate with the corresponding CH in the cluster.  
_Inter-Cluster Routing_: Based on the manners of inter-cluster routing, clustering routing protocols in WSNs include two classes: single-hop inter-cluster routing manners and multiple-hop ones. For the manner of inter-cluster single-hop, all CHs communicate with the BS directly. In contrast to it, data relaying is used by CHs in the routing scheme of inter-cluster multiple-hop.
## 3 Results
### Moisture Content  
The moisture content of the purple Peruvian potato film (P.P film) was measured at 1.10%. After incorporating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), forming the P.P-PVA composite film, this moisture content experienced a slight increment to 1.58%. The further integration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the P.P-PVA matrix significantly elevated the moisture content to 3.37%. This substantial rise indicates that the presence of AgNPs enhances specific interactions within the polymeric matrix, potentially increasing its hydrophilicity or contributing to a more porous structural arrangement.  
The incorporation of silver nanoparticles induces distinct microstructural changes in the film matrix that enhance its practical performance. The resulting increase in equilibrium-moisture retention helps preserve a product's intrinsic freshness, texture, and sensory quality during extended storage. Moreover, the slight rise in matrix porosity produced by AgNP addition can promote a regulated exchange of water vapor, mitigating both unwanted condensation and excessive dehydration. Such moisture-management capabilities are especially valuable in food-packaging applications, where maintaining an optimal humidity balance is essential for prolonging shelf life, safeguarding product safety, and sustaining overall consumer acceptance.
## 5 Results and Discussions
### Open-Loop Step Response: Augmented Dynamics  
As a first step, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed pre-compensator for solving problems related to the non-minimum phase behavior of aircraft pitching up, the augmented dynamics of the open-loop system that produced the step responses with the proposed \(\lambda\) values of 0.1 to 0.9 of fractional integral and with the effects of the integral gain, \(K_{I}\) are examined without the impact of the LQR controller. As seen in Figure 3a, the non-minimum phase effects of the aircraft pitch angle dynamics on the step response previously presented in Figure 1, are entirely compensated through all proposed values of \(\lambda\).  
Likewise, the step responses of the augmented dynamics in the case of a fractional-order derivative pre-compensator are presented in Figure 3b. The plots show that the augmented dynamics are still in the form of non-minimum phase dynamics, exhibiting initial undershoots. As a result, it can be concluded that the fractional-order derivative pre-compensator cannot convert the non-minimum phase dynamics to the minimum phase because of the high gains that are multiplied for a finite-dimensional rational filter when a fractional-order derivative is approximated for all \(\mu\) values as presented in Appendix A, which drive the system to move in the wrong direction initially.
## 4 Active Systems
### Interventions on Lighting Equipment  
Electricity consumption for lighting represents a major percentage of the total energy consumption in the Pancretan Stadium. Lighting needs in Parcetan Stadium come from:  
* outdoor space, including the main and the auxiliary stadium and the surroundings of the main stadium (pedestrian areas, cars parking areas, etc.);
* the indoor space lighting, including the sports halls, the offices, the changing rooms, the stock rooms, the corridors, etc.  
The annual electricity consumption in the existing and the proposed operation was calculated versus the total nominal power \(\mathrm{P_{n}}\) of the installed lighting equipment, the daily operation period \(\mathrm{t_{op}}\) of each distinct facility and a concurrency operation factor \(\mathrm{f_{c}}\) of the lighting equipment involved in each facility [58]. In general, the following relationship is applied:  
\[\mathrm{E_{light}}=\mathrm{P_{n}}\cdot\mathrm{t_{op}}\cdot\mathrm{f_{c}}. \tag{10}\]  
In total, the following distinct facilities with regard to lighting operation schedule have been classified:  
* indoor sports halls, swimming pools, changing rooms, corridors;
* offices;
* outdoor parking and surrounding areas;
* main Stadium, daily usage;
* main Stadium, events hosting;
* auxiliary Stadium, daily usage.  
For each one of the above facilities, the total electrical power input \(\mathrm{P_{n}}\) of the installed lighting lamps was calculated through detailed counting of the existing lamps. The daily operation period was provided by the Stadium's Management. With the estimation of the concurrency factor separately for each one of the above facilities [58], the annual electricity consumption for the corresponding lighting needs coverage was calculated with the above relationship.  
The proposed interventions on the lighting system consist of:  
* the replacement of all the existing floodlights and lamps with new of LED technology, with the same luminosity with the existing lighting devices;
* the full, automatic operation and management of the lighting system by a new BEMS.  
The electricity consumption with the new lighting devices was calculated again by using the relationship (10), with the same operation period and concurrency factor as in the existing operation, yet with the new, lower total electrical power input of the LED lamps and floodlights. Especially for the main Stadium, a completely new lighting study was executed, according to the international standards of UEFA and IAAF [59,60].  
The lighting devices will be centrally controlled by the newly introduced BEMS, which will enable several automations on the lighting system operation, such as automatic switching on and off or luminous intensity adjustment versus the human presence or the natural light luminosity. More on the new BEMS are provided in the next section.  
The annual electricity consumption before and after the implementation of the proposed energy saving measures on the Stadium's lighting system are presented in Table 5.
# Key Distribution Scheme for Optical Fiber Channel Based on SNR Feature Measurement
## 4 Analysis of Simulation Results
### Security Analysis  
As shown in Figure 8a, the measured SNR value for [PERSON] and [PERSON] is approximately 10, while [PERSON]'s SNR is around \(-30\). [PERSON] and [PERSON] loop back the measurement, and they know the initial key to decrypt the signal. [PERSON] can only intercept information from the optical fiber without the initial key, so the SNR is low.  
As shown in Figure 8b, [PERSON] quantifies the key for SNR and [PERSON], then she obtains the key for comparison. The error rate of receiving the key is about 50%, so [PERSON] cannot obtain the correct key. Moreover, the correlation coefficient between [PERSON] and [PERSON] is \(cc=0.02\), indicating that the key generated by the system has superior security. [PERSON] and [PERSON]'s SNR is not the same, since [PERSON] measures the SNR through different equipment and lines from [PERSON] and [PERSON]. The SNR is a variable that can be used to negotiate keys to ensure the generated keys are unique.
## 5 Experimental Results
### HTLS (Dhaka ACCC/TW) Conductor
It combines datasheet values with calculated values from Equations (3) and (7), and experimental measurements performed in this work, some of which are extracted from the results shown in Figure 8.  
Note that Equation (3) assumes strands of circular cross-section. However, the Dhaka ACCC/TW conductor is composed of trapezoidal strands, so Equation (3) cannot be directly applied. The calculated value of \(r_{DC}\) was obtained by dividing the total aluminum area (723.975 mm\({}^{2}\)) by the 36 aluminum strands (20.11 mm\({}^{2}\)/strand), so assuming that they are all identical and of round cross-section, the diameter of the equivalent strands of round cross-section is 5.06 mm. Note also that any deviation of the Al strand conductivity from the tabulated value is directly reflected in the \(r_{DC}\) value given by Equation (3), and by the same percentage change.
## 1 Introduction
The size of a conventional rectangular patch antenna is reduced by almost 24% using CSRR loading on the ground plane [20]. An array of the same CSRR unit-cell is also applied on microstrip patch array for obtaining an array size reduction of 40%. CSRRs are used as defected ground structures for patch antenna miniaturization [21; 22; 23; 25]. Electrically small antennas are developed using CSRRs in the conventional patch antennas [24; 26; 27]. Another metamaterial inspired electrically small quad-band antenna has been developed using SRR [28]. Hence, loading of complementary structures in the ground plane can achieve greater size reduction compared to placement of ordinary SRRs in the vicinity of radiating patch. This article explores the application of a complementary double negative metamaterial (CDNG-MTM) structure for miniaturisation of circular patch antenna. A single cell CDNG-MTM structure is loaded in ground plane and analysed for its various parameters such as return loss, fractional bandwidth, realised gain, and radiation pattern. The simulated results are measured and validated.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Analysis of Atmospheric-Pressure Helium Dielectric-Barrier Discharges (APHeDBDs) Gas Heating
#### 3.2.1 Analysis of Power Consumption  
Figure 10 shows the details of the simulated spatial cyclic average power consumption of different mechanisms considered in the 1D PFM. The cyclic average power consumption of the discharge is equal to the power acquired by charged species as:  
\[P_{CA-PFM}=S_{SCA-ElectronJoule}+S_{SCA-IonJoule} \tag{16}\]  
where \(S_{SCA-ElectronJoule}\) is the spatial cyclic average electron Joule heating and \(S_{SCA-IonJoule}\) is the spatial cyclic average ion Joule heating. Moreover, the \(S_{SCA-ElectronJoule}\) can be further categorized as:  
\[S_{SCA-ElectronJoule}=S_{SCA-Elastic}+S_{SCA-Exothermic}+S_{SCA-Others} \tag{17}\]  
where \(S_{SCA-Elastic}\) is the heating source due to elastic collisions among electrons and background gases, \(S_{SCA-_{Exothermic}}\) is the heating power released from exothermic reactions considered in the discharge chemistry, and \(S_{SCA-Others}\) is the power consumed for generating other reactive species in the discharge. Figure 10 shows that around 90% of the cyclic average power consumption \(P_{CA-PFM}\) goes to gas heating through elastic collision, ion Joule heating, and exothermic reactions considered. It is observed that elastic collision and ion Joule heating are the dominant heating mechanisms contributing 23.9% and 65.8% of the power consumption, respectively, to the heating source, which is different from the simulated results obtained in [21; 22] for helium discharges excited by the radio-frequency power sources showing that elastic collision is the dominant heating source. Although a few exothermic reactions release a large amount of energy in each reaction, the exothermic reactions considered contribute only a minor amount of energy to the heating source due to the low reaction rates.  
Figure 10: The simulated spatial cyclic average power consumption of different mechanisms.
# Advancing Road Infrastructure Safety with the Remotely Piloted Safety Cone
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Requirements  
The operational requirements for robotic cones are defined according to their role in road maintenance operations. These requirements focus on ensuring autonomous deployment, enabling visual signalling in hazardous situations, and facilitating interaction with other elements of the working environment. The system is expected to minimise the need for human presence in working areas.  
The robotic cone must include a visual alarm system to guarantee road safety during maintenance operations. These safety lights provide visual alerts to workers and road users, reducing the risk of accidents and facilitating coordination between human operators and automated systems.  
The alarm system must comply with applicable European safety standards for vehicle-mounted warning devices and traffic control equipment to be effective. The main regulatory frameworks include the following:  
UNECE Regulation No. 65 [23]. establishes the criteria for the approval of light warning devices in vehicles  
UNE-EN 12352:2006 [25], which defines the technical requirements for traffic control equipment and illuminated safety signals.  
The design of the robotic cone must comply with the specifications established in European Standard UNE-EN 13422:2019 [22], which regulates portable road traffic devices, including cones with or without retro-reflective materials. This standard defines dimensional and structural criteria to ensure visibility, stability, and durability.  
According to the regulation, cones with a height of 750 mm must have a base with a minimum diameter of 400 mm. In comparison, cones with a height of 1000 mm require a base diameter of at least 500 mm to ensure adequate support under both normal and adverse conditions.  
The weight range is also regulated to ensure proper manoeuvrability and resistance to overturning. The total weight for 750 mm cones must be between 3 kg and 5 kg, whereas 1000 mm cones must weigh between 5 kg and 7.5 kg.  
In addition, compliance with UNE-EN 12899-3:2008 [24] is required, particularly regarding the structural performance and stability of the device. The robotic cone must maintain a safe and upright position throughout its operation, regardless of environmental or terrain conditions.
## 6 Open Challenges, Future Prospects and Research Directions
### Cooperative Relaying Strategies  
Innovative cooperative relaying strategies will be investigated to extend network coverage and enhance connectivity. This will encompass the real-time adaptation of relay nodes.  
Extended Coverage and Robust Connectivity: Cooperative relaying involves multiple relay nodes working together to transmit data, which can significantly improve the robustness and reliability of communication links. By leveraging spatial diversity, these strategies can alleviate the impacts of AT and ensure consistent performance across the network. Future research will investigate new cooperative techniques, such as network coding and relay selection diversity, to maximize the benefits of cooperative relaying.  
Real-Time Adaptation: The ability of relay nodes to adapt in real-time to changing network conditions will be a key focus. This includes developing protocols that allow relay nodes to switch roles dynamically, share resources, and balance the load efficiently. Real-time adaptation will ensure that the network can handle varying traffic demands and maintain high performance even under challenging conditions.
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Effect of Temperature  
Figure 4 illustrates the polarization and power density curves of the PEM fuel cell models with serpentine flow fields at various operating temperatures ranging from 393.15 to 453.15 K. As seen from Figure 4, the output performance of the PEM fuel cell models improved as the temperature increased. When the temperature was higher than 433.15 K, the improvement of the output performance became lower, as the performance curve at 433.15 K was very close to that at 453.15 K. Therefore, in this study, 433.15 K was selected as the operating temperature for different PEM fuel cell models.
## 1 Introduction
This is important because a security result is expected to hold against all attacks allowed by quantum mechanics. During communication, [PERSON] may deploy several eavesdropping strategies to attain secret key information. In theory, [PERSON]'s hacking techniques are categorized into three main classes: individual, collective, and coherent (or general) attacks [3]. A way to characterize how much information [PERSON] acquired through these attacks or to establish security bounds is determined by evaluating the QBER. In most security proofs, the QBER is attributed to [PERSON]'s actions in the channel, but in real applications, the noise and eavesdropping activities contribute to the attained QBER. A rigorous security proof against all individual particle attacks, including intercept-resend attacks, even with practical signals, was given in [59]. The security proof bounds an eavesdropper's knowledge of the key by exploiting the average collision probability theory. While this security proof is of great importance for QKD, it lacks consideration of other practical imperfections in the quantum channel. For instance, the noise in the transmission channel is inevitable and has always been a menace to QKD since it leads to the deterioration of quantum states. Therefore, in this paper, we consider a simple intercept and resend eavesdropping strategy in the presence of a collective-rotation noise transmission channel to demonstrate the security bounds for the BB84 QKD protocol. Besides this Introduction, which provides the background, we arrange the remainder of this paper as follows. In the next section, we introduce relevant theoretical knowledge, and in Section 2, we briefly describe the operation of the BB84 protocol. Then, Section 3 presents the procedure for the collective-noise rotation, while in Section 4, we analyze the influence of the noise and the intercept-resend attack on the BB84 QKD protocol. Finally, Section 5 concludes this work.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Carbohydrate Profile (Mono-, Di- and Oligosaccharides)  
The freeze-dried fractions were prepared, and the carbohydrate profile was determined according to [18]. An amount of 1 g of each fraction was diluted in 10 mL of ultra-pure water, homogenized in UltraTurrax (UltraTurrax IKA, T25, Werke, Germany) at 11,000 rpm 30 s\({}^{-1}\) at room temperature and then centrifuged (4000\(\times\) g, 5 min, 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C; Hettich Zentrifugen, model Rotanta 460R, Tuttlingen, Germany). The supernatant was filtered with a 0.22 \(\upmu\)m regenerated cellulose membrane filter.  
Carbohydrates were identified and quantified by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with a pulsed amperometric detection system (HPAEC-PAD) model DIONEX ICS-5000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The flow rate  
Figure 1: Buritirana fruit (_Mauritiella armata_). (l) Length; (b) basal, (c) central and (a) apical width.  
was 1.0 mL\(\cdot\)min\({}^{-1}\), the column temperature was maintained at 30 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and the injection volume was 25 \(\upmu\)L.  
A chromatographic column (Carbopac PA1 250 \(\times\) 4 mm, 10 \(\upmu\)m particle size) was used to determine the monosaccharides, disaccharides and polyols (glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, raffinose, arabin, verboseose, stachyose, xylitol and sorbitol). The isocratic mobile phase with 60% A (0.2 M NaOH) and 40% C (ultra-pure water) was used for 25 min. Afterward, 100% A was used for 5 min for column cleaning. Then, for a new run, column stabilization was performed using 60% A and 40% C.  
A column (Carbopac PA100, 250 \(\times\) 4 mm, 8.5 \(\upmu\)m particle size) was used to analyze fructo- and malto-oligosaccharides (1-kestose (GF2), nystose (GF3) and 1-fructofuranosylnstose (GF4), maltotrirose (G3), maltotetraose (G4), maltopenttaose (G5), maltohexose (G6) and maltohepttaose (G7). The gradient was performed as follows: 0-2 min, 48.5% A, 1.5% B (1 M sodium acetate containing 0.2 M NaOH); 2-18 min, 48.5-30% A and 1.5-20% B; 18-25 min, 100% B; and 25-30 min, 48.5% A and 1.5% B.  
Carbohydrates were quantified using a linear calibration curve for carbohydrate standards (glucose, fructose, sucrose, G3, G4, G5, G6 and G7 from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and GF2, GF3 and GF4 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). All standards presented purity grade \(\geq\)98%. The carbohydrate contents of the samples were expressed in mg\(\cdot\)g\({}^{-1}\).