esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results
### Genome-Wide Associations
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Trait** & **SNP** & **Chromosome** & **Position** & \(p\)**-Value SNP** & **Gene Name** \\ \hline MAJOR & ARS-BFGL-NGS-60721 & 1 & 35809354 & 0.000002509339 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-26782 & 1 & 152561941 & 0.000007190281 * & - \\  & Hapmap23088-BTA-151194 & 1 & 152612216 & 0.000001737926 & _HACL1_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-45691 & 2 & 127889562 & 0.000003947047 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-110081 & 4 & 41230144 & 0.000003844456 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-29150 & 5 & 108921269 & 0.000004774763 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-BAC-14274 & 11 & 44153677 & 0.000008244985 * & _EVIA1_ \\ Hapmap57340-s29010501 & 11 & 44928962 & 0.000001551728 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-116393 & 11 & 104186003 & 0.00000764746 & _ABO_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-24368 & 15 & 44660806 & 0.000006775498 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-67343 & 15 & 56153143 & 0.00000157791 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-39731 & 15 & 56501007 & 0.000004006894 & _CAPN5_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-113915 & 17 & 32550404 & 0.000008442227 & - \\ Hapmap47619-BTA-43853 & 18 & 4489809 & 0.000002801936 & - \\ Hapmap4033-BTA-10479 & 18 & 10989533 & 0.0000002207883 * & _CHRISPLD2_ \\  & BTA-86068-no-rs & 22 & 26048787 & 0.00000020563736 * & _CHL1_ \\  & BTA-77184-no-rs & 22 & 26490348 & 0.000001678371 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-39928 & 26 & 38508625 & 0.0000008220506 * & - \\ MINOR & ARS-BFGL-NGS-27512 & 8 & 25393606 & 0.0000079641 & _ADAMTSL1_ \\  & UA-IFASA-8766 & 14 & 42871327 & 0.000001380271 & - \\ Hapmap47921-BTA-34862 & 14 & 45867755 & 0.00001113587 & _SAMD12_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-112964 & 14 & 68578807 & 0.000002708568 & - \\ cultural negative & BTB-01070715 & 14 & 44933472 & 0.000002761847 & - \\ Hapmap47921-BTA-34862 & 14 & 45867755 & 0.000003396697 & _SAMD12_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-BAC-23102 & 14 & 68228943 & 0.000009770646 * & - \\ AER & ARS-BFGL-NGS-93391 & 4 & 8794043 & 0.000003244757 & - \\  & BTB-0090994 & 5 & 3684232 & 0.00001095756 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-40368 & 15 & 2048607 & 0.000009708123 & _GRIA4_ \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-9407 & 15 & 2578791 & 0.000000220117 * & - \\ CNS & Hapmap51393-BTA-113111 & 8 & 23814719 & 0.000004550739 & _MLLT3_ \\  & BTA-103194-no-rs & 8 & 24224606 & 0.000009541055 & - \\  & ARS-BFGL-NGS-27512 & 8 & 25393606 & 0.0000005630255 * & _ADAMTSL1_ \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Genome-wide significant SNPs for the main effect and potential candidate genes associated with the specific mastitis pathogens. Regarding SNP interaction effects, significances (Bonferroni corrected genome-wide significance and less conservative threshold) were detected for PMN, MAJOR, MINOR, cultural negative, AER, and AESC. In total, six SNPs were identified as displaying significant interaction effects with the farming system (Table 3), whereas five passed the less conservative threshold. The SNPs were located on chromosomes 3 (three SNPs), 15 (one SNP), and 22 (two SNPs). Only the significant SNP for MAJOR on chromosome 22 surpassed the strict Bonferroni significance threshold.
# Optimization Algorithm for 3D Smooth Path of Robotic Arm in Dynamic Obstacle Environments
## 3 Method Description
### Static Path Planning Module
Compared to other path optimization methods, it is characterized by ease of programming and good smoothness. In particular, compared to Bessel curves, Catmull-Rom curves offer simpler splicing and better locality, meaning that it is not necessary to calculate the entire curve for a specific point. In the Catmull-Rom algorithm, the tangent vector at a point on the curve is parallel to the tangent. The vector at a point \(P_{i}\) on the curve is parallel to the tangent vector of the line connecting the adjacent points \(P_{i-1}\) and \(P_{i+1}\), and the processed curve passes through all the points. The transition matrix for this algorithm is shown in Equation (3), where \(\tau\) is used to influence the degree of curve distortion, \(P_{i}\) represents the multiple control points through which the Catmull-Rom spline passes, and \(t\in[0,1]\). \[\textbf{P}(t)= \begin{bmatrix}1&t&t^{2}&t^{3}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}0&1&0&0 \\ -\tau&0&\tau&0\\ 2\tau&\tau-3&3-2\tau&-\tau\\ -\tau&2-\tau&\tau-2&\tau\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}P_{i-2}\\ P_{i-1}\\ P_{i}\\ P_{i+1}\end{bmatrix} . \tag{3}\]  
The path curve of the original function processed by Catmull-Rom interpolation is shown in Figure 4, which also includes the original function curve composed of six interpolation points for comparison. The black curve represents the original function curve consisting of six interpolation points, while the red curve represents the smooth curve after Catmull-Rom interpolation. It can be observed that after Catmull-Rom interpolation, the discontinuity of the original function curve is successfully eliminated, transforming the function curve from discrete to continuous and smooth without abrupt changes. In this way, under the same path, the robotic arm can reduce vibrations and extend its service life, and this is of great significance for the motion of robotic arms. Figure 3: Backtracking update and path simplification strategy.
### Experimental Results
#### 4.2.1 Experimental Results for the Visible Light Communications Component Evaluation
Another aspect that has to be debated is related to the systems' ability to work in \"_lights-off\"_ conditions. On this topic, it has been experimentally demonstrated that the VLC transmitter can work with duty-cycles as low as 1%, which generate an illuminance that can be considered close to the point where the lights are off. In its turn, it has been demonstrated that both the hardware and the software components of the VLC receiver are able to handle the 1% duty cycles. Thus, this demonstrates that the proposed concept is compatible with energy-saving applications as well as with applications where lighting is not necessary all the time. On the other hand, with duty cycles below 10%, the complexity of the software routines is forcing the hardware to lower its data rate to 10 kb/s instead of 100 kb/s, in order to keep the same quality of data transmission as for duty cycles of 10% and above. In this case, the higher BER limit is the result of a lower number of transmitted bits. Additionally, the purpose was also to suggest that when the duty cycle is lowered, a slightly higher BER is expected. The reason for this higher BER is related to the wider bandwidth imposed for the band-pass filtering.
## 2 Instrumentation  
Figure 1 illustrates the measurement scheme of our ECOPS system. The setup employs two passively mode-locked femtosecond lasers with an emission wavelength around 1560 nm, a repetition  
rate of 80 MHz and a pulse width of less than 80 fs. The incident power on the terahertz antennas is about 25 mW.  
One of the lasers (\"Master\") has a fixed cavity length and therefore a fixed repetition rate. The other laser (\"Slave\") has a tunable repetition rate, realized by including a short free-space path in the cavity, where light is coupled out of the fiber and back-reflected by a mirror attached to a piezo actuator. Each laser features a photodiode, which converts a fraction of the optical pulses to electronic signals. These signals are further processed in a phase detector, which generates a voltage output proportional to the phase difference between the pulse trains of master and slave. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller regulates this voltage signal to zero by acting on the piezo in the slave cavity. In this way, the pulse train of the slave laser is phase-locked to that of the master laser. An additional modulation signal introduces a sinusoidal variation of the phase difference between the two pulse trains and thus generates the intended \"delay-stage\" effect.  
The system further includes photoconductive switches (Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institute, Berlin, Germany) for terahertz generation and detection. Their semiconductor composition is based on an InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure [27; 28], with the emitter being iron doped [29]. The emitter features a strip-line antenna geometry with a 25 \(\upmu\)m gap; the receiver incorporates a 25 \(\upmu\)m dipole  
Figure 1: Schematic of the terahertz TDS system based on ECOPS. Red, blue and orange lines denote infrared optical signals, electronic signals, and the terahertz beam path, respectively.  
antenna with a 10 \(\upmu\)m gap. The antennas are packaged in compact housings (25 mm diameter), which include a silicon lens on the output side, as well as SM/PM fiber pigtails for the laser light.  
For signal readout and data acquisition, we use a transimpedance amplifier with a bandwidth of 3.5 MHz and gain of \(10^{6}\) V/A (model DHPCA-100, Femto Messtechnik, Berlin, Germany), and a digital oscilloscope (Picoscope 4262, Pico Technology, St. Neots, UK).  
All of the thickness measurements described in this work utilize a reflection setup, with the sample placed at the focus of the terahertz beam. The angle of incidence is 8\({}^{\circ}\) and the terahertz spot size is approximately 2.5 mm.
## 3 Results
### Full Factorial Experiment Results
#### 3.2.2 Analysis of the S/N Ratio for Drag Force (df)  
Based on the L27 (3\({}^{3}\)) full factorial design results, the S/N ratios were computed as per the \"lower is better\" strategy and are presented in Table 5. The S/N ratio analysis showed  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Variance Source** & **DF** & **Sum of Squares** & **Mean Square** & **F-Value** & **\(p\)-Value** & **Contribution/\%** \\ \hline CR & 2 & 11.80 & 5.90 & 77.49 & 0.000 & 29.4 \\ HDR & 2 & 23.53 & 11.76 & 154.55 & 0.000 & 58.5 \\ DBD & 2 & 0.63 & 0.31 & 4.12 & 0.043 & 1.6 \\ CR \(\times\) HDR & 4 & 2.18 & 0.55 & 7.17 & 0.003 & 5.4 \\ CR \(\times\) DBD & 4 & 1.14 & 0.28 & 3.74 & 0.034 & 2.8 \\ HDR \(\times\) DBD & 4 & 4 & 0.38 & 0.53 & 0.91 & 0.08 & & 2.3 \\ Error & \multirow{2}{*}{\(e^{\Delta}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{12} & 0.38 & \multirow{2}{*}{0.91} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.08} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.92} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.00} \\ Total & & 26 & 40.18 & & & & 100 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Analysis of variance for drag force of test discs.  
Figure 6: Repeatability of tests (Disc 9, silty loam soil “51” with a moisture content of 30%).  
that the highest S/N ratio values were related to the second level of each experimental parameter, indicating that the second level of each experimental parameter had the greatest effect on drag force reduction. Accordingly, the optimal disc was determined as \(A_{2}B_{2}C_{2}\) (Disc 14), i.e., disc coverage ratio of 60%, dome height-to-diameter ratio of 25%, and dome base diameter of 20 mm. In contrast, the measured drag force values indicated that Disc 23 had the lowest sliding resistance over the whole range of the current experiment. This discrepancy can be explained by understanding the Taguchi technique's working methodology, which determines the optimal level of each experimental parameter by isolating the direct effects of experimental parameter levels on response values while ignoring the influence of uncontrollable factors. Thereby, the small drop in drag force of Disc 23 compared to Disc 14 (0.2 N) can be attributed to uncontrollable factors such as a tiny fluctuation in soil paste compaction as a result of surface flattening following each run, as well as a slight decline in soil moisture content during the experiments. Based on the foregoing, Disc 14 was selected as the optimal disc, and it was subsequently tested under various soil conditions.
## 5 Experimental Setup and Results Discussion
### One by One LOS Test  
This experiment first conducts a one-to-one barrier-free distance test between devices. The actual distance is tested every 50 cm starting from 50 cm. The test results are recorded, and the average of the 30 test values is used as the test value until the actual distance is Up to 10 m, a total of 20 one-to-one barrier-free distance measurements were conducted.  
Figure 8 is the data from the one-to-one accessibility test. We conducted one-to-one distance measurements  
the measured distance exceeds 6.54 m, an error value of 0.39 m must be subtracted to obtain the corrected measurement data.  
After adding this mechanism to the program, we re-conducted a one-to-one barrier-free ranging experiment. We also conducted experiments every 50 cm starting from 50 cm, recorded the test results, and averaged the 30 test values as test value, until the actual distance is 10 m; a total of 20 one-to-one barrier-free ranging measurements are performed. As shown in Figure 9, the error value of the one-to-one distance test after correction is about 10 cm, and the accuracy has improved significantly.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Batch Adsorption Test
#### 3.4.1 Sorption Capacities
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Isotherm Model** & **Parameters** & **poly(DVB)** & **DVB-VBCl** & **poly(EGDMA)** & **EGDMA-VBCl** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Langmuir} & \(Q_{0}\) (mg/g) & 141.7 & 239.3 & 81.0 & 93.9 \\  & \(k_{L}\) (L/mg) & 0.033 & 0.019 & 0.106 & 0.067 \\  & R\({}^{2}\) & 0.549 & 0.149 & 0.399 & 0.669 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{[PERSON]} & \(k_{\rm F}\) (mg\({}^{1-1/n}\) L\({}^{1/n}\)/g) & 4.56 & 4.97 & 7.85 & 5.80 \\  & \(1/n\) & 0.910 & 0.919 & 0.732 & 0.846 \\  & \(R^{2}\) & 0.995 & 0.989 & 0.980 & 0.997 \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Temkin} & \(b_{T}\) (J g/mol mg) & 294.3 & 296.5 & 359.1 & 308.7 \\  & \(A\) (L/mg) & 2.62 & 2.66 & 7.02 & 3.62 \\  & \(R^{2}\) & 0.767 & 0.725 & 0.664 & 0.756 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The parameters of [PERSON], [PERSON] and Temkin isotherm models calculated using linear regression for the investigated adsorption systems. Considering the parameters of the adsorption isotherms and their fit to experimental data, it can be concluded that adsorption mechanisms involve mainly weak \(\pi\)-\(\pi\) interactions between the aromatic rings of the poly(DVB), DVB-VBCl, poly(EGDMA), EGDMA-VBCl and the benzene rings present in the dye structure as well as electrostatic interactions involving positively charged AO cations and chloride or oxygen anions as presented in Figure 7.  
Figure 6: Fitting of isotherm models to the AO dye adsorption equilibrium data on (**a**) poly(DVB), (**b**) DVB-VBCl, (**c**) poly(EGDMA) and (**d**) EGDMA-VBCl. Figure 7: Proposed mechanism of interactions between AO dye and the DVB-VBCl and EGDMA-VBCl microspheres. The sorption capacities obtained at equilibrium, along with the most appropriate isotherm model describing the sorption process of AO on the polymeric microspheres, were compared with the available literature data and are summarized in Table 3.
## 4 Development of Design Quality Check Criteria Based on BIM
### Development of Quality Check Criteria Based on BIM
#### 4.2.1 Space Check Criteria  
Space check criteria are related to the checking of space components, space name, space area, and clash between spaces in the BIM according to the space programming required by the client. BIM that includes spatial information is referred to as spatial BIM. The spatial BIM is checked to determine whether the space programing is reflected appropriately.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Classification** & **Targets** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Physical information quality} & Windows and doors fixed at the opening \\  & Required interval between objects \\  & Clash, structure, MEP elements \\  & Cross-check between equal elements (architecture/architecture, \\  & structure/structure, service/service) \\  & Cross-check among other elements (architecture/architecture, \\  & structure/structure, service/service) \\  & Connections between space and componentsPosition of the components \\  & Headroom height \\  & Absence of space or object \\  & Incorrectly modelled component \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Logical information quality} & Evacuation facilities \\  & Building coverage ratio, floor area ratio \\  & Height restrictions \\  & Elevator installation \\  & Prevention of heat loss \\  & Regulation of space area \\  & Parking lot installation \\  & Exit route planning \\  & Structural standards \\  & Ceiling installation \\  & Manoeuvring spaces \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Data quality} & The required property, depending on the level of detail \\  & Space name, group name \\  & Type of space and each component \\  & Skin property (wall, slab, door, window) \\  & Height of space \\  & Whether spatial area matches with space program \\  & Whether each floor space area matches with total area \\  & Definition of spatial location \\  & Review all space groups (spatial groups), including the type \\  & Space number \\  & Obstruction checking of space consisting of external wall \\  & Door, window, slab area calculation \\  & Total area checking \\  & The properties of accessible \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Quality check target arrangements by classification.
## 5 Management Implications
These advancements offer essential tools to water resource managers, policymakers, and environmental planners, enabling them to make informed decisions to ensure sustainable groundwater management in the face of changing climatic and ecological conditions.
# A Comprehensive Study on Deep Learning-Based 3D Hand Pose Estimation Methods
## 3 Deep Learning Methods
### Multimodal Approaches
#### 3.3.2 Multimodal Inference  
[PERSON] et al. [136] created a colored depth map from each paired RGB-depth image which was processed by a CNN to produce 2D hand position heatmaps and consequently localized the hand region. A second CNN was then employed to regress 3D joint locations, as well as 2D joint heatmaps, from the cropped colored depth map. Subsequently, they estimated the joint angles of a kinematic pose tracking framework from the predicted 3D joint positions and 2D joint heatmaps to refine the pose and achieve temporal smoothness.  
[PERSON] et al. [137] proposed a two-stream architecture to incorporate depth information into RGB images, investigating various fusion strategies and rules. In particular, they considered fusing at (a) input-level, which refers to placing the fusion block after the input layer, (b) feature-level, which employs the fusion block after any convolution, pooling or fully connected layer and (c) score-level that fuses the predictions of each stream. As for the rules, they considered max, sum, concatenation, and convolutional fusion for the feature-level fusion and concatenation and convolutional fusion for the input-level one. On the contrary, the authors introduced a learnable function for the last fusion technique, called locally connected fusion function. Intriguingly, they concluded that, regardless of the utilized strategy or rule, the recognition performance of the network was not significantly affected, and, furthermore, the two-stream framework barely outperformed the corresponding depth-based single-stream framework.
## 7 Recommendations and Suggestions  
Based on the current state of research, the following recommendations and suggestions are presented below:  
1. The connection acceptance criteria of ACI 374.1-05 are based on assumptions. Hence, nonlinear dynamic analysis with actual ground motion time histories is recommended. Various frame configurations, including different bays, floors, and beam depths, should be analyzed using the proposed connections.
2. The unique gap opening phenomenon of hybrid connection provides ductility. However, a large amount of shear force acts on columns, and the distance between columns increases to accommodate this gap. Such an unfavorable response of frames should be estimated and considered in the design.
3. Strong column weak beam criteria must be satisfied to ensure the assumed behavior of the frame.
4. Connections must be evaluated based on feasibility before experimenting. This includes ease of fabrication, ease of erection, cost, durability, and architectural aspects.
5. Detailing in the expected hinge area is important to ensure the gap opening. Connections should be designed considering this detail.
6. PT steel remains elastic, but energy dissipators are usually damaged after an earthquake. The connections should be developed using smart materials which do not require repair after seismic events.
7. To avoid spalling and ensure the shear transfer mechanism, the compression zone area must be properly detailed with confinement steel or arm angles.  
Figure 28: The proposed precast post-tensioned beam column connection (undeformed) [54].  
Figure 29: The proposed precast post-tensioned beam column connection (deformed) [54].
## 6 Conclusions  
Based on the \"Qujiang New District Phase II Project\" in Xi'an City, remotely sensed imagery data, shallow seismic reflection imaging, borehole data and excavation profiles of a foundation pit were utilized to demonstrate the distribution and Late Quaternary deformation of the Wangjiabian-Houjiawan Fault (F1-1a) of the LCFZ. It was observed that, within the Shaoling Loess Tableland, the Late Pleistocene activity of the Wangjiabian-Houjiawan Fault (F1-1a) is weak and that the fault is located at one-third to one-half of the scarp, from low to high. Our investigation further indicates that, during the Late Pleistocene, the activity of the LCFZ varied along the strike with a wave-like characteristic, irrelevant to the regional topographic expression. Compared to other faults in the Weihe  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Fault Name** & **Dip Slip Rate (mm/a)** & **Strike Slip Rate (mm/a)** & **References** \\ \hline Northern Qinling Fault & 0.38–0.78 & 0.36–1.33 \({}^{*}\) & [23; 26; 27] \\ Longxian–Qishan–Mazhao Fault & 0.01–0.03 & 0.5–1.5 & [31; 32] \\ Weihe Fault & 0.11–0.45 & & [28] \\ Kouzhen–Guanshen Fault & 0.13–0.40 & 0.49 & [33; 34] \\ Weinan Loess Tableland Fault & 0.14–0.29 & & [35; 36] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\): data from GPS observation.  
\end{table}
Table 4: Slip rates on the main faults in the Weihe Graben since the Late Pleistocene.  
Graben, the Late Pleistocene activity of the LCFZ is much weaker, which might be attributed to an additional fault on its northwestern side, accommodating part of the regional faulting motion and/or its strike-slip motion. This study also suggests that the ambient noise (e.g., underground pipelines and vehicles) and low water level area should be avoided when the shallow seismic reflection surveys are used to detect the concealed faults within a loess tableland. Additionally, boreholes should penetrate to the alluvial layer, as correlating the loess-paleosol layers can be challenging.  
Conceptualization, S.W. and Q.T.; methodology, S.W. and J.C.; formal analysis, S.W.; investigation, S.W., J.C., R.D., X.L., W.Y. and W.X.; writing--original draft preparation, S.W.; writing--review and editing, Q.T. and Z.T.; visualization, S.W. and Z.T.; supervision, Q.T. and J.C.; project administration, Y.H.; funding acquisition, S.W. and Q.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi, grant number 2023-JC-QN-0305 and Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi, grant number 2021 ZDLSF06-02.  
Not applicable.  
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.  
We thank [PERSON] from the Shaanxi Earthquake Agency for her help in the field work and constructive suggestions on the manuscript. Special thanks are given to Xi'an Qujiang New District Enterprise Asset Management Center for support during the construction of the boreholes.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.