## 2 Related Works
### Multipath Routing Strategies in Wireless Networks  
In order to maintain a high degree of connectivity and ensure a good quality of service (QoS), several algorithms have been developed by researchers in the field of wireless networks. These algorithms are based on the idea of exploiting all nodes of the topology to ensure the continuity of the data flow. Whether for a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), mobile ad hoc network (MANET), or even for a wireless sensor network (WSN), the multi-path approach has shown great promise [15; 16]. Indeed, various existing routing protocols have improved their performance by taking into account effective multi-path strategies. The GBR protocol (greedy-based backup routing protocol) was proposed by the authors of [17]. It is a greedy-based backup protocol designed specifically for MANET networks [18]. GBR considers both the length of the route and the lifetime of the link to achieve high road stability. The main path is built primarily from a greedy transfer mechanism, while the local backup path for each link is established according to their lifetime. GBR shows great performance in terms of route lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and control overhead. However, it may face challenges related to QoS and load balance. To guarantee multimedia transmission in a highly dynamic VANET topology, our proposed protocol deals with mobility, the breakdown of wireless links, node disappearances and reappearances, QoS, and load balance. The MP-OLSR protocol (multipath OLSR) was also developed for MANET networks by the authors of [19]. It represents an improved multi-path variant of the OLSR standard and focuses on optimizing the quality of data transmission by improving the rate of packet delivery and load balancing. However, the protocol's limitation is its reliance on the number of hops as the sole measure for routing decisions, which hinders its ability to find the best path in terms of QoS, especially for VANET scenarios [20]. In addition to MANETs, the authors of [21] introduced the AGEM protocol (adaptive greedy compass energy-aware multipath routing protocol) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). AGEM utilizes a pure greedy routing protocol, like GPSR, where the data flow always uses the same route. In contrast, AGEM dynamically routes the data flow through different paths to meet the constraints of multimedia transmission and maximize network lifetime. To achieve this, AGEM employs the online multi-channel capability of the WSN to balance the load between nodes using a suitable COMPASS transfer model [22]. However, AGEM may not be experienced with realistic streams that model multimedia transmissions. The authors of [23] proposed junction-based multipath source routing (JMSR) for VANET networks. While multipath is beneficial for VANETs, JMSR considers only two paths to the destination, which may not be enough to satisfy QoS requirements. A recovery mechanism to cover cases where no suitable forwarding nodes have been found must be considered [24]. In [25], the FQ-MP-OLSR protocol was proposed as an extension of MP-OLSR to achieve acceptable QoS and QoE for video transmission over MANETs. While FQ-MP-OLSR shows promising results, it can still be improved, particularly by reducing topology control traffic [26]. In the context of WSNs, the CSA-MGR protocol [27] creates multiple paths while avoiding shared detection areas through a distributed and dynamic process. However, it lacks consideration of simulations in large-scale situations and with mobility cases, like in VANET environments, as well as realistic stream-modeling multimedia transmissions. Addressing VANETs, the EMPADDV (enhanced multipath AODV) [28] protocol adopts a multi-path strategy based on the expected lifetime of links to guarantee better performance. Varying the lifetime of paths and the hello interval, EMPAODV reduces the end-to-end delay and packet-loss ratio. However, it may still face challenges related to QoS and adaptability in highly dynamic scenarios.