# Generation of Beam Tilt through Three-Dimensional Printed Surface
## 1 Introduction
Interestingly, a multilayer non-uniform metasurface is studied in [28], where proposed antennas show wide angle and azimuth direction beam control capability with the use of a multilayer non-uniform square and ring metal patches array. Considering the developing scenario of metasurfaces, we have presented a novel approach to study the beam tilting phenomenon of a beam along the azimuth and elevation planes with the use of three-dimensional printing technology. We have considered a cube as a unit cell, where it has been applicable to enhance the directivity and gain of feed source, thus improving the resonant cavity antenna performance [29; 30] as well as wide bandwidth improvement [31]. The relative placement of the unit cell either in circular or rectangular fashion has been an interesting aspect [32]. Moreover, the wideband nature could be studied through this unit cell [33]. The novelty of this paper lies in the beam tilting characteristics depicted by this unit cell where the unique arrangement of this in the defined aperture dimension is able to deviate the beam by 22.5\({}^{\circ}\) in elevation (\(\theta\)) angle and by about 90\({}^{\circ}\) in the azimuth (\(\phi\)) angle. By changing the relative phase of the unit cell, discrete tilting angles with high directivity at different frequencies can be achieved, thus showing the wide bandwidth beam tilting phenomenon. In the case of transmit and reflect arrays, beam tilting phenomenon can be achieved by rotating the feed by the defined angle, and the source needs to be in a dynamic position. In contrast, our prime focus is to maintain the feed source in a static position. Here, we have used the proposed 3D printed surface to tilt the beam while keeping the feed source in a fixed position. Moreover, the rotation of proposed Beam Deviating Surface (BDS) could simultaneously rotate the deviated beam direction for respective rotation angles starting from 0\({}^{\circ}\) to 360\({}^{\circ}\) at an interval of 90\({}^{\circ}\). The four- and five-layer cube arrangements have addressed the need for the full phase requirement of 360\({}^{\circ}\) under higher transmission magnitude values. The five-layer cube database is used to design a uniform phase distribution, which will ultimately be applied to deviate the incident beam source. Moreover, the four-layer cube database is applied to generate final tilting prototypes as it will be able to decrease the overall height of the proposed design structures. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is used to realize the 3D printed horn surface, and the Multijet Printing (MJP) method is applied to obtain the proposed BDS. Thus, we have fabricated the four-layer cube 3D printed prototypes to calculate the far-field radiation patterns and compare these radiation patterns with the results from the electromagnetic (EM) simulations. The motivation of this study is to provide the design and fabrication technology of a new 3D printable beam deviating surface with the purpose of building a relatively low-cost and easily realizable antenna prototype that is mechanically robust. The research study was initiated to produce a beam deviating structure that utilizes less material, using 3D rapid manufacturing as opposed to traditional manufacturing methods that use metal or plastics, for instance, a milling machine. The range of applications in which it is necessary to maintain the feed source in a static position with a given elevation angle is particularly observed in aircraft systems, satellite communication links, and weather radar data recording systems. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the analysis of a unit cell with its relative phase plots for BDS, which are placed above the feed horn. Similarly, Section 3 shows the fabricated BDS surface as well as provides the discussion on radiation patterns obtained with only the bottom BDS surface along with its rotation for four different angles 0\({}^{\circ}\), 90\({}^{\circ}\), 180\({}^{\circ}\) and 270\({}^{\circ}\).