# Benefits of Advanced Air Mobility for Society and Environment: A Case Study of Ohio
## 2 Literature Review
### Advanced Air Mobility Infrastructure, Operations, and Regulations  
Although UAS were previously mostly used by the military for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat missions [7], the demand for UAS for civilian use cases has risen dramatically in recent years. NASA's AAM vision is to assist the growing aviation markets in developing a safe air transportation system that carries people and freight using UAS currently being developed for this purpose. Substantial funds have been invested to build a ground infrastructure for AAM that includes ground sensors, vertiports, and the data exchange architecture for UTM system [8]. During the 2020 fiscal year, the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) established the AAM Mission Integration Office with the goal of promoting flexibility and agility as well as fostering collaboration across ARMD programs contributing to the AAM Mission [7]. For a collaborative and responsible automation, the mission focuses on Automated Flight and Contingency Management (AFCM) subproject for developing Urban Air Mobility (UAM) system architectures and research findings to support standards for vehicle and pilot interface systems which will benefit the US industry [9]. The National Campaign is a subproject under the AAM project designed to push the industry to perform ever more challenging ecosystem-wide system level safety and integration scenarios, show realistic and scalable system concepts, and establish a knowledge basis for requirements and standards [10]. The High Density Vertiplex (HDV) subproject is in charge of developing and testing of concepts, requirements, software architectures, and technologies for the terminal environment surrounding vertiports, with a particular emphasis on how automation can improve the safety, efficiency, and scalability of flight operations in these environments [11]. For early users of civilian drone technology, there was once a legal gray area because laws and regulations governing the operation of these vehicles were essentially nonexistent, particularly at the federal and state levels [12]. Drone safety and efficiency were recognized as significant priorities for the near-term future when the FAA Modernization and Reform Act was passed in 2012. By 30 September 2015, the legislation demands the establishment of a strategy to integrate civil UAS into the NAS safely [13]. NASA and the FAA have collaborated to set up a Research and Testing Task Force (RTT) to develop procedures that will allow large-scale operations of UAS [5]. As seen, AAM infrastructure is a complex interaction between the FAA, the operator, and the different businesses providing services inside the ecosystem. It highlights a network that largely relies on the use of third-party entities [2]. Because of the infrastructure, aircraft will no longer be required to communicate with a single entity, such as a designated air traffic controller. As an alternative, it will be able to communicate with a variety of service providers freely. Several businesses and academic researchers have been collaborating with NASA and the FAA to assist in integrating UAS into NAS. Airbus' department that focuses on developing digital traffic management infrastructures, Airbus UTM, is creating programs that will help establish the future AAM frameworks [14]. Amazon proposed assessing safe access with a best-equipped, best-served model for UAS, categorizing UAS based on vehicle systems and technologies, also known as equipage. Moreover, Amazon proposes a model based on a single operator controlling a wide range of vehicles, which substantially decentralizes decision-making authority among operators [15]. Google's UAS Airspace System architecture divides the airspace into classifications as defined by the FAA [16]. Studies have also been done to build models of operations management, which are required to assist service providers in their operational decision-making, such as scheduling, dispatching, and fleet planning, in order to maximize their preferred objectives [17; 18].