# LoRa Resource Allocation Algorithm for Higher Data Rates
## 3 LRA Algorithm Framework
### Resource Allocation Algorithm
Depending on the application, if a certain amount of error can be tolerated, the transmission can take less time or less power can be spent on the transmitter amplifier. In the end, we have compared our proposed algorithm with other LoRa capacity improvement schemes. This comparison is reported in Table 5. ICS-CSS and SSK-ICS improved LoRa capacity by changing the existing CSS modulation. Due to the change in modulation, these schemes may not be compatible with existing LoRa applications until chip-level implementations are available. Additionally, while these modulation changes can increase the BR by up to 42%, our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms them, achieving a 73.5% improvement in BR. TDM-LoRa [10] modulation doubled the data rate, increasing the BER at lower SF (SF = 7), whereas proposed algorithm improves the data rate up to 73.5% using the SF = 7 and 8. TDM-LoRa has modified the CSS modulation and is incompatible with the existing LoRa physical layer. The network access protocol proposed by [13] utilizes multiple SFs across different clusters to equalize transmission time. Figure 14: The impact of smaller delay times (left column) and lower SNR values (right column) on the quality of the received image over SF = 7 and 8 and BW = 250 kHz. Figure 15: SSIM map and value of the received image with lower delay times and SNR values. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Scheme** & **ICS-CSS [6]** & **SSK-ICS [7]** & **TDM-LoRa [10]** & **[13]** & **Cantor [14]** & **EWS [15]** & **MIMO-LoRa [16]** & **LRA Algorithm** \\ \hline Technique & Modulation & Dynamic-SF & Optimization algorithm & Application layer & Physical and MAC layer \\ \hline LoRa & Similar to traditional CSS & Quasi-orthogonal & Similar to traditional CSS & SF orthogonality & SF orthogonality \\  & & radio-channel & & & & \\ \hline Compatibility & Incompatible to LoRa-PHY & Compatible with existing LoRaWAN-MAC & & Incompatible with LoRaWAN & Hardware compatible with LoRa-PHY, incomplete with LoRaWAN MAC \\ \hline Implementation & Need HW redesign & No HW redesign required, need SW implementation & May need HW redesign & No HW redesign needed. Simple SW implementation \\ \hline Limitations & Incompatible with the existing LoRa technology due to & Bottleneck for & Calculation and & & & & & & Not suitable for combination of higher SFs \\  & change in modulation technique & GW for multihop & overhead for the & data from GPS or & & & & & \\  & network due to & optimization & derive from RSSI & 12) & & & SF with lower (e.g., 7 & & & \\ \hline Advantages & May not impact the implementation of available & Compatible with & Compatible with & & & & & \\  & LoRaWAN & LoRaWAN & & LoRaWAN & & & & \\ \hline Performance & 42\% BR gain & 28.6\% BR & Doubled the BR, & 62.8\% BR & & & & & \\  & with 3.39\% & improvement for & increased BER at & 70\% BR & 18.2\% to 55.25\% & & & & \\ Improvement & increase in BER & the same SF & lower SF (SF = 7) & SF = 7 & improvement & BR improvement & & & \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Comparison of our proposed LRA algorithm with the other LoRa capacity improvement schemes. [PERSON] [14] and EWS [15] enhanced the existing LoRaWAN MAC by improving the Packet Reception Rate (PRR) or Packet Delivery Rate (PDR). [PERSON] introduced a parametric optimization algorithm, which, while increasing network goodput by up to 70%, may generate higher control traffic. EWS, on the other hand, can suffer from a higher collision rate due to inaccurate distance calculations at low RSSI levels. Unlike the CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) used in LoRaWAN, the proposed algorithm mitigates collisions by employing Listen Before Talk (LBT) and utilizing multiple SFs, instead of RF channels, for parallel transmissions. However, the implementation of Cantor and EWS might not require any hardware modifications, depending on the processing and energy demands.