## 5 Conclusions  
During its operational tenure from March to December 2023, the SY15 satellite, equipped with the WEMPD, detected 1061 strong EMPs predominantly categorized as TISPs and TIPPs, at 21.21% and 78.79%, respectively. The MRs between the WEMPD-detected events and the WWLLN observations, within time frames of \(\pm\)30 s, \(\pm\)150 s, and \(\pm\)300 s and an 800 km radius of the subsatellite point (this spatial correlation criterion is adopted below), consistently exceeded 90%. This high correlation underscores a strong link between the WEMPD-detected events and lightning discharges of thunderstorms. Nonetheless, a small fraction of 4.42% (10 out of 226) TISP events lacks corresponding matches in the WWLLN observations within \(\pm\)150 s and \(\pm\)300 s, suggesting their radiation sources may be unrelated to lightning discharges. The underlying origins of these events warrant further investigation. The occurrence of a TIPP event is indicative of heightened lightning activity within thunderstorm clouds. With the future establishment of a satellite-borne lightning location network, TIPP events could serve as indicators of severe weather, potentially enhancing  
Figure 7: Statistical histograms of the differences of the three-dimensional geographical coordinates of the TIPP events’ locating results between the MSDN-CAL method and the GHMLLS-SCL method. (**a**) TDRD; (**b**) AD. The figure presents 17 samples, which correspond to the successful determination of geographical locations using the MSDN-CAL method out of a total of 19 events. These events are characterized by a time difference (\(\Delta t\)) of less than 100 microseconds between the WEMPD and the GHMLL. numerical assimilation methods and improving the short-term forecasting capabilities for lightning occurrences. Using the MSDN-CAL method introduced in this paper successfully pinpoints the two-dimensional geographic locations for 81.15% (861 out of 1061) of the WEMPD-detected events and the three-dimensional locations for 81.92% (684 out of 835) of the TIPP events. The TDRD and the AD of locating results between this method and the SCL methods based on ground-based lightning location networks are in the order of 10 km and 1 km, respectively. This effectively addresses the limitations of the SCL method, which is only able to locate 10% of the WEMPD-detected events. Based on the results of this study, we are carrying out two aspects of work. On the one hand, we can gain a deeper understanding of the seasonal variations and geographical distributions of the various types of events detected by a single satellite around the world. On the other hand, the reflection hypothesis has been used to explain the formation mechanism of TIPPs, but the challenges facing this hypothesis remain unsolved. For example, 20% of TIPPs exhibit a pulse energy ratio (the ratio of the second pulse to the first pulse) exceeding unity, and there is no correlation between the two pulses within a TIPP. We can further explore the causes of this phenomenon. If the reflection hypothesis is fully confirmed, it opens up the possibility for a single satellite to measure global ground reflectivity using the pulse energy ratio of TIPPs, as suggested by [28]. Conceptualization, Z.L. and P.L. ; Data curation, W.Z. ; Formal analysis, W.Z., X.Z., Y.W., X.L. ([PERSON]) and C.D. ; Investigation, X.Z. ; Resources, P.L. ; Software, Z.L. ; Supervision, X.L. ([PERSON]) and P.L. ; Validation, B.C. and X.L. ([PERSON]); Visualization, X.L. ([PERSON]); Writing--original draft, Z.L. ; Writing--review and editing, B.C., W.Z., X.L. ([PERSON]) and P.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research received no external funding. Data Availability Statement: Data are unavailable due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Special thanks are extended to [PERSON] and [PERSON] from the Shanghai Academy of Aerospace Technology for their invaluable contributions and expertise.