esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Analysis of Coating Loss from Coated Stainless Steel Orthodontic Wire
## 4 Discussion
The results showed that both PEN coating and Au plating resulted in high degrees of acid corrosion resistance, that PEN coating improved durability against bending of the wire, and that the TiN coating and Au plating are resilient to damage by brushing. The acid corrosion resistance and durability were different for each type of coating material. Exposure of the substrate metal due to coating loss can cause the onset of metal-allergic reactions in patients with metal allergies [12]. Rh has excellent aesthetic properties as a coating material [14; 16; 29], but the results of the present study suggested that it is unsuitable for use in patients with metal allergies. As TiN-coated and Au-coated wires are resilient to damage by brushing but not bending, it may be possible to first bend the wire to the necessary shape and then coat the wire to avoid the risk of metal exposure in the oral environment. In this study, brushing using an electric toothbrush corresponding in hardness to that likely to be encountered in clinical situations may have caused detachment of the PEN coating from the wire. Therefore, it would be advisable to select a toothbrush with softer filaments in patients treated with PEN-coated wire. To examine this issue in more depth, it is necessary to compare the degree of coating loss between different brushing conditions, e.g., with changes in the filament hardness and number of brushings. Statistical analysis is needed to compare the amount of metal exposure between conditions. Although costly, it may also be possible to avoid metal exposure by simply replacing the coated wire every month. This study was performed to analyze the durability of various coating materials on orthodontic wire in vitro. Further studies are required to examine the amounts of metal ions eluted from bent test samples immersed in artificial saliva over longer time courses to determine how long Au, TiN, and PEN coatings can remain in good condition in the oral cavity during orthodontic treatment. Gold-coated, Ti, ceramic, and plastic brackets have been applied in orthodontic treatment of patients with metal allergies [3], but galvanic corrosion may occur with some combinations of wires and brackets as for metal brackets [14; 30; 31]. Therefore, investigations should be performed with various combinations of wires and brackets to ensure that they will not induce galvanic currents, and the biocompatibility of each coating material should also be examined.
## 4 Discussion
### Strengths and Limitations  
The primary limitation of this study is its cross-sectional nature, which does not allow for definite conclusions regarding the future eruption or impaction of the maxillary canines. Indeed, the current study focused on assessing maxillary canines at high-risk of impaction rather than impacted canines. Due to the retrospective chart review design of the present study, it was not possible to calculate the odds ratio of maxillary canine impaction; but it was possible to assess the association between some types of malocclusions, with the presence of a canine with high-risk of impaction. Other dental parameters could have been correlated with high-risk of canine impaction, such as a decreased mesiodistal size of the upper central incisors and first permanent molars [36], class relationship [12], agenesis of other teeth [37; 55], skeletal hyperdivergency [48], and intermalor and intercanine widths, as suggested somewhere else. Yet, these parameters were out of the scope of the present study. Future studies are encouraged to better assess these aspects.  
Another significant limitation of the present study is the fact that the diagnoses of maxillary deficiency and posterior crossbite were achieved through clinical examination, and analysis of intraoral photographs and dental casts. Despite the inherent limitations and subjectivity of these methods compared to advanced imaging techniques like CBCT, these methods were selected as widely utilized in clinical practice thanks to their practicality, cost-benefit, and non-invasive nature. Prior research has suggested that transverse assessment based on a combination of clinical examination, photographs, and dental casts can provide reliable information, especially when conducted by experienced clinicians [41]. Moreover, the utilization of dental casts for visualization of occlusal relationships remains a valuable tool in diagnosing transverse deficiencies and crossbites [40]. While acknowledging the potential limitations of our approach and that CBCT would have been the best method to assess the maxillary discrepancy, the applicability of the current methods in routine orthodontic practice and the ability to provide adequate diagnostic insights justify their use in the present study. It should also be mentioned that [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] conducted their study on an older sample; therefore, it is possible that some differences may occur.  
Despite these limitations, the current study has considerable strengths. The inclusion of a sex- and age-matched control group helped to control for potential confounders related to dentition stage and sex differences. Other strengths are an adequate sample size to draw inferential statistics and the inclusion criteria of participants with presence of deciduous maxillary canine, which has been suggested to significantly influence transverse maxillary width [38]. The use of panoramic radiographs, which are the primary imaging modality for many patients, also ensures that our findings are applicable to routine care practice.
## 3 Analysis of the Lignosulfonate Reinforcement Mechanism
### Microstructure Analysis  
Through SEM experiments, [PERSON] [46] found that the pore types of remodeled loess are mainly large and medium pores, the porosity is high, and the connection between particles is mainly overlapping, where some small particles are attached to the large particles. When the content of lignocellulosic increases from 0 to 1%, the fine particles have the effect of filling the pores in the soil, the large pores are significantly reduced, the medium and small pores become the main pore form, and the total pore area is significantly reduced [50]. Calcium lignocellulosic can reduce the thickness of the bound water film adsorbed on the surface of clay particles, reduce the distance between particles, make the arrangement more compact [43], and form obvious cementing substances with loess particles, which strengthens the soil skeleton structure. The structure type gradually changes from a mosaic  
Figure 3: The XRD results of lignocellulosic-modified loess [47].  
structure to a clot-like cemented structure, and the loess particles transition from point contact to surface contact [46; 51; 52]. When the amount of lignocellulosic increases to 2%, small and medium pores are still the main pore types, the aggregated flocculent cement does not increase significantly, the total pore area does not decrease significantly, and the lignocellulosic particles between particles increase. When the content of lignocellulosic exceeds 2%, some lignin preferentially combines with itself to form aggregates due to cohesiveness and chelation [51], the spacing between soil particles increases, the cementation strength between particles is weakened, and the pore structure type is transformed into a mosaic structure again. Therefore, the continuous increase in the content of lignocellulosic cannot play a role in strengthening loess all the time (see Figure 4).  
Through experiments, [PERSON] et al. [24; 46] and [PERSON] [52] found that when the content of lignocellulosic is 1-2%, the microstructure parameters of the loess modified by lignocellulosic are the smallest, such as porosity and average pore area. It exhibits the optimal structure, which orders the directional arrangement of the improved loess. [PERSON] [46] also observed that a \"network structure\" was formed in the pores of loess after adding lignocellulosic to loess (see Figure 5). It can not only fill pores and effectively cement soil particles but also acts as a scaffold for the entire soil structure and improve the strength of the skeleton, where the network structure is the most abundant when the content of lignocellulosic is 1-1.5%.  
Figure 4: SEM images of lignocellulosic-modified loess with the stated percentages of lignocellulosic magnified at 500 times [46]. (**a**) 0%; (**b**) 0.5%; (**c**) 1%; (**d**) 1.5%; (**e**) 2%; (**f**) 3%; (**g**) 4%.
## 3 Model
Figure 6a shows that the stress has an effect on the non-diagonal refractive index component change \(\Delta n_{xy}\), but also on the refractive index anisotropy change \(\Delta n_{xx}-\Delta n_{yy}\), which significantly affects the refractive index anisotropy \(n_{xx}-n_{yy}\), causing a DoP reduction (see Figure 5). A tradeoff between the intrinsic refractive index anisotropy of the HPLD, defined by the structure design, and the Cu layer thickness is necessary for DoP optimization, as clearly visible in Figure 6b, in which the high DOP region is above the white contour line corresponding to DoP = 0.95. Figure 4: DoP calculation starting with different polarization state of the input field \(\left(\psi_{x}(0);\psi_{y}(0)\right)\). Red curves refer to \((1;0)\) (TE-polarized) input field, blue curves refer to \((0;1)\) (TM-polarized) input field, and black curves refer to \((0.5;0.5)\) input field. (**a**) Calculation performed with non-diagonal component of \(4.6\times 10^{-5}\), corresponding to small stress; (**b**) calculation performed with non-diagonal component of \(1.4\times 10^{-4}\), corresponding to high stress. Figure 5: DoP calculation as a function of refractive index anisotropy, \(n_{xx}-n_{yy}\) and non-diagonal component \(n_{xy}\). The model introduced in this section was used to predict and analyze the DoP reduction of HPLD due to different technological steps, including chip fabrication and chip mounting on carriers. It is particularly useful for chip layout and carrier structure optimization. In the following section, the experimental investigation of DoP and the changes due to its reduction on the functional characteristics of HPLD (threshold current, slope efficiency, near field, far field) will be described.
The other aspect of efforts uses sequence-encoder modeling methods to create extra hidden vectors standing for chronological features of facts [9]. GCRN [23] is the first sequence modeling method on TKGs. RE-NET [1] follows GCRN's structure but adds a global vector to represent global states of whole facts at each time. Evolve-GCN [24] merges GCN block into a GRU [25] unit to update GCN's weights which allows the GCN block adapts to relations at a different time. REGCN [26] designs a static properties algorithm to reflect the evolutionary trend of TKGs. However, most of the previous dynamic prediction methods pay attention to extracting semantic features on entities and their neighbors, but fail to consider the interactionsbetween entities and pairwise relations. Therefore, in this research, we try to make up for the deficiencies of previous methods through learning semantic interactions between entities and relations, and then combining them into the prediction model. We believe that these semantic interactions contain informative clues about context dependencies. Capturing these factors for inferring on TKGs holds promise for making the results more reasonable. Therefore, we propose a GCN-based model, Enhanced Relation Graph Convolution Network (ERGCN) (code is available at [[https://github.com/Uynixu/ERGCN](https://github.com/Uynixu/ERGCN)]([https://github.com/Uynixu/ERGCN](https://github.com/Uynixu/ERGCN)) (accessed on 22 November 2022)), to accomplish the entity prediction task. The model especially focuses on learning the full semantic information of facts between relations and entities. We try to evaluate the performance of the model, and try to prove the necessity of adding the full semantic interaction between relations and entities into the model. We will compare the proposed models in this paper with previous models on relevant data through several experiments designed for the task and then reach a conclusion. Overall, the contributions in this paper can be summarized as below:  
1. We test a new GCN-based method, named ERGCN, which takes context dependencies between pairwise entities and relations into account during training, and achieves better performance than previous methods;  
2. We design a new approach to predict unseen facts on TKGs and compare it with different models to demonstrate the necessity of using the full semantic information of facts in relevant reasoning tasks.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Instrumental Color Parameters
A negative correlation was observed between \(a^{\star}\) values and MDA levels (\(r=-0.996\); \(p<0.0001\)) and \(a^{\star}\) values and carbonyl content (\(r=-0.993\); \(p<0.0001\)), while a positive correlation was found for \(b^{\star}\) values and MDA levels (\(r=0.983\); \(p=0.000\)) and \(b^{\star}\) values and carbonyl content (\(r=0.998\); \(p<0.0001\)), explaining our findings for \(a^{\star}\) and \(b^{\star}\) values. In agreement with our results, previous studies reported a decrease in \(a^{\star}\) values during refrigerated storage of rainbow trout fillets [30] and pirarucu fillets [39], and also an increase of \(b^{\star}\) values in pirarucu fillets [39] and tilapia fillets [8; 9] under refrigerated storage. Also, similar to our results, [PERSON] et al. [42] and [PERSON] et al. [43] observed that UV-C radiation at 0.19-0.38 J/cm\({}^{2}\) and 4.8 J/cm\({}^{2}\) enhanced meat discoloration by the decrease in \(a^{\star}\) values and increase in \(b^{\star}\) values in salmon fillets and semi-dried Pacific herring, respectively. Likewise, agreeing with our findings, previous studies have been confirmed the effectiveness of the O\({}_{2}\) scavenger in minimizing meat discoloration during the storage period of tilapia fillets [9] and dried sardine [32]. Among them, [PERSON] et al. [9] observed that O\({}_{2}\) scavenger was able to equally inhibit meat discoloration induced by two UV-C doses (0.10 and 0.30 J/cm\({}^{2}\)) in tilapia fillets stored at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 23 days. Regarding total color difference (\(\Delta E\)), it indicates the magnitude of the color changes between treatments throughout refrigerated storage. In our study, \(\Delta E\) was negatively correlated with \(a^{\star}\) (\(r=-0.965\); \(p=0.002\)) and positively correlated with \(b^{\star}\) values (\(r=0.936\); \(p=0.006\)), MDA levels (\(r=0.984\); \(p=0.000\)) and carbonyl content (\(r=0.945\); \(p=0.004\)), which explain the differences found among treatments for \(\Delta E\) over the storage period. Both UV-C at 0.102 J/cm\({}^{2}\) (AUV1) and 0.301 J/cm\({}^{2}\) (AUV3) exhibited higher color changes than AP in a dose-dependent manner (\(p<0.05\); Table 3). Moreover, O\({}_{2}\) scavenger, alone (OSP) and in combination with two UV-C doses (OSUV1 and OSUV3) showed lower color changes compared to AP (\(p<0.05\)), and no difference was observed among O\({}_{2}\) scavenger treatments (OSP, OSUV1 and OSUV3) (\(p>0.05\); Table 3), reinforcing our findings for \(a^{\star}\) and \(b^{\star}\) coordinates, MDA levels, and carbonyl content. According to [PERSON] et al. [44], \(\Delta E\) values ranging from 6 to 12 correspond to great difference, while \(\Delta E\) values equal or above 12 correspond to very great difference. Furthermore, \(\Delta E\) values above 5 and 12 are equivalent to color changes visually perceptible to human eyes and untrained panelists, respectively [45]. Based on these classifications, color changes of the trout fillets submitted to 0.102 J/cm\({}^{2}\) (AUV1) and 0.301 J/cm\({}^{2}\) (AUV3) could be perceived and rejected by consumers.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Shear Deformation Theory and Constitutive Equations  
According to the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), ([PERSON], 1951) [33], the corresponding displacement field can be written in the following form:  
\[\begin{split} u(x,y,z)=u^{0}(x,y)+z.\theta_{x}^{0}(x,y)\\ v(x,y,z)=v^{0}(x,y)+z.\theta_{y}^{0}(x,y)\\ w(x,y)=w^{0}(x,y)\end{split} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 3: Unit cell of a re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb auxetic material and its relation to the coordinate directions x and y.  
where \(u\), \(v\), and \(w\) denote the displacements of a generic point described according to a Cartesian coordinate system of directions \((x,y,z)\). The degrees of freedom are thus \(\{u^{0},v^{0}\}\), \(w^{0}\), \(\theta_{x}^{0}\), \(\theta_{y}^{0}\) with the superscript \(o\), meaning that the degree of freedom is associated with a point located at the mid-plane surface of the structure. The elastic strains are obtained by considering the kinematical relations for linear elasticity, and the constitutive relation associated with the present theory is written as:  
\[\begin{cases}\sigma_{xx}\\ \sigma_{yy}\\ \sigma_{xy}\end{cases}=\begin{bmatrix}C_{11}&C_{12}&0\\ C_{12}&C_{22}&0\\ 0&0&C_{66}\end{bmatrix}\begin{cases}\epsilon_{xx}\\ \epsilon_{yy}\\ \gamma_{xy}\end{cases}\;,\;\begin{cases}\sigma_{yz}\\ \sigma_{xz}\end{cases}=\begin{bmatrix}k_{23}.C_{44}&0\\ 0&k_{13}.C_{55}\end{bmatrix}\begin{cases}\gamma_{yz}\\ \gamma_{xz}\end{cases} \tag{5}\]  
where the stress and strain components are represented as \(\{\sigma_{xx}\quad\sigma_{yy}\quad\sigma_{xy}\,\,\sigma_{yz}\quad\sigma_{xz}\}\) and \(\{\varepsilon_{xx}\quad\epsilon_{yy}\quad\gamma_{xy}\,\,\gamma_{yz}\quad \gamma_{xz}\}\), respectively. The elastic stiffness coefficients \(C_{ij}\) are given in the literature ([PERSON], 2003) [38]. The coefficients \(k_{mn}\) stand for the shear correction factors required when using FSDT ([PERSON], 1973) [39]. Although shear correction factors are often considered to be equal to \(5/6\), in the present work, these factors are determined for each specific case considered (as, for example, in ([PERSON] et al., 2020) [40] and ([PERSON] and [PERSON]), 2023, [41]). In the present study, the approach of ([PERSON], 1992) [42] was considered, where the calculation of the \(k_{13}\) coefficient, for example, yields the following expression:  
\[k_{13}=\frac{\left[\int_{-h/2}^{h/2}C_{11}(z)(z-z_{n1})^{2}dz\right]^{2}}{\int _{-h/2}^{h/2}G_{13}(z)dz\int_{-h/2}^{h/2}\left(\frac{\left(-\int_{-h/2}^{z}C_{ 11}(z)(z-z_{n1})dz\right)^{2}}{G_{13}(z)}\right)dz} \tag{6}\]  
where \(z_{n1}\) is the thickness coordinate of the neutral surface, taking as reference the mid-surface (\(z=0\)) of the structure.
# Physics of Within-Tissue Wave Propagation Generated by Pulse Propagation in the Carotid Artery
###### Abstract  
(1) Background: We aimed to assess the validity of laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) as an emerging method to measure the local pulse wave velocity (PWV) from skin displacement generated by the pressure pulse inside an underlying artery. (2) Methods: A finite element model representing a simplified common carotid artery embedded within a soft tissue mimicking material was used to reproduce how tissue motions due to a wave propagation along the artery radiates to the skin surface. A parametric study was set up, varying: (i) the pressure conditions inside the artery (shock and traveling pressure impulse), (ii) the arterial depth and (iii) the geometry in a patient-specific artery model. (3) Results: under all conditions, the arterial pulse induced primary and secondary waves at the skin surface; of which the propagation speed deviated from the imposed PWV (deviations between -5.0% to 47.0% for the primary wave front). (4) Conclusions: the propagation of a short pressure impulse induced complex skin displacement patterns revealing a complicated link between PWV and measured propagation speeds at the skin surface. Wave propagation at the skin level may convey information about arterial PWV, however, advanced signal analysis techniques will be necessary to extract local PWV values.  
Keywords:local pulse wave velocity; arterial stiffness; laser Doppler vibrometry; skin vibration; displacement waveform; soft tissue mimicking materials; finite element analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics
# Hybrid LLC Converter with Wide Range of Zero-Voltage Switching and Wide Input Voltage Operation
## 2 Circuit Configuration
The square wave voltage \(\rm v_{ab}\) has voltage amplitudes of \(\pm V_{in}/2\) and the magnetizing inductor voltage \(\rm v_{Lm}\) has voltage amplitudes of \(\pm\rm p_{P}V_{o}/(2n_{s})\). The voltage gain in Figure 2b is expressed as \(\rm V_{o}/V_{in-H}=G_{ac}(f_{sw})n_{s}/n_{p}\), where \(\rm G_{ac}(f)\) is the transfer function of the resonant tank by \(\rm L_{m}\), \(\rm C_{r}\) and \(\rm L_{r}\). If 200 V \(\rm>V_{in}>100\) V (medium voltage region \(\rm V_{in-H}\), Figure 2c, \(\rm S_{ac1}\) and \(\rm S_{ac2}\) turn off and \(\rm S_{1}\)-\(\rm S_{4}\) are controlled by pulse frequency modulation. The square wave voltage \(\rm v_{ab}\) has voltage amplitudes of \(\pm\rm p_{P}V_{o}/(2n_{s})\). The voltage gain in Figure 2c is \(\rm V_{o}/V_{in-M}=G_{ac}(f_{sw})(2n_{s})/n_{p}\). If 100 V \(\rm>V_{in}>50\) V (low voltage region \(\rm V_{in-L}\), Figure 2d, \(\rm S_{ac1}\) turns off, \(\rm S_{ac2}\) turns on and \(\rm S_{1}\)-\(\rm S_{4}\) are controlled by pulse frequency modulation. The square wave voltage \(\rm v_{ab}\) has voltage amplitudes of \(\pm\rm V_{in}\) and the magnetizing inductor voltage \(\rm v_{Lm}\) has voltage amplitudes of \(\pm\rm p_{P}V_{o}/(4n_{s})\). The voltage gain is \(\rm V_{o}/V_{in-L}=G_{ac}(f_{sw})(4n_{s})/n_{p}\). From the obtained voltage gains in high, medium and low voltage input regions, it is observed that the circuit has the largest gain \(\rm G_{ac}(f_{sw})(4n_{s})/n_{p}\) under low voltage input region (50 V-100 V) and least voltage gain \(\rm G_{ac}(f_{sw})\ n_{s}/n_{p}\) at high voltage input region (200 V-400 V).
## 4 Phase II: Proposed Point-to-Point Relay-to-Destination Transmission
### Problem Formulation  
The computation of original signals at the destination is a two-fold problem: firstly, the destination node decodes the linear combination obtained from the relay node, and secondly, after obtaining sufficient linear combinations, the destination node decodes the original source signals. Therefore, we formulate the two problems at the decoder and propose the respective solutions using two decoders, namely \(\mathcal{D}_{D1}\) and \(\mathcal{D}_{D2}\), respectively, in subsequent subsections.  
The first aim of the destination is to obtain the linear combination estimated at the relay from the noisy signal obtained from the channel. We recall that the received signal at the destination is given by Equation (8):  
\[\mathbf{y}_{D}=h_{RD}\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{R}+\mathbf{z}_{D}\]  
The destination node aims to obtain the linear combination, \(\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{R}\). To this end, the received signal is equalized using an equalizer, \(\alpha\), and a suitable decoder is used to obtain the linear combination. Therefore, the first decoder in Equation (9) is given as:  
\[\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{D}=\mathcal{D}_{D1}(\alpha,\mathbf{y}_{D})\]  
Therefore, the primary problem at the destination is to obtain a decoder suitable for the above decoding.  
The next aim of the destination is to obtain the original source signals from the \(L\) linear combinations obtained. Therefore, the matrix of the linear combinations after \(L\) transmissions given by \(\mathbf{v}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\hat{\mathbf{v}}_{D}^{1}&\ldots&\hat{ \mathbf{v}}_{D}^{L}\end{array}\right]^{T}\) is supplied to the second decoder at the destination, which obtains the estimate of the original source signal matrix, given by \(\mathbf{s}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\mathbf{s}_{1}&\ldots&\mathbf{s}_{L} \end{array}\right]^{T}\), such that:  
\[\hat{\mathbf{s}}=\mathcal{D}_{D2}(\mathbf{v})\]  
The second problem at the destination is to obtain the design of a decoder to obtain the original source signals.