## 1 Introduction  
Disasters are strictly correlated to the negative effects of significant natural events on the vulnerable elements exposed, which require interdisciplinary analyses for risk reduction strategies. According to the disaster risk reduction (DRR) school of thought, risks result from interactions between the hazard with the exposure and the vulnerability of the affected territory [1]. A hazard is \"the potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend or physical impact that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation\" [2, 3]. Exposure refers to the number of elements (human beings, livelihoods, and assets) located in a hazardous area [1, 4]. Vulnerability is the susceptibility of these exposed elements to the impact of a hazard [5]. As disaster risk depends on the severity of the hazard, the number of elements exposed and the susceptibility of these elements to suffering loss and damage, the correlation between natural hazards and the socio-economic conditions of the potentially affected territory implies the necessity of multidisciplinary analyses. In this context, interdisciplinary investigation combines the assessment of the hazard component and evaluates the socio-economic features in terms of exposure and vulnerability. Natural hazards include floods, ground instabilities, wildfires, typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic activity, extreme temperatures, and drought. Among them, floods and landslides are two of the most dangerous events, as in recent years, both phenomena have occurred regularly as a consequence of heavy rainfall events and deforestation [6], causing continuous damage to ecosystems, infrastructures, and population. Floods occur most commonly due to heavy rainfall, when natural watercourses lack the capacity to convey excess water, but they can also result from storm surges associated with tropical cyclones, tsunamis, or high tides in coastal areas [7]. Among the hydrological phenomena, various types of floods can be distinguished, such as riverine floods, flash floods, urban floods, and coastal floods. Landslides are \"almost all varieties of mass movements on slope including some such as rock falls, topples, and debris flows that involve little or no true sliding\" [8], and they are mainly distinguished by rapid (rockfalls, rock avalanches, debris flows, mud flows, rock slides, and soil slides) and slow processes (earth flows, soil slips, rototranslational slides, and rock slides). According to the Emergency Events Database ([[https://www.emdat.be/accessed](https://www.emdat.be/accessed)]([https://www.emdat.be/accessed](https://www.emdat.be/accessed)) on 10 April 2024), floods have been the most frequently occurring events in Europe (460), with 260 riverine floods, 69 flash floods, 3 coastal floods, and 128 general floods in the last twenty years, causing USD 192,059,583 worth of damage and 2112 deaths. At the same time, nine landslides, eight avalanches, two mudslides and one rockfall have caused damage worth a total of USD 707,837 and 2387 deaths. Flooding and landslide phenomena are often connected to or coexist in a specific geographic area, producing multi-hazard scenarios. These events, whether concatenated or not, and with no chronological relationship, threaten the same elements at risk in a given geographic area [9]. Generally, multi-hazard contexts include three types of scenarios: aggregate (where hazard events may be unrelated, occurring sequentially in the same location or simultaneously in different locations with concurrent impacts), cascading (events in which one hazard triggers another hazard) and compound (where events are correlated in terms of space and/or time but result from distinct causal pathways [10]). Due to the complexity of such phenomena, different dimensions of vulnerability (social, physical, environmental, economic, and institutional) need to be taken into account in disaster risk studies.