###### Abstract  
Thermal characterization of lithium-ion batteries is essential to improve an efficient thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries. Besides, it is needed for safe and optimum application. The investigated lithium-ion battery in the present research is a commercially available lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, which can be used in different applications. Different experimental facilities were used to measure lithium-ion battery heat generation at different operating conditions and charge and discharge rates in this investigation. Isothermal battery calorimeter is the exclusive calorimeter globally, suitable for lithium-ion batteries' accurate thermal measurements. Pulse charge and discharge in different increments of state of charge were applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery to designate the heat generation of the lithium-ion battery cell. Three different cases were studied. The precise effects of different state-of-charge levels and current-rates on lithium-ion battery total generated heat was investigated. The maximum heat generation during 13 A, 40 A, 50 A, 60 A and 100 A pulse discharges were 0.231 Wh, 0.77 Wh, 0.507 Wh, 0.590 Wh and 1.13 Wh correspondingly. It could be inferred that in the case of periodic charge and discharge pulses applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, important parameters including state of charge, current rates, initial cycling, and temperature have a significant influence on total generated heat. 2021 4 2021 10.3390/asst40200241 10.3390/asst40200241 10.  
battery temperature was showed. Both of which influence ion diffusion resistance and charge transfer [10]. An immense correspondence between lithium-ion battery performance and the temperature was found. A growth in lithium-ion battery performance attributable to more immense raised ionic conductivity and salts' diffusion rate at more significant lithium-ion battery temperatures was found [11]. The cycling and thermal behaviors of a lithium titanate-based lithium-ion pouch cell were investigated. The titanate-based lithium-ion cell demonstrated a considerably temperature-dependent capacity. The cell showed excellent capacity retention and excellent internal resistance stability, indicating exceptional lithium titanate's stability as anode material [12]. Essential heat transfer and finite element investigation tools were used to forecast the temperature distributions in cells and modules. Liquid crystal thermography and infrared photography were used to acquire thermal pictures of the lithium-ion battery modules' surface [13]. The thermal characterization and cooling of lithium-ion batteries were accomplished. Recognition of the thermal field was done through thermographic experiments throughout electric discharging and charging. The goal was to assess the cooling requirement throughout the conventional working of an electric vehicle [14]. A finite element investigation approach was used to assess the packs' thermal behavior and modules regarding their geometry. Dissimilar thermal modeling procedures were used to determine thermal performance and the influence of temperature on vehicle performance. The thermal model simulation was done in the ADVISOR tool. The battery thermal model was combined with its battery performance models. The model could forecast the temperature alterations in a vehicle's battery corresponding to the drive cycle [15]. A novel transient approach for quantifying the thermal parameters of a lithium-ion battery was developed. Optimization and finite element modeling were used. The lithium-ion battery's heat generation rate was determined under various states of charge and temperature [16]. For the automotive implementations, lithium-ion batteries are restricted by gravimetric and volumetric energy density, accompanied by cycle life. With superior construction of the electrode magnitude, mechanical, and shape properties, there are many advancement opportunities.