## 4 Results and Discussion
### Performance Analysis of Proposed Model  
In the results, CDF symbolizes the outage likelihood and performance distribution. These curves deliver information related to network behaviors such as QoS, coverage, the energy used, and performance, which can be stretched via beekeepers in the system. In the discovery phase analysis, as illustrated in Figure 10a, which indicates the proportion of SBD2D connections achieved during the discovery phase conferring to the diverse SBD2D transmitting powers, where the least SINRs necessary for an SBD2D connection are \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}=0\) dB and 3 dB, the \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) assures a least throughput level and it is employed in the discovery phase. Therefore, the number of SBD2D connections for \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}=0\) dB is meaningfully greater than that for \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}=3\) dB. It can also be observed that allowing an  
Figure 9: Performance and results of SBD2D based on data integration.  
SBD2D spreading power higher than 0 dBm does not influence the variation in the number of smart beekeeping D2D connections (when \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) = 0 dB, the percentage is around 54%, and it is around 37% when \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) = 3 dB).  
This is a consequence of the interference that occurs between smart beekeeping devices, since they use the same frequency bandwidth. For the communication phase analysis, Figure 10b,c compare the CDFs of the throughput of the devices straightly linked to their serving base station (shown by dark curves) to the CDF, indicating the SBD2D connections (shown by colored curves). In Figure 10b, the smallest Signal Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) necessary for a SBD2D connection is set to \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}=0\) dB, and in Figure 10c, the \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) is set to 3 dB. It can be seen that, in Figure 10b, regular connections outperform the SBD2D connections when the SBD2D transmitted power is less than or equal to \(-10\) dBm. Furthermore, once the SBD2D diffused power is bigger than or equivalent to 0 dBm (i.e., 0 dBm, 10 dBm, and 20 dBm), the CDFs of the SBD2D connections are nearby one another. Consequently, it is sufficient to allocate a low D2D transmission power (i.e., 0 dBm) to stretch a higher level of performance.  
Figure 11 compares the throughput average of the SBD2D connections, the regular connections, and the global system networks of 5G for different bandwidth sizes of the total available bandwidth (i.e., 20 MHz) allocated to the overlay SBD2D communication. In the case of an SBD2D bandwidth greater than or equal to 5 MHz, it can be observed that the global system performance, in terms of the throughput, is higher when \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) = 0 dB. Otherwise, the case of \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) = 3 dB has better global performances. Figure 11a presents the mean energy consumption of the overall system. It can be seen from the figure that the mean energy consumption declines once the SBD2D spreading power increases. This is because the proportion of SBD2D connections upsures when the SBD2D transmitting power increases, and SBD2D connections consume less energy than regular communications. From the analysis and evaluations made, the best configuration of SBD2D corresponds to a transmitting power of \(P_{t2d}\) = 0 dBm, the smallest SINR necessary for an SBD2D linkage is \(\tau_{\text{D2D}}\) = 0 dB, and a frequency bandwidth of 5 MHz is best for SBD2D communications.