## 5 Conclusions
By integrating diverse datasets and simulation capabilities, the system enhances decision making for urban sustainability, risk mitigation, and efficient resource allocation. While challenges related to data integration, model calibration, and computational complexity require ongoing attention, the long-term benefits outweigh these obstacles. Future advancements in AI-driven predictive analytics and real-time monitoring will further refine the model, ensuring its adaptability and scalability for diverse urban environments. This research underscores the transformative potential of digital twins in shaping resilient and sustainable cities. Conceptualization, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; methodology, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; software, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; validation, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; formal analysis, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; investigation, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; resources, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; data curation, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; writing--original draft preparation, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; writing--review and editing, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; visualization, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; supervision, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; project administration, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. ; funding acquisition, V.B., E.G., C.M., S.C., and M.P.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the PRIN_2022 PNRR project \"WebGIS 4D with DSS (Decision Support System) connotation for prediction of landslide susceptibility and hazard through innovative simulation systems with emerging properties such as 3D Cellular Automata, Neural Networks and SPH Fluids\" (CUP J53D23019270001) funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research--MUR (PRIN_2022 PNRR_P2022 CK8P9). Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024] available on [[https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/datasets/cams-global-emission-inventories?tab=overview](https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/datasets/cams-global-emission-inventories?tab=overview)]([https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/datasets/cams-global-emission-inventories?tab=overview](https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/datasets/cams-global-emission-inventories?tab=overview)) accessed on 15 January 2025. Contains modified VIIRS data (doi:10.3390/rs13050922) doi:10.3390/rs13050922) and information accessed with Google Earth Engine. Contains modified Trinaly DEM data available on [[https://tinitaly.pi.ingvit/](https://tinitaly.pi.ingvit/)]([https://tinitaly.pi.ingvit/](https://tinitaly.pi.ingvit/)). Contains modified weather data available on [[https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api](https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api)]([https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api](https://open-meteo.com/en/docs/historical-weather-api)) accessed on 15 January 2025. Contains modified Land Use/Land Cover data available on [[https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2018](https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2018)]([https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2018](https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2018)) accessed on 15 January 2025. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.