# Capability Analysis of Earth Observation Data for Integrated Emergency Management
## 3 Methodology
### R2-D2 Project Structure  
The R2-D2 project consisted of three distinct linear phases, each comprising a work package (WP) that concluded with a knowledge exchange workshop. Representatives from the following stakeholder groups attended the knowledge exchange workshops: police force, local city and county councils, fire and rescue services, utility providers, environmental agencies, LRFs, technology suppliers, Earth observation data providers and academics. * WP 1: Working group establishment and stakeholder workshop  
The first phase of R2-D2 aimed to build a working group of stakeholders comprising representatives of LRFs, Category 1 and Category 2 responders, academics and satellite application experts. A total of 23 participants took part in a Spark Exploration Workshop in Durham that was facilitated by the UK's Satellite Applications Catapult (SAC). Prior to the workshop, discussions with an LRF representative helped identify 10 key emergency challenges that Category 1 and 2 responders have to deal with regularly in North East  
Figure 2: North East England study area. England. We used these identified key challenges in the first half of the workshop for an opportunity mapping exercise using Post-it notes. Stakeholder attendees could select which challenge was of most interest or concern to them, write the key problems associated with each challenge, and pose a \"how might we...?\" question that required a solution. From the initial list of 10 emergency challenges, the exercise narrowed the priorities down to 6: national electricity transmission faults, fire (major fire and IWS fire), low temperature and heavy snow, surface water flooding, heatwaves and wildfire, and maritime pollution. During the second half of the workshop, participants split into groups to discuss the challenges stakeholders face in dealing with these six emergencies, and how satellite data might potentially help decision-makers address these risks. Attendees rotated around each challenge and prioritised the \"how might we...?\" questions to identify key potential areas for innovation, the core stakeholders involved, what information was required, and outline how satellite or other data sources may prove helpful in managing each emergency situation. * WP 2: Capability audit and outline data  
The outcomes of the first workshop acted as a catalyst for further research into best practices and the potential of satellite applications for emergency management, including knowledge gaps identified by the LRF that could potentially be filled via satellite data; user requirements (members of the LRF and whom they work with); how users access data for decision-making and prioritising actions; what resolution and frequency of data are needed; datasets available through government and commercial channels; advantages and disadvantages of different remote sensing technologies, including synergies of data from different satellites and sensors; and how satellite imagery fits with other existing and emerging data streams. WP2 culminated in a half-day workshop facilitated by the National Innovation Centre for Data (NIC-D) in Newcastle upon Tyne. The second workshop involved 40 attendees, including Newcastle and Durham University project partners, Category 1 representatives (fire, police, and LRFs), Category 2 representatives (utilities), and 12 MRes students from the Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Geospatial Systems from Newcastle and Nottingham Universities. The scoping outcomes from WP 2 were presented to the core cluster working group and the CDT students. * WP 3: Local piloting and business case development  
A CDT MRes Group Project was a key component of Phase 3, comprising a month-long 10 ECTS Master's module where students from Newcastle and Nottingham Universities worked collaboratively on the R2-D2 project.