## 2 Methods and Materials
### Materials
#### 2.2.1 Areas of Experimental and Control Groups  
In this step, spatial data for the experimental and control groups were constructed. The data for the experimental groups comprising the different zones corresponded to the UGSs, GBAM zones, and shadow zones in the UGSs defined in the previous step (Table 3). The UGSs and GBAM zones required the operation of techniques that involve changing the physical properties of urban surfaces, such as artificial cladding; therefore, they represent land cover characteristics. The UGSs and GBAM zones in the study area were extracted as experimental groups, and built-up zones were established as control groups (Figure 4), using the land cover map developed by [PERSON] et al. [37] to determine object-based HICS effectiveness [37]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Groups** & **Name** & **Definition** & **Data** & **Type** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{Areas of research targets} & \multirow{8}{*}{Experimental groups} & Urban green spaces (UGSs) & Areas covered by vegetation, trees, and green roofs & Land cover map & ship [37] & (polygon) \\  & & Ground-based albedo modification & & & & \\  & & (GBAM) zones & cool raycons and & Land cover map & ship [37] & (polygon) \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ Areas covered by & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Areas of research targets} & \multirow{2}{*}{Shadow zones} & \multirow{2}{*}{Shadow zones in UGSs *} & Control group for & Land cover map & ship \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & zones & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Spatial density (SD) control} & \multirow{2}{*}{Sky view factor (SVF)} & Proportion of sky hemisphere visible from the ground & DSM [39] & \multirow{2}{*}{Shp} \\  & & & & \\  & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Temperature} & Land surface temperature (LST) * & Surface temperature data for study area & Bright temperature, emissivity, Tbkg & \multirow{2}{*}{(raster)} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Data were constructed 10 times (2022.07.13. 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, 17:00, and 202.08.23. 09:00, 11:00, 13:00, 15:00, 17:00).  
\end{table} 
Table 3: Data acquired for use in this study. The shadow zones in UGSs represent shaded areas, and their shape changes over time with alterations in solar altitude and azimuth [40]. Thus, shadow zones formed in the UGSs of the study area were estimated via the hillshade tool in the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst toolbox [41, 42]. The input data required for hillshade analysis included a digital surface model (DSM) of the study area, along with solar altitude and azimuth data for each measurement TP in the study area. The DSM uses data constructed by [PERSON] et al. [39] for this study area (Table 3). The DSM was constructed using Agisoft Metashape 1.8.1 using images acquired through a visible light sensor mounted on a UAV [39]. In the process, pre-collected ground control points were used to improve the positional accuracy of geospatial data in the images taken [37]. The DSM used in this study was delivered with a resolution of 0.16 m (Figure 5). For solar altitude and azimuth data, relevant data for the study area were obtained from the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute ([[https://www.kasi.re.kr](https://www.kasi.re.kr)]([https://www.kasi.re.kr](https://www.kasi.re.kr)) (accessed on 31 August 2023)). The date 13 July 2022 marks a solar altitude of up to 75 degrees and a solar azimuth of about 67-291 degrees. The date 23 August 2022 has a maximum solar altitude of 56 degrees and a solar azimuth range of 76-283 degrees.