# Coexistence in Wireless Networks: Challenges and Opportunities
## 2 Related Survey  
The coexistence of satellite and terrestrial communication within the millimeter wave (mm Wave) spectrum presents unique challenges and opportunities, warranting dedicated investigation. While satellite systems operate in various frequency bands, such as the S-band and Ka-band, the mm Wave spectrum is particularly relevant due to its critical role in next-generation broadband communication, including 5G and beyond. The high spectrum availability in mm Wave frequencies makes it attractive for both satellite and terrestrial applications, necessitating effective spectrum sharing strategies to mitigate interference and enhance coexistence. This section reviews key studies that explore coexistence challenges in mm Wave bands, along with their proposed mitigation techniques, while highlighting their limitations and interconnections. Several surveys have systematically analyzed interference scenarios and spectrum sharing strategies in mm Wave communication. One such study [9] investigated the design space for spectrum sharing across different system layers, emphasizing the impact of inter-technology coexistence. While this study provides a structured overview of interference challenges, it lacks a detailed evaluation of the real-world implementation constraints. Another survey [10] explored the synergy between radar and communication systems, discussing waveform design, signal modeling, and processing techniques. This work contributes to the understanding of spectrum coexistence, yet it primarily focuses on theoretical modeling rather than practical deployment challenges. The study in [11] briefly examines the advancements in satellite communication, providing insights into present and future applications. However, it lacks an in-depth discussion of coexistence issues specific to mm Wave frequencies, making it a complementary reference rather than a core analysis of spectrum sharing. Further research has delved into frequency reuse strategies within both satellite and mobile cellular systems. Ref. [12] comprehensively examines coexistence challenges in broadband mm Wave communication, covering interactions with fixed services, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and microwave systems. Additionally, an extensive study [13] investigated radar systems operating in the 5 GHz band, discussing spectrum regulations and sharing principles. Although this research provides a foundational understanding of spectrum sharing strategies, its focus on the 5 GHz band makes its findings less directly applicable to mm Wave coexistence. Finally, another survey [14] examined heterogeneous wireless networks operating in TV white spaces, offering a comparative analysis of different coexistence techniques. While its insights on spectrum sharing mechanisms are valuable, the study does not specifically address the coexistence of mm Wave satellite and terrestrial systems. However, recent advancements have significantly expanded on these topics, addressing new coexistence challenges. For instance, the emergence of mm Wave-based networking and sensing applications, such as mNetS [15] and CoSense [16], demonstrates novel approaches to integrating networking with sensing for applications in health diagnostics and traffic monitoring. These systems optimize coexistence by leveraging idle periods and deep learning models to enhance sensing resolution, without significantly affecting network throughput. This directly aligns with the objectives of our work, which seeks to optimize resource utilization in congested mm Wave environments by exploiting temporal and spatial variations in traffic. To address spectrum congestion, bidirectional data offloading techniques have been proposed to optimize spectrum and power allocation in coexisting 5G and Wi-Fi networks at 60 GHz [17]. This approach, which maximizes the sum rate through resource allocation, reflects the growing trend towards dynamic spectrum management, a key consideration in our investigation.