# Design Procedures for Sustainable Structural Concretes Using Wastes and Industrial By-Products
## 2 Experimental Program
### Mixing Procedure  
As a first step, it was necessary to determine the moisture content of the aggregates by drying them in accordance with [42]. Then, it was possible to calculate the amount of water required to saturate the aggregates and the amount of intrinsic water (water inside the aggregate pores). Therefore, the total water of the mixture was obtained by taking also into account the water necessary to saturate the aggregates. The mixing was carried out in a horizontal mixer with a maximum capacity of 90 liters. The procedure was adapted during the study, in order to consider the particularly porous and glassy nature of EAFS, which leads to the gradual absorption of water during mixing. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \(q=0.20\) & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\(q=0.15\)} \\ \hline
**EAFS Mixtures** & **8C1** & **8D1** & **FRC\_EAFS** \\ \hline CEM & 194 & 209.2 & 205.8 \\ FA\_2 & 177.1 & 244 & 249.5 \\ Sand 0–2 & 235.9 & 279.5 & 288.5 \\ EAFS 0–4 & 1020.1 & 979.9 & 995.4 \\ EAFS 0–20 & 860.5 & 764.1 & 776.4 \\ \({}^{*}\) SP & 1.51 & 1.63 & 1.61 \\ \({}^{*}\) PL & 1.51 & 1.63 & 1.61 \\ \({}^{*}\) Water & 177.3 & 165.5 & 181.33 \\ RTSF & & & 39.3 \\ \hline \(w/p\)\({}^{(b)}\) & 0.45 & 0.35 & 0.38 \\ \(w/c\) & 0.91 & 0.79 & 0.88 \\ RSS & 0.03 & 0.03 & \\ \% EAFS (a) & 75.6 & 70.4 & 70.4 \\ \% FA (a) & 7.1 & 9.9 & 9.9 \\ \hline \end{tabular} (a) Percentage in weight of solid ingredients. (b) Considers all fine powders with a grain size below 125 \(\mu\)m. \({}^{*}\) Rietveld method.  
\end{table} 
Table 6: Designed EAFS mixtures based on REF2 [kg/m\({}^{3}\) or \({}^{*}\) L/m\({}^{3}\)]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Mixtures** & **Description** \\ \hline REF1 & Reference mixture with a clump class of S3 and a strength class of C30/C37 \\ EAFS2 & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 4–10 and 0–20 \\  & for \(q=0.35\) \\ EAFS3A & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4, 4–10 and 0–20 for \(q=0.35\) \\ EAFS3B & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4, 4–10 and 0–20 for \(q=0.25\) \\ EAFS4 & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–0.5, 0.5–4, 4–10, 10–14 and 14–20 for \(q=0.25\) \\ EAFS5C & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–0.5, 0.5–4, 4–10, 10–14 and 14–20 for \(q=0.25\) \\ EAFS6 & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–20 for \(q=0.35\) \\ EAFS8B & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4 and 0–20 for \(q=0.25\) \\ EAFS8C & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4 and 0–20 for \(q=0.20\) \\ EAFS8D & Mixture based on REF1 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4 and 0–20 for \(q=0.15\) \\ REF2 & Reference mixture with a clump class of S4 and a strength class of C25/C30 \\ EAFS8C1 & Mixture based on REF2 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4 and 0–20 for \(q=0.20\) (low cement amount) \\ EAFS8D1 & Mixture based on REF2 with EAFS aggregate size fraction of 0–4 and 0–20 for \(q=0.15\) (low cement amount) \\ FRC\_EAFS & EAFS8D1 mixture with the incorporation of RTSF \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Description of the abbreviations adopted to designate the mixtures performed. Before the mixing process was started the mixer was moistened, so that it would not absorb part of the mixing water. After this, the mixing process was started, where the mixture constituents were added in phases. Initially, the aggregates (coarse and fine) were added in a decreasing diameter sequence, and then the water required to saturate the aggregates (approximately 1/3 of the total water of the mixture) was added. Mixing was carried out for 3 min more, until the aggregates were saturated, and the mixture was homogeneous. The fine materials and additions were then added to the mixer, and the remaining water and admixtures were added continuously for about 3 min with the mixer running. The mixing process was then allowed to continue for an additional period of 5 min.