# Algorithms Utilized for Creep Analysis in Torque Transducers for Wind Turbines
## 1 Introduction  
Wind energy has increased in popularity as a clean and sustainable source of electricity in recent years [1, 2, 3]. It is even more pronounced with the retreat from fossil fuels that is being amplified by ecological policies and strategies [4]. As new policies encourage the diversification of energy sources, this requires the development of new technologies and the intensification of research to improve existing ones. Energy acquired from wind has become a popular area of research, and wind turbines are a key element in power generation. It has become larger, more efficient, and more cost-effective, making wind power an increasingly important option for meeting energy needs [5, 6]. Torque transducers are vital components in wind energy applications, facilitating the precise measurement and control of rotational forces within wind turbines. Sensitivity, range, accuracy, reliability, durability, and response time stand as key parameters for effective transducer selection. To assess the suitability of a torque transducer for dynamic or high-precision tasks, such as in the wind energy sector, its creep behavior must be known. This information can be used to optimize wind turbine performance by adjusting its operation based on changing wind conditions. Creep behavior refers to the gradual change in a material's deformation over time when subjected to a constant load. For torque transducers, creep can affect their accuracy and performance. For this reason, the calibration of torque transducers corresponding to creep measurements must be carried out [7, 8, 9, 10]. Studies have shown that the largest indications of the force transducer [11] and the torque transducer [12] in the first seconds of testing are most likely due to the mechanical properties of the materials from which the transducer is built. Due to the elastic effect of the force transducer components (elastic material and strain gauges), there are slight changes in the output signal with constant force caused by creep. This effect is essential not only in long measurements, where the low creep value is very important, but also in short-term measurements. Creep error may be affected by, among others, the design of the force transducer and the elements of which it is built, the used forcetransducer electric cable, the measuring meter, the measurement axis, and the construction of the reference station itself. Algorithms have emerged as powerful tools for analyzing and interpreting data obtained from torque transducers in wind energy applications. These algorithms enable the identification and quantification of creep, a phenomenon that can significantly impact the accuracy and reliability of torque measurements. By employing advanced algorithms, researchers can analyze the data collected from torque transducers to detect and correct for creep effects. These algorithms enable the estimation of true torque values by compensating for the creep-induced errors, thus enhancing the accuracy and reliability of torque measurements. One notable algorithm employed in creep study analysis is the Kalman filter. The Kalman filter, a recursive estimator, is widely employed in creep study analysis and has been successfully applied to analyze and compensate for creep effects in torque measurements from transducers used in wind energy applications [13]. Another algorithm that has shown promise in creep study analysis is the artificial neural network (ANN). ANNs are computational models that mimic biological neural networks and can accurately estimate true torque values in wind turbines by learning and recognizing complex patterns in the data and separating creep-induced errors [14; 15; 16]. Through the utilization of AI algorithms, researchers can create advanced models to analyze and forecast the effects of creep behavior on torque measurements, enhancing calibration and compensation techniques for improved accuracy and reliability in transducers employed in wind energy applications. This work focuses on torque transducer creep testing.