esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Pose-Driven Body Shape Prediction Algorithm Based on the Conditional GAN
## 2 Related Works
### Research on Body Shape Generation Models  
In general, parametric models are used to generate unclothed body shapes from 2D images. Well-known parametric models employed in research studies include Shape Completion and Animation of PEople (SCAPE) and Skinned Multi-Person Linear (SMPL) model body parameters [39; 40].  
The SCAPE model estimates a naked body shape by matching the pose of a person in a single RGB image to a SCAPE model [25]. However, studies using the SCAPE model suffer from the limited pose range of the model, which requires the subject to assume a precise pose in their photos. Furthermore, the generated body shape may be excessively smooth. To solve these challenges, researchers created body shapes using SMPL, a body joint point parameter model [28; 30; 41]. Deep learning approaches are used by SMPL researchers to extract body joint locations from photos. To generate a body shape, the extracted body joint points are matched with the optimal SMPL parameters, and a pre-trained body shape template is output. This process of personalizing body models continues to be an active area of research, with recent studies exploring advanced mesh morphing techniques to generate personalized human body models from baseline templates such as VIVA+ by using statistical models such as SMPL and OSSO [42]. However, these approaches are disadvantaged by the computing time required to optimize and recreate the SMPL parameters.  
Past research studies on unclothed body shape generation and body shape creation suffered from high camera costs for data collection, poor accuracy due to different clothing shapes, and extensive computational times of optimization with parametric models [43]. In this study, we propose a low-cost method for inferring the unclothed body shape from a single 2D image, where the method is not hampered by the shape of the clothing [44; 45].
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Cellular Viability by MTT Assay  
The cytotoxicity of the HRBE was determined by the MTT assay. HT-29, SW-620 and PCS-201-010 cell lines were seeded at 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{4}\) cells/mL in 96-well plates for 24 h. The next day, cells were treated with different concentrations of HRBE (0-10,000 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) and mitomycin C (0-100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The untreated cells (0 mg/mL) were considered as negative control, while the mitomycin C was considered as the positive control. To harvest, MTT solution was added and incubated for 4 h at 37 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolCelsius}\) for the formazan. Next, the excess of MTT solution was carefully removed and replaced by 100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro m}\) DMSO to dissolve formazan crystals. Absorbance was then measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 570 nm (Biotek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) [11]. The percentage of cell viability was quantified using following formula and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC\({}_{50}\)) was calculated.  
\[\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\mathrm{Cell}\mathrm{viability}=\frac{\mathrm{Absorbance}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{sample}}{\mathrm{Absorbance}\mathrm{of}\mathrm{control}}\ \times\ 100\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g} \tag{2}\]  
As HRBE demonstrated the lower IC\({}_{50}\) value in SW-620 cell line, we used only SW-620 to confirm the cell apoptosis in the next assay.
# A Conceptual Design of Deployable Antenna Mechanisms
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Hierarchical Composition--Twelve Bays Composed of Three Mechanisms
#### 2.2.2 Single Pantograph Mechanism  
The single pantograph mechanism is composed of two links and one joint, as depicted in Figure 2b. It is connected to the joints located at the top and bottom parts of the 6-bar linkage mechanism, and constrains the degrees of freedom of the two links attached to the 6-bar linkage mechanism. The single pantograph mechanism is passively moved by the 6-bar linkage mechanism. Similar to a double pantograph, the folding ratio of the  
Figure 2: Working principle of the primary mechanisms. (**a**) Once the driving joint moves along vertical direction, the upper net fixed joints of the 6-bar linkage mechanism exhibit a particular kinematic trajectory. (**b**) As the driving joint moves vertically, the connecting joint of the single pantograph mechanism exhibits arc-trajectories, shown in blue. (**c**) The V-folding mechanism is coupled with 6-bar linkage and single pantograph mechanisms, and the V-folding joints move along a particular trajectory, shown in green. (Note that the pink-colored dashed lines indicate the movement of the driving joint along vertical direction, and the solid lines indicate kinematic trajectories of each mechanism).  
pantograph is determined by its initial height. Specifically, the higher the initial height, the greater the folding ratio of the structure due to inherent characteristics of the pantograph mechanism. In our approach, to achieve weight reduction, a single pantograph mechanism at the bottom of the entire structure is employed.  
To obtain the synchronized operation (where the displacement of each bay moves uniformly), each mechanism should be constrained to a single degree of freedom (DOF = \(\sum 3(n_{L}-1)-2n_{I}\)). Although the 6-bar linkage mechanism, composed of six joints and linkages, is capable of three degrees of freedom, the two links (driving joint and bottom net fixed joint) connected to the single pantograph mechanism are constrained to move only along the horizontal direction. As a result, the degree of freedom for the bay, composed of the 6-bar linkage mechanism and the single pantograph mechanism, is constrained to one. In parallel, by coupling twelve bays along the radial direction, the morphology of the deployable antenna features a dodecagon via a closed loop.
## 3 Analysis of Test Results
### Conventional Test
#### 3.1.2 Softening Point  
The softening point test results of asphalt mastic under the action of temperature and humidity coupling cycles are shown in Figure 6.  
From Figure 6, it can be seen that under the same cycle temperature range, with the increase in the number of temperature and humidity coupling cycles, the softening point of SBS-modified asphalt mastic changes minimally and does not show a consistent pattern of change, which correlates with related research results. This indicates that it  
Figure 6: Softening point results of SBS-modified asphalt mastics under different conditions.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Temperature Range** & **15 \({}^{\circ}\)C Shear Strength Increment** & **40 \({}^{\circ}\)C Shear Strength Increment** \\ \hline \(-20\)–\(60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & 47.54\% & 50.9\% \\ \(-20\)–\(40\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & 36.32\% & 18.1\% \\ \(0\)–\(60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & 32.05\% & 45.7\% \\ \(0\)–\(60\)\({}^{\circ}\)C & 24.35\% & 15.7\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Increment of shear strength at different temperature ranges.  
is difficult to characterize the possible changes in its high-temperature shape with the softening point. This may be because the change in the softening point of SBS-modified asphalt is determined by the comprehensive action of the SBS modifier and base asphalt. The SBS modifier forms a kind of net structure inside the SBS-modified asphalt mastic, wrapping the asphalt and making the asphalt structure more stable. The temperature and humidity coupling cycle causes less damage to the network structure of the SBS modifier, resulting in insignificant changes in the softening point.
## 4 Discussion
In addition, the light scattering within the clusters might have resulted in a decrease in absorption efficiency of the nanoparticles. In magnetic hyperthermia, the heating efficiencies of the SPIONs and the SPIONs-SIL were apparently similar under our experiment conditions. This can be explained in two ways. One explanation is that the silica coating of individual SPIONs does not have an impact on the mechanisms of heat generation in magnetic hyperthermia. This could be true if the heat generation is mostly due to Neel relaxation. If the heating would mainly be a result of Brownian relaxation, the increase of the nanoparticle volume due to the silica shell would decrease nanoparticle motion and thus reduce Brownian relaxation. Alternatively, our second hypothesis is that Brownian relaxation might have also been slightly hampered, thus resulting in a heating decrease. Nevertheless, this decrease was compensated by the faster heat dissipation of the silica shell, resulting in a comparable heating outcome. In contrast, the heating of MNCs was significantly less efficient in magnetic hyperthermia, where nanoparticle clusters' heating was significantly inhibited, similar to what occurs in endosomes upon nanoparticle internalization by cells [17] and similar to what was reported in other studies comparing the heating of clustered SPIONs [41]. Within the clusters, as among the confined nanoparticles in the endosomes, the interactions between adjacent nanoparticles impair Neel relaxation, resulting in a decreased heating efficiency [17; 41]. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that, with tested nanoparticle architectures, photothermal is more efficient than magnetic hyperthermia. These experimental findings were reached at laser and magnetic field settings that lay within the spectrum of clinical applicability in terms of laser power density and magnetic field frequency, respectively. Conceptualization, S.K. and J.K.-T.; methodology, S.K., C.W. and J.K.-T.; validation, S.K., C.W., M.-P.R. and J.K.-T.; formal analysis, S.N. and C.W. ; investigation, S.N., S.K., C.W., A.A.-H.; resources, S.K. and M.-P.R. ; data curation, S.K. and J.K.-T.; writing--original draft preparation, S.K., C.W. and J.K.-T.; writing--review and editing, S.N., S.K., C.W., A.A.-H., M.-P.R. and J.K.-T.; visualization, S.K. and J.K.-T.; supervision, S.K. and J.K.-T.; funding acquisition, S.K. and M.-P.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was funded by Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) for Young Researcher Scheme (grant number S.N. ; 1000-18-0106), Research Project (grant number J1-7302), Research Core Funding (grant number P2-0089); and by the Plan Cancer project NUMEP (ref. PC201615). **Acknowledgments:** The authors acknowledge the CENN Nanocenter (Ljubljana, Slovenia) for the use of the electron microscope (TEM 2100). MPR and JKT thank [PERSON] for scientific discussions. **Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Challenges in Physical Layer Security for Visible Light Communication Systems
## 3 Vulnerabilities of Physical Layer Security in VLC Systems  
We now present a few examples to more clearly explain possible vulnerabilities of existing PLS schemes in VLC systems. Specifically, we study three examples showing that well-known PLS transmission techniques--i.e., beamforming, artificial jamming, and LED selection--can be overcome by artful eavesdropper behavior.  
In PLS theories, the secrecy capacity \(C_{\text{s}}\) is a fundamental metric relating to the maximum rate a transmitter can send to satisfy the reliability and secrecy [3]. The secrecy capacity is defined as  
\[C_{\text{s}}=\max_{p_{X}}(\mathbb{I}(X;Y)-\mathbb{I}(X;Z))) \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbb{I}(\cdot;\cdot)\) denotes the mutual information. Also, \(p_{X}\) is the input distribution on the transmitted signal \(X\) at the transmitter, and \(Y\) and \(Z\) denote the signals observed at the legitimate user and the eavesdropper, respectively. On the other hand, when the instantaneous CSI of an eavesdropper is not available at the transmitter, while only its statistical information is possible, a secrecy outage probability (SOP) is used as a primary security performance metric instead of the secrecy capacity [17]. The SOP is defined as the likelihood that the instantaneous secrecy capacity \(C_{\text{s}}\) is less than a threshold value \(C_{\text{thr}}\), i.e., \(P_{\text{S}}O=\mathbb{P}(C_{\text{s}}\leq C_{\text{th}})\). Since this paper discusses the secrecy performance in the presence of a passive eavesdropper whose CSI is assumed to be unavailable at the transmitter, we utilize the SOP (with setting \(C_{\text{th}}=0\)) to measure the secrecy performance in the following subsections.
# Interaural Level Difference Optimization of Binaural Ambisonic Rendering
## 4 Perceptual Evaluation  
To assess the perceptual effect of AIO in binaural Ambisonic rendering, two listening tests were conducted, corresponding to simple acoustic scenes and complex acoustic scenes. In this paper, a simple scene refers to a sound scene with a single point source at a fixed location and distance, and a complex scene refers to a sound scene with multiple sources of varying source widths, locations, and distances. Simple scenes are appropriate for evaluating the finer perceptual differences between audio systems in highly controlled listening scenarios, whereas complex scenes are appropriate for simulating a listening scenario closer to real-life. As the objective evaluation showed AIO to produce the most notable effects for low-order Ambisonics (in particular, \(M=1\) and \(M=2\)), the perceptual evaluation focused on low-order (\(M<5\)) rendering.  
Listening tests were conducted on 18 participants aged between 23 to 71. The demographic followed 14 male, 3 female, 1 non-binary. All reported normal hearing as in accordance with ISO Standard 389 [48] and prior critical listening experience, which was deemed sufficient if the participant had education or employment in audio or music engineering.
# Diagnosis of the Multiepitope Protein rMLEEISH3 for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Expression and Purification of rMELEISH3  
Chemocompetent cells of _Escherichia coli_ BL21(\(\lambda\)DE3) strains pLysS and pLysE were prepared by washing with 0.1 M CaCl2 and stored in 15% glycerol at \(-80\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Transformation of cells with the vector was performed by heat shock at 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 90 s, followed by incubation in Luria--Bertani (LB) broth at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h. Treated cells were plated on LB agar medium containing ampicillin (100 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/mL) and incubated for 16 to 18 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Transformed colonies were grown to \(\sim\)0.6 \(\mathrm{OD}_{600}\) in LB broth containing ampicillin, and recombinant protein expression was induced with 1 mM isopropyl \(\beta\)-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) under incubation for 24 h at 17 or 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Cell suspension samples collected before and after induction were centrifuged, and the pellets analyzed. To evaluate protein expression, cells were lysed by sonication, centrifuged, and the soluble and insoluble fractions were subjected separately to 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamideamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Coomassieie brilliant blue staining. Recombinant protein expression was confirmed by Western blotting (WB) of the proteins separated from both fractions on nitrocellulose membranes and immunodetection with anti-His antibodies. The His-tagged recombinant tobacco etch virus (TEV) protein, known to contain the histidine tag at its N-terminus, was used as a positive control for the detection of the His epitope.  
Recombinant rMELEISH3 was purified by resolubilizing the insoluble protein fraction in denaturing lysis buffer containing 6 M urea and separating the His-tagged protein by affinity chromatography on nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) resin under denaturing conditions. Fractions eluted with 200 mM imidazole were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and dialyzed in 10 mM ammonium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 8.0) at 4 \({}^{\circ}\)C using a 2 kDa pore membrane. The buffer was changed several times until the solution appeared translucent. The concentration of purified rMELEISH3 was determined by the Bradford method with bovine serum albumin (BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as a standard [18].
## 3 Results
### Development Intensity and Construction Rhythm Reflected by Urban Impervious Surface Evolution  
Figure 11 shows, using Beijing as an example, correlation analysis between ISC change values and EVI change values at the grid scale, revealing the spatial coupling relationship between urbanization processes and ecological vulnerability (Figure 11a). By calculating the Pearson correlation coefficients of the change differences between ISC and EVI from 2005 to 2018, positive and negative correlation regions with spatial heterogeneity were obtained. Two typical representative areas were selected for further analysis: the Temple of Heaven park area (correlation coefficient +0.6, \(p<0.001\)) and the Capital Airport area (correlation coefficient \(-0.5\), \(p<0.001\)). Our correlation analysis was conducted using all available grid cells within each study area over the 2005-2020 period, resulting in large sample sizes (n > 1000 for each area) that ensure high statistical power. The former shows a positive correlation, indicating that the increase in impervious surfaces is accompanied by the alleviation of ecological vulnerability; the latter exhibits significant negative correlation, indicating that the increase in urban construction intensity is highly coupled with ecosystem degradation.  
show three change dimension layers of ISC within the above two areas: change magnitude, change year, and change duration, to characterize the intensity, timing, and process characteristics of urban construction. The change magnitude layer reflects the cumulative increment of impervious surface coverage proportion in each pixel. In the Capital Airport area, change magnitude values are significantly higher than in the Temple of Heaven area, indicating that it has experienced large-scale land development and hardening processes. The impervious surface increase in the Temple of Heaven area is relatively small, indicating that its surface changes are mainly concentrated in green space restoration and structural adjustment. The change year layer reveals the specific temporal distribution of urbanization activities, showing obvious spatial agglomeration patterns. As shown in the figure, impervious expansion in the airport area mainly occurred between 2008 and 2015, corresponding to the concentrated period of large-scale infrastructure construction, while the Temple of Heaven area shows earlier, scattered change characteristics. The change duration layer records the number of years each pixel experienced in transforming from non-impervious to impervious surface, reflecting the continuity and rhythm of construction activities. The airport area generally shows rapid, short-term (\(\leq\)3 years) development characteristics, indicating that its urbanization process exhibits explosive characteristics, while the Temple of Heaven area shows longer change duration periods in local pixels, suggesting the existence of multi-stage urban intervention activities, such as green space reconstruction and chronic expansion.
# Air-Based Contactless Wafer Precision Positioning System
## 7 Conclusions  
The push for thinner and larger wafers has substantially increased the need for contactless handling of the substrates. The Flowerbed and other concepts were developed for this purpose using an air-bearing concept. This paper has presented an air-bearing contactless wafer handling system where the wafer's position is sensed without any alterations to the wafer.  
The performance of the inner loop has been improved from 233 Hz to 300 Hz by improving the controller. This is an improvement of almost 30 percent compared to previously published results [13]. The inner loop creates a stable platform for the outer loop controller which controls the position of the wafer. External disturbances are handled in the inner loop, since the air does not transmit the vibrations from the floor.  
With the use of three charge-coupled devices (CCD) the position of the wafer could be measured by detecting the edge of the wafer. This is done without any alteration of the wafer. The CCD sensors have a resolution of 5.5 um.  
Due to the unforeseen lowering of the pneumatic gain than attained in previous studies, the bandwidth for control has not been improved. However, the wafer has been controlled using the new sensor's design, resulting in a bandwidth of 10 Hz. The wafer can be positioned with a high accuracy of 13 um RMS, which is under 3 resolution counts of the sensor. This showcases the high precision positioning capability of the Flowerbed.  
Further improvement of the inner loop could be achieved without redesign of the actuator. This improvement can be made by laminating the mover such that the effect from the eddy currents is removed. If lamination is not an option switching to flux feedback could remove the effect from the eddy currents, which are lowering the phase and thus the bandwidth. Additionally, decoupling filters could be used to improve the closed-loop sensitivity function of the inner loop. However, even in the current state the inner loop is no longer limiting the performance of the outer loop.  
The resolution of the CCD could be improved to sub-micrometre resolution using sub-pixel interpolation techniques. Additionally, using improved data acquisition hardware it is possible to increase the sampling frequency of the current CCD from 320 Hz to 1.2 kHz.  
Conceptualization, all; methodology, R.H., N.S. and S.H.H.; software, R.H. and N.S.; validation, R.H., N.S., S.H.H. and R.A.J.v.O.; investigation, R.H.; writing--original draft preparation, R.H. and N.S.; writing--review and editing, all; supervision, R.A.J.v.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Echocardiography in the Diagnosis and Management of Tricuspid Atresia
## 5 Echo-Doppler Studies Following Palliative/Corrective Interventions
### Echocardiographic Evaluation Following Completion of Fontan
HV, hepatic veins; LPA, left pulmonary artery; PG, pigtail catheter in the descending aorta; RPA, right pulmonary artery. Modified from [PERSON], _[PERSON] J Pediatr_, 2015; 82:1147-56 [36]. Figure 40:7 Selected video frames from suprasternal notch view, demonstrating low Doppler flow velocity across superior vena cava (SVC), bidirectional Glenn shunt and the conduit. Low Doppler flow velocity across the SVC, Glenn and the conduit indicates unobstructed Glenn component of the Fontan. In addition to the complications listed in the section on \"Echocardiographic Evaluation of Interstage Issues\", a number of other complications, namely, obstructed Fontan pathways, persistent shunts, thrombus formation (Figures 58 and 59), mitral insufficiency (Figure 36), systemic venous to pulmonary venous collateral vessels, and others [36; 37; 38], may occur during follow up after Fontan. The echocardiographic should be mindful of these complications and search for them, although not all of them can be detected by echocardiographic studies. Figure 40:8 Selected video frames from apical four chamber view, demonstrating the position of the Amplatzer device (D) (arrows in (**A**,**B**)). No residual shunt is seen (**B**). C, conduit. See Figure 57 for the angiographic counterpart. Figure 40:9 Selected cineangiographic frames in antero–posterior view, demonstrating Stage IIIA of the Fontan procedure: diverting the inferior vena caval (IVC) flow into the pulmonary arteries via a nonvalve conduit (Cond). Note the fenestration (Fen) shown by the arrow in (**a**) The Fen is closed with an Amplatzer device (D), shown by the arrow in (**b**) (Stage IIIB). HV, hepatic veins; LPA, left pulmonary artery; RPA, right pulmonary artery. Reproduced from Reference [36]. While the echo-Doppler studies are helpful in ensuring adequacy of the Fontan procedure in most patients, poor echo windows may sometimes prevent adequate evaluation and in such situations, other imaging studies (MRI, CT), including angiography, may be required.