# Real-Time Anomaly Detection in Cold Chain Transportation Using IoT Technology
## 5 Discussion  
The development of real-time IoT monitoring systems for perishable food transportation provides a vast number of managerial opportunities for supply chain personnel. With the availability of real-time data giving insights into the transportation conditions of perishable stock, logistics managers of agri-food businesses can perform pro-active data-driven business decisions if anomalies occur. However, to date, most systems rely on either the manual human monitoring of data or device-specific platforms (Android [70], Windows operating system [55] or RFID reader [56]) to detect anomalies. The real-time anomaly detection system presented in this work mitigates both of these restrictions. The system has been shown to provide intelligent anomaly alerting based on vehicle motion and temperature threshold abuse. In addition to the trip-based alerting, to aid in minimising false warnings, the developed system accounts for detection anomalies by requiring two readings in a row to broach the threshold before sending the alert. Compared to other studies in the field, this paper has shown a fully implemented IoT system with a real-time monitoring application accessible on any device and a platform agnostic warning system if anomalies are detected during cold chain transportation. Companies are typically concerned about whether IoT can work well with their business process, strategic management, and supply chain flow, as well as preceding information systems. However, the proposed system overcomes these compatibility requirements that can act as a blocker toward technology implementation by adopting a framework available for mobile and computer devices. On the other hand, the platform agnostic warning system proposed can also handle the data complexity challenge. IoT monitoring technologies involves a vast data processing throughout its usage that requires not only skilled and knowledgeable users but also facilitating conditions in terms of data management such as tools and networks. In this study, a user-friendly dashboard is used, as shown in Figure 3. In addition, while this paper validates the IoT RTAD system with a food wholesaler, the platform has been designed in an agnostic manner allowing it to be expanded to various logistics applications. The anomaly detection system provides real-time information to logistics personnel, allowing them to redirect produce, if required, to a closer depot or a different business customer, resulting in the reduced spoilage or wastage of food stuffs. There are additional managerial benefits of implementing this IoT monitoring technology which should not be overlooked. As well as the economic and environmental impact that reducing food spoilage has on a business, IoT monitoring technologies increase the cold chain security and integrity. This leads to better client trust and relationships as there is a single source of truth allowing any stakeholder in the supply chain to refer back to the conditions that shipments have been exposed to. In addition, researchers and practitioners agree that IoT-enabled supply chain gains more benefits, including real-time information sharing, cost reduction, efficiency, transparency, traceability, and sustainability, than the one lagging disruptive technology. However, the literature suggests some factors affecting IoT adoption in food supply chain management. Potential IoT adopters are still concerned by the hardware and infrastructure needed to deploy IoT technology in their supply chain management [84]. IoT adoption must be followed by providing tools, sensors, gateways, mobile devices, protocols, applications, and connectivity to establish an environment that facilitates information sharing among all stakeholders, and some companies cannot afford to build and maintain such an IoT environment. The cost of adopting IoT remains a top challenge for the industry, making it another vital factor to be considered.