## 5 Barriers  
The fast proliferation of IoT technology introduces a multifaceted set of issues across several disciplines. Resource consumption is a significant problem since the extensive manufacture of IoT devices hastens the depletion of scarce raw resources, hence exacerbating sustainability and availability concerns [116]. The environmental impact of these devices is exacerbated by their energy-intensive operation, which may considerably increase ecological footprints, with long-term impacts remaining mostly undetermined. The proliferation of IoT devices will further intensify electronic waste issues, with existing poor recycling rates highlighting the need for improved waste management solutions. Challenges related to integration and infrastructure, such as the effective amalgamation of various sensors and the establishment of robust network infrastructure, are crucial for the successful implementation of IoT systems. Security vulnerabilities provide a significant problem since security concerns in IoT networks, including unauthorized access and data breaches, offer hazards that need the implementation of stringent security policies [117]. The implementation of IoT in poor countries encounters technical barriers, including inadequate infrastructure and a lack of standardization, leading to compatibility challenges and inconsistent device performance. These areas also encounter social barriers since extensive rural populations lack access to essential infrastructure such as power and telephones, which are crucial for IoT systems. Moreover, policy barriers arise from the lack of regulatory frameworks, which undermines consumer trust, particularly around security and privacy concerns. Financial barriers further restrict the adoption of IoT technologies, requiring innovative models such as pay-as-you-go (PAYG) to mitigate the financial gap, while environmental barriers, including unreliable power supplies and severe weather conditions, compromise the sustainability of IoT systems in these regions. Interoperability is a significant concern since diverse IoT devices and communication protocols must interact flawlessly [118], a challenge exacerbated by differing infrastructures and standards [119]. The absence of shared infrastructures and open-source platforms hinders development and integration efforts. The absence of uniform standards across diverse devices hinders efficient data sharing. Furthermore, security challenges escalate with enhanced connection, rendering devices vulnerable to unauthorized access and data breaches, while storage management [120]. must evolve to efficiently manage the substantial volumes of data produced by IoT systems. It is essential to address these challenges for the future scalability and success of IoT technology. The advancement of IoT technology encounters several obstacles that impede its progression. A major difficulty is the absence of interoperability and adherence to standards across suppliers [118]. To resolve this problem, entities such as the European Research Cluster on the IoT (IERC), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) advocate for interoperability events to ensure adherence to established standards. Security problems are an impediment to the advancement of IoT technology, especially within industrial settings [121]. The integration of IoT technologies with monitoring systems in legacy manufacturing equipment might create vulnerabilities and hazards that need thorough assessment and classification. Creatingsecure IoT-enabled monitoring systems for machine tools is essential for maintaining the integrity of production processes. Furthermore, the adoption of IoT technology across several sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and smart homes, is affected by variables such as perceived danger and financial cost [122; 123; 124]. Enhancing access to healthcare services with IoT technology may mitigate some issues and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery.