## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Variables**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Urban (n = 264)**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Rural (n = 337)**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Post-Hoc**} \\ \cline{2-2} \cline{5-6}  & **Pre (a)** & **Post (b)** & **Pre (c)** & **Post (d)** & \\ \hline
50m run (sec) & 10.21 \(\pm\) 1.08 & 9.99 \(\pm\) 1.06 & 10.34 \(\pm\) 1.38 & 9.88 \(\pm\) 1.40 & \textless{}0.001 & a \textgreater{} b, c, d \\ MPA (min/week) & 147.34 \(\pm\) 173.1 & 176.66 \(\pm\) 258.6 & 143.60 \(\pm\) 177.5 & 201.0 \(\pm\) 325.4 & 0.019 & d \textgreater{} a, c \\ VPA (min/week) & 101.06 \(\pm\) 151.9 & 129.93 \(\pm\) 241.1 & 79.63 \(\pm\) 127.3 & 106.04 \(\pm\) 227.4 & 0.008 & b \textgreater{} c \\ MVPA (min/week) & 248.40 \(\pm\) 280.9 & 305.60 \(\pm\) 454.5 & 223.22 \(\pm\) 259.3 & 307.03 \(\pm\) 480.9 & 0.009 & d \textgreater{} c \\ \hline \end{tabular} Values are presented as mean \(\pm\) standard deviation. BMI; body mass index, MPA; moderate physical activity, VPA; vigorous physical activity, MVPA; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.  
\end{table} 
Table 4: _Cont._Our study found that urban and rural students were given equal opportunities. A preliminary study of health behaviors among urban and rural students in the Republic of Korea revealed that urban students reported higher participation in VPA than rural students [28]. In this study, we examined the body composition, physical fitness, and physical activity of male and female adolescents from urban and rural locations. For males and females, physical activity was higher among those in urban regions before the ICT intervention. After 24 weeks, male and female adolescents exhibited an increase in MPA, VPA, and MVPA, with a significant increase in MPA for rural adolescents and a significant increase in MVPA for rural female adolescents. PA availability was positively associated with physical fitness for urban and rural adolescents. In contrast, screen time was negatively associated with PA and physical fitness, especially for rural students. In addition, factors promoting PA frequency included the availability of PA time and parental education; parental PA habits positively influenced PA for urban students [29]. This study also found that urban students performed more physical activity than rural students before the intervention, but rural students displayed a higher increase. This  
Figure 3: Physical activity differences after 24 weeks. MPA; moderate physical activity, VPA; vigorous physical activity, MVPA; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. ***\(p<0.001\). result is a signature feature of ICT, as it can transcend space and time to provide the same information to urban and rural adolescents. In addition, the body composition and physical fitness of urban and rural students were unexpectedly different. Previous studies report that rural students have lower physical fitness and body composition levels than urban students [30; 31; 32]. In this study, we found that urban male and female adolescents were significantly smaller than their rural counterparts before the intervention but grew similarly after 24 weeks. Regarding physical fitness, urban male and female adolescents outperformed rural adolescents in the 20 m shuttle run and 50 m run but exhibited lower scores in the sit-and-reach, grip strength, sit-ups, and long jump. Although there were differences between these groups, ICT-based health promotion services for 24 weeks achieved physical improvement in urban and rural adolescents. The present study acknowledges some limitations. First, the questionnaire used was a standard survey to measure physical activity, but it exhibits low objectivity. Second, urban and rural areas were classified by population. This classification is insufficient for the infrastructure survey, which is an environmental aspect. The group also did not have a control group. This should be considered in future studies. Finally, ICT-based health promotion service wearable devices were used, but the participants' biometric signal information was not obtained.