# Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities
## 1 Introduction
This automatic lighting system switch the light on and off with respect to light intensity of outdoor environment and movement of the objects. Additionally, the defection in lighting system is also reported to the respective electric authority through wireless communication. As the population is rising in urban cities, the significance of enhancing the infrastructure with minimum complexity and maximum benefits. To date, the individual systems are being implementing in smart cities for light controlling, environmental (temperature, humidity) parameters monitoring, camera for counting of vehicles on the road and also for security surveillance. Therefore, when thelighting system is integrating with multiple applications, it assists city administrative to monitoring things such as temperature, humidity, security, traffic flow, etc., with a single system. The single system is presented as a smart lamppost. For example, if the smart lamppost is integrating with security camera and if the security camera is integrating with communication and intelligence capability, then it senses the situation and sends visuals to the emergency unit and switches on the light for aiding. The motivation of the study comes from the above studies, where the hybrid-based framework can be implemented in lampposts for delivering a multitude of applications to the citizens in the urban cities. The multitude of applications including air quality monitoring, automate lighting intensity system, Wi-Fi hotspots, electric vehicle charging ports, etc., and the streetlamps enable the establishment of a novel lighting system termed as a smart lamppost. The future of streetlamps that provides flexible services to the citizens of the urban environment is possible with smart lampposts [18]. The advancement in sensor and communication technology is providing an opportunity to design and implement a smart lamppost that can automatically adjust light intensity, provides a Wi-Fi hotspot, and displays weather data, traffic signage, video surveillance, EV charging, and solar-based energy sources [19]. Additionally, the integration of digitalized technology such as IoT in smart lampposts empowers us to obtain the sensor information regarding environment data, traffic data, number of vehicles, and passengers crossing across the lamppost on the server [20]. The contributions of this study are as follows:  
1. IoT server assisted fog and edge-based architecture is proposed for smart lampposts. 2. Smart lampposts are integrated with low power and long-range communication, i.e., Long-Range, enabling the smart lamppost to communicate the sensory data to a long-range. 3. LoRa is integrated with a Wi-Fi module for establishing the interconnection between the smart lamppost and IoT server. 4. The proposed architecture is broad perspective; we have designed and implemented three components, namely, lighting system, environment parameter monitoring and image sensing in real time environment. 5. A hybrid system is implemented for monitoring the lighting system, environment parameter monitoring and, moreover, the sensing values of these components are plotted in the graph. 6. Master and slave controller-based mechanism is implemented for the intercommunicating the components of smart lampposts. 7. A proteus simulation is performed for the smart lighting system. 8. The working of developed image sensing prototype based on ESP 32 is also discussed in the study with real-time implementation results. The structure of the article is organized as follows: Section 2 covers the related works and overview of IoT and nearby technologies. The proposed architecture of the smart lamppost is covered in Section 3. Section 4 covers the hardware and software description. Section 5 covers simulation. Results are covered in Section 6 and the article concludes in Section 7.