# A Review of the T-Stub Components for the Analysis of Bolted Moment Joints
## 3 Experimental Testing  
Experimental tests obtain the most reliable and accurate information of the T-stub component behaviour [2]. However, developing the experimental tests for typical routine designs is expensive. Therefore, the experimental results are mostly reserved for research schemes [28]. Appendix A contains relevant information of the T-stubs studied by some of the authors that are presented in this review. In 1965, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [3] did various monotonic experimental tests of the three most common moment connections to study their performance, design, and use on plastically designed structures. Although the investigation studied three different configurations, the T-stub connection was more studied than the end plate connection. This research work divided the investigation into five main parts:  
1. The T-stub web-to-beam flange. 2. T-stub to column connection. 3. Assembled T-stub connection, end plate connection. 4. End plate connection
5. Suggested a method for the design (semi-empirical model). Part 2 studied the T-stub flange in the tension zone and the prying force's effect on the tension bolt. As a result of this, the authors concluded that the prying force increased the tension bolt force and identified the importance of the material strain hardening, as well [3]. In 1974, [PERSON] et al. [29] studied by experimental testing the bolts that are subject to tension and prying actions. The tests that were performed were divided into three: testsof single bolt connections, static tests of T-connections and fatigue tests of T-connections. The tests of single bolts connections were performed by applying the tension load in several cycles. The static tests of T-connections were conducted on two types of connection which were designated by the letters U (only the ultimate load was measured) and S (the behaviour of the connection under lower levels of load was also studied). The fatigue tests of the T-stub were conducted, and the failure of the connection was defined as the complete fracture of one or more bolts. However, if the failure had not occurred until the number of test cycles was greater than 3,000,000, the experiment was terminated. Also in 1974, [PERSON] [30] performed a series of tests at the Stevin Laboratory of the Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands to validate a design method for the tension side of statically loaded, bolted beam-to-column joints (T-stub connection and end-plate connection). In this research, four tests were executed to study the T-stub connection, see Figure 17a, and the failure modes were divided into two mechanisms (mechanism A and B, respectively). Mechanism A is governed by the bolt fracture, and two possibilities can develop. One is produced when the bolt fails, and the T-stub flange does not reach the yielding stress (it is equivalent to the EC failure mode 3), and the other is characterised by some yielding in the T-stub flange and the failure of the bolt (similar to the EC failure mode 2). Mechanism B is characterised by the yielding of the flange, and the prying force reaches the maximum value (similar to EC failure mode 1). On the other hand, the tests performed to study the T-stub flange to the column connection were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of nineteen tests that were executed to check the theory of the effective length, see Figure 17b. The second group consisted of five tests to check the philosophy that the design method of T-stubs can be applied to analyse the column flange, see Figure 17c. Furthermore, the research was focused on determining the serviceability limits for the design method. Therefore,  
Figure 17: (**a**) T-stub connection test; (**b**) test to check the effective length; (**c**) test to check the philosophy of T-stub on to column flange; (**d**) test to check the serviceability [30]. twenty-three whole joints were tested (seventeen T-stub connections and six end-plate connection), see Figure 17d.