esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Cascade Experiments
### Cascade Correlation  
From minutely examining the test results presented in [15], it was found that the turbine cascades operate under a much broader range of circulation parameters than that under which the compressor cascade correlation was obtained [11]. The reason is mainly due to the much higher flow turning angle observed in turbine cascades. This fact suggests that the extrapolation of compressor cascade correlation may not be relied for turbine cascades. Otherwise the correlation near the null value of circulation parameter has to be trusted on compressor cascade data, as it is not possible to be evaluated from turbine cascade data. A new slope coefficient relating the maximum surface velocity ratio with respect to the circulation parameter \(\Delta V_{u}/(\sigma V_{1}/C)\) is then obtained from test data [15], as demonstrated in Figure 1. The modification proposed in this work is to change both the slope coefficient and the circulation parameter from the original Balje formulation [11], while retaining the variation with blade thickness to chord ratio \(d_{max}/C\), according to Equation (3):  
\[\frac{V_{s,max}}{V_{1}}=1+0.9\frac{d_{max}}{C}+1.4\frac{\Delta V_{u}}{\sigma V _{1}/c} \tag{3}\]  
After calculating an equivalent diffusion factor from the proposed correlation, the near design incidence set of [PERSON] and [PERSON] experiments are shown to be satisfactorily matched to [PERSON] momentum thickness correlation (Figure 2). The contribution of the cascade correlation stated in Equation (3) is to bridge the gap between the boundary layer loss model and the velocity diagrams. This way the proposed methodology supports the loss estimation of axial turbine blade cascades to be achieved simply from the specified upstream and downstream velocity vectors and from some blade geometric parameters, which must be estimated for the specified axial solidity, notably the stagger angle, the mean-line curvature length to chord ratio and the maximum blade thickness-to-chord ratio.  
Figure 1: Linear correlation of maximum surface velocity ratio with circulation parameter for cascade test data [15].
# An Automatic Detection Method for Cutting Path of Chips in Wafer
## 5 Conclusions  
The cutting path planning of wafer images without Mark points proposes a cutting path localization algorithm using the interlayer as an auxiliary location. In the calculation process, the grayscale distribution rule and self-characteristics of the image are fully considered. Due to the factors of the working environment and wafer quality, the grayscale distribution of the image is not uniform, and the interlayer is not prominent. Therefore, the image is pretreated by brightness calibration. By analyzing the frequency domain characteristics of the chip region, the chip position is determined by using a template matching algorithm based on frequency domain correlation calculation, and the wafer cutting path is determined by searching for the interlayer. Through the positioning experiment of the cutting path, the following conclusions are obtained:  
1. Through brightness calibration of wafer images in different categories, the gray distribution of different wafer images is roughly the same, highlighting the frequency domain and interlayer of the chip region, improving the quality of images and the accuracy and stability of matching results.
2. The experimental results show that the template matching algorithm based on frequency domain correlation is better than the traditional template matching algorithm in terms of matching accuracy, stability, and real-time performance.
3. Removing the abnormal discrete points marking the position of the interlayer can improve the positioning accuracy of the cutting path. Before and after removal, the fitting accuracy is increased by approximately 150%, and the slope of the fitting line is more stable.
4. Using interlayers as an auxiliary location can reduce the impact of chip positioning results. The determination of the cutting path by interlayers on both sides of the street ensures that the determined cutting path is located near the center line of the street and away from the area where the chip is located.  
For wafers of different specifications, one must select the corresponding template once. For different categories of wafer images, the corresponding cutting path planning algorithm can be designed, and a more detailed classification of wafer images can be carried out. In addition, the calculation time of the cutting path can be further reduced by reducing the search area of the interlayer.  
Conceptualization, methodology and design of the experiments, Y.W.; investigation and writing, H.J.; performance of some experiments and analysis of data, P.J. and K.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through Grant No. 51975009 and 51675014.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# The Influence of the Quality of Digital Elevation Data on the Modelling of Terrain Vehicle Movement
## 4 Discussion
### Recommendations for Improvements of Elevation Models
For non-parametric analysis of the variance of GO, SLOW GO and NO GO areas, it is possible to use, for example, the Kruskal-Wallis test or multiple comparisons with the adjustment of the significance level using the Bonferonni method. However, the validity of these methods must be verified via physical testing of off-road vehicles in different types of terrain. The main conclusion of the study is that under the current conditions, the usability of the selected elevation databases for accurate and detailed comprehensive CCM analyses is limited. A future focus should be to find a clear solution that allows for utilising existing databases efficiently; see also [52; 53; 54; 55]. The essential part is also adopting selective measures for data collection for CCM analyses in real time using means of remote detection of passability parameters. That includes monitoring necessary methods and technologies of an automated vehicle driving in space and making active steps to implement them into practise.
## 3 Results  
### Grad-CAM Visualization Results  
Figure 7 shows the Grad-CAM application results. In the figure, the blue colors indicate that the influence on the determination results decreased, and the red colors indicate that the influence on the determination results increased. As seen in the figure, background factors such as the lighting and the jig, and not the coating solution area, influence the determination results. Therefore, using only the coated area for determination, the input image data must be processed using filtering techniques.  
Figure 6: Visualization by Grad-CAM and CNN.  
The background of the image data includes the camera, the lighting, the jig, and other complex factors. Therefore, a complete separation was difficult despite many filtering techniques, such as binary conversion, morphology filtering, and Gaussian blur being applied. Consequently, we cropped only the coated areas using the very simple and effective region of interest (ROI) technique. The image size was 425 \(\times\) 840 pixels, and the Python 3.7-based image processing library, OpenCV [19], was used.  
The Grad-CAM visualization technique was used with the ROI-processed image as the input data for the learning process. The results indicated that 95% of the 66 defective product images in the test dataset had accurately identified defect locations. The remaining 5% featured small defect areas. In other cases, the defect areas were at either end of the bolt threads, the curvatures of which made identification difficult. In these cases, images taken from closer cameras would have the defects at their center, making it possible to classify the defects using the preset criteria. The learning accuracy remained at 97% as in the previous model; however, the reliability of the model increased (Figure 7).
# Numerical and Experimental Research on the Laser-Water Jet Scribing of Silicon
## 3 Experimental Setup  
A Nd:YAG solid laser system (Pulse-532-50P, Inngu Laser) was utilized as the laser source for LWJ machining. The main output parameters are listed in Table 1. The laser beam was focused onto the nozzle with diameter of 60 \(\upmu\)m through a 10\(\times\) objective lens. It is worth noting that the diameter of the generated waterjet was around 50 \(\upmu\)m considering the \"necking effect\".  
The theoretical laser spot radius was calculated as 25 \(\upmu\)m based on Equation (7):  
\[D_{T}=\frac{4\cdot\lambda\cdot f}{\pi\cdot d}\cdot\text{M}^{2} \tag{7}\]  
where \(f\) is the focal length of objective lens; \(d\) is diameter of laser beam before focusing; and \(\text{M}^{2}\) is horizontal beam quality factor. The laser spot radius was far smaller than the nozzle diameter. Hence, the requirement for generating a well-distributed LWJ could be realized.  
The coupling device and the capture of machining process are shown in Figure 4. Argon was selected for the assisted gas atmosphere and its pressure was fixed as 0.7 MPa. The water pressure was fixed as 25 MPa. Moreover, the monocrystalline silicon substrate with crystal planes of (111) was adopted in this study with a thickness of 8 mm. Its thermodynamic parameters are listed in Table 2. A digital microscope (VHX-7000,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Value** \\ \hline Wavelength & 532 nm \\ Pulse duration & 100 ns \\ Repetition rate & 1–200 KHz \\ Average power & 50 W (max) \\ Pulse energy & 1.2 mJ (max) \\ \(\text{M}^{2}\) & 2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main output parameters of laser source.  
Figure 3: Illustration of calculation domain and mesh generation.  
Keyence) and a scanning electron microscope (Merlin, Zeiss) were used to measure the structure morphology.
## 3 Current Measurement Techniques
### Other Techniques Applicable to Both Soil Moisture and Snow Property Determination
#### 3.3.5 Short Summary  
As summarized in Tables 1 and 2, for soil moisture and snow property determination, respectively, several automatic or semi-automatic point-based instruments exist, each with its advantages and limitations. For snow property determination, it is however the manual methods that still provide some of the most reliable and accurate measures. The inherent disadvantage of a point measurement device is that no spatial information is provided, e.g., influences of wind on the snowpack cannot be characterized, and unless chosen carefully, the measurement point may not be representative of the surrounding area. While having a very high density of point-based measurement devices can provide a solution to this problem, it can be costly in deployment and maintenance. Terrestrial laser scanning can provide a somewhat extended spatial range, but usually requires manual operation. Various instruments can be operated from an airborne platform, including lasers, radars, and photogrammetry. While these techniques can provide a much larger spatial range resolution than point-based techniques, they cannot be operated in snowstorms, and the time-interval between successive measurements depends strongly on the availability of (expensive) instrumentation and its operator. Such dependency is even stronger for airborne techniques, in which cost is even higher. Finally, while various satellite-based measurements can be used to infer soil moisture or the presence of snow, current satellite products lack sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to capture the relevant scales of important processes in the difficult alpine environments.
## 1 Introduction
### AE Monitoring of Melting Ice  
AE is a well-established monitoring technique in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) and many reviews mention applications in the fields of condition and process monitoring and defect detection. [PERSON] [3] gives a suitable review of using AE for monitoring metal cutting processes and discusses related signal processing methodologies including time series analysis, FFT, wavelet transform, etc.. Examples for AE-based condition monitoring and defect detection in the civil sector are described in [PERSON] et al. [4], [PERSON] et al. [5] as well as [PERSON] et al. [6] who present their work on monitoring concrete structures. [PERSON] et al. [7] present their work which shows that AE can also applied to monitor the brittle materials during compression tests.  
Additionally, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [8] list several chemical processes that were monitored with AE such as the addition of sodium carbonate to calcium chloride [9], metal-acid reaction [10] or the solid-phase transitions of C\({}_{2}\)Cl\({}_{6}\)[11].  
[PERSON] et al. [12] measured the acoustic signals during the freezing and melting of super cooled distilled water. Melting and freezing are accompanied by acoustic activity that is more intense during the melting. This is the general behavior of phase transitions with a volume decrease being acoustically more active than transitions with volume expansion [12]. [PERSON] et al. [13] also measured the initial melting phase of distilled water. Since this is believed to be predominated by crystal fracture due to the high temperature gradient between the sample and the surrounding temperature, no or only a negligible number of events that occur due to the phase transition itself are measured. Finally, the mentioned literature provides only the time histogram of acoustic events during the melting of ice and no additional analysis of the acquired data.  
Unlike melting processes, AE measurements on crystallization processes are discussed in some publications, e.g., by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [14] and [PERSON] et al. [15] who use AE to estimate the crystal purity during the growing of ruby and leuco-sapphire crystal and effect of malic and citric acid on the crystallization of gypsum respectively. Furthermore, [PERSON] and [PERSON] [16] performed AEmeasurement on crystallization processes of salicylic acid and concluded that AE can be used as a reliable technique to monitor the development of the crystallization process.  
The possibility of using the AE technique to monitor the melting of ice, first using tab water, is further explored and documented in this paper. The experimental setup that allows a controlled environmental conditions will be explained in the following.
# NFT Technology for Enhanced Global Digital Registers: A Novel Approach to Tokenization
## 9 Practical Applications and Use Cases
### Novelty and Advantages of the Proposed Solution  
The uniqueness of our approach to tokenizing global digital registries using NFTs lies in several key aspects:  
1. Comprehensive Integration: Unlike existing solutions that focus solely on either security or scalability, our system integrates advanced blockchain technology with traditional registry systems, offering a holistic solution that addresses multiple challenges simultaneously;
2. Adaptive Interoperability: Our system is designed to be blockchain-agnostic, allowing for seamless integration with various blockchain networks. This adaptability ensures long-term viability and flexibility in an ever-evolving technological landscape;
3. Enhanced Metadata Management: By leveraging the extensible nature of NFTs, our system allows for rich, detailed metadata storage that goes beyond simple identifiers. This enables complex rights management and detailed provenance tracking;
4. Privacy-Preserving Transparency: Through the incorporation of zkSNARK technology, our system uniquely balances the need for transparency with privacy requirements, a feature not commonly found in existing registry systems;
5. Smart Contract-Enabled Functionality: The use of smart contracts in our system enables automated rights management, royalty distribution, and conditional access controls, features that are either impossible or highly complex in traditional systems. To substantiate these claims, we provide the following examples and justifications:
* Interoperability Example: A book published in the United States with an ISBN can be seamlessly linked to its translations in other countries, each with their own ISBN, through our NFT-based system. This interoperability extends to different types of content as well, allowing for connections between books (ISBN), their audio versions (ISRC), and any derived screenplays (ISAN), all within a single, unified system.
* Customizability Justification: The extensible nature of NFT metadata allows for easy adaptation to various registry types. For instance, the same underlying system can be customized to handle the specific requirements of ISBN (for books), ISRC (for music recordings), and ISTC (for textual works), each with their own unique metadata fields and relationships.
# Influence of Printing Angulation on the Flexural Strength of 3D Printed Resins: An In Vitro Study
## 1 Introduction
The aim of this study is to assess and compare flexural strength values of different 3D-printed materials at different built inclinations. The null hypothesis was that resin type and the printing angle have no statistically significant influence on flexural strength.
## 4 Summary and Conclusions  
The paper has presented a methodology to predict the onset of ductile fracture in SS275 structural steel sheets. An experimental program consisting of three material tests subjected to various stress states was conducted. It shows the occurrence of fracture at the center of the tension specimen, but for shear specimen, fracture occurs at the edge. The true stress-strain response after the necking was estimated using the weighted-average method with \(a_{1}=6.5\) and \(a_{2}=1.5\). It gives a good prediction for the plastic behavior of the tension specimens including the material softening region.  
The uncoupled model, the Bao-Wierzbicki model, which is a function of fracture plastic strain to stress triaxiality, was adopted for fracture simulation in the present study. The data of the tension and shear specimens were utilized to determine two parameters in the model. The fracture plastic strains of these specimens were measured by means of an experimental-finite element method and validated against the obtained results from the digital image correlation (DIC) analysis. The Bao-Wierzbicki model with \(C_{1}=0.84\) and \(C_{2}=1.60\), which were optimized through a trial-and-error procedure, can give an appropriate prediction for ductile fracture in the specimens under the tension and shear loadings. However, the fracture model shows a slightly inaccurate prediction for the combined loading (tension and shear) due to the error of test set-up and oversimplified assumption. The accuracy may be enhanced if the Lode angle dependency is considered. Nevertheless, the author believed that the proposed fracture model may be more preferred in the industry, as it only requires tensile and shear testing results. Further research is needed to determine the optimal balance of accuracy and simplicity.  
Conceptualization, Y.C. and C.L.; methodology, Y.C. and C.L.; software, Y.C. and D.-K.K.; validation, C.L.; formal analysis, Y.C. and C.L.; investigation Y.C. and C.L.; resources, J.-J.Y. and D.-K.K.; data curation, D.-K.K. and J.-J.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.C. and C.L.; writing--review and editing, J.-J.Y. and D.-K.K.; visualization, Y.C.; supervision, D.-K.K.; project administration, J.-J.Y.; funding acquisition, J.-J.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
Figure 11: Results of fracture simulation on tension and shear specimens.  
**Funding:** This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (2016R1A6A1A03012812).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Chloride Resistance of Assembled Bridge Piers Reinforced with Epoxy-Coated Steel Bars
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Chloride Ion Content (\(W_{Cl^{-}}\))
#### 3.4.3 Critical Chloride Ion Content  
The critical chloride ion content refers to the minimum chloride ion content at which the passive film on the surface of steel bars begins to break down [25]. Considerable research has been conducted by scholars to determine the critical chloride ion content, but the results have shown significant variability [25; 26; 27]. Due to the highly alkaline environment inside the concrete, the passive film may regenerate even after an initial breakdown when the chloride ion content is low, implying that the steel bars have not necessarily begun to corrode. Therefore, to obtain the critical chloride ion content that can induce corrosion of steel bars, it is necessary to assess the actual rust condition of the steel bars. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the electrochemical indicators presented in Sections 3.1-3.3 and applying the previously mentioned criteria for judging steel bar corrosion, the initiation times of corrosion for various steel bars in both joints were determined, as shown in Table 2.  
The critical chloride ion content can be determined by correlating the time when steel bars begin to corrode with the chloride ion content on their surfaces. The chloride ion content on the surfaces of steel bars in the pier bodies of Joint 1 and Joint 2 is obtained from Figure 14. The process of determining the critical chloride ion content is detailed in Figure 15.  
The critical chloride ion content for each type of steel bar is presented in Figure 16. Due to the absence of chloride ion content data for day 7, the critical chloride ion content for scratched steel bars cannot be determined. The critical chloride ion content is directly proportional to the integrity of the epoxy coating, arranged in order from highest to lowest as follows: untreated > knocked > bent > scratched. Additionally, for the same treatment, the critical chloride ion content of epoxy-coated steel bars in Joint 1 is twice that in Joint 2. This indicates that the critical chloride ion content depends on the defect level of the concrete joint. The presence of assembled interfaces can lead to localized corrosion of the steel bars, thereby reducing the critical chloride ion content.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Joint Type** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Joint 1**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Joint 2**} \\ \hline
**Treatment** & **Scratched** & **Bent** & **Knocked** & **Untreated** & **Scratched** & **Bent** & **Knocked** & **Untreated** \\ \hline Initial corrosion time/d & 7 & 42 & 70 & 77 & 7 & 21 & 28 & 35 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: The initiation times of corrosion.  
Figure 14: Chloride ion content on the steel bar surface.