# MOIRA-UNIMORE Bearing Data Set for Independent Cart Systems
## 1 Introduction  
The advancement in linear motors has led to the emergence of novel independent cart systems [1; 2; 3; 4] that have overcome the limitations of traditional transport systems, such as conveyors, rollers and chain-driven mechanisms, which rely heavily on gears, chains, and belts. These conventional systems often require numerous mechanical components distributed along the entire transport pathway, including motors, pulleys, rollers, and sprockets, to achieve transportation. The interconnected nature of these systems introduces significant mechanical complexity, making it challenging to monitor, maintain, and optimize their operation. In addition, the need for constant lubrication, frequent adjustments, and the inherent wear and tear of moving parts increase downtime and maintenance costs. Traditional systems also exhibit inefficiencies such as high friction losses, energy wastage, and reduced accuracy in motion control. These limitations make it difficult for such systems to adapt to modern industrial demands that require high-speed, precise, and flexible transportation solutions. Independent cart technology addresses these challenges by using linear motors to independently move carts along a predetermined track. The carts are designed with permanent magnets, while the linear motors are equipped with coils that generate a magnetic field, enabling synchronized movement with the changing magnetic pattern. Using magnets, independent cart technology achieves precise control over motion with a minimal number of mechanical components compared to conventional conveyor systems. The current study differs significantly from the systems described in [3; 4] in two key aspects. First, the configuration of the system in [3; 4] involves a guide rail directly attached to the motor module, while the current study examines a system in which the guide rail is positioned in parallel to the motor modules. This difference in mechanical configuration results in distinct dynamic behaviors and vibration characteristics. Second, the outer race of the bearing in [3; 4] is made of plastic, which influences the propagation of faults and vibration patterns differently compared to the steel bearings used in the current study. A notable feature of this technology is its frictionless propulsion mechanism, which eliminates physical contact between the cart and the linear motor coils. This significantly minimizes the wear and tear on individual parts and streamlines the transportation or movement process. This efficient solution reduces energy consumption and operational costs and enables quick start and stop capabilities without compromising movement control, providing a distinct advantage over traditional conveyors. The reduction in mechanical complexity also allows for improved condition monitoring and fault detection, enhancing the reliability and longevity of the system. Additionally, this feature increases system throughput while mitigating risks, such as material loss or damage associated with stopping and starting operations. The versatility of independent cart technology allows for precise and seamless manipulation and movement across a wide range of speeds, making it highly suitable for various industrial applications. Its ability to adapt to diverse operational requirements further enhances productivity and offers potential optimization of industrial processes. While this study focuses on the development of a novel data set for bearing faults in independent cart systems, recent advances in related fields provide valuable information. For example, Ref. [5] introduces a lightweight model for the detection of defects in ultrasonically welded wire terminations, highlighting the importance of efficient fault detection methodologies. Similarly, Ref. [6] revisits the historical development of rolling bearing life formulas, offering a comprehensive perspective on bearing performance evaluation. Furthermore, Ref.