esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Methodological Approach for the Smartification of a University Campus: The Smart ESI Use Case
## 3 A Methodology for the Smartification of Universities and Compuses
### Smartification Framework Description
Thus, the matrix \(\mathcal{M}_{1}=\mathcal{U}\times\mathcal{D}\times\mathcal{S}_{j}^{*}\) may be computed as follows:  
\[m_{1_{i,j,k}}= \sum_{x=1}^{q}O_{i,j_{x}}^{k}\times w_{i,j_{x}}^{k} \tag{3}\] \[\forall q_{i,j_{x}}^{k}\in\mathcal{Q}_{j,k}^{*},x\in[1,q],j\in[1, m],i\in[1,n]\]  
\(\mathcal{M}_{2}\): Smartness matrix to account the contribution of each smartness indicator \(q_{i,j_{y}}^{\Omega}\) in the dimension \(j\) and at the university \(i\in[1,n],j\in[1,m],y\in[1,\lambda]\). Thus, the matrix \(\mathcal{M}_{2}=\mathcal{U}\times\mathcal{D}\times\Omega\) is computed as follows:  
\[m_{2_{i,j,q}}= \mathcal{O}_{i,\Omega}^{y}\times w_{\Omega}^{y} \tag{4}\] \[\forall q_{i,\Omega}^{y}\in\mathcal{Q}_{i,\Omega},j\in[1,m],i\in[1,n]\]  
Given the matrix \(\mathcal{M}_{1}\), whose elements represent the contribution of the set of services \(k\) to a specific dimension \(j\) of a university \(i\), and the matrix \(\mathcal{M}_{2}\), whose elements provide the contribution of each smartness indicator \(y\) to a specific dimension \(j\) of a university \(i\)with \(i\in[1,n],j\in[1,m],k\in[1,p]\) and \(y\in[1,\lambda]\), we define the degree of smartification of a university \(i\) that is denoted by \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\) and is computed as:  
\[\mathcal{G}_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{m}\sum_{k=1}^{p}m_{1_{i,j,k}}+\sum_{j=1}^{m}\sum_{ y=1}^{\lambda}m_{2_{i,j,y}} \tag{5}\]  
The value \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\) accounts for how smart the university \(i\) is, aggregating the weighted measures for a set of common indicators that are provided for a common set of services developed across multiple dimensions and, aggregating also the weighted measures for a set of common smartness indicators. Additionally, note that \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\) provides a standardized value that enables the comparison between universities transversely across dimensions. This means that it provides the score of a university (alternative) \(i\) against the set of common attributes (dimensions and services), which represents the overall contribution of \(i\) so \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\) may be ordered into a ranking \(\mathcal{R}=\langle\mathcal{G}_{1},\mathcal{G}_{2},\dots,\mathcal{G}_{n}\rangle\) such that \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\geq\mathcal{G}_{i+1}\) or \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\leq\mathcal{G}_{i+1}\forall i\in[1,n]\) holds. The method of computation of the value of \(\mathcal{G}_{i}\) drops within the category of compensatory methods, specifically, the Weighted Sum Model (WSM) [28].
## 4 Experimental Investigations
### Objective Experiments
#### 4.1.1 Evaluation Criteria  
The error metric of spectral distortion widely used was employed to evaluate the synthesis precision of the individualized HRTFs:  
\[SD^{(d)}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{K}\sum_{k=1}^{K}\left(20\log_{10}\frac{\left\|H^{(d)} \right\|}{\left\|\hat{H}^{(d)}\right\|}\right)^{2}} \tag{14}\]  
where \(\mathbf{H}^{(d)}\)\({}_{k}\) is the measured HRTF at \(d\)-\(th\) direction, \(\mathbf{\hat{H}}^{(d)}\)\({}_{k}\) is the synthesized HRTF at the same direction, and \(k\) is the number of the frequency bin (\(K=400\)).  
Figure 7: The comparison of measure data and synthesized data for KEMAR dummy head at same direction. The solid line in blue represents the measured data of HRTF, and the broken line in red represent the synthesized data of HRTF, respectively.  
Then, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was used to compare the two sets of HRTFs at all the 72 directions on the horizontal plane:  
\[SD(\mathbf{H},\mathbf{\hat{H}})=\sqrt{\frac{1}{D}{\sum_{d=1}^{D}{\left[SD^{(d)}( H,\mathbf{\hat{H}})\right]}^{2}}} \tag{15}\]  
where \(D\) stand for the direction of HRTF, \(D\) = 72.
## 3 Field Test Study on Liquid CO2 Phase-Transition Rock Fracturing  
### Study Area  
This study's field test relied on a foundation pit excavation project of a resettlement house in the Fangshan District of Beijing in China (Figure 5). The terrain of the study area was relatively flat with exposed bedrock. Further, the formation lithology was relatively single, and had mainly included Ordovician Majiagou Formation limestone, dolomitic limestone, and so on. The stratum had inclined southward with a dip angle of approximately 30\({}^{\circ}\). The study area had displayed either no or slight weathering, and the rock mass was observed to be relatively complete with a Grade III rock quality rating.  
The study area was located in a scenic sports and residential area. In order to protect the natural landscape and ensure the safety of the existing houses and roads, explosives were not permitted to be used in the excavation of foundation pits; therefore, as a supplementary and local alternative method, liquid CO2 phase-transition fracturing technology, with its known high safety, good fracturing effects, and excavation efficiency, was the first choice for the excavations under the study area's complex working and special environmental conditions.
# Ultra-Low-Loss Silicon Waveguides for Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon/III-V Photonics
## 4 Photonic Integrated Circuits with Ultralow Loss Silicon Waveguides
### Applications
#### 4.2.2 Optical Gyroscopes  
Low SWAP and low cost gyroscopes are of great importance in the fields of robotics, unmanned aerial vehicle and automotives and recently has rapidly become even more so with the emergence of augmented reality technology and drones. In many applications that operate in environments with high shock and vibrations, optical gyroscopes are more robust and reliable compared to their MEMS counterparts because they do not have any moving parts. However, the large size and cost of traditional optical gyroscopes, which are based on discrete components, make them difficult to be as widely usable as MEMS gyros. In a previous work [10], we used integrated silicon photonics to miniaturize the optical driver (OD) part for interferometric fiber gyroscopes (IFOGs) to a small chip. The integrated OD chip contains every optical component needed for the gyroscope, except the fiber sensing coil, which needs to be sufficiently long to achieve high sensitivity. For applications that require lower sensivity, however, an integrated waveguide-based delayline might deliver adequate performance. In the following, we show the architecture of an interferometric optical gyroscope fully integrated on silicon, making use of the ULL Si waveguide as its Sagnac sensing coil.  
The schematic mask layout of the integrated gyroscope is shown in Figure 10. The general architecture of the circuit is very similar to [44]: The light from the sources goes through two 3-dB broadband couplers to get splitted into two waves and then goes through push-pull phase modulators. The two waves enter the ULL silicon waveguide sensing coil (with 4 dB/m propagation loss) and propagate in counter-directions before coming back to beat on a photodiode on a port of the first 3-dB coupler. The Sagnac phase shift can be detected and used to measure the rotation of the system.  
The sensitivity of the proposed gyroscope as a function of the length of the Sagnac waveguide coil is estimated by taking into account four sources of noise, i.e., thermal noise, shot noise, relative intensity noise and thermo-refractive noise. The anaslysis is performed in the same manner in our previous work [44] and the contribution from each noise term to rotation nosie spectral density are depicted in Figure 11. A 50 mW output power from the light sources, 4 dB/m loss in the ULL silicon waveguide coil, and 0.02 dB/crossing (simulated value) were assumed. The minimum detection limit of the gyroscope is approximated to be 113 \({}^{\circ}/hr/\sqrt{Hz}\) or equivalently 1.88 \({}^{\circ}/\sqrt{hr}\).  
Figure 10: Schematic mask layout of an integrated interferometric optical gyroscope on heterogeneous silicon photonics. The sensing part of the gyroscope is the four-meter long ULL silicon waveguide spiral with propagation loss \(\sim\)4 dB/m. The sensing coil waveguides were connected with a compact integrated optical driver ([10]) via tapers to standard and compact waveguides.
# Design of Universal Code Generator for Multi-Constellation Multi-Frequency GNSS Receiver
## 2 Introduction to GNSS Spread Spectrum Codes
### Spread Spectrum Code Generation Methods Based on LFSR  
The LFSR-based spread spectrum code generator primarily comprises a shift register and a feedback tap circuit. Based on the specific configuration of LFSR, the GNSS PRN generation method utilizing LFSR can be categorized into m-sequence, Gold code, Kasami code, and IZ4 code [16].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} Code generator is \\ the same as GPS \\ L1C/A \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: GNSS Spread Spectrum Code Characteristics.
## 3 Experimental Test Results and Analysis
### Comparison with Other Agricultural Ashes  
The results of this investigation demonstrate significant pozzolanic activity, particularly at a 10% replacement level, showing slight reductions of 8% and 5% in compressive and flexural strength, respectively. The density values exhibit a marginal decrease, reaching an ultimate decline of 2.5% at higher OWA content. Nevertheless, OWA contributes to an augmentation in the porosity of the mixture, leading to increased water absorption.  
A comparative analysis was conducted between OWA and other agricultural ashes, chosen for their comparable impact on the mechanical and durability performance of paving blocks, to contextualize these findings. Bamboo leaf ash exhibits comparable water absorption characteristics to OWA-based matrices [9,10]. This mechanism is mostly attributed to the introduction of more pores into the matrices [9,10]. Conversely, date palm ash shows stronger adverse impacts, reducing mechanical properties by 20% at a 20% cement replacement level, which is more pronounced than the decreases noted with OWA [11]. Nonetheless, date palm ash exhibits a high resistance against elevated temperatures, providing a stable cementitious composite and diminishing the vulnerability to thermal cracking [11]. Similarly to OWA, rice husk ash produces a cement paste with reduced density [12]. Corn cob ash exhibits fluctuations in strength findings depending on the substitution percentages [8]. More precisely, this byproduct improves the compressive strength by 25% at a substitution level of up to 10%, while beyond this threshold, the trend reverses, showcasing a drop in this property [8]. Furthermore, corn cob ash facilitates water transport by 20% at higher replacement levels, accompanied by a 15% decline in density compared to the control mixture [8]. Similarly, the inclusion of OWA is vital in enhancing moisture transport, making it an essential element for maintaining the moisture levels required for proper cement hydration.
# Preparation of Freeze-Dried Porous Chitosan Microspheres for the Removal of Hexavalent Chromium
## 4 Conclusions  
Through the process of freezing-lyophilization, novel porous chitosan microspheres were successfully prepared. A suitable freezing temperature of -20 \({}^{\circ}\)C, appropriate chitosan concentration of 3% (\(w/v\)), and a needle diameter of 500 \(\upmu\)m made microspheres with a good sphericity, thinner pore walls, and smaller pore sizes. The increase in freezing time resulted in an increase om Cr(VI) adsorption capacity. The chitosan microspheres prepared with 3% (\(w/v\)) chitosan solution at -20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 72 h had a higher adsorption capacity of 945.2 mg/g for Cr(VI) than those of 24-h and 48-h freezing times. The pH of the initial adsorption solution ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 and was beneficial to the maximum adsorption efficiency for Cr(VI). The results of the adsorption kinetics showed that the pseudo second order model fitted the adsorption process well, and the adsorption rate was controlled by multiple steps. The FTIR results suggested that the amine and hydroxy groups of the chitosan microspheres were the main reason for the adsorption of Cr(VI). The obtain porous chitosan microspheres may serve as promising adsorbents for wastewater treatment. In addition, this work provided a simple and green means to prepare three-dimensional porous chitosan microspheres, which could facilitate the use of adsorption materials for additional potential applications.  
Conceptualization, W.S. and L.R.; methodology, J.X.; software, J.X.; validation, L.G. and Q.Z.; formal analysis, L.R.; investigation, J.T.; resources, L.R.; data curation, W.S.; writing--original draft preparation, W.S. and J.X.; writing--review and editing, L.R.; project administration, L.R.; funding acquisition, L.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Plan of Science and Technology Development of the Education Department of Jilin Province of China (No. JJKH20211119 KJ) and the Plan of Science and Technology Development of Jilin Province of China (No. 20190303003 SF).  
Not applicable.  
The data are not publicly available due to not have suitable server for publicly store data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 5 Conclusions  
The circular and square-shaped SRRs with left-handed metamaterial properties were demonstrated in this work. For the CST-based unit cell simulation, the reflection coefficient resonates at 9.84 GHz and 11.46 GHz frequencies, and the transmission coefficient resonates at 8 GHz, 8.43 GHz and 11.11 GHz frequencies, correspondingly, and using ADS simulation, the reflection coefficient resonates at 9.9 GHz and 11.40 GHz and the transmission coefficient resonates at 7.83 GHz, 8.51 GHz and 11.40 GHz frequencies, correspondingly. From both simulations (ADS and CST), the S-parameters frequency values are almost similar, with a small variation in frequencies. The simulated return loss frequencies for a 2 \(\times\) 2 array-sized unit cell are 9.85 GHz and 11. 45 GHz, and the transmission coefficient resonates at 8 GHz, 8.44 GHz and 11.09 GHz, correspondingly. Similarly, for the 2 \(\times\) 2 array-sized fabricated model, the return losses are at 9.81 GHz and 11.61 GHz and the transmission coefficient resonates at 7.77 GHz, 8.51 GHz and 11.20 GHz, correspondingly. According to the results and discussion, the S-parameters (S\({}_{11}\) and S\({}_{12}\)) of the proposed design experimental results were matched to the simulated data with a slight change. Hence, the proposed FSS is exactly suitable for X-band applications with flexible and compact-sized polymide substrate.  
Figure 24: The simulated and measured S-parameters (**a**) S\({}_{11}\) and (**b**) S\({}_{12}\) for vertical bending angles (in degrees).  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, N.P., P.P. and B.T.P.M.; methodology, N.P., P.P. and S.D.; software, N.P., P.P. and N.H.; validation, B.T.P.M. and S.D.; writing--original draft preparation, N.P., P.P. and B.T.P.M.; writing--review and editing, S.D., W.A.A. and N.H.; supervision, B.T.P.M. and S.D.; project administration, N.H. and funding acquisition, W.A.A. and N.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this research are available on request from the corresponding author.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Participant Recruitment  
Participants were recruited from both public and private hospitals in Western Australia and Queensland, Australia, through convenience sampling, including snowball sampling via email invitations. Twenty-one radiology and surgical specialists were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to rank the usefulness and application of the four 3 DPPVMs and their attributes for use in vascular intervention. The 3 DPPVM assessment took 20 min, including the viewing of the CT DICOM images, which were made available on 3D Slicer software (V5.2), and operator guidance was provided. The segmented CT scans of the four models were made available to the participants, and they were viewable in coronal, axial, and sagittal reconstructions and 3D visualisations. The software \"cutting tool\" was used to demonstrate the opening of the virtual arterial vessel for luminal examination. Following the review of these CT images, the participants had the opportunity to practice simulation procedures, including the deployment of stents and stent grafts (prototyped device products) in the 3D-printed models. Afterwards, the participants were asked to complete a questionnaire focusing on the clinical applications of the 3 DPPVMs (Figure 4), with answers ranking from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The questions were designed to focus on the following aspects: whether the 3 DPPVMsdemonstrated realism, displayed anatomical structures with high accuracy, enhanced the planning of interventional procedures, aided in the development of haptic skills, reduced the procedure time, improved communication with clinicians, etc (Supplementary Material File S1). The limitations of the 3 DPPVMs were also identified in one of the questions (Q18), and the participants were allowed to provide further comments or suggestions at the end. The participants also had the opportunity to rate their recommendation of the use of 3 DPPVMs, ranking from 1 to 10, with 10 being highly recommended. The Likert scales used in this study were adapted from a recent study documenting the use of 3D-printed heart models for education and the pre-surgical planning of congenital heart surgery [18].  
Figure 1: Depicting the stages of the development of the 3 DPPVMs. (**A**): Steps undertaken to segment the CT imaging data. (**B**): From the segmentation of volume data to the 3D printing process.  
Figure 4: Order of presentation of 3 DPPVMs to clinicians.  
Figure 3: The four 3 DPPVMs in elastic resin (Formlabs elastic resin 50A) for clinical assessment. From left to right: abdominal aortic aneurysm, left renal artery stenosis, left internal carotid artery stenosis, and right coronary artery stenosis.  
Figure 2: Variety of plastics and resins used for initial material selection. From left to right: V2 resin—draft; PETG—polyethylene terephthalalate glycol; PLA—polylactic acid; HIPS—high-impact polystyrene; PMMA—polymethacrylate; TPU—thermoplastic polyurethane; 60C resin—tough white; TPU—polyurethane and rubber, soft and very soft.
# A Predictive Model of Chlorophyll a in Western Lake Erie Based on Artificial Neural Network
## 3 Results and Discussion
### The Application of ANN to Predict Water Quality under Future Climate Change and Nutrient Management
#### 3.2.1 Future Climate Change and Nutrient Management  
For future meteorological data, we downloaded the outputs of CMCC-CM2, one of the CMCC (Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change)-coupled climate models, which is mainly based on the Community Earth System Model project operated at the National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the USA from CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) [62]. CMCC-CM2 is the evolution of CMCC-CM [63] applied in CMIP5 [64], and it is composed of the Community Atmosphere Model, the NEMO ocean engine, the Community sea-Ice Code, and the Community Land Model [65]. The downloaded daily meteorological data included cloud cover, relative humidity, precipitation, shortwave radiation, wind speed, and air temperature, consistent with the inputs in the established ANN and GLM-AED models.  
For the Maumee River, the future flow rates (Q) were predicted by rational method, we first calculated base flow (QB) based on the historical flow rates from 2002 to 2015, and then obtained the future flow rates based on the relationship between peak runoff (Q-QB) and precipitation. To achieve a 'Mild' bloom for western Lake Erie, reducing the Maumee River's annual and spring TP loads by 39% and 37% compared to the average loads for 2007-2012 of 2630 and 1275 metric tons [66] was recommended. For dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), the Task Force recommended an annual and spring loading reduction of 46% and 41% in the average loads from 2007-2012 of 593 and 256 MT [67]. This corresponds with the understanding that DRP comprised approximately 20% of TP in WLE tributaries with annual and spring DRP targets of 320 and 150 MT (https://legacyfiles. ijc.org/tinymc/uploaded/Draft%20 LLEEP-Aug29 Final.pdf (accessed on 20 August 2013). The POP, DOP, CHLOR, DIAT, CYANO, and CRYPT concentrations were calculated by applying the same formulas described in Appendix B. For the Detroit River, since it is typically under control, the annual P loads are approximately constant with a value of 1080 MT, and the fluctuations in flow rates can be neglected, we used the base flow from 2002 to 2015 as the future flow rates. Additionally, the POP, DOP, CHLOR, DIAT, CYANO, and CRYPT concentrations were calculated by using the same formulas in Appendix A. Since nitrogen and carbon are not critical for CYANO growth, we used the data in 2015 as the future data in these two rivers.
## 4 Discussion
### Evaluation of the Results Based on Lawful Standards  
There are no legal requirements for inorganic pollutants in reservoir sediments in Germany as long as the sediments are not removed from the reservoir bottom. Therefore, we considered comparing metal(loid) concentrations in reservoir sediments with selected (I) precautionary values (Vorsorgewerte), (II) examination values (Prufwerte) and (III) action values (Massnahmenwerte) according to the German Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (Table 9).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Reservoir** & **As** & **Cd** & **Cr** & **Co** & **Cu** & **Hg** & **Ni** & **Pb** & **V** & **Zn** \\ \hline Einsiedel Reservoir (median) & 24.7 & 6.72 & 34.7 & 31.4 & 20.9 & 0.57 & 49 & - & 47.5 & 283 \\ Berthelsdorf Reservoir (median) & 62.9 & 10.3 & 43.1 & 6.4 & 50.2 & 0.51 & 9.4 & 204 & 57 & 626 \\ Rybnik, Poland (median) [12] & - & 23.2 & 101 & - & 469 & - & 69.5 & 115 & - & 1612 \\ Malter, Germany (median) [50] & - & 34.6 & 195 & 24 & 197 & - & - & 476 & - & 1434 \\ Muldestausee, Germany (average) [54] & 271 & 57 & 121 & - & 240 & 0.95 & 105 & 343 & - & 2184 \\ Wettinger Stausee, Switzerland (average) [55] & - & 2.56 & 63.1 & 9.1 & 81.9 & 1.58 & 52.6 & 139 & - & 344 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Comparison of the metal(loid) concentrations (mg/kg) in the Einsiedel Reservoir and BSP sediments with metal(loid) concentrations (median and average values) in other reservoirs sediments.  
The fact that the geogenic background values of phyllite toposils (Table 3) naturally exceed the precautionary values in the case of Pb (i.e., 86 mg/kg) indicates the relatively small gap between the legal limits and the geogenic background values of the study areas. It is therefore not surprising that the mean concentrations of sediments from both reservoirs (Einsiedel in the case of Cd, Hg and Zn; BSP in the case of Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) exceeded the precautionary values, which largely restricts the reuse of dredged reservoir sediments as soil material. None of the metal(loid) concentrations in the sediment and soil samples from the Einsiedel Reservoir exceeded the examination or action thresholds. However, high percentages of the BSP sediment samples exceeded the action values, which was observed for As (58%), Cd (12%), Cu (3%) and Pb (9%). The analysed Hg and Ni concentrations were below these legal limits. The results show that the Einsiedel Reservoir sediments would not be considered as a \"harmful changed soil\" or a \"contaminated site\" if they were park or recreational soil. However, because they naturally exceeded the precautionary values, use as soil material is not necessarily possible. Oppositely, due to the multiple exceedances of the action values, the BSP sediments are equivalent to \"harmful changed soil material\".