esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Technology Identification, Evaluation, Selection, and Optimization of a HALE Solar Aircraft
## 5 Conclusions
In the case of the optimized aircraft, it is possible to fly for about 126 days, from 4/19 to 8/23. Therefore, the long endurance was improved by the methodology proposed in this study. The variety of design parameters must be considered during the conceptual design phase of HALE solar aircraft. Since the main power source of solar aircraft is solar energy, there are various design variables that are not considered in the general aviation (GA) category aircraft design. For example, selection of a flight location for different latitudes and longitudes greatly affects solar energy output. Also, solar hour angle, earth declination angle, solar radiation, solar attenuation factor affect the solar aircraft performance. Therefore, it is necessary to predict and analyze the sensitivity of sizing and design feasibility of a HALE solar aircraft for changes in various combinations of design variables. There are many studies analyzing the possibility of long endurance flight that do not consider those various detailed design variable combinations. Since the power source is solar energy, the possibility of long endurance varies greatly depending on the detailed design variables, as described above, so this study introduced the design of experiment (DOE) to obtain the maximum information from the minimum number of experiments. Fractional factorial design, central composite design, which is a commonly used in the DOE method, was used. Also, the JMP program was used for accurate calculations. After analyzing the design feasibility, the optimization was performed using the desirability function of JMP software, and constraints were applied to each design objective parameter to derive the optimum values of independent design variables. Then, the values of optimized design independent variables were inputted to the solar aircraft design framework. Using this statistical method, the design possibility of long endurance performance can be identified in advance, thereby the time and cost for the conceptual design of HALE solar aircraft can be saved. By using the sensitivity analysis results of design variables, an optimized HALE solar aircraft can be designed that can improve endurance. Also endurance for the specific latitude and longitude can be predicted. [PERSON], was responsible for all tasks related to the work, from establishing the methodology, to the entire data analysis; [PERSON], was responsible for conceptualization, the writing of the original manuscript, and managed the overall project and reviewed it. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This research was supported by the Research Grant from Sejong University through the Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of the Korean government (Project No. : 20 CTAP-C157731-01). The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Principles of Signal Transmission and Processing
### Photon Pulse Counting  
The investigation focused on the implementation of photon pulse counting algorithms using the voltage signals output by the ADC, which are processed from photon pulses by the PMT and secondary operational amplifier circuits. To accurately extract valid information and ensure a low bit error rate, comprehensive analyses were conducted to select a voltage threshold \(V_{th}\) in the FPGA program. The voltage threshold selection involved considering multiple factors, including ambient light noise and signal intensity, to optimize the identification of photon pulses. The selection of the threshold value is intricately linked to the bit width of the utilized ADC. Employing a 12-bit ADC with a typical voltage input of 2.2 V, we established 1100 as the baseline reference \(V_{th}\). Additionally, opting for a threshold that is excessively high can lead to a diminished count of valid photons, thereby diminishing the synchronization probability. Conversely, selecting a threshold that is too low can exacerbate the influence of environmental optical noise, resulting in a discordance in the frequency characteristics of the receiving program. Experiments were conducted with \(V_{th}\) set at 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300, respectively. The findings revealed that for a \(V_{th}\) of 1200, the system attained the highest synchronization probability while concurrently maintaining a relatively low bit error rate. This threshold facilitated the assessment of signal strength, thereby discerning the presence or absence of photon pulses during the sampling time. Exceeding the threshold indicated the presence of one or more photons during that sampling period; conversely, its non-exceedance indicated their absence.  
In order to effectively harness photon pulse information and ensure the precision of subsequent data decoding, a strategy was employed wherein the symbol slicing frequency was set at eight times the carrier frequency \(f_{c}\). This configuration elevates data processing accuracy from a single symbol length to 1/8 of a symbol length, thereby facilitating more precise clock signal synchronization during decoding. The time for a single symbol slice can be mathematically expressed as  
\[T_{c}=\frac{1}{f_{c}\times 8} \tag{13}\]  
Figure 3: Relationship between \(R\) and \(S\) for different bandwidths.  
Count the number of pulses within each time slot and update the pulse summation term with \(T_{c}\) as the time unit:  
\[N(T_{c})=\int_{0}^{T_{c}}H(V(t)-V_{th})dt \tag{14}\]  
where \(V(t)\) represents the voltage value at time \(t\), and \(V_{th}\) represents the decision voltage threshold. \(N(T_{c})\) counts the number of pulses corresponding to the carrier frequency \(f_{c}\) within the symbol slicing time \(T_{c}\).
# Background Subtraction for Moving Object Detection in RGBD Data: A Survey
## 2 RGBD Data and Related Issues for Background Subtraction
Indeed, as for color data, depth data suffers from bootstrapping, intermittent motion, and moving background. Moreover, challenges specific for depth data include [32; 33]. * **Depth Camouflage**: When foreground objects are very close in depth to the background, the sensor gives the same depth data values for foreground and background, making it hard to provide a correct segmentation based only on depth. * **Depth Shadows**: Similar to the case of color, depth shadows are caused by foreground objects blocking the IR light emitted by the sensor from reaching the background. * **Specular Materials**: When the scene includes specular objects, IR rays from a single incoming direction are reflected back in a single outgoing direction, without causing the diffusion needed to obtain depth information. * **Out of Sensor Range**: When foreground or background objects are too close to/far from the sensor, the sensor is unable to measure depth, due to its minimum and maximum depth specifications. In the last three cases, where depth cannot be measured at a given pixel, the sensor returns a special non-value code to indicate its inability to measure depth [32], resulting in an _invalid_ depth value (shown as black pixels in the depth images reported in Figure 1). These invalid values must be suitably handled to exploit depth for background subtraction. Figure 1: Background modeling issues related to depth data (highlighted by red ellipses). (**a**) Depth camouflage; (**b**) Depth shadows; (**c**) Specular materials; (**d**) Out of sensor range.
# Generative Adversarial Networks for Zero-Shot Remote Sensing Scene Classification
## 3 Results
### Ablations on Different Word Vectors  
We used four natural language processing models pre-trained on Wikipedia to obtain word vectors for remote sensing datasets. Moreover, we obtained different dimensional word vectors for each method as class semantic features. To find the word vectors with the best results, we compared the word vectors obtained by these four methods with different dimensions. The classification results on the UCM21 dataset are shown in Figure 3.  
The Word2 vec model pre-trained on Wikipedia has three dimensions, i.e., 100, 300, and 500, and they correspond to an accuracy of 0.6097, 0.5698, and 0.6266, respectively.  
The Glove model pre-trained on Wikipedia has four dimensions, i.e., 50, 100, 200, and 300, and they correspond to an accuracy of 0.5455, 0.5602, 0.5294, and 0.5236, respectively.  
The Fasttext model pre-trained on Wikipedia has four dimensions, i.e., 50, 100, 200, 300, and they correspond to an accuracy of 0.5264, 0.5358, 0.5325, and 0.5166, respectively.  
We used Bert in two ways to obtain word vectors, one using class names and the other using class description texts, which correspond to an accuracy of 0.4536 and 0.3978, respectively.  
We also explored the effect of different word vectors in GZSL tasks. We used Word2 vec-500, Glove-100, Fasttext-100, and Bert-768 as semantic information In Table 1. When we used the Word2 vec method to extract 500-dimensional word vectors as semantic information for remote sensing image datasets, we achieved the best results in both ZSL and GZSL tasks.
# Microbial Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Petroleum Products--A Mini Review
## 2 Petroleum Products
### Biodegradable Pollutants
#### 2.2.1 Hydrocarbons  
These can be seen in the form of aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons as linear linked, branched, or cyclic molecules. In its structure, the earlier isolation contained benzene (C\({}_{6}\)H\({}_{6}\)), while the aliphatic was observed in three forms: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes [5].
# Optimized One-Click Development for Topology- Optimized Structures +
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Example of Application  
To validate the developed \"one-click\" optimization process, a test-part should generally be suitable to manufacture with AM processes and TO. Ideally, the main objective functions of the part were the minimum mass and maximum stiffness. With AM and TO aspects in mind, a rocker is a well-suited example of an application for the \"one-click\" optimization framework.  
Rockers are part of cars' suspension-system and are mainly used in racecars or expensive super-sportscars like the Lamborghini Aventador. Two of its essential aspects are stiffness and mass. Stiffness is of importance to prevent unnecessary play in the suspension-system, which can result in negative balance and drivability [45].  
In general, car suspensions link the upright (or knuckle) assembly with the car's body [45]. The upright assembly's main parts are the wheel bearings, wheel hubs, brake calipers, and the suspension's fastening points; these are attached to the car's body by different types of links. The complexity and type of the links often vary with car pricing or comfort aspects [45].  
Most modern production road cars use directly actuated shock absorbers and coil springs either by a MacPherson strut or a multilink suspension [45; 46]. Two typically used systems are shown in Figure 7. Directly actuated refers to a one-to-one motion ratio of the coupled suspension-link and the spring-damper unit.  
Nevertheless, the double-wishbone suspension with a rocker as part of the pushrod activated spring-damper unit, displayed in Figure 8, is used in some races--in super-sportscars. These low part volumes make the rocker potentially suitable to be replaced by optimized AM parts in the future, and therefore, are an appropriate example of application.  
Figure 6: Vectors from the node \(j\) on element \(i\) to its adjacent neighbor nodes.  
In the double-wishbone suspension, the wheel travels upwards, the pushrod moves longitudinal to its axis, and rotates the rocker around a fixed pivot point, which results in the spring-damper unit's compression. This causes two loads acting on the rocker, the compression force from the pushrod \(\overset{\rightarrow}{F_{\text{P}}}\) and the difference between the compression force from the spring and the damper unit \(\overset{\rightarrow}{F_{\text{D}}}\).  
Figure 8: Double wishbone suspension with pushrod (red), rocker (green) and spring-damper unit (grey).  
Figure 7: Typical front suspension systems: (**a**) McPherson; and (**b**) double wishbone.  
Based on its assembly situation and working principle, the following initial design space in Figure 9 with its related forces was considered for the rocker optimization task. The particular values of the force components are listed in Table 1.
## 2 Related Work
### Hardware Signal Probing  
To observe more fine-grained arbitrary signals inside the SoC, hardware signal probing techniques, such as Xilinx ChipScope [27] or Intel SignalTap [28] can be used. Such probes can be directly connected to the chosen signal: sample signal values at each clock cycle, store them in a buffer, and send this buffer via debug port when a trigger condition is reached. Such probes are commonly used to debug the hardware, where debug information is received and analyzed by another system (Host). Although it benefits from fine-grained and flexible monitoring capabilities, the data transfer throughput is still limited by the debug port. Hardware signal probing techniques can be a solution for passive off-chip analysis, but are not suitable for the continuous monitoring of large amount of fine-grained signals. Perhaps due to this reason, we do not have knowledge of any application of this technology for security purposes.  
However, some less flexible propositions--such as the monitoring of a small amount of selected microarchitectural signals directly in hardware--have been proposed to enforce the security of a specific hardware component. For instance, LiD-CAT [29] monitors cache-related signals and performs detection with a state machine constructed based on a formal description of cache information leakage attacks.  
The study of the current research works shows, in our opinion, that there is a real need for a more open and free framework that can monitor a large amount of microarchitectural signals in real time, based on real software and hardware, to design and evaluate different detection techniques for some specific attacks. MATANA is designed to fill this gap. A comparison of MATANA with previously presented solutions can be found in Table 1.
# Personalized Video Summarization: A Comprehensive Survey of Methods and Datasets
## 4 Classification of Personalized Video Summarization Techniques
### Based on Time of Summarization  
The techniques can be divided into two categories depending on whether the personalized summary is conducted live or on a pre-recorded video, respectively. The first category is real time, and the second category is static. Both are presented below.  
* In _real-time_ techniques, the production of the personalized summary takes place during the playback of the video stream. Due to the fact that the output should be delivered very quickly, it is a difficult process to produce in real time. In real-time systems, an output that is delayed is incorrect [47]. The Sequential and Hierarchical Determinant Point Process (SH-DPP) is a probabilistic model developed by [PERSON] et al. [48] to be able to produce extractive summaries from streaming video or long-form video. The personalized video summaries presented in [12; 13; 17; 18; 24; 31; 38; 39; 46; 50; 60] are in real time.
* In _static_ techniques, the production of the personalized summary takes place on a recorded video. Most studies are static in time [8; 14; 16; 19; 20; 22; 25; 26; 27; 28; 33; 35; 36; 44; 45; 52; 53; 54; 55; 56; 58; 59; 61; 62; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70; 71; 72; 74].  
Figure 8 presents the distribution of the papers, reported in Table 1, between the time of the personalized summary. This distribution dominates the number of papers whose personalized summaries are static, at a percentage of around 76%, as opposed to the number of papers whose summaries are in real time, at a percentage of around 24%.
## 1 Introduction
The joining methods have limits in reducing the total weight due to the existence of fasteners and extra flanges, whereas the machining method suffers from extremely high buy-to-fly ratios because the majority of the raw material has to be removed. In contrast to these existing methods, HWMP only deposits stiffeners layer-by-layer onto an existing thin plate followed by minor milling of the irregular surfaces, as shown in Figure 1f. This provides the possibility to significantly improve material utilization and efficiency without any loss of surface quality. The key performance indicators of HWMP mainly include surface quality, material utilization and efficiency. Surface quality greatly affects the functional attributes of the products including friction, wear resistance, fatigue, lubricant, light reflection and coating [21]. Material utilization and efficiency are strongly related to the environmental and economic benefits [22]. The challenge for evaluating these indicators lies in that the deposition parameters (e.g., travel speed, wire-feed rate) and the milling parameters (e.g., spindle speed, tool-feed rate) have comprehensive effects on them. For example, the surface quality achieved by HWMP is dependent upon not only spindle speed and tool-feed rate, just like other independent milling processes, but also travel speed and wire-feed rate. This is because the cutting depth in the milling step is directly determined by the bead geometry produced in the previous deposition step, which is a function of travel speed and wire-feed rate. The primary aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of HWMP in the fabrication of stiffened panels. The surface quality, material utilization and efficiency are evaluated systematically with consideration of the comprehensive effects of the deposition and the milling parameters. In addition, the optimization is also performed based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to find the best combination of the deposition and the milling parameters in order to maximize its performances.
## 4 Case Study: The Kimberley Climate Adaptation Project (KCAP)
### Evaluation of Visualization Rankings and Responses to Virtual Globes in KCAP
#### 4.6.3 Presentation and the Use of Different Media  
In general, respondents acknowledged the high amount and variety of information at the open house. For example, one respondent wrote that he particularly liked the \"amount and quality of information\". Feedback indicates that the presentation of information and visualization, i.e., the mix of presentation, scientific posters, and a virtual globe station with a guide and verbal explanations, is very important for enhanced understanding. \"I think it's just really good before people go into one of these globes that there's sort of like some introductory material to say what it is and what it isn't. [...] just to put it in better context\" (workshop participant with expert knowledge).
# Improvement of Intake Structures in a Two-Way Pumping Station with Experimental Analysis
###### Abstract  
Pumping stations are important regulation facilities in a water distribution system. Intake structures can generally have a great influence on the operational state of the pumping station. To analyze the effects of the bell mouth height of the two-way intake on the performance characteristics and the pressure pulsations of a two-way pumping station, the laboratory-sized model pump units with three different intakes were experimentally investigated. To facilitate parameterized control, ellipse and straight lines were used to construct the profile of the bell mouth. The frequency domain and time-frequency domain of the pressure pulsations on the wall of intakes were analyzed by the Welch's power spectral density estimate and the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) methods, respectively. The results showed that the bell mouth height (\(H\)) has significant influences on the uniformity of the impeller inflow and the operation stability of the pump unit. When \(H\) = 204 mm, the data fluctuated greatly throughout the test process and the performance curves are slightly lower than the other two schemes. As the bell mouth height gradually decreases, the average pressure difference of each measuring point began to decrease, more homogeneous velocity distribution of impeller inflow can be ensured. The amplitude of blade passing frequency is obvious in the spectrum. While when (\(H\)) is more than 164 mm, the main frequency of pressure pulsations at three points fluctuates with the rotation of the impeller. When H decreases to 142 mm, pressure pulsations will be independent of the operating conditions and positions which contributes to the long-term stable operation of the pump unit.  
pumping stations; two-way intake; pressure pulsations; welch method; continuous wavelet transform +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# Impact of Alloying on Stacking Fault Energies in \(\gamma\)-TiAl
###### Abstract  
Microstructure and mechanical properties are key parameters influencing the performance of structural multi-phase alloys such as those based on intermetallic TiAl compounds. There, the main constituent, a \(\gamma\)-TiAl phase, is derived from a face-centered cubic structure. Consequently, the dissociation of dislocations and generation of stacking faults (SFs) are important factors contributing to the overall deformation behavior, as well as mechanical properties, such as tensile/creep strength and, most importantly, fracture elongation below the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. In this work, SFs on the \(\{111\}\) plane in \(\gamma\)-TiAl are revisited by means of ab initio calculations, finding their energies in agreement with previous reports. Subsequently, stacking fault energies are evaluated for eight ternary additions, namely group IVB-VIB elements, together with Ti off-stoichiometry. It is found that the energies of superlattice intrinsic SFs, anti-phase boundaries (APBs), as well as complex SFs decrease by 20-40% with respect to values in stoichiometric \(\gamma\)-TiAl once an alloying element X is present in the fault plane having thus a composition of Ti-50 Al-12.5X. In addition, Mo, Ti and V stabilize the APB on the \(\{111\}\) plane, which is intrinsically unstable at 0 K in stoichiometric \(\gamma\)-TiAl.  
Keywords:titanium aluminides; stacking fault energies; density functional theory +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
# Modeling Activity-Time to Build Realistic Plannings in Population Synthesis in a Suburban Area
## 6 Algorithm for Time-Choices Setting
### Next Activity: Travel and Start-Time  
#### 6.3.1 Travel Time to the Next Activity  
In this step, the travel time \(TT_{A\to B}\) from \(A\) to the next activity \(B\) is estimated. To calculate this travel time, two measures are necessary: the predicted travel time \(pTT_{A\to B}\) and the travel time tolerance (delay) coefficient \(TTDelay_{A\to B}\).  
The calculation of \(pTT_{A\to B}\) requires the following: the Euclidean distance \(d_{A\to B}\) and the selection of a travel speed \(travelSpeed_{mode_{A\to B}}\) (see Equation (8)). In contrast to \(pTT_{x-z}\) (predicted travel time of the path from \(x\) to \(z\) via a set of activities \(I_{x\to z}\)), which uses the typical travel speed as reference, \(pTT_{A\to B}\) uses the travel speed distribution to select the speed value.  
As for the activity-duration, a travel speed of the used transport \(mode_{A\to B}\) is selected from the distribution. If this distribution is not available, the typical value is then used. The coefficient \(TTDCof_{mode_{A\to B}}\) is used to calculate the travel time tolerance (delay) \(TTDelay_{A\to B}\) (see Equation (31)).  
\[TTDelay_{A\to B}=TTDCof_{mode_{A\to B}}\times pTT_{A\to B} \tag{31}\]  
From the calculated \(TTDelay_{A\to B}\), two values are estimated: the quickest travel time \(QTT_{A\to B}\) and the slowest travel time \(STT_{x\to y}\). These values represent the defined travel time range (see Equations (32) and (33)).  
\[QTT=pTT_{A\to B}-TTDelay_{A\to B} \tag{32}\]  
\[STT=pTT_{A\to B}+TTDelay_{A\to B} \tag{33}\]  
The travel time \(TT_{A\to B}\) is then randomly selected from the range \([QTT,STT]\) (see Equation (34)).  
\[TT_{A\to B}\in[QTT_{A\to B},STT_{A\to B}] \tag{34}\]