## 2 Literature Review  
In confined waters or when approaching a port, the bridge team typically includes the captain, officer, and helmsman, with additional watchmen as needed, and a pilot in compulsory pilotage areas. This team is responsible for complex and high-stakes navigation tasks, which place considerable demands on decision-making and teamwork. Research indicates that the intricate decision-making required during port approaches generates significant stress for ship navigators. When faced with critical navigation tasks, such as maneuvering through tight spaces while entering or exiting ports, these stress-inducing demands can impair navigators' ability to operate the ship safely and effectively [6]. When navigators faced this so-called \"crisis routine navigation\", they were aware of the impending accident, yet their actions were influenced by uncertainty and time pressure. This situation elevates cognitive stress, which may inadvertently lead to degraded supervisory control behavior. In such contexts, operators may increasingly rely on automation and reduce active system engagement, a condition referred to as \"out-of-the-loop\" (OOTL) performance [7; 8]. Stress does not directly cause OOTL states but may act as a catalyst that exacerbates vulnerabilities, including diminished situational awareness, overreliance on automated outputs, and reduced manual control readiness. In high-stakes maritime navigation, stress may either enhance alertness or conversely lead to cognitive disengagement, depending on the task demands, crew experience, and system design [9]. This dynamic is supported by evidence indicating that while human operators excel at interpreting complex navigational information, prolonged passive monitoring tasks are often more effectively managed using automation, with human intervention occurring only in response to significant anomalies [10]. The subsequent research delves into the execution and outcomes of decision support systems intended to assist navigators during these crucial stages. By giving prompt and accurate navigational judgments based on complex algorithmic calculations and as an addition to an automatic radar plotting aid, advanced intelligent maneuvering systems assist the decision-maker, which is the navigator to help prevent collisions. The goal of these technologies is to improve situational awareness while lessening the operational burden on navigators but integrating such technologies also presents new difficulties, such as altering work procedures and possibly causing the navigators to become overly dependent on technology, which in some situations ironically makes people more stressed [11]. This degradation of timely decision-making and the stress induced by altered operational routines can increase the likelihood of near misses, accidents, and ultimately casualties or environmental pollution. These factors are strongly associated with human error, which remains a predominant cause of maritime incidents, with numerous studies consistently showing that over 80% of marine accidents involve human-related errors [12]. In Indonesia, human error is a major contributing factor in maritime accidents [13; 14]. The specific contributing elements include inadequate knowledge of collision regulations and lack of familiarity with ship equipment [15]. Regarding navigational familiarization, several recommendations issued in Indonesian maritime accident reports from 2007 to 2023 remain unresolved [16]. Physical stressors have also been identified as key factors influencing seafarers' stress, including heat exposure, noise, ship motion, seasickness, physically demanding work, lack of exercise, and climatic variability during voyages [17]. Among these, the most significant stressor was high work demands, particularly among crew in the deck department [18]. Recent research on Indonesian seafarers' stresses also revealed that performance among seafarers was directly impacted by job satisfaction and work stress.