# Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Autonomous Vehicle-Pedestrian Interaction
## 2 Related Work
[PERSON] [21], in his research, considered public awareness of AVs and individuals' interest in using AVs, along with the perceived safety of sharing the road with AVs. The result indicated a need for adequate awareness and safety information/demonstration campaigns about AVs. One of the critical findings was the need to recognize the end-users socio-technical consideration and other human-related factors. Pedestrian-AV communication modalities have been studied by researchers. Common modalities that were tested for this purpose include lighting patterns [22], human-like features such as moving eyes on AVs [23], and displaying messages on an LCD [24]. In one of the survey-based studies performed by [PERSON] [25], participants were asked about clarity of communication using human-machine interfaces such as images or video and patterns that automobile makers used. Participants selected textual communication as the clearest interface. In the same research, participants were questioned about the effect of color, message content, and the prospect of displaying messages from the pedestrian point of view. A display message such as 'walk' in a green font color received maximum responses, indicating an egocentric perspective by the pedestrian. [PERSON]'s [26] research survey was conducted in six countries to determine which displaying messages were more apparent to pedestrians based on different scenarios. The survey result showed that messages displaying the vehicle's status are more effective than the status messages. In the second part of the survey, participants were asked about the importance of communication at different timings, including pedestrian-automated vehicle distance and the usefulness of displaying vehicle speed. Studies in the context of AV-pedestrian behavior started a few years ago; some prominent studies are summarized in Table 2. In research [27], an international survey was conducted with 33,958 participants from 51 countries, and multilevel structural equation modeling was applied to compare the difference in perception level and adoption of AVs. Young males are observed more optimistic about current perceptions of AV. In [28], research was conducted in urban Chinese cities, where pedestrian behaviors, trust, and intention to adopt AVs were analyzed, and data were collected from government databases. One of the important outcomes of the research was the safety concern was observed in the occluded environment. The study did not formulate behavior analysis by applying any model. In another research [29], a survey was conducted, developed, and validated to establish pedestrian receptivity towards AVs and pedestrian receptivity of fully autonomous vehicles (PBQF); 482 participants completed the survey, and a principal component analysis was performed for data analysis. Factors such as demographic effects, location, and personal innovativeness were considered. In [30], survey-based research was performed to establish perceptions, particularly with regards to the safety and acceptance of autonomous vehicles. It was observed that perceived risk varies with gender and age variation. Most of the studies performed focused on pedestrian preferences, attitudes, modalities of communication, safety perception, and trust in AVs. Very few studies on AVs- pedestrian interaction and their cross-country comparison have been made so far, and research was performed mainly in developed countries of Europe and America. According to the author's knowledge, there is not even single research conducted between developing countries of Asia and Africa together with economically developed countries in the context of AVs-pedestrian interaction.