## 4 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
### Network Model  
[PERSON] [77] opened that a network is a collection of nodes connected to each other with links. When the sizes of the edges are weighted in a matrix, it is denoted by thicker lines [77]. Network diagrams mimic synaptics in a brain and are used to illustrate the strength of relationships between nodes. The synaptics from the artificial neural network within a brain wave format can be linked together to create a network.  
Table 12 summarised the network diagram in Figures 7 and 8. There are 18 nodes representing post-contract cost control and 153 links for all 18 post-contract cost controlling techniques out a possible 144 links. The sparsity value of 0 indicates a very sparse and less dense network, thereby indicating linearity of the nodes. Hence, the closer the value is to 0, the sparser the network is. This is a good indication of linearity in the network. The network diagram shows the darker blue lines as the positive links between the nodes and the red lines are the negative connections within the network. The relevant post-contract cost controlling techniques are also larger in the network. The smaller nodes specify less relevance. For instance, there is a negative connection between the working budget (WORKBUDG) and monitoring equipment cost (MONEC). This is realistic because equipment costs are not prepared in the bill of quantities by the QS.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Level** & **N** & **R SQUARE** & **RMSE** \\ \hline
1 & 135 & 0.308 & 0.048 \\
2 & 135 & 0.725 & 0.073 \\ Validation & 135 & 0.726 & 0.073 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (Source: Authors’ compilation, 2020).  
\end{table}
Table 11: R square and RMSE values.  
The network plot for the QS in Figure 7, shows the connection between taking corrective action (TCACT); monitoring labour cost (MONLC); monitoring material cost (MONMC); cashflows (CFLOW). Site meeting and post-project reviews are very relevant to the QS and it is associated strongly with historical data (HDATA), incremental milestones and cost forecasting (COSTFOR). The CPM network plot in Figure 8, clearly shows a strong relationship between Monitoring material cost (MONMC); labour cost (MONLC) and equipment cost (MONMC) along with interim valuations (INTERIMV). The CPM also thinks that site-meeting and post-project reviews are important. However, monitoring equipment cost (MONEC) is very difficult for the CPM to management, hence, the bold red line in the network.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Network** & **Number of Nodes** & **Number of Non-Zero Edges** & **Sparsity** \\ \hline QS & 18 & 153/144 & 0.000 \\ CPM & 18 & 153/144 & 0.000 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} (Source: Authors’ compilation, 2020).  
\end{table}
Table 12: Summary of the network.  
Figure 7: Network plot for quantity surveyor.  
A comparison of the QS and CPM network plots revealed that there are more negative (red) connections in the CPM plot compared to the QS. The negative connections in the CPM network plot is an indication of a lack of understanding of how post-contract cost controlling techniques work. Hence, the QS must be the primary influencer of the type of post-contract cost controlling techniques that will be adopted at every construction stage. The next sections discuss the implication of the findings, limitation of the study and conclusions, which will lead to further studies.