###### Abstract  
This study evaluates the seismic fragility and code compliance of reinforced concrete buildings in Turkey following the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake. Sixty representative buildings were modeled in SAP2000, consisting of thirty structures designed according to TEC-1975 and thirty according to TEC-1998. These models were subjected to three-dimensional nonlinear time history analyses using ground motions scaled to match the seismic characteristics of the earthquake. Structural performance was assessed by comparing calculated displacement demands with capacity thresholds defined by modern code provisions. The results show that buildings designed under TEC-1998 generally performed better than those constructed according to TEC-1975, particularly in terms of deformation capacity and collapse resistance. Fragility curves and exceedance probabilities were developed to quantify damage likelihoods across different performance levels. When compared with post-earthquake field observations, the analytical models produced lower collapse rates, which may suggest the presence of widespread code noncompliance in the actual building stock. These findings highlight the critical importance of ensuring adherence to seismic design regulations to improve the resilience of existing structures. 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake; seismic performance; Turkish building stock; nonlinear time history analyses; seismic resilience +
Footnote †: 2023: _Applied sciences_  
structures in Kahramanmaras province, by conducting field observations along with investigating soil structure interaction problems and code evaluations. The authors indicated that, despite advanced earthquake codes in Turkey, the occurred damage remained severe due to poor constriction practices, low material quality, and soil conditions. [PERSON] et al. [3] stated that the peak ground accelerations (PGAs) exceeded design values by 1.75 to 3 times in some locations. Along with this, the authors found that the majority of the damaged structures were constructed between 1975 and 2000, and their compliance with earthquake codes were minimal or non-existent. The extensive field observations of this study pointed out that the \"strong column-weak beam\" principle did not comply with the earthquake regulations. Also, the soft-story behavior was one of the major effects that caused the collapse of structures, which can be prevented by proper engineering services. [PERSON] et al. [4] provided a detailed analysis of the seismic vulnerability of the existing reinforced concrete building stock in Istanbul. The study focuses on structures that were constructed before the year 2000. The authors indicated that the material quality was poor and that there was insufficient reinforcement. Many structures exhibited significant structural deficiencies, such as inadequate lateral reinforcement spacing, weak columns, and low-strength concrete. [PERSON] et al. [5] presented a comprehensive seismic risk assessment framework using Monte Carlo simulations to predict potential earthquake losses in high-risk regions. Focusing on Adapazari, Turkey, the framework integrated seismic hazard models, vulnerability functions, and exposure models to estimate the human and economic losses for various return periods. The authors recommend incorporating site-specific factors such as liquefaction into future risk assessments, as the current model underestimates the impact of soil conditions on damage distribution. [PERSON] et al. [6] investigated the damage to and structural performance of school buildings affected by the devastating earthquakes in southeast Turkey on 6 February 2023. The study analyzed the reasons behind the observed damage and emphasized the importance of adhering to seismic design principles for public buildings, particularly schools, which are critical for post-earthquake recovery. It was noted that over 12,000 school buildings were located in the affected region.