## 3 Glyphosate and AMPA in Biological and Non-Biological Samples  
The widespread utilization of glyphosate in agricultural and other sectors has elicited considerable debate within health, environmental, academic, and industrial spheres, particularly in countries with extensive maize and soybean production. GLYP has been associated with various adverse human health outcomes, including neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, and toxicity to gut microbiota [43]. Moreover, research suggests a link between GLYP exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder [44]. Nonetheless, GLYP has impacts (directly or indirectly) on ecosystems, leading to a reduction in biodiversity at low or high scales [35]. GLYP and AMPA have been detected in biological and non-biological samples such as soil, blood cells and plasma, air, water, and food matrices [45]. Consequently, certain international agencies have established an acceptable daily intake of glyphosate-based herbicides (0.5 mg/kg body weight per day) and an acceptable occupational exposure level (0.1 mg/kg bd per day) [16]. However, in recent years, the presence of glyphosate and AMPA in different biological and non-biological samples has been frequently detected (Table 2).  
The monitoring of GLYP and AMPA has become a critical concern due to its association with various health issues. GLYP and AMPA have been reported in freshwater (17.5-125 \(\mu\)g/L for GLYP and AMPA) [46], drinking water (<0.03-0.225 \(\mu\)g/L for GLYP and <0.03-0.184 for AMPA) [47], tap water (170-2900 \(\mu\)g/L for GLYP and 10-80 \(\mu\)g/L for AMPA) [48], seawater (0.00038-0.0028 \(\mu\)g/L for GLYP) [49], and soil (50-825 \(\mu\)g/L for GLYP and 238-1182 \(\mu\)g/L for AMPA) [50]. Additionally, GLYP concentrations up to 2140 \(\mu\)g/kg have been reported in animal feed [45].  
Regarding human samples, [PERSON] et al. [51] reported the presence of GLYP in human milk (0.11-3.32 \(\mu\)g/L). The presence of glyphosate (0.00038-0.0028 \(\mu\)g/L) and AMPA (6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)-0.00031 \(\mu\)g/L) in saliva of people non-occupationally and occupationally exposed to pesticides has been reported [53]. [PERSON] et al. [52] reported the presence of GLYP and AMPA in human urine in values ranging from 0.2 to 5 \(\mu\)g/L. Additionally, [PERSON] et al. [55] reported a frequency of 54% for glyphosate (12 \(\mu\)g/L) and 60% for AMPA (14 \(\mu\)g/L) in the urine of lactating mothers, wherein statistical analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the consumption of eggs and fruits, with an estimated daily intake of 0.31 and 0.37 \(\mu\)g/kg body weight per day for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. These findings suggest that glyphosate and AMPA can enter the human body with or  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Sample** & **Glyphosate (\(\mu\)g/L)** & **AMPA (\(\mu\)g/L)** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Freshwater & 17.5–125 & 17.5–125 & [46] \\ \hline Drinking water & \textless{}0.03–0.225 & \textless{}0.03–0.184 & [47] \\ \hline Tap water & 170–2900 & 10–80 & [48] \\ \hline Seawater & 0.00012–0.0022 & NR & [49] \\ \hline Soil & 50–825 & 238–1182 & [50] \\ \hline Animal feed & \({}^{\star}\) 7.8–2140 & ND & [45] \\ \hline Human milk & 0.11–3.32 & NR & [51] \\ \hline Human urine & 0.2–5 & 0.2–5 & [52] \\ \hline Human saliva & 0.00038–0.0028 & 6 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-5}\)–0.00031 & [53] \\ \hline Human blood cells & 600–7,480,000 & 100–60,000 & \\ \hline Human urine & 1600–400,000 & 500–1,000,000 & [54] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Glyphosate and AMPA reports on biological and non-biological samples.  
without direct exposure to Gly-based herbicides, with food serving as a significant vector for GLYP and AMPA, as shown in Figure 1. Furthermore, acute intoxication by ingestion (accidental or non-accidental) of GLYP has been reported [54].