esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Nanogold Composite NGC
#### 3.1.4 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Elements Distribution Mapping (EDM)  
Chemical composition analysis of NGC was carried out using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Elements Distribution Mapping (EDM). The EDAX spectra of NGC (Figure 5a) displayed elemental peaks corresponding to oxygen, carbon, and gold, with weight compositions of 47.268%, 21.076%, and 31.654%, respectively, confirming the composite nature of the material. Subsequent analysis of atomic compositions unveiled that oxygen, carbon, and gold accounted for 49.839%, 26.106%, and 24.053% of the total composition, respectively. The images obtained through EDAX and EDM indicated a uniform distribution of gold within the composite material (Figure 5b,c) [43].
# Application of Image Fusion in Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer
## 2 Medical Imaging Methods  
### Ct  
An X-ray beam is used to scan internal organs up to a certain thickness. In this technique, a detector receives X-ray attenuation values of the organs in different directions on this plane, followed by obtaining the digital matrix of the tissue attenuation coefficient of a scanning layer after data transformation. The values in the matrix are converted and displayed on the fluorescent screen with different grayscale in black and white to generate CT images [5]. CT plays a critical role in clinical diagnosis and the treatment of liver cancer.
# A Novel Noncontact Ultrasonic Levitating Bearing Excited by Piezoelectric Ceramics
###### Abstract  
A novel ultrasonic levitating bearing excited by three piezoelectric transducers is presented in this work. The transducers are circumferentially equispaced in a housing, with their center lines going through the rotation center of a spindle. This noncontact bearing has the ability to self-align and carry radical and axial loads simultaneously. A finite element model of the bearing is built in ANSYS, and modal analysis and harmonious response analysis are conducted to investigate its characteristics and driving parameters. Based on nonlinear acoustic theory and a thermodynamic theory of ideal gas, the radical and lateral load-carrying models are built to predict the bearing's carrying capacity. In order to validate the bearing's levitation force, a test system is established and levitating experiments are conducted. The experimental data match well with the theoretical results. The experiments reveal that the maximum radical and axial levitating loads of the proposed bearing are about 15 N and 6 N, respectively, when the piezoelectric transducers operate at a working frequency of 16.11 kHz and a voltage of 150 V\({}_{\text{P-P}}\).  
noncontact bearing; near-field levitation; squeeze film; piezoelectric transducer Article
## 2 Site Description  
Several TP/TD resulted from the processing of the underground mining of coal in the Jiu Valley coal basin of Romania (Figure 1) and still exist today, whether in operation or under conservation. Due to their age, they all pose a risk for structural failure and thus of accidental environmental contamination or even human loss of life.  
Figure 1: Jiu Valley coal basin of Romania: localization in Romania, geologic map, location of Coroiesti TD/TP (red triangle).  
The coal processing plant from Coroiesti was shut down several years ago, when three of the four mines that delivered the run-of-mine coal to it were closed. However, during the years of operation from the processing of coal after the flotation of the raw slurry, waste resulted in the form of tailings that was decanted and stored in two tailings ponds located on the right bank of the Western Jil River, at a distance of approx. 1 km downstream from the processing plant.  
Both these ponds were made by enclosing surfaces with perimetral dams made of mining and processing tailings. There are two tailing ponds situated east of the plant, named Tailings Pond no. 1 and Tailings Pond no. 2.  
Tailings Pond 1 consists of two compartments (A) and (B) as shown in Figure 2, both of sedimentation type, which have functioned alternately over time, with an area of 140,000 m\({}^{2}\) and a volume of 3,000,000 m\({}^{3}\). The elevation of the natural land at the base of TP no. 1 is between 579 and 589 m above sea level, and the top of the dam was at 600.50 m to 608.90 m above the sea level, when last surveyed in 2014. Since then, the dike of compartment B has been raised by about 2 m. Due to the exhaustion of the storage capacity of TP no. 1, it was decided to reactivate and store the tailings in TP no. 2.  
Tailings Pond no. 2 is presented in Figure 3; it is located in continuation of the two compartments of TP no. 1 and was commissioned in 1968. It has a single compartment, with an area of 110,000 m\({}^{2}\) and a volume of 2,000,000 m\({}^{3}\). The elevation of the natural land at the base varies between 576 m and 584 m above sea level, and the last measured elevation of the dam top was between 594.50 m and 599.30 m above the sea level.  
The last assessment of the safety status of Tailings Ponds Nos. 1 and 2 from Coroiesti dates back to 2001 [63] and included the determination of the FOS, which was determined using the classic analytical methods of slices, with the calculations carried out with a simple computer program, for static loads as well as for pseudostatic loads. This resulted in several FOS, depending on the height and angle of the dam slopes, with values of FOS ranging from 1.48 at the dike height of 20 m and at the slope angle of 30 degrees to 1.33 at the slope angle of 35 degrees. The numerical modeling within this study based on finite elements method (FEM) was carried out for a two-dimensional section of the dam, with a total height of 30 m and a median slope of 30 degrees. The medium was considered as isotropic in terms of permeability.  
Figure 2: Tailings Pond no. 1 with the two compartments (**A**) and (**B**).
# Laser Cavitation Peening: A Review
## 4 Key Factors of Laser Cavitation Peening  
### Overview of Key Factors of Laser Cavitation Peening  
Figure 9 reveals an overview of the mechanisms and key factors of laser cavitation peening. When a laser pulse with a pulse width of several nanoseconds is irradiated to a target, laser ablation is generated, and laser ablation produces a shockwave; then, the shockwave initiates a bubble, i.e., laser cavitation. A laser pulse with a pulse width of several hundred microseconds also generates laser cavitation due to subcooled boiling [48; 49]. In terms of the phase change phenomenon from the liquid phase to the gas phase, this is affected by the characteristics of the liquid. The effect of the liquid was investigated in a previous study using pure water, glycerol, liquid paraffin, and silicone oil, and it was reported that the highest stress was observed in water [50]. The shockwave and the microjet of the laser cavitation produce the impacts, as well as the shockwave induced by the laser ablation. These impacts produce local plastic deformation pits on metallic materials. The local plastic deformation pits change the material properties, such  
Figure 8: Effect of impact induced by laser cavitation on submerged laser peening: (**a**) images of laser cavitation without pipe, (**b**) images of laser cavitation with pipe, and (**c**) effect of laser cavitation impact on peening intensity of submerged laser peening. Reprinted from [43] with permission from Japan Society of Shot Peening Technology.  
Figure 7: Shockwave signal from laser-induced plasma and the collapse of the laser-induced cavitation bubble from a PVDF gauge sensor in glycerol. Reprinted from [42] with permission from Japan Laser Proessing Society.  
as the residual stress, hardness, yield stress, tensile strength, dislocation density, grain size, Young's modulus, roughness, fracture toughness, etc. The compressive residual stress and the work-hardening introduced by laser cavitation peening can improve fatigue strength and fatigue life. It has been reported that laser cavitation peening reduces crack initiation and crack propagation [51].  
To generate a laser pulse, several laser systems are available. The main parameters of laser systems are pulse width, pulse energy, wavelength, repetition frequency, beam diameter, etc. In a conventional laser cavitation peening system, the pulse width is several ns, the pulse energy is several hundred mJ, the wavelength is 532 nm or 1064 nm [16; 20], the repetition frequency is 10-200 Hz [40], and the beam diameter is about a few mm before focusing. The effects of the pulse energy and the wavelength were discussed in a previous paper [16].  
In the present review, the main factors related to laser cavitation collapse impact, such as bubble size, bubble shape, and water quality, are summarized. The effect of peening patterns is also discussed.
## 4 Results and Discussions
### Energy Exchange Analysis  
In this section, the energy exchange between the main components of the system; ESS, PVs, and the demand side is demonstrated. Table 4 presents the energy generated by the solar system against the demand side's consumption. For the base scenario, in which the solar system is designed to cover only the residential building demand, a significant difference is not observed between energy supply and demand. However, the aggregated demand has overcome the supply energy value by adding an extra load to the solar system. The difference between the energy supply and demand needs to be compensated by the amount of energy available in the batteries (the initial SoC of the batteries equals 60% in the simulations) in this scenario (EV-2P). This must be noted that the simulations are performed by considering the worst-case scenario; the solar irradiance and residential building energy demand are at their minimum and maximum rates during the year, respectively. The mismatch between energy supply and demand is expected to be minimum in the warmer  
Figure 14: Second life battery SoC for different scenarios in various times during the day.  
months of the year. Table 4 indicates that increasing the number of second life batteries results in minimizing the difference between the energy supply and demand, which could increase the stability of the proposed energy system. The hourly energy exchange rate between the system components is shown in Figure 15a-d for different scenarios.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Availability of Input Energy**} & **Demand Energy** \\  & **by PV Panels [kWh/day]** & **[kWh/day]** \\ \hline Base & 11.34 & 10.6 \\ EV-2P & 12.88 & 17.2 \\ EV-3P & 15.58 & 17.2 \\ EV-4P & 15.62 & 17.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 4: Energy generation and demand for different scenarios for the proposed day.  
Figure 15: _Cont._  
Table 4 presents the energy generation and demand for different scenarios in this study. By adding extra EVCS load to the system in the EV-2P scenario, while the number of SLB packs is kept constant (compared to the base scenario), the minimal increase in PV panel power generation is seen due to variations of their operating voltage affected by battery packs voltage variations shown in Figure 13. An increase in SLB packs' size to 17.55 kWh (EV-3P) and 23.4 kWh (EV-4P) leads to an increase in PV panel energy generation by 21% and 21.27%, respectively, resulting from an increase in electricity storage capacity which allows higher rates of energy storage and lowering variations of PV panels operating voltage.  
Figure 15: Proposed system hourly energy exchange for different components in (**a**) Base, (**b**) EV-2P, (**c**) EV-3P and (**d**) EV-4P scenarios.
## 1 Introduction and Motivation
**_Non-programmers will favour assisted composition over manual composition compared to programmers._The literature provides conflicting results with respect to creation of service-oriented compositions by non-programmers and programmers. For instance, several studies [10; 11; 12; 13; 14] reported major challenges during the creation of service-oriented compositions by ordinary end-users. However, recent studies show that non-programmers provide the same service composition performance as programmers [18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. These somewhat strange claims motivate our research to (1) test these claims and (2) understand what makes service composition a really challenging task. To answer the posited research questions, non-programmers' performances, mental models, and service composition techniques are contrasted to those of a baseline sample of programmers to identify gaps in their conceptual understanding and any alternative decision-making strategies they adopt to compensate for the lack of technical knowledge and expertise (Sections 4 and 5). Therefore, will the non-programmers create equally accurate service compositions as the programmers? And which composition issues do they normally face?
## 3 Experiment Results and Discussions
### Chlorophyll a Concentration Sensing
The measurement results with and without the red filter on PD3 are shown in Figure 12.1 Although the output photovoltages are decreased due to scattered light intensity reduction for the high concentration sample, the linearity still exists; specifically, there are no remarkable variations for low concentration samples, which are samples that are more useful in real applications. As a result, it reveals that two LEDs and one PD are sufficient to simultaneously detect both the turbidity and chlorophyll \(a\) concentration with our measurement setup. In order to improve the strength of output photovoltages, we investigated the reflection effect of the socket. We put Al foil tape inside and around the socket to gather reflected scattered or fluorescent light to increase the output photovoltage. In the measurement, we used chlorophyll \(a\) solutions as samples shown in Figure 12.2 Moreover, a larger LED which has a 5 mm diameter was also tested. The measurement results are shown in Figure 12.3 Of course, all measurement results showed good linearity. There were no remarkable changes in the strength of photovoltages between 3 mm and 5 mm diameter LEDs. However, the output photovoltage strength was much more improved  
Figure 12.4 Chlorophyll \(a\) concentration measurement results for samples at the 8 places indicated in Figure 12.5  
Figure 12.6 Comparison of the turbidity measurement results with and without a red filter on PD3. when the reflective Al foil tape was applied. For instance, for the chlorophyll \(a\) concentration of the 5 \(\upmu\)g/L sample, which is sample with the lowest concentration, the output photovoltage strength was increased by 14.9%. It is obvious that using reflection in the measurement setup is effective and should be considered when turbidity and chlorophyll \(a\) concentration sensors are integrated into a microfluidic sensor module, as shown in Figure 12.7  
In environmental water measurement, it is important to guarantee constant LED intensity. To do so, the ageing effect of LED intensity must be clarified, which will be considered as a follow-up to this work. Moreover, the intensity of the LEDs and the sensitivity of the PD should be optimized to obtain an optimal device size.
# A Polarization Independent Quasi-TEM Metamaterial Absorber for X and Ku Band Sensing Applications
## 3 Absorption and Pressure Sensor Results and Discussion
### Pressure Sensor on Simulation Environment  
Extensive studies have been done in metamaterial absorbers in the last few years. For instance, single nanoparticle and nanorod devices for biosensing application, radar cross section (RCS) control for antenna design based on metamaterials, optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials, surface wave cloaking from gradient index materials to use nanocomposites in EM wave control, ultrathin multicolor metasurfaces for high resolution spatial light modulators [46; 47; 48; 49; 50]. Despite such contributions, this unit cell has a new design with inner and outer resonators with polarization independent characteristics. This feature was studied applying quasi-TEM mode wave propagation which makes this design more versatile in X and Ku band applications. Also, dual band resonance with high absorption rating and sensing characteristics in a simulation environment is a notable point for this design. Moreover, the second resonator inside the lattice reduces the form factor which has significant value for absorber design. On the other hand, the dimension of the unit cell were optimized for X and Ku band pressure sensing applications. In Figure 10, a simulation arrangement where two unit cells sandwiched with a sensor layer is depicted. Each unit cell has dielectric substrate FR-4, a metamaterial absorber (MMA) ring with a mirror reflexed C-shape and a copper ground plane. Rogers RT 5880 (\(\epsilon=2.2\), \(\mu=1.0\)), RT 5870 (\(\epsilon=2.33\), \(\mu=1.0\)) and RT 6202 (\(\epsilon=2.94\), \(\mu=1.0\)) these three high frequency circuit materials were studied in our simulations as sensor layers. RT 5880/5870 are filled with polytetrafluoroethene (glass or ceramic) composite specifically laminated for high reliability, aerospace and defense systems,
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Preprocessing
#### 2.3.4 Gaussian Filter  
In order to effectively extract the desired frequency component of the study, a designated filter is utilized in this procedure. In particular, the Gaussian filter is employed to remove the roughness component from the frequency component of the signal. This filter can be employed alongside the Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform operation to effectively remove low-frequency components. The filter's weight function, as defined in Equation (6), has an amplitude transfer of 50% at the cutoff value of \(\lambda_{c}\).  
\[s(x)=\frac{1}{\alpha\lambda_{c}}e^{-\pi(\frac{x}{2\lambda_{c}})^{2}} \tag{6}\]  
The coefficient \(\alpha\) is defined in the following Equation (7).  
\[\alpha=\left(\frac{ln2}{\pi}\right)^{0.5} \tag{7}\]  
The filtering of the signal is executed by utilizing convolution integration of the measured helix deviation curves and weight functions as shown in the following Equation (8).  
\[\hat{f}_{gi}(x)=\int\overline{f}_{gi}(\tau)s(x-\tau)d\tau \tag{8}\]
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Discussion of Adsorption Mechanisms  
#### 3.3.1 Adsorption Kinetic Model  
The fitted kinetic curves for the quasi-primary and quasi-secondary reactions of the GO/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels for the adsorption of four metal ions are shown in Figure 6, and the correlation coefficients for the fitted kinetic curves for the quasi-primary and quasi-secondary reactions in Table 1 are shown. The slope and intercept of the fitted curves can be obtained by fitting the results to the kinetic quasi-level kinetic and quasi-secondary reaction kinetic models. The slope and intercept of the fitted curves can be used to calculate the \(Q_{c}\) and the k\({}_{1}\) and k\({}_{2}\) corresponding to the two reaction kinetic models. The results of the fitting  
Figure 5: (**a**) Adsorption capacity of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) ions removed by GO/P(AA-co-AM) at pH 2–6, respectively (\(C_{0}\) = 1000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), \(C_{m}\) = 1 g\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), \(t\) = 60 min). (**b**) Adsorption capacity of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) ions removed by GO/P(AA-co-AM) at different temperatures (\(C_{0}\) = 1000 mg\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), \(C_{m}\) = 1 g\(\cdot\)L\({}^{-1}\), \(t\) = 60 min).  
of the two reaction kinetic response curves compared with the fitted results of the quasi-secondary reaction kinetic model are closer to the actual equilibrium adsorption amount \(Q_{e}\) obtained. The correlation coefficient was better than that of the quasi-secondary reaction kinetics (R\({}^{2}\) > 0.997). Based on the above results, it can be determined that the interaction of the GO/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels with the four metal ions includes ion exchange, sharing, and interaction, thus indicating that the main adsorption mode is chemisorption, i.e., the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the GO/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels combine with the metal ions. By comparing the adsorption rate constants of the quasi-secondary reaction kinetics, k\({}_{2}\), the rate at which the adsorption of the four metal ions reaches adsorption equilibrium is known. Therefore, the adsorption rates of the GO/P(AA-co-AM) hydrogels for the four metal ions can be obtained as Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Pb(II) > Cu(II), with Zn(II) reaching adsorption equilibrium the fastest. Compared with the other three metal ions, Cu(II) is the last to reach adsorption equilibrium.
# Study on Seismic Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pier Under Bending-Torsion Coupling
###### Abstract  
To systematically study the mechanical behavior of a steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) pier under bending-torsion coupling, three pier specimens with a clear height of 1200 mm, a diameter of 300 mm, and an SFRC height of 300 mm in the plastic hinge region were designed and fabricated. Quasi-static tests were carried out to observe the damage patterns and failure modes of the specimens. On this basis, multiple finite element models were established using the ABAQUS 2018 software to study the influence of the torsion-bending ratio and SFRC height on the seismic performance of the pier. The results show that the bending-torsion coupling effect leads to a decrease in the bending and torsion capacities of the pier. The presence of torque causes the plastic hinge position to move up and the plastic hinge area to expand. Adding SFRC at the bottom of the pier can effectively improve the bearing capacity of the pier under earthquake action. The optimal height of SFRC is half of the clear height of the pier under the common torsion-bending ratio, which can not only improve the seismic performance of the structure but also avoid material waste.  
SFRC; bending-torsion coupling; seismic performance; quasi-static test +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
Article