esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Memory and Cache Contention Denial-of-Service Attack in Mobile Edge Devices
## 6 Conclusions  
In this paper, we introduce memory and cache contention attack, which causes denial-of-service (DoS) and exhaustive energy consumption in mobile edge devices. The memory and cache contention DoS attack can be realized with a simple malicious code that performs consecutive memory data transfer operations. The malicious program mainly hinders shared resource accesses of the normal programs, incurring performance degradation of the normal programs and excessive energy consumption in the system. We propose profiling the intensiveness and steadiness of the L1 data cache miss request issues in order to detect and mitigate the memory and cache contention DoS attack. By utilizing the differences between the workload characteristics of normal and malicious program, our proposed detection technique successfully detects the malicious program for the memory and cache contention DoS attack with near-zero false alarm rates. To mitigate the memory and cache contention DoS attack, we propose employing an instruction fetch bandwidth throttling. Our evaluation results demonstrate how much the memory and cache contention DoS attack can degrade performance (by 47.6% on average) and cause excessive energy consumption (by 2.1\(\times\) on average). In addition, our detection and mitigation techniques successfully alleviate the adverse impacts of the memory and cache contention DoS attack. With our detection and mitigation techniques, the performance and energy of the normal programs are recovered by 92.4% and 94.7% (on average), respectively. As our future work, we will perform the detailed sensitivity study with various profiling and throttling time periods and then investigate broader types of memory and cache contention attacks (considering various accelerators) in mobile system-on-chips. We will also investigate the synergistic effects by combining the hardware- and software-level detection and mitigation mechanisms.  
Conceptualization, W.C. and J.K.; methodology, W.C. and J.K.; Simulation, W.C.; Result analysis, W.C. and J.K.; Writing, W.C. and J.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1 DIA3B0/7045908) and the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015R1C1A1A01051836).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author. The additional experiment data are not publicly available due to the reason that all the experiment data are already presented in this article's figures and tables.
# Signal to Noise Ratio of a Coded Slit Hyperspectral Sensor
###### Abstract  
In recent years, a wide range of hyperspectral imaging systems using coded apertures have been proposed. Many implement compressive sensing to achieve faster acquisition of a hyperspectral data cube, but it is also potentially beneficial to use coded aperture imaging in sensors that capture full-rank (non-compressive) measurements. In this paper we analyse the signal-to-noise ratio for such a sensor, which uses a Hadamard code pattern of slits instead of the single slit of a typical pushbroom imaging spectrometer. We show that the coded slit sensor may have performance advantages in situations where the dominant noise sources do not depend on the signal level; but that where Shot noise dominates a conventional single-slit sensor would be more effective. These results may also have implications for the utility of compressive sensing systems.  
hyperspectral imaging system; coded aperture imaging; Hadamard code +
Footnote †: journal: Physics Letters A  
1
Footnote 1: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0 JQ, UK  
2
Footnote 2: Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Swindon SN6 8 LA, UK  
2
Footnote 2: Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Swindon SN6 8 LA, UK
applications such as the acquisition of hyperspectral video [10]. In this work, an analytical expression for the SNR has been derived and it is then used for examining trends of the imaging performance, in comparison with conventional non-multiplexed pushbroom hyperspectral sensors. The SNR is then assessed for various model parameters which are commonly employed in realistic systems. The results indicate that conventional non-multiplexed sensors exhibit advantage when the signal levels are high, such as under bright light illumination or when large image integration time is used, but that the coded-aperture multiplexed sensor is more advantageous in low-signal conditions. This result has been shown to be consistent with the common knowledge of the multiplexing advantage: i.e., the multiplexed sensors is expected to be superior when the dominant noise source is not correlated with (i.e., is independent of) the signal level, such as in the low-light illumination condition; but that multiplexing suffers in conditions in which photon noise is dominant, which is commonly found when the imaging is under strong illumination [11].
_Int. J. Mol. Sci._**2015**, _16_, 11550-11573; doi:10.3390/ijms160511550  
International Journal of  
Molecular Sciences  
ISSN 1422-0067  
www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms  
_Acticle_  
_De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Transcriptome of the Chinese Medicinal Herb, _Gentiana rigescens_  
[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 3,*, and [PERSON] 4  
1 College of Resources and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (X.Z.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.L.)  
2 Plant and Food Research, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, Auckland 92169, New Zealand; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China  
4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-871-6503-3564.  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 31 March 2015 / Accepted: 14 May 2015 / Published: 20 May 2015_  
**Abstract:**_Gentiana rigescens_ is an important medicinal herb in China. The main validated medicinal component gentiopicroside is synthesized in shoots, but is mainly found in the plant's roots. The gentiopicroside biosynthetic pathway and its regulatory control remain to be elucidated. Genome resources of gentian are limited. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies can aid in supplying global gene expression profiles. In this study we present sequence and transcript abundance data for the root and leaf transcriptome of _G. rigescens_, obtained using the Illumina Hiseq2000. Over fifty million clean reads were obtained from leaf and root libraries. This yields 76,717 unigenes with an average length of 753 bp. Among these, 33,855 unigenes were identified as putative homologs of annotated sequences in public protein and nucleotide databases. Digital abundance analysis identified 3306 unigenes differentially enriched between leaf and root. Unigenes found in both tissues were categorized according to their putative functional categories. Of the differentially expressed genes, over 130 were annotated as related to terpenoid biosynthesis. This work is the first study of global transcriptome analyses in gentian. These sequences and putative functional data comprise a resource for future investigation of terpenoid biosynthesis in Gentianaceae species and annotation of the gentiopicroside biosynthetic pathway and its regulatory mechanisms.  
_Gentiana rigescens__;_ gentiopicroside; regulation; transcriptome
# UAV-Based Airport Lights Inspection Without GNSS Positioning Support
###### Abstract
Both services provide adequate accuracy for measuring light properties. Human observers note the light properties during inspection flights. The measurement procedures comply with ICAO regulations. Inspections carried out using aircrafts are subjected to the same regulations as airline operations, and in the case of congested airports, they may be a large disruption for air traffic. The introduction of UAV-based inspections, which also are subjected to such regulations, is much less disruptive as the inspection periods are significantly shorter. UAV-based inspection systems, available on the market, rely on augmented GNSS systems for determining the positions in space of the UAVs during missions. The inspection of approach light systems, runway lights, taxiway lights, and airport beacons includes the detection of lights that have lost more than 50% of their intensity and the identification of their positions in compliance with the airports geodesic documentation. The resultant reports are used by maintenance crews to optimize their work, especially at vast airports where access to lights requires covering long distances [7]. Finding the position and assessing the state of the airport light is the core of light inspection tasks. This paper presents an image processing-based approach for performing the inspection task. PAPI light inspection is detailed for proving the effectiveness of the approach. The study problem is defined as follows: Is the photogrammetric range imaging technique structure from motion (SfM), suitable for determining light positions? The technique is usually employed in tracking tasks for controlling the movement of autonomous vehicles. In this case, tracking may also be necessary as the UAV camera has limited resolution, so the observed area during the flight encompasses only a small part of the airfield. The following hypothesis is formulated: The sequence of images of lights on the airfield recorded during a UAV flight and the geodesic documentation of the light positions are sufficient for determining light positions. This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 reviews related works in the domain of UAV-based inspections and image=based support. Section 3 presents the idea of the SfM application for airport light inspection with a discussion of the properties of the processing algorithm's steps. Section 4 details the results of measuring the angles of colour changes in PAPI lights using the proposed SFM-based procedure. Finally, Section 5 discusses the results and sets goals for future studies.
# A Population-Based Search Approach to Solve Continuous Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems
###### Abstract  
_Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems_ (DCOPs) are an efficient framework widely used in multi-agent collaborative modeling. The traditional DCOP framework assumes that variables are discrete and constraint utilities are represented in tabular forms. However, the variables are continuous and constraint utilities are in functional forms in many practical applications. To overcome this limitation, researchers have proposed _Continuous DCOPs_ (C-DCOPs), which can model DCOPs with continuous variables. However, most of the existing C-DCOP algorithms rely on gradient information for optimization, which means that they are unable to solve the situation where the utility function is a non-differentiable function. Although the _Particle Swarm-Based C-DCOP_ (PCD) and _Particle Swarm with Local Decision-Based C-DCOP_ (PCD-LD) algorithms can solve the situation with non-differentiable utility functions, they need to implement _Breadth First Search_ (BFS) pseudo-trees for message passing. Unfortunately, employing the BFS pseudo-tree results in expensive computational overheads and agent privacy leakage, as messages are aggregated to the root node of the BFS pseudo-tree. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a fully distributed C-DCOP algorithm to solve the utility function form problem and avoid the disadvantages caused by the BFS pseudo-tree. Inspired by the population-based algorithms, we propose a fully decentralized local search algorithm, named _Population-based Local Search Algorithm_ (PLSA), for solving C-DCOPs with three-fold advantages: (i) PLSA adopts a heuristic method to guide the local search to achieve a fast search for high-quality solutions; (ii) in contrast to the conventional C-DCOP algorithm, PLSA can solve utility functions of any form; and (iii) compared to PCD and PCD-LD, PLSA avoids complex message passing to achieve efficient computation and agent privacy protection. In addition, we implement an extended version of PLSA, named _Population-based Global Search Algorithm_ (PGSA), and empirically show that our algorithms outperform the state-of-the-art C-DCOP algorithms on three types of benchmark problems.  
distributed constraint optimization; continuous variable; fully decentralized; breadth first search pseudo-tree; search algorithm +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
[PERSON]  
1 College of Computer and Information Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China 1  
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Footnote 1: [[https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci)]([https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci](https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci))  
2
Thus, the main challenge when implementing this type of transition is to ensure good electrical contact between the planar circuitry and 3D structure. In this proposal, electrical continuity is guaranteed through tin soldering. The proposed transition is easy to solder, which guarantees good electrical continuity and, therefore, a good electrical response. With a transition in these characteristics, a new range of possibilities opens up that will allow us to design more advanced devices by exploiting the benefits of both technologies (SIW [13] and 3D printed waveguides), while reducing their corresponding weak points. The proposed transition in this article has been designed and experimentally validated for the Ku-band frequency range [14]. The 3D part has been manufactured using copper with a 3D printer using BDM (Bound Metal Deposition) technology.
## 4 SMC Parameters Tuning Based on PACSA
### Design of Objective Function based on AHP  
#### 4.1.1 Objective Function  
Appropriate performance evaluation indicators are the basis for judging the quality of control strategies. Ride comfort and handling stability are the main aspects of vehicle performance during the running process of vehicle. In order to achieve optimal SMC of vehicle ride comfort and handling stability, the objective function of the SMC' parameters optimization consists of vehicle vertical acceleration \(\tilde{z}_{s}\), dynamic deflection of left and right tire \(z_{ql}-z_{ul}\) and \(z_{qr}-z_{ur}\), left and right side suspension dynamic deflection \(z_{ul}-z_{sl}\) and \(z_{ur}-z_{sr}\), and roll angle acceleration of vehicle \(\tilde{\varphi}\). The first three items are the objective function factors often used in suspension ride control [29; 30]. The roll angle acceleration is the main control target in the handling stability control of the suspension system [31; 32]. In order to trade off among the various performance requirements for better ride comfort and handling stability, a quadratic objective function expression is taken as the performance index based on the quadratic optimal control theory, which is shown in Equation (24).  
\[J=\underset{t\rightarrow\infty}{\lim}\frac{1}{T}\Big{\{}\tau_{1}\tilde{z}_{s} {}^{2}+\tau_{2}\tilde{\varphi}{}^{2}+\tau_{3}(z_{sl}-z_{ul})^{2}+\tau_{4}(z_{ sr}-z_{ur})^{2}+\tau_{5}(z_{ul}-z_{ql})^{2}+\tau_{6}(z_{ur}-z_{qr})^{2}\Big{\}}dt \tag{24}\]  
where \(\tau_{1}\sim\tau_{6}\) are the weighting coefficients of the corresponding items.  
First of all, the six weighting indicators mentioned above should be quantified because of the big differences in magnitude between them. The root mean square (RMS) value of the above six indicators in the passive suspension model is calculated, and the quantized scale factor of the same scale can be obtained from Equation (25).  
\[\gamma_{1}*\sigma_{\tilde{z}_{s}}{}^{2}=\gamma_{2}*\sigma_{\tilde{\varphi}}{} ^{2}=\gamma_{3}*\sigma_{z_{sl}-z_{ul}}^{2}=\gamma_{4}*\sigma_{z_{ur}-z_{ur}}^{ 2}=\gamma_{5}*\sigma_{z_{ul}-z_{ql}}^{2}=\gamma_{6}*\sigma_{z_{ur}-z_{qr}}^{2} \tag{25}\]  
where \(\gamma_{1}\sim\gamma_{6}\) are the quantized scale factors. The vertical displacement acceleration \(\tilde{z}_{s}\) is used as a reference, and the value of \(\gamma_{1}\) is set to 1. The calculation results are shown in Table 2.
## 2 Petrophysical Modeling for Sandstone and Shale  
The saline aquifer geological model in this study, including geometry and porosity/permeability distributions, was derived from a benchmark model, referred to as UNISIM-I [54]. It was constructed based on structural, facies, and petrophysical data obtained from the Namorado Oil Field in the Campos Basin, Brazil. The 3D model, including the over, lateral, and underburden, consists of 114 \(\times\) 66 \(\times\) 56 gridblocks with lateral dimensions of 170 \(\times\) 170 m\({}^{2}\) and variable thickness (Figure 1), discretized using a corner point grid. Table 1 provides a summary of the mean values for key petrophysical properties assigned to the model.  
The model represents a heterogeneous sandstone reservoir, and the associated siliceous shaly caprock was assumed to have homogenous properties, depicted in Table 1. The shale properties are typical for this type of rock [55,56]. Figure 1 shows the porosity distribution in the model. The low-porosity zone in blue represents the shale layers, and it highlights the area of the CO2 injection well, positioned on a high-porosity lower flank of the reservoir. This specific positioning, a practice observed in GCS projects to optimize the injection [57,58], leverages gravitational forces to enhance CO2 dispersion and retention within the high-porosity zones, thereby optimizing injection. The blue zones surrounding this area represent the shale layers with low porosity, serving as a caprock to contain the CO2. This placement is critical to ensure the containment of the CO2 within the target zone. The left figure presents a 3D view of the geological model. The right figure provides a slice through the model, emphasizing the depth of the reservoir and allowing for a focused examination of the geological features and porosity at a specific subsurface level.  
The dynamic properties used in this model are based on the characterization proposed by [PERSON] et al. [59], and it will be discussed in the next paragraphs. The relative permeability curves for CO2 and brine in sandstone and shale were obtained from [PERSON] and Bachu [60]. The CO2-brine capillary pressure curves were obtained from a J-function fitted to the data from [PERSON] et al. [61] for the sandstone and from [PERSON] and [PERSON] [62] for the shale. Figures 2 and 3 show the final drainage curves used in the simulation for the aquifers and their caprock, respectively. The imbibition curves are generated according to the hysteresis model, which is detailed in the next section.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline  & **Sandstone** & **Shale** \\ \hline Porosity (\(\varphi\)) & 0.20 (mean) & 0.10 \\ Permeability (\(k\)) & 300 mD (mean) & 0.001 mD \\ \(k_{o}/k_{h}\) ratio & 0.1 & 0.1 \\ Pore compressibility & 5.8 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-7}\) kPa\({}^{-1}\) & 5 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-8}\) kPa\({}^{-1}\) \\ Young’s modulus & 1 GPa & 10 GPa \\ Poisson’s ratio & 0.25 & 0.30 \\ Relative permeability & Figure 2 & Figure 3 \\ Capillary pressure & Figure 2 & Figure 3 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Summary of main petrophysical properties used in the geological model.
###### Abstract  
Studies on the prediction of student success in distance learning have explored mainly demographics factors and student interactions with the virtual learning environments. However, it is remarkable that a very limited number of studies use information about the assignments submitted by students as influential factor to predict their academic achievement. This paper aims to explore the real importance of assignment information for solving students' performance prediction in distance learning and evaluate the beneficial effect of including this information. We investigate and compare this factor and its potential from two information representation approaches: the traditional representation based on single instances and a more flexible representation based on Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), focus on handle weakly labeled data. A comparative study is carried out using the Open University Learning Analytics dataset, one of the most important public datasets in education provided by one of the greatest online universities of United Kingdom. The study includes a wide set of different types of machine learning algorithms addressed from the two data representation commented, showing that algorithms using only information about assignments with a representation based on MIL can outperform more than 20% the accuracy with respect to a representation based on single instance learning. Thus, it is concluded that applying an appropriate representation that eliminates the sparseness of data allows to show the relevance of a factor, such as the assignments submitted, not widely used to date to predict students' academic performance. Moreover, a comparison with previous works on the same dataset and problem shows that predictive models based on MIL using only assignments information obtain competitive results compared to previous studies that include other factors to predict students performance.  
Multiple Instance Learning; educational data mining; OULAD; virtual learning system; predicting performance