## 1 Introduction
Below are the advantages of OWC systems over RF systems. * Wireless communication often uses RF waves, leveraging their far-reaching benefits. However, they come with two notable drawbacks: detrimental effects on human well-being and lack of effectiveness against electromagnetic impedance (EMI), which can lead to thinking twice about their implementation. In contrast, with this alternative medium, there is no known negative association between visible light waves and human health [7; 8] if we provide flicker-free illumination. * The apparent light wave transfer speed is in excess of multiple times larger than the RF data transmission. With its wide bandwidth, OWC is a compelling option for high-capacity communication systems owing to the much larger volumes of data that it can transmit. * It is essential to consider that apparent light waves are more secure and more effective when view transmission is accomplished utilizing the channel model. By leveraging advanced manufacturing technologies, LEDs exhibit numerous advantages as state-of-the-art light sources with distinctive potential. These merits encompass a prolonged lifespan, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and diverse size options. Furthermore, LEDs demonstrate compatibility and utility in the realm of high-speed OWC technologies, facilitating fast switching at high frequencies [8]. Given the promising potential inherent to OWC, various companies have allocated resources for research endeavors aimed at developing and improving OWC technologies. Notably, the IEEE 802.15.7-2011 standard [9] introduced OWC techniques in 2011, primarily based on the VLC mode with a complex protocol. The standard IEEE 802.15.7-2018 [10] was subsequently published, which supplements its predecessor. This updated 2018 standard introduces modifications to the OWC technique and includes four different modes:  
* The IEEE 802.15.7-2011 standard furnishes comprehensive details regarding VLC modes [9]. * The modulation schemes of the OCC system have the capacity to capture data from diverse light sources by utilizing an image sensor or camera. * LED identification functions as a low-speed communication scheme in which LEDs are used as photodiodes, with data transmission rates less than 1 Mbps. * High-speed Li-Fi: By using high-rate photodiode modulation schemes, the data rate is significantly increased to more than 1 Mbps at the physical layer. RF systems are presently employed across diverse applications, including communication, monitoring, and satellite communication systems. However, these systems cause EMI, with potential consequences for human health, particularly affecting brain function [11]. As previously indicated, OWC technologies have garnered extensive research attention globally owing to their inherent lack of EMI, rendering them a feasible contender for substituting for RF technology [12]. Photodiodes in VLC and Li-Fi technologies receive the data, and the intensity of the data depends on whether the light sources used in the transmitter are on or off [13]. The VLC system is particularly beneficial for medium-range communication technologies because of its large bandwidth, which is inherent to its use of the visible light carrier. Concerning multiple-user access, there is a constraint that should be considered for the wider use of this technology. In addition, the VLC system has a limitation that restricts its use and functioning to indoor spaces only. This limitation is caused by the fact that outdoor systems are susceptible to interference from external light sources, such as sunlight and fog [14]. Meanwhile, multiple-user access and bidirectional communications are some of the features of Li-Fi, a lighting network technology based on LED transmitters. With the advent of Li-Fi, speeds in the megabit per second (Mbps) range are possible, which also facilitates mobile communication and enables consistent access [15]. FSO communication mainly uses the near-infrared (NIR) band for communication.