## 2 Related Works  
Security in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a major concern, given the decentralized nature and vulnerabilities of networks made up of devices with limited resources. From this point of view, cryptography plays a crucial role in ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data, and numerous studies have proposed innovative solutions that meet the specific requirements of IoT. But these solutions must be not only safe, but also efficient in terms of resources, considering the processing and storage constraints of IoT devices. A central concept in IoT cryptography is the development of effective encryption mechanisms that do not compromise the performance of devices with limited resources. In this direction, [PERSON] et al. (2018) propose a deterministic authenticated encryption mechanism that minimizes resource consumption, using elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to ensure a balance between security and efficiency. While this mechanism significantly reduces memory requirements and processing power, it has limitations in addressing scenarios with extreme resource constraints, such as low-power IoT devices that operate with minimal computational capacity and energy budgets. Moreover, their study does not provide a detailed analysis of synchronization challenges or scalability in large IoT networks, which are critical aspects in heterogeneous environments [1]. Similarly, [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2024) contributed to the development of a hybrid encryption model, combining several techniques to strengthen data protection in IoT authentication protocols, with an emphasis on reducing processing costs and increasing performance. However, their model primarily focuses on improving performance in moderately resource-constrained environments and lacks the fine-tuning required for ultra-low-power devices. Additionally, the increased complexity of the hybrid model may introduce latency in real-time IoT applications, a limitation not addressed in their study [2]. In contrast, the proposed model in this paper seeks to address these challenges by optimizing ECC-based encryption for devices with highly constrained resources, ensuring both scalability and low-latency communication in diverse IoT networks. Another important aspect of IoT security is the efficient management of cryptographic keys. [PERSON] et al. (2013) introduced an innovative approach for deterministic public-key cryptography that can withstand adaptive plaintext attacks. Their study demonstrated that this method allows a much more efficient management of cryptographic keys, significantly reducing the risk of compromise in IoT networks. The experimental results showed that, despite the limited resources of the devices, encryption with deterministic public keys is feasible and offers a high level of security [3]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2019) proposed a hierarchical key management system, based on elliptic curve cryptography, which guarantees robust data protection in the context of IoT sensors. Their results confirmed the effectiveness of this system in reducing the risks of compromising cryptographic keys and in ensuring their easier management, which is essential for large-scale IoT networks [4], but at the price of a more laborious energy system. In addition, the analysis of authentication protocols has become an essential topic, considering the specific vulnerabilities of IoT networks. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) introduced an innovative method based on elliptic curve cryptography to improve the security of authentication protocols. Experimental results have demonstrated that this solution is effective in protecting IoT networks against man-in-the-middle attacks and other cyber threats, without compromising the performance of the devices [5]. Similarly, [PERSON] et al. (2022) proposed a three-factor authentication protocol based on elliptic curve cryptography, which integratesa multifactor security system.