## 6 Conclusions  
The current INDUSTRY 4.0 projects in the Czech Republic bring a number of cutting-edge solutions that can be used globally. There are also research institutions dealing with advanced manufacturing in cooperation with companies, which is a step closer towards smart factories. A few of these are listed below. * The Research Center of Manufacturing Technologies (RCMT) at the Czech Technical University cooperates with industry, especially on topics of advanced simulation models, virtual prototyping and virtual testing, development of advanced feed drive control techniques and vibration suppression methods, advanced monitoring and diagnostics of machine tool condition, multi-axis machining technology, etc. Introducing R&D results helps the industry address its challenges. Machine tools can use, for example, a model to predict micromilining cutting forces, which estimates the tool's deflection and the real tool-path during the micromilling process [29]. Manufacturing also needs methods to monitor tool wear; for instance, one of such methods usesthe application of a ceramic piezoelectric sensor mounted on the tool holder in the turning machine to monitor vibration signals due to the flank wear progression [30]. A very important objective, not only in the automotive industry, is to achieve a good surface quality directly from machining without any additional manual work, especially with use of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). For instance, Lopez de Lacalle's technological model of the milling process estimates values of cutting forces and can offer manufacturers a reduction of production and lead times [31]. * Many companies have their own research facilities, for instance the company Prusa Research focuses on manufacturing of 3D printers and is a global leader in its category thanks to the innovation of using a full metal nozzle and PCB heated bed [32]. Smart factories are in the process of automation and robotization of their production. * Hybrid manufacturing technologies are used, for instance, the technology developed by Kovosvit and RCMT, which enables manufacturing with additive technology and welding of various combinations of materials, welding of functional surfaces, parts, and details, repairs, creation of full parts with internal channels, shell parts, and hollow parts, all in combination with machining. The rate of growth of parts of different steels is in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 kg/h [32]. * The remote diagnostic is useful and popular in smart factories, for instance, Wikov launched the remote diagnostic tool for online monitoring of gearbox condition. This is a system for the complete driveline and enables optimization of the maintenance plan for maximum availability and minimum downtime. Various data, such as vibration, temperature, speed, pressure, and other parameters are monitored and postprocessed. Outputs are accessible in real time via a web-based interface. The software's advanced algorithms can detect gear-teeth and bearing damages at a very early stage, and thus prevent major gearbox damage [32]. There are many fields in which IoT and monitoring or high-tech approaches are in use. Multiple IoT networks are already being constructed and are ready for use in the country. The results of both models show that the impact of economic recession on the R&D entities in the CR is not significant nowadays. These entities in Europe are much more influenced by other factors, for instance, grants to support R&D from EU funds, such as Horizon 2020 [32]. The number of R&D subjects in the Czech Republic grew in some sectors (business enterprise sector) in the monitored period of two economic recessions. Usually, in a period of economic recession, the decline in economic performance is accompanied by a decline in the number of economically active entities. From this perspective, it is possible to supplement the scientific literature with findings from this paper. The added value of Models 1 and 2 is seen primarily in the business sector, which is sufficiently large and dynamically evolving.