esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Benefits of Advanced Air Mobility for Society and Environment: A Case Study of Ohio
## 4 Benefit Factors
### BF-4: Time and Inventory Cost Savings in Cargo Delivery by eVTOLs
#### 4.4.1 Cost Savings in Inventory
The average marginal cost per mile for truck-trailer in Ohio is \(c^{t}=\$1.417\) including fuel cost, truck-trailer lease or purchase payment, repair and maintenance, truck insurance, tires, tolls, and driver wage [61]. NASA projected passenger price for eVTOL $6 $11 per passenger per mile considering revenue factor and some cost drivers, such as pilot wage, maintenance cost (including labor), vertiport support or landing fees, battery and charging, aircraft and insurance, and other expenses [59]. Henceforth, it is estimated that around \(c^{e}=\$34\) will be the price per mile to deliver \(p^{e}\) commodities by a eVTOL. Using Equation (23), we obtained the amount of extra cost incurred (**CI**) in eVTOL cargo delivery:  
\[CI_{i}=[\frac{c^{t}}{p^{t}}-\frac{c^{e}}{p^{e}}]\times p^{e}\times d_{1}\times T _{i}\qquad i\in\{2022,2023,...,2032(year)\} \tag{23}\]  
Using Equation (24), we computed the cost difference between the operational costs of truck-trailers and eVTOLs (**CD**):  
\[CD_{i}=CS_{i}^{c}-CI_{i}\qquad i\in\{2022,2023,...,2032(year)\} \tag{24}\]  
According to Equation (17), \(X\) is 2.25 times of \(Y\) considering the recharging, weather and backup issues:  
\[X_{i}=2Y_{i}+0.25Y_{i}=2.25Y_{i}\qquad i\in\{2022,2023,...,2032(year)\} \tag{25}\]  
For these issues, it is highly unlikely to achieve \(CD_{i}\) cost saving by logistic companies in year \(i\). Therefore, we included a factor \(f^{e}=\frac{1}{2.25}=0.44\) in Equation (26) for considering these issues for eVTOL as well. Then, we evaluated the total cost savings in cargo delivery by eVTOLs (\(CS_{i}^{\mathsf{T}}\)) for year \(i\):  
\[CS_{i}^{\mathsf{T}}=f^{e}\times CD_{i}\qquad i\in\{2022,2023,...,2032(year)\} \tag{26}\]
# A Method for Assessing the Performance of e-Government Twitter Accounts
## 2 Measuring Influence in Twitter
The first type follows a small number of others while the second type follows almost as equally many others as the number of its followers. They concluded that the number of others that a user follows is as equally important as the number of followers when estimating the importance of a user in the Twitter-sphere. [PERSON] _et al._[31] explored some content-based features to evaluate their role for estimating the popularity of an account generally estimated by the number of followers. They tried to find out the co-relation of celebrities' popularity with a number of other features, like frequency of tweets posted by a celebrity and the relevancy of tweets to their domains. The study revealed many unseen patterns existing in celebrities' Twitter usage that includes computing per day tweet frequency and finding out how it correlates with number of followers. They found out the correlations of tweets with domains of the celebrities. [PERSON] _et al._[32] investigated how the behaviors of individuals in a social network will be influenced by their neighbors, the authorities and the communities in a quantitative way. They proposed a convex optimization approach to discover the hidden network of social influence by modeling the recurrent events at different individuals as multidimensional Hawkes processes, emphasizing the mutual-excitation nature of the dynamics of event occurrence, and took into account the prior knowledge of the presence of neighbor interaction, authority influence, and community coordination in the social network. They claimed that the proposed method can discover the hidden network more accurately and produce a better predictive model than several baselines. [PERSON] _et al._[33] questioned the existing ranking methods based on the overall popularity of the authors and the tweets without considering the author's expertise. They proposed a topical authority-based ranking method for social networks like Twitter and investigated how the underlying topical feature modeling can be optimized for performance boosting. Their experimental results showed the importance of topical authority for ranking microblogs. Finally, [PERSON] _et al._[26], in analogy with PageRank, defined TwitterRank to rate influential users and compared users' rankings based on number of followers with TwitterRank. Findings show that ranking depends on the influence measure. The focus of previous studies on measuring influence on Twitter is based on comparisons between different influence measures and the lack of a method that takes into consideration all of the important features in terms of Twitter function. A measure helps to provide basic information in a social network. In turn, a combination of measures defined as a ranking measure provides a criterion to rank each user of a network [34]. This paper uses activity and popularity, and followers' community characteristics on Twitter, to rank the accounts.
# Deformation Analysis of Large Diameter Monopiles of Offshore Wind Turbines under Scour
## 2 Deformation Analysis Method
### Verification with Model Test
#### 2.3.1 Experiment Materials  
The test chamber is a rectangle made of glass fiber reinforced plastics, and its size is annotated in Figure 5. The external walls are supported by three layers of steel angle to prevent deformation caused by excessive pressure in the chamber, and cardboard is padded between the steel angle and the test chamber.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Soil Type** & **Expression** & **Notes** \\ \hline Soft clay & \(\frac{p}{p_{u}}=0.5(\frac{y}{y_{0}})^{1/3},y\leq 8\) & \(p_{u}\): ultimate soil resistance; \(y_{50}\): displacement at half of \\ ([PERSON] [14]) & \(y_{50}\)\(\frac{p}{p_{u}}=1,y>8y_{50}\) & the ultimate resistance \\ \hline Clay & \(\frac{p}{p_{u}}=(\frac{y/y_{0}}{a+by/y_{50}}),y\leq\beta\) & \(A\), \(b\), \(\beta\): parameter obtained from triaxial test \\ ([PERSON] et al. [18]) & \(y_{50}\)\(\frac{p}{p_{u}}=1,y>\beta y_{50}\) & \\ \hline Sand (API [17]) & \(p=Ap_{u}\tanh(\frac{K}{\lambda p_{u}}y)\) & \(A\): empirical factor; \(K\): subgrade modulus, \(K\) = \(kx\) (\(k\) is initial subgrade modulus; \(x\) is the distance to mudline) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: P–y curve empirical formula.  
Figure 4: Iteration flow of the finite difference method.  
Figure 5: Model test: (**a**) photo of model pile and protection of strain gauges; (**b**) pore pressure monitoring system; (**c**) sketch of model test.  
The model pile is made of stainless steel pipe with an outer diameter of 32 mm, an inner diameter of 30.6 mm, and a length of 1.5 m. The bending stiffness of the model pile is 1510 N\(\cdot\)m\({}^{2}\). Thirteen pairs of strain gauges of 120 \(\Omega\) resistance were symmetrically set along both sides of the pile shaft and waterproofing was guaranteed. Eight pore pressure sensors were used to observe the dissipation of pore pressure in order to determine the degree of consolidation. The arrangement of strain gauges and pore pressure meters is shown in Figure 5.  
The silt for the test is from the Yellow River Delta, and five groups of soil samples with depth of 10-50 cm under the mudline were taken and the average values of soil parameters are listed in Table 2. The undrained shear strength \(c_{u}\) measured by the vane shear test and the sieving curve are shown in Figure 6a,b.
# Bindings and RESTlets: A Novel Set of CoAP-Based Application Enablers to Build IoT Applications
## 6 Implementation and Evaluation
### Impact of Other Nodes  
Under normal working conditions, other communications may take place inside the LLN that may interfere with the interactions under consideration. To study the impact of such side traffic, we added another node that sends packets every 500 ms to the border router (Figure 21). The result is depicted in Figure 22. As expected, due to the additional packets at the border router, the latency has shown some increase.
# Reliable Semantic Communication System Enabled by Knowledge Graph
## 4 Experimental Results
### Experimental Settings  
In the simulation, the adopted dataset was the WebNLG dataset [45], which is usually used to generate sentences from knowledge graphs. Each data in the dataset consists of multiple triplets and their corresponding sentences. After preprocessing the dataset, we obtained 12,597 training data, 1746 validation data, and 2493 test data. The training and testing environment was Ubuntu16.04+CUDA10.1, the selected deep learning framework was PyTorch 1.6.0. The training settings of the semantic extraction method and the semantic restoration method are shown in Table 3.  
In the experiment, the test data of WebNLG were transmitted sentence-by-sentence to the transmitter. Then we obtained the restored sentences by using the above-mentioned methods at the receiver. After the restored sentences were obtained, the experimental results could be calculated according to the performance metrics.  
For the benchmark, we adopted the traditional communication architecture with source coding and channel coding, where source coding could use Huffman coding, arithmetic coding, L-Z coding, etc., and channel coding could use LDPC coding, turbo code, polar code, etc. For simplicity, we adopted the combination of Huffman coding and LDPC  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt} p{142.3 pt}} \hline \hline
**Model** & **General Features** & **Technical Methods** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{SCKG} & (1) Adding the semantic extraction module and semantic restoration module into traditional communication architecture. (2) Using triplets as semantic basic symbols for semantic extraction and restoration. & (1) Semantic extraction—network structure using GAT + RNN + ATTENTION. \\ \cline{2-3}  & (1) Using the traditional communication architecture from [PERSON]’s information theory. (2) Using Huffman coding as source coding and using LDPC coding as channel coding. & (1) Convert transmitted sentences to bit sequences by using Huffman coding. (2) Using LDPC coding to combat channel distortion. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{DeepNN [23]} & (1) Using the deep neural network for source-channel joint coding. (2) Replacing source encoding and channel encoding with the encoder of the deep neural network. & (1) Encoder—network structure using BILSTM. (2) Decoder—network structure using LSTM. \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-3}  & (1) Encoder—network structure using BILSTM.  
coding (named \"Huffman + LDPC\"). Moreover, we considered another two methods as ablation experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. One involved using the proposed model without adaptive transmission and semantic restoration (named the \"Proposed model without AT and SR\"), and the other involved using the proposed model without adaptive transmission (named the \"Proposed model without AT\").
THz Reflective Imaging System Utilizing Broadband Homodyne Amplification for Artifact-Free See-Through Imaging  
[PERSON]  
1 Terahertz Section, Future & Basic Technology Research Division, ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I-M.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.S.L.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.H.P.)  
1 Terahertz Section Section, Future & Basic Technology Research Division, ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (I-M.L.L.); eusiu@etri.  
imaging time for \(100\times 100\) pixels. By replacing the THz emitter with a fast-scanning THz-time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) system, similar resolutions have been achieved with the same optical arrangement, achieved 10 s of imaging time for \(100\times 100\) pixels [10]. Recently, a high-speed reflective imaging system was demonstrated, achieving \(\sim\)2 s and 1.26 mm of imaging time and lateral resolution, with a fast-scanning polygon mirror [12]. Compared to the array detector system, much better spatial resolution can be obtained by the raster-scan system, because in the raster-scan system, the spatial resolution is determined by the spot size on the sample surface rather than the spot size on the detector surface.  
For high-speed two-dimensional raster scanning, a telecentric f-\(\theta\) lens has been combined with mechanical beam deflectors such as polygon mirrors [12] and Galvano scanners [10,11]. In such a mechanical scanning system, image distortion due to the scanning geometry should be corrected [13, 14, 15]. In a typical two-dimensional Galvano scanner system, two moving mirrors for the horizontal (azimuth) beam sweep and vertical (elevation) beam sweep are separated, which complicates the optics design. A similar problem also exists in the polygon mirror beam scanners. For high spatial resolution, it is preferable to increase the diameter of the collimated beam to be focused on the sample to minimize the spot size on the sample surface. Thus, the beam expanding and the design of the scanning mirrors are important as well. In broadband emitters such as uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PD)s, the beam divergence strongly depends on the frequency. This complicates the design of a broadband imaging system.  
In this work, we discuss critical issues in the THz see-through imaging system, including broadband resolution, see-through capability, and interference-induced artifacts. For the study, we constructed a frequency-tunable two-dimensional THz imaging system using a UTC-PD as the THz emitter. For the raster-scanning of the THz beam, a two-axis rotating monogon reflector and a telecentric f-\(\theta\) lens was used. With spatial filtering of the focused THz beam, diffraction-limited resolutions were obtained over a broadband spectral range. To overcome the material loss and the problems related to the interference artifacts, we propose a homodyne amplification technique combined with broadband imaging.
###### Abstract  
Although there are several studies that have evaluated the bond strength of various adhesives to healthy dentin and caries-affected dentin after traditional caries removal, the objective of this systematic review aimed to assess the bond strength of various adhesives to caries-affected dentin (CAD) after chemo-mechanical caries removal (CMCR) treatment. The review adhered to PROSPERO protocol registration and followed PRISMA guidelines. The research question focused on the bonding effectiveness of dental adhesives to CAD after employing the chemo-mechanical caries removal method. PubMed, the TRIP database, and Scopus were searched, with the last search conducted in February 2023. Two reviewers independently screened and evaluated articles, resulting in 30 articles for full-text analysis out of 434 retrieved from databases. Twelve eligible studies were included in the review. The bond strength of etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) adhesive systems was assessed following CMCR treatment on CAD. SE adhesive systems exhibited higher bond strength to CAD compared to ER adhesive systems. Meta-analysis indicated that the bond strength achieved with self-etching adhesive systems remained consistent, regardless of the CMCR agent (Carisol or Papacarie) used on dentin. The findings of this systematic review suggest that self-etch adhesive systems show favorable bond strength to caries-affected dentin following chemo-mechanical caries removal, regardless of the specific CMCR agent used. These results support the use of minimally invasive dentistry techniques aimed at preserving healthy tooth structure, dentin in particular.  
dentin; chemo-mechanical caries removal; dental adhesive; bond strength; caries-affected dentin; systematic review; meta-analysis; etch-and-rinse adhesive; self-etch adhesive
# Mitigation of Electro Magnetic Interference by Using C-Shaped Composite Cylindrical Device
## 4 Conclusions  
This paper provides new C-shaped tube winding electrical coils with high-permeability passive shielding advantages for the direct conversion of magnetic fields. The results showed that it enhanced the electromagnetic field from \(+5.05\) dB to \(+7\) cm in the open direction and emitted \(-5.06\) dB of electromagnetic noise at the same distance in the opposite direction. In conclusion, to reduce the same magnetic field, we can save \(43.64\%\) energy by using C-shaped permalloy materials. Furthermore, this study can mitigate the EMI effect on operators who are exposed to electromagnetic fields in another area when using active shielding.  
This study laid a base to use C-shaped permalloy materials for mitigating the EMI problem. Meanwhile, this study demonstrated that EMF can be directive. In addition, how the C-shape's opening size, opening angles, and radius affect the EMF could be further researched. Although the electric current in this study was low, it was presented that the C-shaped composite device is more convincing and the results with the C-shaped composite device will be better with a high current. The extremely low electromagnetic field not only greatly influences the semiconductor's foundry in the examination process, but also the health monitoring in daily life. Therefore, C-shaped cylindrical devices can be modern indoor instruments to protect people from the exposure risk of electromagnetic waves.  
Conceptualization, Y.-L.S. and L.-M.C.; investigation, Y.-L.S. and L.-M.C.; methodology, Y.-L.S. and H.-Y.W.; validation, H.-Y.W. and L.-M.C.; writing--review and editing, L.-M.C. and Y.-L.S.; software, M.K.R. and H.-Y.W.; data curation, M.K.R. and H.-Y.W.; writing--original draft, M.K.R.; funding acquisition, L.-M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, through grants MOST 109-2221-E-002-023-, MOST 110-2221-E-002-165-, and MOST 110-2622-E-468-002.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Distance (D) in cm** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Tubular Permalloy** \\ **(T) in nT** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **C-shape Opening in** \\ **the X-axis (C) in nT** \\ \end{tabular} & **Efficiency (dB)** \\ \hline
40 & 151 & 164 & 0.72 \\ \hline
30 & 212 & 233 & 0.82 \\ \hline
20 & 324 & 412 & 2.09 \\ \hline
7 & 623 & 1114 & 5.05 \\ \hline \(-7\) & 582 & 325 & \(-5.06\) \\ \hline \(-20\) & 253 & 173 & \(-3.30\) \\ \hline \(-30\) & 153 & 112 & \(-2.71\) \\ \hline \(-40\) & 104 & 75 & \(-2.84\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Results of electromagnetic fields (peak value) in the C-shaped cylindrical device.
# Impact of Partial Replacement of Cement with a Blend of Marble and Granite Waste Powder on Mortar
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effects of MGWP on Durability Properties of Mortar
#### 3.3.2 Water Absorption and Porosity  
The water absorption of the control mortar and mortars with varying amounts of MGWP was evaluated using different curing ages, and the results are presented in Figure 11. The test result reveals a decrease in water absorption with increasing curing age and with increasing MGWP content up to 15% when compared to the control mix. Among the MGWP-containing mortars, the sample with 10% MGWP replacement exhibited the lowest water absorption. This result was anticipated due to the more uniform morphology of the mortar.  
The porosity of all the mortar specimens was also evaluated, and the results are displayed in Figure 12. It can be observed that the porosity of mortar showed a similar pattern to water absorption but was opposite to compressive strength. The replacement of OPC with MGWP up to 15% increased the porosity of mortar, thereby improving its strength and durability.  
Figure 11: Water absorption of mortar with different percentages of MGWP at various curing ages.  
Figure 12: Porosity of the mortar with different percentages of MGWP at various curing ages.
## 4 Measurements Validation
### Measured 15\({}^{\circ}\) Off-Broadside Radiation Pattern  
To achieve the 15\({}^{\circ}\) off-broadside radiation pattern, the antenna element A\({}_{1}\) is excited with the unit cell P-CRLH phase shifter discussed in Section 2.1, the antenna element A\({}_{2}\) is excited with two-unit cells P-CRLH phase shifters, the antenna element A\({}_{3}\) is excited with three-unit cells P-CRLH phase shifters, and the antenna element A\({}_{4}\) is excited with  
Figure 14: Measured results of a unit cell P-CRLH phase shifter. (**a**) Reflection coefficients, insertion loss. (**b**) Phase response.  
Figure 15: Measured pattern results of a \(1\times 4\) phased array with P-CRLH excited phases.  
four-unit cells P-CRLH phase shifters. This will cause the four antenna elements in the array to be excited with phases \(-46.7^{\circ}\), \(-92.2^{\circ}\),\(-137.8^{\circ}\) and \(-183.9^{\circ}\), respectively. The \(1\times 4\) patch array excited with the unit cell and cascaded unit cells P-CRLH phase shifters using a fully calibrated in-house anechoic chamber is shown in Figure 13c. The measured radiation pattern for \(15^{\circ}\) off-broadside is shown in Figure 15. The measured gain at the \(15^{\circ}\) scan angle is 10 dB, and the minimum sidelobe level is 12 dB.
# An Overview of Autonomous Vehicles Sensors and Their Vulnerability to Weather Conditions
## 2 Autonomous Vehicles Sensors Ecosystem
### Ultrasonic Sensors  
Ultrasonic sensors are suitable for many detection tasks in industrial applications. They have the capability to detect objects that are solid, liquid, granular, or in powder form. Ultrasonic sensors rely on sonic transducers to transmit sonic waves in the range of 40 kHz to 70 kHz for automotive applications. This frequency range is beyond the audible range for humans, which makes it safe for human ears. This is an important factor given that a cars' parking system can generate more than 100 dB of sound pressure to assure clear reception, which is equivalent to the audible sound pressure from a jet engine.  
Most ultrasonic sensors are based on the principle of measuring the ToF of sonic waves between transmission and reception. This measured ToF is then used to calculate the distance (\(d\)) to an object or a reflector within the measuring range, as shown in Equation (4).  
\[d=Speed\ of\ Sonic\ Wave\times\frac{\text{ToF}}{2} \tag{4}\]  
Figure 7: High-level block diagram for time-of-flight LiDAR system (Image source: LaserFocusWorld).  
Sonic waves travel in air at \(\sim\)340 m/s and are a function of air temperature, pressure, and humidity (for each degree Celsius, the speed of sound increases by 0.6 m/s). The time it takes a sonic wave to travel 1 m is approximately 3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-3}\) s, as opposed to 3.3 \(\times\) 10\({}^{-9}\) s for light and radio waves. These several orders of magnitude differences allow the use of low speed signal processing in ultrasonic systems. However, pressure based atmospheric conditions can debilitate the overall performance of ultrasonic sensors [15; 16], which promotes the use of SRRs and other technologies instead. Figure 8 demonstrates the application of ultrasonic sensors in vehicles.