# Hybrid Beamforming in Massive MIMO for Next-Generation Communication Technology
## 3 MIMO and Massive MIMO  
The proliferation of wireless data traffic across communication networks exerts peer pressure on the system. In wireless systems, communication is vulnerable to hazards of manipulation when there is just one route between the sender and the recipient. MIMO technology allows the creation of several links between the transmitting and receiving ends, as shown in Figure 4, thus, increasing communication efficiency. This employment of multiple antenna elements at the transmitting and receiving ends enables data to travel simultaneously through several signal channels, minimizing mistakes, accelerating information speed, and expanding the potential of communication systems. A favorable propagation condition is created when the BS deploys many antennas, making the wireless channel nearly predictable because the BS-to-UE wireless links are nearly orthogonal to one another. The MIMO approach has uncovered a broad spectrum of applications in numerous fields, including enforcement agencies, network television broadcasting, and the defense industry. The breakthrough in antenna technologies with different settings, such as multiple-input single-output (MISO) and single-input multiple-outputs (SIMO), paved the way for developing MIMO technology that supports more antennas, networks, and devices. The wireless industry constantly explores innovative ways to improve and expand MIMO technology. For instance, massive 5G MIMO systems have been introduced to accommodate more users and increase bandwidth. The MIMO systems can be configured in different ways, such as 2 \(\times\) 2, 4 \(\times\) 4, 6 \(\times\) 6, and 8 \(\times\) 8, which large 5G systems can customize to provide high network capacity. Moreover, there are two main subcategories of MIMO systems: single-user (SU) and multi-user (MU). SU-MIMO devices can only communicate with one network element instantaneously, while MU-MIMO devices can transmit multiple data symbols simultaneously to multiple devices, rendering them more efficient than SU-MIMO systems. _Why Massive MIMO_ It is a technique that employs an enormous number of independently programmable antenna elements (e.g., 256 antennas at the base station [13]), usually on the base station end of the wireless communication link, to adaptively alter the elevations and azimuth angles of the signal propagation [25; 26]. Furthermore, performance  
Figure 4: MIMO. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l l l l} \hline \hline
**BF** & **DoF** & **Administration** & **Intricacy** & **Power** & **Expenses** & **IUI** & **Information Streams** \\ \hline Digital & \(\uparrow\) & ADC/DAC, Mixers & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(>\)1 \\ \hline Analog & \(\downarrow\) & Phase shifters & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\downarrow\) & \(\uparrow\) & 1 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Analog and digital beamforming. and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio are enhanced. The potential paybacks of the massive MIMO are as follows. * _Potentiality and link reliability_ Diversity gain increases in massive MIMO, improving connection stability by preventing fading [27]. Additionally, it is acknowledged that potential/capacity grows with increasing the antenna number. In [28], it has been demonstrated that the potential is increased with growth in the count of antenna elements. A MIMO system can create multiple parallel subchannels in space through spatial multiplexing, increasing channel capacity. The total potential of the structure is determined by the sum of all subchannels, which can be significantly improved through the MIMO technique. For this reason, large-scale MIMO technology is being adopted in 5G systems. \[C=E\Big{\{}\log_{2}\Big{[}det\Big{(}I_{nr}+\frac{E_{s}}{n_{t}\sigma^{2}}HH^{*} \Big{)}\Big{]}\Big{\}},\] (4)
* _Spectral efficiency_ By expanding the multiplicity of spatial streaming data, massive MIMO provides improved spectrum performance, throughput, and multiplexing gain [29].