esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 6 Conclusions  
We attempted a quantitative evaluation of the stage of unfilled grout in PC bridges using porTable 950 keV/3.95 MeV X-ray sources. We obtained the gray value profiles from the measured X-ray transmitted images and calculated the ratios of the gray values of the PC wires and grout. In this measurement, iron PC wires, filled grout, concrete, and unfilled grout appeared to be black, very dark, dark, and bright, respectively. As the image was darker, the gray value decreased in this analysis. It is possible that the stage of unfilled grout could be quantitatively evaluated as the gray value ratio between the PC wires and grout part by stacking more experiences and data. If the stage looks rather unfilled, further detailed inspection, such as destructive evaluation by boring surveys, for instance, should be performed. This method is applicable to a wide range of scenarios and supports the overall strength evaluation of bridges for safety maintenance [17]. Actual on-site inspection of PC highway bridges and analysis of the results are underway. We proposed a guideline for X-ray inspection using 950 keV/3.95 MeV X-ray sources accompanied by visual and hammering-sound screenings, structural analysis, final repair, and/or reinforcement, as described in Figure 37. The purpose is to extend the lifespan of PC bridges worldwide. An academic and industrial consortium, which included the authors, successfully performed the 3.95 MeV X-ray inspection and evaluation of grout filling for a box-shaped PC girder highway-bridge in Japan in 2020. Detailed results will be presented in the near future.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Location** & \(G_{uv}\) & \(G_{no\_gout}\) & \(K_{uw}\) \\ \hline Left & 4250 & 4950 & 1.16 \\ Right & 4050 & 4750 & 1.17 \\ Average & 4150 & 4850 & 1.17 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Gray value numbers and K ratios of Figure 36. 750 mm by 3.95 MeV, grout is not filled.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Thickness** & **X-ray Source** & **Avg. \(K_{uw}\)** & **Avg. \(K_{fu}\)** & **Avg. \(K_{uwf}\)** & **Avg. \(K_{fuf}\)** & **Avg. \(K_{uf}\)** & **PC Type** \\ \hline
1 & 200 & 950 keV & 1.41 & & & & & T-shape \\
2 & 200 & 950 keV & 1.53 & & 1.07 & & 1.12 & T-shape \\
3 & 200 & 950 keV & & 1.31 & & 1.10 & & T-shape \\
4 & 750 & 3.95 MeV & & & 1.33 & 1.08 & 1.23 & Box \\
5 & 750 & 3.95 MeV & 1.17 & & & & & Box \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Overall \(K\) ratio summary in different conditions[PERSON]  
**Author Contributions:** All authors made equal contributions to all the aspects of the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was partially funded by Cross-ministerial Innovation Promotion Program--Infrastructure Maintenance Renovation and Management-(2015-2019), Cabinet Office of Japan.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Research on Slope Stability Based on Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model and Random Reduction Method
## 1 Introduction
This study addresses these issues by proposing a Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model to classify slope stability under random reduction paths and define safety factors as shear strength ratios. Unlike prior machine learning approaches that discard slope model parameters, our method integrates numerical simulations of dissipated energy, ensuring rigorous parameter retention. By training unsupervised models on dissipated energy and reduction coefficients, the method accurately identifies critical instability thresholds, eliminating subjective thresholds in numerical simulations.
## 1 Introduction
[PERSON] and colleagues dealt with the issue of residual stresses in disc parts manufactured from steel via the DMLS technology, hence neutron diffraction was used to profile residual stresses and the coordinate system was used to measure the CMM parts. They concluded that the magnitude of residual stresses decreased rapidly after removing the part from the mother board and removing the auxiliary structures as well [9]. [PERSON] and colleagues focused their study on describing the magnitude of residual stresses as a function of manufacturing process parameters. They considered the sintering strategy itself, as well as the chamber preheating temperature, as the key parameters. The finite element method was used for the process simulation, and the neutron diffraction was used for the experimental measurements. Hence, there was a high degree of agreement between the calculated and experimental results. Their study showed that the sintering strategy has a major impact on the magnitude of created residual stresses [10]. The study by [PERSON] and [PERSON] provides insights into the creation of the complex thermo-mechanical model in order to study the cyclically repetitive thermal load and resulting residual stresses in the DMLS process. They used the finite element method for the calculation model of the analytical solution. The sintering speed and the used laser power were the parameters observed in their study. Their findings show that the repeated thermal expansion and contractions arising from the powder bed are responsible for the residual stress creation [11]. [PERSON] and colleagues studied the cracking resistance from residual stresses and came to the conclusion that residual stresses are cumulated on the edges of the manufactured model; however, they are significantly higher in the manufacturing direction than in the vertical direction [12]. The issue of the creation and reduction of residual stresses in the parts manufactured via the DMLS technology is still relevant, thus it is the topic of this paper with the places in which the stress is created and its maxima being the main focus of the study. Hence, the study proposes alternative solutions to the monolithic model via the optimization of the internal structures. The mechanical properties, namely maintaining the functionality and durability of the manufactured part, which is a shaped insert for the plastic injection, were taken into account. The reduction of the manufacturing time and material saving subsequently reducing the cost of production itself can be considered as benefits associated with the alternative solutions [13].
# The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review
## 5 Multiple Input Multiple Output Technology  
The multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology is a promising technology capable of addressing the some of the conventional UAV tracking limitations in terms of design complexity, cost, energy efficiency, and deployment speed. Figure 13 shows the MIMO classification. In this section, we present an overview of MIMO classification and proposed a sectorized beam-forming technique as a scheme that can be adapted for UAV tracking antenna technology. The deployment of MIMO technology will only be maximized in a fading channel where there are channel multi-paths.
# Telehealth Using PoseNet-Based System for In-Home Rehabilitation
## 3 Proposed System
### Body Keypoints Computation  
PoseNet can detect a total of 17 keypoints from different parts of the human body [27; 28]. Each key point is represented by its 2D coordinate (x, y), as shown in Figure 6. During a rehabilitation session, the skeleton detection with 17 keypoints is displayed on the body. In the proposed system, only 12 keypoints are used to detect shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees and ankles of the patient.  
Figure 7 shows the angles for four body parts, namely the left hand, right hand, left leg and right leg, respectively. Each body part comprises three different keypoints, namely Point A (shoulders), Point B (elbows) and Point C (wrists) for both hands and Point A (hips), Point B (knees) and Point C (ankles) for both legs. Hence, both hands and legs comprise 12 keypoints in total. Each set of three keypoints in the four body parts are allocated with 2D coordinates, Point A (x1, y1), Point B (x2, y2) and Point C (x3, y3), respectively, forming the triangle shown in Figure 8. Next, the corresponding distances for Point A to Point B, Point B to Point C and Point A to Point C of the 12 keypoints are calculated for each video frame by using the Euclidean distance.  
Figure 5: Sample administrator interface of the proposed telehealth system.  
* keypoints: Array(17)
* part: \"nose\"
* x: 320.63645997985464
* y: 120.7495478544583
* y_proto_: Object
* score: 0.9997953176498413
* y_proto_: Object
* part: \"left*\"
* x: 349.5590248655227
* y: 93.48655874738117
* p_proto_: Object
* score: 0.9957156777381897
* p_proto_: Object
* part: \"right*\"
* x: 290.90550624596015
* y: 29.04802784140835
* p_proto_: Object
* score: 0.99992930885912964
* p_proto_: Object *  
Figure 8: Angle in triangle representation.  
Figure 6: PoseNet keypoints in the form of 2D coordinate (x, y).  
Figure 7: Angles on both elbows and knees.  
Finally, the skeleton result is generated for both patient and doctor to examine the angular movements. Meanwhile, the Mean, \(\mu\) and Standard Deviation, \(\sigma\) are computed to display the average of the angular movements and to show how much the angles in a distribution spread out from one another. A low value of \(\sigma\) indicates that the angular movements from each frame are clustered closely around the \(\mu\), whereas a high value of \(\sigma\) indicates the angular movements are spreading to a wider range.
# Remaining Useful Life Prediction of Broken Rotor Bar Based on Data-Driven and Degradation Model
## 2 Related Works
They used a relevance vector machine combined with a grey model and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition. The online learning technique has been adopted to adapt the actual degradation state change better and to improve the precision of long-term RUL prognostics. However, most of the literature has studied only broken-bar faults detection, and diagnostic or prognostic approaches of other components of an IM, such as the rolling bearings. Fault prognostics is a relatively recent activity that is witnessing increasing interest in health monitoring systems. It estimates the RUL of a system using prediction models to forecast future performance and to obtain the time left before losing its operational ability. This paper aims to highlight the use of the CBM to predict the RUL of an IM with a broken rotor bar.
# A Survey of Visible-Light-Communication-Based Indoor Positioning Systems
## 2 Applications for VLC-Based IPS
### Indoor Navigation  
As one of the most important applications, VLC-based indoor navigation utilizes VLC-enabled lighting fixtures to provide location-based information and navigation within indoor spaces. By leveraging existing lighting equipment, VLC facilitates accurate positioning and navigation for users. In [15; 16; 17; 18; 19], the robots are designed to perform indoor navigation using VLC-based methods.  
The indoor navigation system based on VLC works by installing VLC transmitters in the form of LED lights throughout a building or indoor space [18]. These transmitters emit light signals that contain unique identifiers or location information. Robots can then receive these signals on their mobile devices equipped with VLC receivers, such as cameras or light sensors [17]. To navigate indoors using VLC, robots simply need to open a compatible mobile application or use a device that supports VLC reception. The applications will detect the VLC signals from the surrounding lights and determine the user's location based on the received signals. The position of robots can be displayed on a map or through augmented reality overlays, providing real-time guidance and directions.  
VLC-based indoor navigation offers several advantages [20]. First, it does not require additional infrastructure because it uses existing lighting. Second, VLC signals do not interfere with other wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, making them suitable for use in environments with high radio frequency interference. In addition, VLC can provide accurate positioning even in areas where GPS signals are weak or unavailable, such as homes and markets.
# Automatic Translation between Mixtec to Spanish Languages Using Neural Networks
## 4 Methodology
### Phase 1: Collection of Parallel Texts
#### 4.1.2 Generation of Synthetic Data in Spanish-Mixtec with GPT-3.5  
We used GPT-3.5 to create a Mixtec language dataset, as shown in Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Overview of the automatic translation methodology. Phase 1 involves actively searching for parallel texts in both physical and digital formats as well as digitization and manual correction. Phase 2 encompasses the cleaning and normalization of the parallel corpus. Phase 3 performs a semi-automatic alignment of Mixtec–Spanish texts. Finally, phase 4 consists of developing and applying the translation algorithm.  
The Spanish corpus, obtained from back-translation, is fed into the Mixtec synthetic data generation architecture. GPT-3.5 then translates from Spanish to Mixtec, focusing on the Guerrero state variant. The main author, being a native Mixtec speaker, manually checked that GPT-3.5 results were correct. As a result of this procedure, we produced a total of 326 Spanish-Mixtec sentence pairs.  
After the data collection from the web search, in-person searches, and synthetic data generation, we performed digitization and manual correction.
# Key Roles of Plasmonics in Wireless THz Nanocommunications--A Survey
## 4 Beyond 5G Networks: Towards to THz Band Communications
There are also other seamless integration issues of wireless links combined with photonic infrastructures that might appear, such as the connection of optical fibers to THz transmitter and receiver front ends, which consequently requires optical to THz (O/THz) and THz/O converters with high bandwidths (well above 300 GHz). As far as concerns O/THz conversion, UTC-PDs integrated with sub-THz waveguides are considered an established solution [82; 94] but the opposite THz/O conversion is still an issue that needs reconsideration, as it requires modulators with electro-optic bandwidth well above 300 GHz, high power management, and very high linearity. Plasmonic modulators may at this point prove to be a viable solution, as they are characterized for their ultra-compact footprints [95] (10\({}^{\prime}\)s \(\upmu\)m\({}^{2}\)), ultra-low power consumption (2.8 fJ/bit at 100 GBd) [96], and flat frequency responses up to 170 GHz [97] and 325 GHz [98]. In [99], the experimental demonstration of a plasmonic MZ modulator with sub-THz frequency responses (up to 500 GHz), high power handling, and high linearity is described. The first demonstration of a THz link seamlessly integrated into a fiber optic network using direct THz/O conversion at the wireless receiver, is described in [100]. An ultra-broadband silicon POH modulator, is used for THz/O conversion of WDM signals in [100]. Alternatively, graphene based THz components have shown very promising results in terms of generating, modulating as well as detecting THz waves [101], and hence they may be considered as appropriate THz band transceivers [102].
## 6 Performance Evaluation  
To evaluate the effectiveness of the _ASMSS_, a large amount of simulation experiments have been done with the opportunistic network environment (ONE) [29], which is one of the wildly used simulators for OppNets. In this paper, we focus on energy saving through efficient contact probing in OppNets. In the simulation, there are two methods to show the effectiveness of our proposed mechanism. The first method is to measure the energy consumption of each node in the network with the given network performance. However, in the real environment or datasets, it is impossible to set a fixed value for the network performance. The second method is to measure the network performance with every node given the same energy consumption. As is mentioned in the Network Model, we assume that all nodes have the same \(D\) for the duty cycle operations, and the \(D\) denotes the energy consumption of nodes. Herein, similar to the work in [27], the second method is used in our simulation. That is, with the various duty cycles, performance comparison is done for our proposed mechanism _ASMSS_ and the other mechanisms.
## 2 Methods
### Satellite Visibility and DOPs
Additionally, UENT means up (U), north (N), east (E), and receiver clock offset. Thus, the geometric DOP (GDOP), position DOP (PDOP), horizontal DOP (HDOP), vertical DOP (VDOP), north DOP (NDOP), east DOP (EDOP), and time DOP (TDOP), by definition, can be calculated as Equation (15). The PDOP, which is composed of HOOP and VDOP, represents the satellite geometry accuracy in the 3D position [19; 20]. The TDOP specifies the effect of the measurement error on the timing accuracy [36]. The lower the DOPs, the better the geometry, and the better the accuracy [20]. \[ \begin{array}{l}\text{GDOP }=\sqrt{\text{tr}(\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}})}\\ \text{PDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(1,1)+\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(2,2)+ \mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(3,3)}\\ \text{HDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(2,2)+\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(3,3)} \\ \text{VDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(1,1)}\\ \text{EDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(2,2)}\\ \text{NDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(3,3)}\\ \text{TDOP}=\sqrt{\mathbf{Q}_{\text{UENT}}(4,4)}\end{array}  \tag{15}\]
## 2 Experiment
### Experimental Design  
Two series of experiments were conducted in this study, as listed in Table 1. In Experiment 1, graphite anodes with the dimensions of 50 mm (length) \(\times\) 22 mm (width) \(\times\) 70 mm (height) were tested. The size of the quartz crucible used in Experiment 1 was 105 mm (length) \(\times\) 65 mm (width) \(\times\) 100 mm (height) with an anode chamber of 70 mm (length) \(\times\) 65 mm (width) \(\times\) 100 mm (height) and wall thickness of 3 mm. The slotted anode was prepared by cutting a longitudinal slot of 50 mm (length) \(\times\) 4 mm (width) \(\times\) 15 mm (depth) in the middle of the anode bottom surface. The size of the bubbles is determined by many aspects, including the size of the anode, anode surface properties, bath properties, and gas compositions, etc. Compared to the water model, the high temperature model-see through cell model has obvious disadvantages in anode size, as the earlier publications only reported experimental results on an anode around 11 cm\({}^{2}\) (bottom surface area) [15; 16; 17]. The anode size sets a strict limit on the active area of the bubbles, which introduces considerable influence on the bubble behavior. Meanwhile, the same bubble on anodes of different sizes could cause different influences on the electrolysis process, which in turn affect the bubble generation process. Additionally, from the viewpoint of industrial application, the slotting experiment conducted on the 50 mm \(\times\) 22 mm anode could be an extreme small case. In the industrial cases, the influence of anode size on bubble distribution should be much steadier than the results obtained under this experimental conditions since size of the industrial anode is much bigger than that of the anode bubbles. With this consideration, in Experiment 2, the dimensions of the anode were set as 100 mm (length) \(\times\) 50 mm (width) \(\times\) 70 mm (height), where the anode bottom surface area was increased to 50 cm\({}^{2}\). Correspondingly, the dimensions of the quartz crucible were enlarged to 170 mm (length) \(\times\) 90 mm (width) \(\times\) 100 mm (height), with the anode chamber of 140 mm (length) \(\times\) 90 mm (width) \(\times\) 100 mm (height) and the wall thickness of 3 mm. With an increase in the crucible size, the experimental cost increased as well as the risk of failure. Two electrolyte compositions were selected, respectively, for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, both of which had low liquidus temperatures so that the quartz crucible could have a long service life of approximately 1 h and the electrolyte volatilization could be reduced to some extent. If the experiments were carried out at a higher temperature, the quartz crucible would quickly be corroded by the cryolite electrolyte. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, the molar ratio of NaF and AlF\({}_{3}\) was maintained to be the same as 2.2, so that the main component of the bath was within the reasonable range of an industrial electrolyte. LiF, CaF\({}_{2}\), and NaCl additives were added into the electrolyte
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Dust Emission and Distribution Characteristics during Coal Charging
#### 3.3.3 Velocity Distribution of Dust at Various Points during Cylinder Lifting Process  
It shows the variation of velocity distribution of coal particles at different locations over time in Figure 12.  
Figure 11: Simulation of dust escape and distribution position with new charging. (**a**) The process of filling the cylinder with coal; (**b**) The process of filling the chamber with coal during the cylinder lifting.  
Figure 12: _Cont._It can be seen from the figure, when time was 40 s, the coal particle velocity distribution on both sides of the cylinder was relatively extensive, with the cylinder as the central axis, and its velocity value was very large. This was mainly due to the air resistance of the particles, particles with smaller particles were ejected along the gap between the cylinders, according to the fluid mechanics formula. The fluid outflow velocity was related to the outlet cross-sectional area, under a certain flow rate; the smaller the cross-sectional area is, the greater the outflow velocity is. When time was 80-160 s, the cylinder was mainly in the lifting stage, at this time, coal flowed continuously from the cylinder to the length of the carbonization chamber, the dust emission on both sides of the cylinder decreased, and the amount of dust in the carbonization chamber began to increase, but the dust escape velocity was low.  
As the charging of coal continued, \(t\geq 200\) s, the amount of dust was mainly concentrated in the middle of the carbonization chamber, and the velocity distribution was concentrated, this indicated that the main existence form of particles in this region was floating dust. To sum up, the simulation results were in good agreement with the experiments, which demonstrated the dust distribution pattern well.