# Low-Carbon Certification Systems in Agriculture: A Review
## 3 Existing Low-Carbon Certification Systems
### EU Countries
#### 3.1.4 Wineries for Climate Protection--Wfcp (Spain)  
The Wineries for Climate Protection (Wfcp) standard is an initiative that aims to address the environmental challenges the wine industry faces [56]. Developed by the Spanish Wine Federation (FEV) in 2011 and effective since 2015, Wfcp is the first and only certification standard that specifically provides a framework for wineries to assess, mitigate, and manage their environmental impact. Based on the Wfcp standard, wineries can contribute to climate change mitigation, reduce resource consumption, and enhance overall sustainability performance [57]. Until mid-2022, approximately 45 wineries across Spain had obtained the Wfcp certification [58]. At the heart of the Wfcp standard is the commitment to reducing GHG emissions. Wineries are encouraged to measure and monitor their carbon footprint, establish reduction targets, and implement strategies to minimize emissions [56; 57]. This includes improvements in terms of energy efficiency, use of renewable energy sources, and adoption of sustainable transportation practices. Water conservation, through improved irrigation practices and water recycling, is another crucial aspect addressed by the Wfcp standard that aims to minimize their water footprint. The Wfcp standard also places significant emphasis on waste management and circular economy principles. Wineries are encouraged to implement waste reduction measures, promote recycling and reuse, and minimize the generation of hazardous wastes. By embracing circularity, wineries can reduce waste, minimize environmental impact, and contribute to a more sustainable and resource-efficient wine industry [59]. The adoption of the Wfcp standard offers several benefits to wineries. First, it demonstrates their commitment to environmental stewardship and sustainability, which enhances their reputation and brand values. Second, it provides wineries with a competitive advantage by meeting the growing consumer demand for sustainably produced wines. Third, certification according to the WICP standard provides wineries with a credible recognition of their sustainability efforts, allowing them to differentiate themselves in the market and access new market opportunities. Life ClimaMED Certification Tool (Mediterranean Region)  
The LIFE-ClimaMED certification tool is being developed in the frame of the LIFE17 CCM/GR/000087 project \"Innovative technologies for climate change mitigation by the Mediterranean agricultural sector\". This tool, using real-time measurements (Tier 3), is validated and demonstrated in 15 fields located in various regions of Greece, involving the cultivation of olive trees, grapes, vegetables, cereals, and pistachio trees [39]. The infrastructure needed for data collection at the field level involves the following: (i) a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) device with an integrated internet connection card that is installed in fields and measures GHGs, (ii) a meteorological station, (iii) a solar panel as an alternative electricity source, (iv) a telemetry system for data transmission (LoRa), and (v) a web GIS-based platform for data collection, processing, and visualization (Figure 6). This platform also serves as the interface between producers and the Greek Ministry of Rural Development and Food (MINAGRIC) [60], which will issue the relevant emissions certificate based on data processing in each field. In addition to MINAGRIC, the proposed certification system requires the involvement of producers, equipment suppliers, the Greek Payment Authority of Common Agricultural Policy (C.A.P.) Aid Schemes (OPEKEPE), and external certifiers. The LiDAR device operates in the near-infrared spectrum and measures three GHGs, namely, carbon dioxide (CO\({}_{2}\)), methane (CH\({}_{4}\)), and nitrous oxide (N\({}_{2}\)O) [61]. The device is safe for outdoor use due to its low optical power and does not pose any health risk to humans, animals, or birds. The measurement accuracy is 5 ppmv for CO\({}_{2}\) and 50 ppb for CH\({}_{4}\).