# On Deploying the Internet of Energy with 5G Open RAN Technology including Beamforming Mechanism
## 2 5G as the Network of the IoE
The p/s concept is a solution implemented with a higher layer in the IoT architecture and is based on the subscription of IoT devices within a wider platform so that all communication with the device passes through the given platform. In this way, any other machine trying to obtain information from the device should connect to the platform and ask for information. The p/s technique solves the problem of the lack of addresses on the Internet (devices do not have public addresses), which somewhat inhibits the development of IPv6 (the main function of IPv6 is no longer needed). Web of Things (WoT) combines the management of smart devices and IoT data access and activation via web services. This solution uses popular protocols and well-known web patterns to build the Internet of Things that is interoperable, easy to program, and intuitive to use, e.g., [13]. **10-fold (1/10)--decrease in energy consumption by the device, compared to 2010:**  
In recent years, there have been many successes in the field of material technologies, allowing a reduction in energy consumption for all devices. This applies, inter alia, to new batteries with long life and renewable energy sources, which are also becoming more and more popular in telecommunications. From a network communication perspective, there are also many other ways to reduce 5G power consumption [14]. In addition to the narrowband technology which greatly reduces the power consumption of IoT devices as explained above, there are also other mechanisms introduced in 5G that are energy efficient. One of the most important is the introduction of the beamforming technique, thanks to which the shaped radio signal is sent to strictly defined users. With beamforming, multiple antennas can also be used to direct signals to reduce physical areas, whereby the system performance is multiplied by being able to serve multiple users on the same band. Beamforming increases the number of users served on the same frequency, but it does not increase the efficiency itself. However, the main characteristic of beamforming is the reduction of the signal power needed in communication thanks to the punctual shape of the beam created by the antenna array. At the receiver side, the multiple antennas receiving the signal may increase the signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to a single antenna, so for a given level of noise, lower signal power is needed for the proper transmission of information. The beamforming technique is always implemented together with massive MIMO because the principle of operation is the same (multiple antennas) [15]. Other mechanisms that reduce energy consumption in the network are related to transmission systems and channel access management. New transmission systems such as Multi-Carrier Filter-Bank (FBMC), Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC), and Generalized Frequency-Division Multiplexing (GFDM) have been designed for 5G to reduce timing requirements; however, they are not sufficiently mature for being deployed in current 5G implementations. Synchronization usually requires extensive and therefore energy-consuming signalling procedures between the cell phone (or mobile device) and the antenna. By reducing the synchronization overhead, the mobile phone may be idle for a longer time. Additionally, access to the orthogonal channel, along with Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM), crucial for LTE technology, introduces additional signalling, which reduces the battery life of mobile devices. Because of this, 5G has proposed (but not yet deployed) non-orthogonal channel access methods for uplink communication (from cell phone to antenna). Access to the non-orthogonal channel is however less efficient (less bandwidth efficient), which makes this type of access (non-orthogonal) not proposed for downlink communication. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) consists of using the same time and frequency resources several times to make connections between base stations and properly selected terminals, which differ significantly in the power level of transmitted signals.