# Protecting Data at Risk of Unintentional Electromagnetic Emanation: TEMPEST Profiling
## 2 Related Work
In [20], the authors analyzed compromising emanations of laser printers from signal line conductors, power cables, and electrical radiation testing. The authors of [33] investigated the acoustic emanations of the printer and succeeded in distinguishing the letters W and J. An attack method based on dot matrix printer sound recording is presented in [34]. In most scanners, the sensing medium is an electronic, photosensitive integrated circuit known as a charge-coupled device (CCD). A light-sensitive photo is placed along the CCD that converts the brightness level into an electrical signal, which is then processed into a digital image [35]. Scanners create digital files from paper documents. Therefore, it is important to consider file security to ensure its confidentiality. In [36], the authors used two methods to securely scan documents: (1) scan to an encrypted, password-protected pdf file sent via USB device or e-mail; (2) scan to a local USB drive that provides hardware encryption. Piezoelectric sensors convert mechanical energy (pressure, strain, and vibration) into electrical signals. Researchers have so far succeeded in producing sensors that are durable, efficient, and lightweight. These sensors can be used as stand-alone energy sensors, useful for medical, industrial, and home applications [37; 38]. Their typical application is in the flat area between the two extremes of the frequency response curve. The response of the sensor decreases at low frequencies because the generated charge cannot be retained. At high frequencies, there is a peak at the resonant frequency [9]. Data transmission, reception, and processing over wireless channels are of particular interest when it comes to personal information generated by PES that must be transmitted in this way [39] due to EM interference and inductive coupling. Digital data processed by RFID have a limited number of signal transmissions, which affects the data rate. The transmitter and receiver must use the same data rate and be synchronized to transmit the correct data. Current RFID technologies are primarily designed to optimize performance and are less concerned with resilience or security [11]. The threats and attacks described in [12] are classified based on network layers. In [40], the authors also consider the network protocol as a source of attacks on RFID systems. The authors of [41] investigate side-channel attacks on RFID systems and discuss information leakage during their activities related to time information, energy consumption, or EM leakage. The authors demonstrated the high efficiency of side-channel attacks. A software-defined radio involves many radio components replaced by their software variants, allowing flexible software control of the radio [42]. It is necessary to emphasize the application of network security standards designed to prevent, detect, and address network compromises. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed cybersecurity standards to meet the specific needs of US industry, government, and the public. NIST focuses on key areas such as cryptography, education, technologies, risk management, identity and access management, and privacy, as well as ensuring the reliability of networks and platforms [23]. The ISO/IEC 27k [43] international standard for cyber security offers a best practice approach to helping organizations manage their information security by addressing people, processes, and technology [24]. It is important to note, however, that these standards do not include protection against EM leakage. Due to the general improvement in information technology, in some cases, hidden information can be reconstructed by intercepting EM emissions. TEMPEST is considered a tool for identifying vulnerabilities in information systems processing sensitive data and plays a key role in improving security measures. EM waves can partially or completely interrupt communication, depending on their strength.