esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Survey on the Application of WirelessHART for Industrial Process Monitoring and Control
## 2 Background of Process Automation  
For many decades, industrial process plants have used analog signals in the wired channel for communication with field devices (sensors) to take appropriate control actions to ensure process stability [15; 18]. The most commonly used communication protocols, such as HART, Fieldbus, Modbus, and PROFIBUS, emerged in the mid-1980s. However, wireless technological advancements required the development of industry-standard wireless protocols for them to be used in process monitoring and control. These wireless communication protocols require small- to mid-scale network infrastructures consisting of multiple sensor nodes working together to acquire data from field devices installed in different environments. Their design is based on the application-specific requirements, since each industrial process has multiple objectives and different infrastructure needs [3]. In the past few years, IWSNs have emerged in numerous application fields, including personal health monitoring [19], building and civil infrastructure monitoring [20; 21], automotive applications [22], power converters [23], power and smart grids [24], energy harvesting [25], smart cities [26], agriculture [27], food processing [28], underwater wireless sensor networks [29; 30], and environment monitoring [31].  
Process and industrial automation fields, such as steel manufacturing, oil and gas, pulp and paper, and power generation, have started to gradually adopt IWSNs because of the new technological advancements made and the possible flexibility in handling complex closed-loop processes [32]. In industrial processes, they were expected to achieve about 80% of the market share in 2020 by overtaking wired networks at the field level due to their efficient and easily deployable infrastructure [33]. The main reason for adopting wireless motes is due to their operational and installation cost reduction of up to 60% in comparison with conventional wired field devices, according to an industry operation survey overseen by Emerson Process Management [34; 35].
## 3 Sensor Coverage/Deployment in WVSNs
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Research** & **Camera** & **Visual** & **Vision Quality** & **Energy** & **Notes** \\
**Works** & **View Angle** & **Occlusion** & **Aware** & **Aware** & \\ \hline [PERSON] _et al._[17] & Yes & No & Yes & No & Full multi-angle coverage \\ [PERSON] _et al._ & & & & & Full multi-angle coverage \\
[18] & Yes & No & Yes & No & Square shape obstacle \\ [PERSON] _et al._ & & & & & assumption \\  [19] & Yes & Yes & No & No & Cooperatively certainty \\ [PERSON] _et al._[20, 21, 22] & Yes & Yes & No & No & map fusing \\ [PERSON] _et al._[23] & No & No & No & Yes & Two-tier WVSN \\  & & & & & network deployment \\ [PERSON] [2] & Yes & No & No & No & Sensing range and \\  & & & & & angle coverage \\ [PERSON] _et al._ & & & & & 3D mobile camera \\
[24] & Yes & No & No & No & \
\begin{tabular}{c} 3D mobile camera \\ sensor control strategy \\ Game theoretic sensor \\ coverage model \\ \end{tabular} \\ [PERSON] _et al._[25] & Yes & No & No & Yes &
\begin{tabular}{c} 3D mobile camera \\ sensor control strategy \\ Game theoretic sensor \\ coverage model \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Research works in WVSN deployment. this constrained exact potential game, each sensor will move and set its camera to optimize its coverage utilizing only the information from its utility values and last play actions. The two proposed algorithms are proven to be convergent in probability to a set of Nash equilibria and global optima of a certain set of coverage performance metrics (tradeoff between coverage and cost). In Table 2, we summarize the existing works on sensor coverage and the WVSN deployment problem. This table also shows existing works that do not address the four research issues namely, view angle coverage, occlusion, visual data quality aware and energy aware at the same time. Therefore, it is a challenge to consider solutions to these four issues that will meet the application needs in a cost efficient way.
## Appendix C Proof of Proposition 2  
We begin by establishing that \(\omega^{\perp}=\varphi(\eta,\eta_{d},\omega_{d}^{\perp})\) stabilizes the desired reduced-attitude with \(V_{1}=k_{1}\Psi(\eta,\eta_{d})\) as a Lyapunov function. The derivative of \(V_{1}\) under the stated virtual control becomes \(\dot{V}_{1}=-\kappa k_{1}\|e_{\eta}\|^{2}\). When \(\omega^{\perp}\
eq\varphi(\eta,\eta_{d},\omega_{d}^{\perp})\) we use (33) and get:  
\[\dot{V}_{1}=-\kappa k_{1}\|e_{\eta}\|^{2}+k_{1}z^{\top}e_{\eta},\]  
since \(e_{\eta}^{\top}\omega^{\parallel}=e_{\eta}^{\top}\omega_{ct}=0\).  
From (18) and (33), the derivative of \(z\) satisfies  
\[\dot{J}z=[S(J(z+\tilde{\omega}_{d}))+V_{a}D](z+\tilde{\omega}_{d})+V_{a}^{2}B [u-u_{\rm trim}]+\Delta(v_{r},t)-J\tilde{\omega}_{d}. \tag{19}\]  
In closed loop with the control law (34), we get  
\[\dot{J}z=-k_{1}e_{\eta}-[K_{2}-V_{a}D+S(\tilde{\omega}_{d})]z+S(J(z+\tilde{ \omega}_{d}))z. \tag{20}\]  
Let a [PERSON] function candidate for the complete system be given by  
\[V_{2}=V_{1}+\frac{1}{2}z^{\top}Jz,\]  
whose total time-derivative satisfies  
\[\dot{V}_{2} =-\kappa k_{1}e_{\eta}^{\top}e_{\eta}+z^{\top}\big{[}k_{1}e_{ \eta}+Jz\big{]}\leq-\kappa k_{1}e_{\eta}^{\top}e_{\eta}-z^{\top}[K_{2}+S( \tilde{\omega}_{d})]z\] \[\leq-\kappa k_{1}\|e_{\eta}\|^{2}-\Big{(}\lambda_{\min}^{K_{2}}( -\lambda_{\max}^{I}c_{\omega_{d}}+\kappa)\Big{)}\|z\|^{2}\leq-\kappa k_{1}\|e_ {\eta}\|^{2}-\gamma\|z\|^{2},\]  
where we have used (37), (A5) and Assumption 4.  
The rest of the proof follows the same arguments as in the proof of Proposition 1.
# Lightweight NFC Protocol for Privacy Protection in Mobile IoT
## 1 Introduction  
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), many researchers have focused on security and privacy protection. The concept of the IoT was proposed by MIT in 1999. It is an extension of the Internet and can be applied to financial, logistics, retail, military, smart city, industrial, and other scenarios. The core goal of the IoT is to achieve the interconnection of terminal devices.  
Any device in the IoT needs to be authenticated before the commencement of communication. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is used to achieve mutual authentication and communication between devices in the IoT [1]. As shown in Figure 1, the structure in the RFID system mainly includes three parts: the tag, the reader, and the server. In such a system, the reader authenticates tags before collecting the data. Due to possible attackers, it is essential to have a trusted third-party server in the authentication system [2]. During the authentication process, there are often various security problems, such as the identity forgery problem and identity leakage problem.  
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a new and developing communication technology, which is often used in mobile IoT network. It primarily works in the 13.56 MHz band with a data transmission speed of 106-424 kbps. NFC is inherited from RFID, and like RFID, it works on special chips and communicates with other devices through antennas. The difference between NFC and traditional RFID is that NFC emphasizes short-distance contactless communication. It uses a unique signal attenuation technology and the effective radio range is below 20 cm. NFC is designed to provide a low-cost, high-bandwidth, low-energy communication method for mobile devices in IoT. It can be applied to various situations such as electronic payment, identity authentication, logistics tracking, and data collection in mobile IoT [3].  
The motivation of our study of NFC authentication protocol is the security requirement and communication overhead during the authentication in mobile IoT networks. In the paper, we propose a new lightweight NFC identity authentication protocol for mobile NFC IoT networks. The protocol can achieve the access control and management of NFC devices from a system view with the double key-management model. Such a model has never been seen in previous NFC/RFID authentication protocols. Our work can provide a secure and lightweight mobile authentication service in the NFC-based mobile IoT network, such as smart homes and Office attendances. Our protocol includes the following advantages:  
* Our protocol needs less computational overhead and memory storage. Only the XOR and Modulo-Plus function are included in our protocol without hash or other encryption operations. The most complicated operation in our system is the random number generation.
* Our protocol can resist typical attacks in the IoT environment such as denial of service (DoS) attacks, de-synchronization attacks, replay attacks, and identity leakages. The protocol also achieves tag anonymity and the mutual authentication of the IoT system.
# Reinforcement Learning Based Resource Management for Network Slicing
## 4 Resource Trading System Using a Markov Decision Process
### Reward Function  
Let \(v(s_{t},a_{t})\) denote the reward function that returns a reward indicating the profit of the tenant. When action \(a_{t}\) is taken at state \(s_{t}\), \(v(s_{t},a_{t})\) can be defined as  
\[v(s_{t},a_{t})=p^{sell}\cdot(R_{n,t}^{sell}-\omega\cdot R_{n,t}^{violate})-p^{ buy}\cdot R_{n,t}^{buy}, \tag{11}\]  
where \(\omega\) is the QoS-weight factor determining the importance of the QoS compared to the profit. In Equation (11), \(R_{n,t}^{violate}\) is an amount of bandwidth that violates QoS when the total resource demand \(D_{n,t}\) exceeds the achievable rate \(R_{n,t}\) at time slot \(t\) (i.e., \(R_{n,t}^{violate}=R_{n,t}-D_{n,t}\)). In other words, if the amount of bandwidth is insufficient compared to the resource demand, the QoS of some flows may be violated. In this case, a penalty will be imposed by \(\omega\cdot R_{n,t}^{violate}\). To let the system meet the QoS more strictly, we can increase \(\omega\) to impose a larger penalty for the QoS violations. Using the reward \(v(s_{t},a_{t})\), we define the total discounted reward \(V_{t}^{\pi}\) to take into account future rewards as follows:  
\[V_{t}^{\pi}=v(s_{t},a_{t})+\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\gamma^{i}\cdot v(s_{t+1},a_{t+1 }), \tag{12}\]  
where \(0\leq\gamma\leq 1\) is a discount factor weighting future rewards relative to current rewards. Our ultimate goal is to find an optimal policy that can maximize \(V_{t}^{\pi}\). In the next section, a dynamic resource adjustment algorithm using Q-learning is proposed to find the optimal policy.
## Abbreviations
#### Symbols  
**Symbol**  
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\mathrm{avg}\) & average of the \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\mathrm{plot}\) values computed for all plots & (dB) \\ \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\mathrm{stdev}\) & standard deviation of the \(\Delta\sigma^{\circ}\mathrm{plot}\) values computed for all plots & (-) \\ \(I_{\mathrm{M}}\) & Moran Index & (-) \\ \(I_{\mathrm{S}}\) & Speckle Index & (-) \\ \(R_{\mathrm{S}}\) & spatial resolution & (m) \\ \(h^{\prime}\) & roughness height & (m) \\ \(m_{\mathrm{v}}\) & volumetric soil water content & (m\({}^{3}\)m\({}^{-3}\)) \\ \(LAI\) & Leaf Area Index & (m\({}^{2}\) m\({}^{-2}\)) \\ \(F_{\mathrm{v}}\) & Fractional cover & (-) \\ \(m\), \(q\) & slope and intercept of a linear regression line & variable dependent \\ \(r\), \(r^{2}\) & Pearson correlation and determination coefficients & (-) \\ \(r\)\(mse\), \(mse\) & root mean square error or mean square error & variable dependent \\ \(r_{\mathrm{sp}}\) & Spatial correlation image between two channels & (-) \\ \(r_{\mathrm{s}}\) & For each plot is a representative spatial correlation value obtained by & (-) \\  & averaging pixels of \(r_{\mathrm{sp}}\) co-localized to in situ measures & \\ \(r_{\mathrm{t}}\) & Pearson correlation out coming from \(r_{\mathrm{s}}\) vs. SVV & (-) \\ \end{tabular}
## 4 Investigations on the Propulsion Subsystem  
The Propulsion Subsystem shall serve for navigation (e.g., for course correction, driving to a port, etc.) and stabilisation (i.e., to keep the SailREC System stable under dynamic forces, for example, under extreme weather conditions).  
The overall stability of the SailREC System should be ensured using passive means, while powered propellers would provide support in the case of adverse conditions where a higher degree of precision and faster response time is essential. The requirements for the Propulsion Subsystem in terms of stabilisation may be similar to those for dynamic positioning (DP) [30]. DP is used in drilling and oil and gas exploration vessels. For instance, when used in floating production storage and offloading vessels, which are usually moored, the DP system assists in position mooring when there are severe environmental conditions [31]. This system relies heavily on the Control Subsystems and the Position Detection Subsystem to produce control outputs that actuate the propellers to maintain a specific position or heading.  
The general navigation of the SailREC System to follow a trajectory should not happen by means of powered propellers. Some potential sailing strategies are described in Section 5. Wind assisted propulsion, such as by wind sails or Flettner rotors, can also be used to manipulate the motion around a trajectory and at the same time reduce fuel consumption, as demonstrated in applications in container ships [8]. The use of active propulsion should be kept to a minimum to reduce the energy required for navigation.  
In the following, it is elaborated in more detail on propellers (Section 4.1) and the prime mover (Section 4.2).
## 4 Results and Discussion
In this case, the ANN approach performed better than the field measurements due to a low spatial resolution of the field survey sampling. However, we should be aware that the time lag between airborne images and field survey data can result in differences such as boundary changes or forest succession. The discrepancy between the ANN and field measurement classifications was very high in the areas of double-layered forest (Table 2). This is because the double-layered forest is composed of a canopy layer and an understory or shrub layer, and it was very difficult to distinguish from the other vertical structures using the aerial orthophoto and lidar data. Even though using remotely-sensed data and an ANN has some limitations, the approach could be very useful to classify forest vertical structure, because it has a better spatial resolution and is more time- and cost-effective. One other issue was that the RGB image used for this study was created through image tiling by a vendor. The left side of the image (Figure 8b), is more comparable to the field survey data (Figure 8a) than the right side. The reason may be due to a slight difference in color when tiling several raw images to process one orthophoto. Therefore, in future studies, it may be better to use raw image data or high resolution satellite image, which have the same photographic conditions over a single image area. There is much research on the internal structure of forests using dense lidar data [27], but this method is limited due to the high cost of investigating large areas. Since the forests of Korea comprise a variety of species, it has been difficult to apply the methods of previous studies that identified stratification in coniferous forests composed of similar species [28]. Therefore, the novelty of the approach used in this study is that it can estimate and classify the complex inner structure of a forest with simple remotely-sensed data.
# Recent Progress of Metal-Air Batteries--A Mini Review
## 5 Advanced Manufacturing of MABs
### Laser Processing  
Laser processing has gained more and more attention in recent years. Laser ablation, laser cutting, laser welding, laser sintering, laser direct writing, and other laser-assisted synthesis process are powerful tools for precise manufacturing [90; 91]. For microfabrication, laser ablation is used to fabricate porous graphene and graphene quantum dots. Laser power, spot size diameter, hatch distance, scanning speed, wavelength, had an influence on the formation of nanomaterials and nanostructures [92; 93]. Lasers can be applied for sintering various materials including metals, ceramics, and polymers [94; 95; 96]. In recent years, laser processing has been employed in the fabrication of electrodes [97], supercapacitors [98; 99], even full batteries [100]. Successful micromanufacturing includes laser-drilling of microholes in LiFePO\({}_{4}\) cathode for Li-ion batteries [101] and laser carbonization anode (graphene) for an interdigital film battery [102]. [PERSON] [6] reported femtosecond laser-reduced nano joined graphene oxide/Au conductive network as micro-supercapacitors electrodes. [PERSON] [103] reported femtosecond-laser structuring of LiMn\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{4}\) composite cathodes for Li-ion micro-batteries.  
[PERSON] [3] reported laser sintering of printed anodes for AABs. Results indicated that laser sintering can remove the organic solvent from the printed Al nanoparticle slurry and increase the conductivity of the printed anode. Electrochemical characterization demonstrated laser power of 10 W for sintering for better performance, and 3-layer printed anode with a bigger discharge capacity. A 3-layer battery cell can yield a 239 mAh g\({}^{-1}\) discharge capacity at an operation voltage of 0.95 V, as shown in Figure 17.
# Preconception Health Attitudes and Behaviours of Women: A Qualitative Investigation
## 3 Results
### Behaviours and Actions during Preconception
#### 3.2.3 Behaviour Change and Lifestyle Modification  
During the preconception period, behaviour changes adopted by most women included taking pre-pregnancy supplements and reducing alcohol intake.  
\"I knew about... taking folate, having good iron stores, um, and a little bit about iodine in pregnancy, so I took a pre-pregnancy vitamin to make sure I got all of those.\"--(P5, postpartum, 37 years old, one child).  
\"I limited the amount of alcohol that I was drinking. I was, I would have one drink a week, as opposed to three or four, which I was having prior.\"--(P12, pregnant, 34 years old, no children).  
Most women described themselves as having a healthy lifestyle prior to planning a pregnancy and; therefore, carried forward their previous physical activity routine and dietary pattern into preconception.  
\"Just in general I find I feel that I am a pretty healthy person with regards to diet and exercise anyway. So, I did not really have to make too many changes before I fell pregnant.\"--(P5, postpartum, 37 years old, one child).  
Many women described engaging in physical activity, usually undertaken three days per week, encompassing a range of activities including walking, jogging, swimming, Pilates, CrossFit and/or cardio and strength training. Women generally described their diet during preconception as \"healthy\", \"balanced\", \"nutritious\" and \"non-restrictive\". Some women either completely eliminated or reduced their caffeine intake.  
\"I started drinking lots of water... I do not eat a lot of junk food anymore, really occasionally. I focus on eating a balanced diet, mainly including veggies, fruit and healthy snacks rather than eating chocolates and sweets.\"--(P10, preconception, 32 years old, one child).  
Stress reduction and weight management (including weight maintenance and weight loss) were also incorporated by a few women during the preconception period.  
When asked if, in hindsight, they would do anything differently during the preconception period, half of all pregnant women and the postpartum woman mentioned that they would not change anything whilst the other half mentioned consulting their GP and addressing some lifestyle issues.
## 5 Results
### Comparison of RL Algorithms in Quasi-Static Environment
#### 5.1.2 Power Distribution Comparison  
The impact of using a PPO algorithm within an RL environment and using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor on the power distribution of a wavefront under quasi-static turbulence condition of \(D/r_{0}=5\) have been analyzed and illustrated in Figure 10. On the left side of Figure 10, the power distribution at the focal plane at the beginning of each episode when the wavefront is reflected through a flat deformable mirror. On the right side of the figure, we plot the results after: (upper right) the implementation of random actions through the PPO algorithm in the initial episodes, (middle right) the utilization of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, and (lower right) the application of the PPO algorithm following a sequence of episodes.  
The utilization of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, as illustrated in Figure 10 (middle right), has resulted in a significant concentration of power at the center of the focal plane, with a Strehl ratio of approximately 70%. Similarly, the application of the PPO algorithm, as illustrated in Figure 10 (lower right), has also produced a significant concentration of power at the center of the focal plane, however, with a slightly lower Strehl ratio of approximately 60%.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Phenolic Profile: Qualitative and Quantitative Determinations
#### 4.2.3 In Vitro Antioxidant Activity  
Both methanolic and aqueous extracts of _Lavandula stocchas_ showed in vitro antioxidant activity during the DPPH assay. However, the aqueous extract (of higher polarity) recorded a significantly (\(t=-4.196\), \(df=4\), \(p=0.014\)) higher antioxidant activity. In addition, higher antioxidant activity was recorded for the higher concentration of the extracts (Figure 2). The EC\({}_{50}\) values were 7.05 mg mL\({}^{-1}\) and 1.78 mg mL\({}^{-1}\) for the methanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively.  
What is also of great importance is that there was a perfect correlation between the in vitro antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of the methanolic and aqueous extracts using Pearson's bivariate statistics (\(r=1\), \(p=0.01\)). The present results are in agreement with those of [PERSON] et  
Figure 2: Antioxidant activity (AA%) of _Lavandula stocchas_ with respect to extract concentration (mg L\({}^{-1}\)).  
al. [37], who reported that solvent-extracted bamboo leaf extract (BLE) containing chlorogenic acid, caffe acid and luteolin 7-glucoside showed in vitro antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay (among others). The authors also reported that BLE exhibited a concentration-dependent scavenging activity of the [DPPH\(\bullet\)], in agreement with the present results.  
_Lavandula angusifolia_ extracts from the region of Southeast Romania showed a considerable in vitro antioxidant activity against the DPPH free radical, as reported by [PERSON] et al. [41].  
In a more recent work, _Lavandula angustifolia_ (from the region of Polykarpi Pozar in Greece) aqueous extracts prepared with infusion or decoction also showed a high in vitro antioxidant activity against the DPPH free radical (>90%), in agreement with the present results [40].