## 1 Introduction  
In VANETs, safety applications rely mainly on broadcasting emergency messages (EMs). The network operates by broadcasting beacon messages from every vehicle, allowing them to self-identify. To establish a connection with nearby vehicles, the receiving vehicle stores key information from these beacon messages, including the sender's address, velocity, position, and vehicle status. This proactive approach aims to efficiently determine the most suitable relay node for transmitting emergency messages by pinpointing the closest available vehicle. Additionally, specific guidelines for broadcasting emergency alerts have been established to ensure precise and reliable message delivery [1]. The performance of the RSBP-RF (relay selection based on proximity with radio frequency) system is assessed in terms of end-to-end message dissemination latency, the accuracy of relay node selection, and the overall message delivery success rate. It has been observed that the packet delivery ratio (PDR) increases significantly with higher vehicle density, indicating improved message transmission reliability as the number of vehicles in the network grows [2]. The great mobility and dispersion of the nodes (vehicles) provide communication problems. To facilitate communication between cars and roadside units (RSUs), nodes in the overall architectures of VANETs are outfitted with on-board units (OBUs). The OBUs and municipal infrastructures are integrated through the RSUs, which are static nodes placed along the roadways (static locations). OBUs employ opportunistic routing to transfer information throughout the vehicular network when vehicles interact with RSUs or other vehicles. VANETs have significant issues related to the high mobility of the nodes, their vast geographic dispersion, and continuous changes in the network structure, resulting in intermittent connections owing to network fragmentation [3]. Emergency communication in VANET is a critical aspect of these networks, as it plays a vital role in ensuring the safety of drivers, passengers, and other road users [4]. One of the main features of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) involves the use of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications to enhance road safety and driving conditions by disseminating messages in emergency scenarios like traffic jams and accidents [5; 6]. Data sharing between vehicles and RSUs is one of two potential communications in a VANET. In order to communicate the precise positions of moving vehicles, RSU depends on stationary nodes that are linked to the global positioning system (GPS) [7]. In the conventional scheme, the relay nodes tend to cluster near each other, limiting the spatial distribution of relay node candidates to a specific region [8]. Traditional approaches for securing VANET commonly involve the deployment of public key infrastructure (PKI). This infrastructure typically relies on certificate revocation lists (CRLs) to handle revoked certificates. In PKI-based systems, a trusted authority (TA) is responsible for assigning certificates, public keys, and private keys to each registered entity within the network [9]. The optimal cooperative forwarder (OCF) is a system designed to optimize the delivery of messages across multiple channels, taking into account several important factors. The OCF choice is determined by evaluating factors such as the vehicle's location, speed and direction, and communication quality [10; 11]. VANET represents the predominant topology employed in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). However, the dynamic nature of VANETs, characterized by node mobility, poses significant challenges for broadcasting emergency messages and ensuring efficient data delivery, particularly in both highway and urban settings. To address the challenges and acquire essential information, VANET broadcast protocols commonly rely on beacon messages. These beacon messages are disseminated among vehicles to facilitate communication and coordination within the network [12; 13].