esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Preparation and Characterization of Gold Nanorods Coated with Gellan Gum and Lipoic Acid
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Materials  
Tetrachloroauric(III) acid trihydrate (HAuCl4 3H2O), silver nitrate (AgNO3 \(\geq\) 99.0%), \(\alpha\)-lipoic acid (LA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB \(\geq\) 96%), ascorbic acid (\(\geq\)99%), sodium borohydride (NaBH4 99%), triethylamine (TEA), \(N\)-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-\(N^{\prime}\)-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HCl), \(N\)-hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (NHSS), Dulbecco's phosphate saline buffer (DPBS) and Gold Test for gold determination were purchased from Merck, Milan, Italy. The gellan gum (GG, Mw \(\approx\) 50 KDa) used was obtained starting from GELZAN (Merck, Milan, Italy) through a degradation process in basic catalysis already known in the literature [32]. The Texas Red Hydrazide Invitrogen probe and the LIVE/DEAD mammal cell kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Eugene, OR, USA). MTS 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] reagent (CellTiter 96(r) AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation,) was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA) and used according to the manufacturer's instructions. Spectra/Por dialyses tubing was purchased from Spectrum Laboratories Inc. (Irving, TX, USA). Sephadex G-15 gel permeation resin was purchased from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland). Milli-Q water (resistivity 18.2 M\(\Omega\) cm at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C) was used in all experiments. All reagents and solvents were of analytical grade unless otherwise specified.  
Human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) were purchased from Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna \"[PERSON]\" (Brescia, Italy) and cultured in DMEM, containing 10% (%) of fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U of penicillin G, 100 mg\(\cdot\)mL\({}^{-1}\) of streptomycin, and 2 mM of L-glutamine (Eurolone, Milan, Italy), at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C in 5% CO\({}_{2}\) humidified atmosphere.
# BBSF: Blockchain-Based Secure Weather Forecasting Information through Routing Protocol in Vanet
## 3 Methodology  
In this section, we define the proposed methodology at the initial stages, then we define the context of the work using the proposed three algorithms. Next, we discuss blockchain-based secure and efficient routing information through network support technology. Initially, we define the clusters to effectively enhance the workflow and support the routing protocol to travel the data securely with sufficient detail. Roadside units (RSUs), vehicular, and the blockchain-based distributed Hyperledger Sawtooth framework is used to deploy the blockchain services to secure vehicle weather forecasting information through RSU. The main functionality of the system is to adopt the routing protocol to share the secure weather forecasting network and congestion handling in the specified network parameters. We consider the V2I and V2V communication models in the proposed approach.  
In our proposed system, we have secured the weather forecasting data communication between V2V and V2I in VANETs. In the first section, we extracted the data from the weather forecasting servers and monitoring systems. The OBU of vehicles has different sensory modules, including weather sensors. With the help of these sensors, the related weather data are extracted from different web servers and weather monitoring systems. In the second section, we secured the extracted data using routing protocols and, in the last section, we transmitted the secured data among trusted vehicles, roadside units, and all the nodes connected or working in the VANETs.
# A Novel Charging Station on Overhead Power Lines for Autonomous Unmanned Drones
## 1 Introduction
The proposed approach utilizes the magnetic field generated by the alternating current in the power line to harvest energy. A low-cost drone charging station is proposed based on inductive coupling with a split-core harvester that charges the drone battery; both the charging station and the harvester are equipotential to the line voltage. This research investigates the correlation between energy extracted from the magnetic field and line current utilizing a DC/DC converter equipped with a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm to match load impedance. The proposed easy-to-install drone charging station can be installed on an AC overhead power line by a drone without the need for any alterations to the existing electrical infrastructure. This paper is structured as follows. Section 1 outlines the relevance of autonomous unmanned drones for inspection and maintenance of transmission and distribution overhead lines and presents a review of previous work. Section 2 examines the inductive coupling between the energy harvester and the power line, as well as electrical protection, power electronics for MPPT and the mechanical design of the charging station. Perching and manipulation modules for the unmanned aerial vehicle are detailed in Section 3. Section 4 outlines energy harvesting and robotic manipulation experiments conducted in relevant environments, while Section 5 provides a discussion of the proposal.
# The Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters in the 1D-2D Coupled Model for Urban Flooding
## 3 Case Study
### Data Sources and Processing  
The DEM data used in this study have an accuracy of 30 m and were obtained from the Geospatial Data Cloud Platform of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the land use data were obtained from Wuhan University, and the pipe network data were obtained from Nanchang Urban Planning and Design Research Institute. After processing the above information, the model of Honggutan district was built in the SWMM and Telemac, respectively, and the coupling mode was loose coupling. A total of 641 stormwater inspection wells, 629 pipes, and 622 catchment areas were generalized in the SWMM, and the generalization diagram is shown in Figure 3a; a total of 238,085 two-dimensional meshes and 119,863 mesh nodes were generated in Telemac, and the generalization diagram is shown in Figure 3b.  
Figure 1: Identification of rainfall patterns with long durations in Nanchang City.
# Groundwater and Urban Planning Perspective
## 2 Exploring the Connection between Urban Development and Urban Subsurface Hydrology
### Land Instability in Bucharest City
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Data** & **Sources** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Hydrological data} & Water level data of the Coletnina chained lakes for the 2014–2017 period were provided by several institutions: the National Administration “Romanian Waters”, the Arges \\  & Water Basin Administration, the Veda-IIfov-Bucharest Water Management System, and the Administration of Lakes, Parks, and Leisure of Bucharest city. We used the series of data for the lakes Herastrau, Floreasca, Tei, Plumbuita, and Pantelimon I. \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geographical characteristics} & The maps comprising the geographical characteristics of the area (landscape units, morphological maps, hypsometric maps), geological data representing the thicknesses of the loess formation, and geotechnical data on the location of former construction \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geographical characteristics} & \multirow{4}{*}{The Digital Surface Model (DSM) that was used, which represents the land surface including buildings, infrastructure, and vegetation, is the digital model developed under the European Copernicus Earth Observation Program [40]. \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geological data} & The geological maps of Bucharest and Romania, scale 1: 200,000, sheet 44, were used [41] \\  & The hydrogeological data (Hydrogeological map of Bucharest city, groundwater levels \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Hydrogeological data} & during the analyzed period, location of the wells, results of existing urban \\  & hydrogeological models, and others) have been extracted from the databases of the \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geotechnical data} & Groundwater Engineering Research Centre of the Technical University of Civil \\  & Engineering, Bucharest [41]. \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geotechnical data} & Geotechnical data on anthropogenic soil areas and information on the geotechnical monitoring boreholes extracted from the Groundwater Engineering Research Centre of \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Geotechnical data} & the Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest [41]. Other geotechnical \\  & information was extracted from the Geotechnical Zoning Map of Bucharest, made by the \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Meteorological data} & Institute of Studies and Design in Land Improvements (ISPIF) in the 1970s. \\ \multirow{4}{*}{Meteorological data} & Extracted from Romania’s statistical yearbooks, published by the National Institute of \\ \cline{1-1}  & Statistics [42]. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Data types and sources (modified after [28]).
# Electromagnetic Induction Imaging with Atomic Magnetometers: Progress and Perspectives
## 3 Application Areas and Limitations of Inductive Coils
### Surveillance  
Magnetic sensors are routinely used for surveillance, e.g., for underwater detection. However, this relies on the spontaneous magnetisation of the object of interest, which can be reduced by an appropriate choice of the materials used in the object construction and the adoption of degaussing processes. Furthermore, passive detection of spontaneous magnetisation is affected by ambient noise. Detection systems based on electromagnetic induction are superior in this respect, as they rely on the target's conductivity, rather than its magnetisation, which is less suitable for the implementation of countermeasures. Furthermore, the active nature of electromagnetic induction detection system allows for the use of lock-in techniques, which significantly reduce the detrimental effect of ambient noise. However, inductive coil based sensors are not suitable as the required penetration of the magnetic field through several hundred of meters of water requires, as from (1), the operation of the system at low frequency, in a range (1-100 kHz) where the performance of inductive coils is severely degraded.
## 3 Material and Method
### Measurements and the Pilot Study  
The participant was asked to make a marking as close to the target location as possible. We prepared five different objects for the experiment. We used Euclidean distance to measure the distance between the target and the participant's marking. The trial completion times were measured from when the first object appeared until the participant was ready and pressed a \"Done\" button for the last, the fifth object. The participant was able to remark the target if s/he was dissatisfied with the current marking. We also counted how many markings were made to see if any of the interaction methods required more remarking than the other methods.  
A satisfaction questionnaire was filled after each interaction method trial. There were a question and seven satisfaction statements that were evaluated on a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The statements were grouped so that the question and the first statement were about the overall feeling and the rest of the statements were about object manipulation and landmark creation separately. The statements were as follows:  
* Would you think to use this method daily?
* Your hands are NOT tired.
* It was natural to perform the given tasks with this interaction method.
* It was easy to handle the 3D objects with this interaction method.
* The interaction method was accurate.
* The marking method was natural.
* It was easy to make the marking with this marking method.
* The marking method was accurate.  
The statements were designed to measure fatigue, naturalness, and accuracy as they have been measured in earlier studies [8; 16; 32] as well. Accuracy was also measured from data to see if the objective and subjective results are consistent. With these statements, it was possible to measure the easiness and ability to use the method daily unlike from objective data.  
In the questionnaire, there were also open-ended questions about positive and negative aspects of the interaction method. In the end, the participant was asked to rank the interaction methods in order from the most liked to the least liked.  
A pilot study was arranged to ensure that the tasks and the study procedure were feasible. Based on the findings in the pilot study, we modified the introduction to be more specific and added a mention about the measured features. We also added the ability to rotate the 3D object even after the mouse ray moved out of the object. The speed of the mouse ray in the VR environment was increased to better match the movements of the real mouse.
# Evaluating the Effects of Deep Excavation on Nearby Structures Through Numerical Simulation
## 4 Scenarios Simulation Under Adjacent Building Conditions  
Using the soil parameters and retaining support measures data from the actual case in the previous section, a model of the relative position between the adjacent building and the construction site was established. The impact of the adjacent building on the lateral displacement of the diaphragm wall and ground settlement was examined based on depth factor, distance factor, and load factor under three different soil behavior models shown in Table 4.
# Effectiveness of High-Intensity Therapy in Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease Patients
## 3 Intervention
### Agility Training  
The agility training protocol was designed to enhance gait mechanics, coordination, balance, postural control, and muscular strength through a structured series of progressive exercises. These exercises were performed both with and without specialized equipment, including Dynair cushions, Bosu balls, fitballs, Pilates balls, weighted balls, end-weighted sticks, TRX systems, coordination ladders, and barriers. To promote adaptability and neuromuscular control, the training regimen incorporated systematic variations in surface stability, movement direction, execution speed, and task complexity, including height-based challenges [44; 45]. The level of difficulty was continuously adjusted based on individual progress, ensuring a progressively tailored training experience. The intervention required participants to engage in high-level attentional control, executive functioning, and rapid cognitive processing in response to multimodal sensory inputs, including visual and auditory stimuli. The agility training was performed under the supervision of a certified physical therapist to ensure safety and correct execution. Exercises demanded dynamic balance shifts, rapid changes in movement direction, and complex coordination under varying stability conditions. Participants trained with a diverse set of specialized equipment, such as Dynair air cushions, BOSU balls, fitballs and Pilates balls, weighted balls ranging from 1 to 3 kg, end-weighted sticks, TRX suspension systems, coordination ladders, and small hurdles measuring 20 to 30 cm in height. A schematic diagram of a typical agility training station is included to provide visual context regarding the setup and exercise variety used in the program. The training introduced unpredictable sensory conditions to enhance neuromuscular adaptability, requiring participants to perform movements on  
Figure 6: **Performance on the “Random Stepping Stones” task.** Summary of step frequency, hit/miss ratio, and obstacle avoidance success rate during randomized stepping tasks in the VR environment. Also includes subjective feedback on task difficulty and handrail use.  
surfaces of varying firmness, manipulate objects of different weights, adjust movement velocity, and respond to external cues either reflexively or deliberately [46]. The intensity of the training was modulated through systematic adjustments in movement speed, accuracy, task complexity, and physical exertion, optimizing motor learning while maintaining safety. By integrating these dynamic components, the agility training aimed to improve functional mobility, enhance postural stability, and facilitate motor adaptability, thereby contributing to overall neuromuscular rehabilitation in individuals with [PERSON]'s disease [47; 48; 49]. Dual-tasking elements were incorporated to improve executive function, attentional control, and sensorimotor integration, crucial for balance and gait adaptability.
# Survey of Localization for Internet of Things Nodes: Approaches, Challenges and Open Issues
## 4 Localization Techniques
### Device-Free Localization
#### 4.2.4 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)  
RFID is a technology that trusts radio waves for automatically identifying objects, and it is broadly used in shopping malls, hospitals, multiplexes, etc. An algorithm for object piloting by installing a cluster of RFID tags beyond the walls as an antenna array and monitored object's echoes with the help of concealed Markov module is developed [70]. It shows an average localization error of around 18 cm. RFID-based scheme for monitoring the people inside the building [71] uses inactive RFID antennas and radios. A neural network is integrated for improving location precision. [PERSON] et al. [72] developed RFID COTS, and inactive RFID tags are provided by radio signals and distribute the same data through a small dispersed signal. The biggest drawback of these RFID COTS is that they fail to read RSSI for moving objects and high-density locations.
## 2 Structures of the FPEG System and TPMLG
### Tpmlg  
The LG significantly impacts the performance of the whole system in terms of thrust density, power generation efficiency, response time, and integrated control. In this paper, a moving-magnetic TPMLG utilized for the FPEG prototype is investigated.  
The 3-D schematic structure model of TPMLG is shown in Figure 2, divided into the stator assembly and the mover assembly. The stator assembly is composed of a stator core, windings, slot wedges, and a bearing. The stator core is laminated by silicon steel sheets in the axial direction, giving it orthotropic characteristics in thermal conduction. The windings are made in the form of single-layer concentrated pie windings, wound with multiple strands of copper coils. The ring-shaped windings are arranged in accordance with a certain phase sequence and connected in a star connection scheme. Slot wedges fix the windings embedded in the stator core to prevent detachment of the windings from the slots, and produce an effect in insulation. The bearing supports keep a distance between the stator and the mover, and there is an air gap between the stator and the mover.  
The mover assembly is comprised of NdFeB magnets, silicon steel sheets and a stainless-steel sleeve. The PMs and annular silicon steel sheets are alternately joined in sequence in the mover, and a thin smooth stainless-steel sleeve is set on the outer surface of the mover. The main parameters of the TPMLG are listed in Table 1[3].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameters** & **Values** & **Unit** \\ \hline Stator tooth width & 2.3 & mm \\ Stator slot width & 4.4 & mm \\ Stator slot number & 36 & - \\ Stator outer diameter & 70 & mm \\ Stator yoke thickness & 3 & mm \\ Stater length & 240 & mm \\ Permanent magnet diameter & 27 & mm \\ Permanent magnet length & 15 & mm \\ Pole pitch & 20 & mm \\ Mover outer diameter & 28 & mm \\ Mover length & 490 & mm \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Main parameters of the TPMLG.  
Figure 2: 3-D schematic structure model of the TPMLG.
## 5 Experimental Evaluation
### Success Rate and Performance of Our Key Recovery Algorithm
Similarly, the same observation holds for \(2^{40}\) enumerations, as Figure 2b shows. Additionally, each graph show the same trend, i.e., as \(\beta\) increases, the success rate declines until completely vanishing when \(\beta\geq 0.15\). Note that our key recovery algorithm essentially searches for a 32-byte array and that the running times of both Phase I and the verification function test can be regarded as negligible. Hence, to estimate the number of key candidates enumerated per millisecond per core during Phase II, we ran it several times for some specific values for \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) and a fixed number of key candidates. For each run of our key recovery algorithm, we measured the elapsed time to enumerate a fixed number of key candidates per core. These runs were executed on a machine with an Intel Xeon CPUE5-2667 v2 running at 3.30 GHz with 8 cores. We found our key recovery algorithm was able to enumerate between 3000 and 3500 full key candidates per millisecond per core.
# Satellite Measured Ionospheric Magnetic Field Variations over Natural Hazards Sites
## 3 Lithospheric Atmospheric Ionospheric Coupling
### Acoustic Waves and Atmospheric Gravity Waves  
The approach to delineate irregularities in the upper atmosphere with atmospheric gravity waves (AGW) including propagation effects along the channel from bottom to top is based on seminal work by [23]. Due to seismic events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or tsunamis, acoustic- and atmospheric gravity waves (internal waves; continuously stratified medium) are able to propagate upwards into the ionosphere. Therefore, they could generate oscillations in the ionospheric plasma. The governing equations of motion for adiabatic conditions including inertia-, gravity-, and pressure gradient forces are, see [24],  
\[\begin{split}\text{continuity:}&\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\mathbf{v}\cdot\rho=-\rho\mathbf{v},\\ \text{momentum:}&\frac{\partial\mathbf{v}}{ \partial t}+\mathbf{v}\cdot\
abla\mathbf{v}=\mathbf{g}-\frac{1}{\rho}\
abla p,\\ \text{adiabaticity:}&\frac{\partial p}{ \partial t}+\mathbf{v}\cdot\
abla p=C_{s}^{2}(\frac{\partial p}{\partial t}+ \mathbf{v}\cdot\
abla p),\end{split} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbf{v}\) corresponds to the neutral gas velocity, \(\rho\) is the density, \(p\) the pressure, \(\mathbf{g}\) the gravitational acceleration, and \(C_{s}\) the constant speed of sound. The dispersion relation, assuming harmonic processes, small perturbations, and linearised equations is:  
\[(\omega^{2}-\omega_{a}^{2})+(\frac{\omega_{g}^{2}}{\omega^{2}}-1)k_{x}^{2}C_{ s}^{2}-{k_{z}}^{\prime 2}C_{s}^{2}=0. \tag{2}\]If the wave numbers \(k_{x}\) and \(k_{z}^{{}^{\prime}}=k_{z}+i/2H\) are real, acoustic waves are determined with an angular frequency \(\omega>\omega_{a}=\frac{\gamma g}{2\mathcal{C}_{s}}\) and internal atmospheric gravity waves with \(\omega<\omega_{g}=\frac{(\gamma-1)^{1/2}g}{\mathcal{C}_{s}}\). Here \(\gamma\) corresponds to the ratio of the specific heat, \(\omega_{a}\) is called the acoustic low frequency cut-off and \(\omega_{g}\) the high frequency cut-off for internal gravity waves, the so-called Brunt-Vaisala frequency (buoyancy frequency). For upward propagation, because of the imaginary part of \(k_{z}\), the amplitudes of these waves grow as \(exp(z/2H)\), where \(H=\frac{\mathcal{C}_{s}^{2}}{\gamma g}\) is the atmospheric scale height. Kinetic energy can be conserved while the exponential density losses are compensated at the same time, which means that the energy flux remains constant.