# Fluid Flow-Based Vibration Energy Harvesters: A Critical Review of State-of-the-Art Technologies
Even though, in comparison to other energy sources, mechanical vibration energy is almost always \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Wireless Sensors** & **Company** & **Model Type** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Measurement** \\ **Range** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Supply Voltage** \\ **(V)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Supply Current** \\ **(mA)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Pressure} & MICROSENSOR Corporation, ShanXi, China & MPM286 & 20–3500 kPa & & 2.0 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Freescale Semiconductor, & & & & \\  & Austin, TX, USA & MXP 5700 & 0–700 kPa & 5 & 10 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ALTHEN Sensors & MDM6861 & 0–35 kPa & 3.6 & - \\  & and Control, Belgium, The Netherlands & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & HOLYKELL, HuNan, China & H2600 SERIES & 1–100 MPa & 3.6 & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Temperature} & MONNIT, Salt Lake City, UT, USA & ZTL-G2 SC1 & \(-\)40–85 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3 & 2.5 \\ \cline{2-6}  & ALTHEN Sensors & & & & \\  & and Control, Belgium, & MDM6861 & \(-\)50–150 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 3.6 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & The Netherlands & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & TEXAS Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA & TMP100 & \(-\)55–125 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.7 & 0.075 \\ \cline{2-6}  & TEXAS Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA & LM61 & \(-\)25–85 \({}^{\circ}\)C & 2.7 & 0.125 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Flow} & FLUIGENT, Ile-de-France, France & FRP & \begin{tabular}{c} 7 nL/min-5 \\ mL/min. \\ \end{tabular} & - & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & MICROCHIP, Chandler, AZ, USA & YF-S201 & 1-30 L/min & 4.5 & 15 \\ \cline{2-6}  & OMEGA, Norwalk, CT, USA & FD-400 & 0.05–9.14 m/s & 5 & - \\ \cline{2-6}  & Spire Metering Technology, New Jersey, NJ, USA & EF10 & \(-\)10–10 m/s & - & - \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Humidity} & OMEGA, Norwalk, CT, USA & UWRR2 & 2-98\% RH & 3.6 & \\ \cline{2-6}  & MONNIT, Salt Lake City, UT, USA & \begin{tabular}{c} MMS2-9 WN-HU- \\ RH \\ \end{tabular} & 0–100\% RH & 3 & 2.5 \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Combined \\ Humidity, \\ Pressure and \\ Temperature \\ Sensor \\ \end{tabular} } & BOSCH, Gerlingen, Germany & BME280 & \begin{tabular}{c} For humidity: \\ 0–100\% RH \\ For pressure: \\ 300-110 hPa \\ For temperature: \\ \end{tabular} & 3.6 & \begin{tabular}{c} For humidity: \\ temperature \\ 0.0028 \\ 0.0042 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \cline{2-6}  & Humidity & & & & \\ \cline{2-6}  & SENSIRION, Stafa, Switzerland & SHT3x-DIS & \begin{tabular}{c} For humidity: \\ 0–100\% RH \\ For temperature: \\ \end{tabular} & 2.5–5.5 & 1.5 \\ \cline{2-6}  & Sensor & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Humidity \\ and \\ Temperature \\ Sensor \\ \end{tabular} } & SILICON LABS, Austin, TX, USA & Si7020-A20 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} For humidity: \\ 0–100\% RH \\ For temperature: \\ \end{tabular} & 3.6 &
\begin{tabular}{c} For humidity: \\ 0.18 \\ For temperature: \\ 0.12 \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Operating features of commercially available sensors. present in the environment, the frequency range and level of acceleration are widely different and depend on the source of environmental vibration [13]. Therefore, it is crucial to develop energy harvesting techniques that can adapt to changing vibration conditions. Nature provides abundant wind energy, which is regarded as one of the most promising substitutes for fossil fuels [14]. Wind energy, which is one of the most prevalent sources of energy on Earth, has gained interest globally and has been the subject of research studies due to its renewability, cleanliness, and availability. The investigation of flow-induced vibrations (FIVs) phenomena, driven by well-established energy harvesting technology, has been motivated in terms of their potential of conversion of fluidic kinetic energy from both wind and water circulation systems [15]. Figure 1 outlines various scenarios for wind and water energy sources. These range from metropolitan environments with high-rise buildings and subway stations to rural locations and coastal regions.