## 3 Related Work  
Several authentication mechanisms have been proposed in recent years. The work in [26] presented a privacy mechanism for NDN-based vehicular networks. The proposal uses pseudonyms to identify vehicles instead of real names. The mechanism involves a vehicle broadcasting an _Interest_ to retrieve a key from a nearby proxy. The vehicle then generates a pseudonym and a new key. Following that, it encrypts the new information and its actual key using the manufacturer's public key. It also encrypts the manufacturer's name using the proxy's key. The receiving proxy sends an _Interest_ to the manufacturer for key issuance, which creates a certificate for the new key, and encrypts it using the actual vehicle's key. The vehicle decrypts and stores the new certificate and the manufacturer's pseudonym to use for future pseudonyms' generation. Similarly, the work in [27] proposed an anonymity-enabled consumer authentication mechanism. The proposed scheme aims at reducing the computational overhead associated with data authentication by verifying multiple signatures in a batch. When a consumer attempts to retrieve content for the first time, its edge node acts as a temporary content provider. It checks that the consumer has not been corrupted or impersonated before sending the requested content. The edge node and the consumer agree and create a shared key based on the randomly chosen pseudo-identity of each consumer. The authors in [28] provided a solution for the long-living Data, which outlasts the lifetime of their signatures. The authentication framework, named DeLorean, uses a publicly auditable bookkeeping service that logs the fingerprints of signatures in a Merkle tree. By providing DeLorean proofs for data packets and certificates, the signature validity at the time of data creation can be checked, allowing authentication regardless of the signatures' expiration. The framework includes a data \"chronicle\", which consists of a sequence of volumes, each containing fingerprints of the witnessed signatures within a fixed timeslot. DeLorean requires auditors to continuously check the consistency of the chronicle to ensure correct and truthful operations. If an auditor detects any modification, it can share it publicly, serving as a deterrent for the service's misbehavior. To overcome the problem related to multiparty authentication, the authors of [29] presented a security support tool for applications named NDN-MPS. It consists of three components, a multi-signature trust schema to enable multiparty authentication policies, an extended key locator data object to keep data consistent across signers, and a signature collection protocol for multi-signature verification. The producer starts the signing process with the multi-signature trust schema, identifies the list of signers, and coordinates the delivery of the data object to be signed. Then, it collects signature values from signers. The producer uses another protocol such as NDN sync [30] to collect signatures from signers. The producer ensures consistency among signers by filling the key locator field with a placeholder name called the late-binding key locator. In the case of failure or the unavailability of signers, the producer can try reaching alternative signers permitted by the trust schema to provide a degree of resiliency. Another authentication mechanism was proposed in [31]. The authors presented a secure authentication scheme for big-data-enabled ICN to prevent fake data caching. The proposal aimed at establishing trust among unpredictable entities during data acquisition. The mechanism involves three phases: initial trust establishment, data-centric certificate management, and forwarding-integrated authenticable data retrieval. In the first phase, certificates are issued to a group of highly trusted nodes called Intermediate Physical Entities (IPEs), which are used to cache big data. In the second phase, IPEs store the certificates of their neighboring nodes and other highly trusted entities in a local repository.