## 4 Discussion  
The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of external perturbations, involving the sudden deceleration of a treadmill belt during the pre-swing phase, on the gait \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Perturbed Limb (I)** & **Responding Limb (R)** & **Treadmill Gait (N)** & **L vs. R** & **L vs. N** & **R vs. N** \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Kinematic parameters [deg]} \\ \hline Ankle max (df) & \(19.17\pm 3.14\) & \(19.69\pm 4.01\) & \(18.76\pm 0.91\) & - & - & - \\ Ankle min (pf) & \(-11.44\pm 4.59\) & \(-38.04\pm 5.78\) & \(-13.15\pm 1.54\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & - & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Ankle range & \(30.62\pm 4.11\) & \(57.73\pm 7.88\) & \(31.91\pm 1.54\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & - & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Knee max (flx) & \(64.22\pm 3.29\) & \(67.58\pm 7.95\) & \(66.63\pm 1.05\) & - & - & - \\ Knee min (ext) & \(5.55\pm 2.29\) & \(6.36\pm 3.16\) & \(4.88\pm 2.88\) & - & - & - \\ Knee range & \(58.66\pm 4.24\) & \(61.22\pm 6.26\) & \(61.75\pm 3.37\) & - & - & - \\ Hip max (flx) & \(68.31\pm 6.39\) & \(60.39\pm 9.35\) & \(48.52\pm 0.59\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Hip min (ext) & \(\mathbf{7.53\pm 6.65}\) & \(\mathbf{6.65\pm 4.35}\) & \(\mathbf{-5.93\pm 0.7}\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Hip range & \(60.78\pm 8.74\) & \(8.74\pm 7.34\) & \(54.45\pm 0.96\) & \(p\) = 0.0038 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{Kinetic parameters [Nm/kg]} \\ \hline Ankle Torque max (pf) & \(1.47\pm 0.17\) & \(0.17\pm 0.1\) & \(1.69\pm 0.11\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Ankle Torque min (df) & \(-0.24\pm 0.08\) & \(\mathbf{0.08\pm 0.09}\) & \(\mathbf{-0.27\pm 0.04}\) & - & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Ankle Torque range & \(1.7\pm 0.18\) & \(0.18\pm 0.17\) & \(1.96\pm 0.08\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & - & \(p\) = 0.0132 \\ Knee Torque max (ext) & \(1.02\pm 0.14\) & \(0.14\pm 0.22\) & \(1.28\pm 0.04\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Knee Torque min (flx) & \(-0.49\pm 0.1\) & \(\mathbf{0.1\pm 0.09}\) & \(\mathbf{-0.4\pm 0.03}\) & \(p\) = 0.0067 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0042 \\ Knee Torque range & \(1.51\pm 0.18\) & \(0.18\pm 0.25\) & \(1.68\pm 0.05\) & \(p\) = 0.0066 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Hip Torque max (ext) & \(2.14\pm 0.37\) & \(0.37\pm 0.11\) & \(0.64\pm 0.07\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & - \\ Hip Torque min (flx) & \(-0.54\pm 0.14\) & \(\mathbf{0.14\pm 0.29}\) & \(\mathbf{-2.18\pm 0.05}\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ Hip Torque range & \(2.68\pm 0.33\) & \(0.33\pm 0.32\) & \(2.82\pm 0.07\) & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 & \(p\) = 0.0001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{df—dorsiflexion, pf—plantarflexion, flx—flexion, ext—extension.} \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: The means and standard deviations of the extreme values and ranges of the kinematic and kinetic parameters for the gait cycle of the affected limb (L), the gait cycle of the reactive limb (R), and the gait cycle without impairment (N). The values with signs (positive vs. negative) different from those observed during treadmill walking (N) are marked in bold. kinematics and kinetics of young, healthy women. This approach simulates an unexpected trip-like perturbation of the gait pattern that requires immediate adjustments to maintain balance and stability. According to the review by [PERSON], et al. [33], most studies using split-belt treadmils focus on slip perturbations. Slips were more common causes of falls than trips [34; 35]. They constituted 55% of falls on level ground, whereas trips caused only 22% [35]. In addition, [PERSON], et al. [8] mentioned in their review that the most common method of balance perturbation during gait was mediolateral treadmill-belt translation, typically initiated at heel strike. Most included studies [9; 15; 36; 37] used spatiotemporal outcome variables, with step width and stride length being the most frequently reported.