## 3 Results
### Influence of LULC on Ecological Parameters
#### 3.3.1 Value Change  
Previous studies often ignore the impact of LULC changes on ecological parameters. It is worth noting that the yearly variations in ecological parameters are less pronounced in regions where LULC remains unchanged compared to those where the LULC has changed, as depicted in Figure 9. Specifically, the disparity in ecological parameters in other years when the LULC code was \(11/22/33/44/55/66\) was compared. The most significant interannual differences were predominantly observed in areas characterized by LULC changes coded as \(14/15/16/23/24/32/34/41/42\), with a focus on transitions between vegetation and non-vegetation areas. In general, when the land use type changes from a vegetation region to non-vegetation region, its ecological indicator exhibits a decreasing trend, that is, the ten-digit value of the land use change code is \(1/2/3\) and the one-digit value is \(4/5/6\), while the opposite is true regarding the change from a non-vegetation area to a vegetation area. Noteworthy variations in ecological parameters were also observed during transitions in vegetation and non-vegetation regions. Initially, the changes in ecological parameters in vegetation regions were examined, revealing an increase in ecological indicators when the LULC codes were \(12\), \(31\), and \(32\), while most indicators decreased when the transformation trend was reversed. Subsequently, changes in ecological parameters in non-vegetation regions were investigated, showing that the NDVI and EVI primarily increased during transitions from water bodies to unutilized land, whereas the LAI, GPP, and NPP mostly decreased. Conversely, transitions from unutilized land to water bodies resulted in a reversal of this trend. Ecological parameters decreased predominantly during transitions from water bodies to constructed land, while they increased during transitions from unutilized land to constructed land. Overall, the comparison of various ecological parameters suggests that LULC change impacts the LAI and GPP, particularly during interconversions in vegetation regions.  
Beyond simply comparing the direct influence of LULC on ecological parameters, it is essential to highlight the rate of change in these indicators. Figure 10 illustrates that regions with the most significant annual variations in ecological parameters consistently show a significant difference in pixel proportions between increases and decreases. This discrepancy is particularly evident in regions identified as \(14/41/35/63\). Conversely, in non-vegetation areas, the variance in the pixel count between increases and decreases is relatively equal, approximately at \(50\%\). The assertion that LULC has a more pronounced impact on changes in ecological parameters, as previously mentioned, was further supported by the observation that the difference in ecological parameters was greater in the transition between vegetation and non-vegetation regions. It is worthwhile that the NPP appears to exhibit a unique pattern in terms of differences in pixel proportions. For instance, when transitioning between water bodies and unutilized land, the pixel proportion of increasing NPP exceeds \(85\%\), while the pixel proportion of increasing other ecological parametersremains at 50%. This distinct characteristic can aid in the rapid detection and identification of LULC changes.