## 2 Methodology of Research, Radio Planning, and Design of 5G Network  
### Methodology and General Process Flowchart for Radio Network Planning  
The scheme of the research for the radio planning and design of 5G NR at the 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz frequencies for metropolitan/business areas in the north zone of Quito city is shown in Figure 2[15]. Specifically, it presents the flowchart of the simplified basic radio planning and dimensioning from our research. This is focused on 5G NR coverage and capacity planning from the point of view that one site can serve with its resources. Coverage planning includes calculating the link budget, path losses, and throughout, as well as the attenuations and losses between the user equipment (UE) and next-generation nodeB (gnodeB) [16]. These calculations reveal the weakening signal in the wireless channel and show the maximum distances for a full-coverage radio or range from one gnodeB.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Frequency and Bandwidth** & **Usage Scenario** & **Frequency** & **Range** \\ \hline Low-Frequency & Below 1 GHz & & & \\ Bands Coverage & bandwidth up to & mMTC & Band of 0.7–1.9 & 0.7–1.990 GHz \\ Layer & 20 MHz & & & \\ \hline Medium-Frequency & 1–6 GHz & & & \\ Bands Coverage & bandwidth up to & mMTC, eMBB & Band of 3.5–15 & 3.3–4.2 GHz \\ Layer & 100 MHz & & & \\ \hline High-Frequency & Above 6 GHz & & & \\ Bands Coverage & bandwidth up to & eMBB, uRLLC & Band of 26–28 & 24.25–27.5 GHz \\ Layer & 800 MHz & & & 26.5–29.5 GHz \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: 5G spectrum band for each scenario and use cases [7].  
Next, we identify the path loss values using Uma/Umi propagation models recommended at 3 GPP 38.901; the cell radius value is estimated as the maximum distance between gnodeB and UE. The identified cell radius value is used to calculate the site's coverage area and determine the number of sites needed in the target zone as the final result of this coverage planning calculation [13]. With the link budget to hand, the next step is to analyze the planning results in each parameter obtained. In these terms, the initial stage of this work is to determine the locations of each site for the 5G NR network planning that can be deployed in the business/dense urban area of the north zone of Quito city. The data required in this study are about the target area, geographic location, and population in this zone of Quito. Furthermore, to calculate the services classification, data on the population density of the zone are additional requirements [16]. The next part of the planning is to calculate the data throughput and the capacity of the number of users for each site and use case. The final phase of this research is to analyze and determine the respective simulations about coverage, quality, and capacity based on the data obtained in the Link budget and design previews around the results from the calculation. The data input and necessary parameter are processed using Atoll version 3.4.0. These results are the essential part of this research, because the plots showed the coverage, quality, and capacity situations, and their parameters are compared with the coverage, quality, and data rates calculated previously throughout the Link budget [12]. The final result from the perspective of this work's coverage is to find the number of sites needed to cover the target area location.