# Smart Road Traffic Accidents Reduction Strategy Based on Intelligent Transportation Systems (TARS)
## 2 Literature Review
### Traffic Accident Avoidance and Prevention Based on Routing Scheme  
[PERSON] et al. [21] proposed a Distance-Based routing scheme. The basic idea behind this routing scheme is to avoid the accident at the intersection as, most of the time, anonymous vehicles appear from the other side of the road and cause accidents at the intersection. This scheme for accident prevention starts by obtaining the vehicle location and calculating the distance of the vehicles near to the intersection. After calculating the location of each vehicle, all vehicles will obtain information on the location of other vehicles coming towards the intersection. As a result, the vehicle with the shortest distance will send an alert to other vehicles about its distance and location. The proposed scheme successfully achieved less traffic congestion, which helps to prevent or reduce traffic accidents. However, the scope of this proposed routing scheme was limited and faces scalability issues. Moreover, it only works for an intersection, where three different roads meet/join at a single location, and a ring road. [PERSON] et al. [22; 23] proposed an intelligent vehicular management scheme to prevent traffic accidents. The proposed scheme used basic warning safety messages to prevent traffic congestion. The traffic signal and management scheme successfully achieved high throughput, a high delivery ratio, and less delay. [PERSON] et al. [24] proposed a scheme named Spatio-Temporal Emergency Information Dissemination (STEID). The goal of this routing scheme is to suggest a hybrid network architecture by using cellular links and proxy servers. The STEID routing protocol achieved a maximum ratio of successfully delivered alert emergency messages, less traffic load, and fewer delays related to the message reception rate. However, the STEID routing scheme is costly as a large-scale infrastructure is needed in order to cover a long path. Furthermore, the hybrid network architecture does not match the requirements related to traffic safety applications. This generally requires V2V communication to be efficient for delivering the data at the lowest cost [25; 26]. [PERSON] et al. [27] considered a traffic avoidance routing protocol named Inter-Vehicle Collision (IVC). All vehicles in the cluster broadcast a secure warning message to give further information to the other vehicles, for example, a traffic jam [28]. This scheme only detects collisions when the vehicle changes its path. In order to ensure IVC performance, the author used methods such as K-Mean Clustering and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) [28]. The AHC algorithms had an outstanding performance when compared to K-Mean Clustering in order to detect accidents that lie in the identical cluster as well as to send data about the accident to those vehicles which lie in the cluster. [PERSON] et al. [29] proposed a driver fatigue detection scheme by using real time sensors. In the proposed scheme, the driver's fatigue will be detected immediately; if the driver is found to have drunk alcohol, they are warned through a notification message and the ignition is turned off. In this way, the possibility of traffic accidents is avoided. The fatigue detection scheme has an outstanding performance in human behavior detection in vehicles. [PERSON] et al. [30] considered a routing scheme named Road Based Vehicular Traffic (RBVT). The RBVT scheme uses real time information based on the vehicular environment to create a road-based intersection with network connectivity and high probability among vehicles. The proposed routing scheme uses the geographical forwarding scheme to transmit interest packets between road intersections on the route. The RBVT achieved the average packet delivery ratio and average delay due to its traffic overhead. [PERSON] et al. [31] proposed a congestion detection algorithm to avoid traffic accidents caused by traffic congestion.