# Automation and Robotics Pilot Lines in the Context of Industry 5.0
## 2 Pilot Lines in the Literature
### Key Features and Comparison  
The most obvious feature of pilot lines is their scale. They are all scaled-down representations of production lines or complete factories. This scale also implies a cost control aspect, as it provides a controlled, cost-efficient, environment to identify improvements and detect issues. When referring to scale, production capacity is also considered. Part of the lines analyzed produce small batches or limited quantities to understand how they will behave in the market or to validate them before larger-scale production. Not only is the scale common, but the scalability is also a key characteristic. The analyzed lines are, in general, modular, adaptable, or designed to be reconfigurable. This allows for flexibility both in the processes applied and target outcomes, on one hand, and on adaptation to production needs by scaling up and replicating the pilot line, on the other. Regarding the flexibility, it is worth noting how several of these pilot lines serve general purposes or support various applications. General-purpose lines allow for testing technologies and processes across sectors, for example, human-machine collaboration, data augmentation mechanisms, safety methods, and fault injection approaches. Lines with various applications are designed to address multiple uses cases, usually also covering a few different sectors. Another common characteristic is their use for risk mitigation and for reducing uncertainty. The concept of \"test-before-invest\" mentioned multiple times in the state of the art is closely related to this point. A smaller scale implies lower costs and allows for replicating parts of a production process where technologies and approaches can be tested without impacting factory production. In some cases, generating data is costly; in others, data generation directly produces waste, such as when creating reference datasets for training quality control models. In other instances, the small-scale model enables anticipating how a larger system will behave and, thus, make decisions related to sustainability. The generation of these datasets, the preliminary development of scalable models, and the understanding of critical aspects and monitoring needs are additional capabilities provided by many pilot lines. Regarding automation and robotics, as well as Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 concepts discussed in this article, it is important to note that a significant number of the works analyzed are based on Industry 4.0 or at least linked to manufacturing innovations. In terms of Industry 5.0, there is more diversity. If Industry 5.0 is understood as the integration of technologies, human-centric approaches and collaboration with skilled workforces, and sustainable practices aimed at reducing waste, the coverage varies widely. Regarding technology, several analyzed lines either have robotic components or include AI agents and models. It is also worth noting that other technologies, like Digital Twins and Big Data, are mentioned across many analyzed works. At the human-centric level, human-machine collaboration and human-in-the-loop approaches are the most common. Within this human element of Industry 5.0, it is important to highlight the use of lines as training and capacity building tools. In terms of sustainability, concepts such as zero defects, quality control, reducing waste, and improving efficiency in time and resource usage are commonly found across the articles reviewed. Table 1 presents a comparative analysis of the articles reviewed. This comparison shows the primary area of each article. In certain cases, the differences may not be significant, for example, in the semiconductor or electronics sectors. On the other hand, some articles mention generic pilot lines that are not sector-specific. These are marked as \"general\" to differentiate them from those mentioning multiple sectors, which are labeled with the term \"various\".