esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Exceptional Points in Non-Hermitian Photonic Crystals Incorporated With a Defect
## 5 Conclusions  
To summarize, we have theoretically studied EPs in one-dimensional non-Hermitian PCs incorporated with a defect. The defect which contains gain and loss is asymmetric with respect to the center. Two EPs have been searched by increasing the normalized frequency and gain-loss coefficient of defect. EPs are directionally dependent on the light incident from the left and right. The complex phases of the reflection and transmission coefficients changed dramatically with the parameters around EPs and there was a phase hopping of \(\pm\pi\) at EPs. The electric field of EPs mainly distributed at the center and EPs were confirmed to be defect modes. A giant GH shift of reflected and transmitted light beams was induced around EPs. A CPA-LP was also found in the parameter space and a giant GH shift existed around the CPA-LP as well. EPs and the CPA-LP were singularities of the GH shift. This research provides an option for development in highly sensitive sensors.  
Data curation, W.X.; formal analysis, F.L. and W.X.; funding acquisition, F.L., S.K. and W.X.; investigation, D.Z. and H.C.; project administration, W.X.; resources, D.Z.; software, F.L. and D.Z.; supervision, B.X. and S.K.; visualization, D.Z.; writing--original draft, F.L.; writing--review & editing, H.C., B.X. and S.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51479155, 11804259, 51975542); the Colleges and Universities of National Innovation and Entrepreneurship the Training Plan (S201910927024); the Scientific Research Project of Hubei University of Science and Technology (2018-20 XB010, KY14051, BK202017, HKCXTD-001); the Science and Technology Plan Research Project of Hubei Education Department (B2019162); and the Research and Development Project of Xianning Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (CNKJ-28).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 6 Results and Discussion
### Test Using ISCXIDS2012  
The model was tested to observe whether it could detect DDoS attacks from the ISCXIDS2012 dataset. The input parameters are 50,000 for regular traffic and 50,000 for DDoS attacks, in which each involves a 50,000 flow status interval. The data were split into 60% for training, 20% for validation, and 20% for testing. Attacks were labeled with 1 and 0 for the regular traffic, and the model was trained for 20 epochs (Table 3; Figure 3).  
The single autoencoder model was less accurate in both training and validation, achieving 64.05% for training and 62.11% for validation. The CNN-autoencoder model suffered from overshooting, in which the training accuracy reached a high of 95.54%, while the validation accuracy was around 61.14%. The BDLSTM-autoencoder model achieved the highest result with a high of 99.35% in training and 99.30% in validation, in which the two are very close. Based on these results, we selected the BDLSTM-autoencoder model as the primary DDoS classifier, subject to more testing in the future.
## 1 Introduction
[9] investigated the interaction between the breadth of an existing horseshoe tunnel and diameter of a new circular tunnel (B/D) at the time of vertical passing. As the computational results reveal, the maximum settlement of the existing tunnel's invert center was unaffected by the magnitude of the B/D ratio at different overburden depths. At smaller overburden depths, however, the settlement profile of the existing tunnel's roof became gradually arched with the increasing B/D ratio. To sum up, the studies on spatially overlapping tunnels remain concentrated on the effects of tunnel excavation on the ground surface [7; 10; 11; 12; 13], on the existing buildings [3; 4], and on the existing tunnels [5; 6; 14; 15; 16]. In particular, the studies cover the interactions between the following four systems: spatial arrangement between tunnels, tunnel geometric parameters, key technical parameters of tunnel construction, and engineering geological conditions. The tunnel passing modes have changed from vertical passing to oblique passing [16; 17], and the tunnel geometry has also been gradually transformed from circular shapes [18] to non-circular shapes [19; 20]. However, it is not difficult to find through a literature review that the spatially overlapping tunnels intersect only in terms of a spatial angle in terms of the geometrical position, while the tunnels on the same geometric plane do not intersect [8]. In China's Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, a type of tunnel with a peculiar location, i.e., shallow buried slope adjacent tunnels, are introduced for mountainous cities for topographic and geomorphologic reasons. These tunnels are adjacent to the slopes and the ground's surface. According to a review of the literature, the previous studies focused mainly on the interaction problem of a new tunnel excavation passing transversely through, underneath, or above the existing tunnel, or passing vertically underneath the existing tunnel. In contrast, the shallow buried slope adjacent tunnels are scarcely studied, especially regarding the impact on the construction of a shallow buried slope adjacent intersecting tunnels, which remains to be understood further. The new tunnel in the project studied herein lies beneath the running road. To better understand the impact of shallow slope adjacent tunnel construction on the road and slope stability, this study adopted the systematic numerical analysis of parameters to explore the effects of a new tunnel on the road and slopes under various factors, including nine spatial locations (three overburdens and three slope distances), three magnitudes of surface loads, and two backfilling conditions of the existing tunnel. The findings of this paper provide a relatively fast, low-cost, and safe solution prior to construction, thus enabling engineers to have a reference for assessing the impacts and risks of tunneling in the preliminary design phase.
# A Numerical Model to Estimate the Soil Thermal Conductivity Using Field Experimental Data
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Experimental Site  
The experimental measurements were obtained in an area of native vegetation designated for cattle raising, in the city of Pedras Altas, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, in the geographical location 31'43'56'' S, 53'43'36'' W, 395 m, located in the Pampa biome region (hereafter PAS). The soil in the study area is characterized as sandy loam with 59.30% sand; 0.81% clay; 39.89% silt. The average values of the soil physical properties at 0.05 m and 0.15 m depths is: field capacity \(\theta_{\rm FC}=0.28\) m\({}^{3}\)m\({}^{-3}\); permanent wilting point \(\theta_{WP}=0.03\) m\({}^{3}\)m\({}^{-3}\); soil porosity \(\theta_{\rm s}=0.42\) m\({}^{3}\)m\({}^{-3}\); and, soil bulk density \(\rho_{\rm s}=~{}440\) kg m\({}^{-3}\). More details about soil composition and experimental site are described in [31].  
The typical climate in the region is classified as humid subtropical Cfa, according to [PERSON] [32]. The mean annual temperature is of 17 \({}^{\circ}\)C, presenting negative temperatures at morning in the winter (\(\sim\)-3 \({}^{\circ}\)C) and almost 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the afternoon in the summer. The precipitation regime is well distributed throughout the year.  
Soil temperatures were measured with temperature sensors (T108, Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, Utah, USA) positioned at 0.05 m and 0.15 m below the surface, and the soil heat flux was measured with a flux plate (HFP01, Hukseflux Thermal Sensor B.V., Delft, The Netherlands) positioned at 0.10 m below the surface of the soil, so that it was halfway between the soil temperature sensors. The soil water content (\(\theta\)) was measured with a water content reflectometer (CS616, Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) installed at 0.10 m below the surface. Data were collected during the year 2015 at a frequency of 1 min and then averaged every 30 min. Due to technical problems, partial data collection occurred during the period from January 01 to 12 (only the soil temperatures and water content were collected), and there was no data collection from September 17 to November 05. If the measurement system failed for one variable, all the other variables were removed from the data set.
# GNSS Profile from the Greenland Korth Expeditions in the Context of Satellite Data
## 5 Greenland North Expeditions and Satellite Gravimetry
### Mass Balance for Southern Greenland (2002-2006)  
For the first difference period of the Greenland North Expeditions, of 2002-2006, we estimated the mass loss rate for southern Greenland, defined by [PERSON] et al. [11] to be roughly the area of Greenland south of the Greenland North Expeditions profile. Based on GRACE gravity data, we obtained the value of \(-68\pm 11\) Gt/yr, which compares very well with the value of \(-70\) Gt/yr estimated by [PERSON] et al. [11].  
The method used for the mass rate estimate from GRACE data for southern Greenland is described in the next section, where it is applied to the entire Greenland ice sheet.
## 6 Universal Compatibility Architecture for Future Power System  
A VSG control strategy can be combined with virtually any converter control scheme, which can be all controlled in a way that closely imitates synchronous machines. Then, autonomous operation is achieved for converter integration. Furthermore, powered by a smart meter and a global IT infrastructure, system-level grid services can also be enabled by monitoring and utilizing local energy resources. As a result, VSG control provides a unified interface for smart grid integration [78; 79; 80; 81]. When most of the power converter-based renewable energy generation units, microgrids, energy storage, electric vehicles, and flexible loads are integrated through a VSG converter, then a universal compatibility architecture can be established to unify all of the aforementioned apparatus with conventional synchronous generators.  
The universal compatibility architecture contains universal interface properties, universal regulation mechanisms, and universal internal communication. First, regarding the power grid, every VSG-based unit or SM can be regarded as a synchronous apparatus. They all possess relatively the same output characteristics. The difference is in the internal structure, which consists of a stator, rotor, winding or converter, renewable energy resource (RES), and storage. Second, the fundamental points of a VSM control strategy enables the VSC to possess inertia, damping, and droo characteristics similar to those of a conventional SM, so that all of the VSG-based renewables and conventional generators jointly regulate the stability of the system and overall energy balance under the same synchronization mechanism. All of the VSG-based renewable units act as a controlled voltage source and can be added to pursue optimal scheduling and dispatching according to generation/load forecasting and the market. Third, a universal internal communication channel is formed that includes every synchronous and virtual synchronous unit. When the system frequency fluctuates or power balance is disturbed, every unit acquires exactly the same information--the system running frequency--and provides active power damping with inertia instantaneously and simultaneously. The universal compatibility architecture for future power systems is shown in Figure 13.  
The VSG algorithm provides a compatible and grid-friendly way for converter-based smart integration. Under VSG-enabled universal compatibility architecture, the issues of stability, reliability, and scalability brought by high-penetration renewable energy generation are solved. Referring to the hierarchy of traditional system operation, the synchronization mechanism serves as the low-level autonomous control while the district operation center performs the upper-level optimal control. The hierarchy of VSG-enabled system operations is shown in Figure 14.  
Figure 13: Universal compatibility architecture of future power systems.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Evaluation of Model Performance Using Real-World Data
The 16 laser channels of the VLP-16 sensor, as specified in the datasheet, are positioned at vertical angles ranging from +15\({}^{\circ}\) to -15\({}^{\circ}\). This configuration enables the sensor to fully scan the vertical position of the vehicle. The arrangement, in which all vertical laser channels can effectively capture the vehicle's position, prevented data loss between the sensor and the vehicle while ensuring that all channels contribute to the measurements taken on the vehicle. However, the specific position of the vehicle within the sensor's horizontal scanning area allowed only the laser channels falling within this region to contribute to the measurements. In the VLP-16 sensor, each laser channel was positioned to perform a full 360\({}^{\circ}\) horizontal scan. However, since environmental effects are eliminated through spatial filtering, only the laser channels that intersect with the vehicle's region during a measurement influence the intensity values. In this context, the effective number of laser channels (N) was calculated using Equation (8). This formula was employed to determine the effectiveness of the laser channels on the vehicle based on the horizontal angle between the vehicle and the sensor. The effective number of channels was utilized as an input parameter in the model. \[\mathrm{N}=\frac{16}{360}\theta \tag{8}\]  
Finally, all invalid (NaN) values were removed from the filtered point cloud of the vehicle object, and the average intensity value was computed based on the selected points. This process ensured that only the effects originating from the vehicle were analyzed, allowing this study to be conducted with data free from environmental influences. The obtained average intensity value was then compared with the intensity value predicted by the model, which was based on the input parameters: distance, angle, color, and the number of active laser channels.
## 3 Analysis and Results
### Processing Speed  
One of the key factors in this study is the comparison of processing speed between the traditional method of matching data to links using coordinate-based link search buffers (point-to-link mapping) and the grid mapping method (point-to-cell) that utilizes cell coding for coordinates. The system specifications for data processing are as follows:  
* Processor: Intel Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU @ 3.60 GHz;
* Memory: 32.0 GB;
* Operating System: Windows 10 Pro 64-bit.  
As shown in Figure 19, the processing speed for mapping using the point-to-link method increased linearly as the number of individual vehicle data points increased. In contrast, the processing speed for the point-to-cell method in this study increased gradually up to 50,000 data points, after which it no longer increased. Although this analysis is based on simple data volume, it is highly significant in the current context, where the acquisition of large-scale data is easily achievable.
## 2 Sesquiterpenals and Their Bioactivities
### Monocyclic Sesquiterpenols  
Monocyclic sesquiterpenols are defined as sesquiterpenols containing a single carbocyclic structure, with representative examples including (-)-\(\alpha\)-bisabolol and elemol (Table 1, Figure 1). The compound (-)-\(\alpha\)-Bisabolol exists as a colorless to straw-yellow viscous liquid predominantly found in essential oils of _Chanomilla recuitta_, _Populus balsamifera_, and some species within the _Myporum_ and _Salvia_ genera [36]. This compound exhibits biological activities, such as ulcer healing [20], analgesia [9], anti-inflammatory effects [37], bacteriostasis [20], anti-genotoxic properties [20], and melanin inhibition [20]. Its pronounced anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing properties have enabled its widespread pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications [38]. Elemol, identified in _Amomum tsao-ko_[39], _Cymbopogon winterianus_, and traditional Chinese medicinal materials, such as _Illicium verum_ and _Eriobotrya japonica_[21], is valued for its distinctive aromatic profile and chemical stability. These attributes make it a suitable fixative agent or flavor enhancer in fragrance formulation, personal care products, laundry detergents, and household commodities [21]. Additionally, elemol serves critical phytochemical defense functions against the pathogenic microorganisms in plants [40].
Future Internet_**2014**, \(6\), 688-716; doi:10.3390/fi6040688  
_future internet_  
**ISSN 1999-5903**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/futureinternet  
_Article_  
**The ARCOMEM Architecture for Social- and Semantic-Driven Web Archiving**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{1,\ast}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\), [PERSON] \({}^{2}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\),**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{3}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\), [PERSON] \({}^{3}\), [PERSON] \({}^{4}\),**  
**[PERSON] \({}^{5}\), [PERSON] \({}^{6}\), [PERSON] \({}^{4}\), [PERSON] \({}^{1}\) and [PERSON] \({}^{7}\)**  
\({}^{1}\) L3S Research Center, Leibniz Universitat Hannover, Hannover 30167, Germany;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (E.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.D.); [PERSON]DDRESS] (P.S.)  
\({}^{2}\) NLP Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, S1 4 DP Sheffield, UK;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{3}\) ATHENA - Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, 15125 Maroussi, Athens, Greece; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (N.P.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.D.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Y.S.);  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (V.P.)  
\({}^{4}\) CNRS LTCIT, Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom ParisTech, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France;  
E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.Se.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (B.C.)  
\({}^{5}\) Internet Memory Foundation, 45 ter rue de la Revolution, 93100 Montreuil, France;  
E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{6}\) Yahoo Research, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
\({}^{7}\) Athens Technology Center (ATC), 15233 Halandri Athens, Greece; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS];  
Tel.: +49-511-762-17764; Fax: +49-511-762-17779.  
External Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 15 April 2014; in revised form: 25 September 2014 / Accepted: 8 October 2014 / Published: 4 November 2014_  
**Abstract:** The constantly growing amount of Web content and the success of the Social Web lead to increasing needs for Web archiving. These needs go beyond the pure preservation of Web pages. Web archives are turning into \"community memories\" that aim at building a better understanding of the public view on, e.g., celebrities, court decisions and other events. Due to the size of the Web, the traditional \"collect-all\" strategy is in many cases not the best method to build Web archives. In this paper, we present the ARCOMEM (FromCollect-All Archives to Community Memories) architecture and implementation that uses semantic information, such as entities, topics and events, complemented with information from the Social Web to guide a novel Web crawler. The resulting archives are automatically enriched with semantic meta-information to ease the access and allow retrieval based on conditions that involve high-level concepts.  
web archiving; web crawler; architecture; text analysis; social Web
# Performance Analysis of Physical Layer-Based Multiple-Input Multiple-Output on WiMAX (MIMO-WiMAX) +
## 1 Introduction  
High-speed web access can be provided through WiMAX, based on IEEE 802.16 standards. Wireless MAN appellations are also used to describe these standards, and thus, may be used in metropolitan area networks in bridging the gap between WLANs and wireless wide area networks. WiMAX is considered a Wireless MAN technology [1]. In places where conventional broadband connections are useless, WiMAX offers a cheap option for internet access, reducing expenses, and making technology more accessible. WiMAX connections can achieve transmission data speeds of up to 75 Mbps, making internet access possible across distances of up to 30 miles (50 km). To prevent inter-symbol interferences, IEEE 802.16e WiMAX air interfaces use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) (ISI) [2]. Fixed WiMAX operates in 10-66 GHz frequency spectrums and has line-of-sight requirements, making them principal versions of IEEE 802.16. (LOS). A 2-11 GHz frequency range has been added to the WiMAX standard, enabling non-line-of-sight transmission and reception between the transmitter and receiver.
# Drilling Condition Identification Method for Imbalanced Datasets
## 3 Sliding-Window-Based SMOTE Oversampling Method
### Sliding Window  
Drilling data exhibit strong sequential and temporal dependencies, and traditional oversampling methods may disrupt these temporal dependencies, making it difficult for the model to accurately capture temporal feature information. To address this, by employing a sliding window to segment drilling data, redundant computations during the oversampling process are avoided, effectively reducing the time complexity of data  
Figure 2: SMOTE oversampling method data synthesis diagram.  
balancing. Additionally, by adjusting the step size, the method provides flexible control over the number of data samples and their overlap, ensuring that SMOTE oversampling expands the minority-class samples while preserving temporal information. Taking binary classification as an example, the SMOTE processing workflow based on the sliding window is illustrated in Figure 3.  
1. The raw data, window size, and step size are input into the sliding window function, which iterates through the data to segment the continuous drilling time-series into multiple overlapping subsequences. Simultaneously, it extracts drilling parameters, timestamps, and class labels;
2. Each subsequence is iterated over, and the proportion of each class label within the current sequence is calculated to distinguish between minority and majority classes:  
* If there are minority-class samples within the window (as shown by symbol 2 in Figure 3), linear interpolation is applied to the continuous data within the current window to generate new minority-class samples;
* If there are no minority-class samples within the window, skip this window.
3. After traversal, concatenate all the segmented subsequences in chronological order to form a new time-series dataset.