## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline  & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**24 h Pre-Incubation**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**48 h Pre-Incubation**} \\ \cline{2-10}  & **Control** & **1 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **5 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **10 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **Control** & **1 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **5 \(\upmu\)g/mL** & **10 \(\upmu\)g/mL** \\ \hline Viable & 100\% & 30\% & 43\% & 23\% & 100\% & 12\% & 0\% & 0\% \\ \hline Early apoptotic & 0\% & 15\% & 5\% & 10\% & 0\% & 19\% & 24\% & 26\% \\ \hline Apoptotic & 0\% & 55\% & 52\% & 67\% & 0\% & 69\% & 73\% & 69\% \\ \hline Necrosis & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 0\% & 3\% & 5\% \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Influence of different SeNrs concentrations on the survival of human glioblastoma A-172 cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Early stages of apoptosis of L-929 mouse fibroblasts after 24-h exposure to SeNPs were recorded in 2-6% of cells using nanoparticles at a concentration of 5 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL without induction of late stages of apoptosis and necrosis (Figure 5B, Table 6). Early stages of apoptosis after 48-h incubation of mouse fibroblasts with SeNPs were recorded in 7-28% of cells using nanoparticles at a concentration of 5 \(\upmu\)g/mL and 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL without induction of late stages of apoptosis and necrosis (Figure 5B, Table  
of cells, and late apoptosis in 8-16% of cells, using 5 and 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL SeNPs, respectively, as well as single cells with necrosis (Figure 5D, Table 6). Thus, after 24 h preincubation of A-172 cells with SeNrs induced human glioblastoma cells apoptosis in a smaller range of concentrations compared to SeNPs. The pro-apoptotic effect of SeNrs increased after 48 h of exposure, as did the effect of SeNPs, but SeNrs did not induce cell necrosis. However, in mouse fibroblasts, SeNrs resulted in early apoptosis stages both after 24 and 48 h of incubation, but without the late stages of apoptosis. While SeNPs did not cause the activation of the early apoptosis stages in mouse fibroblasts after  
Figure 5: Effect of 24-h and 48-h pre-incubation of L-929 cells with various SeNrs or SeNPs concentration. (**A,B**) The viability of A-172 cells after 24-h pre-incubation with different concentrations of SeNrs (**A**) and SeNPs (**B**). (**C,D**) Cytograms demonstrating the viability of A-172 cells after 48-h pre-incubation with different concentrations of SeNrs (**C**) and SeNPs (**D**). \(X\)-axis: the intensity of propidium iodide fluorescence; \(Y\)-axis: the intensity of Hoechst 33342 fluorescence. Cells were stained with the probes after 24-h or 48-h pre-incubation with different concentrations of nanostructures. The experiments were carried out on three cell cultures of different passages. 24 h of exposure, the process of apoptosis was observed in both early and late stages after 48 h of exposure. Therefore, one can speak of a greater efficiency of SeNrs in the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells compared to SeNPs. However, the effect of early apoptosis stages induction of in \"healthy\" fibroblasts under the action of SeNrs may indicate the lower selectivity of nanorods. Effects of SeNrs and SeNPs on Expression Patterns of Genes Encoding Selenoproteins and Selenium-Containing Proteins, Genes Regulating Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress  
Based on the results of real-time PCR, it is safe to say that the expression of the mRNA of pro-apoptotic genes in the A-172 cell line increased after treatment of these cells with 5 and especially 10 \(\upmu\)g/mL of SeNPs or SeNrs. However, there is no significant difference in the expression patterns of all the studied pro-apoptotic genes after 24-h treatment of glioblastoma cells with two types of selenium nanocomposites. The presented results demonstrate that the MRNA expression of the following pro-apoptotic genes: PUMA, BIM, SHOP, GADD34, BAK, Cas-3 and Cas-4 increases by more than two times (Figure 6A). At the same time, for a number of genes a more pronounced effect on the enhancement of their expression was observed when using SeNrs (Figure 6A, gray columns).