esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Human Activity Recognition Based on Non-Contact Radar Data and Improved PCA Method
## 3 Methodology
### Improved VGG16
#### 3.1.1 Improvement of the Model Structure  
In our experiments, we chose to train a VGG16 model to recognize human activities, not only because it excels at image feature extraction but also because it uses fewer convolutional layers, making it more suitable for the task of the small-scale millimeter-wave radar dataset. The traditional VGG16 model has 16 layers, including 13 Convolutional layers and 3 Fully-Connected layers. The initial input size of the VGG16 model is 224 \(\times\) 224 \(\times\) 3. After multiple convolutions and 2 Fully-Connected layers, the output of the Fully-Connected layer is 4096 and the final output dimension is 1000. The VGG16 model was originally trained on the ImageNet dataset with 1000 classifications [37]. In this work, the implemented VGG16 model does not need as many complex layers as the original VGG16 model. Therefore, we reduced the 3-layer Full-Connected layer to 2-layer and used Relu as the activation function. In addition, a Dropout layer was added between Fully-Connected layers in the improved VGG16 model, as the high-dimensional features of the spectrogram of radar data account for the most amount of information. Doing this could reduce ineffective features, improve the recognition speed of single images, and prevent over-fitting. The results of HAR are obtained after a Softmax layer. In the improved VGG16 model, we not only reduced the number of network parameters but also accelerated the convergence rate. Figure 1 shows the improved VGG16 model.
# The Role of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Adhesion Motifs in Functionalised Hydrogels
## 5 ECM-Derived Peptide Sequences and Their Use in Biomimetic Hydrogel Functionalisation
### The Effect of Functionalising Hydrogels with ECM-Derived Peptide Motifs on Gelation  
The process of gelation begins with crosslinking polymerisation, during which gelation will occur at a specific point. At this time, often termed the \"gel point\", visible gel formation can be seen, where a network of polymer molecules have been crosslinked to one another [124]. Several factors are well known to promote changes in hydrogel gelation. These include molecular weight, hydrophobicity, degree of crosslinking, gel nanostructure and temperature [125]. In the context of this review, it is important to consider how hydrogel gelation properties may be affected by the addition of ECM-derived peptide sequences.  
An RGD-functionalised hydrogel was prepared from four polymers: PAA (polyacrylic acid), carbomer, agarose and PEG [126]. Through analysis of the swelling equilibrium ratio (an indicator of the ability to absorb and maintain large volumes of water), the analysed hydrogels demonstrated rapid swelling characteristics and the potential to reach swelling equilibrium within 1 h. Swelling equilibrium values of the functionalised hydrogels were also found to be similar to hydrogels without RGD modification, suggesting that the presence of the RGD tripeptide did not hinder the process of gelation. Additionally, the rheological properties of the hydrogel were not affected by RGD functionalisation, with the integrity of injectable properties such as viscoelasticity being maintained [126]. [PERSON] et al. [127] obtained similar data, where RGD functionalised and unfunctionalised hydrogels possessed fast swelling kinetics (swelling equilibrium was established within 30 min). The RGD peptide was integrated within the polymer network and did not impede gelation [127].  
Some reports suggest that the type of peptide sequence used to functionalise hydrogels can vary the effects on gelation. In a study by [PERSON] et al. [128] peptide amphiphile (PA) gels were functionalised with a range of peptide sequences derived from the ECM. Following self-assembly, moderately stable gels were formed with PA-RGDS, while PA-DGEA and PA-YIGSR produced viscous solutions and PA-S demonstrated the strongest gel consistency. The findings suggest that the application of different peptide sequences to modify hydrogels may alter mechanical properties, and that variations will be seen depending on the sequence used [128].
###### Abstract  
The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is widely recognized as an effective multi-criteria decision-making algorithm for handover management in terrestrial cellular networks, especially in scenarios involving dynamic and multi-faceted criteria. While TOPSIS is widely adopted in terrestrial cellular networks for handover management, its application in satellite networks, particularly in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations, remains limited and underexplored. In this work, the performance of three TOPSIS algorithms is evaluated for handover management in LEO satellite networks, where efficient handover management is crucial due to rapid changes in satellite positions and network conditions. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on Standard Deviation TOPSIS (SD-TOPSIS), Entropy-TOPSIS, and Importance-TOPSIS in the context of LEO satellite networks, assessing their responsiveness to small variations in key performance metrics such as upload speed, download speed, ping, and packet loss. This study uses real-world data from \"Starlink-on-the-road-Dataset\". Results show that SD-TOPSIS effectively optimizes handover management in dynamic LEO satellite networks thanks to its lower standard deviation scores and reduced score variation rate, thus demonstrating superior stability and lower sensitivity to small variations in performance metrics values compared to both Entropy-TOPSIS and Importance-TOPSIS. This ensures more consistent decision-making, avoidance of unnecessary handovers, and enhanced robustness in rapidly-changing network conditions, making it particularly suitable for real-time services that require stable, low-latency, and reliable connectivity.  
TOPSIS; multi-criteria handover; LEO satellite networks; sensitivity analysis +
Footnote †: journal: Article  
* [2]
# Optimization of Buoy Shape for Wave Energy Converter Based on Particle Swarm Algorithm
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, an approach to optimizing buoy shape using a PSO algorithm was established, mainly discussing the change in buoy shape during the iterative process with irregular waves, with constant \(C_{PTO}\) and different \(C\). The aim was to analyze the effect  
Figure 16: Experimental results.  
Figure 15: Experimental layouts: (**a**) high-speed camera setup; (**b**) Sensor setup; (**c**) buoy at rest; (**d**) buoy oscillation State.  
of the motion response of the buoy and then summarize the discipline of buoy shape optimization. The optimal buoy shape was compared with the conventional cone buoy shape for hydrodynamic performance and, finally, experimental verification was conducted, which is summarized as follows:  
1. The buoy shape tended to be flatter and less tapered as the objective function increased with increasing values of the upper and lower limits of the coordinates.
2. The buoy shape tended to decrease the drainage volume and increase the wet surface area.
3. The optimal buoy shape had better hydrodynamic performance. Through experimental testing, differences in the hydrodynamic performance of the buoys were obtained, thereby validating the effectiveness of the buoy shape optimization method.  
Conceptualization, Y.J.; Methodology, Y.J.; Investigation, H.C.; Data curation, S.H.; Writing--original draft, W.G. and S.H.; Writing--review & editing, S.J.; Funding acquisition, H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2006229, 52101306), Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province, China (2022 CXGC020509), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3072022 OBZ2701, 3072022 OBZ2702, 3072022 JC2701), Strategic Rocket Innovation Fund (ZH2022009), Yantai Growth Drivers Conversion Research Institute, and Yantai Science and Technology Achievement Transfer and Transformation Demonstration Base (YTDNY20220425-01).  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to the fact that the dataset production is part of the innovation point of this paper.  
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support mentioned above.  
Authors [PERSON] and [PERSON] were employed by the company State Power Investment Company Science and Technology Research Institute. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
# Anti-Jamming Low-Latency Channel Hopping Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
## 4 Proposed Solution  
An SU employing the ALL protocol generates a channel hopping matrix by utilizing its ID and the chosen ELP pattern. Let \(M_{a}\) represent the channel hopping matrix of user \(a\), and \(M_{a}^{n}\) denote the \(n\)th column of \(M_{a}\). The duration required to complete the entire channel hopping sequence constructed from the respective channel hopping matrix is referred to as a cycle. Using the ALL protocol, each user divides time into continuous periods, each consisting of several cycles. The sequence of channel hopping denoted as \(CHS_{a}\) is generated by SU \(a\) by selecting the elements of its associated channel hopping matrix \(M_{a}\) sequentially in a row-wise manner. Each column of \(M_{a}\) consists of multiple frames of \(T\) and \(R\), and each frame is composed of several time slots. During time slots assigned to \(T\) frames, an SU is allowed to transmit or receive packets, while during time slots assigned to \(R\) frames, it can only receive packets. In order to improve the rendezvous probability between a sender and its intended receiver, an SU running ALL has the capability to adjust the order of \(T\) and \(R\) frames in its channel hopping matrix to match that of the receiver.
## 1 Introduction  
Audio-only augmented reality (AAR) consists of using spatial audio processing to enhance the real environment of a user with virtual sound events. A key requirement of AAR is to produce the localization of virtual sound sources in a real environment as naturally as possible. Auditory distance perception is one component of the spatial localization of virtual sound sources and depends on a combination of several acoustic and nonacoustic distance cues [1]. The production of a virtual sound source in a real environment calls for the choice of a spatial audio processing method. The main purpose is to achieve a seamless integration of the virtual sound source into the real listening environment. The method has a direct influence on the reproduction of acoustic cues conveyed by the room effect, possibly affecting the auditory distance perception of a virtual sound source. In AAR scenarios, the characteristics of the environment (geometry, room acoustics) are not necessarily mastered; thus, a room divergence effect [2] may occur between the real listening environment and the acoustic cues conveyed by the virtual sound source processing.
# Full-Scale Model Test of Subway Contact Channel under Mechanical Construction +
## 1 Introduction
They obtained the mechanical characteristics of the steel-concrete composite segment and then put forward guiding suggestions for the design of concrete-filled composite segments in engineering practice. Meanwhile, [PERSON] et al. [21] evaluated the design theory of fiber-reinforced composite segments and optimized the structural design of steel-concrete composite segments, making them more suitable for practical engineering applications. However, there is still a lack of research on the stress and deformation of steel-ring secondary lining composite segments under the construction conditions of mechanical connection channels. In addition, the applicability of the mechanical connection channel construction technology in the Beijing subway has not yet been checked. Thus, a full-scale model test is conducted in this paper to study the influence of the cutting construction of contact channels on the stress and deformation of the tunnel structure. The impact of steel-concrete composite segments on the cutting construction is evaluated for Beijing Metro Line 19. The above-mentioned related research has made some achievements in the mechanical properties and design application of steel-ring lining composite segments. However, the research on the stress and deformation of the contact channel during shield cutting using a large model test is lacking. In addition, the mechanical construction technology of the contact channel is used in soft-soil areas, where the soil strength is weak, and the stress of tunnel segments is different in different soil strengths, so its applicability in areas with strong soil strength still needs to be checked. Based on the application background of the mechanical connecting passage of Beijing Rail Transit Line 19, this paper studies the tunnel structural response during the cutting construction of the contact channel through the full-scale model test platform. Additionally, the influence of the steel-ring lining composite segment on the cutting construction is also studied, so as to provide guidance for the subsequent application of this technology in Beijing Rail Transit.
## 4 Lunar Antenna Types
### Antennas for Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy
#### 4.3.2 Polyimide Film Antennas  
Due to the aforementioned requirements concerning the electrical and mechanical properties of low-frequency antennas, the utilization of thin conductors becomes particularly crucial. This choice not only helps in minimizing mass but is also enabled by the relatively low electrical conductivity of the lunar regolith on the far side. As a result, it becomes feasible to position antenna elements directly on the lunar surface without incurring substantial adverse effects on RF performance. This approach opens up new possibilities for efficient antenna deployment in lunar environments. In [66], the authors discussed the challenges of low-frequency antennas: inefficient signal transfer for short antennas, limited gain at frequencies below tens of MHz without large size, and the need to address mechanical properties for larger antennas. For lunar surface antennas, non-self-supporting thin conductors are suggested due to the low electrical conductivity of lunar regolith (\(10^{-10}\) mho/m).
## 4 Performance Estimation
### Approach
\begin{array}{l}P^{q*}=\frac{TP^{q*}}{TP^{q*}+FP^{q*}}\\ R^{q*}=\frac{TP^{q*}}{TP^{q*}+FN^{q*}}\\ F1^{q*}=\frac{2P^{q*}\cdot R^{q*}}{P^{q*}+R^{q*}}\end{array} \]  
Therefore, we are able to find the best further partitioning of the cluster. If we maximize \(F1\), then the best partitioning of the cluster will be partitioning with the maximal \(F1\). We will use \({}^{*max}\) with absolute estimations for the best estimated partitioning of our cluster. \(F1^{*max}=\max\limits_{i\in S}F1^{i*}\). We take into account the size of clusters in order to compute estimation for the whole partition (split). The more documents there are in a cluster the higher influence they have on the estimation. Estimation is made for each cluster separately. First, we find the best further partitioning of the cluster. Second, we summarize the absolute numbers:  
\[ \begin{array}{l}TP^{\textit{result}}=\sum_{i\in K}TP^{*max}_{i}\\ FN^{*result}=\sum_{i\in K}FN^{*max}_{i}\\ FP^{\textit{result}}=\sum_{i\in K}FP^{*max}_{i}\end{array} \]  
Now we are able to compute the relative measures \(P^{*result}\),\(R^{*result}\), and \(F1^{*result}\). The general idea is to minimize the number of external parameters in our algorithm. \(k_{min}\) should always equal \(2\), and \(k_{max}\) is the only external parameter and it should not be greater than the square root of \(|L|\). We have changed the stopping criteria of our algorithm. We make comparison with the flat classification result as stopping criteria. If our prediction is worse than the flat case, then we stop further building of the hierarchy (in the previous version we stopped building a hierarchy after several layers).
## Materials and Methods
### Cis-Element Analysis of The Promoters from VvMIR156b/c/d  
We obtained promoter sequences (approximately 2000 bp upstream of genes) of VvMIR156b/c/d from the Grape Genome Browse ([[http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/GenomeBrowser/Vitis/](http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/GenomeBrowser/Vitis/)]([http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/GenomeBrowser/Vitis/](http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/GenomeBrowser/Vitis/)), accessed on 14 April 2021). Promoter cis-elements were further analyzed by PlantCARE software ([[http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/](http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)]([http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/](http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/)), accessed on 14 April 2021), which provided a basis for exploring the biological functions of VvMIR156b/c/d.  
Construction of the VvMIR156b/c/d Promoter Vector and Agrobacteriumium-Mediated Tobacco Transient Transformation  
According to the VvMIR156b/c/d promoter sequences (Table S2), the upstream and downstream primers containing BamHI and HindIII restriction sites were designed [30]. To develop pBI121-VvmiR156b/c/d-GUS constructs, 2000 bp promoter regions of VvmiR156b/c/d were independently cloned and fused with the GUS reporter gene to replace the pBI121-35 ScaMV promoter in accordance with the instructions of the FastPure Gel DNA Extraction Mini Kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). The recombinant plasmid vectors were transferred into Agrobacteriumium EHA105, and positive clones were identified through PCR. Then, a single colony was cultured in LB liquid medium supplied with rifampin (100 ug/mL) and kanamycin (100 ug/mL). After OD600 = 0.5, the bacteria were pelleted and resuspended in suspension buffer (10 mM MgCl2, 10 mM MES, and 150 uM AS) and left to stand at room temperature for 3-4 h.  
Six-week-old wild tobacco (_Nicotiana benthamiana_) leaves were selected for Agrobacteriumium tumefaciens infection, and the transient expression of the target protein in tobacco was carried out. The injected tobacco was kept in the dark for two days and the leaves were treated with 100 uM GA, ABA, MeJA, and NAA. On day 3, leaves were collected and each treatment was repeated with five leaves and the experiment was repeated three times.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
1G The first generation  
5G The fifth generation  
6G The sixth generation  
AI Artificial intelligence  
ANN Artificial neural networks  
AR Augmented reality  
B5G Beyond 5G  
BBU Baseband unit  
CNN Convolutional neural networks  
CStrI Channel strength information  
CSI Carrier state information  
DNN Deep neural networks  
DT The digital twin technology  
DTN Digital twin network  
E2E End-to-end  
EM Electromagnetic  
FCC The federal communications commission  
FL Federated learning  
Gb/s Gigabit per second  
HOs Handovers  
IIoT Industrial internet of things  
IoT Internet of things  
IoV Internet of vehicles  
ISAC Integrated sensing and communication  
LEO Low earth orbit  
LiFi Light fidelity  
MEC Multi-access edge computing  
MEC Mobile-edge computing  
MDP Markov decision process  
ML Machine learning  
MIMO Multiple-input multiple-output  
MNs Mobile networks  
MPEs Multipath elements  
PCA Principal component analysis  
PPO-MSD Proximal policy optimization for multi-layer service deployment  
QoAS Quality of AI services  
QoS Quality of service  
QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying  
RL Reinforcement learning  
SAGS Space-air-ground-sear  
SBS Small base station  
SCMA Sparse code multiple access  
SD-SRF Service deployment with service rise and fall  
SMA Slime mould algorithm  
ssAE Stacked sparse autoencoders  
THz Terahertz
_Article_  
**CO\({}_{2}\) Capture of the Gas Emission, Using a Catalytic Converter and Airlift Bioreactors with the Microalga**  
_Scenedesmus dimorphus_  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON]. 1**  
Departamento de Energia, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, CBI, Av. Sn. Pablo 180, Mexico City, C.P. 02200, Mexico  
Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIQIE, UPALP, Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 02200, Mexico  
Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS], Tel.: +52-55-5591911047 check for updates  
**Abstract:** A process composed by a catalytic converter and three sequential Airlift photobioreactors containing the microalga _Scenedesmus dimorphus_ was studied to capture CO\({}_{2}\), NOx, and CO from emissions of a steam boiler which was burning diesel. The catalytic converter transformed to CO\({}_{2}\) a maximum of 78% of the CO present in the combustion gas. The effects of shear rate, light intensity, and light/dark cycles on the biomass growth of the algae were studied. It was observed that at low shear rates (Re \(\approx\) 3200), a high productivity of 0.29 g\({}_{\rm cel}\) L\({}^{-1}\) d\({}^{-1}\) was obtained. When the microalga was exposed to 60.75 umol\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-2}\cdot\)s\({}^{-1}\) of intensity of light and a light/dark cycle of 16/8 h, a maximum productivity of 0.44 g\({}_{\rm cel}\) L\({}^{-1}\) d\({}^{-1}\) and a maximum CO\({}_{2}\) fixation rate 0.8 g CO\({}_{2}\) L\({}^{-1}\cdot\)d\({}^{-1}\) were obtained. The maximum CO\({}_{2}\) removal efficiency was 64.3%, and _KLa_ for CO\({}_{2}\) and O\({}_{2}\) were 1.2 h\({}^{-1}\) and 3.71 h\({}^{-1}\) respectively.  
**Keywords:** CO\({}_{2}\) capture; _Scenedesmus dimorphus_; microalgae; airlift-bioreactor; CO conversion; catalytic-converter
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Lipid Hydrolysis
#### 3.3.1 Influence of pH and Temperature
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Fatty Acid** & \multicolumn{5}{c}{**pH**} \\ \cline{2-5}  & **7.0** & **7.5** & **8.0** & **8.5** & **9.0** \\ \hline C14:0 & 20.17 \(\pm\) 0.12 & 23.14 \(\pm\) 0.50 & 27.08 \(\pm\) 1.14 & 28.23 \(\pm\) 1.26 & 29.82 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\ C15:0 & 0.76 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 0.91 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.97 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ C16:0 & 171.00 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 186.10 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 204.22 \(\pm\) 8.54 & 212.69 \(\pm\) 3.56 & 215.47 \(\pm\) 1.03 \\ C17:0 & 17.29 \(\pm\) 0.20 & 18.97 \(\pm\) 0.63 & 20.80 \(\pm\) 0.95 & 22.00 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 22.53 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\ C18:0 & 101.72 \(\pm\) 2.49 & 116.64 \(\pm\) 1.72 & 129.86 \(\pm\) 5.47 & 135.69 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 140.49 \(\pm\) 0.38 \\ C20:0 & 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 0.92 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 0.99 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ SFA & 311.79 \(\pm\) 2.23 & 346.68 \(\pm\) 3.09 & 383.92 \(\pm\) 1.18 & 400.65 \(\pm\) 2.37 & 410.46 \(\pm\) 1.50 \\ C16:1 & 1.02 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.00 & 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.02 & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.00 \\ C17:1 & 2.89 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 3.05 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 3.40 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 3.74 \(\pm\) 0.01 & 3.84 \(\pm\) 0.03 \\ C18:1 & 183.71 \(\pm\) 2.21 & 195.39 \(\pm\) 3.98 & 225.59 \(\pm\) 7.82 & 231.68 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 234.26 \(\pm\) 1.15 \\ C18:2 & 86.15 \(\pm\) 0.92 & 101.76 \(\pm\) 0.88 & 121.08 \(\pm\) 5.10 & 126.66 \(\pm\) 0.17 & 131.24 \(\pm\) 0.60 \\ C18:3n3 & 28.79 \(\pm\) 0.15 & 30.28 \(\pm\) 0.13 & 30.80 \(\pm\) 1.10 & 32.40 \(\pm\) 0.05 & 33.04 \(\pm\) 0.17 \\ C18:3n6 & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.15 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 1.09 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 1.21 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 1.17 \(\pm\) 0.04 \\ C20:2 & 10.57 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 11.48 \(\pm\) 0.29 & 13.09 \(\pm\) 0.53 & 13.45 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 13.70 \(\pm\) 0.08 \\ C20:3n3 & 24.05 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 25.48 \(\pm\) 0.69 & 29.42 \(\pm\) 1.07 & 30.64 \(\pm\) 0.03 & 31.44 \(\pm\) 0.12 \\ C20:3n6 + C21:0 & 37.45 \(\pm\) 0.11 & 39.88 \(\pm\) 0.10 & 42.24 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 43.05 \(\pm\) 0.04 & 43.74 \(\pm\) 0.13 \\ C20:4n6 & 17.55 \(\pm\) 0.41 & 19.64 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 22.46 \(\pm\) 0.96 & 23.09 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 23.58 \(\pm\) 0.10 \\ UFA & 393.26 \(\pm\) 2.63 & 429.19 \(\pm\) 4.00 & 490.39 \(\pm\) 1.61 & 507.05 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 517.17 \(\pm\) 0.83 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 9: Amounts of fatty acids obtained at different pHs (mgfatty acid /glipids). Figure 1: Influence of pH on total free fatty acids (_TFA_) obtained from lipolytic hydrolysis.