## 2 Material and Methods
### Case Study of Famagusta
Famagusta served as a trading and active Mediterranean port through the ages, the home of evolving and transient populations changing with each conquest and territorial conflict. Lately, the walled city has suffered from decline and deterioration due to several factors, including the political stalemate that followed the political conflicts after 1963, the division of the island in 1974, and the economic and growth dynamics that separated Northern Cyprus and Famagusta in particular. The walled city of Famagusta has managed to maintain its strong medieval character. The urban pattern of the walled city includes the main square, the narrow organic street network, several monumental buildings, among them the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque (formerly the Cathedral of St. Nicholas), one, or two-story courtyard houses, and storage buildings [51]. The growth and development of the Famagusta urban pattern can be considered in six periods:  
The Lusignan period (1189-1489) was accepted as the peak of the island of Cyprus in terms of socio-economic prosperity and the level of civilization [52]. During this period,  
Figure 2: (**Left**): Location of Famagusta in Cyprus and Famagusta map, (**right**): main development zones of Famagusta [48]. the walled city of Famagusta was an important place because of its natural harbor; a citadel and a castle were built to protect the city. The city has been known as a lively commercial port with an active social life, while more than three hundred churches were built--only some still survive [53]. The Venetians (1489-1571) rebuilt and improved the fortifications and walls of Famagusta, enabling them to withstand artillery [49]. During the Venetian era, the administration of the island seems to be highly militaristic, thus the physical appearance and the layout of the settlements had been formed accordingly. In this period, walls, churches, and other buildings were constructed, elevating Famagusta's role as a center of mercantile activity in the Mediterranean [54]. It was the Venetians who made Famagusta into the fortified city. The current walls are mainly from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and provide a great example of a strong medieval city with citadels, bastions, rocky moats, and gates [49]. The city was conquered by the Ottomans in (1571-1878). The Ottoman policy dramatically changed the fate of Famagusta [54]. The Ottoman policy towards the walled city affected socio-economic life as well as physical and spatial shape. The Ottomans, while engaged in some new construction projects, were mainly content with maintaining the existing buildings and structures and using them with the necessary changes and developments to adapt to the socio-economic and cultural life of the new inhabitants. Therefore, the cathedral was transformed into the Lala [PERSON] Pasha Mosque [49]. Britain's empire (1878-1960) took control in 1878 and began the process of modernization. In 1878, the Ottomans leased the island to the British. It was annexed by Britain in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I, and in 1925 the island became a crown colony in the British Empire. The expansion of cities beyond the southern walls, which had already begun in the Ottoman period, accelerated. The British also built an administrative area between the walls and Maras (Varosha) intending to develop an alternative city center that would mostly include administrative and commercial activities. However, the walled city retained its importance as a traditional core as well as a residential neighborhood. What characterized the British period apart from what had been identified before was the construction of new buildings and Famagusta roads and the demolition of other buildings according to the traditional pattern and urban features [54]. During the period 1960 to 1974 (the Republic of Cyprus in 1960) the administration of the city was divided into two municipalities, the Turkish (mainly within the walled city) and the Greek (all other districts).