## 3 Results and Discussion
### Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Studies  
The following explanation of Figure 1 refers to the consistent features of spectra A-I. The spectra in Figure 1 show a strong, broad peak at 3200-3600 cm\({}^{-1}\), attributable to an O-H stretching vibration consistent with the polyhydroxylated saccharide backbone, and a weak absorption band at 2887-2933 cm\({}^{-1}\) consistent with the C-H stretching within each glucose unit [33]. A strong band is appearing at 1423-1433 cm\({}^{-1}\) indicates the alkane deformations relating to CH and CH\({}_{2}\)[34]. The peak appearing in the 1330-1369 cm\({}^{-1}\) region of the spectra attributes to the in-plane bending vibration of the C-H and C-O groups of the hexose ring in the cellulose. A similar band was also seen in the nano-cellulose isolated from sugarcane waste [35]. The peaks at 1051-1059 and 779-809 cm\({}^{-1}\) are associated with the C-O stretching and C-H rocking vibration [36] (anomeric vibration, specific for glucosides) [37]. The peak at about 900 cm\({}^{-1}\) is related to glycosidic -C1-H deformation, a ring vibration, and -O-H bending where these characters infer the \(\beta\)-glycosidic linkages between anhydroglucose units [38]. The increase in peak intensity at 1018 cm\({}^{-1}\) reveals that the cellulose content of the material increases as a result of the various chemical treatments. The absorption peaks around 3400, 2900, 1430, 1370, 890 cm\({}^{-1}\) are associated with the characteristics [39] of native cellulose I as seen in all cellulose spectra. The appearance of a peak at around 1645 cm\({}^{-1}\) in all samples indicates absorption of water by cellulose and CMSC. This peak is related to the bending modes of water molecules due to its strong interaction with cellulose backbone [40]. The peak intensity at 1514 cm\({}^{-1}\) in Figure 1 from cellulose (E-H) attributes to the C=C stretching vibration in the aromatic skeletal vibration in lignin. However, cellulose (B) did not show the C=C stretching in that region. It indicates that lignin was removed due to the combined processes of delignification and acidified sodium chlorite process. Cellulose (E) also shows a peak at 1724 cm\({}^{-1}\) that represent the ester linkage of the carboxylic group of ferulic and \(p\)-coumaric acids in hemicelluloses. The absence of this peak in cellulose (A, C, D, E) would indicate the removal of the hemicellulose during the chemical treatment. Figure 1A,D shows similar peaks stating that commercial cellulose and cellulose A (preparation method 1) are chemically similar and, therefore, the hydrolysis reaction performed did not affect the chemical structure of the cellulosic fragments [41]. However, the peaks in cellulose (E) are not identical to (A). This, therefore, indicates that cellulose (A) prepared by method 1 is ideal to synthesize CMSC. In Figure 1I the proof of carboxymethyl in CMSC is observed where a strong absorption band appeared at 1589 and 1020 cm\({}^{-1}\), which indicates the presence of carboxymethyl groups [42]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline
**Fraction** & **\% Dry Sago Biomass (\% DSB)** \\ \hline _Ash_ & 8.00 \\ _Ethanol toluene extractives_ & 2.30 \\ _Hot water extractives_ & 5.20 \\ _Xylan (HPLC)_ & 5.98 \\ _Arabian (HPLC)_ & 3.10 \\ _Klason lignin_ & 8.10 \\ _Chlorite holocellulose_ & 55.10 \\ _a-cellulose_ & 33.70 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Chemical composition of sago biomass.