# A Review of Cutting-Edge Sensor Technologies for Improved Flood Monitoring and Damage Assessment
## 4 Global Applications of Flood Sensors
The floods of 2024, 2022, and 2010 severely affected the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Balochistan areas, with the worst floods in Pakistan's history occurring in 2010, when the country suffered a death toll of 1985 and economic losses of up to $10 billion, with poor flood protection infrastructure in numerous areas of the territory and little to no early warning system, even in the north-western and coastal areas of Balochistan [136]. Lower Punjab and Sindh also suffered from the lack of complete emergency response and post-disaster relief systems, which made it difficult to access outside assistance [137]. In addition to poor infrastructure, less advanced warnings, poor data processing technology [138], and slow emergency response [139], which are \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Floods** & & **Sensors** & **Results** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Pakistan Floods 2010} & \multirow{2}{*}{In Situ Sensors} & River gauge stations & 1. The scarcity of in situ sensors results in untimely and inaccurate flood warnings. 2. The limited grasp of climate-hydrology relationships and flood modeling techniques prevents effective data utilization. 3. The government’s inaccurate disaster assessment leads to untimely and inadequate relief efforts. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & 1. Lack of historical sensor data for calibrating flood prediction outcomes. 2. Quarter of the country’s population has access to the Internet, but Internet usage dropped dramatically after the floods, leaving limited access to social media data. 3. Satellite imagery exhibits certain errors in urban area identification. 4. Damage to communication sensors impairs international rescue coordination. \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{Australia Floods 2011–2012} & \multirow{2}{*}{In Situ Sensors} & Rainfall sensors, Water level sensors, Soil moisture sensors, Weather sensors, etc. & 1. Sensors are effective, yet public disaster awareness is inadequate. 2. Facebook, the dominant social media data collection platform, played a key role in the early warning and rescue phase. 3. Extensive remote sensing data was obtained through international rescue efforts, leading to the development of localized flood management products. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & 1. Multiple sensor data inputs to weather models for flood warning. 2. Utilizing UAVs in tasks such as dam breach monitoring reduces costs. 3. Government websites, social media platforms, and communication sensors effectively disseminate disaster information. 4. The timely activation of the International Chapter facilitated the acquisition of remote sensing data from multiple countries. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & 3. Extensive remote sensing data was obtained through international rescue efforts, leading to the development of localized flood management products. \\ \cline{2-3}  & & & 1. Multiple sensor data inputs to weather models for flood warning. 2. Utilizing UAVs in tasks such as dam breach monitoring reduces costs. 3. Government websites, social media platforms, and communication sensors effectively disseminate disaster information. 4. The timely activation of the International Chapter facilitated the acquisition of remote sensing data from multiple countries. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Critical sensor types used in floods and their functions. typical reasons for the failure of flood response in the country, institutional corruption, mismanagement of water resources, and lack of an effective flood policy exacerbated the severity of this flood problem [140; 141]. The 2011-2012 floods in Thailand, also caused by monsoon rains, affected the lives of more than 13 million people in 66 provinces and resulted in 813 deaths and US$50 billion in economic losses, making it the worst flood disaster in Thailand's history, with disruptions in the supply chain of the global automotive, electronics, computer hardware, and other industries, which triggered academic attention to the resilience of the supply chain to floods [142].