## 3 Data Inventory  
This study relied primarily on published public domain documents collected from publicly available sources, including the energy sector reports for Zambia [7] produced annually for the years 2016-2021, as well as historical generation and load data for the years 2006-2018 from Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (ZESCO) [25], the Ministry of Energy [26], the International Energy Agency (IEA) [27] and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [28]. The dataset includes the electricity demand, emission factors, techno-economic parameters of supply-side technologies and resource availability. The forecasted electricity demand is based on the collected historical data in the period of 2006-2035. The baseline scenario considered the installed power capacities in 2019 \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Input Parameters** & **Variables** & **Output** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Technical data (efficiency, installed capacity, etc.)} & Energy flows (inlet and outlet) & \multirow{2}{*}{Optimal cost of the system} \\  & of technologies & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Cost data (cost analysis of the system, such as capital and } & \multirow{2}{*}{Optimal energy-generating mix} \\  & operation costs, etc.) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Economic data (interest and inflation rates, externalities, etc.)} & Capacity of technologies & GHG emissions \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Energy demand} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Environmental data (emission factors, carbon bounds)} \\ \hline \multicolumn{3}{c}{Resources availability (reference energy system structure)} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Model organization [24]. Figure 6: Integration of demand-supply models. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Flexibility Parameter** \\ \hline Load & \(-0.1\) \\ Wind & \(-0.08\) \\ Solar PV & \(-0.05\) \\ Coal & \(0.15\) \\ Gas CC & \(0.5\) \\ Hydropower & \(0.5\) \\ Oil/Gas Steam & \(1\) \\ Gas CT & \(1\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Flexibility parameters of technologies from [22]. as the base year, where the hydropower plant accounts for 80.45% of installed capacity. The remaining technologies with corresponding installed capacity fraction include coal powerplant (10.06%), heavy fuel oil powerplant (3.69%), diesel (2.80%), and solar PV (2.99%) [9]. The inconsistent imports of petroleum feedstock (crude oil) directly impact the generation from the power plant. Zambia currently uses local coal for the generation of electricity. The Maamba Collieries coal-fired thermal power plant and the integration of other thermal power plants are essential to meet the base load requirements of the country. There is a future for expanding coal power generation: increasing the resource capacity at Maamba Collieries, Dangote Power Plant also contributes to the national grid. Tables 4 and 5 show the main techno-economic input data used in the energy supply model. The baseline scenario considers the volatile changing price of oil based on the average growth rate of the fluctuating oil price of HFO in Zambia and diesel for 2010-2021. Figure 7 shows the variation of the variable costs with a change in oil price for the horizon, 2019-2035. The oil (HFO) and diesel prices at which Zambia imports a gallon of oil are, respectively, USD 2.25 and USD 2.49 for the base year of the model, considering the exchange rate of the Zambian Kwacha to the US Dollar, sharp increases in international oil prices, and the average cost of previous years.