## 4 Discussion  
In 1982, [PERSON] and colleagues [PERSON] and colleagues [PERSON] and colleagues (2009) pioneered the discovery of the \"muscle potentiation\" theory during their research on rat muscle fibers. The subsequent year, in 1983, [PERSON] and colleagues [PERSON] and colleagues (2008) observed an enhancement effect in the anterior tibialis and plantar flexor muscles after Maximal Voluntary Contractions (MVC) in humans. The concept of PAPE was officially introduced by [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) in 1998. Since its inception, PAPE has garnered significant attention and recognition in both academic research and \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Group** & **No. of Studies** & **Hedges’s \(g\)** & **(95\% Conf. Interval)** & \(p\)**-Value** \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**A**} \\ \hline Resistance exercises & 13 & \(-\)0.226 & \(-\)0.406 \(-\)0.046 & 0.014 \\ Mixed exercises & 21 & \(-\)0.046 & \(-\)0.180 0.089 & 0.507 \\ Overall & 34 & \(-\)0.111 & \(-\)0.218 \(-\)0.003 & 0.045 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**B**} \\ \hline Resistance exercises & 15 & \(-\)0.475 & \(-\)0.667 \(-\)0.284 & \(<\)0.001 \\ Plyometric exercises & 3 & 0.054 & \(-\)0.662 0.770 & 0.883 \\ Overall & 18 & \(-\)0.440 & \(-\)0.625 \(-\)0.255 & 0.000 \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**C**} \\ \hline Resistance exercises & 19 & \(-\)0.714 & \(-\)0.892 \(-\)0.536 & \(<\)0.001 \\ Plyometric exercises & 24 & \(-\)0.005 & \(-\)0.246 0.236 & 0.968 \\ Overall & 43 & \(-\)0.316 & \(-\)0.504 \(-\)0.128 & 0.001 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: (**A**) Different CAs for athletes’ sprint time height PAPE sub-group analysis (baseline\(-\)controlled, single-arm studies); (**B**) Different CAs for athletes’ sprint time PAPE sub-group analysis (non-baseline\(-\)controlled studies); (**C**) Different CAs for athletes’ sprint time PAPE sub-group analysis (baseline\(-\)controlled studies). Figure 2: (**A**) presents the bias funnel plot for baseline\(-\)controlled, single\(-\)arm studies; (**B**) shows the bias funnel plot for non-baseline\(-\)controlled studies; and (**C**) displays the bias funnel plot for baseline\(-\)controlled studies. practical training settings. Professionals have actively sought to leverage the effects of PAPE to enhance training outcomes and optimize competitive performance. The present study encompassed 26 different experimental studies related to PAPE with three different CAs, involving a total of 378 participants. Through the use of meta-analytic procedures, the PAPE effects of three different CAs were examined: resistance exercises, pyjometric exercises, and mixed exercises. Particular attention was paid to athletes' jumping and sprinting abilities. The findings demonstrate that resistance exercises generated a more pronounced PAPE effect in both jumping and sprinting performances compared to the other two methods. Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Jumping Performance through Different Conditioning Activities  
The meta-analysis results suggest that the PAPE effects generated by resistance exercises were superior to those produced through pyjometric or mixed exercises. The effectiveness of PAPE was found to be highly correlated with the intensity of the inducing stimulus, indicating that greater intensities were more likely to lead to optimal PAPE responses [46]. In the 17 included studies that investigated PAPE impacts on CMJ height, a commonality was the use of stimuli greater than 80% of the one-repetition maximum (1 RM). The reason heavy resistance exercise yielded better PAPE outcomes could be attributed to several neuromuscular mechanisms: the quantity and efficiency of neurotransmitter transmission were increased, the synaptic junction excitability was enhanced, the efficacy of the muscle fiber sodium-potassium (Na\({}^{+}\)-K\({}^{+}\)) pump was improved, the likelihood of successful action potential propagation was increased, and the recruitment efficiency of high-threshold motor units was boosted.