esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Corrosion Behavior and Conductivity of TiNb and TiNb Coated Steel for Metallic Bipolar Plates
###### Abstract  
To improve corrosion resistance and electronic conductivity of bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), coatings of TiNb and TiNbN on 316L stainless steel (SS) were prepared by magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the existence of metallic nitrides in the TiNbN coating. Scanning electron microscope tests showed that the deposited coatings provided smooth surfaces. Further electrochemical measurements indicated that the corrosion resistance of the TiNb coating was significantly higher than that of the substrate. At 0.19 V vs MSE, the long-term stabilized current density of TiNb/316L SS was lower than 1 \(\upmu\)A\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-2}\). The interfacial contact resistance values between coating and carbon paper suggested that TiNb and TiNbN films had better contact conductivity than the 316L SS substrate. In conclusion, TiNb coated 316L SS metallic bipolar plate material is a promising option for PEMFC.  
coating; metallic bipolar plate; PEMFC; TiNb; TiNbN Article
## 2 Methodology  
### Data Sources and Processing  
The primary data source for historical tropical cyclone records in this study is the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Tropical Cyclone Best Track dataset (1949-2023) [24; 25]. Originally published by the Chinese Central Meteorological Bureau (1983-1992), this authoritative dataset has been subsequently maintained and updated by the CMA. It provides detailed 6-hourly (with partial 3-hourly) observational records of cyclone positions and intensity parameters, including standardized storm nomenclature, intensity classification, geospatial coordinates (at 0.1\({}^{\circ}\) resolution), and minimum sea-level pressure (hPa) measurements at cyclone centers.  
Figure 1: Research workflow diagram.  
Prior to utilizing the CMA dataset, essential data rectification and processing were implemented: (1) historical wind speed records prior to 1970 were calibrated via the methodology established by [PERSON] et al. [26], which addresses systematic biases inherent in legacy anemometric instrumentation; (2) tropical cyclones classified as tropical depression or below were systematically excluded through quantitative filtering on the basis of intensity categorical indices in the dataset.  
For the virtual typhoon simulation employing the linear trajectory model, historical events impacting the target location were identified through spatial screening. While conventional approaches include the simulated circular domain method and coastal intersection technique, this study adopted the former. The procedure involves constructing a circular buffer with the target location as the centroid and a predefined radius (250 km in this investigation). All typhoon trajectories intersecting this domain were extracted as impact samples. The selection radius critically influences sample representativeness, as demonstrated through parametric experiments by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [12; 27] and [PERSON] et al. [28]. Following their empirical recommendations, a 250 km radius was implemented to optimize simulation fidelity.
## 1 Introduction
proposed the co-evolutionary multiswarm PSO (CMPSO) algorithm [23], in which multiple populations are used for independent objectives to be simultaneously optimized, and an external archive is set to preserve the achieved non-dominant solutions. Moreover, the archived information is used to lead the independent evolution of each population and to share information among various populations. Inspired by [PERSON] et al., a multi-objective cooperative differential evolution (CMODE) method was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [24] to solve MOPs. In the method, the search engine is replaced by the adaptive differential evolution algorithm, which is similar to CMPSO. Based on the achieved consequences, and inspired by CMPSO and CMODE, a hybrid cooperative multi-objective GBO (CMGBO) is introduced, in which multi-population studies are conducted to meet multiple objectives. The selection of the GBO algorithm is mainly motivated by its novelty and robustness in converging to potentially optimal solutions as well as in discovering promising regions in the search space. The application of these methods is justified by their encouraging consequences achieved by the use of \(\varepsilon\)-dominance and the notion of archives in the field of multi-objective optimization. Hence, the main contributions of this study can be summarized as follows:  
* Cooperative multi-objective garden balsam optimization (CMGBO) is proposed for solving MOPs;
* To maintain a limited size of the Pareto set, an external archive is integrated into the CMGBO algorithm;
* The \(\varepsilon\)-dominance relationship is adopted to update the archive;
* Crowding distance calculations are used within the objective space to improve the diversity of solutions;
* An effective strategy of the leader's selection is proposed to further improve both the convergence and diversity of the Pareto front. The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces the fundamental concepts of MOPs and offers an overview of the GBO algorithm. Section 3 outlines the proposed CMGBO algorithm. The analyses and discussions of the experimental consequences are presented in Section 4. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
# FORCE--Landsat + Sentinel-2 Analysis Ready Data and Beyond
## 3 Processing Capability
### Level 2: Analysis Ready Data
#### 3.2.1 Processing  
The processing is based on the methodology described by [PERSON] et al. [18], amended by several improvements. Most prominently, support for Sentinel-2 was implemented.  
Cloud masking is based on a modified version of the Fmask code [20], incorporating most updates [21] and the changes detailed by [18, 22]. For Sentinel-2, the Cloud Displacement Index was developed to compensate missing thermal information employing parallax effects [23].  
The spatial resolution of the 20 m Sentinel-2 bands can be improved, using the native 10 m bands as prediction targets. Three algorithms were implemented, which are listed with increasing prediction quality and processing time: (i) Spectral-only setup of the STARFM code [24], (ii) spectral-only setup of the ImproPhe code [25], and (iii) window regression [26].  
Radiometric correction includes radiative-transfer-based atmospheric correction [27, 28]. Aerosol optical depth is estimated over dark water and dense dark vegetation objects [29, 30] using multiple scattering [18, 31]. The usage of the Dark Object Database [18] to restrain aerosol optical depth estimation to permanent dark targets, was deprecated. Water vapor is estimated for each Sentinel-2 pixel; auxiliary data are used for Landsat (next section). Topographic correction is performed with an enhanced C-correction, based on the principle outlined by [32]. The C-factor is estimated for each pixel in the image and then propagated through the spectrum using radiative transfer theory. Three kernels of increasing size are used to approximate the background reflectance for environment correction [33]. Nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance is retrieved using a global set of MODIS-derived (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) BRDF kernel parameters [34, 35, 36].  
Aerosol optical depth estimation, topographic correction effectiveness, and surface reflectance consistency was assessed for a Southern African study area [18]. The effectiveness of the topographic correction for improved forest-type classification was recently assessed in the Caucasus mountains [37]. Extended, global validation of aerosol optical depth and water vapor as well as surface reflectance were performed in the Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison Exercise (ACIX) [38]. The parallax-based cloud detection was recently assessed in [39].  
The data are reprojected to a custom projection and are then split to image chips using a custom grid with rectangular tiles, thus representing data cubes. Redundancy is prevented by aggregation of same-day/same-sensor data on output, i.e., redundant Level 1 data are not carried to Level 2. An example is shown in Figure 5.  
Figure 4: FORCE Level 2 Processing System (L2 PS) workflow. TOA—top-of-atmosphere; BT—brightness temperature; BOA—bottom-of-atmosphere; QAI—quality assurance information.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Calibration Transfer without Standards  
To further improve the prediction of grape and apple, two calibration transfer methods without standards were utilized. With the previously established PLS model for strawberry and the transfer set of grape and apple, models for grape and apple were obtained by SS-PFCE, as depicted in Figure 5. The grape and apple models obtained by SS-PFCE showed a similar shape and intensity to the strawberry model, although slight differences were observed across the spectral range upon closer inspection. When the transferred models were applied to the corresponding spectra in the validation sets, the prediction of all three fruits was close to the reference values, as shown in Figure 6A. Notably, the prediction of apple was significantly improved compared to the global model, with a decrease in RMSEP from \(1.41\) \"Brix to \(1.28\) \"Brix (Table 4). PLS correction was also used to train correction models for both grape and apple, and the obtained results were comparable to those obtained with SS-PFCE (Figure 6B). Overall, the results suggest that SS-PFCE and PLS correction can be effective calibration transfer methods for improving the prediction accuracy of fruit quality attributes.  
Figure 4: Prediction of global model when applied to three different fruits.  
Figure 5: Comparison of PLS model for strawberry and the transferred models for grape and apple.
# Long-Term Analysis of Wave Climate and Shoreline Change along the Gulf of California
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Image Processing  
Two major image-processing operations were carried out in this study. First, radiometric and atmospheric correction was applied to all the satellite images of Table 1 in the ENVI 5.3 software [33]. The Reflectance Radiometric Calibration method was used to sharpen the satellite images, while the Fast Line of Sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) method eliminated disturbances caused by the atmosphere [34]. After that, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) [35] was calculated with bands 4 (Green) and 6 (Near InfraRed (NIR)) of the Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) sensor, and bands 3 (Green) and 5 (NIR) of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor, through Equation (1):  
\[\mathrm{NDWI}=\frac{\mathrm{Green-NIR}}{\mathrm{Green+NIR}} \tag{1}\]  
The relation between the green and NIR bands highlights in the images the conditions of high soil moisture and water masses [35; 36; 37]. In turn, it highlights the upper wetting limit of the foreshore caused by the highest run-up of the last high tide before the satellite image acquisition date.  
Figure 2: Images of the west and east coasts of the Gulf of California (GC): (**a**) Baja California (B.C.); (**b**) Baja California Sur (B.C.S.); (**c**) Sonora; (**d**) Sinaloa. Source: Google Earth (2018).
## 3 Region-Based Collision Avoidance Beaconless Geographic Routing
### Recovery Scheme  
If greedy routing fails due to a local minimum, a data packet may be stuck at a node that has no neighbor nodes closer to the destination than the node. For the case of routing failures, a recovery scheme is required in order to guarantee data delivery. In the proposed protocol, a sender holding a data packet could be aware of the case of the local minimum when the sender node cannot receive either a _FORWARDING_QUERY_ or an overhearddata packet, the same as the helddata packet within \(2\times T_{max}\).  
In this case, the sender changes its routing mode into perimeter mode from greedy mode and rebroadcasts the data packet, including the perimeter routing mode and the position of the sender as a stuck node in the header of the packet. Once the packet meets an intermediate node that is closer to the destination than the stuck node, it would change the routing mode into greedy routing again.  
In the perimeter mode, _i.e._, beaconless recovery mode, the proposed protocol exploits the select-and-protest principle [24] to avoid crossing edges, which might lead to routing loops [25]. It has been proven in [10] that the routing loop problem could be solved as long as the network is connected, since the angular relaying algorithm can always select the first edge of the Gabriel graph (GG) in the order of (counter-)clockwise.  
For a detailed description, in the selection phase, neighbor nodes that are further from a destination than a stuck node and successfully receive the data packet could be selected as candidates to form a local planar subgraph in each hop. After that, in the protest phase, violating edges could be removed from the subgraph by itself, as well as _PROTEST_QUERY_ from other nodes. Consequently, the face routing algorithm can be applied to select the forwarder.  
For example, as shown in Figure 6, \(b\), \(f\) and \(h\) receive the _FORWARDING_QUERY_ message from \(c\), \(g\) and \(e\), respectively. The \(b\) and \(f\) are in the proximity region of \(c\) and \(g\), and \(b\) protests against \(c\), as well as \(f\) protests against \(g\). Therefore, the sender \(S\) could get a planar subgraph for face routing by eliminating violated edges. The selected next-hop forwarder would receive _FORWARDING_PERMIT_ by the \(s\).  
Figure 6: An example of the beaconless recovery forwarding scheme.
### Research Methodology  
The aim of this review is to provide insight into the recent trends and developments in automotive Human-Machine Interface design, with a particular focus on enhancing user experience, safety, and security. We tried to select representative and up-to-date sources that present the considered issues. A narrative review methodology was adapted to summarize primary studies from which general conclusions may be drawn from a holistic point of view. The research flow is schematically illustrated in Figure 1.  
Figure 1: Flow of the research.  
Specifically, our broad narrative approach helps to explore the combination and mutual impact of user experience, safety, and security in the modern automotive domain, as well as to explore how existing technologies could be adapted to better assist the driver. The research methodology is described below:  
* Research questions (RQs): RQ1: How do recent technological innovations modify the evolution of automotive HMIs? RQ2: What are the new risks that these evolutions could generate in terms of safety? RQ3: What are the new risks that these evolutions could generate in terms of security? RQ4: What are the current challenges in terms of multimodality? RQ5: What are the current challenges in terms of enhancing emotional connection? RQ6: How should we manage the trade-offs between safety, security, and UX?
* Databases consulted: IEEE Xplore, MDPI, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), SpringerLink, GoogleScholar.
* Time frame: Publications between January 2018 and April 2025 were considered to ensure coverage of the most recent advancements.
* Main keywords used: \"Automotive HMI\", \"User Experience in Vehicles\", \"Autonomous Vehicle Interfaces\", \"Safety in Automotive HMI\", \"Augmented Reality Vehicles\", \"Multimodal Interaction Vehicles\", \"Security in Automotive HMI\".
* Inclusion criteria: Peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports directly addressing automotive HMI and user experience in AV.
* Exclusion criteria: Works focusing solely on mechanical or non-user-related aspects of vehicle systems were excluded.
* Selection process: An initial screening based on titles and abstracts was conducted, followed by full-text analysis for relevance. Preference was given to works offering empirical results, novel methodologies, or comprehensive reviews.
* Industry developments: To capture emerging trends, selected industrial white papers and official reports (e.g., from Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Polestar) were included, but were clearly distinguished from academic sources in the analysis.  
The specified research questions are reflected in the structure of the article. RQ1 is addressed in Sections 2-4, RQ2 in Section 5, RQ3 in Section 6, RQ4 in Section 7, RQ5 in Section 8, and RQ6 in Section 9.
## 1 Introduction
Most existing studies that analyzed LOS over a wide area have utilized GIS-based 2.5D digital surface model (DSM) data, considering outdoor open environments. GIS-based LOS analysis primarily uses pixel-type (raster) data with a uniform matrix structure, and the LOS between all pixels must be calculated. However, underground mines cannot be expressed in 2.5D (2D with elevation values) like the surface; thus, they must be analyzed using 3D points. Three-dimensional (3D) points are typically unevenly distributed, and even if data are uniformly processed in the form of voxels, unnecessary calculations arise. In addition, as the process of analyzing the LOS between all points has a high throughput, a method different from the GIS analysis method must be applied. Therefore, in this study, a 3D model-based ray-casting technology was used to analyze the LOS between IoT devices in underground mines. Ray casting is used primarily in computer graphics and is a technology that draws a virtual line based on the location and LOS of an object in 2D or 3D space to determine the part that intersects with the object. If a virtual ray radiates from a specific point in all directions through ray casting, the coordinates of the points intersected by the ray can be obtained. Obtaining the coordinates of these points implies that the LOS is connected to the ray emission point and to other points. In this study, the concept of a smooth communication index (SCI) was proposed using ray-casting-based LOS analysis, and areas with good communication environments were assigned SCI scores. Additionally, after determining the point at which the communication device was to be installed, the location where the next device was to be installed was determined by analyzing the area where the LOS was connected at that point. Section 2 presents the concept and utilization method of LOS used in this study, and explains the SCI developed based on it. Section 3 presents the experimental results obtained by applying the developedtechnology to real-world applications. To verify the developed technology, a preliminary test was conducted in an indoor building on the Samcheok Campus of Kangwon National University. Subsequently, ZigBee-based IoT devices were installed after constructing a 3D underground mine model and analyzing the LOS for the Taeyoung EMC Samdo mine located in Dogye-eup, Samcheok-si, and Gangwon-do. If IoT devices are installed by analyzing the LOS in advance, appropriate installation points can be determined in advance without entering the mine directly, and better communication stability can be achieved. Section 4 discusses the improvements and usability of the developed technology and Section 5 presents the conclusions.
## 2 Experimental Design  
### Sample Preparation  
This study experimentally investigates the enhancement of the flexural performance of concrete beams by externally prestressed CFRP tendons. The information regarding the test beams (six simply supported and two continuous) is described in Table 1, which includes the prestress levels and arrangement patterns of the CFRP tendons, and pre-existing cracks. The dimensions and reinforcement forms of the beams are shown in Figure 1. The cross-section dimension of the beam is 200 mm \(\times\) 400 mm, where the arrangement of CFRP tendons is categorized into two forms: straight-line and curved pattern. The term \"Damage State\" in Table 1 pertains to the preloading of the test beams until the maximum crack width in the tension zone reaches 0.2 mm. This width is twice the maximum permissible crack width \(\omega_{\text{max}}\) for prestressed concrete members under normal service conditions as stipulated in Code (GB50010-2010) [32].  
Each tested beam is identified in this research by a particular set of acronyms. The first letter represents the beam's support condition, with \"S\" denoting simply supported beams and \"C\" denoting continuous beams. The second letter represents the arrangement pattern of the CFRP tendons, with \"SL\" standing for a straight-line and \"C\" for a curved pattern, respectively. The third letter indicates the initial prestress level of the external CFRP tendons, with \"0\", \"30\", and \"50\" representing prestressing levels of 0%, 30%, and 50%, respectively. The fourth letter denotes the width of pre-existing cracks: \"0\" indicates the absence of initial flexural cracks, while \"0.2\" signifies preloading to achieve a flexural crack width of 0.2 mm.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Specimen No.** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Prestressing Level of** \\ **External Tendons (\%)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Carbon Reinforcement** \\ **Arrangement** \\ \end{tabular} & **Pre-Cracked State** & **Support Conditions** \\ \hline SCB & - & - & Un-pre-caked & Simply Supported \\ S-SL-0-0 & 0 & Linear & Un-pre-caked & Simply Supported \\ S-C-30-0 & 30 & Curved & Un-pre-caked & Simply Supported \\ S-C-30-0.2 & 30 & Curved & Pre-cracking 0.2 mm & Simply Supported \\ S-C-0-0 & 0 & Curved & Un-pre-caked & Simply Supported \\ S-C-50-0.2 & 50 & Curved & Pre-cracking 0.2 mm & Simply Supported \\ CCB & - & - & Un-pre-caked & Continuous \\ C-C-30-0 & 30 & Curved & Un-pre-caked & Continuous \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sample number and parameter table.  
Figure 1: Experimental beam parameter illustration: (**a**) Reinforcement with straight CFRP tendons in a simply supported beam; (**b**) reinforcement with bent CFRP tendons in a simply supported beam; (**c**) reinforcement with bent CFRP tendons in a continuous beam; (**d**) bent arrangement carbon fiber reaction frame; (**e**) deviator; (**f**) straight-line arrangement carbon fiber reaction frame.
# Hybrid Beamforming for Reduction of Inter-Beam Interference in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Systems
###### Abstract  
In millimeter-wave (mm-wave) cellular systems, beamforming antennas are necessary at both the base station (\(BS\)) and mobile station (\(MS\)) to compensate for high attenuation in mm-wave frequency bands and to extend the transmission range. The beamforming antennas also allow each \(BS\) to serve a number of \(MS\)s simultaneously, providing a substantial gain in system capacity. In space-division multiple access (SDMA) systems, the challenge is the inter-beam interference (IBI) caused by adjacent beams that are formed by the \(BS\) in the same cell and \(BS\)s in neighboring cells. The beams that are formed toward \(MS\)s in each cell may generate significant interference to \(MS\)s in neighboring cells, especially for MSs at the cell boundary. In this paper, we propose four different digital precoding techniques (Type-1, Type-2, Type-3, and Type-4) to reduce IBI in mm-wave cellular systems with a hybrid beamformer. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques can reduce the IBI in mm-wave cellular systems effectively, compared with a single-cell multiuser case.  
m 18 November 2017 2018; Published: 9 February 2018