# On Deploying the Internet of Energy with 5G Open RAN Technology including Beamforming Mechanism
## 2 5G as the Network of the IoE
(2) The 3.4-3.8 GHz band will be the basic band used by most applications (typical applications taken over from 4G will be implemented in it). The standard provides for the application of the so-called carrier aggregation, whereby the individual channel bands are combined and made available to specific connections. This aggregation applies to both adjacent and non-adjacent channels on the frequency axis (ranges used for other purposes will be between the individual fragments of the band used). (3) The 26 GHz band will be used in microcells. The range of the signal in this band is much smaller than in the case of the lower bands, which will require a large number of (micro) antennas to cover a given area. This band will be used in hotspot areas for enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and, in some cases, for Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC). In addition to the bands mentioned, there is a clear tendency to reserve also other frequency ranges for specific applications. For example, the automotive industry is seeking to reserve the 5.9 GHz band for communication with vehicles. Additionally, energy supply operators reserve bands in lower frequency ranges in order to increase the coverage and availability of the operator-managed telecommunications network (including M2M communication). In this band, IoE will be developed based on 5G technologies while using the reserved licensed bandwidth in parallel with typical 5G access, as for example in private networks [10]. An effective approach to increasing the bit rate is to improve spectral efficiency. This is achieved in 5G by introducing the concept of multi-antennas--massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (commonly known as the massive multi-antenna technique--massive MIMO), which allows the transmission and reception of multiple signals simultaneously on the same radio channel. Massive MIMO can significantly increase the capacity of a wireless system without the need to broaden the spectrum (some tests indicate up to a 50-fold increase in bit rate compared to a single input signal and a single antenna). The MIMO multi-antenna technique assumes a massive (more precisely, very large) number of antennas in the base station and several antennas in the subscriber's devices. The massive MIMO technique is an extremely interesting field of research and since the first publications, it has already had many studies. This technique, thanks to the use of antenna arrays, allows for efficient three-dimensional shaping of radiation beams to many UE stations, simultaneously contributing to increasing the range, energy efficiency (through beamforming), and at the same time reducing the inter-user interference. Hardware implementations already include 256 \(\times\) 256 (256 Uplink, 256 Downlink) antennas, and more, with larger dimensions, are planned for implementation. Massive MIMO can support multiple devices within one hotspot while maintaining high data rates. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the use of massive MIMO transmission creates serious technological challenges due to the large size of antenna arrays, and, thus,high hardware complexity of the implementation of such matrices and large dimensions of digital signal processing algorithms that must be implemented in real-time. The energy requirements related to, e.g., the implementation of digital-to-analogue and analogue-to-digital converters and the use of a large number of amplifiers. Moreover, massive MIMO requires the resolution of important security issues due to the risks associated with disruptions [11]. Other mechanisms that increase the efficiency of 5G systems include, among others, new methods of managing disruptions, such as the mechanisms based on radio access scheduling, as proposed by [PERSON] et al. in [12]. Of course, any radio access schedule introduces an additional delay and can limit reliable communication with the low latency required.