); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao [PERSON], 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); pilarbylina@essi.pp (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao [PERSON], 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); pilarbylina@essi.pp (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao [PERSON], 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); pilarbylina@essi.pp (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacaoao [PERSON], 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao Fernando Pesoa, 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); pilarbylina@essi.pp (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao Fernando Pesoa, 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]  
1 FP-BHS-Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit, FP-ISID--Instituto de Investigacao, Inovacao e Desenvolvimento, FFP--Fundacao Fernando Pesoa, 4420-096 Porto, Portugal; 1  
[EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.O. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.G.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.B);  
1  
[PERSON]
MDR strains. Their insights emphasize the pressing need for innovative technologies in antibacterial treatments. Furthermore, [PERSON] et al. [6] provides a tutorial review that elucidates the diverse con-tributions of nanomaterials to different treatment modalities against MDR bacteria. In a separate vein, [PERSON] et al. [7] delve into inorganic NPs drug delivery capabilities, in-vestigating their release mechanisms within infected cells and elucidating techniques to enhance drug loading capacities through surface functionalization. Concurrently, multiple research groups emphasize the importance of dynamic therapies reliant on reactive oxygen species (ROS) for eradicating bacteria. For instance, [PERSON] et al. [8] have reported on targeted bacterial detection and photothermal elimination. In a multifaceted therapeutic context, [PERSON] et al. [9] have defined an enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency, while [PERSON] et al. [10] have reviewed near-infrared (NIR) light-based antibacterial treatments. Moreover, beyond their potential applications in the therapeutic field, researchers have explored the utilization of these nanomaterials as disinfection agents. In a study conducted by [PERSON] et al. [11], magnetic silver nanoparticles were investigated for their promise in both disinfection and wastewater treatment. These diverse strands of research collectively underscore the pivotal role of nanomaterials and innovative technologies in the continuous evolution of antibacterial treatment strategies. The mechanisms underlying the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) encompass several key aspects.