## 2 Literature Review  
Junction control is a crucial aspect of roundabout design and operation, focusing on managing traffic movements within roundabouts to ensure efficient and safe traffic flow. Two main approaches are employed: signalized roundabouts and non-signalized roundabouts. A signalized roundabout is a circular intersection equipped with traffic signals at one or more entry points to regulate traffic flow. These signals regulate both the entry and internal circulation of vehicles within the roundabout, facilitating smoother traffic flow and reducing potential conflicts [16; 17]. These roundabouts offer clear indications to drivers and allow for better management in high-demand situations [18]. However, signalized roundabouts may introduce delays and increase the complexity of driver decision-making [19]. On the other hand, non-signalized roundabouts lack traffic signals and rely on yield signs to control traffic. These roundabouts utilize yield signs, as well as other signage and pavement markings, to guide drivers through the intersection. Non-signalized roundabouts require drivers to yield to vehicles already in the roundabout, resulting in a smoother and more efficient traffic flow [20]. However, non-signalized roundabouts may pose challenges for driver comprehension and may require additional traffic calming measures to ensure safety. Driver behavior represents a significant factor influencing road safety and traffic flow at roundabouts. Numerous studies have explored driver behavior at roundabouts, investigating factors such as lane changing, correct lane usage, and turn signal usage [21; 22; 23; 24]. These studies have discovered that drivers often engage in frequent lane changes, leading to an increase in conflicts and accidents. Driver behavior is influenced not only by internal factors but also by external factors present in the driving environment. External factors can include road infrastructure, traffic congestion, weather conditions, and the behavior of other road users. Studies have examined how these external factors affect driver decision-making and behavior [22]. For example, research has shown that drivers tend to adapt their behavior in response to varying traffic conditions [23]. Factors such as the presence of pedestrians, bicyclists, and other vehicles can influence driver behavior and the likelihood of certain maneuvers. Understanding how external factors shape driver decision-making can inform the design of safer road environments and improve overall traffic management. The distinction between signalized and non-signalized roundabouts is essential because driver behavior can vary depending on the type of roundabout. A study compared driver behavior in signalized and non-signalized roundabouts and found that drivers exhibited more cautious behavior in signalized roundabouts [24]. This included reduced speeds and increased turn signal usage, potentially enhancing safety within these roundabouts. However, the study also highlighted potential issues related to driver confusion and increased rear-end collision risk at signalized roundabouts. These findings suggest the need for careful consideration when implementing traffic signals in roundabouts to mitigate potential drawbacks. Lane change behavior within roundabouts refers to the movement of vehicles from one lane to another while circulating inside the roundabout. Understanding driver lane change behavior is crucial for optimizing traffic flow and reducing the risk of accidents. Previous studies have explored factors influencing lane change behavior within roundabouts, including traffic volume, roundabout geometry, and driver characteristics [25; 26; 27]. Research has shown that drivers tend to change lanes more frequently in larger roundabouts with multiple entry lanes [26]. The presence of traffic signals also influences lane change behavior, with drivers exhibiting a higher incidence of lane changes in signalized roundabouts compared to non-signalized ones.