Yttrium Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis: An Overview of Methods of Preparation and Biomedical Applications  
[PERSON]  
1 Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.R. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (L.M. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (T.B. ); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (W.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.W); Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore 632001, Tamil Nadu, India; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] 1  
Massim Reflex Lab  
2 Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore 632001, Tamil Nadu, India; chems. United States [3] has emphasized that the estimated yttrium was 0.12% among rare earth elements, and demonstrated the end-use of yttrium in ceramic, metallurgy, and phosphors. The majority of world production of yttrium oxide in 2018 was from China, and was estimated to be 7000 tons. The leading countries of yttrium reserves include Australia, Canada, China, and India. Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) is used as a component in uranium-resistant refractory ceramic, liquid reactive molten alloys and salts within the frame of atomic reactors [4; 5], and it makes a superb defensive coating, as well as another suitable choice for silicon dioxide in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices. It is widely used in the ceramic field as abrasives and seals with high-temperature tolerability. It is also used in jet engine coating and used as an oxygen sensor in automobiles, It is corrosion-resistant to cutting tools [6; 7]. In metallurgy, it is used as a grain-refining additive and deoxidizer, as a superior temperature conductor, and as the best alloys. The yttrium derivatives were used in electronic applications of microwave radar, digital communications, temperature sensors, nonlinear optics, photochemistry, and photoluminescence. Yttrium has played a vital part in yttrium aluminum garnet laser crystals that are applied in surgical procedures in medical and dentistry. Many researchers report the properties of Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) as being chemically stable, having a higher degree of hardness, and possessing unique optoelectronic properties [8; 9; 10], and the applications as solar energy processes [11], lithium-ion batteries [12; 13], and components for rare-earth-doped lasers [14; 15] found that the composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) can be used to detect acetaminophen with good electrocatalytic activity. As rare earth nanomaterials, Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles have an attractive high refractive index, large bandgap (5.8 eV), high dielectric constant, and high warm stability region [16], which is the essential criteria for photodynamic therapy [17], biological imaging [18], luminescence [19], and nuclear power systems [20]. Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) nanoparticles have been synthesized as nanorods and nanoflakes with controlled morphology via hydrothermal synthesis by varying pH, with lengths and lateral dimensions of the order of microns [21]. [PERSON] et al. [22] illustrated how Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) influences the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate coated on Ti6 Al4V, a promising bio-ceramic fabric. Y\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) as highly efficient and functional composite materials was applied as yttria-stabilized zirconia films [23; 24]. In the biomedical field, NPs exhibited diverse applications, such as drug delivery systems, gene therapy, the discovery of pathogens, and identification of proteins and tissues. However, its involvement in DNA-related research was also reported, such as the purification process, DNA separation and structure, and tumor inhibition techniques [25]. Nanosized particles have shown to achieve a better outcome in the wastewater management system, owing to its extended surface area to volume ratio, and assistance in the purification of the water treatment process [26].