# A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application
## 3 Applications and Deployments
### Applications  
LoRaWAN is used for different application types ranging from health and wellbeing monitoring [12; 13], agriculture monitoring [14; 15; 16; 17], wireless sensor networks [18; 19], traffic monitoring [20], localization [21; 22; 23], smart city applications [24] up to smart grids and tele-measurements [25; 26; 27; 28]. It is used mainly for non-latency-sensitive applications and for applications where large-scale deployments are needed. According to [PERSON] et al [29], LoRaWAN is feasible for use cases such as smart-city applications, metering and logistics (tracking), while it is less feasible for real-time monitoring (unless low scale deployment is used) and not feasible at all for cases such as video surveillance. LoRaWAN is used for application cases that have communication asymmetry, meaning that the uplink data traffic volume is higher than the downlink data traffic volume. An evaluation of LoRaWAN usage for wireless sensor networks is presented in [18]. Based on a measurement campaign, the reliability of LoRaWAN has been assessed in a city deployment. It was demonstrated that over a distance of 2 km the reliability in terms of packet reception ration (PRR) was 95.5% [18]. Apart from a static deployment of sensors, in some cases, sensor networks might employ mobile sensor nodes too. Thus, the impact of mobility on the performance of LoRaWAN has been studied in [30]. Two key findings regarding the impact of mobility on LoRaWAN have been reported: (i) LoRaWAN is susceptible to mobility; and (ii) the effect of mobility worsens the performance for end nodes in case of bad reception conditions (indoor environments or far from gateway). Packet losses can be as high as 20% for indoor mobile end nodes far from gateways, while for static end nodes at the same distance losses were less than 2%. In outdoor environments, PLR could go up to 45% for a distance of 0.4 miles and speed of 15 miles per hour compared to less than 2% for static end nodes. All the measurements were performed with ADR enabled. This study shows that in general the LoRaWAN ADR scheme cannot cope well with mobility, even though it ensures smooth coverage. In general, it is not able to react fast in response to dynamicity of the network. In addition to general usage for wireless sensor networks, different health-care apparatus solutions can base their communication on LoRa and LoRaWAN. In [12], LoRaWAN has been used as a communication solution for remote point-of-care screening for urinary tract infection. Authors integrated the bio-fluid sample tester system with LoRaWAN node, to send samples over distance. At the other end, the server collects measurement samples and results are made available for access via a mobile app. LoRaWAN has been demonstrated to be useful for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) too [12]. In agriculture, LoRa is used for low-power monitoring applications requiring long battery life-time for end nodes that are distributed in wide range fields. In [16], a low power LoRa based underground water monitoring system was presented, while [PERSON] et al. [17] presented a soil monitoring system that uses LoRaWAN communication. One of the emerging application domains for LoRaWAN are localization and tracking domains. Different methods for localizations exist, like: time difference of arrival (TDoA), RSSI triangulation, angel of arrival, different fingerprinting algorithms, etc. For fingerprinting algorithms to work, large datasets need to be available. In [21], a large-scale LoRaWAN dataset collected in rural and urban areas has been made available. In addition, authors implemented a simple fingerprinting algorithm, \(k\) nearest neighbors (\(kNN\)) [31] fingerprinting, to evaluate the accuracy of localization. Using fingerprinting algorithms, LoRaWAN based localization exhibited a mean error of 398.4 m and median error of 273.03 m, when 11 nearest neighbors were used to estimate the location. In [22], TDoA algorithm was used to estimate the location of the end node in LoRaWAN. The location of gateways was assumed to be known.