# Transpilers: A Systematic Mapping Review of Their Usage in Research and Industry
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Concept** & **Tags** & **\# Articles** & **\# References** & **Examples** \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{transpiler} & cross compilation, cross compiler, & & & \\  & cross-compilation, cross-compiler, lhs, source & & & \\  & to source, source-to-source, source-to-source & & & \\  & compilation, source-to-source compiler, & & & \\  & transcompilation, transcompiler, & & & \\  & transformation, transpilation, transpiler & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{performance} & High performance computing, HPC, & & & \\  & performance, supercomputing & 310 & 2345 & [53, 62, 63] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{parallel} & CUDA, GPU, kernel, opencl, OpenMP, & & & \\  & optimization, Parallel, XcalableMP & 348 & 2212 & [64, 65, 66] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{development} & architecture, development, Eclipse, GitHub, & & & \\  & lifecycle, open source, portability, software & 351 & 1965 & [67, 68, 69] \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{programming language} & js, Net, C language, C++, C-code, CLang, F#, & & & \\  & Fortran, Haxe, High-level languages, Java, & & & \\  & javascript, low-code, markup, matlab, & & & \\  & Objective C, Ocaml, PHP, programming & & & \\  & language, Python, Rust, semantics & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{hardware} & CISC, CPU, electronic, hardware, HDL, Intel, & & & \\  & microcontroller, peripheral, Verilog & 235 & 1472 & [73, 74, 75] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{compiler} & GCC compiler, just-in-time compilation, & & & \\  & LLVM, low-level, memory, polyhedral & 179 & 1427 & [47, 76, 77] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{testing} & bug, diagnostic, portability, static analysis, & & & \\  & test & 174 & 1201 & [78, 79, 80] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{graphics} & 3D model, CAD application, GPU, graphic, & & & \\  & OpenGL & 128 & 1091 & [81, 82, 83] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{embedded systems} & arduino, cyber physical, cyber-physical, & & & \\  & embedded, FPGA, Internet of things, & & & \\  & microcontroller, raspberry, real-time, realtime, & & & \\  & remote devices & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{processor} & ARM, CISC, CPU, Intel, multi-thread, & & & \\  & multicore, multithread, processor, RISC, Xeon & 214 & 1030 & [52, 86, 87] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{language} & English, semantics, speak, speech, translate, & & & \\  & Translation, translator & 193 & 998 & [88, 89, 90] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{other} & accelerator, computer science, convert, High & & & \\  & Level Synthesis, quantum & 135 & 777 & [59, 91, 92] \\ \hline operating system & kernel, linux, virtual reality, Windows & 97 & 683 & [93, 94, 95] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{code generation} & code generation, Domain Specific, DSL, & & & \\  & model driven, refactor & 75 & 662 & [96, 97, 98] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{architecture} & microservices, multi-thread, multiple & & & \\  & platforms, Simulation & 78 & 532 & [99, 100, 101] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{security} & attack, IKEv2, malware, safety, security, & & & \\  & surveillance, vulnerability & 56 & 451 & [102, 103, 104] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{research} & empirical, literature, mapping, systematic & 84 & 438 & [76, 105, 106] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{AI} & artificial intelligence, classification algorithm, & & & \\  & human-robot, Machine Learning, ML Module, & & & \\  & ML Program, Natural Language, Neural & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{math} & Arithmetic, mathematical, probabilistic, & & & \\  & statistic & 43 & 347 & [52, 110, 111] \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{front-end} & js, Angular, css, Flutter, HTML, javascript, & & & \\  & React, sass, Typescript, web & 72 & 321 & [112, 113, 114] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 14: Comprehensive mapping chart. Since transpilers involve conversion between programming languages, it is important to analyze which programming languages are mainly involved in these transformation processes. In Table 15, it is possible to see the most-referenced programming languages among the selected articles.