# Multi-Objective Real-Time Planning of Evacuation Routes for Underground Mine Fires
###### Abstract  
When a fire occurs underground, pre-existing emergency escape routes may become ineffective. Such scenarios necessitate the real-time planning of escape routes that consider evolving conditions and prioritize safety. This paper proposes a multi-objective real-time search method for emergency escape routes using dynamic programming to address these challenges. Firstly, this paper discusses how the evacuation of an underground mine fire caused by external factors depends on the fire monitoring system, personnel positioning system, and emergency evacuation system, as well as the modeling and solution methods of evacuation route planning. Then, based on fire smoke, CO, and temperature sensor data from the mine ventilation network structure and monitoring system, the possible smoke spread in the event of an underground fire was calculated. The objectives are to optimize both the shortest equivalent length of the path and the shortest time to walk through the smoke flow while ensuring that temporary escape time does not exceed the rated protection time of the self-rescuer. A mathematical model for emergency escape route planning is established under these conditions. A labeling algorithm based on dynamic programming is employed to find the Pareto optimal solution set of emergency evacuation routes that meet emergency requirements. Finally, two path evaluation indicators, namely \"escape target priority\" and \"personnel temporary escape time\", are introduced to re-rank the solutions in the Pareto optimal set, thereby obtaining disaster evacuation routes with different priorities. Example verification shows that the algorithm can quickly solve the disaster evacuation routes that meet the actual disaster evacuation needs in complex networks. Example verification shows that the algorithm can quickly solve the emergency escape routes in complex networks that meet actual emergency escape needs. m 2024147521 10.3390/app14177521 26 July 2024120  
combustibles under the action of external ignition sources. They also include exogenous fires induced by improper treatment of internal fires [2]. For example, improper electric welding operation, aging cables, spontaneous combustion of mining trucks, etc. The occurrence of external fires underground is sudden and develops rapidly. In addition to causing burns or heat illnesses, the high-temperature smoke flow generated by fires also causes a large amount of toxic and harmful gases such as carbon monoxide in the smoke flow to spread to the downwind side of the fire area through the ventilation system, reducing visibility and causing poisoning and suffocation. It also creates the risk of airflow disturbances in the ventilation system [3]. Therefore, when an exogenous fire occurs in an underground mine, it is particularly important to promptly detect and handle the fire and safely evacuate personnel. However, the current emergency response model necessitates extensive communication and feedback between underground workers, surface dispatch centers, and emergency rescue teams, which often leads to delayed responses and inefficient evacuations. Consequently, optimizing the use of underground monitoring systems and risk-avoidance infrastructure to enable automated evacuation route planning is of significant importance. The successful evacuation of underground personnel in the event of a disaster must take into account the layout of the mine's ventilation system, the exact location of the underground personnel, the location and type of underground fires, the protective capacity and layout of underground shelters, and the self-rescue capacity of personal protective equipment [4; 5]. Underground personnel must be familiar with the layout of the mine ventilation system and know the common escape routes and safe exits. The location of the underground personnel should be determined by various sensors and transmitted to the emergency rescue control platform on the ground to help the rescue team on the ground carry out rescue and command.