## 1 Introduction  
Carbon steel is a material widely employed in various industrial sectors due to its high strength and cost-effectiveness. It plays an essential role in structural components and piping systems, especially in the marine industry. Shipbuilding and offshore plants rely heavily on carbon steel for constructing hulls, pipelines, and infrastructure. However, the operating conditions in these environments are extremely harsh, and one of the most critical challenges in such applications is corrosion. Ships and power plants often utilize open-loop seawater cooling systems, where seawater acts as a cooling medium. In such systems, corrosion rate (CR) is influenced not only by the chemical composition of seawater but also by temperature and flow velocity, which vary with operating conditions. Chloride ions in seawater accelerate electrochemical reactions that degrade metals [1, 2], while variations in oxygen [3], pH [4], and salinity [5] add complexity. Higher temperatures in particular increase CRs by reducing activation energy [6], and faster flow velocities remove protective oxide layers. These factors accelerate CRs, compromising the service life of carbon steel, requiring effective corrosion management strategies. Thus, effective monitoring and management of corrosion are essential to prevent equipment degradation and ensure operational safety. As the stability and service life of carbon steel degrade significantly under harsh conditions, corrosion management becomes important to minimizing operational risks and financial losses. Without proactive measures, corrosion can lead to unexpected equipment failures, downtime, and hazardous incidents. Globally, corrosion-related damages are estimated to cost $2.5 trillion annually--approximately 3.4% of the world's GDP (2013 data). Effective monitoring and early detection strategies could reduce these costs by 15-30%, emphasizing the importance of reliable corrosion management systems across various industries [7]. One of the key strategies for corrosion prevention is the introduction of early detection or monitoring systems, which can extend the service life of structures by identifying the corrosion risk in advance. Corrosion sensors are widely used for this purpose, especially in applications where access by personnel is limited, such as monitoring the inside of piping systems. These systems are increasingly complemented by automated data collection and remote monitoring technologies, allowing for continuous real-time analysis and early warning of potential corrosion risks. Such advancements are particularly beneficial in hazardous or hard-to-reach environments, where manual inspections are challenging, enhancing the overall efficiency of corrosion management. The most common sensors are electrical resistance (ER) sensors and linear polarization resistance (LPR) sensors. ER sensors detect changes in electrical resistance due to the reduction in metal thickness and are useful for long-term corrosion loss measurement [8]. On the other hand, LPR sensors are suitable for real-time monitoring as they measure the small polarization resistance at the metal surface to determine instantaneous CRs [9]. Although corrosion detection sensors play an important role in preventing corrosion issues in various industries, their performance in harsh environments such as seawater systems is often limited. In such environments, multiple factors influence the durability and accuracy of these sensors. Open-loop seawater cooling systems used in ships and power plants pose additional challenges, as flow velocity and temperature fluctuations accelerate corrosion. [PERSON] et al. [10] applied ER and LPR sensors as part of an algorithm study for measuring wall thickness reduction in carbon steel seawater pipes. Their studies revealed extremely high CRs in environments where flow velocity and temperature were key variables, with the sensors failing after approximately two weeks. Moreover, LPR sensors can report CRs up to 40% higher due to probe contamination in seawater [11].