## 2 Literature Review  
### Importance of Aquaculture and Tilapia Production in Mexico  
Tilapia is a type of fish of African origin whose habitat is the tropical regions, where the necessary conditions exist for its reproduction. This fish was introduced to Mexico in 1964, and _Oreochromis niloticus_ gained importance [14], representing 80% of the Tilapia cultivated worldwide [15]. In Mexico, several types of Tilapia are mainly cultivated: Nile Tilapia _Oreochromis niloticus_ ([PERSON] 1758), Tilapia GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia), Tilapia Stirling, and Genetically Male Tilapia (YY-GMT\({}^{\circledR}\)), Rocky Mountain derived (_O. niloticus_\(\times\)\(O\). aureus_), Tilapia _rendalli_ ([PERSON] 1897), _Oreochromis aureus_ ([PERSON] 1864), _Oreochromis mossambicus_ ([PERSON] 1852), _Oreochromis urolepis_ ([PERSON] 1922), _O. aureus_ ([PERSON], 1864), Red Tilapia derived (_O. aureus_\(\times\)_O. niloticus_\(\times\)_O. mossambicus_\(\times\)_O. utrolepis hornorum_), recently a hybrid called the Pargo-UNAM derived from Rocky Mountain (25%), _O. niloticus_ pink (25%) and red Tilapia (50%), which is in expansion, was developed in Mexico. Available data indicate that Mexico is the fifth world producer in controlled systems, this species being the one with the highest national consumption [16; 17].  
The main species cultivated in Mexico in aquaculture are shown (Figure 1), highlighting the production of Pacific white shrimp (_Litopeneus vanname_) followed by _Tilapia spp._ as the main species, with 74% and 19%, respectively. This highlights the relevance of working with them, since they represent the largest number of official aquaculture farms in the Registry of National Fisheries and Aquaculture (RNPA), with 4626 aquaculture facilities [18; 19; 20].  
Rural aquaculture in Mexico was born as a complementary activity for social support to rural communities, with the aim of increasing the consumption of animal protein and improving the nutritional levels of the population. Tilapia were introduced to Mexico from the United States of America and were first kept in the Temascal fish farm in Oaxaca, Mexico [18]. The different types of aquaculture constitute an important component in the development of farming systems, which contribute to reducing food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty by providing food of high nutritional value, generating income and employment [1; 10; 11]. For this reason, it is important to enhance the management of aquatic resources and increase the sustainability of farms [21; 22; 23].  
In Mexico, according to the General Law on Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture, rural aquaculture is considered to be those small-scale aquatic organism production systems carried out by families or small rural groups, in extensive or semi-intensive crops, for self-consumption or partial sale of harvest surpluses [24]. Other classifications in aquaculture  
Figure 1: Main species cultivated in Mexico under controlled systems [17; 18; 19].  
are Aquaculture of Limited Resources (ARELs) and Micro and Small Enterprise (AMyPEs), representing about 59,088 ARELs and 12,737 AMyPEs in Latin America and the Caribbean, where a technological change in the sustainable use of water and energy is important [25]. The above data suggest that a current census, not yet available for all aquaculture countries in the region, would yield a much higher figure [26; 27]. These data suggest the importance of aquaculture and the need to initiate the development of innovative solutions for sustainable aquaculture supported by photovoltaic energy.