# Regenerative Endodontics as the Future Treatment of Immutative Permanent Teeth
## 3 Results
### Comparison of Methods and Effects of REP  
Many REP case reports can be found in the literature, differing in the details of the procedure. The examples of methods and effects of REP treatment of immature teeth with non-vital pulp reported by different authors are presented below and in Table 4.  
One of the first described cases of successful REP took place in 2007 [53]. At that time, 1.25% NaCl and TAP were used to disinfect the canal, and BC was used as a scaffold, subsequently covered with MTA. Follow-up appointments were arranged after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months--the tooth remained asymptomatic, including normal response to percussion \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Author** & **Irrigation/Disinfection** & **Scaffold** & **Restoration** \\ \hline
2007 & Thibodeau and Trope & 1.25\% NaOCI, TAP & BC, MTA & Composite \\ \hline
2012 & [PERSON] et al. & 5.25\% NaOCI, distilled water, 2\% CHX, & BC, MTA & GI, composite \\  & & TAP, Ca(OH)2 & & \\ \hline
2013 & [PERSON] et al. & 2.5\% NaOCI, TAP & BC, PRP, collagen & RMGI \\ \hline
2014 & [PERSON] et al. & 5.25\% NaOCI, 0.9\% NaCl, PAD & PRF, MTA & Composite \\ \hline
2015 & [PERSON] & 5\% NaOCI, 17\% EDTA & BC, MTA & GI \\ \hline
2016 & [PERSON] et al. & 2.5\% NaOCI, 0.9\% NaCl, 17\% EDTA & PRP, Biodentine & Composite \\ \hline
2017 & [PERSON] et al. & 5.25\% NaOCI, TAP & BC/PRP/PRF, MTA & IRM \\ \hline
2018 & [PERSON] and [PERSON] & 3\% NaOCI, 17\% EDTA, Ca(OH)2 & PRF, MTA & Composite \\ \hline
2019 & [PERSON] et al. & 1.5\% NaOCI, 0.9\% NaCl, PAD, & BC, MTA & GI, composite \\  & & 17\% EDTA & BC, MTA & GI, composite \\ \hline
2020 & [PERSON] et al. & 2.5\% NaOCI, 17\% EDTA, 2\% CHX, DAP, & & \\  & & Ca(OH)2, zinc oxide & BC, MTA & RMGI \\ \hline
2020 & [PERSON] et al. & 2\% NaOCI, DAP/TAP & BC, MTA & Composite \\ \hline
2020 & [PERSON] et al. & 0.5\% NaOCI, 17\% EDTA, Ca(OH)2 & PRF, BC, Collagen, MTA & GI, composite \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Selected REP methods used by different authors. and palpation tests, normal mobility but no response to electrical pulp vitality tests. The radiological image revealed the continuation of root development, closure of the root apex, and growth of the root wall in thickness. In 2012, [PERSON] et al. [101] reported a case comparing a standard Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) apexification procedure with REP in the same patient in two different teeth. For REP, 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX, TAP, and Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\) were used during disinfection. In addition, BC and MTA were applied as scaffolds. Follow-up visits took place after 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months. Both teeth were asymptomatic and showed no pathological mobility; an additional increase in root wall length and thickness and closure of the apical foramen were observed in the tooth after REP. In 2013, [PERSON] et al. [102] described three REP cases, using BC or PRP as cellular scaffolds. The disinfection protocol used 5.25% NaOCl and TAP in each case, and the teeth were closed with a resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). Follow-up appointments were arranged after 6 and 12 months. The teeth remained asymptomatic; radiographs showed root growth in length and thickness and closure of the apical opening. Despite similar treatment effects with a blood clot alone and platelet-rich plasma, in addition, the authors recommend the use of PRP and collagen membrane for additional clot stabilization, particularly in cases where inducing the apical region bleeding is not possible. In 2014, [PERSON] et al. [62] performed a single-visit REP in two upper central incisors in a nine-year-old boy. First, the canals were rinsed with 5.25% NaOCl and then PAD was used. After disinfection, PRF and MTA were applied. During follow-up visits after 6 and 10 months, further root development and retreatment of periapical inflammatory lesions were observed. Root formation was finally achieved after 10 months, but the response to vitality tests remained negative. In 2015, a case of successful REP using a single-visit protocol was reported by [PERSON] [66].