## 5 Performance in 6G-Specific Scenarios  
The 6 GHz band is crucial for regulatory bodies and telecommunications organizations worldwide, serving both existing technologies and future 6G systems. Those networks will integrate frequency bands, including millimeter-wave and terahertz technologies, for enhanced data transmission and connectivity [24]. Regulatory frameworks for spectrum allocation consider factors such as spectrum scarcity and regional compatibility [3]. Managing the 6 GHz band requires balancing licensed and unlicensed spectra. Additionally, 6 GHz auctions must align internationally to prevent interference. The International Telecommunication Union works to harmonize spectrum allocations for the interoperability of the global 6G network [3]. _Role of Spectrum Auctions in Allocating These Bands_  
Spectrum auctions can play a critical role in the allocation of 6G bands by facilitating an efficient and equitable distribution of this valuable resource, necessary to advance next-generation communications. As 6G networks are poised to operate across a broader range of frequencies, including higher frequency bands such as millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz) and potentially optical spectrum, the need for effective spectrum management becomes paramount [3]. The most successful cases of spectrum auctions used around the world are the SMRA and CCA models, but CCA has been dominant in fashion for its computability characteristics [25]. Although SMRA and CCA have been the state of the art in spectrum auctions in the last decades, advances in secure spectrum auction designs are critical in this area, which demands new approaches to these issues. As 6G capabilities are still an open space for research, development, and applications, the same can be said with respect to spectrum auction design for this technology. Some possibilities are being developed, but there is no clearance of the full possibilities of 6G or of the most appropriate spectrum action models for this technology. As a brief exposition of the new possibilities in development, we discuss below some of the new and recent approaches concerning auction design focusing on possibilities for 6G technologies. Figure 7: Average country earnings by auction format. This list is not exhaustive but shows the wide range of improvements that are in view for now. The cases listed below are the first approaches to this problem. We will see these and possibly completely new models in development in the next few years. * THEMIS, a secure spectrum auction mechanism, uses cryptographic techniques to address fraud and bid-rigging issues. By keeping bidding values confidential, while computing and revealing auction results, THEMIS ensures a fair and secure auction process, thus enhancing trust in spectrum auctions for 6G band allocation [26]. * Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is another aspect closely related to spectrum auctions. In this approach, the spectrum bands are dynamically allocated to accommodate the varying demand, reducing underutilization. Auction theory underpins many DSA models, determining bidding strategies and revenue impacts for spectrum owners when multiple bidders compete for access. This dynamic allocation is anticipated to be particularly important for 6G, where wireless service providers may need to flexibly adjust their spectrum usage to meet changing demands [27]. * The Block6 Tel scheme integrates the blockchain in the allocation process, facilitating a fairer and more efficient distribution of resources between telecom providers. This method operates in two phases: first, a protocol stack model based on cell-free communication infrastructure is proposed, and then a blockchain-based auction algorithm is executed. Smart contracts also ensure that the allocation process is transparent and trusted by all stakeholders, outperforming traditional static allocation methods in terms of resource utilization, overhead, and fairness [28].