# Evaluation of Subway Emergency Evacuation Based on Combined Theoretical and Simulation Methods
## 1 Introduction
To rectify this deficiency, a thorough investigation into the emergency evacuation capacity of subway networks was undertaken, employing a blend of theoretical modeling and simulation methodologies. Initially, a theoretical framework was established to compute the evacuation duration for passengers transitioning from the train to a secure area, factoring in the spatial layout and passenger flow characteristics of subway stations. Following this, a real-time visualization simulation model was developed, which integrates the dynamic aspects of passenger flow and the evacuation capacity constraints present in various segments of the system. This model accounts for both spatial variables and the travel behaviors of passengers. Ultimately, in accordance with practical operational needs, a simulation analysis was performed for substantial passenger volumes across three representative scenarios to assess the validity and scientific integrity of the theoretical model. This study contributes a foundational framework for the management of subway safety operations, facilitating the identification of evacuation bottlenecks and the implementation of emergency protocols for handling large passenger flows. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Method** & **Author** & **Their Work** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Simulation} & [PERSON] et al. [9] & The identification of safe pathways for the movement of individuals \\ \cline{2-3}  & & Emergency facilities and passenger flow during subway evacuations, focusing on evacuated individuals, evacuation routes, and designated safe areas \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Mathematical modeling \\ \end{tabular} } & [PERSON] et al. [11] & Predictions of the irregular fluctuations in subway passenger flow \\ \cline{2-3}  & [PERSON] et al. [12] & The impact of platform screen doors on emergency evacuation processes \\ \cline{2-3}  & [PERSON] [13], [PERSON] [14], and [PERSON] [15] & An assessment of the efficacy of the fire emergency exhaust system \\ \cline{2-3}  & [PERSON] et al. [16] & Examining the impacts of temperature, smoke concentration, and visibility on evacuation effectiveness \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} Virtual reality \\ \end{tabular} } & [PERSON] et al. [17] & Enabling the creation of a virtual reality scene model \\ \cline{2-3}  & [PERSON] et al. [17] & characterized by immersive panoramic navigation, accurate reproduction of passenger transfer scenarios, and simulated transfer functionalities \\ \cline{2-3}  & [PERSON] et al. [18] & A review on the utilization of virtual reality technology in evacuation experiments \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} Algorithm optimization \\ \end{tabular} } & [PERSON] et al. [19] & Addressing the multi-hazard coupling scenarios resulting from node failures in densely populated subway stations \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: A summary of the findings of the related work. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: The time consumed for subway emergency evacuation is calculated in Section 2. Then, the introduction of Wulukou subway station in Xi'an China and its simulation configuration are presented in Section 3. Next, the subway's emergency evacuation capacity is evaluated under three typical scenarios in Section 4. Finally, conclusions and future research directions are presented in Section 5.