## 3 Results
### Impact on Body Surface Redness  
Significant decreases (\(p<0.01\)) in body surface redness were noticed in the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control mice compared to the intact vehicle control, suggesting respiratory distress-related blood CO\({}_{2}\) increase and respiratory acidosis (decrease in pH) [44]. However, significant elevations (\(p<0.01\)) in body redness were noted in all dosages of AJ (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) groups compared to the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control. AJ (400 mg/kg) displayed favorable inhibitory effects against PM\({}_{2.5}\)-induced decreases in body surface redness, comparable to AX (250 mg/kg; Figures 2 and 3). The body surface redness in the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control varied by \(-68.83\%\) compared to the intact vehicle control, while changes for AX (250 mg/kg) and AJ (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) were 108.97%, 113.46%, 89.42%, and 65.38%, respectively, compared to the PM\({}_{2.5}\) control. Figure 1: Tracheal pH-sensitive phenol red secretions in intact and PM\({}_{2.5}\)-treated mice with pulmonary injury. Values are presented as means \(\pm\) S.D. of 10 mice. PM\({}_{2.5}\) refers to diesel particulate matter NIST 1650b; AX stands for amboxol hydrochloride, and AJ denotes Atractylodis Rhiz (root of _Attractylodes japonica_ Koidz. ex. Kitam) extracts; OD indicates optical density; THSD is Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference Test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: a \(p<0.01\) compared with intact vehicle control by THSD test; b \(p<0.01\) compared with PM\({}_{2.5}\) control by THSD test. Figure 2: Illustrative images of gross skin surface from intact control and PM\({}_{2.5}\)-treated mice with pulmonary injury. (**A**): Intact vehicle control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given saline intranasal instillation); (**B**): PM\({}_{2.5}\) control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**C**): AX\({}_{250}\) (mice orally administered with 250 mg/kg of AX and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**D**): AJ\({}_{400}\) (mice orally administered with 400 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**E**): AJ\({}_{200}\) (mice orally administered with 200 mg/kg of AJ and given with PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**F**): AJ\({}_{100}\) (mice orally administered 100 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation). PM\({}_{2.5}\) refers to diesel particulate matter NIST 1650b; AX denotes amboxol hydrochloride; AJ stands for Atractylodis Rhizom (root of _Attractylodes japonica_ Koidz. ex. Kitam) extracts. Arrows highlight areas of congestion. Scale bars = 13.00 mm. Figure 4: Illustrative images of the gross lung (left lobe) from intact control and PM\({}_{2.5}\)-treated mice with pulmonary injury. (**A**): Intact vehicle control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given saline intranasal instillation); (**B**): PM\({}_{2.5}\) control (mice orally administered with distilled water and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**C**): AX\({}_{250}\) (mice orally administered with 250 mg/kg of AX and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**D**): AJ\({}_{400}\) (mice orally administered with 400 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**E**): AJ\({}_{200}\) (mice orally administered with 200 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation); (**F**): AJ\({}_{100}\) (mice orally administered with 100 mg/kg of AJ and given PM\({}_{2.5}\) intranasal instillation). PM\({}_{2.5}\) refers to diesel particulate matter NIST 1650b; AX denotes amboxol hydrochloride; AJ stands for Atractylodis Rhizoma (root of _Attractylodes japonica_ Koidz. ex. Kitam) extracts. Arrows indicate areas of congestion. Scale bars = 6.00 mm. Figure 3: Body surface redness in intact control and PM\({}_{2.5}\)-treated mice with pulmonary injury. Values are presented as means \(\pm\) S.D. of 10 mice.