# Attention Horizon as a Predictor for the Fuel Consumption Rate of Drivers
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data  
The data used in this study were provided by the Stratio company ([[https://stratioautomotive.com/](https://stratioautomotive.com/)]([https://stratioautomotive.com/](https://stratioautomotive.com/)), accessed on 13 March 2022). The logged data contained time-stamped information of several dozens of parameters, including instant fuel consumption, acceleration pedal position, brake pedal position, vehicle speed, and geographical coordinates obtained from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems ([[https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/](https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/)]([https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/](https://www.gps.gov/systems/gnss/)), accessed on 13 March 2022) (GNSS). GNSS includes multiple satellite constellations consisting of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and other geographical positioning systems. In this setting, the approximate accuracy is expected to be within 5 m range, since it is not a high-end system designed for autonomous driving or lane positioning. The log data was collected during three calendar months for a fleet of heavy-duty vehicles. Additionally, anonymized identities for 71 drivers of 40 vehicles were recorded, with time stamps.  
The data were gathered using Stratio's data logger aboard the vehicles. The data logger is connected to their communication area network (CAN) buses. CAN buses are used to establish the communication between sensors and computers onboard the vehicle. Inspecting the CAN signals allows the logger to capture sensor data or even estimated data, such as some actuator positions or brake pad temperature. As vehicles have been enriched with more sensors, the number of CAN buses has increased to meet the data throughput demand. Nowadays, heavy-duty vehicles may have more than eight CAN buses and over 30 onboard micro-controllers.  
The ever-increasing data throughput has necessitated the creation of new CAN communication protocols, as well as new proprietary protocols. The latter pose a significant challenge to decoding, requiring decoding parameters that are either given by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or obtained through time-consuming reverse engineering.  
Stratio's logger can be simultaneously connected to up to three CAN buses and inspect more than 300 signals. The collected data are then uploaded to a remote server through a 4G data connection. Some signals can be sampled with periods below one second. In order to reduce data transmission costs, the logger compresses the signals onboard using undersampling and a proprietary algorithm.  
There are aftermarket and also factory-fit integration schemes to connect Stratio's DataBox(tm) logger system to the CANs of the vehicle. One example of the factory-fit integration designed for bus vehicles of the MAN brand is shown in Figure 1a. As can be observed in this case, the logger is connected to diagnostic and body CANs of the vehicle. Additionally, there is a contactless reader which allows for connecting to another internal CAN-bus. There are also connections to ignition switch, power supply, and the K-line, which is a single line serial connection used for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, a photo of the logger installed on an actual MAN bus is presented in Figure 1b.