[PERSON] [9] investigated the failure modes of rocks resulting from unloading along the axes of the minimum and intermediate principal stresses through numerical simulations. The findings reveal that the direction of principal stress unloading significantly influences the modes of rock failure, which are characterized by local tensile shear failure and tensile yield failure. This research provides valuable insights into the instability modes of the surrounding rocks in deep geological engineering contexts. [PERSON] [10] performed an unloading test on sandstone at various unloading levels, during which the unloading process induced additional strain within the rock sample, induced notable radial expansion, and decreased both the deformation modulus and compressive strength. Furthermore, the failure mode transitioned from compressive shear failure to tensile shear failure. [PERSON] [11] conducted triaxial unloading tests incorporating seepage-stress coupling along four distinct unloading stress paths. The results indicate that the primary factor contributing to the variations in permeability and fracture evolution characteristics across different unloading paths is the differential stress variation. [PERSON] [12] executed single-side unloading tests on sandstone at varying unloading rates, revealing that excavation disturbances place the surrounding rock boundaries in a state of complete single-side unloading. The abrupt high strain rate observed on the unloading side may serve as a precursor to rock failure, potentially mitigating engineering accidents associated with the loss of the rock's bearing capacity. [PERSON] [13] carried out triaxial unloading tests on sandstone samples with differing bedding angles and found that the angle between the bedding and the unloading direction significantly affects the failure mode and mechanical properties of the rock samples. [PERSON] [14] conducted tests involving constant deviatoric stress, direct unloading, and cyclic unloading of confining pressure under various initial damage conditions of the rock. He proposed a mechanism for the development of tensile fractures resulting from confining pressure unloading. The results indicate that while the unloading rate does not influence the progression of tensile cracks, it does affect the development of shear cracks, leading to variations in the strain responses of the two unloaded samples. [PERSON] [15] performed unloading tests on sandstone under different confining pressure conditions, analyzing the mechanical properties and acoustic emission characteristics associated with sandstone failure. The findings suggest that sandstone exhibits ductile behavior under low-stress conditions and brittle behavior under high-stress conditions. Additionally, the Poisson's ratio and elastic modulus demonstrate a negative and positive correlation with the initial confining pressure, respectively, indicating that higher initial confining pressures lead to earlier damage in the rock samples. [PERSON] [16] employed finite element analysis software to model uniaxial and triaxial compression tests, introducing the transfer energy ratio and the response intensity of the loading system as metrics for assessing stability. His investigation also encompassed the influence of loading system stiffness, the height-to-width ratio of the sample, and the intermediate principal stress on the ultimate failure of rock materials. The findings suggest that under conditions of low loading system stiffness, increased sample height, and reduced levels of confining pressure, the severity of rock failure is exacerbated. Prior studies have demonstrated that the unloading process has a significant impact on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of rock masses; thus, it is crucial to thoroughly account for the variations in mechanical properties resulting from unloading damage when excavating surrounding rocks in cold regions.