esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Review of Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Decontamination: Growing Approach to Wastewater Treatment
## 6 Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process
### Effect of Contact Time  
It is found that the rate of adsorption increased with an increase in the time of reaction until the equilibrium is obtained between the number of absorbents sorbed on the adsorbents and the number of sorbates that remain in the solution. In general, adsorption occurred quickly in the preliminary phases and steadily slows down as the equilibrium state occurred between metal in the liquid and solid phase. Metal ions having different concentrations have achieved the equilibrium at a different time and this depends upon the concentration of metal ions, adsorbents, initial concentration, and the temperature of the solution. [PERSON] et al., studied the removal of lead ions by three different amine adsorbents, PAN-EDA, PANTETA, and PAN-TETA. It was found that removal efficiency gets increased with time. It was found that at low pH, the extraction of these metal ions decreased due to the competition between metal and H\({}^{+}\) ions in solution towards the adsorbent during the removal process. Also at higher pH i.e., in basic conditions precipitations of metal ions as hydroxides species such as soluble Hg(OH)\({}^{+}\) or insoluble precipitate, Hg(OH)\({}_{2}\) formation took place.
## 6 Numerical Results
### Impact of Candidate Routing Paths  
We started by analyzing the impact of the amount of available candidate paths (\(k\)) on OSNR-LA-PSA performance. We assumed \(\tau=1\), \(\rho=0.9\), and \(10^{5}\) iterations in OSNR-LA-PSA. The evaluation was performed for \(|\mathcal{D}|\in\{100,150,200\}\) and for both fiber types, assuming \(XT^{\mathrm{REF}}\in\{-51,-57,-61\}\) dB/km. In particular, for each \(k\) and network topology, we obtained results for \(18\) different scenarios, which we averaged afterwards.  
In Table 4, we show average values of objective function (\(z\)) and algorithm running time (\(T\)) for different numbers of candidate paths (\(k\)) in each network. We can see that \(z\) can be improved considerably when increasing \(k\). However, starting from some value of \(k\), the improvement is either none or negligible, while the algorithm runtimes still increase. Therefore, in the remainder of the paper, we assume that \(k\) is equal to \(6\), \(8\), and \(5\), respectively, for DT12, TEL30, and EURO16, which is a good tradeoff between the obtained results and algorithm runtimes.
# Empowering a Broadband Communications Course with a Unified Module on 5G and Fixed 5G Networks +
## 3 Integration with the Degree Curriculum
### Connection with Other Modules of the \"Broadband Communications\" Course  
The Broadband Communications course includes the following topics in a full 13-week curriculum (two lectures of two hours each, per week):  
* An introductory module (one week). Its main learning objective is to introduce students to multimedia telecommunications services and key technologies of broadband communication networks and to highlight the importance of broadband communications, its degree of penetration, and its impact on everyday life.  
* Various multi-layer models, such as TCP/IP standard and Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN), and Protocol Reference Model (PRM) (three weeks). In this module, the main learning objective is a deeper understanding of encapsulation and the need for multi-layer models. In addition, the main protocols of the TCP/IP stack are presented to revise the knowledge acquired during the Computer Networks course.
* Various key access technologies (four weeks). The main objectives of this module are set to introduce the students to the main access technologies, as well as their rollout roadmap, beginning from the use of PSTN for data transmission, to Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Network (N-ISDN) and B-ISDN, to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), and Passive Optical Network (PON), which were the leading technologies that prevailed in Europe over the past fifty years. The presentation procedure regarding the different standards/technologies is dialectical, as it follows an evolutionary manner; that is, the limitations of each standard/technology become the novelties of the next one.
* Various key core technologies (two weeks). The main objective of this module is to introduce the students to the main core technologies in order to develop a deeper understanding of the various terminology/procedures of telecommunications, such as transmission, modulation, encoding, error correction, multiplexing, switching, routing, forwarding, and transporting. Three standards are presented in this module: the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), the Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), and the Metro Ethernet.
* Physical layer impairments and a link feasibility study (one and a half weeks). In this module, the main objectives are to understand the impact of attenuation via its analytical estimation, to determine the scalability of the number of users in PON based on specific transceiver details (e.g., transmitted power, receiver sensitivity), and to define the maximum transmission length.
* A unified course module on 5G and F5G networks (one and a half weeks). In this module, the students are introduced to the classification of the five generations of networks, with a special emphasis on 5G and F5G. In addition, the main drivers of a network's evolution are analyzed, including the development of new services. The basic business model of 5G/F5G is also presented.
###### Abstract  
Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) are used increasingly in regenerative medicine applications, including dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate if hAMSCs from aged and pathological mothers could be affected in their phenotype and functional behavior. hAMSCs were isolated from placentas of women aged younger than 40 years (Group 1, n = 7), older than 40 years (Group 2, n = 6), and with pre-eclampsia (Group 3, n = 5). Cell yield and viability were assessed at isolation (p0). Cell proliferation was evaluated from p0 to p5. Passage 2 was used to determine the phenotype, the differentiation capacity, and the adhesion to machined and sandblasted titanium disks. hAMSCs recovered from Group 3 were fewer than in Group 1. Viability and doubling time were not different among the three groups. Percentages of CD29\({}^{+}\) cells were significantly lower in Group 3, while percentages of CD73\({}^{+}\) cells were significantly lower in Groups 2 and 3 as compared with Group 1. hAMSCs from Group 2 showed a significant lower differentiation capacity towards chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. hAMSCs from Group 3 adhered less to titanium surfaces. In conclusion, pathology can affect hAMSCs in phenotype and functional behavior and may alter bone regeneration capacities.  
amtion; mesenchymal stem cells; pre-eclampsia; differentiation; adhesion; titanium Article
### Problem Statement  
Many traffic visualization systems have been developed, but they are difficult to adapt for real-time traffic observation, assessment, and control in urban areas. The Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV), which includes smart vehicles and networking units, is the primary operating premise of the Internet of Vehicle (IoV) platform. The majority of critical infrastructure is built-in, whereas others (mostly user-oriented and peripheral) could be inserted into the onboard diagnostics (OBD) connection being used as needed. For the smart city infrastructure's proper functionality, constant and real-time communication is needed. Within the IoV infrastructures, there must be five different sorts of connections that must be made: \"vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)\", \"vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)\", \"vehicle-to-roadside unit (V2R)\", \"vehicle-to-human (V2H)\", and \"vehicle-to-sensors (V2S)\". No current visual methodologies give real-time traffic projections, which is critical for numerous activities including traffic signal modification and radio traffic broadcasts.  
Hence, in this article, a computer vision-dependent traffic management methodology using an integrated wireless sensor network and visual analytics framework with improved phase timing optimization is proposed. The remaining sections of the paper are organized as follows: Section 2 emphasizes the literature evaluation. Section 3 describes the suggested methodology. Section 4 describes the performance and analysis of the proposed model. Section 5 demonstrates challenges and future directions in the field of IoV systems. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper and demonstrates the idea of this research.
## 3 Methodology and Algorithm Descriptions
### Research Design and Main Stages
#### 3.2.3 Stage 3: Algorithm Implementation in RapidMiner  
Both Apriori and FP-Growth were implemented using the RapidMiner Studio environment. Customized workflows were designed for each algorithm, with consistent configurations to ensure comparability. Each workflow included operators for data import, transformation, frequent itemset mining, and association rule generation. Parameters such as minimum support and confidence were varied systematically across experimental runs.
## 1 Introduction  
With the continuous increase in the oil and gas exploration levels in the waters offshore of China in recent years, the discovered oil and gas reserves in the medium-depth and shallow layers are gradually decreasing, and the exploration targets are gradually shifting to new areas, namely, deeper layers and unconventional areas [1, 2]. The exploration experience in China and internationally has proven that pre-Paleogene strata contain special traps with rich deep-layer oil and gas reserves in offshore waters and have enormous exploration potential [3; 4; 5; 6]. Judging from the characteristics of the pre-Paleogene oil and gas reservoirs discovered thus far in China's offshore waters, most of them are composite oil and gas reservoirs jointly composed of pre-Paleogene and overlying Paleogene strata. In recent years, some scholars have called this kind of compound oil and gas reservoir, composed of a buried hill and its overlying strata with the same tectonic evolution background, a \"pan-buried hill\" reservoir [7], and put forward a series of related theories on oil and gas accumulation. For example, the concealed buried hill accumulation theory of \"insider fault blocking-multi-source strong filling-overpressure mudstone sealing\", the oil and gas accumulation model of \"transforming slope control circle-active fault control migration-multi-stage strong charging-weak active fault control accumulation\", and the oil and gas accumulation model of \"near source strong injection-ridge fault combined control\" [8; 9; 10]. Therefore, under the guidance of the above-mentioned oil and gas accumulation theory, the HZ-A structure in the Pearl River Delta Basin in the South China Sea has, in recent years, displayed high-yield composite oil and gas reservoirs in pre-Paleogene buried hills and Paleogene delta sand bodies. The exploration results show the oil and gas distribution characteristics of \"full-structure oil-bearing, multi-layer gas storage, simultaneous development of oil and gas, deep rich and shallow poor natural gas\", which breaks with the traditional understanding of hydrocarbon source rocks in this area that \"oil generation is dominant but gas generation is limited\". But, at the same time, it also reflects the uncertainty of the relationship between oil and gas sources, the complexity of oil and gas accumulation conditions, and the uncertainty of oil and gas accumulation processes in the \"double-Paleo\" field of this area. Finally, it hinders the further expansion of oil and gas exploration achievements in \"double-Paleo\" field of this area. To address these issues, based on previous studies by others, we studied the timing and process of oil and gas accumulation in the HZ-A structure double Paleogene field with reference to data on the actual geology and data from drilling, logging, and seismic surveys, using experimental methods such as the thin section examination and uniform-temperature inclusion measurement. The purpose of this study is to guide future oil and gas exploration and provide strong technical support for discovering another industrial-value oil field in the HZ area.
## 3 Results
### Efficiency Outcomes
#### 3.1.2 Alignment and Space Closure  
Several studies (Table 3) have been conducted to compare the efficiency of PSLBs with CBs in orthodontic treatments regarding alignment and space closure. [PERSON] et al. (2013) [18] investigated the effect of bracket-ligature combinations on the amount of orthodontic space closure over three months. They found no differences in the amount of space closure between three different bracket/archive combinations (PSLBs vs. CBs with low friction ligatures). The individual patient response to any applied force was the largest factor in determining the rate at which teeth move. [PERSON] and colleagues (2015) [39] conducted prospective randomized controlled clinical research to investigate the effectiveness of SmartClips (PSLBs) for initial mandibular alignment in comparison to CBs. The results showed that both bracket types significantly improved incisor inclination and intercanine and intercanine width at 8 and 16 weeks, with no significant intergroup differences. [PERSON] et al. (2014) [15] compared the time to initial alignment and extraction space closure using CBs and both types of SLB systems. They found that the time to initial alignment was significantly shorter for CBs than for self-ligating brackets (ASLBs and PSLBs). Still, there was no statistically significant difference in space closure times among the three types of brackets.  
On the other hand, [PERSON] et al. (2016) [40] compared the effects of using passive self-ligating brackets on maxillary canine retraction with sliding mechanics versus conventional ligating brackets tied with metal ligatures. They found that the amount and rate of canine retraction were greater with PSLBs, while canine rotation and anchorage loss were less. Using PSLBs or CBs, [PERSON] et al. (2020) [41] examined the impact of micro-osteperforation (MOP) on the space closure rate. When compared to MOP used with traditional brackets, they discovered that MOP combined with passive self-ligation did not speed up the closure of orthodontic spaces. In patients with severe upper crowding treated using corticotomy-assisted PSLBs as opposed to CBs or PSLBs, [PERSON] et al. (2022) [42] compared leveling and alignment time and periodontal health. They concluded that using PSLBs along with flapless corticotomies could potentially result in a 50% decrease in regular treatment duration compared to using traditional brackets alone. In contrast, the use of PSLBs alone was only able to reduce the treatment time by 25%.
# An Empirical Recommendation Framework to Support Location-Based Services +
###### Abstract  
The rapid growth of Global Positioning System (GPS) and availability of real-time Geo-located data allow the mobile devices to provide information which leads towards the Location Based Services (LBS). The need for providing suggestions to personals about the activities of their interests, the LBS contributing more effectively to this purpose. Recommendation system (RS) is one of the most effective and efficient features that has been initiated by the LBS. Our proposed system is intended to design a recommendation system that will provide suggestions to the user and also find a suitable place for a group of users and it is according to their preferred type of places. In our work, we propose the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm for clustering the check-in spots of the user's and user-based Collaborative Filtering (CF) to find similar users as we are considering constructing an interest profile for each user. We also introduced a grid-based structure to present the Point of Interest (POI) into a map. Finally, similarity calculation is done to make the recommendations. We evaluated our system on real world users and acquired the _F-measure_ score on average 0.962 and 0.964 for a single user and for a group of user respectively. We also observed that our system provides effective recommendations for a single user as well as for a group of users.  
location-based services; grid structure; recommendation system; machine learning; clustering; collaborative filtering +
Footnote †: 25 August 2020; Accepted: 15 September 2020; Published: 17 September 2020
## 3 Science Data Product Performance
### The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Instrument and Science Data Products  
The VIIRS instrument onboard the S-NPP/NOAA-20 satellites has transitioned much of the capability of the experimental MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument into the operational domain. The instrument offers a total of 21 (plus one Day Night Band, DNB [18]) bands with similar central wavelengths to MODIS [19] and similar radiometric accuracy [20; 21; 22]. The VIIRS instrument also provides better spatial resolution (375 m for the Imaging-resolution or I-band and 750 m for Moderate-resolution or M-bands at nadir) and reduced variation over the 3000-km-wideswath. Furthermore, the availability of the DNB offers a wide variety of applications [23; 24] and makes the VIIRS JPSS products vital for long-term continuity with greater operational utility. The S-NPP VIIRS instrument produces more than 20 EDR products and most of the data products have been validated with various truth data sets and the product performances have been verified with the Level-1 Requirement Document Supplement (L1 RDS, [25]) requirements for progression through the Beta, Provisional, and Validated Maturity stages. Table 1 summarizes the S-NPP VIIRS SDR performance in meeting the Accuracy, Precision, and Uncertainty (APU) specifications [21; 26; 27; 14]. A compendium of scientific papers published by the Remote Sensing journal (edited by [PERSON], [28]) provides complete details of the VIIRS science data products and Cal/Val assessments. The VIIRS SDRs and imagery EDR products designated as KPPs have been vital to the success of the S-NPP/NOAA-20 missions. The imagery EDR products are comprised of five Imaging-resolution or I-band (375 m resolution) products, six Moderate-resolution or M-band (750 m resolution) products, and Near Constant Contrast (NCC) Imagery derived at 750 m resolution from the DNB sensor [29]. The Alaska region and other high-latitude regions benefit from overlapping swaths from adjacent orbits, which enables the derivation of polar winds products and many cryosphere product composites. VIIRS imagery applications in meteorological operations over the Alaska region are discussed in detail by [PERSON] et al. [9]. In addition to the high-latitude applications, the VIIRS imagery products are being used for nowcasting of severe weather, such as hurricanes and blizzards days in advance and for assessing environmental hazards, such as droughts, floods, forest fires, poor air quality, and harmful coastal waters [30]. Figure 2 shows the VIIRS imagery product and combined use of the infrared and Day/Night band imageries. Moonlight provides a means of peering through cirrus clouds, which are optically thin at visible light wavelengths. This enabled the VIIRS Day/Night band to detect low cloud structures that revealed the true center of low-level circulation associated with Hurricane Flossie. The DNB has been proved to be useful for many applications including tropical cyclone analysis and
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Reaction Temperature on the LA Esterification
#### 3.4.1 Kinetic Study of LA Esterification  
The pseudo-first-order kinetic model was used due to excessive \(n\)-butanol, implying that esterification primarily depended on the LA concentration, as inferred from the linearity of the model, as presented in Figure 11. The same model was also used for the  
Figure 9: Dependence of TON on the acid site density of different solid catalysts.  
regression analysis of experimental data at different reaction temperatures, as shown in Equation (1) [54].  
\[\ln\left(\frac{\mathrm{C_{LA,0}}}{\mathrm{C_{LA,t}}}\right)=\mathrm{kt} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathrm{C_{LA,0}}\) represents the initial concentration of LA (mmol/h), \(\mathrm{C_{LA,t}}\) represents the concentration of LA (mmol/h) at any given time, t (h), and k is the rate constant (h\({}^{-1}\)).  
Figure 11: Plot of pseudo-first-order kinetic model of LA esterification with \(n\)-butanol over NRHMS-SO\({}_{3}\)H (0.4) at 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C.  
Figure 10: Catalytic activity of solid acids in the LA esterification with various alcohols (C2 = ethanol, C3 = \(n\)-propanol, and C4 = \(n\)-butanol) at different reaction temperatures (T = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C) (reaction condition: Catalyst loading, 2.5 wt.% based on LA weight; LA:alcohol molar ratio, 1:5; reaction time, 5 h).  
The pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant, obtained from linear regression, is summarized in Table 3. The rate constant and the ester yield increased upon elevating the reaction temperature. In addition, the presence of a solid acid catalyst, NRHMS-SO3H (0.4), would significantly increase the rate constant.  
Under mild conditions (T = 80 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the presence of catalysts noticeably affected the product yield, as presented in Figure S4. (SM). Without any catalyst, the LA molecule required more time to esterify with alcohols. For HUSY, the esterification was slightly promoted due to its microporous network, limiting the diffusion process. An increased temperature enhanced the reaction rate over HUSY since the diffusion of reactant molecules into its microporosity was promoted. In the case of HMS-SO3H (0.4), the dependence of the reaction rate on time was similar to HUSY. It was explained by the hydrophobicity of the HMS-SO3H (0.4) surface on which the accessibility of reactants to active sites was limited due to water adsorption. NRHMS-SO3H (0.4) prominently enhanced the LA esterification because of its suitable physicochemical properties, which effectively converted the acid reactant into an ester product after the first hour of reaction.