## 4 Identified Factors and Discussed Discussion
### Factors: Head-Mariala ICT-2
#### 4.4.3 Under-Deployed ICTs  
The results showed that the existing ICTs were under-deployed compared to their potential because the practical applications of ICTs were not experienced in floods. Also, there was room to exploit already-in-practice ICTs by expanding their application perspectives in various complicated flood scenarios.  
To date, there is no significant research and data on the use of ICTs in evolving flood-prone countries like Pakistan. Refs. [57; 58] suggested flood management authorities on multiple forums to integrate a variety of ICTs into the flood management and relief operations without integrating transport systems.  
Table 5 shows that from ICT-1, social media information pages were used in both York and HM, whilst radio was used in York for all phases of floods. From ICT-2, evacuation VMS were engaged for all phases and airborne technologies and technology-built boats for the during and post phases for both case studies. The rest of the ICTs were not tried or tested for specific scenarios and their possible potential remained unknown.  
ICTs play a vital role in managing travel activities, especially in the time of floods because guided and timely information is supportive of rescue, emergency search operations, and evacuations. For example, when HM was flooded with huge infrastructure destruction and life losses, there was no local driver available who could drive injured people to nearby hospitals for medical aid and there was no road left to define the path. Drivers imported from other localities were brought to the area to drive vehicles with inbuilt ICTs. GPS systems and phones helped the drivers to take people out of the damaged region toward the nearby aid camps and hospitals.  
It is to be noted that Table 5 shows the use of ICTs for flood warnings, coping strategies, and instructions for the three stages of floods, pre, during, and post. It is assumed that the information provided through these ICTs must be in the local language and easy to understand; therefore, for this paper, the language of messages was not stressed but rather the mode of information sharing, which was or was not operative in certain circumstances (Table 5). The particular focus was on the exchange of transport, travel, evacuation, rescue and search operations, and any other transport- and flood-related information.  
In summary, it was found that both York and HM faced challenges related to the lack of technology-led management in transport systems during floods even though York is very advanced with technology, resources, and infrastructure. The unrealistic expectations of the public and the need for efficient time and resource management were common concerns in both locations too. Both regions emphasized the importance of incorporating ICTs for effective communication, community engagement, and improving resilience to floods.  
As a point of difference between both case studies, HM exhibited stronger community strength and lesser dependency on authorities compared to York. The issues related to power cut-out and weak ICF were more pronounced in HM, indicating the lack of resources.  
York emphasized the need for revisiting policies and deploying a variety of technological resources, while HM focused on the absence of a formal and standard information delivery system and weak operational coordination among different institutions during emergency and rescue operations.