## 3 Results and Discussion
### Benefits and Limitations of Lean Tools in Design  
Table 11 presents a series of benefits and limitations associated with BIM, LPS, and Agile Design Management (ADM) in the building design process. These tools have been evaluated based on their functionalities from the perspective of experts, who highlight their ability to optimize various design stages while identifying their potential limitations in specific contexts.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Tools** & & **Benefits** & **Disadvantages and/or Limitations** \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_Agile Design Management_} & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} + \\ \end{tabular} } & Since everything is divided into small & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} - \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & packages, there is more control over[-2 ex] & \\  & & the tasks. & & \\  & & Small packages allow for improving the & & - \\  & & detail of each task. & & \\  & & Small packages help to visualize and & & - \\  & & eliminate errors. & & - \\  & & Transparency in the design work. & & - \\  & & Its principles help optimize the design & & \\  & & process through iterations, continuous & & \\  & & reviews, and collaboration. & & \\ \hline \multirow{8}{*}{_Last Planner System (LPS)_} & \multirow{8}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} + \\ \end{tabular} } & Delivers reliable equipment & \multirow{8}{*}{\
\begin{tabular}{c} - \\ \end{tabular} } \\  & & performance information. & \\  & & Encourages interaction, cooperation, and & \\  & & collaboration among the work team. & \\  & & It can improve project planning. & \\  & & The team obtains results in a & & - \\  & & timely manner & - \\  & & Quality work is obtained from the team. & - \\  & & Allows tracking of the execution of & - \\  & & each milestone. & - \\  & & & methodology and adapting projects to it. \\  & & Allows tracking of the & - \\  & & team’s commitments. & - \\  & & Allows for greater monitoring and control & - \\  & & of the project. & - \\  & & Can improve scheduling, allowing & \\  & & deadlines to be met in a timely fashion & \\  & & It can improve cost control & \\  & & through indicators. & \\  & & Detects problems early. & \\  & & Efficient use of resources by optimizing the & \\  & & planning process. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\begin{tabular}{c} _Building Information_ + \\ \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 11: Benefits and limitations of Lean tools in the building design process.  
These approaches, whether ADM, LPS, or BIM, share several fundamental principles. One key aspect is their ability to identify problems early during the design and planning stages, allowing them to be addressed before they become significant obstacles. Additionally, each tool emphasizes the importance of collaboration and teamwork, highlighting that exchanging ideas and cooperation among team members is essential for improving project efficiency and quality.  
One of the main limitations of adopting Lean tools in building design projects is resistance to change and a lack of knowledge about these methodologies, which requires a shift in mindset among personnel. Effective implementation demands training in these tools and an adaptation process to facilitate their integration into workflows. This challenge is not exclusive to a particular tool but applies to all.  
Moreover, some tools require specific technical skills, such as proficiency in specialized software, which necessitates additional training or external courses, limiting their adoption in cases where experience or resources are lacking. Another common disadvantage is the need to effectively adapt each tool to the characteristics of the project, which can pose significant challenges, especially in terms of time and other resources required for proper implementation.