esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
For testing purposes, material penetrating systems using UWB technology to examine nondestructive environments are discussed in [18]; the result indicated that this system can detect imperfect structures of metal. Besides that, the estimation of the layer's thickness based on the processing of the GPR's data with the optimized techniques (such as neural networks) is discussed in [19; 20]. When using UWB technology in the testing, positioning, or another application in communication to improve the resolution of the systems, one of the main problems is choosing the appropriate modulation technique combined with the receiver's signal processing methods. The selection of a modulation scheme based on determination distance was discussed in [21]. From those results, we can recognize that the correct detection of UWB pulse signals is one of the essential factors which affect the accuracy of the distance estimation technique. In [22], an UWB indoor positioning system is presented to exploit two-way flight time to calculate range measurements to determine the transceiver location based on Pozyz inner algorithm with a range accuracy of \(320\pm 30\) mm. In [23], to locate underground personnel in coal mines, an UWB wireless sensor network and time difference of arrival (TDOA) algorithm was proposed, and this system can achieve high-precision positioning in real-time. Furthermore, in the nondestructive environment, direct sequence ultra-wide band (DS-UWB) transmission system with an adaptive pseudo random sequence length is proposed in [24] to reduce processing time and increase positioning accuracy. As mentioned above, the PPM modulation is widely applied to the UWB system, especially for detecting the location of objects; however, the accuracy of estimated results is still low. In this paper, we focus on proposing a new modulation scheme based on PPM modulation to improve the resolution of the estimated distance. The main contributions of this research are listed as follows. * Firstly, the UWB-PPM signal which is used in determining the distance under the homogeneous and heterogeneous propagation conditions is mathematically analyzed. Secondly, based on the analysis of received signal, the delay time and then the propagation distances are estimated. * Thirdly, to increase the accuracy of the estimated distance, an enhanced UWB-PPM modulation technique, called ultra-wide band pulse position modulation with additional time shift (UWB-PPM-ATS) is proposed and compared with other techniques such as conventional UWB-PPM, UWB- OOK with the properties of transmission environment is known. * Finally, the Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear estimation algorithm is applied to estimate the system parameter and the target when the propagation environment is unknown. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the system model for estimating distances in nondestructive environments. The proposed system model and the parameters are presented in Section 3. The simulation results are provided in Section 4, and finally, conclusions and further work are discussed in Section 5.
## 4 Simulation Experiments
### Analysis and Results
#### 4.2.4 Comparative Results  
In the comparative experiment of L-S cycle transition, for Control Group 1, the upstream and downstream cycle lengths were set to 180 s and 170 s, respectively. For Control Group 2, the cycle length was set to 180 s. The four influencing factors for all three groups were set to (2000, 1240, 65, 10). After conducting the simulation experiments, the output results for relevant evaluation indicators are shown in Figure 12a. It was found that, compared to Control Group 1, the experimental group had a 0.1% increase in straight-through capacity, a 61.9% decrease in average queue length, a 57.6% decrease in average vehicle delay time, a 30.3% decrease in average vehicle travel time, and a 78.6% decrease in average stops per vehicle. Compared to Control Group 2, the experimental group had an 8.6% decrease in straight-through capacity, a 76.5% decrease in average queue length, a 72.2% decrease in average vehicle delay time, a 38.5% decrease in average vehicle travel time, and an 81.3% decrease in average stops per vehicle.  
In the comparative experiment of S-L cycle transition, for Control Group 1, the upstream and downstream cycle lengths were set to 160 s and 210 s, respectively. For Control Group 2, the cycle length was set to 210 s. The four influencing factors for all three groups were set to (3000, 440, 70, 50). After conducting the simulation experiments, the output results for relevant evaluation indicators are shown in Figure 12b. It was found that, compared to Control Group 1, the experimental group had a 16.8% increase in straight-through capacity, an 81.4% decrease in average queue length, a 36.8% decrease in average vehicle delay time, a 43.1% decrease in average vehicle travel time, and a 39.6% decrease in average stops per vehicle. Compared to Control Group 2, the experimental group had a 10.3% increase in straight-through capacity, a 71.6% decrease in average queue length, a 28.2% decrease in average vehicle delay time, a 36.9% decrease in average vehicle travel time, and a 26.6% decrease in average stops per vehicle.  
Figure 12: Cont.  
In summary, the results indicate that the three proposed combinations of coordinated control strategies can significantly reduce the queue length in the through lanes while reducing the number of vehicles stops, thus improving the efficiency of traffic flow in the coordinated direction between adjacent intersections with different cycle lengths, all while maintaining the existing through-traffic capacity.
## 3 Home Area Network
### Home Communication General Architecture
The interoperability between the different applications relies on a universal multi-purpose home gateway that acts as communication protocol translator. It is actually a data aggregator that processes data traffic coming from different home networks, independent of the means of physical transmission, _i.e._, wired or wireless. On the other hand, the gateway connects the Smart Home data communication infrastructures with the outside world. The connection can be routed to a mobile network or through a cable based infrastructure. At the upper level, the data is forwarded to a cloud system where it is classified, organized and stored for different purposes and aims. In turn, their access is provided to specific entities such as a smart grid [7], smart city [9], and smart healthcare network, which will make sharing all the managed information with external elements possible.
# In-Situ Nanoparticles: A New Strengthening Method for Metallic Structural Material
## 2 Strengthening Mechanism of In-Situ Nanoparticles  
Traditionally, structural metallic materials achieve higher strength by sacrificing plasticity. However, coherent interface strengthening mechanism is a new strategy to overcome this shortcoming and improve the strength and toughness simultaneously. [PERSON] et al. [37] reported that coherent nano-twin boundaries in Cu not only block dislocations movement but also act as slip planes so that dislocations could pass. The interface has three key features: (1) being crystallographic semi-coherent/coherent with the matrix, (2) owning good thermal stability and mechanical stability, (3) with nanometer order size (<100 nm). Similarly, in our recent research, we found that in-situ nanoparticles possess these same features, which is disparate from other endogenous particles fabricated by conventional methods. As shown in Figure 1, in-situ nanoparticles have coherency relationship with the matrix. Figure 1a shows dislocations inside the nanoparticle and at interface. It can be assumed that when the slipping dislocations meet these nanoscale coherent interfaces, they will slip along the coherent interface and enter into the nanoparticles easily due to the low mismatch and little lattice distortion. Some dislocations can be retained inside the nanoparticles and at the phase boundaries, which is conducive to the enhancement in strength. Others can move through the coherent interface and slip to the adjacent nanoparticles, thus stress concentration at the matrix-particle interface intersection could be efficaciously released, resulting in considerable plastic strain.  
Classical strengthening mechanisms generally depend on defects in materials, the resistance of defects to dislocation motion results in an increase in strength during deformation. Whereas, the coherent interface strengthening mechanism can ameliorate this phenomenon. Actually, stress concentration still exists in materials. However, the dislocation density and stress concentration in the matrix can be dispersed by the uniformly distributed nanoparticles when the amount of dislocations is constant. In other words, the distribution of dislocations in materials is improved so that the reduction of plasticity caused by dislocation entanglement is weakened, and finally the strength and ductility get improved simultaneously. The corresponding details are illustrated in references [38; 40; 41].
# Recovery/Reuse of Heterogeneous Supported Spent Catalysts
## 3 Methods for Recycling Heterogenous Catalysts
### Magnetic Separation
#### 3.2.3 Magnetically Recoverable Orthoferrites of Rare-Earth Nanoparticles  
The rare earths (REEs) are a class of seventeen transition metal elements, including 15 lanthanides, scandium (Sc), and yttrium (Y), widely applied in various fields such as metallurgy, electronic devices, high-performance alloys, glass, ceramics, and the phosphorous industries. They are also used to make permanent magnets (PMs) [66; 67]. The variable valence states and electronic structures of rare earth ions allow their use for several catalytic applications. For example, same rare earth elements are applied in catalysis as dopants or components to modulate the specific physical and chemical properties of different materials [68], cerium-based materials act as catalysts in various reactions such as CO\({}_{2}\) hydrogenation [10], Fischer-Tropsch synthesis [69], and CO\({}_{2}\) methanation [9; 11; 13; 70] due to redox properties and excellent oxygen mobility.  
Orthoferrites of rare-earth elements (REE) with the formula RFeO\({}_{3}\) (R = Sc, Y, La-Lu) are a novel class of acid-base catalysts of great interest for researchers due to their high activity and the possibility of magnetic recovery. They are applied mainly in redox and photoinduced processes [40]. For example, [PERSON] and his research group successfully synthetized a phase-pure porous magnetic nanopowder based on holmium orthoferrites by glycine-nitrate combustion approach for the first time. The porous holmium orthoferrite has been tested for n-hexane conversion at 500 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 1 atm. The observed catalytic activity can be attributed to high concentration of acid-base sites on its surface. After reaction, the spent sample was separated by an external magnetic field of a permanent magnet from the reaction followed by heat treatment at 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 1 h, with an efficiency of 97% [40].
# Wheat Germ Agglutinin--From Toxicity to Biomedical Applications
## 6 Non-Medical WGA Applications  
Outside of medical applications, WGA potential has been demonstrated as an option for basic research and biotechnological use. Quantum dot-WGA complexes have been used for elucidating the endocytic and exocytic lectin processes [72]. Single-particle tracking techniques of these complexes showed that WGA processes are both actin- and microtubule-dependent, and each contains a five-stage transport route that is transferable to design processes of any lectins as drug carriers or antineoplastic drugs.  
Anisotropic silver nanoparticles functionalized with WGA or _Lens Culinaris_ agglutinin have been demonstrated to detect specific Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [73]. The designed photometric assay could detect _S. aureus_ down to \(10^{3}\) cells/mL and _E. Coli_ down to \(3\times 10^{3}\) cells/mL by having the bacteria-bound nanoparticle-lectin compounds resilient to NaCl-induced agglomeration. The assay was demonstrated on urine samples as well.  
Extraction of two recombinant human glycoproteins--erythropoietin and Darbopoetin--from equine plasma by immunoaffinity chromatography has been shown to be improved by 15% when pretreating the samples with wheat germ agglutinin immobilized on Sepharose gel [74]. The technique is easily scalable and indicates the WGA potential for naturally or synthetically glycosylated recombinant protein industry.  
The various biotechnological applications are already demonstrating the WGA value.
# Research on Dynamic Path Planning of Multi-AGVs Based on Reinforcement Learning
## 6 Conclusions  
In order to improve the transportation efficiency of multi-AGVs in dynamic and special environments, an improved Q-learning path optimization algorithm based on a  
Figure 19: Comparison of total completion time.  
Figure 18: Comparison of total path length.  
Kohonen network (K-L) is proposed, and a two-level path planning method is proposed by combining the K-L algorithm with an improved genetic algorithm (GA-KL).  
The results of this study are as follows:  
1. The K-L algorithm introduces an exploration strategy of an adaptive simulated annealing algorithm and the Kohonen network state classification method, as well as an improved reward function based on potential energy, which can effectively handle path planning in complex environments with fast convergence and satisfactory optimization results. Through simulation and field experiments, the effectiveness of the K-L algorithm is further verified; the convergence time of the algorithm is reduced by about 6.3%, on average, and the path length of AGVs is reduced by about 4.6%, on average.
2. The GA-KL method uses the T-GA algorithm for global path planning and the K-L algorithm for local path planning. The T-GA algorithm is a genetic algorithm optimized by path smoothing coefficients and node busy coefficients, which can coordinate the path planning of multi-AGVs and make the AGVs complete their tasks as soon as possible. In addition, the GA-KL method integrates a scheduling policy into global path planning, which can obtain a better dynamic scheduling policy for multi-AGVs in different environments and under different congestion conditions. Finally, it is experimentally demonstrated that the GA-KL method reduces the total path length by 8.4%, on average, and the total path completion time by 12.6%, on average, compared to other path planning methods.  
In future studies, we will continue to improve the scheduling method. Based on the task value, working time, and other factors, as well as the weight-based polling algorithm, we will design a multi-task assignment and scheduling method based on time windows.  
Conceptualization, Y.J.; methodology, YB.; validation, X.D.; formal analysis, D.H.; writing--original draft preparation, Y.B.; writing--review and editing, Y.J.; supervision, D.H. and Y.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant numbers 2020 YFB1/07900 and 2020 YFB171800).  
Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Analysis of Results for Optimal Model  
Optimal design results in Section 2 included stator and rotor-shape dimensions, phase resistance, no-load flux linkage, inductance, and efficiency. In particular, the shape data shown in Figure 6 immediately provided sketch data for FEM analysis, greatly reducing work time. In addition, the no-load flux linkage provided information on the magnitude of the magnetic torque according to Equation (1) and made it possible to infer the magnitude of the reluctance torque through the difference in inductance.  
Figure 6a shows the shape of the initial model before optimization. Table 2 shows that the line to line voltage, power factor, and efficiency were analyzed to be 135.6 Vrms, 0.69, and 93.4% at base speed of 1800 r/min respectively. Figure 6b shows the optimized model, which was selected as a final candidate through the optimizing process, and whose line to line voltage, power factor, and efficiency were analyzed to be 120.0 Vrms, 0.848, and 95.3% at base speed of 1800 r/min respectively. In addition, Equation (21) confirmed that the cost was reduced. At the maximum speed of 4500 r/min, the torque decreased by 49% and 54% before and after optimization, respectively, and the power factor showed a tendency to increase. However, it was analyzed that RF increased to 12.1% before optimization and  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Design Specification**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Desired Operating Specification**} \\ \hline Winding method & Concentrated & Rated currents [Arms] & 10 \\ Number of phases & 6 & Base torque [Nm] & 16 \\ Poles/slots & 10/12 & Base speed [r/min] & 1800 \\ Core material & 35 PN230 & Max speed [r/min] & 4500 \\ Magnet material & N45H/1.4[T] & Rated Power [W] & 3000 \\ Line to line voltage [Vrms] & 120 & Min. efficiency [\%] & 95 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Design specifications of a six-phase PMa-SynRM.  
Figure 6: Cross-section of designed six-phase PMa-SynRM. (**a**) Initial model before optimization; (**b**) Optimized model.  
decreased to 4.9% after optimization. In addition, the line to line voltage exceeded 120 Vrms in the initial model, but was less than 120 Vrms in the optimized model. In addition, it was found that the efficiency was higher after optimization.  
In this section, FEM analysis was performed using the design variable values derived through optimal LPM design. The test point for FEM analysis and the experiment was selected as 480 r/min, which is a speed causing minimal iron loss. For the constant-torque mode experiment performed in Section 5, 5 A was selected, which was one-half of the rated current.
## 4 Comparison of MAC Protocols
In DCAA-MAC [16], the channel access mechanism is performed on the basis of energy detection. To provide energy efficiency, each node goes to sleep and wakes up periodically and independently. The main advantages of this protocol are low latency, energy efficiency, configurability and no synchronization. Furthermore, the fast channel switching mechanisms provide QoS for CRBANs through low latency. Energy detection is useful in detecting the signal when the noise level is known. By implementing feature detection in CRBANs, the presence of PU signals can be effectively determined by extracting specific features of traffic. C-RICER [17] works cognitively and energy efficiently in high-interference environments. The interference level of a wireless channel is measured by using RSSI values. To prevent coexisting interference, the affected working channel is adaptively switched to the lowest-interference channel. The data collision ratio is low because of the continuous sensing and switching of channels. The main feature of C-RICER is that it senses interference only in the current channel rather than the entire frequency band in order to reduce energy consumption. To render the system more reliable and energy efficient, the rescan cycle time should be adapted according to the interference duration. In MBAN MAC [20], the cognitive capabilities are implemented in the network controller. The main features of the protocol are low power, low complexity and low cost with highly reliable communication. The protocol is energy efficient, because of the use of IR-UWB. In [20], several cognitive radio techniques were applied to UWB MBANs to improve coexistence with other systems through frequency agility and frequency domain spectrum shaping. HCVP [26] provides an evaluation environment that provides a closer approximation to practical situations than other network simulation tools. Channel estimation is based on RSSI values, which are measured during the sensing period. The packet collision rate is reduced and the throughput is greatly improved when the CR algorithm is introduced. HCV is a good solution to realize practical network scenarios by integrating software and hardware. Moreover, it is easier to deploy and configure than FPGA-based platforms. By choosing low-power SoC chips, HCV achieves energy-efficient performance and is suitable for testing power-critical applications. Among the five MAC protocols designed for CRBANs, MBAN MAC [20] may be the primary choice when the target application area is remote healthcare monitoring. For example, patients are continuously monitored by sensors embedded on their bodies, and the sensed data are collected by a WBAN coordinator. The data collected by the WBAN coordinators are transferred to a remote monitoring system. The protocol resolves different issues and efficiently exploits cognitive radio technology. Furthermore, the protocol can adopt IEEE 802.15.6 for communication in intra-WBAN and ECMA-368 for inter-WBAN tiers. Further, the ECMA-368 MAC provides a distributed reservation-based channel access mechanism, as well as prioritized contention-based channel access.
## 3 Results
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**BE (1 h)**} \\ \cline{2-4}
**\# of Sample** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Initial (\%)** \\ **Surface Coverage** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **After 1 h (\%)** \\ **Surface Coverage** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Reduction (\%)** \\ **(After – Initial)** \\ **/(Initial)** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
1 & 20.275 & 1.708 & \(-\)91.6 \\ \hline
2 & 34.489 & 1.721 & \(-\)95.0 \\ \hline
3 & 19.136 & 2.337 & \(-\)87.8 \\ \hline
4 & 31.733 & 2.822 & \(-\)91.1 \\ \hline
5 & 14.499 & 10.026 & \(-\)30.9 \\ \hline
6 & 21.320 & 7.148 & \(-\)66.5 \\ \hline Average & 23.575 & 4.294 & \(-\)81.8 \\ \hline Standard deviation & 7.794 & 3.473 & \(p\) \(<\) 0.05 (\(p\) = 0.00025) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Surface coverage of biofilms in control and BE-treated (after 1 h) images. Figure 7: Percentage of the surface biofilms between control (initial) and BE treated (after 1 h) images (n = 6). Since the biofilm growth could be established within 24 h, the biocidal effect is critical, especially when focusing on its prevention capability. In addition to the total biomass quantification, biocidal efficacy was investigated using the colony form unit assay. Table 3 shows that the viable cell after a 1 h treatment of the BE technology has been significantly reduced, 71.7%, in contrast to the control (non-BE in growth media), for which the population increased 4.8%.