esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Reality Check: Experimental Studies on Microplastics Lack Realism
## 3 Size
### Human Effects  
Due to the availability of various sized MP spheres, there is more known about how particle size impacts mammalian models and human cells. In human lung tissue samples, MP particles were found to be smaller than 5.5 \(\upmu\)m, whereas plastic microfibers were found to range from 8.12 to 16.8 \(\upmu\)m [19]. In human colon samples, MPs were surprisingly larger, with an average size of 1.1 mm and a range of 0.8 to 1.6 mm [20]. This is particularly relevant because it suggests that different tissues might be exposed to sizes of MPs that vary greatly. Perhaps those that are airborne and inhaled are generally smaller than those ingested. These considerations should be incorporated into future studies.  
Keeping this point in mind, human colon cell lines (Caco-2 cells) were exposed to 0.1 \(\upmu\)m and 5 \(\upmu\)m MP spheres. Although both sizes disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, 5 \(\upmu\)m particles displayed a stronger effect. However, both sizes inhibited ATP-binding cassette transporter activity, but in this context, 0.1 \(\upmu\)m MPs were more disruptive [33].  
The size-dependent impacts of MPs were found in another study in mice. Pregnant mice were exposed to either 0.5 \(\upmu\)m or 5.0 \(\upmu\)m polystyrene MP. Their offspring were examined for metabolic disorders, and it was found that those coming from mothers exposed to 5.0 \(\upmu\)m MPs had more severe metabolic defects, including altered metabolites and hepatic gene expression [34]. Similarly, in a different study larger MPs (10 \(\upmu\)m) were shown to more strongly damage testis tissue architecture, and decrease viability than smaller MPs (0.5 \(\upmu\)m), although all three size were able to enter cells in vitro [35]. Interestingly, in a human vascular endothelial cell line (HUVECs), size-dependent impacts of MPs were also observed. However, in this case, smaller MPs (0.5 \(\upmu\)m) were shown to have a greater impact on cell viability in an autophagy-dependent manner, as compared to larger MPs (5.0 \(\upmu\)m) [36].  
Furthermore, a study where mice were fed with MPs found that smaller MPs (5 \(\upmu\)m) were more likely to translocate to the gut and kidney after ingestion. Larger MPs (20 \(\upmu\)m) accumulated in the liver [37].  
As these selected references show, there is a clear size dependent impact of MPs. Yet, in a recent report, no effects were observed at any MP size tested--1 \(\upmu\)m, 4 \(\upmu\)m, 10 \(\upmu\)m--despite all three having some level of cellular uptake [38]. The discrepancies between these results, and between the sizes of MPs observed in various tissues compared to those used in experimental studies requires further investigation. Furthermore, there are a dearth of studies investigating how plastic microfibers of various sizes interact with cells and tissues in mammalian models and human cells. This is critical, as it appears that fibers are one of the more common classes of MP that become embedded in tissues.
## 2 Related Works
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Related Work** & **Scenario** & **Method** & **Objectives** & **Drawbacks** \\ \hline Ref. [26] & The UAV-LEO integrated data collection scenario in the B5G IoRT networks. & Successive convex approximation and block coordinate descent techniques. & The weighted function of the total data uploaded by UAVs, energy consumption, and the minimum channel capacity among IoT devices. & 1. Ignoring the differences in device requirements. \\ \hline Ref. [27] & \begin{tabular}{c} HAP-reserved communications in \\ SAGIN. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Decompose into two \\ sub-problems and \\ solve them using \\ convex optimization \\ and linear \\ programming, \\ respectively. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize total system throughput. & 1. Ignoring the differences in device requirements. 2. Lacking the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand. \\ \hline Ref. [28] & \begin{tabular}{c} Integrated satellite– \\ airborne–terrestrial \\ network for downlink \\ communication. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Fix HAP position, \\ solve binary linear \\ optimization with \\ Taylor expansion, then \\ optimize HAP location \\ via recursive \\ contraction and \\ relocation. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize the downlink channel capacity for users. & 1. Ignoring the differences in device requirements. 2. Lacking the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand. \\ \hline Ref. [29] & \begin{tabular}{c} UAV-based SAG-IoRT \\ uplink channel \\ transmission. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Joint iterative \\ optimization using LP, \\ variable \\ transformation, \\ continuous convex, \\ and block coordinate \\ descent. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize the system’s channel capacity. & 2. Lacking the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand. 3. Ignoring fairness among similar devices. \\ \hline Ref. [30] & \begin{tabular}{c} UAVs provide \\ sustainable \\ communication \\ devices. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Low-complexity \\ iterative suboptimal \\ algorithm based on \\ continuous convex \\ approximation. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize the system’s channel capacity. & 2. Lacking the ability to quickly respond to changes in demand. 3. Ignoring fairness among similar devices. \\ \hline Ref. [31] & \begin{tabular}{c} UAVs provide \\ sustainable \\ communication \\ devices. \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} Iterative joint \\ optimization method \\ based on continuous \\ convex optimization \\ and block coordinate \\ descent algorithm. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize the minimum throughput & 1. Ignoring the differences in device requirements. 2. Lacking the ability & 1. Ignoring fairness among similar users. \\ \hline Ref. [32] & \
\begin{tabular}{c} SAGIN base on airship \\ for ground signal \\ coverage. \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Multi-objective \\ optimization \\ algorithm-based \\ MOEA/D. \\ \end{tabular} & Maximize coverage range and network speed. & 1. Ignoring fairness among similar users. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of related work.
# A Novel Approach to Multi-Provider Network Slice Selector for 5G and Future Communication Systems
## 3 Related Work
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{128.0 pt} p{128.0 pt} p{128.0 pt}} \hline \hline
**Work** & **Contribution** & **Limitations** & **Future Works** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [34] & Traffic control rules can be deployed using minimal resources without influencing the efficiency of the Data Plane slices. A management system is necessary for the provision, updating, and control of the physical layer of VNFs that comprise the slices. & Lack of real world implementation & The inclusion of a monitoring agent that can oversee the status of SPGW-U traffic in real-time \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2019) [8] & SD-TOPSIS presents better performance in rank reversibility, but E-TOPSIS has significantly lower complexity operations. The E-TOPSIS method is suggested, especially when dealing with the fine granularity of slices. TOPSIS is considered a good decision-making tool, considering its algorithmic logic and mathematical form. Yet, it fails to provide consistent results due to the rank reversal phenomenon. & Lack of real world implementation & To analyze the performance of other MCDM algorithms in terms of ranking \\ \hline [PERSON], [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [36] & A mechanism that enables user equipment to run multiple sessions on different network servers at the same time to utilize the advantages of their services. & To give users a PURE connection to the networks, with user registration and full capabilities \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Summary of Related Work.
# Two Novel Multidimensional Data Analysis Approaches Using InSAR Products for Landslide Prone Areas
## 3 Methodology
### LiCSAR Processing Chain  
LiCSAR offers a holistic processing chain that includes co-registration (alignment of images to a primary reference image), interferogram generation, multilooking, and phase unwrapping. This process enables the high resolution mapping of ground deformations over large areas [33]. LiCSAR is an InSAR processing system tailored for Sentinel-1 data developed by the Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics. To support the continuous monitoring of global tectonic and volcanic activity, Sentinel-1 interferograms are routinely produced and made publicly available via the COMET-LiCS web portal [34].  
LiCSAR is a processing chain developed to automate the production of interferograms. The method consists of several steps from the original data to the derivation of the interferograms, coherence maps, and raw data. In the first step, Sentinel-1 data are acquired according to the predetermined parameters; then, the images are coordinated with each other (co-registration). For each Sentinel-1 acquisition, six interferograms are created, three with preceding scenes and three with subsequent ones. The topographic phase is removed using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model, which has a resolution of 1 arc-second (approximately 30 m) [35]. All generated interferograms are filtered using the Goldstein filter [36], and are then unwrapped with the SNAPHU version 2 software [34; 37].  
LiCSAR automatically performs phase difference calculations and phase unwrapping in the interferogram generation process. This enables objective and high-resolution mapping of ground deformations over large areas. The automation suitability of LiCSAR, its reliability, and its capacity to efficiently process large data sets are also supported in the literature [38].
# Time Slotted Channel Hopping and ContikiMAC for IPv6 Multicast-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Results  
In this section, the results of the simulations with BMRF are interpreted for all the topologies in Section 4. LL broadcast and LL unicast forwarding are analyzed while considering both ContikiMAC and TSCH. References to the theoretical model are also made. It can be observed that the results obtained with the theoretical model were very close to the ones obtained through the simulation study, both for energy and delay. The results will further help to decide if LL broadcast/multicast is a more suitable solution than LL unicast and under which conditions.
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, an adaptive backstepping controller was developed for a second order plant model subject to unknown model parameters, unknown reaction rate, unknown varying control gain, and input saturation. The controller provides important contributions to adaptive control design for second-order models with input saturation:  
* It tackles the combined effect of constrained control input and unknown varying control gain with unknown bounds. To this end, a new auxiliary system is proposed.
* The modified tracking error asymptotically converges to a compact set whose width is user-defined and it does not depend on bounds of either external disturbances, model terms or parameters. Recall that in common robust backstepping designs, the tracking error converges to a compact set whose width depends on such kind of bounds, so that these bounds are required in order to obtain the expected width. Other important features of the controller and closed loop system are
* the model coefficients, and upper and lower bounds of model terms are not required to be known, except \(a_{1}\);
* the exact value of the reaction rate term \(r_{x1}\) is not required to be known;
* the control gain \(b\) is varying and unknown, although it can be expressed as \(b=b_{\delta}b_{x}\), where \(b_{x}\) is known and \(b_{\delta}\) is unknown;
* discontinuous functions are not used in the control law, update laws and auxiliary system; instead, saturation type functions are used; and
* the boundedness of the updated parameters is ensured in the presence of input saturation, so that excessive parameter increase is avoided. Significant improvements were made to the control design in order to tackle the unknown varying nature of the control gain \(b\) and the input saturation. Dead zone radially unbounded functions were used. As the gain \(b\) appears in the \(b\Delta\) term, the design of the auxiliary system must be modified.  
The developed controller design can be applied to other second order nonlinear systems as the mathematical manipulations are provided.  
Conceptualization, A.R.; methodology, A.R.; validation, F.E.H. and J.E.C.-B.; formal analysis, A.R., F.E.H., and J.E.C.-B.; investigation, A.R.; writing--original draft preparation,A.R.; writing-review and editing, A.R., F.E.H., and J.E.C.-B.; visualization, F.E.H. and J.E.C.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
The work of [PERSON] was supported by Universidad Catolica de Manizales. The work of [PERSON] and [PERSON] was supported by Universidad Nacional de Colombia--Sede Medellin.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Damage Diagnosis of Frame Structure Based on Convolutional Neural Network with SE-Res2 Net Module
## 3 Damage Diagnosis Model and Process  
### Structure of the Proposed Model  
Because the accuracy of damage diagnosis of frame structures using TICNN is relatively low, this paper modified various parameters of TICNN including increased depth of the neural network and improved feature extraction ability of the model. On this basis, the SE-Res2 Net module was added to form the proposed new model to obtain higher accuracy and strong anti-noise ability. The overall structure of the proposed new model is shown in Figure 5. As can be seen from Figure 5, compared with TICCN, the new model proposed in this paper reduces the step size of the first convolutional layer, increases the step size and the convolution kernel size of the second convolutional layer, reduces one set of convolution layer and pooling layer, and adds five layers of the SE-Res2 Net module. In addition, a Dropout layer was added at the fully-connected layer.  
Figure 4: Structure of Res2 Net and SE-Res2 Net. (**a**) Res2 Net. (**b**) SE-Res2 Net.
# Assessment of Spatiotemporal Fusion Algorithms for Planet and Worldview Images
## 2 Spatiotemporal Fusion Approaches
### Hybrid Color Mapping (HCM) Approach
To account for intensity differences between two images, a variant of Equation (4) can be described as  
\[P(x,y,t_{p})=F_{1}\times P(x,y,t_{k})+F_{2} \tag{6}\]  
where \(F_{2}\) is a vector of constants. Procedures to obtain \(F\) can be found in [9]. Based on our observations, in some cases, prediction results will be more accurate if we divide the images into patches. Each patch will have its own mapping matrix. Figure 4 illustrates the local prediction approach. The patches can be overlapped or non-overlapped. Moreover, for each local patch, which can be a single band or a multi-band image, we use the same estimation algorithm [9] to determine the local mapping matrix, \(F_{i}\).
## 3 System Model and Detail Design
### General Relay  
The name general relay corresponds to the previously mentioned Case 2 two combination. In 2020, the 3 GPP R16 standard was frozen, marking the emergence of the 5G era in response to the demands of the time [41]. LTE D2D has been replaced by NR sidelink, and the development of sidelink has reached a new stage. The foundation of 5G enables a broader range of applications for NR sidelink, which in turn facilitates the realization of advanced automation application cases [42]. In 2022, the 3 GPP R17 standard was finally frozen [43], which introduced NR sidelink cooperation node work items and research topics. The NR sidelink cooperation node, as an extension of NR sidelink, expands the network coverage and opens up new possibilities for communication between devices [44].  
In traditional communication, when a cooperation node assists UE in sending a message, the BS only receives data from the cooperation node. During this process, the data that the UE broadcasts is not processed by the BS. This mode of operation is known as general relay and serves as the benchmark for our simulations by default. The overall transmission numbers for each piece of UE in a direct link and indirect link are calculated at first. Then, the system compares the overall number of transmissions in these two links and sends control signals to allow the UE to choose the link that ultimately requires fewer transmissions, thereby reducing the latency. The pseudocode of general relay is shown as Algorithm 1.  
```
input : Threshold SNR \(\gamma_{\text{th}}\) and SNR of any two devices \(\gamma_{\text{UB},j}\)\(\gamma_{\text{UC},jj}\)\(\gamma_{\text{CB},j}\)\((i=1,2,\cdots,N_{\text{U}})(j=1,2,\cdots,N_{\text{C}})\) output : Overall transmission number \(T_{i}\) of \(i\)th UE \((i=1,2,\cdots,N_{\text{U}})\)
1 for\(i\gets 1\)to\(N_{\text{U}}\)do// calculate transmission number for UB link
2\(T_{\text{UB},i}\leftarrow(\gamma_{\text{th}},\gamma_{\text{UB},i})\);
3 for\(j\gets 1\)to\(N_{\text{C}}\)do// calculate transmission number for UC link
4\(T_{\text{UC},ij}\leftarrow(\gamma_{\text{th}},\gamma_{\text{UC},ij})\);// calculate transmission number for CB link
5\(T_{\text{CB},ij}\leftarrow(\gamma_{\text{th}},\gamma_{\text{CB},j})\);
6 if\(T_{\text{UB},i}<T_{\text{UC},ij}+T_{\text{CB},ij}\)then
7\(T_{i}\leftarrow T_{\text{UB},i}\);
8
9 else
10\(T_{i}\gets T_{\text{UC},ij}+T_{\text{CB},ij}\);
11
12 end if
13
14 end for
```  
**Algorithm 1**General relay.
## 2 Properties of Fine Granular Area
### Characteristics of the FGA
#### 2.2.3 Characteristics Observed by Focused Ion Beam and Ion-Induced Secondary Electron Imaging  
In order to clarify the influence of carbides (see dark particles in Figure 3) on the FGA-formation Grad [13] performed an investigation using ion-induced secondary electron imaging (ISE) on serial cuts (cut distance 0.2 \(\upmu\)m) generated by focused ion beam (FIB) at a fracture surface with FGA. No delamination of the carbides below the fracture surface were detected and no carbides exposed by the fatigue crack could be observed.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] [90] used ISE imaging, which uses grain orientation for contrast generation, to evaluate the FGA thickness of a VHCF crack exposed by serial grinding, which did not lead to final failure. Thus, the FGA thickness of a closed VHCF crack was determined more accurately than by assuming twice the thickness measured below one side of a fracture surface (see Figure 4).  
The determined FGA thickness was 500 nm for a SIF of 2 MPam\({}^{1/2}\) and up to 1.2-1.4 \(\upmu\)m for a SIF in the threshold range for long crack propagation of 4 MPam\({}^{1/2}\). The measured thickness of the FGA  
Figure 4: (a) ISE image of a TiN inclusion with FGA crack and length measurements corresponding to the thickness evaluation positions in enlarged views in (b) and (c) [90].  
Figure 3: Ion-induced secondary electron images of serial cuts inside the FGA (cut distance 0.2 \(\upmu\)m) generated by FIB (\(\alpha_{\text{a}}\) = 875 MPa, N\({}_{\text{f}}\) = 7.71 \(\times\) 10\({}^{5}\)) increasing cutting depth from upper left to lower left and upper right to lower right [13].  
was additionally compared to the calculated plastic zone size perpendicular to the crack propagation direction and showed good agreement (see Figure 5)
## 1 Introduction
Traditional tuning methods, which rely on multiple iterations of manual adjustments, are time-consuming and impractical for large-scale systems due to their labor-intensive nature and limited precision. These limitations drive the demand for advanced automated tuning systems. A new pre-tuning platform was created specifically for 648 MHz elliptical cavities in the CSNS-II. It combines three main functions: instant field measurements, data analysis, and automated mechanical adjustments. The system achieved over 95% field uniformity and solved key problems in existing methods, such as manual operation delays and lack of feedback control. This work can accelerate progress in SRF cavity tuning in next-generation accelerators.
###### Abstract  
The Weihe Fault is an important basement fault that is buried deep and controls the formation, evolution, and seismicity of the Weihe Basin. It has been quiescent for more than 300 years with only a few moderate and small earthquakes distributed unevenly. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the current tectonic deformation pattern in order to assess regional seismic risk. In this context, the tectonic deformation velocities of the Weihe Fault were analyzed using an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and leveling observations. The line of slight (LOS) deformation rates spanning from 2015 to 2019 were estimated from stacking-InSAR technology. Subsequently, the three-dimensional deformation rates in the north-south, east-west, and vertical directions were separated through the integration of GNSS-derived horizontal deformation and InSAR-derived LOS deformation. After that, the long-wavelength tectonic deformation was decomposed from the separated vertical deformation based on the spherical wavelet multiscale approach. Finally, the slip rate and locking depth were inverted for the assessment of the seismic hazard and tectonic activity of the Weihe Fault. The results show that the separated vertical deformation is consistent with the leveling observations, where the standard deviation between them is 1.69 mm/yr and the mean value is 0.6 mm/yr, demonstrating the reliability of the proposed method. The decomposed long-wavelength tectonic deformation exhibits uplift in the north and subsidence in the south, as well as the obvious vertical velocity gradient. The inversion result shows that the slip rate of the Weihe Fault gradually decreases from the west to the east, and the dip gradually increases from the west to the east, indicating a segmented activity and the geometric characteristics of the fault. The locking depth of the Weihe Fault gradually increases from the west (~5 km) to the east (~14 km), implying a higher stress accumulation and seismic risk on the eastern section of the fault. Taking into account the higher locking depth and frequent historical earthquakes on the eastern section of the Weihe Fault, further attention should be paid to the earthquake risk of the eastern section of the Weihe Fault.  
Weihe Fault; crustal deformation; InSAR; GNSS 2023