esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Proposed ECC-GA-PASR Approach
### Genetic Algorithm (GA)-Based Optimized RSU Distribution
#### 4.1.1 Best Road Segment Selection  
In our research, as mentioned before, the distribution of RSUs is controlled by the remote cloud (RC), where this process includes chromosome encoding and estimation, phenotype and genotype, and fundamental operations. The major criteria that are considered for the RSU placements are centralized; the majority of the area needs to get covered as well as it should not occurs any kind of RSU situation issues.  
* Chromosome Encoding and Estimation: To achieve a viable stream of GA [35], a string of paired unravel chromosomes is used. During the evaluation, the fitness function is calculated then Basic Safety Message (BSM) is transmitted from SVs to RSU. The process of best road segment selection is described in Figure 7.
* Phenotype and Genotype: In general, the genotype is defined as the digital data of the genetic code, and phenotype is represented as the genuine protest that acts as a visualization of the genotype.
* Fundamental Operations: After finding the initial population, the fundamental operations are taken care of, such as Selection, Crossover, and Mutation. The initial process is parent selection; here, the finest individuals from the initial population are chosen to transfer the genetic data to the subsequent generation, and then one finest  
Figure 7: Best Road Segment selection.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Public Keys (Bits)** & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**In Ratio**} \\ \hline
**Security (Bits)** & **DSA/RSA** & **ECC** & **ECC to DSA/RSA** & **Validity** \\ \hline
80 & 1024 & 160–223 & 1:6 & Up to 2010 \\
112 & 2048 & 224–255 & 1:9 & Up to 2030 \\
128 & 3037 & 256–383 & 1:12 & Beyond 2031 \\
192 & 7680 & 384–511 & 1:20 & Beyond 2031 \\
256 & 15,360 & 512+ & 1:30 & Beyond 2031 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Key size comparison of DSA/RSA and ECC.  
individual with the highest fitness value will turn into a talented parent. Secondly, crossover operation, in this process, any two talented parents are chosen to generate a new individual. For this process, the default recombination operator is used. Finally, Mutation operation, here probabilistic mutation is conducted, and it provides diversity to the population to avoid local minimal clarification with a constant probability. The procedure in the mutation process follows genotype so as to make one alteration in each individual on average.
# Depth Evaluation of Tiny Defects on or near Surface Based on Convolutional Neural Network
## 4 Conclusions  
This study aims to integrate laser ultrasonic testing methods with deep learning algorithms for the in-depth assessment of small fatigue cracks. The key innovation lies in the establishment of a 2D CNN model that incorporates input CWT spectra, enabling the intelligent monitoring and high-precision depth estimation of surface or near-surface small fatigue cracks. Through the definition of regions of interest in the original wavelet time-frequency maps based on the temporal coordinates of critical ultrasonic waveforms, the information content is enhanced. Additionally, targeted optimizations were applied to the convolutional layers, pooling layers, and fully connected layers within the neural network structure. The model's two critical parameters, the batch size and learning rate, were further optimized through testing sets and loss functions, facilitating high-precision training under the constraints of a small dataset and effectively mitigating overfitting.  
Random validation sets were employed to assess the model's accuracy. For small cracks with a minimum depth difference of 0.1 mm, the recognition accuracy reached 91.9%, and the mean deviation of depth measured using the proposed method is \(\pm\)0.037 mm. This method demonstrates the capability to assess the depth of small defects on or near surfaces effectively. Furthermore, due to the non-contact nature of laser ultrasonics, this approach holds significant potential for application in extreme environments, including the additive manufacturing, marine, and nuclear power industries.  
Future Research DirectionsCurrently, the size of the laser ultrasonic detection system may limit the application of the present method in some scenarios with restricted detection space; we aim to design a scanning mechanism that aligns with varied detection scenarios in the future, catering to  
Figure 12: The accuracy of the test set and validation set.  
Figure 13: The comparison of the depths measured using the proposed method and the designed values: (**a**) the comparison results, (**b**) the deviations from the designed values.  
diverse detection needs. Moreover, the accuracy of our model may be enhanced through physics-based models, transfer learning, and other special optimizations, which should be further researched in the future.  
Conceptualization, W.X. and X.L.; methodology, W.X. and J.Z.; investigation, Q.F., J.C. and L.J.; writing--original draft preparation, Q.F. and J.C.; writing--review and editing, J.Z. and J.Y.; supervision, H.D.; project administration, J.Y. and H.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the National Key Research and Development Project of China, grant number 2018 YFB1106100.  
Not applicable.  
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 3 Results
### Meta-Analytic Findings  
#### 3.4.1 Compression Garment on Exercise Performances  
The random-effect meta-analysis model found that compression garments revealed a significant effect on enhancing speed (25 comparisons from 10 studies; \(SMD=0.195\); 95% CI = 0.065 to 0.326; \(p=0.003\); \(I^{2}=0.0\%\)). A funnel plot indicated potential asymmetry with two imputed values, and this bias was additionally observed in the [PERSON]'s regression test (\(\beta_{0}=4.737\) with \(p=0.003\); Supplementary Figure S1). Additionally, wearing compression garments significantly improved endurance (34 comparisons from 17 studies; \(SMD=0.112\); 95% CI = 0.019 to 0.205; \(p=0.018\); \(I^{2}=0.0\%\)). A funnel plot showed minimal publication bias, and this level was found in [PERSON]'s regression test (\(\beta_{0}=0.348\) with \(p=0.677\); Supplementary Figure S2). For the functional motor performance, the compression garment showed positive effectiveness (63 comparisons from 16 studies; \(SMD=0.162\); 95% CI = 0.093 to 0.232; \(p<0.001\); \(I^{2}=0.0\%\)). A funnel plot showed minimal publication bias, and this level was found in [PERSON]'s regression test ([PERSON]'s \(\beta_{0}=-0.009\) with \(p=0.989\); Supplementary Figure S3). However, the meta-analysis failed to show significant effects of compression garments on power and strength (45 comparisons from 18 studies; \(SMD=0.005\); 95% CI = \(-0.071\) to 0.082; \(p=0.889\); \(I^{2}=0.0\%\); [PERSON]'s \(\beta_{0}=-0.128\) with \(p=0.780\)) and sport performance (eight comparisons from three studies; \(SMD=-0.122\); 95% CI = \(-0.407\) to 0.163; \(p=0.401\); \(I^{2}=30.56\%\); [PERSON]'s \(\beta_{0}=-6.147\) with \(p=0.003\)).
# AVSS: Airborne Video Surveillance System
###### Abstract  
Most surveillance systems only contain CCTVs. CCTVs, however, provide only limited maneuverability against dynamic targets and are inefficient for short term surveillance. Such limitations do not raise much concern in some cases, but for the scenario in which traditional surveillance systems do not suffice, adopting a fleet of UAVs can help overcoming the limitations. In this paper, we present a surveillance system implemented with a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). A surveillance system implemented with a fleet of UAVs is easy to deploy and maintain. A UAV fleet requires little time to deploy and set up, and removing the surveillance is also virtually instant. The system we propose deploys UAVs to the target area for installation and perform surveillance operations. The camera mounted UAVs act as surveillance probes, the server provides overall control of the surveillance system, and the fleet platform provides fleet-wise control of the UAVs. In the proposed system, the UAVs establish a network and enable multi-hop communication, which allows the system to widen its coverage area. The operator of the system can control the fleet of UAVs via the fleet platform and receive surveillance information gathered by the UAVs. The proposed system is described in detail along with the algorithm for effective placement of the UAVs. The prototype of the system is presented, and the experiment carried out shows that the system can successfully perform surveillance over an area set by the system.  
surveillance; UAV; fleet control; UAV network +
Footnote †: journal: Journal of Sensors  
_Article_  
AVSS: Airborne Video Surveillance System
## 2 Design Concepts
### Design Considerations for Antenna Components  
A typical antenna design includes three major parts: ground, primary radiator, and feed. Based on the above-mentioned characteristics of interest, some of the basic design considerations are laid out below.
# Safety-Aware Optimal Attitude Pointing for Low-Thrust Satellites
## 2 Methods  
We considered the case of a satellite in geostationary orbit equipped with a communications antenna with a relatively small beam pencil that needed to be pointed towards the communications ground-station at all times and a sensitive on-board telescope that needed to avoid a bright celestial object. Expressing the attitude kinematics as \(R(t)\in SO(3)\), we have:  
\[\frac{dR(t)}{dt}=R(t)(\omega_{1}(t)A_{1}+\omega_{2}(t)A_{2}+\omega_{3}(t)A_{3}) \tag{1}\]  
where \(R(t)\in SO(3)\), and:  
\[A_{1}=\begin{bmatrix}0&0&1\\ 0&0&0\\ -1&0&0\end{bmatrix},\quad A_{2}=\begin{bmatrix}0&0&0\\ 0&0&1\\ 0&-1&0\end{bmatrix},\quad A_{3}=\begin{bmatrix}0&-1&0\\ 1&0&0\\ 0&0&0\end{bmatrix} \tag{2}\]  
is the standard basis of the Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{so}(3)\). We developed a three-step method that solves the attitude guidance problem of determining the desired \(\omega_{1},\omega_{2},\omega_{3}\) and solving Equation (1) numerically such that the boundary conditions:  
\[R(0)=R_{0}\quad R(t_{f})=R_{d} \tag{3}\]  
(where \(R_{0}\) is the prescribed initial attitude and \(R_{d}\) the desired final attitude) are satisfied.
###### Abstract  
_Ecklonia cava_ (EC) is a natural material commonly used to decrease swelling, allergy, cancer, and sleep issues. Using EC has been reported to regulate hormones during ovarian failure in an aromatase inhibition rodent model. The aim of this study was to investigate EC's benefits on ovariectomized female mice. Hormone replacement therapy is beneficial in menopause, but the risk of side effects increases. In the present study, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and tryptophan hydroxylases (TPHs) expression were studied after the EC extracts were incorporated as elemental, phloroglucinol, eckol, dieckol, 6,6\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol, and 8,8\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol. In this in vivo study, the following seven groups of 10-week-old Balb/c female mice were evaluated over 8 weeks: normal mice (Sham), ovariectomized mice (OVX), ovariectomized and restraint stressed mice (OVX + R), ovariectomized and 17\({}^{\prime}\)-estradiol-treated mice (OVX + R + E2), ovariectomized and fluoxetine-treated mice (OVX + R + E2), and ovariectomized and EC-extract-treated mice (OVX + R + EC150 or OVX + R + EC300). The serum lipid profile, bone loss, and depressive symptoms were investigated in an ovariectomized and restraint-stressed mice model. In the in vitro models, ALP activity was dose-dependently upregulated by EC, including phloroglucinol, eckol, dieckol, 6,6\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol, and 8,8\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol, in RBL-2H3 cells. The transcripts of TPH1 and TPH2 were induced by EC and/or its elements (phloroglucinol, eckol, dieckol, 6,6\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol, and 8,8\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol) in RBL-2H3 cells. The re-uptake activity of serotonin (5-HT) was also decreased by EC and its ingredients such as phloroglucinol, eckol, dieckol, 6,6\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol, and 8,8\({}^{\prime}\)-biekol. In the models, the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were downregulated in OVX + R mice by EC treatment. The bone mineral density (BMD) was determined in EC-treated groups, and the bone metabolism markers, CTX and osteocalcin, were also reduced to normal levels. The depression experiments revealed that the immobility time was shortened in the forced-swimming test in OVX + R mice. Moreover, the serum serotonin level was promoted by EC treatment in OVX + R mice. These results showed that EC extract inhibits bone loss and depressive symptoms in a menopausal mouse model by modulating bone metabolism markers (CTX and osteocalcin) and serotonin level in OVX + R mice.  
Ecklonia cava; menopausal syndrome; ovariectomy; serotonin; osteoporosis
## 3 Results
### Increased Ripening Gene Expressions and Enzyme Activity in FaMADS1-RNAi  
_Strawberry Fruit_  
The expression of genes related to fruit color, firmness, and aroma metabolism was significantly regulated by _FaMADS1_-RNAi (Figure 5). _FaMADS1_-RNAi greatly promoted the expression levels of _FaPAL6_, _FaC4H_, _Fa4 CL_, _FaDFR_, and _FaUFIGT_, which are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis [43]. _FaMADS1_-RNAi also induced the transcription of fruit softening-related genes, such as _FaPL_ and _FaXTH_[44]. Notably, the expression level of _FaQR_ in _FaMADS1_-RNAi fruit was 4-fold higher than the controls, and _FaMADS1_-RNAi led to an almost 3-fold increase in the expression level of _FaAAT2_.  
Figure 5: Relative expression of ripening-related genes in the control fruit (empty vector) and _FaMADS1_-RNAi fruit at 7 d after injection. Each value represents the mean of six independent fruit. Anthocyanin-related genes: _FaANS_, anthocyanin synthase; _Fa4 CL_, \(\rho\)-cumarate ligase; _FaC4H_, cinnamicacid-4-hydroxylase; _FaCHS_, chalcone synthase; _FaDFR_, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; _FaPAL6_, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; _FaUFIGT_, flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase. Softening-related genes: _FaPG_, Polygalacturonase; _FaPL_, pectate lyase; _FaXTH_, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase. Aroma-related genes: FaAAT2, alcohol acyltransferase; _FaQR_, quinone oxidoreductase. Error bars represent standard deviation (SD, \(n=3\)). Asterisks indicate values significantly different by Student’s \(t\) test from the control samples (* \(p<0.05\); ** \(p<0.01\)).  
_FaMADS1_-RNAi significantly promoted the activities of PAL, 4 CL, C4H, and DFR (Figure 6A-D), which are involved in the phenylpropanol pathway of anthocyanin biosynthesis [45]. There was no significant difference in PG activity between the control and _FaMADS1_-RNAi fruit, but there was a significant increase in PL activity in _FaMADS1_-RNAi fruit (Figure 6E). Furthermore, the activity of AAT in _FaMADS1_-RNAi fruit was higher than that in the control group (Figure 6F).  
Figure 6: PAL (**A**), 4 CL (**B**), C4H (**C**), DFR (**D**), PL (**E**), and AAT (**F**) activities in the control (empty vector) and FaMADS1-RNAi fruit at 7 d after injection. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; 4 CL, \(\rho\)-coumarate ligase; C4H, cinnacci-4-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; PL, pctc lyase; AAT, alcohol acyltransferase. Error bars represent standard deviation (SD, \(n=3\)). Asterisks indicate values significantly different by Student’s \(t\) test from the control samples (* \(p<0.05\); ** \(p<0.01\)).
# Effective Attention-Based Mechanism for Masked Face Recognition
## 2 Related Works
Their simulated dataset was generated with random occlusion (mask or glasses). In that study, the network was able to learn more features than the masked dataset. However, their performance results greatly decreased when tested with only the masked face dataset. [PERSON] [16] proposed a new method based on occlusion face removal and deep learning-based features to discard the occlusion region. They used a pre-trained network to handle the MFR problem. They applied the cropping filter technique to remove the occluded part covered by a facial mask and therefore extract only features in the non-masked face region. The occlusion removal technique can discard non-masked face areas from each image. However, it cannot guarantee a clean elimination of non-masked face parts since facial masks are not all placed in the same position on the face. Moreover, their recognition performance results with both simulated masked face and real masked face images still need to be improved. Recent works have attempted to deal with MFR using attention mechanisms. [PERSON] et al. [20] proposed a new strategy by integrating a cropping-based and attention-based approach with the CBAM [26]. The cropping-based process removes the masked face region from face images. They examined several cropping proportion cases of the input image to find the one that achieved the best recognition accuracy. In the attention-based process, the masked face features and features around the eyes were respectively given low and high weights. The authors reported that their approach achieved 92.61% MFR accuracy. In another study, [PERSON] et al. [11] proposed an algorithm using cosine loss (MF-Cosface) to handle the MFR. As a result, their method improved the accuracy of masked face recognition compared to the first method based on attention. They also designed an Attention-Inception module that combined the CBAM with Inception-ResNet to help the model pay greater attention to the region not covered by the mask. This technique achieved a slight improvement in the verification task. The existing works described above inspire our present work. By observing the strength of the attention module, which plays an important role in MFR work, this study extends them further by proposing a novel network architecture by integrating the attention module into the refined ResNet-50 network implemented in the ArcFace repository.
## 3 Proposed Design and System-Level Development  
Figure 1c presents the proposed architecture, in which a buck converter is used for each module as a power optimizer. The schematic diagram of the architecture is shown in Figure 2. A unique feature is that all PV modules are connected in series through string switches, and simultaneously, the output ports of all the buck converters are also connected in series. It means that in order to maintain \(I_{string}\), the string switch of a specific module is made active if it supports the \(I_{string}\), otherwise the module's current is diverted to the output port of the buck converter. Since the buck converter enhances the output current, it becomes possible to raise the module's current to \(I_{string}\) at the output port of the converter.  
The buck converter is a basic topology, which steps down the voltage at its output. The output voltage and output current relations of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode are expressed in Equations (1) and (2), respectively, when the PV module is interfaced with the converter. Here, \(D\) represents the duty cycle of the converter. As is well known, partial shading impacts the power generation of the PV source [30]. In general, the \(I_{pv}\) of the PV module reduces, and its \(V_{pv}\) rises during a partial shading condition, which makes the buck converter an ideal candidate for the proposed architecture to enhance the shaded module's current at the output of the buck converter in order to match the common string current.  
\[V_{o}=D\times V_{in}=D\times V_{pv} \tag{1}\]  
\[I_{o}=\frac{I_{in}}{D}\to I_{string}=\frac{I_{pv}}{D} \tag{2}\]  
Figure 1c shows that the string switch of only M2 is turned off, and its corresponding buck converter is made active to support the \(I_{string}\), while the string switches of M1 and M3 remain active, as they can support the \(I_{string}\). Clearly, the proposed architecture uses both forward (towards the converter's output port) and backward (towards the module side) current movements to maintain the \(I_{string}\). Because of this philosophy, the selective operation of converters become possible, thus making the architecture's efficiency high. Simultaneously, since extra current is not needed from the DC-link node, the stress on switching devices is lower. The control operation is not complex, as buck converters  
Figure 2: Layout and schematic of the proposed architecture.  
and simple On/Off control of string switches are involved. It should be noted that the centralized MPPT inverter ensures the MPP operation of the string.
## 4 Antibacterial Nanotheranostics
### Theranostic Nanoparticles (NPs) and Nanofibers
#### 4.1.3 Theranostic Electrospun Nanofibers
The pH could draw a roadmap, elucidating different phases of the wound healing process that necessitate different ranges of pH [200; 201]. Acidic pH in inflamed tissue potentiates the pathogenic endocytosis and phagocytosis by transdifferentiated neutrophils [202]. In another endeavor examining the triggering effect of pH on the drug release from smart electrospun fibers, [PERSON] et al. [203] have electrospun an ibuprofen-loaded poly(L-lactide) fibrous scaffold and shown a quick ibuprofen release from the scaffold at pH 5.0 (preventing excessive inflammation and promoting muscle wound healing) and a slow-release at pH 7. In an investigation into the antibiotic cargo of electrospun fibers, [PERSON] et al. [204] have demonstrated an initial burst release of tetracycline (55%) within the first 3 h followed by a prolonged sustained release (\(\approx\)80%) after 14 days from a triple (micro/nanofiber)-layered electrospun matrix. The tetracycline-encapsulated electrospun matrix was composed of a central layer of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) sandwiched within the exterior layers of poly-\(\varepsilon\)-caprolactone. It eradicated the preformed biofilms of _S. aureus_ for three consecutive days. Ag-containing polymeric or composite electrospun fibers could be a major area of interest within fields requiring the prolonged antibacterial actions of Ag NPs, including implant scaffolds [205; 206] and wound dressings [207]. The most sought-after properties of ideal wound dressings are (i) facilitating the rapid establishment of homeostasis (themain process toward wound healing); (ii) providing antibacterial properties (preferably in a controlled manner); (iii) preventing wound infections; and (iv) being biocompatible, promoting cell growth. Electrospun nanofibers could elegantly excel wound dressings by incorporating homeostatic agents (e.g., growth factors) and antibacterial agents. Electrospun nanofibers also support homeostasis because of their high surface areas, promoting cell attachment, and their porosities, allowing gaseous exchange and nutrient supply and regulating fluid loss [181; 182; 190; 192; 208]. Ag is a forerunner antibacterial agent in electrospun wound dressings because it decreases inflammation at the wound site and enhances epithelialization [188; 209], healing, and the cosmetic appearance of skin [210]. Biodegradable polymeric nanofibers could also be directly electrospun on chronic wounds, forming dressings that heal wounds and halt the formation of scar tissue [184; 209], as shown in Figure 1.