## 3 Results and Discussion
### Characterization of Encapsulated Pumpkin Oil in Carbohydrate Shells  
#### 3.3.1 Basic Parameters of Capsules  
In the current study, Table 3 shows that the moisture content was the highest in the powder containing wheat starch (3.11%). In turn, the lowest values were detected for lactose (1.40%) and trehalose (1.85%).  
Bulk density is a measure of the mass of powder which occupies a fixed volume. In this study bulk density was in the range from 189 kg/m\({}^{3}\) (pow  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Type of Carbohydrate**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Maltodextrin** & **Wheat Starch** & **Rice Starch** & **Maize Starch** & **Lactose** & **Trehalose** \\ \hline Encapsulation & 70 (0.17) ef & 68 (2.06) d & 35 (1.78) a & 42 (3.10) b & 71 (1.79) f & 59 (1.27) c \\ \multicolumn{7}{c}{} \\ Total oil (\%) & 33.3 (2.07) a & 33.4 (0.52) a & 36.0 (0.13) b & 36.7 (0.61) b & 32.7 (0.38) a & 36.2 (2.33) b \\ Surface oil (\%) & 10.0 (0.57) ab & 10.7 (0.85) c & 23.3 (0.56) f & 21.2 (0.79) e & 9.4 (0.47) a & 14.7 (1.40) d \\ Core oil content (\%) & 23.3 (1.51) c & 22.7 (0.34) c & 12.7 (0.69) a & 15.5 (1.40) b & 23.3 (0.86) c & 21.5 (0.92) c \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} a,b,c,... --average values in lines with different letters are significantly different (\(p\leq 0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 2: Oil content in capsules and encapsulation efficiency of spray drying process of pumpkin oil with carbohydrate materials.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Carbohydrate Material**} \\ \cline{2-7}  & **Maltodextrin** & **Wheat Starch** & **Rice Starch** & **Maize Starch** & **Lactose** & **Trehalose** \\ \hline Moisture (\%) & 2.77 (0.00) e & 3.11 (0.19) f & 2.73 (0.11) d & 2.40 (0.06) c & 1.40 (0.09) a & 1.85 (0.05) b \\ Bulk density (kg/m\({}^{3}\)) & 196 (0.45) d & 195 (0.29) c & 194 (0.71) b & 189 (0.65) a & 198 (0.48) e & 194 (0.54) b \\ D (4,3) (um) & 103 (0.86) c & 70.9 (0.70) a & 67.7 (1.12) a & 77.3 (3.97) b & 104 (6.57) c & 176 (4.62) d \\ D (3,2) (um) & 58.0 (0.31) c & 41.4 (0.10) a & 41.1 (0.43) a & 51.6 (4.16) b & 58.3 (2.72) c & 85.2 (0.65) d \\ L* (\%) & 98.9 (0.06) ab & 99.2 (0.05) c & 98.9 (0.09) b & 98.8 (0.04) a & 98.9 (0.05) b & 98.9 (0.05) b \\ a* (-) & \(-\)5.66 (0.23) ab & \(-\)4.34 (0.34) c & \(-\)5.22 (0.24) a & \(-\)5.79 (0.24) a & \(-\)5.71 (0.26) a & \(-\)5.44 (0.23) ab \\ b* (-) & 10.8 (0.23) c & 8.8 (0.42) a & 10.1 (0.13) b & 10.9 (0.18) c & 10.6 (0.19) c & 10.2 (0.19) b \\ WI (-) & 87.76 & 90.16 & 88.58 & 87.60 & 87.91 & 88.39 \\ \(\Delta\)E (-) & - & 2.42 & 0.83 & 0.19 & 0.21 & 0.64 \\ Oxidative stability & 12.7 (0.12) d & 15.1 (0.32) f & 13.3 (1.11) e & 11.4 (0.53) c & 12.4 (0.71) c & 9.5 (0.21) a \\ at 110 \({}^{\circ}\)C (h) & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} a,b,c,... --average values in lines with different letters are significantly different (\(p\leq 0.05\)).  
\end{table}
Table 3: Moisture content, physical properties and oxidative stability of encapsulated pumpkin oil in carbohydrate shells.  
198 kg/m\({}^{3}\) (powder with lactose) (Table 3). [PERSON] et al. [32] obtained similar results of bulk density for encapsulated corn oil with trehalose and maltodextrin (for 10% addition it was 180-280 kg/m\({}^{3}\)).