## 3 Results and Discussions
The first-year operating earnings of the PV + ESS system are shown in Table 5. Taking into account that the energy produced in PV panels will decrease by 0.07% every year and that the batteries will experience a storage loss of 0.01% each year compared to the previous year due to aging, it is predicted that PV + ESS will operate for 25 years, and the batteries will be replaced after 15 years. According to the price tariffs applied in Turkiye, the benefit obtained from energy transferred from PV to the grid accounts for 24.22% of the annual total revenue, the benefit obtained from energy transferred from PV to the load represents 27.05% of the annual revenue, and the benefit obtained from energy transferred from the ESS to the grid constitutes 48.73% of the annual total revenue. Since the income from transferring energy from PV to the grid is lower than the income from transferring energy from PV to the load, the aim is to transfer the energy produced in PV to the loads and ESS as much as possible. For similar reasons, it aims to transfer the energy stored in the ESS to the grid during hours when energy prices are as high as possible during the year. It is seen that the economic performance is acceptable for the market, where LCOE is calculated at USD 0.1467/kWh while NPV and PP are, respectively, estimated at USD 4918.3 and 7.03 years. Figure 12 shows the cumulative NPV curve over time in order to evaluate the economic performance of the project. The curve starts with a negative value due to the initial capital investment and increases due to the revenues obtained from energy production as the system becomes operational. In year 7.3, the NPV becomes zero. Therefore, this point represents the payback period (PBP) of the investment. In year 15, a significant decrease is observed in the curve. This decrease can be attributed to additional costs arising from planned maintenance or equipment replacements, such as the replacement of the BESS. Then, the NPV curve enters an upward trend again, revealing the long-term profitability and sustainability of the project. This situation shows that the project has been economically advantageous throughout its life and has provided a positive return for investors. Figure 11: Monthly energy is transferred to the load from sources. \begin{table}
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**Parameters** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline PV to Grid & 24,061.71 & USD \\ PV to load & 26,880.62 & USD \\ Battery to load & 48,423.12 & USD \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Annual benefits. Our proposed method was developed to optimize the economic and operational performance of PV + ESS systems. Various studies have been conducted in the literature on PV + ESS integration, some of which are based on static energy management strategies, fixed pricing models, and traditional battery usage policies. Most of these studies do not adequately address real-time price fluctuations and dynamic load management. The model developed in this study aims to increase economic and operational sustainability using dynamic decision mechanisms and optimization techniques. The main differences and advantages of the proposed method compared to similar studies in the literature are summarized in Table 6.  
\begin{table}
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Figure 12: Cumulative NPV trend over the project’s lifetime.