esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# An Alternative Series Solution for Free Vibration Analysis of Asymmetric L-Shaped Membranes
## 3 Results
### Verification for the Asymmetric Case  
In this section, we present a detailed verification of the first ten eigenvalue squares for asymmetric L-shaped membranes by comparing our results with those given in [38]. The comparison shown in Table 5 demonstrates that our present 3-SDD results are in good agreement with the results of [38]. The eigenvalues calculated using the 3-SDD strategy closely align with those obtained through the 2-SDD strategy and Abaqus finite element (FE) software (version 2023), with minimal differences that fall within acceptable numerical tolerance levels. For example, the first eigenvalue \(k_{1}^{2}\) matches almost exactly across all methods, demonstrating the high precision and reliability of our computations.  
Minor variations observed in higher-order eigenvalues, such as \(k_{6}^{2}\) and \(k_{10}^{2}\), can be attributed to the inherent differences in numerical methods and the computational precision of the software used. These discrepancies do not significantly affect the overall accuracy of the results. Overall, such consistency confirms that the present 3-SDD strategy effectively handles asymmetric L-shaped membrane vibrations, offering a dependable alternative to existing methods.  
The numerical differences between all three methods are minimal. The average relative difference between 3-SDD and Abaqus is less than 0.01% for all eigenvalues, while the difference between 2-SDD and Abaqus is typically less than 0.02%. The difference between 3-SDD and 2-SDD is minor, often around 0.001%.  
The lack of significant differences between the 3-SDD and 2-SDD results in Table 5 can be attributed to the specific geometry of the L-shaped membrane used in this example. In this case, the L-shape's horizontal and vertical arms have relatively low aspect ratios, meaning that neither arm is exceptionally slender. This geometric configuration does not fully leverage the advantages of the 3-SDD strategy over the 2-SDD strategy.
# Prospects of Structural Similarity Index for Medical Image Analysis
###### Abstract
Research on a single mean SSIM (MSSIM) motivated several further developments of SSIM, and to date, numerous versions of SSIM have been achieved, for example, multiscale SSIM (MS-SSIM), gradient-based SSIM (GSSIM), a three-component weighting region, a four-component weighting region, a complex-wavelet, and an improved SSIM with a sharpness comparison (ISSIM-S) [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. The SSIM method has recently become popular as a way to improve the sensitivity according to the measurement scope and goal by applying an image processing procedure [23]. Several publications have even reported SSIM implementation in clinical applications and biomedical fields [24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. SSIM has shown signs of progress, not only in digital images for communication, video, monitor, television, and watermark technologies [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35] but also in medical image analyses [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45] to assist clinicians or physicians in complementing an opinion before making a final decision [46, 47, 48, 49]. SSIM can be considered a \"second opinion\" in an assessment. By understanding the recent progression of SSIM related to medical image quantification, this study reviewed articles concentrating on the SSIM implementation as an objective measure used to evaluate medical images from several modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), computerized tomography (CT) scans, X-rays, and optical imaging, as well as other implementations in the medical field. Moreover, we discuss the history and popular progress of SSIM from its origin to recent structural similarities, its strengths and shortcomings, and its potential future research directions in relation to medical image analyses. This review is expected to be a guide for researchers in identifying the potential application of SSIM when objectively measuring medical images. The remainder of this study is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the history and basic principles of SSIM, and Section 3 describes the types of improvements made to this index. Section 4 presents the use of SSIM in medical imaging, whereas Section 5 presents some final concluding remarks by providing the future prospects of SSIM for medical image analyses.
# Advances in Fermentation Technology: A Focus on Health and Safety
## 5 International Harmonization of Safety Standards of Fermented Foods  
The international harmonisation of food safety standards, particularly concerning fermented foods, is imperative for fostering global trade and enhancing consumer protection across national borders. The Codex Alimentarius Commission assumes a central role in formulating guidelines that nations may adopt to regulate fermented foods effectively [150]. A pertinent illustration of the positive economic implications of such standards is evident in the increase in South Korea's kimchi exports and the rise in imports from China [151]. Additionally, the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) enhances these efforts by establishing benchmarks for existing food safety standards against fundamental requirements, thereby fostering convergence and compliance among various regulatory frameworks [152].  
However, divergent regulatory frameworks and varying institutional capacities across different countries impede the pursuit of harmonisation. The rapid expansion of the fermented food market has underscored the necessity for evolving regulatory frameworks; nevertheless, significant discord persists among jurisdictions [142]. To overcome these challenges, it is essential to promote international collaboration, policy harmonisation, and public-private partnerships, all vital for advancing global food safety initiatives and ensuring equitable access to safe and nutritious food [153].  
The globalisation of food trade has necessitated efforts towards international harmonisation of safety standards for fermented foods. The Codex Alimentarius Commission, a joint initiative of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the WHO, has been at the forefront of developing harmonised standards for fermented foods [154]. The Commission has recently updated its guidelines on the microbiological criteria for fermented foods, providing a framework for assessing the safety and quality of these products across different regions.
# Experimental Evaluation of an IoT-Based Platform for Maritime Transport Services
## 6 Discussion  
In this work, we presented the 5G Maritime Platform, an experimental platform that fosters the deployment and testing of 5G-based logistic services in the context of maritime transport while exploiting massive IoT data. The platform is enabled by the recent convergence between 5G, NB-IoT and satellite network deployments. In addition, horizontal-integrated service platforms for IoT services such as OneM2M allow for IoT-based applications to be developed in vendor- and device-independent ways, thus allowing for new service and business opportunities for both network operators and service providers. All the components of the platform have been deployed and experimentally tested in a real testbed, thus producing significant and realistic results. However, further research efforts need to be performed and some open challenges still need to be investigated in the light of large-scale deployments of the 5G Maritime Platform. Currently, the majority of satellite communication networks are still based on proprietary hardware and on constrained network resources, which limits the benefits taken from the integration with 5G and the support of new applications. In addition, the current lack of worldwide NB-IoT roaming agreements between telecommunication operators may prevent the adoption of solutions such as the 5 GT System, where the NB-IoT smart objects installed in the cargo shipping containers (and having a single SIM card provided by a given operator) are carried all around the world. However, some encouraging initiatives have been taken towards this direction. For example, recently Deutsche Telekom announced the extension of NB-IoT services thanks to the roaming agreements signed with several network operators worldwide [28]. Finally, an additional important point is the related to cyber-security aspects. In this regard, the system architecture of the 5G Maritime Platform has to be compliant with ISO/IEC 27001:2013 [29] and the guidelines on maritime cyber risk management issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) [30].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**CTD \#ID** & **RSSI [dBm]** & **RSRP [dBm]** & **\# of Tx/Rx Messages** \\ \hline
7898 & \(-68.7\) & \(-74.7\) & \(405/405\) \\ \hline
6940 & \(-68.7\) & \(-74.7\) & \(405/405\) \\ \hline
2259 & \(-78.9\) & \(-84.9\) & \(402/400\) \\ \hline
4805 & \(-78.9\) & \(-84.9\) & \(402/400\) \\ \hline
5333 & \(-82.1\) & \(-89.4\) & \(402/398\) \\ \hline
7464 & \(-82.1\) & \(-89.4\) & \(402/398\) \\ \hline
6599 & \(-99.2\) & \(-105.3\) & \(205/200\) \\ \hline
3714 & \(-68.7\) & \(-74.7\) & \(405/404\) \\ \hline  & & Packet Loss & 0.9\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Maximum packet loss.
# Recent Advances of MXene-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors
## 3 Electrochemical Immunosensors Based on MXenes  
With the increasing attention to MXenes, the applications of MXenes in electrochemical immunosensors have also been increasingly reported. According to these reports, MXenes can be used as electrode-modified nanomaterials (EMN), or as detection antibodies labels (Ab\({}_{2}\)-label) to construct electrochemical immunosensors. Various electrical analysis meth  
Figure 1: Schematics of the constituent elements of MXenes in the periodic table (**top**) and four typical molecular structures of MXenes (M\({}_{2}\)XT\({}_{x}\), M\({}_{3}\)X\({}_{2}\)T\({}_{x}\), M\({}_{4}\)X\({}_{3}\)T\({}_{x}\) and M\({}_{5}\)X\({}_{4}\)T\({}_{x}\)) (**bottom**). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [24]. 2021, American Chemical Society.  
ods are applied to detect analytes, including capacitance, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), amperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). These electrochemical immunosensors have been used to detect biomarkers of cancer, cardiovascular disease, sepsis and other diseases. The various electrochemical immunosensors are summarized in Table 1, including the MXene materials, etchant for MXenes preparation, roles, analytes, analytical methods and performance.
## 3 Test Results and Observations
### Comparison between Pixel Values of Carbon Powder and Ash Powder  
A comparison between the images of carbon powder accumulation and those of ash powder accumulation through a visual observation indicated that the area of accumulated ash appeared relatively whiter (Table 9). A graph comparing an increase in pixel values upon the accumulation of carbon powder and of ash powder, measured at the same ROI, is given in Figure 10. As for the images of ash powder, when the accumulated quantity gets higher, the pixel value dramatically increases. Ash consists of elements with higher atomic numbers than carbon, as they are generally derived from engine oil. Therefore, it is denser than carbon powder, resulting in a lower X-ray transmittance, which leads to an assumption that a certain area appears whiter in the images.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Ash Powder** & **Mean Pixel Value** & **Standard Deviation** \\ \hline
0 & 158.180 & 1.301 \\
12.5 & 177.178 & 7.730 \\
25 & 192.931 & 5.981 \\
100 & 242.537 & 2.890 \\
125 & 244.057 & 3.337 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 8: Pixel values according to each accumulation condition (ash powder).  
Figure 9: The graph of pixel values according to ash powder accumulation condition.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Carbon Powder** & **Ash Powder** \\
**Accumulation 25 g** & **Accumulation 25 g** \\ \hline
25 g & 25 g \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Visual comparison of carbon powder accumulation and ash powder accumulation.  
It is confirmed that it is possible to analyze the accumulation status through CR X-ray imaging when ash is accumulated on the substrate. Therefore, it is deemed possible to observe the accumulation of ash remnants after the regeneration process by taking a CR X-ray to the DPF equipped with a canister. As for the PM accumulation, it is estimated to be difficult to tell whether it is accumulated through a visual observation as it is mainly made of carbon; however, it is possible to conduct an analysis based on pixel values.
# Cryptographic Encryption and Optimization for Internet of Things Based Medical Image Security
## 2 Literature Survey
The parameters of the LSH method are then improved and used to generate the searchable index with the goal of increasing retrieval efficiency [23; 24; 25]. In the field of medical imaging, image denoising has been of particular significance (MI). The hardest part of image denoising is preserving data-bearing surfaces such as edges and surfaces to achieve acceptable visual quality while boosting peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). In this paper, the MI denoising process is considered using a creative, bio-inspired optimization-based filtering system known as the bilateral filter (BF). The decision to choose the best parameters, i.e., Gaussian and spatial weights, is influenced by how the denoising process is carried out. These parameters are selected in this case using the swarm-based dragonfly (DF) and modified firefly (MFF) algorithms [26]. The current security techniques pigeon-inspired optimization (PIO) [17], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [18], salp swarm optimization algorithm (SSOA) [19], ant colony optimization (ACO) [20], gray wolf optimization [21] bio-inspired optimization [22; 26; 27] and Harris corner optimization [23; 28] also employ encryption, steganography, or combinations of the two. There is a special, ideal technique for image encryption that can be totally protected against unauthorized access, withimprovements in peer verification to prevent the leak of personal data and potentially dangerous instigating behaviors.
## 2 State of the Art
### DSP on Gesture Recognition  
Beyond localisation, another application of WiFi sensing receiving tremendous attention is gesture recognition [2]. This application leverages the small-scale ripples created in the CSI time series by temporal variations in the channel [2]. Through conventional processing tools such as low-pass averaging filters and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), these variations can be further emphasised within the CSI time series [11]. Raw CSI always contains outliers and noises which can significantly reduce the performance of CSI and thus need to be firstly removed. Prior work has shown that effective outlier removal techniques included the moving average filter [21], Hampel filter [22], median filter [23], and phase removal techniques like linear regression [24]. The noise reduction is always followed by effectively applying frequency decomposition techniques such as the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to extract features pertaining to the gestures from the CSI time series data [2; 11; 15]. One interesting example of this is the extraction of keystroke information from CSI as users type on keyboards in the presence of WiFi networks. It was shown that the mentioned filtering and feature extraction techniques could uncover artifacts of human typing in WiFi CSI [11]. With intelligent ML frameworks, these artifacts were used to correctly identify which key was pressed [11]. While the paper successfully recognised all 26 keys with an overall 82.78% accuracy, they classified each key individually and fixed device positioning and gap distance. Based on this, there is a lack of insight into what the scale of the technology could be, since the effects of these factors remain a prominent research question, preventing the widespread adoption of such technologies in commercial environments.
# Survey and Perspectives of Vehicular Wi-Fi versus Sidelink Cellular-V2X in the 5G Era
###### Abstract  
The revolution of cooperative connected and automated vehicles is about to begin and a key milestone is the introduction of short range wireless communications between cars. Given the tremendous expected market growth, two different technologies have been standardized by international companies and consortia, namely IEEE 802.11p, out for nearly a decade, and short range cellular-vehicle-to-anything (C-V2X), of recent definition. In both cases, evolutions are under discussion. The former is only decentralized and based on a sensing before transmitting access, while the latter is based on orthogonal resources that can be also managed by an infrastructure. Although studies have been conducted to highlight advantages and drawbacks of both, doubts still remain. In this work, with a reference to the literature and the aid of large scale simulations in realistic urban and highway scenarios, we provide an insight in such a comparison, also trying to isolate the contribution of the physical and medium access control layers.  
vehicle-to-anything; connected and autonomous vehicles; vehicular networks; IEEE 802.11p; IEEE 802.11 bd; DSRC; ITS-G5; LTE-V2X; cellular-V2X; sidelink; PC5; 5G; cooperative awareness +
Footnote †: journal: Future Internet
# A Secure and Efficient Authentication Scheme for Fog-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Security Analysis
### _Informal Analysis_
#### 5.2.1 Anonymity and Untraceability  
In the proposed protocol, the vehicle user performs the authentication step using the pseudo identity, \(PID_{i}\), and the temporary identity, \(RID_{i}\), ensuring the anonymity of the vehicle user. Furthermore, \(PID_{i}\) and \(RID_{i}\) change dynamically with each session due to timestamps and random values; hence, the attacker cannot track the vehicle user. Therefore, the proposed protocol guarantees the anonymity and untraceability of the vehicle user.  
Figure 5: Simulation results under OFMC and CL-AtSe.
# Modeling of NOMA-MIMO-Based Power Domain for 5G Network under Selective Rayleigh Fading Channels
## 3 System Model
### UL Scenario
#### 3.2.1 Capacity Rates Achievable of Four Users UL NOMA  
The signal from the close user is decoded first, with the signal from the distant users being treated as interference. Therefore, the rate at which the BS can decode the data of a nearby user is, according to [48; 49].  
\[R_{U4}=\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{P|h_{4T}|^{2}}{P|h_{1T}|^{2}+P|h_{2T}|^{2}+P|h_{3T }|^{2}+\ \sigma^{2}}\right) \tag{10}\]  
After the SIC has been calculated, the maximum rate \(U3\) can be obtained.  
\[R_{U3}=\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{P|h_{3T}|^{2}}{P|h_{1T}|^{2}+P|h_{2T}|^{2}+\ \sigma^{2}}\right) \tag{11}\]  
After the SIC has been calculated, the maximum rate \(U2\) that can be accomplished  
\[R_{U2}=\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{P|h_{2T}|^{2}}{P|h_{1T}|^{2}+\ \sigma^{2}}\right) \tag{12}\]  
After the SIC has been calculated, the maximum rate of U1 can be achieved.  
\[R_{U1}=\log_{2}\left(1+\frac{P|h_{1T}|^{2}}{\sigma^{2}}\right) \tag{13}\]
## 3 Methods and Material
### Geophysical Survey
#### 3.4.3 Geoelectric Measurements  
The reason for using resistivity methods was the assumption that the underlying Mesozoic aquifer (that had a carbonate evolution) would have higher values of specific  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Petrographic Type** & **n** & **D\({}_{\text{v}}\) (g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\))** & **D\({}_{\text{m}}\) (g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\))** & **P (\%)** & **D\({}_{\text{n}}\) (g\(\cdot\)cm\({}^{-3}\))** \\ \hline Miocene & & & & & \\ granodiorite porphyry & 2 & 2.59 & 2.61 & 0.89 & 2.59 \\ \hline diorite porphyry & 84 & 2.62 & 2.69 & 2.54 & 2.65 \\ \hline andesite porphyry & 6 & 2.56 & 2.71 & 5.24 & 2.62 \\ \hline pyroxenic andesite & 178 & 2.52 & 2.66 & 5.28 & 2.59 \\ \hline propylitized andesite & 384 & 2.51 & 2.68 & 6.24 & 2.58 \\ \hline silicified andesite & 21 & 2.37 & 2.71 & 12.50 & 2.49 \\ \hline lava clastic breccia & 62 & 2.45 & 2.69 & 8.60 & 2.54 \\ \hline tuff breccia & 2 & 2.61 & 2.64 & 1.45 & 2.62 \\ \hline tuff & 50 & 2.29 & 2.70 & 15.18 & 2.45 \\ \hline pumice tuff & 33 & 2.43 & 2.69 & 10.07 & 2.51 \\ \hline hornfels & 10 & 2.68 & 2.71 & 1.14 & 2.69 \\ \hline skarn & 3 & 2.68 & 2.70 & 1.05 & 2.69 \\ \hline Paleogene & 25 & 2.55 & 2.72 & 5.71 & 2.60 \\ shale & & & & & \\ \hline clay-marly shale & 6 & 2.58 & 2.74 & 5.81 & 2.64 \\ \hline metamorphic breccia & 1 & 2.39 & 2.71 & 11.56 & 2.51 \\ \hline Cretaceous & & & & & \\ calcareous sandstone & 21 & 2.60 & 2.69 & 3.52 & 2.63 \\ \hline shale & 1 & 2.66 & 2.69 & 1.11 & 2.67 \\ \hline marlstone & 12 & 2.65 & 2.69 & 1.45 & 2.67 \\ \hline marly shale & 27 & 2.58 & 2.69 & 40.05 & 2.62 \\ \hline limestone & 3 & 2.72 & 2.75 & 1.05 & 2.73 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Parameters used: D\({}_{\text{v}}\)—volume density; P—porosity; D\({}_{\text{m}}\)—mineralogical density; D\({}_{\text{m}}\)—natural density.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Density values of basic lithotypes distributed close to the Humenne Unit.  
resistance than its Neogene overburden. This assumption was also confirmed by parametric measurements performed at the site of the borehole drilled close to the projected well GTH-1.  
Geoelectric measurements were processed qualitatively in the form of vertical iso-ohmic sections. Additional geoelectric measurements were performed using a GEVY-100 geophysical transmitter and a MIMI-II geophysical receiver.