esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Numerical Evaluation of Ultrasonic Detection of Solid Occlusions in CSP Molten Salt Piping
## 3 Materials and Methods
### Time Step Analysis  
This analysis enabled the selection of the optimal time step to ensure the numerical scheme's stability. The results are presented in terms of the percentage variation of the attenuation parameter. The reference time step chosen was based on the oscillating period \(T_{0}=1/f_{0}\). The time step at which the percentage variation in attenuation \(\Delta\bar{\alpha}\) remained below the acceptable threshold of 5% was \(T_{0}/5\). Consequently, this time step was adopted for the analysis, as it minimized the number of intervals required for the simulation while maintaining accuracy.  
Figure 3: Convergence analysis of the numerical scheme. The right y-axis shows the parameter \(\Delta\bar{\alpha}\) (dimensionless attenuation difference), while the left y-axis represents the number of degrees of freedom (DoFs). Both were plotted against the mesh element size, normalized with respect to the wavelength in the fluid volume. This analysis illustrates the balance between solution accuracy and computational cost as the mesh resolution varied.  
Figure 2: Uniform mesh in the domain with fourth-order tetrahedral elements.
# Study on the Effectiveness of Multi-Dimensional Approaches to Urban Flood Risk Assessment
## 2 Methodology
### Vulnerability
#### 2.2.3 Distance to Main Facilities  
Another important factor in evaluating urban flood readiness is the proximity of critical facilities. Through route analysis, it becomes possible to estimate how quickly emergency operations, such as rescues, can be initiated. Longer distances can lead to delays in response times, which may substantially affect both disaster management and the speed of recovery. In line with the Ministry of the Interior and Safety's Emergency Response Command Regulations, this identified fire stations, police stations, and hospitals as the primary facilities necessary for an effective emergency response.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Category** & **Component** & **Evaluation Method** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Vulnerability} & Vulnerable population & Based on statistics, GIS data \\  & Building age & Building-data-based \\  & Distance to main facilities & Route analysis \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Vulnerability evaluation components and methods.
## 1 Introduction  
According to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) classification, Level 4 and Level 5 autonomous vehicles (AVs) are capable of fully performing all driving tasks without human intervention, even in complex traffic environments [1]. This autonomy allows vehicle occupants to engage in non-driving activities such as resting, reading, or working. Consequently, AVs hold significant potential to enhance traffic safety and operational efficiency by minimizing human error and optimizing driving behavior [2]. However, these advancements present new challenges, particularly in pedestrian-AV communication. In the absence of a human driver, traditional nonverbal communication cues such as eye contact and hand gestures are no longer available [3, 4]. These cues are especially critical in uncontrolled traffic environments [5], where approximately 77% of fatal pedestrian accidents in urban areas occur [6].  
To bridge this communication gap, researchers have proposed the implementation of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) [7; 8]. These interfaces, which may display text, symbols, or abstract lighting patterns on vehicle components such as windshields, hoods, or grilles, are designed to communicate the AV's driving mode, intentions, or risk-warnings to nearby pedestrians [8]. Empirical studies have demonstrated that eHMIs can positively influence pedestrian-AV interactions by enhancing pedestrians' perceived safety, increasing their trust, and supporting safer street-crossing decision-makings, e.g., [9; 10; 11].
## 3 Case Study and Simulation
### System Performance  
Now we consider the performance of the synchronization system, assuming a configuration with a single master clock and four slave clocks. Each of the slave clocks has a different level of performance, as indicated by the different free running Allan deviation plots shown in Figure 13, which also shows the controlled Allan deviations. The results imply that the slave clocks with different stability performances cannot be synchronized to a common master clock below a given threshold. In other words, the synchronization performance also relies on the free running stabilities of the slave clocks. Therefore, the same type on-board slave clocks should be applied for the proposed system in order to achieve better time synchronization performance.  
It can be seen that some of the systems mentioned in Table 1 are real-life systems, while some are still in experimental stage. In addition, it goes without saying that the systems which employ two-way ranging would have a better accuracy of clock error measurement than the systems with one-way ranging. Furthermore, different clocks, clock adjustment intervals and space environments would affect the synchronization performances as well. Therefore, in order to fairly compare the proposed system with the other existing systems which also have the function of clock steering, the following assumptions are made.  
First, all the systems adopt the same slave clock and the clock adjustment interval is 1 s. Second, all the systems are simulated under the same scenario. The PTDD scheme adopted by GPS and the scheme employed by NAMURU V3.2, which utilizes the measured clock error as the control signal are simulated, as shown in Figure 14. It can be seen that the proposed scheme has a better performance than the other schemes. We have reason to believe that the real-world performance would be better because of the implementation of the proposed phase error detection method.  
Figure 12: Comparison of the Allan deviations of a free run slave clock and a controlled clock for different control bandwidths. Data from the 1 st hour to the 24 th h are truncated to evaluate the synchronization performance. The standard deviations of the stable loops and the free run clock are 2.4 picosecond, 2.7 picosecond, 2.9 picosecond, 3.2 picosecond, 4.0 picosecond and 11 nanosecond, respectively.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Analysis  
The data were recorded by Malvern Spraytech(r) software, while a special macro was developed in R-Studio [61] to automatically import and compile the data of every replication with their work parameter combination labels. Data analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics v25 [62]. Normality  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Parameter \({}^{*}\)** & **Levels** & **Regulation Basis** & **Test Settings** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Cannon nozzle**} & LFR & 1.00/1.64/2.67 L min\({}^{-1}\) & Flow regulator disc & Positions 3/5/7 \\  & AS & 81.3/90.0/100.2/109.2 m s\({}^{-1}\) & Fan rotary speed & 541/598/663/720 rev min\({}^{-1}\) \\  & HP & 0/10/22/28 cm \({}^{**}\) & Hose support & CP/AP/OP/XP \({}^{**}\) \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**Hand nozzle**} & LFR & 0.84/1.33/2.07 L min\({}^{-1}\) & Flow regulator disc & Positions 3/5/7 \\  & AS & 57.9/64.6/74.3/84.2 m s\({}^{-1}\) & Fan rotary speed & 488/536/609/677 rev min\({}^{-1}\) \\ \cline{1-1}  & HP & 0/59/512.5 cm \({}^{**}\) & Hose support & CP/AP/OP/XP \({}^{**}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* LFR: liquid flow rate, AS: Air speed, HP: liquid flow position. **Distance from the conventional position (CP). *** CP: conventional position, AP: alternative position, OP: out position, XP: extreme position.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Operating parameter values of the two nozzle types used in laboratory trials.  
and homoscedasticity of data were checked by using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests (\(\alpha\)=0.05 in both cases). Graphs were done with the SPSS and Excel graph editor.  
A three-way ANOVA test (\(\alpha\)=0.05) was run to test the influence of the three factors (HP, LFR and AS) on every single dependent parameter (D50, D10, D90, RSF and V100). A FREGW (Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsh F) test (\(\alpha\)=0.05) was then applied to set the homogeneous groups. Correlations were developed between D50 and V100 for both pneumatic nozzles tested.  
The cumulative sprayed volume curves, obtained by each tested configuration together with the reference hydraulic nozzles were compared with American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE) nozzle classifications (ASABE S572.1) [63].
## 3 Novel Subdivision-Based State-Space Transformation
The resulting transformed subsystems are always valid for uncertain but constant parameters. Temporal variations, however, are now no longer admissible within the complete initial parameter box. Instead, due to the subdivision into a collection of mutually independent subsystem models (corresponding to the length of \(\mathcal{L}_{s}\)), temporal variations of parameters are only allowed within each individual box \(\mathcal{L}_{s}\).\(\tilde{\mathbf{p}}\). Finally, in cases in which it is not a-priori known that the original system model has purely real eigenvalues and that the while-loop in line 1 of Algorithm 1--based on the procedure from Section 2.3--will, hence, terminate after a sufficiently large number of subdivisions, a fallback to the interval-based transformation of Section 2.4 should be included. ```
input : List element \(\mathcal{N}\) and list \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{u}}\) output : Updated list \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{u}}\), index \(i^{*}\) if\(\mathcal{N}.N>1\)then generate empty list \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\); forj to\(\mathcal{N}.N\)do set\([\mathbf{q}]:=\mathcal{N}.\mathbf{p}_{j}\); set\(\mathcal{M}.N:=1\), \(\mathcal{M}.\mathbf{p}_{1}:=[\mathbf{q}]\), \(\mathcal{M}.\mathbf{\hat{p}}:=[\mathbf{q}]\), \(\mathcal{M}.\mathbf{A}_{1}:=\mathbf{A}([\mathbf{q}])\), \(\mathcal{M}.\mathbf{\hat{A}}:=\mathbf{A}([\mathbf{q}])\), \(\mathcal{M}.v:=\text{vol}([\mathbf{q}])\); append\(\mathcal{M}\) to the list \(\mathcal{L}_{1}\);  end for append\(\mathcal{L}_{1}\) to \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{u}}\); else append\(\mathcal{N}\) to \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{u}}\);  end for set\(L\) to the length of the list \(\mathcal{L}_{\text{u}}\); determine\(i^{*}:=\operatorname*{arg\,max}_{i\in\{1,\ldots,L\}}\mathcal{L}^{(i)}.v\); set\([\mathbf{q}]:=\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.\mathbf{\hat{p}}\); split\([\mathbf{q}]\) along its longest edge into \(N\) equally wide intervals \([\mathbf{p}]_{1},\ldots,[\mathbf{p}]_{N}\); set\(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.N:=N\), \(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.\mathbf{p}_{j}:=[\mathbf{q}]_{j}\), \(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.\mathbf{\hat{p}}:=[\mathbf{q}]\), \(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.\mathbf{A}_{j}:=\mathbf{A}\Big{(}[\mathbf{p}]_{j}\Big{)}\), \(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.\mathbf{A}:=\underset{j\in\{1,\ldots,N\}}{\bigcup} \mathbf{A}\Big{(}[\mathbf{p}]_{j}\Big{)}\), \(\mathcal{L}^{(i^{*})}.v:=\text{vol}([\mathbf{q}])\) for all \(j=\{1,\ldots,N\}\);
```  
**Algorithm 4**Subdivision procedure B
# Thermal-Structural Coupling Analysis of Subsea Connector Sealing Contact
## 3 Research on the Heat Transfer Model of the Subsea Connector  
The subsea connector works at a relatively constant temperature. If the temperature of oil and gas inside the connector tends to be constant, the temperature of the components from the inside to the outside of the connector will also be constant, which is regarded as the steady-state temperature distribution. According to the second law of thermodynamics, subsea connectors are generally subjected to the action of internal high-temperature oil and gas and external low-temperature seawater during operation, so there must be heat transfer problems. The basic heat transfer modes of the subsea connector are thermal conduction, thermal convection, and thermal radiation.  
As shown in Figure 2, the heat transfer model of the subsea connector was used to analyze the temperature field distribution of the sealing structure. In the finite element analysis of the ANSYS Workbench, the calculation methods of the three heat transfer modes are different. Among them, the thermal conduction is close to linear and is relatively simple;  
Figure 1: The subsea connector. (**a**) Installation tool and top connector; (**b**) the structure of the subsea connector.  
the convective heat transfer coefficient cannot be directly obtained, which increases the difficulty of applying boundary conditions; and the thermal radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the object temperature, so its finite element analysis is highly nonlinear, and its convergence cannot be guaranteed by direct calculation. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the corresponding heat transfer model. When establishing a heat transfer model, structural characteristics and calculation accuracy should be considered at the same time, and heat transfer factors that have little influence should be ignored. The heat transfer mode should be simplified, and equivalent thermal conductivity and composite thermal conductivity should be introduced to facilitate the application of boundary conditions. The temperature of the medium inside the subsea connector: at low temperature, the medium temperature is seawater temperature, and at high temperature, the medium temperature is oil and gas temperature; at the same time, the heat transfer coefficients of the internal and external fluid media can be obtained, so the third boundary condition of heat transfer is satisfied [16; 17].
## 4 Discussion
### Functional Properties  
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report about the functional properties of inulin from dandelion roots. Considering the color characteristics, our data for the lightness of dandelion inulin are comparable with some of the data for other inulin samples isolated from different plant sources such as echinacea, chicory, and globe aritchoke [14; 45], which had higher values than dandelion inulin [18]. It was previously reported that YI is related to product deterioration by light exposure and processing. The increased YI and BI values could be explained by pigment release [28]. The difference in a*, b*, L*, YI, and BI could also be explained by the small presence of polyphenols in the dandelion inulin samples, as presented in Table 2. In addition, [PERSON] et al. [18] reported lower results for lightness and a and b values.  
It was found that isolated dandelion inulin demonstrated a better oil-holding capacity than water-holding capacity. Similar observations were reported earlier by our team for echinacea and burdock inulin [14; 30]. The obtained values for the water- and oil-holding properties of dandelion inulin were close to those for the commercial chory inulin Raftiline HP (DP 25) used as a reference.  
The oil-holding capacity of dandelion inulin (3.03-3.93 g oil/g sample) was higher than the reported values for _Taraxacum jauncium_ inulin (72.50 g corn oil/100 g dw inulin) [18], chicory inulin, and globe artichoke inulin (1.37 and 1.38 g oil/g sample, respectively) [46], lower than for burdock by-products [16], and in good agreement with dandelion polysaccharide [6] and echinacea inulin [14]. To the best of our knowledge, this research presents the first report of dandelion inulin flow properties--tapped and bulk density, angle of repose, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio. All the dandelion inulin samples demonstrated a fair flowability and intermediate cohesiveness based on [PERSON]'s classification [47]. The bulk density values of the dandelion inulin are comparable to those found for microcapsules containing cashew gum, inulin, and ginger oil and varied between 0.28 g/mL and 0.31 g/mL, and for tapped density between 0.50 g/mL and 0.53 g/mL [38]. A poor-flowing material (e.g., a fine powder) should be characterized by the existence of larger interparticle interactions, and thus a greater difference between bulk and tapped densities [14]. In general, the UAE dandelion inulin demonstrated a lower wetting time and lower porosity than the other inulin samples. The observed short wetting times and inulin solubility could be explained by a high number of hydrophilic groups in the molecule and the highest degree of polymerization [14].  
Therefore, due to its better solubility, neutral taste, and oil-holding properties, dandelion inulin can be used as a functional ingredient to improve taste and other sensory properties. Additionally, its bulkiness, intermediate cohesiveness, and fair flowability reveal its potential as a bulk agent in pharmaceutical and food nutritional formulas.
_Article_  
**Luminescent Properties of Silicon Nanocrystals:Spin**  
**on Glass Hybrid Materials**  
**[PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 3,4 and [PERSON] 1,* Departamento de Electronica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE), Tonantzintla, 72840 Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.V.-A.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (O.C.-M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.A.G.-F) Instituto Politecnico Nacional, CNMN, [PERSON] S/N, Zacatenco, Delegacion Gustavo Adolfo Madero, C.P. 07738 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados SC, Unidad Monterrey-PIIT, 66628 Apodaca, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (A.M.-S.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (M.A.-M.); Tel.: +52-81-1156-0842 (A.M.-S.); +52-222-266-3100 (M.A.-M.) Academic Editor: [PERSON] Received: 15 October 2016; Accepted: 8 December 2016; Published: 13 January 2017  
**Abstract:** The photoluminescence characteristics of films consisting of Si nanocrystals either coated with or embedded into Spin on Glass (SOG) were studied. Si nanocrystals showing red or blue luminescence when suspended in alcohol solution were obtained from porous silicon films. These were then either deposited in Si substrates and coated with SOG, or mixed in an SOG solution that was later spun on Si substrates. Both types of films were thermally annealed at 1100 \({}^{\circ}\)C for three hours in N\({}_{2}\) atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy measurements showed a mean diameter of 2.5 nm for the Si nanocrystals, as well as the presence of polycrystalline Si nanoagglomerates. These results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies, which revealed the (111), (220) and (311) Bragg peaks in Si nanocrystals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the coated films present higher chemical reactivity, promoting the formation of non-stoichiometric SiO\({}_{2}\), while the embedded films behave as a stoichiometric SiO\({}_{2}\) after the thermal annealing. The PL (photoluminescence) characterization showed that both embedded and coated films present emission dominated by the Quantum Confinement Effect before undergoing any thermal treatment. After annealing, the spectra were found to be modified only in the case of the coated films, due to the formation of defects in the nanocrystals/SiO\({}_{2}\) interface.  
**Keywords:** Si-NCs (silicon nanocrystals); SOG; HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy); XRD (X-ray diffraction); FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy); PL
# Utilization of an OLED-Based VLC System in Office, Corridor, and Semi-Open Corridor Environments
## 1 Introduction
The recorded results in [31] reveals the ability of OLED based VLC system to achieve \(R_{b}\) of 4 Mb/s with a bit-error-rate (BER) below the forward error correction BER limit. In [32], investigating of a flexible OLED-based VLC link in a shopping mall was reported, in both empty and furnished rooms using both full and half-circular OLEDs. The results indicated that, the OPL in an empty room is about 5 dB less than the furnished room. Currently OLED panels are more costly than LEDs; however, with advances made in fabrication and manufacturing as well as the wider use of OLED-based lights the cost will be reduced as was the case with the non-organic LEDs a few years ago. Since, OLEDs come in different shapes and size, we have decided to investigate their characteristics when used as a transmitter (Tx) in VLC systems. This work emphasizes on the evaluation of an attractive feature of OLEDs, which is the mechanically flexible potential for utilizing in VLC system. The simulation was carried out to determine the impact of the symmetrical beam pattern of curved OLEDs, which is wider than Lambertian, on the VLC channel. In this work, we consider a VLC system in a typical office, corridor, and semi-open corridor environments with and without furniture. In the office environment, the user (i.e., the Rx), is moving along a circular path while holding a mobile phone. In corridor and semi-open corridors, the user is then moving on a straight path along the corridor. We investigate the proposed system optical features and show a new numerical model for the RMS delay-spread and OPL for the channel. We provide statistics for the BER performance and compared it for curved and flat OLED-based VLC systems. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the features of simulation and scenarios are described. Section 3 discusses the results. Finally, conclusions are given in Section 4.
# RSSI-Based MAC-Layer Spoofing Detection: Deep Learning Approach +
###### Abstract  
In some wireless networks Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based device profiling may be the only viable approach to combating MAC-layer spoofing attacks, while in others it can be used as a valuable complement to the existing defenses. Unfortunately, the previous research works on the use of RSSI-based profiling as a means of detecting MAC-layer spoofing attacks are largely theoretical and thus fall short of providing insights and result that could be applied in the real world. Our work aims to fill this gap and examine the use of RSSI-based device profiling in dynamic real-world environments/networks with moving objects. The main contributions of our work and this paper are two-fold. First, we demonstrate that in dynamic real-world networks with moving objects, RSSI readings corresponding to one fixed transmitting node are neither stationary nor i.i.d., as generally has been assumed in the previous literature. This implies that in such networks, building an RSSI-based profile of a wireless device using a single statistical/ML model is likely to yield inaccurate results and, consequently, suboptimal detection performance against adversaries. Second, we propose a novel approach to MAC-layer spoofing detection based on RSSI profiling using multi-model Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) autoencoder--a form of deep recurrent neural network. Through real-world experimentation we prove the performance superiority of this approach over some other solutions previously proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a real-world defense system using our approach has a built-in ability to self-adjust (i.e., to deal with unpredictable changes in the environment) in an automated and adaptive manner.  
IoT security; spoofing; MAC authentication; intrusion detection system; LSTM autoencoders +
Footnote †: This paper is an extension version of the conference paper: [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON]; [PERSON] [PERSON] MAC-Layer Spoofing Detection and Prevention in IoT Systems: Randomized Moving Target Approach. In Proceedings of the 2020 Joint Workshop on CPS & IoT Security and Privacy, Virtual Event, USA, 9 November 2020.  
Footnote †: This paper is an extension version of the conference paper: [PERSON]; [PERSON], [PERSON] [PERSON], [PERSON] MAC-Layer Spoofing Detection and Prevention in IoT Systems: Randomized Moving Target Approach. In Proceedings of the 2020 Joint Workshop on CPS & IoT Security and Privacy, Virtual Event, USA, 9 November 2020.