## 5 Modelling of Lane-Changing Behaviours (LCB)
### Development of LCB Model
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} **Scenario No** \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{**Param.**} & \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Variables**} \\ \cline{3-11}  & & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{3}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{4}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{5}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{6}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{7}}\) & \(\mathbf{\lambda_{8}}\) & \(\mathbf{\sigma_{1}}\) & \(\mathbf{\sigma_{2}}\) & \(\mathbf{\sigma_{3}}\) \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{S\(-\)1} & Coeff. & \(-\)0.20 & 0.57 & 0.57 & \(-\)0.44 & \(-\)0.82 & \(-\)0.87 & \(-\)0.81 & \(-\)0.80 & 0.00 & \(-\)0.00 & 0.05 \\  & Std. E. & 0.26 & 0.31 & 0.78 & 0.74 & 0.66 & 0.67 & 0.39 & 0.43 & 0.00 & 0.02 & 0.02 \\  & Z & \(-\)0.78 & 1.81 & 0.73 & \(-\)0.60 & \(-\)1.25 & \(-\)1.30 & \(-\)2.07 & \(-\)1.86 & 1.74 & \(-\)0.10 & 0.16 \\  & \(p\) value & 0.438 & 0.07 ** & 0.46 & 0.54 & 0.21 & 0.19 & 0.03 * & 0.06 * & 0.08 ** & 0.92 & 0.88 \\ \cline{2-11}  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{\(p>\chi^{2}\) = 0.92, McFadden’s \(R^{2}\) = 0.65, AIC = 1.47, Max. VIF = 3.19} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{S\(-\)2} & Coeff. & \(-\)0.15 & 0.37 & 0.15 & 0.78 & 0.49 & 0.58 & \(-\)0.19 & \(-\)0.09 & 0.00 & 0.00 & 0.00 \\  & Std. E. & 0.18 & 0.21 & 0.49 & 0.51 & 0.44 & 0.45 & 0.27 & 0.30 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.02 \\  & Z & \(-\)0.85 & 1.73 & 0.32 & 1.51 & 1.10 & 1.28 & \(-\)0.70 & \(-\)0.33 & 0.84 & 0.28 & 0.35 \\  & \(p\) value & 0.39 & 0.08 ** & 0.74 & 0.09 ** & 0.08 ** & 0.04 * & 0.48 & 0.74 & 0.39 & 0.77 & 0.04 * \\ \cline{2-11}  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{\(p>\chi^{2}\) = 0.85, McFadden’s \(R^{2}\) = 0.71, AIC = 1.374, Max. VIF = 3.21} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{S\(-\)3} & Coeff. & \(-\)0.10 & 0.19 & \(-\)0.34 & 0.26 & 0.28 & 0.00 & \(-\)0.00 & \(-\)0.19 & \(-\)0.00 & 0.01 & 0.02 \\  & Std. E. & 0.14 & 0.17 & 0.43 & 0.41 & 0.37 & 0.38 & 0.22 & 0.25 & 0.00 & 0.01 & 0.01 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(Z\) & \(-\)0.72 & 1.15 & \(-\)0.78 & 0.64 & 0.78 & 0.02 & \(-\)0.03 & \(-\)0.78 & \(-\)2.12 & 1.15 & 1.50 \\ \cline{1-1}  & \(p\) value & 0.47 & 0.09 ** & 0.43 & 0.04 * & 0.04 * & 0.02 * & 0.97 & 0.43 & 0.03 & 0.25 & 0.02 * \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-11}  & \multicolumn{8}{c}{\(p>\chi^{2}\) = 0.73, [PERSON]’s \(R^{2}\) = 0.75, AIC = 1.29, Max. VIF = 3.10} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. * Significant at 0.10 level, * Significant at 0.05 level.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: Developed probit model results for lane-changing behaviours in the Zigana Tunnel. Model specification error was also tested using a link test [49], and the results indicated no specification problems (\(p>0.10\) for S-1 = 0.92, S-2 = 0.85, and S-3 = 0.73). After confirming the absence of multicollinearity and model specification errors, the disturbances were accepted as normally distributed due to the large sample size (\(n\)=125 drivers), in accordance with the central limit theorem (CLT) [50]. The analysis results of the probit model in Table 9 show that the proposed model was statistically significant (\(p>\chi^{2}=0.000\)). In the suggested model, the gender variable has significant coefficients, showing a positive effect on LCB. This indicates that being female has a positive impact on safer LCB across all scenarios (\(p<0.10\)). In contrast to other scenarios, driver profiles and vehicle speeds have a statistically significant effect on LCB in S-1, where there are no stopped vehicles or lane-changing requirements (\(p<0.10\)). This suggests that driver profile and speed have a direct influence on safer LCB when there are no obstacles in the tunnel lanes. While driver profile and speed are significant in S-1, they do not have a statistically significant effect in the other scenarios (S-2 and S-3). According to the model results, in the scenarios with a stopped vehicle in Lane-1 (S-2 and S-3), drivers' driving ability has a statistically significant and positive effect on safe LCB. This suggests that as driving ability increases, so does the likelihood of safer lane-changing behaviours.