## 4 Case Study Analysis
### Optimization Results of the Power Sector's \"Dual Carbon\" Path  
Overall, the low-carbon transformation path of the power sector shows a continuous optimization of the power source structure and a steady increase in the proportion of new energy installations and electricity generation. In terms of power installations, as shown in Figure 2, by 2030, the total installed capacity of the power system reaches 5.66 billion kilowatts, with the proportion of non-fossil energy installations increasing from 45% in 2020 to 68%; by 2060, the total installed capacity reaches 12.3 billion kilowatts, with the proportion of non-fossil energy installations increasing to 91%, becoming the main power source of the power system in terms of capacity. Additionally, by 2060, the installed capacity of new energy reaches 9 billion kilowatts, accounting for 74% of the total, and the randomness and uncertainty of new energy output will pose significant challenges to the power balance during peak load periods and the security of electricity supply under extreme weather conditions. In terms of electricity generation structure, as shown in Figure 3, by 2030, the total electricity generation of the power system is 13.3 trillion kilowatt-hours, with the proportion of electricity generation from non-fossil energy increasing from 34% in 2020 to 49%; by 2060, the total electricity generation of the power system reaches 21.8 trillion kilowatt-hours, with the proportion of electricity generation from non-fossil energy increasing to 91%, becoming the main power source of the power system in terms of electricity volume; and by 2060, the proportion of coal power generation drops to 6%. Figure 1: Total electricity demand from 2020 to 2060. From the optimization results of key low-carbon technology applications such as new energy storage, CCUS, and hydrogen energy, we can reach the following conclusions:  
1. New Energy Storage  
Considering the need to meet electricity balance and the demand for new energy consumption, new energy storage has a certain substitutability with pumped storage. However, taking into account factors such as site resources, technological maturity, and unit investment costs, new energy storage and pumped storage should be developed in tandem in the future, with new energy storage expected to see a leapfrog in development in the medium to long term. As shown in Figure 4, in 2030, the installed capacities of new energy storage and pumped storage will be 230 million and 190 million kilowatts, respectively; from 2030 to 2040 and from 2040 to 2050, the average annual installations  
Figure 3: Electricity generation structure from 2020 to 2060. Figure 2: Power generation installation structure from 2020 to 2060.  
will grow by 18 million and 4 million kilowatts, respectively. By 2060, the installations will reach over 800 million and 400 million kilowatts, respectively. (2) CCUS Technology  
The support of CCUS technology for the transformation and upgrading of coal-fired, gas-fired, and biomass power generation units is shown in Figure 5. Coal-fired power units, based on whether they have undergone CCUS technology transformation and upgrading and their functional positioning differences, gradually evolve into three types of units: CCUS power and electricity units, which have completed CCUS transformation, retain rotational inertia for the system while capturing carbon dioxide, and can undertake a certain amount of electricity supply function, with an installed capacity of about 400 million kilowatts by 2060; flexible regulation units, which have not undergone CCUS transformation, do not bear electricity, and only operate for peak shaving, with an installed capacity of about 150 million kilowatts by 2060; and emergency backup units, which are basically out of operation and are only called upon in individual extreme weather or emergency conditions, with an installed capacity of about 250 million kilowatts by 2060.