# Interference Challenges and Management in B5G Network Design: A Comprehensive Review
## 1 Introduction  
The rapid growth and sustained advancement in future wireless technologies of different new applications in Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) communication networks have led to a massive growth increase in demand for user data. The volume of mobile data traffic was 7.462 EB/month in 2010 and it is expected that this traffic will be 5016 EB/month in 2030 [1]. A massive number of surveys were conducted and are continuously being performed in different areas of wireless communication such as interference management, mobility management, spectrum management, and energy management [2, 3, 4, 5]. Researchers from various portions of networking and communication institutions, from academics to marketers and providers to operators, have collaborated and introduced an effective way to make this subject possible [6]. This development resulted in an increased growth rate in the user data rate of around 10 Gb/s with a minimum latency of around <1 ms, mobility of >1000 km/h, reliability of 99.999%, and better battery lifetime [7, 8]. Furthermore, this trend is expected to increase dramatically during the next few years. The collection of advancements in previous technologies and innovative wireless transmission technology demonstrates a tendency to meet cellular users' requirements and the objectives of the next generation such as B5G, also known as the sixth generation (6G) networks [9, 10]. Usually, the substantial rise in traffic is a direct result of an increase in request for certain services, such as super-intelligent society (SIS) [11], extended reality (ER) [12], connected roboticsintegrated systems [13], wireless interactions between computer and brain (WICB) [14; 15], haptic communication (HC) [16], smart healthcare and biomedical communication [11], automation and manufacturing, information transfer through the five senses, internet of everything (IoE) [17; 18; 19], etc. Researchers also anticipate the better Quality of Service (QoS) needs for massive data and real-time applications while maintaining secure communications [20]. The combination between millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and THz bands was inserted in existing B5G networks due to the restrictions of the previous mobile generation and the requirement for wide bandwidth [21]. This provides a large amount of unused frequency bands that can be used to enhance the system spectral efficiency (SE) approximately by seven times compared with traditional homogeneous networks [22]. The combined frequency range depends on a direct transmission in order to mitigate the path loss for the cellular users (CUs) in both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) transmission [23]. However, because of the short wavelength as well as several intra-cell interferences by neighboring devices, the frequency bands of B5G suffer from attenuation, fading, reflection, refraction, scattering, shadowing, and absorption by brick walls and concrete buildings, preventing them from penetrating long distances [24; 25]. Meanwhile, in ultra-dense network urban areas, users face penetration, scattering, and interference problems. Therefore, it is very important to model the channel of each spectrum before the actual implementation [26]. Because of this, the weak signals received by edge cell user equipments (UEs) are compared with the minimum required communication signal. Small base station (SBS) deployment within the cell to improve the strength of the signal is not regarded as an applicable solution because it boosts inter-cell interference (ICI). This requires a highly complex coordination scheduling (CS) algorithm which can be costly to create [27; 28; 29]. In today's world, communication technologies are key to political, economic, and socio-cultural evolution [30; 31]. The interference in wireless communication technologies has become the main issue for service providers by decreasing the QoS and limiting the advantages derived from this crucial technology, leading to a decrease in revenue [32; 33].