## 3 Simulation Results  
### Pre-Layout Simulation  
The performance of the proposed circuit was evaluated by an H-Spice simulation in a Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-\(\upmu\)m process. Figure 4 shows the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) implementation of a CCCCTA [29]. The multiple current outputs are easily implemented by simply adding output branches. Table 6 gives the dimensions of the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors used in the CCCCTA implementation. The supply voltages are V\({}_{\text{DD}}\)\(=-\)V\({}_{\text{SS}}\) = 0.9 V. To obtain a pole frequency of f\({}_{\text{o}}\) = 3.183 MHz at Q = 1, the active and passive components were set to I\({}_{\text{B1}}\) = I\({}_{\text{B2}}\) = I\({}_{\text{B3}}\) = 24.135 uA (g\({}_{\text{m}}\) = 100 uS), I\({}_{\text{S1}}\) = I\({}_{\text{S2}}\) = I\({}_{\text{S3}}\) = 1.778 uA (R\({}_{\text{X}}\) = 10 k\(\Omega\)) and C\({}_{\text{1}}\) = C\({}_{\text{2}}\) = 5 pF. Figure 5 represents the simulated frequency responses for the HP (I\({}_{\text{O1}}\)), BP (I\({}_{\text{O2}}\)), LP (I\({}_{\text{O3}}\)) and BP (I\({}_{\text{O4}}\)) filters in the CM. Figure 6 represents the simulated frequency responses for the LP (V\({}_{\text{O1}}\)), BP (V\({}_{\text{O2}}\)), HP (V\({}_{\text{O3}}\)) and BS (V\({}_{\text{O4}}\)) filters, respectively, in the VM. Figure 7 represents the VM non-inverting AP (V\({}_{\text{O4}}\)) simulated frequency response when the output current signal I\({}_{\text{05}}\) is connected to the output voltage node V\({}_{\text{O4}}\). Figure 8 represents the simulated frequency responses for the HP, BP, LP and BS filters in the TAM. Figure 9 represents the simulated frequency responses for the LP, BP, HP and BS filters in the TIM. Figure 10 represents VM gain responses of BP (V\({}_{\text{o2}}\)) filter for different I\({}_{\text{B1}}\) and I\({}_{\text{S3}}\) values, by keeping I\({}_{\text{B2}}\) = I\({}_{\text{B3}}\) = 24.135 uA, I\({}_{\text{S1}}\) = I\({}_{\text{S2}}\) = 1.778 uA and C\({}_{\text{1}}\) = C\({}_{\text{2}}\) = 5 pF. The Q varied (1, 2, 5 and 10) when f\({}_{\text{o}}\) was maintained at 3.183 MHz. Table 7 gives the different I\({}_{\text{B1}}\) and I\({}_{\text{S3}}\) values used in Figure 10. The Table 7 shows that Q can be used to adjust the input bias current I\({}_{\text{B1}}\) without affecting the f\({}_{\text{o}}\) as depicted in Equation (18) and that the BP (V\({}_{\text{o2}}\)) transfer gains can be independently controlled by changing I\({}_{\text{S3}}\) without affecting the f\({}_{\text{o}}\). Figure 11 represents the VM gain responses of the BP filter. The I\({}_{\text{B}}\) and I\({}_{\text{S}}\) values were changed by maintaining a constant ratio for constant Q. Table 8 shows the component values and corresponding ideal and simulated pole frequencies. The calculation results show that the f\({}_{\text{o}}\) can be adjusted without affecting the Q. The input dynamic range of the VM filter was tested by repeating the simulation for a sinusoidal input signal at f\({}_{\text{o}}\) = 3.183 MHz. Figure 12a shows the input dynamic range of the BP filter at the V\({}_{\text{o2}}\) output terminal with I\({}_{\text{B1}}\) = I\({}_{\text{B2}}\) = I\({}_{\text{B3}}\) =96.5 uA (g\({}_{\text{m}}\) = 200 uS), I\({}_{\text{S1}}\) = I\({}_{\text{S2}}\) = I\({}_{\text{S3}}\) = 7.113 uA (R\({}_{\text{X}}\) = 5 k\(\Omega\)) and C\({}_{\text{1}}\) = C\({}_{\text{2}}\) = 10 pF, which extended to an amplitude of 0.5 V (peak to peak) without signification distortion. In Figure 12a, the percentage of total harmonic distortion (THD) is 2.16%, and the total power dissipation is 1.99 mW. The dependence of the output harmonic distortion on input voltage amplitude is illustrated in Figure 12b. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Transistors** & **Length (\(\mu\)m)** & **Width (\(\mu\)m)** \\ \hline M1–M2 & 0.18 & 5 \\ M3–M4 & 0.18 & 8 \\ M5–M11 & 0.18 & 5 \\ M12–M19 & 0.18 & 3 \\ M20–M21 & 0.5 & 10 \\ M22–M29 & 0.8 & 25 \\ M30–M35 & 0.8 & 8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}