esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Effect of Sea Buckthorn (_Hippocampae rhamnes_ L.) Mousse on Properties of Probiotic Yoghurt
## 1 Introduction
The treatment consisted of giving the animal leaves and young shoots of sea buckthorn, thanks to which the horses quickly gained mass and their fur was shiny [21]. Currently, sea buckthorn grows in Asia and Europe, including the Baltic Sea coast. It is cultivated on an industrial scale in Russia, Germany, China, Estonia, and Finland. In Poland, sea buckthorn can be found growing wild on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and there are few, small plantations of this plant in the rest of the country. Sea buckthorn belongs to the olive family and its fruits are drupes. Sea buckthorn berries are soft, elispioid, juicy, fine, and orange in colour, densely covering the shoots with a characteristic citrus aroma. It is a plant of increasing importance because of the content of numerous biologically active components. The extract content in the fruit ranges from 8.67 to 10.17%. It is characterized by a high content of vitamins C, A, B1, B2, K, and PP; a precursor of folic acid; and high antioxidant activity (because of the presence of numerous anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols). Sea buckthorn berry is one of the few fruits that contains 3.67-6.17% fat. The total fat content depends on the variety and degree of fruit ripeness. The presence of fat means that fruits can be used to obtain oil and fatty acids present in it, the content of which is approximately 77%, of which unsaturated acids constitute from 50% to even 70% of all fatty acids. Among the active substances, one can also distinguish carotenoids (7.94-28.16 mg/100 g), which give the fruit its characteristic colour. The fruit is also a valuable source of amino acids and minerals. Substances obtained from sea buckthorn berries exhibit antioxidant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, or immunomodulating activity [22; 23; 24; 25]. Sea buckthorn preparations are used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. In Poland, sea buckthorn is a still underrated raw material. The unique chemical composition of sea buckthorn allows it to act as a preservative and additive, as well as an ingredient improving the nutritional quality of the product. So far, only a few studies have been published proposing the use of sea buckthorn in dairy products, including its fruit in cheese [26] and yoghurt [27; 28; 29; 25]. These are papers aimed at assessing the acidity, nutritional value, and content of bioactive compounds. In the current study, particular attention was paid not only to the nutritional value, but also to sensory attractiveness, including an extensive picture of the structure. Great attention is paid to these very features when designing new products. Moreover, a new form of filling has been proposed, i.e., fruit mousse. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value, microbiological quality, sensory properties, and structure of natural probiotic yoghurts made with the addition of sea buckthorn fruit mousse during refrigerated storage.
## 1 Introduction
While \(SA\) and \(AV\) nodes can be modelled by using oscillators, the modeling of the \(HP\) system by using a single oscillator is a simplification of the cardiac activity as shown in [20; 21; 22] where the electrical behaviour of right and left bundle branches that composes the His-Purkinje system (Figure 1a) is modelled by using a single oscillator. By using this approach, it is not possible to characterize bundle branches of electrical conduction diseases. In the physiological condition, when the ventricular contraction occurs, the Purkinje fibers bring the impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the ventricles' myocardium. In this way, the contraction of ventricles muscle tissue and the ejection of blood outside the heart are allowed. However, the degradation of one of the bundle branches causes a defect called _Bundle Branch Block_ (BBB) that implies an alteration of the pathways for the ventricular depolarization [25]. Figure 1: Electrophysiology of the heart (**a**) cardiac conduction system; (**b**) normal ECG waveform. This work proposes a mathematical improvement of the Rizhii model [22] to better describe the heart rhythm by considering four coupled modified Van der Pol oscillators. Besides the use of two oscillators to describe \(SA\) and \(AV\) nodes, we use two additional oscillators to describe the right and left bundle branches of the His-Purkinje system. In this way, it is possible to reproduce different pathological conditions, such as the bundle branch blocks. Moreover, the FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) oscillators are used to describe the electrical process in the cardiac muscles. We underline that the proposed improved model corresponds to a phenomenological model [26]. The paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, the heart conduction system and mathematical models are shown. In Section 3, results of simulations are shown, and, finally, in Section 5, conclusions are drawn.
# PDF Malware Detection Based on Fuzzy Unordered Rule Induction Algorithm (FURIA)
## 4 Results, Analysis, and Discussion
According to the analysis described in the preceding section, the proposed FURIA performs better than other employed models in terms of increasing accuracy and reducing the error rate. The accuracy percentage difference (PD) between FURIA and other applied algorithms is shown in Figure 7. This analysis shows that there is very little difference between the proposed model and the J48, which is only 0.12%, while the difference between the proposed model and the NB is greater than other employed models, which show the poorest performance of the NB as compared to the proposed  
Figure 6: Accuracy analysis through each employed model. model. The value of PD can be obtained using Equation (11), where x1 represents the value of FURIA and x2 represents the value of other employed algorithms. \[\text{PD}=\left(\frac{|\text{x1}-\text{x2}|}{\frac{(\text{x1}+\text{x2})}{2}} \right)*100 \tag{11}\]  
The advantage of using FURIA is that it works well on datasets with imbalanced class distributions. If a dataset has a large number of records and the majority of those records fall into one class but the remaining records fall into other classes, the dataset is said to have an unbalanced distribution of classes [22; 28]. We also have an unbalanced distribution of the data in the dataset, which is why the performance of the projected model is better as compared with other employed models. The data obtained from the UNB are used in all of the experiments. The rest of the algorithms in use are assessed using several common assessment metrics, such as MAE, precision, FM, recall, MCC, and accuracy, along with the proposed model. The models are trained and evaluated using the 10-fold cross-validation method. The threat now is that if the dataset is changed, the new results could outperform our analysis. The findings might potentially be affected by changing the criteria for data training and testing in place of the 10-fold cross-validation, for example, by using a percentage division. Another risk is that if a new algorithm is developed and it proves to be more effective than the one we now use, the results might be improved.
## 4 Conclusions  
In this paper, an improved hybrid APF combined with a series PPF is introduced that compensates the required harmonic load current using the SMC control method. Under the proposed control method, three scenarios were implemented in the laboratory, summarizing the results as follows:  
* The non-linear loads existing in power networks can easily be compensated without losing network stability. This is proved by using the Lyapunov function and selecting the appropriate controller coefficients.
* The transient behavior of the load variation in the power system may lead to large-scale instability and perturbations in the absence of suitable control methods. The proposed approach can prevent such occurrences by using only one hybrid APF.
* The proposed APF responds quickly to non-linear loads and compensates for the non-linear currents without any delay. This issue has been described in the second scenario.
* An additional voltage control loop for DC link voltage can minimize the fluctuations and prevent disturbance to the AC output voltage amplitude.
* The load current magnitude has no effect on the APF performance provided, as fully tested in the third scenario.  
Figure 12: Experimental and theoretical efficiency analysis.  
* The reactive power compensation in the proposed APF causes the DC link voltage to return back to its initial range immediately after the contingency occurrence instant.  
S.T.J.: Writing the manuscript and simulation; M.G.: conceptualization conceptualization and simulation; M.M.: methodology and prototype construction; A.N.: editing and data analyzing; E.M.G.R.: editing and funding. E.P.: editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Self-Recognition Grasping Operation with a Vision-Based Redundant Manipulator System
## 5 Discussion and Conclusions  
In order to achieve self-recognized grasping operation with a redundant manipulator in an unstructured environment with clutter, the processes of instance segmentation, pose estimation, and pose transformation are described in the present paper. The three processes are indispensable, with which the manipulator can find, locate, and grasp target objects using its vision system, without any outside help. With instance segmentation, different categories of objects can be precisely distinguished with a high confidence coefficient, and the contours of objects can be clearly described. As a result, the range is precisely limited for highly efficient and accurate pose estimation. Via pose estimation with a grasping network, grasping attitude estimation is transferred into a multi-way classification problem, and the attitude represented by the orientation angle is conveniently transferred to a pose in Cartesian coordinates for grasping control. The two processes can work spontaneously once a RGB-D image is obtained by the vision system.  
For pose transformation, we propose an inverse solution method at the position form to make it adaptable for self-recognition. The ISPF method requires no default initial configuration and can represent all of the feasible solutions. Besides, by introducing an optimal factor of manipulability, the optimal solution can be selected, achieving humanoid control and dexterous manipulation. Besides, the optimal factor can be replaced according to requirement of optimal control. The ISPF method can be expanded for various optimizations, such as optimal torque, least time cost, and so on. This validates the universality and extendibility of the ISPF method in the optimal control of robots. Further, the characteristic of being conveniently programmed with high computational efficiency makes it quite suitable for self-recognized grasping and real-time manipulator control.  
Conceptualization, T.L.; Data curation, X.S.; Methodology, T.L. and S.Z.; Software, S.Z.; Supervision, C.L.; Visualization, C.W.; Writing--original draft, T.L.; Writing--review and editing, T.L. and X.S.  
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 61802363 and 61774157, Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS, grant number QYZDY-SSW-JSC037, and the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, grant number 4182075.  
The authors would like to thank the State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences for instrumentation and equipment supports.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Robust Design of 3D-Printed 6-18 GHz Double-Ridged TEM Horn Antenna
## 1 Introduction  
Horn antennas are easy to fabricate and have good directional radiation performance. For these reasons, they are widely used in applications such as standard measurement equipment, radar, and communication systems [1]. The antennas are generally manufactured by milling or electro-forming processes with metallic materials. They are relatively heavy, incur high production costs, and take a long time to be fabricated [2].  
3D printing technology has attracted much attention as a means by which to realize various shapes [3; 4; 5]. The technology has advantages such as lightweight processes, a low cost, and a short production time [6; 7]. Three-dimensional printing technologies are mainly classified into four types: the selective deposition of an extruded material (fused deposition modelling, FDM), the curing of resin with ultraviolet rays (stereolithography apparatus, SLA), powder binding (selective laser sintering,SLS), and a mixture of stereolithography and inkjet printing (photopolymer jetting, Polylet) [8; 9]. The FDM method has low resolutions, while the SLA, SLS, and Polylet methods offer high resolutions. Therefore, the SLA, SLS, and Polylet methods are typically utilized for centimetre- and millimetre-wave applications. Nevertheless, they remain associated with a serious fabrication tolerance problem.  
In order to overcome the tolerance problem, a robust design method is required. This can be accomplished with an optimization algorithm which selects the combination of design parameters which minimizes the influence of noise factors, such as manufacturing tolerances. [PERSON]'s method (TM) is a well-known technique offering robust designs. This method was developed on the basis of the orthogonal array (OA) concept, which can effectively reduce the number of tests required in the design process [10]. TM has been widely applied to many areas, such as metallurgical engineering, material engineering, and mechanical engineering, among others [11; 12; 13]. In recent years, it has also been used to design antennas. However, the solutions obtained by TM are highly likely to fall into the local minima, as the search boundary condition in TM is very limited [14; 15].  
In this paper, robust design of 3D-printed double-ridged TEM horn antenna is proposed. The purpose of the robust design is to minimize the distortion of the antenna performance as caused by physical factors such as manufacturing errors which arise during the 3D printing process. The proposed method is realized by combining a genetical swarm optimization (GSO) algorithm [16] and an OA matrix. Unlike TM, a solution obtained by the proposed method is less likely to encounter the local minima due to the random factor of the GSO. The design of the TEM horn antenna is illustrated in Section 2. The procedure used to ensure a robust design method is described in detail in Section 3. Simulated results of the robust design are presented in Section 4 and the measurement results of the antenna with the robust design are discussed in Section 5.
###### Abstract  
As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to expand, wireless communication is increasingly widespread across diverse industries and remote devices. This includes domains such as Operational Technology in the Smart Grid. Notably, there is a surge in resource-constrained devices leveraging wireless communication, especially with the advances of 5G/6G technology. Nevertheless, the transmission of wireless communications demands substantial power and computational resources, presenting a significant challenge to these devices and their operations. In this work, we propose the use of deep learning to improve the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) wireless receivers. By improving the BER performance of these receivers, devices can transmit with less power, thereby improving IoT devices' battery life. The architecture presented in this paper utilizes a depthwise Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for channel estimation and demodulation, whereas a Graph Neural Network (GNN) is utilized for Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC) decoding, tested against a proposed (1998, 1512) LDPC code. Our results show higher performance than traditional receivers in both isolated tests for the CNN and GNN, and a combined end-to-end test with lower computational complexity than other proposed deep learning models. For BER improvement, our proposed approach showed a 1 dB improvement for eliminating BER in QPSK models. Additionally, it improved 16-QAM Rician BER by five decades, 16-QAM LOS model BER by four decades, 64-QAM Rician BER by 2.5 decades, and 64-QAM LOS model BER by three decades.  
IoT; 5G; operational technology; OFDM; receiver; deep learning; machine learning +
Footnote †: journal: _Future Internet_
# Techno-Economic Analysis of Flare Gas to Hydrogen: A Lean and Green Sustainability Approach
###### Abstract  
The increasing demand for hydrogen has made it a promising alternative for decarbonizing industries and reducing CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. Although mainly produced through the gray pathway, the integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) reduces the CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. This study presents a sustainability method that uses flare gas for hydrogen production through steam methane reforming (SMR) with CCS, supported by a techno-economic analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to evaluate the oil company's efficiency, and inverse DEA/sensitivity analysis identified maximum flare gas reduction, which was modeled in Aspen HYSYS V14. Subsequently, an economic evaluation was performed to determine the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) and the cost-benefit ratio (CBR) for Nigeria. The CBR results were 2.15 (payback of 4.11 years with carbon credit) and 1.96 (payback of 4.55 years without carbon credit), indicating strong economic feasibility. These findings promote a practical approach for waste reduction, aiding Nigeria's transition to a circular, low-carbon economy, and demonstrate a positive relationship between lean and green strategies in the petroleum sector.  
gas flaring; sustainability; hydrogen; technology; petroleum industry; lean; green; lean green; Nigeria 2025  
1
## 3 Pharmacological Properties of GP
### Anti-Cancer Effect
#### 3.1.5 Cell Cycle Arrest  
Gypenoside LI, a gypenoside monomer from GP, had a potent cytotoxic effect on melanoma cells by arresting the cell cycle at the S phase and inhibiting melanoma cell proliferation through the up-regulation of miR-128-3p [14]. Studies had shown that GPS could induce G0/G1 arrest in A549 cells. The molecular mechanism of cell cycle arrest was investigated by Western blotting, showing that cyclin-dependent protein kinase inhibitors such as p16, p21, p27, and p53 proteins were accordingly increased with the increasing time of incubation with GPS in the A549 cells [20]. Flavonoids extracted from GP were reported to induce cycle arrest at both S and G2/M phases with the concurrent modulated expression of the cellular proteins cyclin A, B, p53, and p2, and then inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer A549 cells [43].
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Different Leak Positions  
As stated in Section 3 and indicated in Figure 4, multiple leak locations (L1-L5) were foreseen on the tube. As to evaluate the leak localization feasibility, it must be possible to distinguish the different leak locations (L1 to L5) from the obtained difference in time-of-arrival of the NPW. Figure 9 contains five different measurements for the five different leak locations (L1-L5). The thick vertical line corresponds for all five measurements to the moment of time-of-arrival of the NPW at sensor S1. The figure only shows the data measured at sensor S2. The difference in time-of-arrival between sensor S1 (reference) and S2 (increasing pressure) is compared for the different leak locations.  
The more the leak is positioned near the middle of the tube (L5), the smaller the difference in time-of-arrival at the sensor locations because the NPW travelled approximately equal times to both ends of the tube. The NPW that originated from L1, the most extreme leak position, clearly arrived with a large time delay at sensor S2.  
The theoretical moments of time-of-arrival corresponding to the different leak locations are highlighted through the thin vertical lines. It is clear from the analysis of Figure 9 that the different leak locations can be separated on basis of the interpretation of the NPW.  
The least squares method allows to estimate the leak position with high accuracy. Table 1 summarizes the localization estimations and errors of all five measurements (L1-L5).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline  & **Location** & **Localization Estimate** & **Error** \\
**N\({}^{\textbf{o}}\)** & \(\textbf{x}_{\textbf{1},real}\) & \(\textbf{x}_{\textbf{1},est}\) & \(\dfrac{x_{\textbf{1},real}-\textbf{x}_{\textbf{1},est}}{L_{tube}}\) \\ \hline  & **(mm)** & **(mm)** & **\%** \\ \hline \(L1\) & 4 & 7.4 & 0.736 \\ \(L2\) & 59 & 57.6 & 0.303 \\ \(L3\) & 114 & 109.6 & 0.952 \\ \(L4\) & 169 & 167.4 & 0.346 \\ \(L5\) & 224 & 222.6 & 0.303 \\ \hline Average & & & 0.528 \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Localization feasibility on basis of time-of-arrival of the negative pressure waves using the least squares analysis. (\(L_{tube}\) = 462 mm).  
Figure 9: Comparison of the difference in time-of-arrival for different leak positions.  
The average error on the location of the leak is found to be  
\[\text{Error}=\frac{0.528}{100}\times 0.462\;\text{m}=2.4\;\text{mm}. \tag{9}\]  
This error is not much more than the theoretical limit due to the finite sampling rate, which allows us to conclude that the NPW analysis can be used to locate the crack with high accuracy.
## 4 Conclusions  
Repair systems, including those involving minimal repairs, preventive replacements and perfect repairs, have already been described by other authors. However, they do not often use semi-Markov processes to model them. Semi-Markov processes were used to develop the mathematical model in the paper. Its use allows the determination of the optimal strategies for preventive actions for minimal repairs based on the presented criteria functions. An infinite time horizon is used to study criterion functions. For the state of emergency repair (state 2--minimal repair) and preventive replacement (state 4), the relationships between stock times and costs (profits) should be defined. This will allow for defining stronger conditions. This analysis confirmed that, for the assumptions described in the paper, there is one maximum for the criterion functions. Sufficient conditions for the existence of the maximum were formulated on the basis of the analysis of these functions.  
The article presents a fragment of our efforts to build a computer program to manage a fleet of transport units. We have built a model that will allow us to determine the maximum for which we will get the highest profit. This applies to finances and availability. Our model can be used in transport systems where preventive and minimal repairs are carried out. After adaptation, the method can be used to model repair systems for other technical objects. This is especially important in conditions where a high level of availability is required. However, these systems must use the same graph-mapping of the changes in the states of the renewal system model as ours.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.B. and K.M.; methodology, S.B. and K.M.; software, A.N.; validation, A.N. and A.S.; formal analysis, S.B.; investigation, M.S.; writing--original draft preparation, S.B. and K.M.; writing--review and editing, S.B. and K.M.; visualization, L.H. and J.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research received no external funding. The APC was funded by Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Sciences and Technology BN-WIM-0/2022.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available upon request from the first author S.B.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.