esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Wireless Home Assistive System for Severely Disabled People
## 3 Results and Discussions
### The Experimental Results of the Human-Machine Interface
#### 3.2.3 The Subjective Evaluation of Human-Machine Interface  
To subjectively evaluate the performance of the human-machine interface, the mean opinion scores (MOS) are adopted in this subsection. The subjects gave MOS on a scale of 1 to 5, i.e., 5 for excellent level, 4 for good level, 3 for fair level, 2 for poor level, and 1 for unsatisfactory level. In these experiments, the subjects were asked to operate the human-machine interface including PC-based AAC and home appliance control by using the specific input accessories connected with MCT 2 to 3 h every day lasting for two months. After two months, the acceptance of user friendly and the degree of practicality are evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 4. In Table 4, the average scores for the acceptance of user friendly and the degree of practicality are 4.13 and 4.00, respectively. The results indicate that the acceptance of user friendly obtains a higher MOS since the use of MCT can achieve high accuracy and it can prevent frustration in inputting commands or messages. Moreover, the MOS showed a satisfaction degree in using MCT to communicate with others or devices. Thus, the use of MCT can effectively help severely disabled subjects in daily life.  
The severely disabled 52-year-old male is regarded as the best example; he got an injury in the army. In the past, he has been confined to bed for 20 years. He can't move his hands, body, or legs, but he can twitch his fingers and still has limited speech abilities. All he could do before he joined this research is watch cable TV or listen to music all day. He had to depend on his family for almost everything. However, he can control the computer to communicate with other people through the Internet by using Line, Skype, and Facebook software and control home appliances such as the TV, air conditioner (AC), music, fan, and light by himself now. The most important reason is that he was well trained to manipulate MCT, the home appliance automation system, and Intel ACAT platform via a specific pacifier with a limit switch inside as an input accessory, as shown in Figure 2c. He can do many things alone in his daily life, including control the computer, light, and fan, select TV channels, control music, etc. He was the best example to demonstrate and promote WHAS.  
Figure 11: The real situations of two severely disabled subjects manipulating home automation and Intel ACAT platform with the help of MCT, (**a**) Home automation; (**b**) Intel ACAT; (**c**) The related hardware (Arduino chip, wirelessly controlled power box, Bluetooth and infrared transceiver, etc.) and assistive input accessories used in WHAS.
# The Biology of _Pichia membranifaciens_ Killer Toxins
###### Abstract  
The killer phenomenon is defined as the ability of some yeast to secrete toxins that are lethal to other sensitive yeasts and filamentous fungi. Since the discovery of strains of _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_ capable of secreting killer toxins, much information has been gained regarding killer toxins and this fact has substantially contributed knowledge on fundamental aspects of cell biology and yeast genetics. The killer phenomenon has been studied in _Pichia membranifaciens_ for several years, during which two toxins have been described. PMKT and PMKT2 are proteins of low molecular mass that bind to primary receptors located in the cell wall structure of sensitive yeast cells, linear (1\(\rightarrow\)6)-\(\beta\)-D-glucans and manmoproteins for PMKT and PMKT2, respectively. Cwp2p also acts as a secondary receptor for PMKT. Killing of sensitive cells by PMKT is characterized by ionic movements across plasma membrane and an acidification of the intracellular pH triggering an activation of the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway. On the contrary, our investigations showed a mechanism of killing in which cells are arrested at an early S-phase by high concentrations of PMKT2. However, we concluded that induced mortality at low PMKT2 doses and also PMKT is indeed of an apoptotic nature. Killer yeasts and their toxins have found potential applications in several fields: in food and beverage production, as biocontrol agents, in yeast bio-typing, and as novel antimyotic agents. Accordingly, several applications have been found for _P. membranifaciens_ killer toxins, ranging from pre- and post-harvest biocontrol of plant pathogens to applications during wine fermentation and ageing (inhibition of _Botrytis cinerea_, _Brettanomyces bruxellensis_, etc.).  
Pichia membranifaciens; PMKT; PMKT2; killer toxin; biochemical characteristics; mechanism of action; biocontrol; applications
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Composition and Microstructure of the Composites
To further analyze the microstructure of as-prepared composites, the TEM, HRTEM, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) images are displayed in Figure 3. The low-resolution TEM image of the prepared composites is shown in Figure 3a, the bulk SiOC ceramic and carbon fiber are marked. A closer look at the area marked A in Figure 3a is shown in the HRTEM image in Figure 3b. The presence of the lattice plane and the disordered zone is clearly visible, the distance between the planes of the selected area is about 0.25 nm in accordance with the (111) plane space of \(\beta\)-SiC, which is in agreement with the result of the XRD analysis [34; 35]. Figure 3c depicts the SAED image of the disordered zone shown in Figure 3b, indicating an amorphous structure of carbon within the sample. In addition, the SAED image in Figure 3d of the SiC phase displayed in Figure 3b illustrates a single-crystal electron diffraction spot corresponding to \(\beta\)-SiC, indicating that SiC are formed within SiOC ceramic during the pyrolysis process, which is in accordance with the analysis of the XRD result and previous literature [11; 13; 27]. From the results, it can be concluded that the SiOC will decompose into SiO\({}_{2}\), SiC, and free carbon if the pyrolysis temperature is above 1400 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Therefore, the desired temperature for the preparation of BPR-derived carbon modified 3D needed carbon fiber reinforced SiOC composites is selected at 1400 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which is favorable for maintaining the relatively low thermal conductivity of composites intended for use as thermal protection materials in harsh environments. Figure 2: The Raman spectra of as-prepared composites after different pyrolysis temperatures.
# A Review on Computer Vision Technology for Physical Exercise Monitoring
## 3 Discussion about Articles
### Heart Rate Variability  
Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of the variation of the time interval between heartbeats. It is an important physiological parameter to be considered to monitor intensity during exercise and many approaches have been proposed to measure HRV using contact and non-contact sensor technologies. [16; 48; 49; 95].  
A completely new approach was proposed by [PERSON] to measure HRV by continuous monitoring of the Pupil Size Variability (PSV) during physical activity. The authors also measure blood pressure variability using the same approach. It was hypothesized that pupil size variability is highly correlated to both physiological parameters, which are also indicators of exercise intensity. Many parameters including electrocardiogram, respiration effort, finger arterial pressure, and pupil images were recorded from ten subjects before and after five minutes of exercise on a treadmill. The pupil images were captured by a 1/3 Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera connected to an 8-bit monochrome video frame-graber, set to capture at a resolution of 512 \(\times\) 512 pixels and capture speed of 2 frames per second. All the signals, including pupil images, were acquired by a data acquisition unit [50] during exercise. The experiments underwent six phases of 5 min recording sessions. The findings suggested that PSV may be a valid indicator of cardiovascular variability.
## 3 Results and Discussion
Figure 8 shows the changes observed for the bearing cage slide ratio due to variations in the rotational speed. As the rotational speed increased, the cage sliding decreased by a greater percentage. Figure 6: The contrast of load distribution between the rigid support and flexible support. Figure 7: Slide ratio of rollers. Figure 9 shows the influence of the change in thickness of the outer ring on the load distribution of the bearing. As the outer ring increases in thickness, the load distribution more closely approached the calculation result obtained under the rigid assumption; conversely, as the outer ring became thinner, the influence of structural deformation increased significantly. Figure 10 shows the cage slide ratio due to different ring thicknesses. It can be seen that under the rigid assumption, the ring wall thickness does not influence the cage sliding. After considering the deformation of the structure, the cage slide ratio decreased by 8.3%-47.2%; in addition, as the ring wall thickness decreased, the cage slide ratio was reduced. Figure 11 shows the bearing fatigue life. It can be seen that under the rigid assumption, the ring thickness does not influence fatigue life. After considering the structural deformation, the fatigue life  
Figure 8: Influence of operation speed on cage sliding. Figure 10: Influence of ring thickness on cage sliding. Figure 9: Influence of ring thickness on load distribution. increased by 33.8%-76.4%; in addition, as the ring thickness increased, the fatigue life was reduced, increasingly approaching that under the rigid assumption. Figure 12 shows the radial stiffness. When the influence of the deformation of the structure is considered, the stiffness of the bearing is decreased because the bearing stiffness depends on the contact mechanics of the rollers and the raceways, which change following structural deformation. The stiffness of the squirrel-cage is only 8.3%-32.7% that of the bearing, reducing the stiffness of the entire structure by an order of magnitude compared to that under the rigid assumption. In addition, as the ring wall thickness increased, the stiffness approached that under the rigid assumption.
# Adaptive Packet Coding for Reliable Underwater Acoustic Communications
## 5 RLPC-J-ARQ Scheme
There are two parameters that need to be optimized for each transmission. At the begin of the \(i\)-th transmission for the \(k\)-th block, the sender does not receive the feedback message of the \((i-1)\)-th transmission for the \((k+1)\)-th block. Namely, the sender only knows part of the transmission result of the \((i-1)\)-th transmission. Apparently, The standard DP approach is not suitable for this case. We propose a two-step DP approach to solve this problem.
# Networked Roadside Perception Units for Autonomous Driving
## 4 Networked RSPUs  
The RSPU system mentioned in the previous section entails a limited dissemination area to disseminate cooperative perception messages. For this reason, we designed a networked RSPUs by linking the RSPUs via a roadside network (high-speed) to widen the message dissemination range (We called this scheme as Grid Proxy CAM in our previous work [40]).  
The following requirements were identified to design this solution:  
* Real-time message delivery: Real-time message transmission makes it possible to track dynamic information about vehicles, including acceleration, velocity, and position. For example, standard CAMs are known to transmit at \(1\sim 10\) times/second. Thus, a solution must be able to frequently transmit dynamic information of the vehicle and minimize deferents in sensing/transmitting messages. It is necessary to design solutions to directly deliver messages on edge with a view to bypassing cloud systems as well as the internet.
* Prioritizing messages: It is necessary for the solution to send messages on a frequent basis on a broader path. As road traffic goes up, the total number of delivered must also go up. Ideally, the wired network on the roadside should possess an adequate capacity for several academic messages at peak conditions of road traffic. That being said, the wireless link is likely to hit a point of saturation in cases excessive messages reach it. Hence, it is necessary to get messages prioritized with regard to significance on the basis of their contributions to safety.
# An Optimized Flexible Accelerator for Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication over NIST Binary Fields
## 1 Introduction
### Objective, Contributions and Significance  
This work aims to implement an efficient hardware accelerator for PM computations in ECC that simultaneously considers throughput and area optimization. Our contributions are summarized as follows:  
* Proposed PM architecture: we have proposed an optimized hardware accelerator that improves throughput and minimizes area for PM computation in ECC over \(GF(2^{m})\), where \(m\) can take values of 163, 233, 283, 409, and 571.
* gProposed digit-parallel multiplier architecture: to improve the throughput and reduce clock cycles for polynomial multiplications, we have proposed a multiplier circuit. The proposed circuit works on the digit-parallel principles such that the size of the digit is 41.
* Re-using the hardware resources: to implement the inversion operation, we have re-utilized the allocated area of the square unit and the digit-parallel multiplier unit, which reduces overall hardware area utilization.
* Flexibility: we have utilized two 571-bit input/output buffers on top of the proposed PM architecture to load different input parameters. Similarly, one 3-bit buffer is also used to provide read/write addresses. Using these three buffers, we have encountered flexibility in our accelerator architecture, which means different input parameters can be used for computations.
* Dedicated-controller: we have designed a controller circuit for efficient handling of control signals. The behavior of the controller circuit is described through a state machine.  
We have validated the aforementioned contributions by implementing our proposed accelerator architecture on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. We have written (all) the codes in Verilog (a hardware description language). The achieved results demonstrate that the proposed accelerator architecture utilizes 1479, 1998, 2573, 3271, and 4469 slices for a key length of 163, 233, 283, 409, and 571, respectively. The time needed for our accelerator architecture for these key lengths is 7.15, 10.60, 13.26, 20.96, and 30.42 \(\upmu\)s. Similarly, for the same binary field lengths, the overall ratio between throughput and area is 94.56, 47.21, 29.30, 14.58, and 7.35. A comparison with existing techniques reveals the efficacy of the proposed solution.  
This article is arranged in various subsections: Section 2 presents the mathematical background of the Lopez-Dahab projective coordinate system. The next section describes the proposed PM architecture. The implementation of the proposed design is made in Section 4. Consequently, the achieved results and a comprehensive performance comparison are presented. The article is concluded in the last section (Section 5).
## 3 Optimal Beamwidth Maximizing Uplink Coverage Probability Scheme
### Uplink Coverage Probability Analysis Model
\begin{cases}\frac{2\pi\varphi}{A},&\text{if }0 \leq\varphi\leq\frac{\hat{\varphi_{l}}}{2}\\ \frac{12\varphi}{A}[\frac{\pi}{6}-\arccos(\frac{\hat{\varphi_{l}}}{2\varphi} )],&\text{if }\frac{\hat{\varphi_{l}}}{2}<\varphi\leq\frac{\hat{\varphi_{l}}}{\sqrt{3}}. \end{cases}  \tag{24}\]  
\[A=\frac{\sqrt{3}\hat{\varphi}_{l}^{2}}{2}. \tag{25}\]  
Finally, the (19) can be driven to joint CDF form as follows:\[\mathbb{P}(-\kappa_{e_{i}}-\zeta_{e_{i}}+G(\varphi_{s,j}(t),m)\geq \alpha_{l}(t))\] \[=\mathbb{P}(G(\varphi_{s,l}(t),m)-\zeta_{e_{l}}-\alpha_{l}(t)\geq \kappa_{e_{i}})\] \[=\int_{0}^{\frac{\delta_{s}}{\sqrt{3}}}p_{\bar{\varphi}_{t}}( \varphi)\mathbb{P}(G(\varphi,m)-\zeta_{e_{l}}-\alpha_{l}(t)\geq\kappa_{e_{i}}) \;d\varphi\] \[=p_{LOS,e_{l}}\int_{0}^{\frac{\delta_{s}}{\sqrt{3}}}p_{\bar{ \varphi}_{t}}(\varphi)\mathbb{P}_{LOS}(\kappa_{e_{l}}\leq G(\varphi,m)-\alpha_ {l}(t))\;d\varphi+p_{NLOS,e_{l}}\int_{0}^{\frac{\delta_{s}}{\sqrt{3}}}p_{\bar{ \varphi}_{t}}(\varphi)\mathbb{P}_{NLOS}(\kappa_{e_{l}}\leq G(\varphi,m)- \alpha_{l}(t)-\zeta_{e_{l}})\;d\varphi\] \[=p_{LOS,e_{l}}\int_{0}^{\frac{\delta_{s}}{\sqrt{3}}}p_{\bar{ \varphi}_{t}}(\varphi)\frac{1}{2}[1+erf(\frac{G(\varphi,m)-\alpha_{l}(t)}{ \sigma_{LOS,e_{l}}\sqrt{2}})]\;d\varphi+p_{NLOS,e_{l}}\int_{0}^{\frac{\delta_ {s}}{\sqrt{3}}}p_{\bar{\varphi}_{t}}(\varphi)\frac{1}{2}[1+erf(\frac{G(\varphi,m)-\alpha_{l}(t)-\zeta_{e_{l}})}{\sigma_{NLOS,e_{l}}\sqrt{2}})]\;d\varphi\]
## 3 Method of Constructing Global POD ROM
### Global POD Reduced Basis Matrix Updating Method  
Based on the initial POD reduced basis matrix proposed in Section 3.1, the CV-Voronoi sequence sampling method introduced in Section 3.2 is used to adaptively increase the sample configurations and finally form the global POD reduced basis matrix. The construction process is as follows:  
Step 1: \(k\) sample configurations are obtained by initial sampling, and the corresponding mode matrix of each sample configuration is calculated according to Equation (8).  
Step 2: The new sample configuration \(\mathbf{p}_{k+1}\) is determined by the CV-Voronoi sequence sampling method.  
Figure 1: Voronoi diagram in two-dimensional space and Voronoi element by Monte Carlo point description.  
Step 3: The reduced basis matrix is updated with the new sample configuration. The first \(l\) mode shapes of \(\mathbf{p}_{k+1}\) can be obtained according to Equation (8).  
\(k+1\) configuration mode matrices \(\mathbf{\Phi}_{j}(\mathbf{j}=1,2,\ldots k+1)\) are assembled into a new snapshot matrix, and the correlation matrix \(\mathbf{D}_{k+1}\) is calculated:  
\[\mathbf{D}_{k+1}=\mathbf{A}_{k+1}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{A}_{k+1}. \tag{17}\]  
Then, the reduced basis matrix \(\mathbf{T}_{k+1}\) is obtained according to the truncation threshold \(\delta\) and POD technique:  
\[\mathbf{T}_{k+1}=\left\{\mathbf{v}_{j}^{k+1}\right\}_{j=1}^{m_{k+1}},\mathbf{v}_{j}^{k+1}= \frac{1}{\sqrt{\lambda_{j}^{k+1}}}\mathbf{A}_{k+1}\mathbf{\chi}_{j}^{k+1}. \tag{18}\]  
The CV-Voronoi sequence sampling method is used to continuously increase the sample configuration to update the reduction basis until the RMSE in cross-validation is less than \(\delta\) or the number of new samples reaches the preset upper limit. Then the iteration is stopped and the global POD reduction basis matrix is constructed to form the global POD ROM.  
Step 4: After the global POD ROM is established, the frequency response of any configuration \(\mathbf{p}\) to be solved in the optimization process can be obtained through the ROM with Equation (6).
## 7 Conclusions and Future Work  
For automotive systems, which could be described as a safety-critical system, they must fully satisfy the safety requirements as well as the functional requirements. Safety requirements describe the characteristics that a system must have in order to remain safe, and also key attributes that must be ensured to mitigate or avoid potentially unacceptable hazards. Violation of safety requirements will expose the system to various possible risks. Therefore, safety requirements must be considered to reduce risk in the design and development process of automotive systems. Nowadays, the intensive use of software and the increase in functional requirements have significantly increased the complexity of automotive systems. Therefore, the traditional safety analysis technology based on reliability theory will have certain limitations in the safety analysis of a modern complex safety-critical system, so it is not suitable to be used alone.  
In this paper, we combined STPA and FMEA to obtain a new method called STPAFT, which has the advantages of both STPA and FMEA. It not only expands the scope of causes of hazards, but also could assess risk. Taking the FLEDS system as a case study, we described in detail the analysis process of STPAFT and the corresponding relationship between the analysis results and work products required in the ISO26262 concept phase. It is found that the analysis results of STPAF can fully meet the requirements of ISO26262. In addition, through the analysis process, the information used to establish safety control structure can make up for the lack of systematic requirements of an item in ISO26262. Then, through the focus of FMEA on related components level, we created more targeted safety constraints, which is conducive to the derivation of safety goals and functional safety requirements.  
So, the use of STPAFT will be helpful to give recommendations for the early development and design process of automotive systems. In our future work, we plan to explore the role of STPAFT in the safety analysis of fully automated vehicles with a higher proportion of software, and further understand the advantages and limitations of using STPA to support the ISO26262 concept phase. In addition, we plan to introduce the model-based safety analysis technique into the implementation process of STPAF, and strive to abstract STPAFT into a standard architecture, so as to facilitate its automatic implementation, and improve the analysis efficiency, correctness, consistency and traceability.  
Conceptualization, L.C. and J.J.; methodology, L.C. and T.Z.; writing--original draft preparation, L.C.; writing--review and editing, L.C. and T.Z.; project administration, J.J.; funding acquisition, T.Z. and J.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.