# Adapting Self-Regulated Learning in an Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots
## 3 Data Processing and Learning Process-Action Map
#### Proof-of-Concept  
As a proof-of-concept, we provide two examples of a student engaging OpenAI's ChatGPT (GPT-3.5). Two learners were tasked with choosing a topic they would like to learn and engaging the chatbot as a virtual intelligent tutor. The learners can stop when they feel they have sufficiently learned the topic. The first student is new to a topic in statistics and is about to learn about the Shapiro-Wilk test, a topic covered in an intermediate-level undergraduate statistics course. The prompts provided to ChatGPT are ordered as shown in Table 2 (note that typographical errors are deliberately left unedited). The associated process-action tags are also found in the same table. The adjacency matrix of this prompt flow is found in Table 3.  
Correspondingly, Figure 2 shows the learning process map for this student at both the action and process levels. In the second example, an adult learner has prior knowledge of the topic and is studying project management in preparation for the Certified Associate in Project Management exam. The learning process map is shown in Figure 3.  
In our first example, we note that the learner engaged with the chatbot with a small number of prompts (17 prompts), with the majority of the SRL process at the seekingand engaging phase. In the case of the second learner, there is more engagement with the chatbot at the defining and engaging phases. With this cursory information, we can provide insight into the SRL of these two learners, albeit in different learning contexts. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l l} \hline \hline
**\#** & **Prompts** & **Code** \\ \hline
1 & I want to study in-depth about the Shapiro-Wilks test & D.G \\
2 & Great! This is a good overview. However, can you give me an example of how to formulate the null and alternative hypotheses? & S.S \\
3 & Can you give me an example with data? & S.S \\
4 & How did you calculate the test statistic in this case? Please do not show me & S.S \\  & any code. & S.S \\
5 & Can you point me to some resources that can help me calculate the test statistic & S.S \\  & using mathematical formulas? & S.S \\
6 & Thank you. How then do you calculate the p value without using python code? & S.S \\
7 & How do I obtain the \(p\)-value? Can you point me to some resources where I can obtain the \(p\)-value? & S.S \\
8 & Let’s go back to the example, in this case the \(p\)-value is 0.438 which is greater than the significance level of 0.05. Is there an example where the \(p\)-value will be smaller than the significance level? & S.S \\
9 & Can you help me visualise the two sets of data that you have given by plotting them? & [PERSON] \\
10 & Going back to the beginning, I think I understand how to calculate the test statistic and find the \(p\)-value. Please tell me if I am wrong. The test statistic W is calculated based on a mathematical formula, while the \(p\)-value involves a look up statistical table. Am I correct? & [PERSON] \\
11 & Note the part about the \(p\)-value being calculated from statistical software. I read somewhere about one-tailed and two-tailed test. Does the Shapiro-Wilks test have such a thing? & S.S \\
12 & What happens if I perform the Shapiro-Wilks test for sample sizes above 5000? & S.S \\
13 & I think I understand the concepts. Can you quiz me to check if I understand? & E.RH \\  & Please give me 5 multiple choice questions. & E.RH \\
14 & Are the answers: a, c, d, b, c? & E.RH \\
15 & I got question 3 wrong, can you explain the concepts relating to question 3 again? & E.RV \\
16 & Sounds good, I think I am ready to tackle some worked problems and move on to the next topic. What do you suggest I study for the next topic relating to & R.ET \\  & Shapiro-Wilks Test? & D.G \\
17 & Ok, maybe I want to learn more about 2. & D.G \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Proof-of-concept of process-action tags for a student engaging ChatGPT to learn about the Shapiro-Wilk test (typographical errors are deliberately left unedited).