esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Basins of Convergence in a Multi-Perturbed CR3 BP +
## 4 Application to the Sun-Mars System: Adding the Effects of Phobos and Deimos
### Speed of Convergence  
Finally, it is interesting to see the number of iterations that are necessary to reach convergence. For the case of the CR3 BP being modified by the effects of oblateness without taking into account any other effects, the results are shown in Figures 17-19. These figures show that the speed of convergence towards the collinear points is much faster than that of convergence to the triangular points. It can be seen that cells converging towards collinear points generally require a relatively low number of iterations.  
The rest of the cases analyzed in this work lead to the same conclusions about the trends in the speed of convergence towards both collinear and triangular points.  
Figure 16: Basins of convergence for the Sun–Mars system considering triaxiality and radiation effects, zooming in on Mars.  
Figure 17: Iterations needed until convergence for the Sun–Mars system when triaxiality effects are included [broad domain].  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Libration Points** & **Obtained Coordinates** \\  & \((\mathbf{x_{L}},\mathbf{y_{L}})\) [\(-\)] \\ \hline \(L_{1}\) & \((0.73680,0)\) \\ \(L_{2}\) & \((-0.73681,0)\) \\ \(L_{3}\) & \((0.27144,\,0.68498)\) \\ \(L_{4}\) & \((0.27144,\,-0.68498)\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 13: Coordinates of the Sun–Mars libration points considering triaxiality and radiation effects.
## 4 Simulation Results and Analysis
### Given a Sinusoidal Signal (Simulation)  
Figure 11 presents the position and error curves of the controller, while Figure 12 is an amplification diagram of the sinusoidal position signal \(x=sin4\pi t\). Analyzing the curves in these graphs reveals that under similar periodic sinusoidal changes within a specific range, the maximum absolute error for ADRC is \(\mid E_{\max}\mid\) = 0.0196 rad, while the maximum absolute error for RBF-ADRC is \(\mid E_{\max}\mid\) = 0.0173 rad. In contrast, the maximum absolute error for FRBF-ADRC is significantly lower, at \(\mid E_{\max}\mid\) = 0.0043 rad. Therefore, it can be concluded that the FRBF-ADRC controller outperforms the other two controllers in terms of the absolute error.  
Figure 10: The controller position curves under different step signals in the simulation.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Step Signal** & **ADRC** & **RBF-ADRC** & **FRBF-ADRC** \\ \hline
1 rad & 0.0429 s & 0.0339 s & 0.0189 s \\
1.5 rad & 0.0553 s & 0.0477 s & 0.0434 s \\
2 rad & 0.0632 s & 0.0534 s & 0.0515 s \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: A comparison of simulations for ADRC, RBF-ADRC, and FRBF-ADRC controllers under different step signals.
# Tie-System Calibration for the Experimental Setup of Large Deployable Reflectors
## 1 Introduction
This operation is long and delicate, but allows the adjustment of different error sources, such as manufacturing errors [7; 8; 9], material definition errors, clearance [10; 11], friction [12; 13], hysteresis [14], mechanical vibrations [15; 16], and imperfect behaviour of the elastic properties of components. This paper describes a method for the tie-system calibration of LDRs with a rigid or flexible ring truss. To our knowledge, this topic has not been deeply investigated in the literature and the adjustment phase is entrusted with proprietary solutions of LDR companies. The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, the problem of correcting the parameters to satisfy the static equilibrium in the deployed configuration is first addressed. Then, the method for finding the necessary corrections to the tie-system is discussed, for the two cases of LDR (i.e., with rigid or flexible ring truss). In Section 3, the method is applied to a LDR with an asymmetric ring truss, developed by Thales Alenia Space. A simulated error distribution is superimposed to the design configuration to represent a real experimental test. The tie-system corrections (expressed in terms of length elongation or shortening) necessary to meet RMS design requirement are obtained for both rigid and flexible ring truss cases. Finally, in Section 4, the conclusions of the paper are presented.
## 2 Methodology: Computation of the Altimetry Performance
### Platform Error Sources in GNSS-R Altimetry  
#### 2.4.1 Impact of ISS Orbital Height Decay  
The decay rate of the ISS can vary significantly along time, with sharp vertical transitions corresponding to orbit re-boosts to move the ISS to higher altitudes (e.g., Figure 7, from [[http://www.heavens-above.com/IssHeight.aspx](http://www.heavens-above.com/IssHeight.aspx)]([http://www.heavens-above.com/IssHeight.aspx](http://www.heavens-above.com/IssHeight.aspx))). During solar maximum conditions, the ISS loses 400 m of altitude per day (4.63 mm/s), while during sunspot minimum conditions the rate is only 80 m per day (0.92 mm/s). These values will have to be taken into account during the long incoherent integration times foreseen in GEROS-ISS (-13.6-14 s for a dwell line of 100 km), and when computing the statistics of GEROS-ISS estimated height at different time instants. In practical terms, from an implementation point of view of the receiver it will require to split the incoherent averaging period into shorter integration times, and realign (re-track) the waveforms, before performing the second incoherent averaging [15].
## 5 Conclusions  
The implementation of advanced image processing techniques, including automatic detection and segmentation of skin ulcers using a CNN and 3D image analysis, marks a significant advancement in skin ulcer management. This study introduced an automated and accurate tool for clinical assessment, improving the monitoring of wound evolution and consequently enhancing patient care. The methodology supported early detection, accurate assessment, and monitoring, benefiting elderly individuals and those with chronic diseases. The graphical interface in Unity3D allowed the easy interaction of healthcare operators with the interface, enabling the visualization of the wound along with its extracted parameters and comprehensive care management. Overall, integrating the implemented methodologies in clinical settings represents a substantial improvement, introducing a 3D analysis approach compared to traditional methods. Future directions will include acquiring a larger number of images of ulcers to improve the segmentation performance and to carry on a clinical validation of the procedure. Moreover, depending on the number of available images, skin ulcers could also be classified according to the varying wound severity, which would enable the performance of a secondary classification according to the Wound Bed Preparation (WBP) scale. By providing a reliable means of assessing and monitoring skin ulcers, this technology supports healthcare providers in delivering timely and precise care, ultimately improving patient outcomes.  
Conceptualization, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G. and E.R.; Methodology, R.C., A.F., A.C. and M.G.; Software, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G. and S.B.; Validation, C.I., G.M., E.R., J.S. and L.U.; Formal analysis, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G. and E.R.; Investigation, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G. and S.B.; Resources, E.R., J.S. and E.V.; Data curation, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G., S.B., C.I., G.M., J.S. and L.U.; Writing--original draft, R.C., A.F., A.C., M.G. and G.M.; Writing--review & editing, C.I., G.M., J.S. and L.U.; Visualization, R.C., C.I. and L.U.; Supervision, J.S., E.V. and L.U.; Project administration, E.R., J.S. and E.V.; Funding acquisition, J.S. and E.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research received no external funding.  
Not applicable.  
The WoundsDB used during the current work and accessed on 24 May 2024 is publicly available through [[https://chronicwounddatabase.eu/](https://chronicwounddatabase.eu/)]([https://chronicwounddatabase.eu/](https://chronicwounddatabase.eu/)). Other WV images used to expand the available dataset are under license of Politecnico Di Torino and are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from the Politecnico di Torino. For further information please contact [PERSON] ([EMAIL_ADDRESS]).  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Activation Energy (_Ea_) and Pre-Exponential Factor (_In As_)  
In the transition-state-theory (TST) context, _Ea_ represents the activation energy to overcome for flowing to occur. In our samples, the _Ea_ values are of the order of a hundred kJ mol\({}^{-1}\) and are consistent with the values observed for other additivated bitumens [57] at room temperature. In our samples, due to the high temperature, the bitumens are entirely in the liquid state (G' \(\approx\) 0) so a more disaggregated form with respect to the typical bitumens at room temperature is present.  
Figure 3: Correlation between the pre-exponential factor (In As) and the activation energy (Ea). The dashed line is the linear regression of the experimental data (R = 0.986). In the inset, the data of the present paper (closed symbols) are shown together with those taken from literature (open symbols).  
Figure 2: Arrhenius plot of the investigated samples. Uncertainties associated to the data are at most of the same order of the point size.  
In this situation, it can be expected that the activation energy for flowing is lower than that at room temperature. From Figure 3, it can be noticed that:  
1. the filler-containing samples have higher viscosities than the corresponding neat samples, as expected for such kind of samples;
2. the RTFOT ageing causes an increase in viscosity: this increase is of 17.5 kJ mol\({}^{-1}\) for the neat bitumen, and of about 14.3 kJ mol\({}^{-1}\) for the bitumen + filler.  
As for the pre-exponential factor, _As_ has the meaning of a frequency factor, representing the fraction of effective collisions which are able to turn into the flow process. Its low value indicates a low number of effective molecular collisions which are able to turn into the flowing process [58]. In the TST context, the negative value of ln _As_ indicates a negative entropy of formation of the activated state during flow. All these findings are in agreement with the complex structure of the bitumen, the presence of high molecular mass molecules and the low viscosity.
## 4 Numerical Modeling  
In this work, two numerical models are used to simulate the mixing tank operation: sliding mesh and momentum source term. For the momentum source model, the fluid motion is caused by the imposition of a momentum source, which mimics the impeller in the region occupied by the blades. For the model with sliding mesh, a constant angular velocity is imposed on the region that contains the impeller.  
The treatment of the advective terms considers a second order upwind, whereas an implicit formulation of the first order is applied to the transient terms. The coupling pressure-velocity SIMPLE is used. A numerical solution convergence is reached when the residuals achieve the values of \(1.0\times 10^{-4}\) for continuity, and \(1.0\times 10^{-5}\) for momentum and turbulence for every time-step. The time step is \(\Delta t=1.0\times 10^{-2}\) s, which was recommended by previous studies in the literature for similar fluid dynamic conditions [3; 10; 11; 14].  
Both numerical models were simulated by a computer with an architecture of x86_64, Intel Core i7-5930k, CPU 3.50 GHz with 12 CPUs. Thus, the computational time required to simulate 3.5 s was 240 h for the sliding mesh model and 5 h for the momentum source model. Therefore, the momentum source model requires about 2% of the computational effort required by the sliding mesh model. This is a great advantage, mainly for the geometric investigation purposes. Therefore, if the computational model produces results in agreement with the literature, it can be used to provide new design recommendations for the mixture processes in stirred tanks.
## 2 Host Directed Therapy
### Vitamin D and the Induction of Anti-Microbial Peptides  
Anti-microbial peptides like cathelicidins are components of the innate immune system whose synthesis is induced by mycobacterial ligands through binding to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR9 [41]. Cathelicidin LL37 represents a major example of this class of molecules, is expressed by neutrophils and macrophages and participates in anti-TB defense through pore-forming capability in the bacterial membranes [42; 43].  
It has been shown that vitamin D promotes synthesis and release of LL37 [44], which in turn helps in autophagy [45; 46]. Moreover, vitamin D enhances the ability of monocytes to respond to interferon gamma (IFN-\(\gamma\)) [47]. Various clinical trials which included vitamin D in addition to the standard regimen have been performed, sometimes with variable results [48; 49; 50]. It seems evident that key issues for successful use of vitamin D in TB therapy are proper dosing and possibly also genetic background and comorbidities of the patient. A recently published study by [PERSON] and co-workers suggested that vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased probability of developing TB in HIV-positive people [51]. However, further investigations are needed to clarify whether vitamin D supplementation might play a significant role in reducing the risk of TB.  
Another vitamin whose antitubercular effects have been evaluated is vitamin A, which limits _M. tuberculosis_ replication in macrophages by promoting acidification [52; 53]. However, while studies in rats showed a beneficial impact of vitamin A supplementation [54], the same was not observed in humans [55; 56].  
Regulation of anti-microbial peptide expression is also controlled by histone deacetylase inhibitors (for instance 4-phenylbutyrate) through epigenetic mechanisms [57; 58]. In the context of _M. tuberculosis_ infection of human macrophages, it was demonstrated that phenylbutyrate, alone or in combination with vitamin D3, was able to counteract the suppressive effect of the bacilli on LL-37 expression, thus promoting autophagy [59].  
In addition to cathelicidins, another group of anti-microbial peptides plays an important role in anti-TB mechanisms. These are defensins. Defensins are arginine-rich, cationic peptides resistant to proteolysis. They are usually stored in the granules and in the lysosomes of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, and are released upon pathogen invasion [60]. _M. tuberculosis_ stimulates production of beta defensin-2 (HBD-2), which reduces bacterial multiplication and has a chemotactic effect [61]. Despite these features, exploitation of HBD-2 in HDT against TB is far from clinical use, due to high costs and poor stability in vivo [62]. Clinical trials where these compounds are being investigated are listed in Table 1.
## Materials and Methods
### Tests
#### 2.3.3 Water Vapor Transmission Rate  
Functional elastic knits were tested for water vapor transmission rate, following the test standard of ASTM E96 (desiccant method). A piece of sample was mounted on the bottle which has no lid and contained 10 mL of water, and the bottle was placed in the test case for 24 h. The environmental condition of the test box was at a temperature between 23 and 26.7 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a relative humidity of 50%. A precision balance was used to measure the weight of the bottle, which was recorded as \(w_{0}\). After 24-h water evaporation, the bottle was weighed again as \(w_{t}\). The water vapor transmission rate was computed with the equation as follows.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Knit Type**} & **Twist Number of** & **Weight of the Knits** & **Thickness of the** \\  & **the Yam (T.P.I.)** & **(g/m\({}^{2}\))** & **Knits (mm)** \\ \hline
**Bamboo charcoal functional elastic knits** & 0 & 409.10 & 1.06 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
**Quick-dry functional elastic knits** & 0 & 403.70 & 1.07 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
**Q-wrapped functional elastic knits** & 20 & 406.30 & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
**Q-wrapped functional elastic knits** & 25 & 411.30 & 1.13 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
**30** & 411.60 & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
**B-wrapped functional elastic knits** & 20 & 405.60 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
**B-wrapped functional elastic knits** & 25 & 411.00 & 1.08 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
30** & 420.40 & 1.14 \(\pm\) 0.02 \\
**5** & 405.90 & 1.11 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
**B/Q-twisted functional elastic knits** & 10 & 411.70 & 1.10 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\
15 & 416.00 & 1.12 \(\pm\) 0.01 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Note. SD is presented in the form of \({}^{\pi}\)\(\pm\)\({}^{\pi}\).  
\end{table}
Table 4: Specifications of functional elastic knits. Q: Quick-dry, B: Bamboo charcoal, and D: Denier.  
Figure 3: Functional elastic knits where the black yarn is the warp yarn, the red yarn is the rubber thread, and the blue yarn is the functional composite yarns.  
\[\text{Water Vapor Transmission Rate}=\frac{w_{0}-w_{t}}{A\times t}\times 100\% \tag{2}\]  
where \(w_{0}\) was the initial weight (g) of samples (including the bottle, water, and knits), \(w_{t}\) was the weight (g) of samples after 24-h evaporation (including the bottle, water, and knits), \(A\) was the area of knits (m\({}^{2}\)), and \(t\) was the evaporation duration.
# Power Grid Reliability Evaluation Considering Wind Farm Cyber Security and Ramping Events
## 4 Attack Scenarios
### Long-Term Imperfect Attack of Wind Turbine
\[n=\frac{n_{a}\cdot\Delta t_{IPA}+t_{s}}{\Delta t_{tr}} \tag{8}\]  
where \(n\) is the number of bearing state transitions, \(n_{a}\) is the sampled number of the IPA, and \(\Delta t_{IPA}\) is the equivalent running time caused by attack. In this paper, the \(\Delta t_{IPA}\) was set as 1.5 times the actual running time of a WT in a day, namely 36 h. \(t_{s}\) is the service time of bearing, and \(\Delta t_{tr}\) is the time of state transition. Under normal operating conditions, the time of state transition is approximately equal to one tenth of the bearing rated life. From the viewpoint of system, an IPA increases the failure rate of a WT. The model of time-varying failure rate incorporating the service time and life of a WT can be built as Equation (9), which is the fault probability density function based on the Weibull distribution [30]. When the rated life of a WT is shortened by \(\Delta\)_Ta_, the failure rate is increased accordingly. In the random failure period, the probability of WT failure state PG can be described by Markov process as Equation (10). With the \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Bearing Conditions** & **Wear Interval** \\ \hline S\({}_{\text{N}}\): Normal & (0–0.2) \(\Delta\text{max}\) \\ S\({}_{\text{L}}\): Low & (0.2–0.4) \(\Delta\text{max}\) \\ S\({}_{\text{M}}\): Medium & (0.4–0.7) \(\Delta\text{max}\) \\ S\({}_{\text{S}}\): Severe & (0.7–1.0) \(\Delta\text{max}\) \\ S\({}_{\text{F}}\): Failure & \textgreater{}\(\Delta\text{max}\) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Wearing conditions of bearing. combined analysis of bearing wear and failure rate, the time-varying failure state of a WT could be obtained. By sampling and updating the states of a WT in the optimal power flow (OPF) model, the impact of an IPA could be quantified in the system reliability assessment. \[\lambda_{a}(t)=\frac{\beta}{\left(\eta-\Delta T_{a}\right)^{\beta}}t^{\beta-1} \tag{9}\]  
\[P_{G}(t)=\frac{\lambda_{a}}{\lambda_{a}+\mu}-\frac{\lambda_{a}}{\lambda_{a}+ \mu}e^{-(\lambda_{a}+\mu)t} \tag{10}\]  
where \(\beta\) is the Weibull exponent and \(\eta\) is the rated lives of WTs. \(\lambda_{a}\) and \(\mu\) are the real time fault rate and repair rate, respectively.
## 4 Discussion
Although these values were obtained from animal models and are not directly applicable to humans, they demonstrate the importance of the quantitative assessment of leukocyte counts prior to the application of L-PRP in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, this question requires further studies in vitro and in vivo. Extra-oral time is an important factor for the healing of the afflicted dental pulp following tooth injuries. A previous study showed the influence of the extra-oral time on the prognosis of replanted teeth. Thirty or more minutes of extra-oral time resulted in the deposition of bone-like tissue in the pulp chamber of replanted teeth in mice as well as root ankylosis [21]. In this present study, the 30 min immersion in PBS followed bytopical treatment with L-PRP improved the healing process of the pulpal tissue in a similar fashion to that after IR. Thus, the impact of extra-oral time on the pulpal and supporting tissues of the extracted teeth appears to be attenuated by the type of biomaterial used before replantation in the original socket, as demonstrated in previous studies using anti-microbial solutions or immunomodulators prior to tooth replantation [28; 30]. In this context, the use of L-PRP in combination with antibacterial solutions such as the triple antibiotic mixture (3 Mix) may be advantageous in the treatment of avulsed teeth with exposed immature apices. First, the avulsed tooth can be immersed in the 3 Mix solution to disinfect the apical papilla and damaged periodontal tissue [28]. Then, L-PRP can be topically administered into the alveolar socket before replantation, thus creating an optimal situation to accelerate the healing of the dental pulp, and possibly the periodontal ligament to avoid root ankylosis. Similarly, L-PRP can be used with the technique of intentional pulpal floor perforation to improve revascularization after tooth replantation [29]. After perforation, application of L-PRP into the alveolar socket may improve pulpal wound healing because the growth factors available in the platelet concentrate can help in the acceleration of the pulpal healing. The effectiveness of these alternatives needs to be evaluated using animal models in future work. The limitations of this study include the difficulty in obtaining tail vein blood samples in mice, the variability in platelet and leukocyte concentrations in L-PRP between blood samples, and the variability of tissue healing depending on the animal. In addition, the differences between human and mouse models should be considered when considering the clinical application of L-PRP.
# A Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Authenticity Verification of 3D Models in GLB Format
## 1 Introduction
The primary contributions are as follows:  
* The development of an algorithm for embedding watermarks in 3D models stored in glb files;
* The use of vertex attributes other than position to embed the watermark;
* The attachment of a watermark as an HMAC by substituting the specified number of least significant bits in the selected vertex attribute, in the selected vertices of a 3D model, with watermark bits;
* An analysis of how the number of LSBs used for watermark embedding in various attributes affects model distortion. The methodology consists of the following three steps: (1) the embedding of the watermark, (2) the application of model modification or its omission, and (3) the verification of authenticity based on the recovered watermark. The first step allows placing a watermark in various vertex attributes and on different places in the context of least significant bits (LSBs). Therefore, a variety of scenarios were examined. The remainder of this article is organised as follows: the Related Works section provides a comprehensive literature review related to the proposed method, highlighting the main research directions and tools used in the field of 3D watermarking. Next, the Materials and Methods section describes the 3D models used in the study, provides an overview of the gITF standard and the glb file extension, and presents the proposed fragile watermarking method for 3D models, including the verification process for confirming authenticity. The obtained results are presented and discussed in the Results and Discussion section. Conclusions drawn from the conducted research are summarised in the Conclusions section.