## 5 Conclusions  
This study proposes an IoT-based cloud platform that integrates NB-IoT and 5G dual-channel communication technology to enhance the operational performance of autonomous agricultural machinery. Our research contributes to the literature by demonstrating how the combination of low-power, long-range NB-IoT for environmental sensing and high-bandwidth, low-latency 5G for real-time control can overcome the inherent limitations of traditional communication systems such as 4G and Wi-Fi. The proposed platform not only achieves higher data transmission reliability and improved coordination efficiency but also integrates advanced algorithms, including a multi-machine cooperative scheduling method based on the Dijkstra algorithm and the IIHHO algorithm, as well as a multi-objective path-tracking predictive control method that combines the improved APO algorithm with MPC. These contributions provide a solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for optimizing resource allocation, minimizing idle time, and improving path-tracking accuracy in complex agricultural environments.  
In terms of practical applications, the platform offers significant advantages for agricultural managers by enabling rapid system configuration, automated task assignment, and autonomous operation of agricultural machinery, effectively simplifying decision-making and reducing labor costs, thereby promoting efficient management and operations. Looking ahead, several key directions warrant further exploration: first, dynamic scheduling algorithms should be further optimized to develop more robust methods capable of real-time adjustments under variable agricultural conditions; additionally, future research could consider integrating AI-driven decision-making mechanisms to enable more intelligent agricultural management; finally, as 5G and emerging 6G technologies continue to evolve, new network architectures and collaborative strategies must be explored to address the costs and coverage challenges of base station deployment and maintenance, further enhancing the overall stability and economic viability of the system. Overall, this study provides valuable theoretical and practical insights for the field.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.Z., D.Z., and C.Y.; methodology, B.Z. and S.W.; software, D.Z. and C.Y.; validation, B.Z., M.M., and N.K.; formal analysis, A.Z. and V.B.; investigation, J.C. and R.G.; resources, N.K. and V.B.; data curation, D.Z. and C.Y.; writing--original draft preparation, B.Z. and D.Z.; writing--review and editing, S.J. and J.C.; visualization, C.Y. and M.M.; supervision, S.J. and N.K.; project administration, S.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** Supported by the EU RRF within project No. 5.2.1.1.i.0/2/24/I/CFLA/003 academic career doctoral grant, ID 1081.  
**Data Availability Statement:** The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article.  
**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to [PERSON], [PERSON], [PERSON], and [PERSON] for their invaluable support and contributions throughout this research. Their insightful suggestions, collaborative efforts, and continuous encouragement have significantly improved the quality of this work. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the editors and reviewers for their constructive comments on our manuscript.