## 1 Introduction  
Brazil, being a country with continental dimensions, faces challenges related to limited broadband coverage provided by traditional operators, especially in areas far from large urban centers. Internet access and broadband communications issues act as barriers, leaving individuals in these remote and rural regions digitally excluded due to either poor or expensive services. Furthermore, the high cost of network infrastructure remains a limiting factor for digital inclusion in Brazil [1]. In this context, TV White Space (TVWS) service has emerged as a promising alternative, using available frequencies between TV transmission channels to provide connectivity in hard-to-reach areas. TVWS technology combines its broader spectral coverage with the ability to operate at frequencies that offer greater penetration and range, making it an efficient and cost-effective solution for various applications [2, 3]. This feature significantly reduces infrastructure investment, which is key in democratizing high-quality wireless access in Brazil, especially in rural and remote areas with limited telecommunications connectivity. Furthermore, TVWS systems show promising applications in areas such as environmental monitoring, sensor networks for precision agriculture, smart cities, and long-range IoT (LoRa) networks [4, 5]. The use of TVWS has been widely studied as a solution to optimize spectrum usage, allowing the coexistence of multiple networks and emerging applications. The IEEE 802.22 standard, designed for cognitive networks with dynamic spectrum access, enables the efficient use of these bands, being particularly promising for vehicular communications [6]. Furthermore, advances in spectral sensing are essential to avoid interference between different systems that share the TVWS, and strategies based on correlation and weight optimization for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) networks have been proposed [7]. In the context of long-range Wi-Fi networks, the IEEE 802.11 af standard has been evaluated under realistic propagation conditions, demonstrating potential for rural connectivity and IoT applications [8]. These advances are in line with emerging trends, ranging from the increasing use of fifth-generation of cellular mobile network (5G) technology in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications for intelligent transportation systems [9], for example, to recent research on sixth generation of cellular mobile network (6G), focusing on the integration of optical and wireless networks [10]. These developments reinforce the need for regulation and implementation of TVWS as a viable means to expand connectivity in Brazil. Several factors make the commercial exploitation of TVWS in Brazil challenging [11; 12]. Observing international experiences, countries like the United Kingdom (UK), the United States of America (USA), Canada, Colombia, and South Africa, for instance, have conducted tests and implementations of TVWS. However, effective exploration of this technology is still in the early stages, partly due to restrictive regulations aimed at protecting primary users [13; 14; 15]. Regulatory agencies have established guidelines for TVWS usage through standards from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). To ensure spectrum efficiency, white space devices (WSDs) must implement techniques and solutions that prevent interference with primary users, such as spectral sensing and the white space database (WSDB) [16; 17; 18]. WSDB has been established as the primary method for determining available channels in TVWS.