## 1 Introduction  
Vibrations that propagate from the ground into buildings can pose significant challenges not only to the structural integrity of these buildings but also to the well-being and comfort of their occupants. These challenges extend beyond more physical harm or the accelerated deterioration of building materials; they intrude into the daily lives of individuals, affecting their comfort and, in severe instances, their health. Residents and users of buildings may find themselves contending with a range of adverse effects, from minor annoyances to serious health implications. One of the primary concerns with ground-borne vibrations is their impact on the structural health of buildings. Continuous exposure to vibrations can lead to the development of micro-cracks in the building's foundation and walls, compromising the building's overall stability and safety. Moreover, the vibratory motion can accelerate the wear and tear of construction materials, leading to premature aging of the building and necessitating more frequent repairs and maintenance, thus increasing the financial burden on property ownersand managers. This effect becomes worse against multi-hazard occurrences, for example, due to additional vibrations induced by the wind [1]. Beyond the structural implications, the human impact of these vibrations cannot be overstated. Inside the buildings, vibrations can disturb the peace and quiet that occupants expect from their living and working environments. The physical sensation of vibrations can be particularly bothersome, disrupting concentration and relaxation. In extreme cases, the persistent presence of low-frequency vibrations--ranging from 5 to 25 Hz, which coincides with the resonant frequencies of human internal organs--can lead to more severe health issues. Individuals may experience sleep disturbances, which in turn can contribute to a range of psychological and physical health problems, including headaches, chronic fatigue, and even neurotic states. The evidence from a broad array of studies [2; 3; 4; 5] supports these findings, highlighting the need for further investigation and action. In [2], references to the impact of vibrations on human sleep quality can be found, while [3] presents a more medical approach to the influence of vibrations on heart rate. Ref. [4] highlights the particular impact of low-frequency vibrations on human health, whereas [5] provides a comprehensive view of the impact of transportation vibrations as a detrimental factor to both physical and mental health. Despite the considerable body of research on this topic and the existence of normative standards designed to mitigate the impact of vibrations, there remains a gap in our full understanding and management of this issue. The subjective nature of vibration perception--how vibrations are experienced differently by individuals--poses a significant challenge to developing universal guidelines and solutions. This variability in perception is influenced by several factors, including an individual's health, sensitivity to motion, and even psychological predisposition to stress or anxiety caused by environmental conditions. The evolving understanding of the effects of ground-borne vibrations on humans and structures has led to changes and updates in both national and international regulatory standards, such as those encapsulated in ISO standards [6; 7]. These adjustments reflect the ongoing research and growing awareness of the need for comprehensive approaches to vibration management. They aim to provide clearer guidelines for the construction of buildings and the development of urban areas, ensuring that both the physical integrity of structures and the health and comfort of their occupants are safeguarded. People can perceive transportation-originated vibrations in two distinct ways: active and passive. The active mode of vibration perception relates to situations where individuals themselves generate vibrations, mainly applicable to machine operators or drivers.