esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Managing Emergency Situations in VANET Through Heterogeneous Technologies Cooperation
## 5 Distributed ITS Tasks
### Road Monitoring  
Road monitoring is an activity made by LRTMs. It is made by exploiting data gathering by low layer devices such as E-OBU, RSU and road smart devices. Data are extracted from protocol messages (already described in previous sections). In details, it is possible to achieve data in a real-time way about roads status by elaborating POSUPs and Warnings messages. From POSUP messages it is easy to retrieve the number of vehicles per road or lane and it is possible to understand the density of flows as well as road load status by measuring the lane density as shown in Equation (1). Warning messages, instead, can be used to understand if something is happening on a particular lane or road by analyzing the types of warning. With these data, it will be possible to react to dynamic events by actuating local  
Figure 12: An example of the way a graph can be associated to a geographical map with a set of roads. To be noted that the graph is unidirected, \(e_{i,j}\
eq e_{j,i}\).  
policies for tackling congestions and collision side effects on traffic. Taking into account the POSUP message the LRTM can evaluate the following measures:  
* \(w_{i,j}(t)\): from latitude and longitude it is possible to evaluate the road_ID by simply applying the following steps. First convert latitude and longitude in the two dimensional plane. Once its achieved we can check if the point P(x,y) belongs to a given edge. Edges represent lanes' road. We have to recall that it is possible to have normal roads with both directions available and one way roads. In this last case, for a right assignment of lane_ID we have to receive at least two POSUP messages for being able to evaluate vehicle direction. However, each lane is bounded by two vertexes that represent a cross roads or two segments junction as shown in Figure 12. Once the lane_ID is found we can update number of vehicles that are on the lane at the time \(t\). In other words, \(w_{i,j}\) is time dependent, but it is evaluated periodically: this means that \(w_{i,j}\) represents a sample in a time interval of length \(t\).
* \(\pi_{i,j}(t)\): it is evaluated after the measure of \(w_{i,j}\) and represents the density metric of the lane_ID \(e_{i,j}\). The higher is the value of density metric the higher is the probability to have congestion on the road and the higher is the time needed to pass through the lane.
* \(\delta_{i,j}\): it is the time measured for passing through the lane \(e_{i,j}\). It is given by the average value measured by vehicle that changes lanes in the time interval \(t\). When the vehicle enters in a lane LRTM devices store the entering time in the local database.
## 3 Results and Discussions
### Loss of Heat Sink Accident
#### 3.3.1 Unprotected Loss of Heat Sink  
Transient responses of the ADS core and the CNES core for unprotected loss of heat sink due to all secondary pumps trip are shown in Figure 12. Because the mass flow rate of the secondary side in the heat exchanger drops rapidly after the loss of heat sink accident, the heat of the primary circuit loop cannot be removed in time. It can be seen from Figure 12d that the coolant inlet temperatures of both the ADS core and the CNES core rise rapidly. The power drops due to the negative feedback effect of reactivity, in which the reduction of the CNES power is much larger than that of the ADS power, thus the fuel central temperature of CNES rises slightly and then declines with the decrease of the power. During the loss of heat sink accident, the peak temperatures of the cladding surface in the ADS and CNES reactors are lower than the safety limit.  
Figure 11: Transient responses of protected loss of flow between the ADS core and the CNES core.
# Practical Enhancement of User Experience in NVMe SSDs
###### Abstract  
When processing I/O requests, the current Linux kernel does not adequately consider the urgency of user-centric tasks closely related to user experience. To solve this critical problem, we developed a practical method in this study to enhance user experience in a computing environment wherein non-volatile memory express (NVMe) solid-state drives (SSDs) serve as storage devices. In our proposed scheme, I/O requests that originate from the user-centric tasks were preferentially served across various levels of queues by modifying the multi-queue block I/O layer of the Linux kernel, considering the dispatch method of NVMe SSDs. Our scheme tries to give as fast a path as possible for I/O requests from user-centric tasks among many queues with different levels. Especially, when the SSD is overburdened, it avoids the queues with many pending I/O requests and thus can significantly reduce the I/O latency of user-centric tasks. We implemented our proposed scheme in the Linux kernel and performed practical evaluations on a commercial SSD. The experimental results showed that the proposed scheme achieved significant enhancement in the launch time of five widely used applications by up to \(\sim\)65%.  
Keywords:NVMe SSD; user experience; multi-queue block I/O layer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 5 Experimental Results
### The Compared Experimental Results
#### 5.4.2 The Comparison Results of Convergence Speed  
Due to page limitation, Figure 9 presents the convergence graphs of parts of the 28 test functions in terms of the mean fitness values achieved by each of the nine algorithms for 50 runs. From Figure 9,  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Function** & **PTBO** & **PSO** & **DE** & **BA** & **CS** &  
it can be observed that PTBO converges towards the optimal values faster than the other algorithms in most cases, i.e., F1, F6, F12, F18, F21, F27, and F28.
## 2 Position and Heading Estimation Approach Based on Cross-Modal Image Matching  
The overall scheme of the proposed visual estimator is shown in Figure 2. The camera calibration is realized with OpenCV camera calibration module [20]. Before the image matching, the real-time image is corrected according to the pose, altitude, and the parameters of the camera. After the correction, the ground resolution and the orientation of the real-time image and the referenced image are significantly the same. The transition of the real-time image relative to referenced image can be estimated by the coarse matching.  
After the image correction, the center point of the corrected image is directly below the aircraft. Therefore, the horizontal position of the UAV can be directly calculated according to the result of the coarse matching.  
The result of the coarse matching is then inputted into the fine alignment algorithm, which will estimate the homography transformation between the real-time image and the referenced image. Precise point correspondences between the real-time image and the referenced image can be produced with the homography transformation. The points in the referenced image can be mapped to the world coordinate system with zero height. Therefore, correspondences between the 2D point in the real-time image and 3D point in the world coordinate system are established. Then, the position (relative to the ground) and pose of the camera can be calculated with perspective-n-point (PNP) method [21] according to the 2D to 3D point correspondences and the camera parameters provided by the calibration. Finally, the position and heading estimated is sent to the INS for performance enhancement.
# Surround by Sound: A Review of Spatial Audio Recording and Reproduction
## 3 Soundfield Recording and Reproduction
### 3D Soundfield Recording
#### 3.2.3 Array of Higher Order Microphones  
While higher order soundfield recording can be conveniently achieved via the microphone designs discussed above, with increasing size of the desired spatial region and increasing frequency, the array's minimum microphone requirement increases to impractical numbers. A recently proposed method to overcome this limitation is via utilizing an array of higher order microphones [14; 93]. For example, a distributed array of fourth order Eigenmike/planar higher order microphones can replace a spherical array of 121 omnidirectional microphones. Such a design is highly suitable for spatial soundfield recording over large regions because it significantly reduces the implementation complexity of the array (reduced amount of cabling, reduced spatial samples, etc.) at the expense of increased complexity at each microphone unit.
## 4 Bionic Morse Coding Method
### Information Modulation  
#### 4.1.1 Step 1: Selection of Carrier  
The most important process of bionic Morse coding is the selection of sea natural sound as carrier. As it has been discussed before there are various noises present in the ocean. Cetacean emits a variety of sounds to detect prey, predators, echo localize and for social interaction. The selection of a carrier is based on the characteristics of the sea natural noise suitable for the practical scenario. The natural noise should be researched deeply into its characteristics and purposes for emitting a particular vocal, the amplitude, frequency, duration and modulation of a particular sound including its geographical location. Through this information, the noises are classified with respect to their sound features. For long range communication, a low frequency and high source level sound should be selected as it will transmit for a large transmission distance. For bionic Morse coding proposed in this research, the carrier signal must have at least five unique sounds with respect to frequency and amplitude. One acts as a synchronization of communication signals and four unique signals as bionic Morse codes which are elaborated in detail in the Section 4.1.2. Geographical location also plays a vital role as bionic covert communication should be done in the same location where the actual noise is present. Otherwise an enemy would guess that the particular noise is not available in that region.  
In this research we opted to mimic a humpback whale song due to its natural characteristics. The song is composed at a low frequency range and high source level which benefits covert operations in a large region of ocean. The singing of a song for hours gives us an additional advantage to perform a covert operation for an elongated period.  
Figure 2: The process of bionic Morse coding mimicking sea natural noise.
## 4 Discussion
### Implication for Cropland Management  
The rise in cropping intensity in Shaanxi was closely linked to the strong cropland protection policies implemented in recent years. China has devoted great efforts to cropland protection, and the 14 th Five-Year Development Plan has reinforced the strictest cropland protection system to ensure national food security [41]. Guidance from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs emphasized the urgent need to rehabilitate abandoned cropland in plain areas for cultivation. Our findings revealed a notable decline in idle cropland area in central Shaanxi in 2020 (Figures 8 and 9). Additionally, the increasing trend in the utilization of cropland over the past five years reflects the efficacy of the \"storing grain in land\" strategy.  
We found that there were still some idle croplands in the hilly and mountainous areas of northern Shaanxi, which should be the areas of focus for the recultivation of abandoned cropland. This region has complex terrain, with alternating ridges and hills, numerous gullies, and serious fragmentation of cropland. Additionally, there are some areas affected by salinization and wind erosion. Therefore, we recommend the development of diverse agricultural production based on the local conditions, and thereby growing suitable crops for different areas, such as staple crops, miscellaneous grains, and forage grasses, to increase the supply of diversified products.  
Figure 12: Histogram depicting the distribution of idle cropland area across different land surface relief degrees in Shaanxi Province.  
The northern part of central Shaanxi Province also exhibited cropping intensity gaps. This region is primarily dominated by single-cropping cultivation, and there are also scattered idle croplands. In terms of the thermal conditions, the accumulated temperature \(\geq\)0 \({}^{\circ}\)C in this region has exceeded 4500 \({}^{\circ}\)C in recent years, which is sufficient to meet the requirements for double-cropping (Figure 1b). Additionally, the annual precipitation in this region has also surpassed 600 mm in recent years (Figure 1c). Furthermore, climate change may increase the production potential of this area in the future [50]. However, the lack of water infrastructure makes this region a typical rainfed agriculture area. On the one hand, rainfed farming techniques and water-saving irrigation can be promoted to elevate non-cropping to single-cropping. On the other hand, improving irrigation conditions through construction of water infrastructure could help further increase cropping intensity, thereby fully exploiting the production potential of thermal and water resources.
## 2 Antennas with a Single Reconfigure Feature
### Pattern-Reconfigurable Antennas  
Pattern reconfigurable antennas are attractive in applications of surveillance and tracking because they produce radiation patterns with different directivities at the same operating frequency [26; 27]. Commonly, either structures are designed with the potential to produce pattern diversity or the feeding configurations are reconfigurable, an application of array theory [28; 29]. We shall discuss a typical example [30]. In Figure 3a, four identical arc dipoles along with reconfigurable feeding network are shown on different sides of a Rogers 4350B substrate. By changing the states of the diodes, the antenna end-fire radiation pattern can be steered with a 90-degree difference in the azimuthal plane to cover all directions, as illustrated in Figure 3b. The reflection coefficient (S\({}_{11}\)) characteristic of the antenna for the different conditions of the diodes is constant and covers the frequency range from 2.3-3.2 GHz of 4G and 5G operation bands.  
Shorting pins, capacitor or reconfigurable ground structure to change the electric field distribution in the antenna substrate are used to change the direction of antenna radiation patterns [31; 32; 33]. In [34], a pattern reconfigurable phased array design was proposed for transmission angle sensing in 28 GHz 5G mobile communication. The pattern reconfigurable antenna has been also used in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications to reduce noise and improve system performance; a suitable example has been studied and its characteristics reported in [35].
# Privacy and Security in Federated Learning: A Survey
## 4 Privacy in Federated Learning
### Privacy-Preserving Defense Strategies
#### 4.2.8 FL Privacy through the Blockchain Technology  
As discussed in Section 3.3.4, and to provide an answer to the RQ6 question, we argue that blockchain technology brings a new FL network topology. Above the security benefits, it can also provide privacy benefits. Indeed, the decentralized network allows each participant to access all transactions made on the network. This transparency makes the network more reliable and increases trust in the learning process. Thus, instead of sharing gradients to a centralized server, the model parameters and clients' updates are stored on the blockchain. In order to introduce privacy in blockchain, the authors of [55] presented a specific design adapted to IoT that relies on differential privacy. Experiments showed that robustness against GAN and curious server-based attacks is increased while maintaining significant task performance levels. Moreover, the blockchain allows for client updates audits in order to maintain model reliability and cope with malicious participants. Thus, blockchain-based models such as BlockFL [36] provide a layer of security that guarantees the model parameters' integrity. Nonetheless, such an approach does not prevent privacy attacks, and it must be enhanced with privacy-oriented methods such as differential privacy.
## 1 Introduction
However, the failure modes and mechanisms of spacecraft bearings are significantly different from those of ground bearings and have not been fully revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to be able to monitor various types of faults that may occur in spacecraft bearings, including unknown mode faults. So far, there is an approach which is effective in the defection of faulty bearings through comparing the response properties between normal bearings and faulty bearings with simulated defects in bearing elements [19]. However, limited to the complicated fault modes that are not clear, not all the fault modes could be simulated. In view of the complexity and uncertainty of satellite bearing failure modes, this paper aims to propose a non-contact monitoring method based on normal noise samples which can realize fault monitoring of flywheel bearings without complete fault samples. The idea is shown in Figure 1. Based on the normal sample data of the spacecraft bearing operation, the appropriate feature parameters are calculated, and the normal boundary of the operation under normal conditions is determined by the clustering method. This boundary is then used to judge the deviation of the subsequent monitoring samples. Thus, the bearing's abnormal states can be evaluated by exceeding the boundary. The so-called abnormal states in this paper are performance changes or failure that may cause the flywheel to fail in achieving a long life. In the following parts, a modal test of an MWA's shell is carried out in Section 2, which will provide the resonant frequencies for the acoustic analysis. Then in Section 3, fault properties of an MWA were captured through acoustic analysis, which verifies the effectiveness of fault information accompanied with acoustic signals from MWA. In Section 4, a health monitoring approach is presented based on the fusion of multi-acoustic parameter clustering, and the approach is verified by experiments.
## 4 Discussion
### N Metabolism of Oilseed Rape Was Inhibited by AT treatment
The NT treatment resulted in overexpression of all three _NRT1.5_ genes in both genotypes (Tables S3 and S7), indicating that more NO3\({}^{-}\) was transported to the shoot from the root for assimilation under NT. Thus, the NO3\({}^{-}\) assimilation efficiency of oilseed rape was promoted by the NT treatment. _AtCLC-B_, one of seven _AtCLC_ transport proteins in _A. thaliana_ that are responsible for vacuolar NO3\({}^{-}\) short-distance transport and are the main channels for NO3\({}^{-}\) movement between vacuoles and the cytosol, conducts strong outwardly rectifying anionic currents that are greatest in the presence of NO3\({}^{-}\)[16; 41; 42]. Highly expressed BnaC02g36720D (_BnCLC-B_) most likely led to increased transport of NO3\({}^{-}\) from vacuoles into the cytosol to satisfy the demand for NO3\({}^{-}\) in the AT treatment group (Figures 6 and 8). This result further verified that oilseed rape is a nitrate-preferring crop. NT treatment led to upregulation of more genes encoding _NR_, _CB5_, and _NIR_ than did AT treatment. NO3\({}^{-}\) reduction involves concerted reactions in which NO3\({}^{-}\) is reduced to nitrite (NO2\({}^{-}\)) by _NR_ and NO2\({}^{-}\) is reduced to NH4\({}^{+}\) by _NIR_[43]. Each _NR_ subunit contains 3 prosthetic groups, namely, FAD, heme (_CB5_) and a molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) [44]. As previously reported for many higher plant species, transcriptional and nitrate-inducible regulation is one of the major mechanisms of _NR_ activity in rapeseed [45]. Previous studies have also demonstrated that nitrate-supplied _Arabidopsis_ rootsexhibit large increases in the abundance of _NR_ (At1g77760), _NR_ (At2g15620) and _NADH-GOGAT_ (At5g53460) transcripts and a \(>\)10-fold increase in _NR_ enzyme activity [14]. Hence, our results are consistent with the above results. Furthermore, _BnGDH2_ was specifically induced by the AT treatment (Figures 6 and 8). _GDH_ may play a major role in maintaining a subtoxic NH4+ level in the cytoplasm [46] and might operate via animation. _GDH_ responds positively to abiotic stress and is important for the detoxification of NH4+ under stress [47; 48; 49]. In addition, transcriptomic analysis of _Arabidopsis_ roots supplied with NO3- or NH4+ demonstrated that _AtGDH2_ is specifically induced by NH4+[14], which is consistent with our results. Hence, we can conclude that oilseed rape roots endured the excessive but subtoxic NH4+ level in the cytoplasm under AT treatment by upregulating the transcript levels of _BnGDH2_ (Figure 8), which further suggests that a high concentration of NH4+ tends to result in NH4+ toxicity in oilseed rape roots at the transcriptome level.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis
#### 2.2.2 Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR)  
The PLSR model was adopted by using a full cross-validation method on the average recorded spectra [22]. The full spectrum range was employed in the model. In this study, the coefficient of determination, \(R^{2}\), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) were employed as the testing parameters for investigating the performance of PLSR. The RMSEC and RMSECV can be calculated by the following equation [10]:  
\[\text{RMSEC(V)}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{(x_{i}-\hat{x}_{i})}}{n}} \tag{2}\]  
where \(n\), \(\hat{x}_{i}\), and \(x_{i}\) are the number of samples for calibration and validation, the reference concentration of the \(i\)th sample, and the predicted concentration of the \(i\)th sample, respectively. The RMSEC and RMSECV obtained from PLSR were used to accurately predict the sulfur concentration and calorific value of coal from the unknown samples. If these values are zero, they match the measured values. The closer the RMSE values are to zero, the better the model.  
As a kind of multivariate analysis method, PLSR can provide a relationship between a set of predictor variables, \(X\), and a set of response variables, \(Y\). When the LIBS data is  
Figure 2: (**a**) LIBS spectrum of mixed coal samples 4 and 34, (**b**) sulfur peak of mixed coal samples 4 and 34.  
processed with PLSR, the predictor variables are the LIBS spectra intensities, and the sulfur concentrations are the response variables. The PLSR line is obtained in order to minimize the sum of the squared values of the differences between the measured value and the function value. Based on the PLSR model created in this part, the validity of the unknown sample prediction will be verified. As mentioned above, too many smoothing points and too high a polynomial order can cause loss of information. Since the even number-ordered polynomial was not different from the original due to the symmetric shape, an odd number-ordered polynomial was used. In order to obtain optimal results, results were compared by increasing the polynomial order and smoothing points. Therefore, in addition to the third-order polynomial, the fifth-order polynomial was tested by increasing the number of smoothing points to determine the proper SG smoothing mode that produces the best performance of the PLSR.