# Tunnel-Free Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) Support Protocol for Future Mobile Networks
## 1 Introduction
They have highlighted the fact that DMM can address the CMM issues since its features are well-suited to the developing trends of mobile networks. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have evaluated the performance of current IP mobility management protocols using an analytical cost model. The comparison parameters were the packet delivery cost, signaling cost, tunneling cost, and total cost. They have pointed out the weaknesses and strengths of each mobility protocol for use in a consumer network design. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have evaluated the handover performance of current IP mobility management protocols. They analyzed the characteristics of handover operations in terms of handover delay, packet loss, and handover blocking probability. These characteristics can be used in the development of new mobility management protocols. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have proposed a MIPv6 client-based DMM solution using cryptographic generated addresses. They called it flat access mobility architecture. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have presented an architecture that unifies various possibilities of DMM. They proposed a method to co-locate the logical functions at the access router (AR) or gateway. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have introduced a make-without-break concept during horizontal IP handovers in DMM. The handover is performed once the MN is in the overlapping area of the two access points (AP). A double MAC (Media Access Control) association is needed during the handover. DMM solutions are integrated with MAC layer handover approaches. This concept is called dynamic mobile IP anchoring. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [PERSON] et al. (2018) have discussed a host-based DMM approach with mobile data offloading. They have given a qualitative analysis highlighting the strength of their approach using a selective data offloading mechanism. In their proposed approach, an offloading system is built with distributed mobility anchors called offloading points. The MN maintains the binding updates and flow table. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al [PERSON] et al. (2018) have provided a DMM framework based on PMIPv6 that makes use of software-defined networking (SDN). The authors have investigated and evaluated the two major DMM protocol groups: the SDN-based group and the IP-mobility group. They have designed and implemented protocols for both groups. They have also worked on breaking down the aspects that should exist in a DMM solution and how it could be implemented with an SDN solution. The major contribution of their research is an insight on the ways to apply DMM concepts in future mobile networks. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. (2018) have proposed a hybrid DMM solution for future mobile networks. They have pointed out that there are cases where the DMM approach has not performed its best, which has compromised real-time and many over the top applications, in addition to increasing the signaling overhead in the network. The authors have analyzed the possibilities of different trade-offs between the centralized mobility architecture and DMM, in this way taking the best of both CMM and DMM and provided a hybrid solution based on it. According to their analysis, the hybrid solution performs well in terms of the packet delivery cost and signaling overhead. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al. [20] have focused on the DMM handover issues when multiple MNs perform a handover rather than a single MN handover. They have proposed a solution to this problem by using partial DMM, proposing a bursty multi-node handover scheme. The technique that they have deployed is that instead of using multiple sets of control messages for a group of MNs, only one set of control messages is used for the handover. According to the authors, for exchanging handover signaling messages, their proposed scheme can decrease bandwidth consumption by 30%. [PERSON], [PERSON] et al.