## 5 Conclusions  
This study examined the molecular and biochemical basis of petal color and scent variation in _R. canina_, a wild rose species with multiple medicinal and cosmetic uses. The results showed that _R. canina_ petals produce a range of bioactive compounds that have positive effects on human health and well-being, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and volatile organic compounds. The white and dark pink petals differed significantly in their TPC, TFC, and TAC, with the white petals having higher TPC and TFC and the dark pink petals having higher TAC. The gene expression analysis revealed that most genes involved in petal color and scent biosynthesis were more highly expressed in the white buds than in the dark pink open flowers, except for anthocyanin synthase (_ANS_) and its regulator _RhMYB1_, which had similar expression levels in both flower colors. These findings indicate that _R. canina_ flowers are rich sources of essential oils and that anthocyanin synthesis may be subject to feedback inhibition in white flowers. This study also demonstrated the genetic and metabolic diversity of _R. canina_ petals and highlighted their potential as a valuable resource of natural products with high added value. The study also compared the results with those from other roses or plants and revealed that _R. canina_ petals have distinctive characteristics that set them apart from other plant-derived compounds. For instance, the main phenolic compounds were flavonoids, especially  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Target Gene** & **Gene Bank Accession Number** & **Primer Sequences (Sequence in 5-3’ Direction)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_PAL_} & MG922976.1 & F: GAGTACAGGAAGCCAGCTG \\  & MG922976.1 & R: CCATAGCTGTCCGTACCCCTT \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_FLS_} & AB038247.1 & F: AAGGCTGGTGGTGTCATCTG \\  & AB038247.1 & R: CATACCACCACAACTGCCTTC \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_CER1_} & XM\_024319816.2 & F: GGGAGATGGTGTCATGA \\  & XM\_024319816.2 & R: CGATAACACAGAGTTCCCACC \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_AAT1_} & MG820126.1 & F: GCCCTCACTGCGTTTTTCTG \\  & RG: GCTCCCTGGTGTATTCAT \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_MYB1_} & EU082130.1 & F: CTATGTCAAGACTGCACCGC \\  & K: CAACGAGTGCAGGTGAGATG \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_GGPPS_} & KX661005.1 & F: CACAAAACTGCGCGCCTTCTT \\  & K: AGTCTTCTCCCAGCAGGTGTTC \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_PAR_} & AB426519 & F: CACAGCCAC  
quercetin, kaempfer, and their derivatives. Gallic acid and quinic acid were also detected as the predominant phenolic acids in _R. canina_ petals. The white-petaled cultivar had a higher content of fragrant rose flower essential oil, which has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, this study contributed to the understanding of the biology and biotechnology of _R. canina_ petals and create new possibilities for their optimal exploitation and utilization. The study also suggested the need for further research on the biology and biotechnology of _R. canina_ petals, such as the identification of the regulatory factors and the functional characterization of the genes, as well as the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the bioactive compounds. This study lays the foundation for improving _R. canina_ floral traits using metabolic and genetic engineering. P.J.--Conducting the entire experiments, data collection, literature search and manuscript writing. A.-A.S.-B.--Designing a part of the molecular and phytochemical experiments. R.N.--Designing a part of the molecular and phytochemical experiments. M.Z. and M.R.N.--Developing the idea, project administration, overall supervision of the experiment, and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Tehran for their support of this work. Moreover, this study was supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program. Not applicable. The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.