esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Discussion
A previous clinical study has shown that a steady tidal volume in the lung is positively correlated with improved oxygenation during suctioning [38]. A randomized clinical study observed an immediately decreased V\({}_{\text{T}}\), but that minute volume was maintained during closed endotracheal suctioning [39]. Additionally, a lung injury animal model proved closed suction only protected against derecruitment when a small catheter is used, especially in the nondependent lung [40]. An electrical impedance tomography can be used to examine lung volume during CSS cleaning. The presence of a valve CSS should be considered essential in preserving lung volume and uninterrupted ventilation in mechanically ventilated patients [41]. However, a randomized study in post-cardiac surgery patients demonstrated that closed suctioning minimized lung volume loss during suctioning but counterintuitively resulted in a slower recovery of end-expiratory lung volume post suction than open suction [42]. Finally, the performance of the recruitment maneuver after either suction method has been recognized to be beneficial in restoring end-expiratory lung volume [6; 42]. The advantage of VC-CMV lies in the ability to control tidal volume and minute ventilation. During endotracheal suctioning, two crucial factors can cause unexpected volume loss. The first is a potential higher negative pressure if the suction flow exceeds ventilation or if the secretions are lining the inside surface of the tube [43]. The second is the compression ratio that equals the gas volume compressed per pressure (cm H\({}_{2}\)O) of PIP in a breathing circuit. The compression ratio values ranged from 0.3 to 4.5 mL/cm H\({}_{2}\)O at the highest and lowest compliance settings (0.15 versus 0.01 L\(\cdot\)cm H\({}_{2}\)O\({}^{-1}\)), respectively. Higher PIP leads to an increase in gas compression in the ventilator circuits [44]. A reduction in delivered tidal volume accounts for up to 20% [45] of the problem. Hence, the measured tidal volume level of ventilators makes the circuit compliance a critical factor, with consequent estimation errors for alveolar ventilation. Pressure-controlled ventilation is capable of providing a more consistent tidal volume.
## 4 The Seismic Performance Parameters of RCS Composite Joints Under Floor Effect Are Studied
### The Influence of Bolt Preload on Seismic Performance of Nodes
#### 4.3.3 Energy Consumption and Stiffness Degradation  
Under cyclic loading, increasing the preload of the high-strength bolts can reduce the energy dissipation capacity of the joint. During the initial loading phase, the energy dissipation capacity of joint FJD-9 is significantly greater than that of joints FJD-0 and FJD-10. However, as the loading continues, the energy dissipation capacities of joints FJD-0  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Node Number** & **Direction of Load** & \(P_{y}\)**/**kn** & \(\Delta_{y}\)**/mm** & \(P_{u}\)**/**kn** & \(\Delta_{u}\)**/mm** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Ductility** \\ **Factor**\(\mu\) \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Average** \\ **Ductility** \\ **Coefficient**\(\overline{\mu}\) \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline FJD-0 & \begin{tabular}{c} forward \\ direction \\ negative \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 254.8 & 8.98 & 245.8 & 90.19 & 10.04 & \multirow{4}{*}{8.11} \\ FJD-9 & \begin{tabular}{c} forward \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 212.9 & 12.92 & 208.6 & 79.87 & 6.18 & \\ FJD-9 & \begin{tabular}{c} forward \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 144.1 & 12.87 & 149.6 & 117.51 & 9.13 & \multirow{4}{*}{8.39} \\ FJD-10 & \begin{tabular}{c} Negative \\ direction \\ forward \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 119.5 & 11.45 & 124.6 & 79.95 & 7.65 & \\ FJD-10 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} forward \\ direction \\ negative \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 314.9 & 9.90 & 290.8 & 68.54 & 6.92 & \multirow{4}{*}{6.42} \\ FJD-10 &
\begin{tabular}{c} negative \\ direction \\ \end{tabular} & 251.5 & 9.93 & 237.6 & 79.98 & 5.91 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 6: Characteristic values of skeleton curves of different bolt preload nodes.  
Figure 22: (a) Comparison of hysteresis curves of different bolt preload nodes; (b) Comparison of skeleton curves of different bolt preload nodes.  
and FJD-10 begin to increase, while the energy dissipation curve for joint FJD-9 flattens, approximating a stable linear profile. Regarding stiffness degradation, a higher preload leads to the increased initial stiffness of the joint. Although this results in higher initial energy dissipation, joints FJD-0 and FJD-10 exhibit a faster rate of stiffness degradation once they enter the elastic-plastic stage (Table 7). As the steel beams continue to develop plastic deformation, the trend of stiffness degradation stabilizes. Implementing a greater bolt preload reduces the likelihood of localized failure, demonstrating that an appropriate preload is crucial for optimizing the energy dissipation performance of the joint (Figure 23).
###### Abstract  
Hydraulic fracturing of gas and oil reservoirs is the primary stimulation method for enhancing production in the field of petroleum engineering. The hydraulic fracturing technology plays a crucial role in increasing shale gas production from shale reservoirs. Understanding the effects of reservoir and fracturing conditions on fracture propagation is of great significance for optimizing the hydraulic fracturing process and has not been adequately explored in the current literature. In the context of shale reservoirs in Yibin, Sichuan Province, China, the study selects outcrops to prepare samples for uniaxial compression and Brazilian splitting tests. These tests measure the compressive and tensile strengths of shale in parallel bedding and vertical bedding directions, obtaining the shale's anisotropic elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio. These parameters are crucial for simulating reservoir hydraulic fracturing. This paper presents a numerical model utilizing a finite element (FE) analysis to simulate the process of multi-cluster hydraulic fracturing in a shale reservoir with natural fractures in three dimensions. A numerical simulation of the intersection of multiple clusters of 3D hydraulic fractures and natural fractures was performed, and the complex 3D fracture morphologies after the interaction between any two fractures were revealed. The influences of natural fractures, reservoir ground stress, fracturing conditions, and fracture interference concerning the spreading of hydraulic fractures were analyzed. The results highlight several key points: (1) Shale samples exhibit distinct layering with significant anisotropy. The elastic compressive modulus and Poisson's ratio of parallel bedding shale samples are similar to those of vertical bedding shale samples, while the compressive strength of parallel bedding shale samples is significantly greater than that of vertical bedding shale samples. The elastic compressive modulus of shale is 6 to 10 times its tensile modulus. (2) The anisotropy of shale's tensile properties is pronounced. The ultimate load capacity of vertical bedding shale samples is 2 to 4 times that of parallel bedding shale samples. The tensile strength of vertical bedding shale samples is 2 to 5 times that of parallel bedding shale samples. (3) The hydraulic fractures induced by the injection well closest to the natural fractures expanded the fastest, and the natural fractures opened when they intersected the hydraulic fractures. When the difference in the horizontal ground stress was significant, natural fractures were more inclined to open after the intersection between the hydraulic and natural fractures. (4) The higher the injection rate and viscosity of the fracturing fluid, the faster the fracture propagation. The research findings could improve the fracturing process through a better understanding of the fracture propagation process and provide practical guidance for hydraulic fracturing design in shale gas reservoirs.  
Keywords:uniaxial compression; Brazilian splitting; multi-cluster fractures; natural fractures; fracture propagation +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 3 Experimental Section  
### Theoretical background  
The theoretical relative accuracy of DSMs produced from satellite's images can be computed, as a first approximation, using a simplified one-dimensional model which takes into account the measured x-parallax and the B/H ratio [37]:  
\[\Delta h(x,y)\approx\left(\frac{\Delta p(x,y)}{B/H}\right)+\left(\frac{\Delta p (x,y)}{B/H}\right)^{2}\frac{1}{H} \tag{1}\]  
where:  
\(\Delta\)h(x,y) is the relative height for the generic image point (x,y);  
\(\Delta\)p(x,y) is the parallax for the generic image point (x,y);  
B/H is the base-to-height ratio;  
H is the height of the sensor above the DSM.  
For high flying altitudes, such as those of remote sensing satellites, the second term of the right side of equation 1 can be neglected, thus the relative height can be computed as:  
\[\Delta h(x,y)\approx\left(\frac{\Delta p(x,y)}{B/H}\right) \tag{2}\]  
Since x-parallax measurements can be obtained with automatic matching with an error of about \(\pm\)0.5 - 1 pixels [27], given the Cartosat-1 B/H ratio of 0.62 and its pixel spacing of 2.5m, for null y-parallax residual of the quasi-epipolar images \(\Delta\)h(x,y) is in the range of 2 - 4 m. Moreover, in addition we have a limited influence of the sensor orientation, approximately between 1 and 5 m for Cartosat-1 data depending upon the terrain type, the number, configuration and accuracy of GCPs used [15-17,43,48-50]. For real applications we should expect larger errors both due to the y-parallax residual and possible x-parallax measurements with lower accuracy.
## 3 Optimization of the PMPP  
Finding a \"good\" algorithm for a given optimization problem, which can be a knowledge and time-intensive activity, depends on the nature of the objective function, i.e., its behavior (continuity, differentiability, convexity), and the constraints characterizing the set of admissible solutions. One of the fundamental challenges in engineering design is that the multiplicity of local solutions has led to a major effort to develop global search algorithms. However, these often have a prohibitive computational cost when it comes to solving real-life problems. Optimization techniques and metaheuristics represent a different way to solve complex optimization problems and give good solutions within an acceptable period of time through the reduction of the explored space.  
There are two major categories of solution methods for optimization problems: exact and approximation. Exact methods invariably yield optimal solutions, although the required computational effort is often excessive. On the other hand, approximation methods, which are also called heuristics, enable quickly achieving a suboptimal (but \"good\") solution. This may be a suitable approach when dealing with an optimization problem exhibiting high complexity, a difficult structure, vast amounts of data, etc.  
Many algorithms have been proposed in the literature to solve the joint production and maintenance problem. For instance, [PERSON] et al. (1988) formulated the problem as a linear stochastic optimal control problem, while [PERSON] et al. (2019) proposed a new optimization model. A joint genetic algorithm was proposed by [PERSON] et al. (2016) for the joint production and maintenance. scheduling problem applied to a flow shop. For their part, [PERSON] et al. (2013) proposed a genetic algorithm for the parallel machine-scheduling problem.  
In this section, we will outline the numerical example of the problem studied and different algorithms for its solution, along with the latter's execution times and relative performance.
###### Abstract  
This work presents a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDCM) drive control, optimized for solar photovoltaic (PV)- and battery-fed light electric vehicles (LEVs). A back-electromotive force (EMF) observer integrated with an enhanced quadrature-phase-locked-loop (QPLL) structure is proposed for accurate rotor position estimation, addressing limitations of existing control methods at low speeds and under dynamic conditions. The study replaces the conventional arc-tangent technique with a QPLL-based approach, eliminating low-pass filters to enhance system adaptability and reduce delays. The experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in commutation error, with a nearly flat value at 0 degrees during steady-state and less than 8 degrees under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the performance of a modified single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar-powered LEVs is verified, minimizing current ripple and ensuring smooth motor operation. The system also incorporates a regenerative braking mechanism, extending the vehicle's range by efficiently recovering kinetic energy through the battery with 30.60% efficiency. The improved performance of the proposed method and system over conventional approaches contributes to the advancement of efficient and sustainable solar-powered BLDC motor-based EV technologies.  
back-EMF observer; electric vehicle; encoderless BLDC motor drive; energy regeneration; QPLL; SEPIC; regenerative braking; rotor position estimation; sensorless BLDC motor drive; solar photovoltaic; speed-adaptive observer +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
# A 5G-Based VR Application for Efficient Port Management
## 3 Application of 5G + VR in Smart Ports
### Key Process
Combined with 5G's multi-access edge computing network elements, cloud processing can sink to network edge nodes and be implemented on edge servers. When the 360\({}^{\circ}\) video stream reaches the mobile edge server of the 5G network, the edge server transcodes the video stream content in real-time according to the current users' viewing orientation, device hardware configuration, and network bandwidth status to provide the highest possible QoE level to the end-user. For example, User A is currently facing the front, the terminal device is a dual-eye VR all-in-one device and the downlink network bandwidth is greater than 1 Gbps, then the mobile edge computing server will perform 360\({}^{\circ}\) tile-based transcoding on the current received 360\({}^{\circ}\) video stream. The video is transcoded to produce video segments with only a 110\({}^{\circ}\)\(\times\) 120\({}^{\circ}\) area directly in front, and transmits to the user device for playback. When the user turns his head, the server will transcode the content that needs to be played on the screen in real-time according to the viewing direction, and deliver it to the user's terminal device. Additionally, Mode 1 and Mode 2 can be adopted simultaneously. The main VR scene is built based on Mode 1 and a limited amount of 2D video or the 360\({}^{\circ}\) video viewport center is transmitted via Mode 2 to provide real-world tracking information in a small window within the virtual scene.
## 2 Finite Element Model and Working Conditions
### Model Conditions  
The stratigraphic succession is primarily comprised of a recent sedimentary layer, an artificial filling soil layer, a Quaternary sedimentary clay layer, sand, silt, gravel soil, and bedrock. The conditions are complex, and the soil is divided into ten layers; the formation parameters are shown in Table 1. ABAQUS is used to model the double-line tunnel, as shown in Figure 1. The model incorporates a three-dimensional tunnel with dimensions of 60 m, 50 m, and 75 m in width, height, and longitudinal length, respectively, to account for the soil disturbance caused by excavation. The diameter of the shield tunnel is 6.4 m, and the dimensions of the two shield tunnels are identical. The buried depth of the tunnel is 24.8 m, which exceeds the limit value of 3.5D for a shallow tunnel, namely 22.4 m, thus classifying it as a deep tunnel. The model employs a hexahedral C3D8 element, an eight-node hexahedron, to ensure the displacement solution's accuracy. To guarantee the calculation's precision and reliability, the excavation tunnel's grid is encrypted.  
Before the initiation of tunnel excavation, it is imperative to attain equilibrium between the ground stress of the soil and the excavation process. The excavation is facilitated by the stiffness transfer method, which involves the shield forward as the transfer process of stiffness and load. The soil's life and death element function in Abaqus is instrumental in this process, whereby the soil elements are deactivated during excavation, and the lining  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Soil Types**} & **Elastic Modulus** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Poisson Ratio**} & **Internal Friction** & **Cohesion** & **Volume Weight** \\  & **(MPa)** & & **Angle (°)** & **(kPa)** & **(kN/m3)** \\ \hline Miscellaneous & & & & & \\ soil & 10.5 & 0.35 & 12 & 6 & 17.5 \\ Sandy silt & 47.65 & 0.26 & 25 & 17 & 19.2 \\ Sandy silt & 47.65 & 0.3 & 30 & 18 & 19.8 \\ Clay & 56.52 & 0.35 & 8 & 35 & 18 \\ Silty clay & 43.75 & 0.27 & 16 & 32 & 19.5 \\ Silty fine sand & 52.5 & 0.28 & 30 & 0 & 19.3 \\ Clayey silt & 47.65 & 0.3 & 16 & 32 & 19.8 \\ Silty fine sand & 52.5 & 0.28 & 30 & 0 & 19.3 \\ Pebble & 157.5 & 0.22 & 38 & 0 & 20.5 \\ Pebble & 157.5 & 0.22 & 38 & 0 & 20.8 \\ Lining & 34,500 & 0.15 & & & 24.5 \\ Grout & 90 & 0.3 & & & 18 \\ Shield & 210,000 & 0.2 & & & 76.93 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Types and parameters of soils and other materials used in Abaqus modeling.  
Figure 1: Double-line shield tunnel model established by Abaqus.  
and grouting layer are activated during assembly to effect a transition of stiffness from low to high. When the model is constrained, the horizontal X and Y axes constrain the displacement in the X and Y directions, respectively, and the displacement at the bottom is vertically constrained.
# A Review of Fabrication Technologies for Carbon Electrode-Based Micro-Supercapacitors
## 5 Fabrication Technologies of Carbon Electrode-Based Micro-Supercapacitors
### Printing Technologies
#### 5.4.5 3D Printing  
Three-dimensional printing is a versatile method for many applications, and it can be used at low cost to make micro-supercapacitors, with several layers to increase thickness. Direct ink writing is the most simple 3D printing technique, which can be employed with many types of materials which have good rheological properties to act as ink [201]. Micro-supercapacitors can also be conveniently fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing [202; 203; 204; 205; 206; 207; 208]. For this, high viscosity inks are required, which also have shear-thinning rheological properties.  
Graphene oxide hydrogel with high storage modulus, shear-thinning nature, and fast viscosity recovery acted as a suitable ink for 3D printing through direct ink writing for micro-supercapacitors with interdigitated architecture [209]. To improve ink properties for extrusion-based 3D printing, graphene oxide was subjected to surface modification by treatment with polypyrrole through selective and spontaneous anchoring of polypyrrole without affecting interspaces between the electrodes in micro-supercapacitors [210].
## 5 Results and Discussion  
This Study for the first time has evaluated daily, monthly and seasonally precipitation estimates (derived from half-hourly precipitation estimates of GPM constellation satellites (IMERG) and 3-hourly precipitation estimates of TRMM and multi satellite precipitation analysis (3B42)) and ERA-Interim precipitation fields from ECMWF in comparison with the corresponding rain-gauge observations according to four different topographic and climatic conditions over parts of Iran. The evaluation results follow.
## 4 Simulation and Numerical Results
### Communication Performance
#### 4.2.2 The Complexity of Communication Detection Methods  
In the following analysis, the number of complex multiplications is used as an evaluation indicator of algorithm complexity. The number of complex multiplications of different detection methods under the same parameter conditions is shown in Table 2. Obviously, the complexity of the ML detection method is very high, and with the increasing \(N_{t}\), its complexity increases exponentially. An MMSE-based detection method can effectively reduce the computational complexity, but its BER performance is not great, as has been observed earlier. In contrast, the improved detection method based on SMC can effectively improve the information detection performance while ensuring the algorithm complexity. Especially, with the increase in \(N_{t}\), the complexity of the proposed method is lower than that of the subblock-wise detection method. Generally speaking, the signal detection method under the integrated MIMO-OFDM-IM system can ensure stable synchronization and a relatively good communication information detection performance.
# Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Mahajanaka Mango Pulp Extract in Murine Models
## 3 Results
### Anti-Inflammatory Effects of MPE  
#### 3.4.1 Ethyl Phenylpropionate (EPP)-Induced Ear Edema in Rats  
EPP was topically applied to the ears of rats to induce ear edema, the thickest of which was measured at 60 min. The treated areas were then maintained for 120 min  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**R\({}_{\mathbf{T}}\) (min)**} & **Assigned Compound** & \(m/z\) \\ \hline
5.327 & Quercetin-O-glucuron & 478.1 \\
15.008 & Quercetin-O-trutinoside & 610.2 \\
21.491 & Kaempfer-O-trutinoside & 597.0 \\
25.861 & Quercetin-O-glucoside & 465.0 \\
26.932 & Quercetin & 300.1 \\
29.023 & Kaempfer & 283.3 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: HPLC/ESI-MS assignments of phenolic compounds detected in MPE.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Chemical Composition**} & **MPE** \\ \hline Mangiferin (\(\SIUnitSymbolMicro\)g/g extract) & 210 \(\pm\) 13 \\ \(\beta\)-Carotene (mg/100 g fresh weight) & 5.8 \(\pm\) 0.1 \\ Vitamin C (mg/g extract) & 690 \(\pm\) 30 \\ Total phenolic content (mg GAE/g extract) & 85.6 \(\pm\) 7.7 \\ ABTS radical-scavenging activity (mg TEAC/g extract) & 192.4 \(\pm\) 3.2 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Mangiferin, \(\beta\)-carotene, vitamin C, total phenolic content antioxidant activity of MPE. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD values (n = 3).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Group**} & **Incidences of Writhing** & **\% Inhibition** \\ \hline DI water (5 mL/kg BW) & 24.60 \(\pm\) 1.50 & - \\ Aspirin (150 mg/kg BW) & 6.20 \(\pm\) 1.66 * & 75 \\ MPE (250 mg/kg BW) & 14.00 \(\pm\) 3.58 & 43 \\ MPE (500 mg/kg BW) & 11.20 \(\pm\) 5.03 & 55 \\ MPE (1000 mg/kg BW) & 8.60 \(\pm\) 2.89 * & 65 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular} Abbreviations: DI = deionized, MPE = Mahajanaka mango pulp extract.  
\end{table}
Table 3: Analgesic effects of MPE on acetic acid-induced writhing responses in mice. Data are expressed as mean \(\pm\) SD values (n = 5). * \(p\) < 0.05 when compared with DI water.  
(Table 4). Phenylbutazone significantly suppressed the ear swelling at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, indicating 80, 75, 49, and 49% inhibition of ear swelling, respectively, when compared with the DI water control group. At each time point, the MPE at doses of 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/ear significantly reduced the ear edema thickness when compared with the DI water control group. Interestingly, the MPE at a dose of 1 mg/ear resulted in 74, 50, 32, and 47% inhibition of ear swelling at 15, 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, which was found to be more effective than MPE at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/ear. The results indicate that the MPE displayed anti-inflammatory activity through the limiting of EPP-induced ear edema in rats.