# Human and Environmental Factors Analysis in Traffic Using Agent-Based Simulation
## 4 Simulation Case Study
### Experiments Conducted  
The first analysis performed corresponds to the violations committed during the simulation. Figure 8 shows the results for each instance, aggregated across repetitions, separating driver and pedestrian violations. The simulation includes violations related to signal disobedience, improper passing, unauthorized parking for drivers, or improper crossings for pedestrians. For novice drivers--less than two years of driving--they can be caused by ignorance of traffic regulations. For experienced drivers, the main cause is recklessness and excessive confidence on the road. Road users between 0 and 15 years old and only interact as pedestrians since they do not have a driving license. For this reason, only pedestrian infractions are included in this group. Note that the age groups with more violations committed are from 16 to 60 years old. In most cases, there are more violations by drivers of vehicles. This is due to the fact that they have a privileged position on the road, while pedestrians, who are more vulnerable, take care of their safety and obey signals to a greater extent. Instance 3 does not follow the same behavior as any of the other instances. Here, the highest number of violations were committed in the 46-60 age group. These violations were mostly improper overtaking by drivers and improper crossing by pedestrians. This is  
Figure 8: Average of total violations committed by instance and user type. Figure 7: Simulated pavement condition distributions according to the street properties in each instance. due to the fact of 75% of the simulated agents were familiar with the area where they were driving. This element mainly affects this age group, which is the one experiencing the most confidence on the road and committing violations for this reason. This result is unexpected for the experiment since knowledge of the area was not included in the analysis. It is also observed, although to a lesser extent, that for the older age group, the number of violations increases again, mainly due to the deteriorating health of the elderly. Visual or motor problems may cause violations even if the individual did not intend to disobey. Speeding can also be found as part of the violations. The second analysis corresponds to the average speeds of pedestrians and drivers according to age and pavement condition. Figure 9 shows pedestrian speeds, average across repetitions, for each of the instances. Age distributions with a majority of young, adults, and elderly people are used to analyze speed behavior in relation to the increase in the average age of the simulation. In this case, pavement condition is not considered because pedestrians travel on sidewalks. Simulation speed with a majority of elderly people is considerably lower in all cases than the speed for the prevalence of young people. In general, young people walk faster; the elderly, due to motor problems, move very slowly and the adults maintain an average speed that varies according to their mental situation, such as discomfort, stress, grief, etc. It is remarkable that in Instance 4 this generality is not followed because the adult distribution is very similar to one of the young people. This is due to the fact that in the simulated area, despite the presence of several signs, there are walking areas such as parks and roads with little traffic, so pedestrians should not moderate their speed. In Instances 2 and 3, the speed of the elderly decreases to a lesser degree because in the area of 23 rd St., being very busy and dangerous, there are no pedestrians over 75 years of age, who are the ones who move more slowly, and therefore the average speed increases in the absence of them. In addition to the factors examined for pedestrian speed, the condition of the pavement can also influence the behavior of people. For this purpose, the speed of vehicles is analyzed. The analysis of vehicle speed is shown in Figure 10.  
Figure 9: Pedestrian average speed by age. There is a general tendency to decrease speed as pavement conditions worsen.