# Cotton Terry Textiles with Photo- and Bio-Activity in a Model Study and Real Conditions
## 3 Results  
The results of XRD measurements of ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) commercial dispersions of NPs are shown in Figure 2. The XRD pattern of ZnO NPs (Figure 2a) shows diffraction peaks at 2\(\Theta\) = ca. 31\({}^{\circ}\), 34\({}^{\circ}\), 36\({}^{\circ}\), 47\({}^{\circ}\), 56\({}^{\circ}\), 62\({}^{\circ}\), 66\({}^{\circ}\), 67\({}^{\circ}\), 69\({}^{\circ}\), 72\({}^{\circ}\), 77\({}^{\circ}\) and 81\({}^{\circ}\), which are characteristic for hexagonal zincide ZnO [43]. The XRD pattern of TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs (Figure 2b) shows diffraction peaks at 2\(\Theta\) = ca. 27\({}^{\circ}\), 36\({}^{\circ}\), 39\({}^{\circ}\), 41\({}^{\circ}\), 44\({}^{\circ}\), 54\({}^{\circ}\), 56\({}^{\circ}\), 63\({}^{\circ}\), 64\({}^{\circ}\) and 69\({}^{\circ}\). The XRD pattern are characteristic for tetragonal rutile TiO\({}_{2}\)[44; 45]. The results of size and particle size distribution of ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs in commercial dispersions obtained by the DLS measurements are shown in Table 1.  
Figure 2: XRD patterns of (**a**) ZnO and (**b**) TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs commercial dispersion. The Nicomp distributions of the intensity-, volume- and number-weighted data collected for ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs in dispersions are shown in Figure 3. The assumptions of DLS Nicomp analysis were described in details by [41]. DLS analysis of particles size and size distribution confirms that ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) are in dispersions in the form of nanoparticles. The size of ZnO NPs and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs in dispersions are in the range of 7.1-23.8 nm and 6.3-21.4 nm, respectively. The biggest percentage fine fraction of particles, both for ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs are observed in dispersions in the range of 85.4-87.2% for volume weight intensity and 95.3-96% for number weight intensity. The morphology of ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) modified cotton terry towels was examined with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Figure 4 shows SEM images of unmodified and modified cotton terry towels with magnification of \(\times\)6000 and \(\times\)10,000, respectively. It can be seen the nanoparticles homogeneously (Figure 4b) dispersed on the fibers surface. Unfortunately, a magnification of SEM microscope did not allow to clearly shown the nanoparticles as were stated by the DLS analysis. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**NPs**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Fraction**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Volume Weighted**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Number Weighted**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Diameter (nm)** & **Percentage (\%)** & **Diameter (nm)** & **Percentage (\%)** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{ZnO} & 1 & 7.1 & 87.2 & 7.0 & 96.0 \\  & 2 & 23.8 & 12.7 & 23.0 & 4.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 3 & 181.0 & 0.1 & 168.2 & 0.0 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 1 & 6.3 & 85.4 & 6.3 & 95.3 \\ \cline{1-1}  & 2 & 21.4 & 14.6 & 20.8 & 4.7 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Size and particle size distribution of ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs in commercial dispersions as obtained by the DLS analysis. Figure 3: Nicomp distribution analysis of the intensity-, volume- and number-weighted data collected for (**a**) ZnO and (**b**) TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs in commercial dispersions. The EDX studies (Figure 5) confirmed the presence both Zn and Ti elements on the surface of modified cotton Terry towels. The evaluated 100% cotton towels were characterized by a high level of color fastness to washing in 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C and dry and wet rubbing (Table 2). No influence of the modification process with ZnO/N-doped TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs on the level of color fastness was observed. The results showed that modified towels had shorter adsorption time and higher surface mass than unmodified ones. The tested towels met the standard's requirements for the level of color fastness to washing, dry and wet rubbing and absorption time [46]. Figure 4: SEM images of (**a**) unmodified and (**b**) ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) modified cotton Terry towels. Figure 5: Example of EDX spectra of cotton Terry towels modified with ZnO and TiO\({}_{2}\) NPs.