esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# A Tiered Control Plane Model for Service Function Chaining Isolation
## 7 Evaluation and Discussion
### Proof of Concept Demonstration of Data Plane Forwarding
#### 7.1.7 Legacy Infrastructure  
This architecture suggests a wide set of new protocol extensions to enable SFC isolation and automation. This requires that all involved Service Providers adapt to this protocol. However, the automation protocols are extensions of existing protocols, which allows the potential for old and new protocols to coexist. For example, the next header field in the NSH Base header must be set to a new type of NSH header in order to allow E-VNFs. In the proof of concept demonstration of the packet forwarding, this is set to 0 \(\times\) 03. This capability of the SFF forwarding is announced by BGP Tier 1, but this Tier 1 capability information can also be exchanged manually. Hence, it is assumed that this architecture can coexist with legacy NSH infrastructures as long as the capabilities are announced over BGP.  
With respect to non NSH networks, the Tier 1 transport tunnels ensure that underlying infrastructure between NFV service providers is transparent. An overlay network ensures that the network equipment not supporting NSH is bypassed by tunnels.  
From a hypervisor perspective, the NFV infrastructure must support hypervisors that support the forwarding of NSH based E-VNF traffic. We believe that this research can contribute to a standardization of both a new NSH header extension and the corresponding BGP address families.
# Temporal Stability and Practical Relevance of Velocity and Velocity-Loss Perception in Back Squat
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Statistical Analysis  
The data were normally distributed, as confirmed by the Shapiro-Wilk test (\(p>0.05\)). PV accuracy was assessed using the Delta Score (Ds), which represents the difference between Vp and Vr. Ds was analyzed using a two-way repeated-measure ANOVA to examine the effects of load (60% and 80% of 1 RM) and time (test-retest session). The agreement between Vp and Vr and their correlation was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC), respectively, for both test and re-test sessions. Additionally, simple linear regression between Vp and Vr was performed for each session to determine the coefficient of determination (R2). PVL accuracy was calculated using the Vscore (Np \(-\) Nr). A three-way repeated-measure ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of Load (60% and 80% of 1 RM), Velocity Loss (20%VL and 40%VL) and Time (test-retest session) and their interaction on Vscore. The relationship between Np and Nr was evaluated through Bland-Altman plots to assess agreement and ICC to determine their correlation, for both the test and re-test sessions. Lastly, for each session, a simple linear regression was performed between Np and Nr to determine the coefficient of determination (R2). The magnitudes of ICC were classified as follows: poor (<0.5), moderate (0.5-0.75), high (0.5-0.75), good (0.75-0.90), and excellent (>0.9) [25]. A priori power analysis was conducted using G*Power 3.1.9.7. An F-test with the \"ANOVA: Repeated measures, within-factor\" option was selected. A effect size (f = 0.3), an alpha level of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.8 were used, with two groups and four measurements (2 time \(\times\) 2 loads), assuming a correlation of 0.7 among repeated measures. The estimated required sample size was 15 participants. Moreover, a posteriori power analysis was conducted for the results identified as significant in order to estimate the power of our findings.
# New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods
###### Abstract  
In terms of isotopic technologies, it is essential to be able to produce materials with an enriched isotopic abundance (i.e., a compound isotopic labelled with \({}^{2}\)H, \({}^{13}\)C, \({}^{6}\)Li, \({}^{18}\)O or \({}^{37}\)Cl), which is one that differs from natural abundance. The isotopic-labelled compounds can be used to study different natural processes (like compounds labelled with \({}^{2}\)H, \({}^{13}\)C, or \({}^{18}\)O), or they can be used to produce other isotopes as in the case of \({}^{6}\)Li, which can be used to produce \({}^{3}\)H, or to produce LiH that acts like a protection shield against fast neutrons. At the same time, \({}^{7}\)Li isotope can be used as a pH controller in nuclear reactors. The COLEX process, which is currently the only technology available to produce \({}^{6}\)Li at industrial scale, has environmental drawbacks due to generation of Hg waste and vapours. Therefore, there is a need for new eco-friendly technologies for separation of \({}^{6}\)Li. The separation factor of \({}^{6}\)Li/\({}^{7}\)Li with chemical extraction methods in two liquid phases using crown ethers is comparable to that of COLEX method, but has the disadvantages of low distribution coefficient of Li and the loss of crown ethers during the extraction. Electrochemical separation of lithium isotopes through the difference in migration rates between \({}^{6}\)Li and \({}^{7}\)Li is one of the green and promising alternatives for the separation of lithium isotopes, but this methodology requires complicated experimental setup and optimisation. Displacement chromatography methods like ion exchange in different experimental configurations have been also applied to enrich \({}^{6}\)Li with promising results. Besides separation methods, there is also a need for development of new analysis methods (ICP-MS, MC-ICP-MS, TIMS) for reliable determination of Li isotope ratios upon enrichment. Considering all the above-mentioned facts, this paper will try to emphasize the current trends in separation techniques of lithium isotopes by exposing all the chemical separation and spectrometric analysis methods, and highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.  
Keywords:lithium isotopes; crown ethers; electromigration; ion exchange; MC-ICP-MS +
Footnote †: journal: materials
## 2 Theoretical Background for Spherical Localization Based on Attenuation of EM Waves  
In this section, we present the theoretical background of the spherical localization systems. We first describe the spherical localization problem in general. Spherical localization requires range estimation between a receiver and beacons. The physical effects that enable underwater range estimation between the receiver and beacons are briefly summarized. The Cramer-Rao lower bounds are computed for the estimation problem to assess the accuracy of the localization system. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a particle filter (PF) are introduced, and either can fuse the ranges to obtain the receiver position.
# Joint Luminance Adjustment and Color Correction for Low-Light Image Enhancement Network
## 1 Introduction
To address the issues of low brightness, uneven brightness, and color distortion in low-light images, this paper proposes a novel network with joint luminance adjustment and color correction for low-light image enhancement, called LACCNet. Considering that inadequate illumination leads to comprehensive quality problems such as low brightness, uneven brightness, and blurry content in images, it is challenging to improve the overall image quality by solving only one problem. Therefore, this paper implements low-light image enhancement from two aspects: brightness adjustment and color correction. The main contributions of this paper are summarized as follows. First, to address the problem of uneven brightness, we designed a Luminance Adjustment Module. This Luminance Adjustment Module simulates the idea of color space image transformation, models adaptive contrast and brightness adjustment curves, and employs a non-overlapping window attention mechanism to model the relationship between global and local brightness features. This module reduces the extent to which parts of the image become overly bright or dark after enhancement. Second, to address the color distortion problem in enhanced images, we designed a Color Correction Module. This module leverages the attention mechanism to capture global color features and act on the image features after brightness adjustment. This module can correct color deviations in images to obtain colors that are more accurate and closer to the real ones. Third, by introducing color-based statistical information as prior knowledge, we also designed a color loss function. The color loss function can further correct the color of the enhanced low-light image and improve the color quality.
## 5 Conclusions and Implications  
### Conclusions  
This study provides several key insights into the intelligent construction of coal mining enterprises. First, initial conditions--such as the degree of early government supervision and enterprise construction stage--significantly influence the evolution speed of intelligent systems. Second, the current spillover punishment mechanism appears counterproductive, deterring compliant enterprises and slowing national progress. Third, reducing the cognitive, mental, and labor costs associated with intelligent transformation can increase enterprise willingness to participate, especially when paired with targeted government guidance and positive public pressure. Fourth, strict supervision by the government may not be necessary; allowing enterprises greater autonomy can lead to self-driven innovation. Finally, overly punitive local government policies may foster regulatory passivity due to conflicting incentives, indicating a need for macro-level policy adjustments and mutual trust frameworks.  
The primary limitations of this study lie in its regional focus and the lack of longitudinal data to assess the long-term effects of policies. The study sample solely encompasses major coal mines in Shanxi Province, thereby failing to adequately include a diverse array of coal mine cases from disparate regions, varying scales, and exhibiting distinct geological characteristics across the country. Future research should be improved in three areas: first, by expanding the geographical coverage by conducting stratified sampling in typical coal-producing regions such as Inner Mongolia and Guizhou; second, by introducing a temporal dimension to analyze the long-term evolution of policy effects using dynamic game models; and third, by enhancing sample diversity by systematically examining extreme cases such as small and medium-sized coal mines and high-methane mines to more comprehensively define the applicability of the research conclusions.  
From a practical perspective, this research suggest that coal-producing countries should adopt differentiated regulatory approaches based on enterprise maturity and local governance capacity. Globally, policymakers may consider moving away from rigid command-and-control models toward more flexible, incentive-aligned, and psychologically informed strategies. Compared with prior studies [18; 21], this research highlights the nonlinear and behavioral aspects of enterprise decision-making in the context of intelligent transformation. Unlike earlier models focused on linear policy impacts, the integration of bounded rationality and value perception functions offers a novel theoretical contribution and a more realistic basis for international application.
## 3 Results
### Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)  
BSFC is a critical parameter for any biofuel aiming to replace fossil diesel in the current vehicle fleet, as lower BSFC values at a given power output indicate higher engine efficiency. Therefore, the efficiency of a fuel blend is largely dependent on its BSFC, making it a key factor in assessing the viability of biofuels as substitutes for conventional diesel. As shown in Figure 2, BSFC values are highest at lower engine loads (1 kW) and decrease as the load increases, which is due to the improved combustion efficiency at higher temperatures. Notably, the highest BSFC values are observed at 1 kW, where combustion is less efficient. The most significant increases in BSFC correspond to the Bio40 SO and Bio100 SO mixtures with sunflower oil and the Bio20 CO and Bio100 CO mixtures with castor oil.  
It is interesting to remark that at higher power outputs, the BSFC values for all the mixtures are quite similar, particularly for the castor oil blends, where the variation between mixtures is minimal. In contrast, the sunflower oil blends show more variability. The lower BSFC values observed with the castor oil blends, in comparison to those with sunflower oil, may be attributed to the slightly higher flash points, autoignition temperatures, and cetane numbers of castor oil. These properties are likely to extend the ignition delay, improving the premixed combustion phase. Furthermore, it is notable that at medium and high power levels (3 kW and 5 kW), there are no significant differences in BSFC compared to pure fossil diesel. This finding supports the potential for substituting fossil diesel with these biofuels in conventional engines without sacrificing efficiency or significantly increasing fuel consumption.  
Figure 2: Effect of (**a**) D/EHN/SO and (**b**) D/EHN/CO biofuels on BSFC (g/h-kW) at low, medium, and high engine loads (1, 3, 5 kW). Measurement errors are represented as standard deviations using error bars.
# Multiuser Equalizer for Hybrid Massive MIMO mmWave CE-OFDM Systems
###### Abstract
To solve the PAPR problem, constant envelope modulations, with a PAPR of 0 dB, have been proposed, such as the constant envelop OFDM (CE-OFDM) [21; 22]. The CE-OFDM presents better performance than OFDM for realistic systems [23]. Some works that explore the CE-OFDM have been addressed in [24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29; 30], as presented in Section 1.2. It is well known that CE-OFDM based system require efficient equalizers (usually based on nonlinear techniques) due to residual inter-carrier-interference (ICI) [31]. Therefore, there is a significant interest in the design of iterative/nonlinear equalizers that have been considered to efficiently separate the spatial streams and mitigate the ICI problem in the current MIMO systems [32], and that can be extremely efficient in a mMIMO scenario. Iterative block decision feedback equalization (IB-DFE) approach is one of the most promising nonlinear equalization schemes [32], and it was originally proposed in [33]. It does not need the feedback loop of the channel decoder output, and it can be considered as a low complexity turbo equalizer. IB-DFE has been extended to several scenarios, as diversity scenarios, conventional and cooperative MIMO systems, among others [34; 35; 36; 37; 38].
# The Recent Advancement in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Tracking Antenna: A Review
## 4 Recent Advancement on UAV Tracking Antenna
### UAV Tracking Techniques
#### 4.3.1 UAV Tracking Based on RSSI  
Signal strength power measurement, commonly known as the received signal strength indicator (RSSI), is a technique for calculating the distance with respect to signal strength between the UAV and the antenna tracking system [93]. The received signal strength (energy) is measured by the RSSI after quantizing the measured signal energy relative to a position at the receiving end. This RSSI can be used to develop a simple method to estimate location; this is carried out without the addition of extra hardware. The simplest way this can be achieved is to request that the antenna on board the UAV transmit signal. Each node at the receiving end gets a signal. It is then assumed that the UAV is in the direction of the reference node with the highest RSSI [94]. The merits of this type of tracking are [95; 96]: (i) low cost; (ii) low battery power energy consumption; (iii) small memory size requirement; and (iv) low processing capabilities. It is obvious that this technique will suffer from UAV poor positioning estimation accuracy as it lacks the potential to perform azimuth, elevation, and polarization calculation. Hence, the UAV rotation and translation are unobservable [97]. In addition, the presence of noise, both white and colored, degrade the positional accuracy of the UAV when using RSSI method [98; 99; 100]. White noise is a type of noise whose power spectrum is flat at different frequency bands and spreads uniformly. This is in contrast to colored noise whose power spectrum is not flat at different frequency bands and does not spread uniformly. Reference [94] designed a tracking antenna using the principle of RSSI. By using four Yagi antennas, the experiment aim was achieved. The RSSI received by each antenna was detected using four linear technology power detector chip. The result determines the direction the antenna needs to turn to keep track of the UAV. However, although this work did show the use of RSSI, it is not totally accurate. Similarly, [101] proposed RSSI-based heading control for robust long-range aerial communication in UAV networks. The heading control process is mainly divided into two phases, i.e., position estimation and angle adjustment. In the first phase, a proportional-derivative-based tracking controller is designed for each UAV to ensure the consistency of heights, pitch, and roll angles. However, the RSSI functions as an auxiliary measuring component, and then a consensus-based unscented Kalman filtering algorithm is developed to estimate the position of UAVs.
# FRAMUX-EV: A Framework for Evaluating User Experience in Agile Software Development
## 7 Discussions
### How to Use FRAMUX-EV
Table 12 highlights the flexibility of FRAMUX-EV, which can be adapted to fit different Scrum team structures by modifying the number of UX evaluation methods, UX events, and UX artifacts incorporated into the workflow. In teams where no dedicated UX role exists, only the core elements, such as the weekly user meeting and key UX evaluation methods, are implemented. This approach empowers developers to integrate user-centered design practices into their projects. Smaller teams with a single UX role may introduce more UX events and UX artifacts, like the weekly UX meeting and pre-review UX sessions, to support ongoing UX improvements. Larger teams with multiple UX roles can adopt the full range of FRAMUX-EV's UX events and UX artifacts, enabling thorough UX integration across all Scrum iterations. This flexibility ensures teams of any size or level of UX expertise can maintain a strong user focus throughout the project. While FRAMUX-EV has been proposed for integration with Scrum, its flexible structure allows it to be adapted for use in other agile approaches. For example, Kanban is an agile approach that focuses on continuous workflow rather than using fixed iterations like Scrum. In Kanban, tasks are managed visually on a board, and the goal is to improve efficiency by controlling the amount of work in progress (WIP). To integrate FRAMUX-EV with Kanban, some events would need to be adjusted. Meetings such as the \"pre-planning UX meeting\" or the \"pre-review UX meeting\" could be transformed into \"milestones\" to be reached within the workflow, rather than events that occur before or after each iteration. The \"weekly UX meeting\" would remain relevant, although it could be adjusted to a more flexible frequency depending on the pace of the work. Artifacts such as the \"UX backlog\" and the \"UX evaluation repository\" could also be integrated into Kanban, allowing for visual and continuous management of UX-related tasks. On the other hand, FRAMUX-EV could also be integrated with the agile approach Extreme Programming (XP). XP places a strong emphasis on close collaboration between developers and clients, with short iterations and a focus on continuous improvement through rapid feedback and small software increments. FRAMUX-EV fits well with XP due to its iterative nature. Events such as the \"weekly UX meeting\" and the \"pre-review UX meeting\" can be adapted to the end of each XP iteration, enabling quick and continuous user feedback integration. The \"pre-planning UX meeting\" can also align with XP's iteration planning meetings, ensuring that UX tasks are prioritized and worked on alongside functionalities. FRAMUX-EV artifacts such as the \"UX backlog\" and the \"UX sprint backlog\" can continue to be used as defined, ensuring that UX tasks align with both technical expectations and user needs.
# Building a Realistic Virtual Simulator for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Teleoperation
## 2 Building a Realistic UAV Simulator
### Virtual Teleoperation
In this case, the desired roll angle \(\psi_{d}\) is proportionally modified by the positional value of the right stick for the horizontal axis \(u_{RSH}\in[-1,1]\) using the constant \(k_{\phi}\). This reference is set as \(\phi_{d}=0\) to stop the vehicle when \(u_{RSH}=0\). As in the pitch movement, the value of \(\phi_{d}\) is bounded in the interval \([-\pi/4,\pi/4]\) to avoid singularities. Analogously, a PID controller is included to develop the torque \(\tau_{\phi}\), where \(k_{p,\phi}\), \(k_{i,\phi}\), and \(k_{d,\phi}\) are the proportional, integral, and derivative parameters, respectively. From the above teleoperation algorithm, the input scaling constants \(k_{z}\), \(k_{\phi}\), \(k_{\theta}\), and \(k_{\phi}\); the proportional gains \(k_{p,z}\), \(k_{p,\phi}\), \(k_{p,\theta}\), and \(k_{p,\phi}\); the integral gains \(k_{i,z}\), \(k_{i,\phi}\), \(k_{i,\theta}\), and \(k_{i,\phi}\); and the derivative gains \(k_{d,z}\), \(k_{d,\phi}\), \(k_{d,\theta}\), and \(k_{d,\phi}\) must be adjusted correctly to match the behavior of a real-world teleoperated quadrotor. Figure 7: The teleoperation device. ```
Input: User inputs (\(u_{LSV}\), \(u_{LSH}\), \(u_{RSV}\), and \(u_{RSH}\)), Current references (\(z_{d}\), \(\psi_{d}\), \(\theta_{d}\), and \(\phi_{d}\)), Input scaling constants (\(k_{z}\), \(k_{\theta}\), \(k_{\theta}\), and \(k_{\phi}\)), Proportional gains (\(k_{p,z}\), \(k_{p,\phi}\), \(k_{p,\theta}\), and \(k_{p,\phi}\)), Integral gains (\(k_{i,z}\), \(k_{i,p}\), \(k_{i,\phi}\), and \(k_{i,\phi}\)), and Derivative gains (\(k_{i,z}\), \(k_{d,\phi}\), \(k_{d,\theta}\), and \(k_{d,\phi}\)) Output: Vertical thrust (\(f_{B,z}\)) and Generalized torques (\(\tau_{\psi}\), \(\tau_{\theta}\), and \(\tau_{\phi}\))
1 Compute vertical thrust (\(f_{B,z}\));
2\(z_{d}\gets z_{d}+k_{z}\cdot u_{LSV}\)
3 if\(z_{d}<0\)then
4\(z_{d}\gets 0\)
5\(f_{B,z}\gets mg+k_{p,z}\cdot(z_{d}-z)+f(z_{d}-z)\cdot dt-k_{d,z}\cdot z\)
6 Compute yaw torque (\(\tau_{\psi}\));
7\(\psi_{d}\leftarrow\psi_{d}+k_{\phi}\cdot u_{LSH}\)
8\(\tau_{\psi}\gets k_{p,\phi}\cdot(\psi_{d}-\psi)+\int(\psi_{d}-\psi)\cdot dt -k_{d,\phi}\cdot\dot{\phi}\)
9 Compute pitch torque (\(\tau_{\phi}\));
10 if\(|u_{RSV}|>0\)then
11\(\theta_{d}\leftarrow\theta_{d}+k_{\phi}\cdot u_{RSV}\)
12 if\(|\theta_{d}|>\frac{\pi}{4}\)then
13\(\theta_{d}\gets sign(\theta_{d})\cdot\frac{\pi}{4}\)
14
15 else
16\(\theta_{d}\gets 0\)
17\(\tau_{\phi}\gets k_{p,\theta}\cdot(\theta_{d}-\theta)+\int(\theta_{d}-\theta )\cdot dt-k_{d,\theta}\cdot\dot{\phi}\)
18 Compute roll torque (\(\tau_{\phi}\));
19 if\(|u_{RSH}|>0\)then
20\(\phi_{d}\leftarrow\phi_{d}+k_{\phi}\cdot u_{RSH}\)
21 if\(|\phi_{d}|>\frac{\pi}{4}\)then
22\(\phi_{d}\gets sign(\phi_{d})\cdot\frac{\pi}{4}\)
23
24 else
25\(\phi_{d}\gets 0\)
26\(\tau_{\phi}\gets k_{p,\phi}\cdot(\phi_{d}-\phi)+\int(\phi_{d}-\phi)\cdot dt -k_{d,\phi}\cdot\dot{\phi}\) return\(f_{B,z}\), \(\tau_{\phi}\), \(\tau_{\phi}\), and \(\tau_{\phi}\)
```  
**Algorithm 1**Telecoperation algorithm