## 2 Using a Mobile Phone while Traveling--Previous Research Review
There was a significant percentage of drivers admitting to using a mobile phone while moving a passenger car (49% among women, 65% among men), while among pedestrians the figure was higher (86% of women and 94% of men). Cell phone use is a major cause of inattentive driving, and the driver must deal with several distractions, e.g., physical distraction is a problem when the driver takes their hand off the steering wheel to interact with the phone. On the other hand, in the article [23], based on an online survey covering over 35,000 road users in thirty-two countries, the four most risky behaviors in road traffic were analyzed: driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs, speeding, using a mobile phone while driving, and driving when tired. The study shows that the use of mobile phones is the second most common cause of road accidents in Europe. The paper [24] presents the results of the influence of distraction caused using a mobile phone (i.e., visual, and auditory) on the reaction time of a pedestrian to a pedestrian signal. Traffic video data was collected from four pedestrian crossings in Canada and China. The results show that pedestrian response times were longer in Canada than in China under non-distraction conditions. Distracting auditory and visual attention increases pedestrian reaction time by an average of 67% and 50%. Remarkably interesting conclusions were drawn in the work [25]. The study investigated the relationship between self-regulation of secondary tasks and driving. The experiment consisted of taking part in a driving simulator in which participants performed secondary tasks as considered proper. The performance of thirty-five drivers aged 18-19 was assessed under three phone-use conditions, including distraction (phone-free), visual-manual, and hands-free interactions using the 'CARRS-Q' driving simulator. The results show that the degree of involvement in a secondary task affects both longitudinal and lateral control of vehicles. Drivers with a lot of hands-free interaction are more likely to choose a slower speed along a curve compared to motorways and straight sections. On the other hand, longer visual-manual interactions result in higher driving speeds. The human-machine systems approach suggests that traffic rules play an especially significant role in secondary task management as well as driving performance. Therefore, research analyses show that the problem of using mobile devices by drivers is increasing both in Poland and around the world. The Motor Transport Institute et. al. conducted research in 2014 [26], which consisted of checking how large a percentage of drivers use a mobile phone while holding it in their hand while driving. In this research, 102,096 drivers were evaluated. It was shown that 4.1% of passenger car drivers used a mobile phone. The highest percentage was among people aged 18 to 24 (4.4%), and the smallest group was among elderly people over 60 (1.8%). Moreover, drivers use them more often in built-up areas (4.4%) than in undeveloped areas (3.6%). The share of using mobile phones driving other vehicles was greater than that of passenger cars and amounted to 5.6%. In turn, \"In the public opinion poll conducted by the National Road Safety Council in 2014, when asked how often do you talk on a mobile phone while driving a car/motorcycle, as many as 64% of drivers declared that they talked appropriately: rarely (26%), sometimes (27%), often (7%) and very often (4%)\". The Secretary of the National Road Safety Council repeats the opinion of international experts that holding the phone in their hand increases the likelihood of an accident because the driver is not able to hold the steering wheel firmly or change gear [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31; 32]. Bearing in mind the review of selected publications in popular internet portals in the field of ranking the most irritating behaviors of drivers on the roads, it can be noted that the use of a mobile phone and slow starting at traffic lights is one of the most often mentioned and one of the highest ranked abnormal behaviors.