## 1 Introduction  
The continuous rise in greenhouse gas emissions has exacerbated global warming and climate change, which are crucial environmental challenges that require immediate international action [1]. Consequently, various countries have established carbon neutrality (Net-Zero) targets and implemented strong policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In particular, the transportation sector faces significant pressure owing to high carbon emissions [2]. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the transportation sector accounts for 16% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, with maritime shipping accounting for approximately 3% [3, 4]. Reports indicate that a single large vessel can emit hundreds of thousands of tons of greenhouse gases annually, highlighting the necessity for developing emission reduction technologies within shipping industries [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. To address this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a target to reduce carbon emissions in international shipping by 100% by 2050 relative to emission levels in 2008. To achieve this objective, progressively stringent environmental regulations are being implemented. These enhanced regulations have significantly increased the difficulty of operating conventional internal combustion engine vessels, making it essential to develop technological alternatives. Among these, electric propulsion ships have gainedconsiderable attention as a leading ecofriendly option. Unlike vessels based on conventional internal combustion engines, electric propulsion ships employ electrical energy, thereby eliminating emissions associated with fossil fuel combustion. They also present advantages such as improved energy efficiency and precise propulsion control [11; 12; 13]. Furthermore, electric propulsion ships are effective in reducing exhaust gases, thereby emerging as a realistic alternative to meet IMO regulations. The high-power conversion efficiency of the propulsion motors can reduce operating costs. Additionally, motor-driven propulsion systems generate less noise and vibration than internal combustion engines. This enhances the comfort of both the passengers and crew members. Consequently, major shipyards and shipping companies worldwide are actively pursuing the commercialization of electric propulsion ships. Government support for the research and development of these sectors has also been expanding. The advancement of electric propulsion ship technology is projected to become a significant factor in transforming the shipping industry in conjunction with the strengthening of environmental regulations [14; 15]. The performance of electric propulsion ships is primarily determined by the efficient control of propulsion motors, which relies on optimized inverters. An inverter functions as a power conversion device that transforms the power generated from generators or batteries into a variable frequency alternating current that is suitable for motors. The power conversion efficiency increases with the improvement in the inverter performance, thereby enhancing the overall energy efficiency and stability of electric propulsion ships. The control method is a major factor in determining the inverter performance. Different inverter control methods present variations in the output voltage quality, power conversion loss, and motor torque response characteristics. Optimizing these aspects is a major challenge. Several inverter control methods have been analyzed, including pulse width modulation (PWM) [16; 17; 18], proportional-integral (PI) control [19; 20; 21], sliding mode control (SMC) [22; 23; 24], fuzzy logic control (FLC) [25; 26; 27], and MPC [28; 29; 30]. PWM involves controlling the voltage by adjusting the switching cycles. This method is widely used and is relatively simple to implement; however, it suffers from increased switching losses. PI controllers feature simple structures and easy implementation.