## 7 Conclusions  
The current study provided an effective and advanced workflow for the identification of SSFs and fractures of a heterogeneous sand reservoir. The conclusions are as follows;  
1. The structural features of the seismic volume were enhanced and sharpened using a DSMF, a DSDF, and a FEF. The FEF proved to be most effective in recognizing discontinuities.
2. The novel technique of TFL was used for the generation of the likelihood, dip and the strike of the seismic cube. The generated TFL cube highlighted the maximum likelihood of the dips and  
Figure 19: **(a)** Slice of the ANN–UVQ in 1780 ms. The associated seismic section (**a,b**) show the presence of a fault, (**b**) shows the overlay of the ANN–UVQ on seismic at inline 665, and (**c**) shows the overlay of the ACO attribute on a seismic section at inline 665.  
the strikes of the fractures. The interconnected VCF ranked fracture bodies, automated fracture surfaces, and fracture sticks using TFL, and it delineated the orientations of fractures.
* The use of fracture density and fracture proximity are powerful tools in visualizing the high-density and maximum fracture activities regions that can be exploited for future drilling.
* The ANN-UVQ using multi-attribute computation identified the maximum and subtle fault, as well as the fractured locations and orientations, which will be beneficial for the field development of the study area.
* The ACO algorithm was effectively applied to study the dip, length, azimuth, and surface area of the fractures. The results of the ACO showed that there are more E-W oriented fractures than N-S fractures. The automatic extraction of fractures using ACO identified 607 subtle fracture patches. The dip azimuth of these fractures are clustered at SE-NW direction, the dip of most of the fractures lies between 16\({}^{\circ}\) to 32\({}^{\circ}\), the fracture length lies between 200 and 500 m, and the surface area lies between 10,000 and 30,000 m\({}^{2}\).
* The ANN-UVQ and ACO revealed an NNW-SSE oriented fault that has minor heave and throw.
* The adopted workflow in the study for the recognition of SSFs and fractures is automated, adaptive, time-saving, cost-saving, effective, innovative, and novel. The applied workflow is advanced and can be further utilized for the delineation of SSFs, large-scale faults, and fractures in any reservoir worldwide.  
Conceptualization, U.A.; methodology, U.A. and A.A.; software, M.A.; validation, H.Z., and X.Z. and Z.Z.; formal analysis, U.A and A.A.; investigation, H.Z.; resources, M.A.; data curation, H.N.M.; writing--original draft preparation, U.A.; writing--review and editing, U.A and A.A.; visualization, Z.U.; supervision, H.Z.; project administration, H.Z.; funding acquisition, H.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was funded and supported by Yunnan Provincial Government Leading Scientist Program, No. 2015 HA024.  
The authors would like to acknowledge the dGB Earth Sciences(tm) for giving academic license of OpendTect software to the School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, China. The authors would also like to thank the Directorate General of Petroleum Concessions (DGPC), Pakistan, for the release of 3D seismic data.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.