## 1 Introduction  
In modern energy management and smart city construction, accurate load forecasting is essential for the efficient allocation of power resources and the stable operation of the system. Especially in commercial buildings, load forecasting has become one of the core technologies of building energy management due to complex electricity demand and dynamic load changes. In recent years, with the popularization of electric vehicles (EVs) in commercial buildings, the impact of their charging and discharging behavior on the overall electrical load has become more and more significant [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. The complexity of charge peak stacking and discharge feedback creates new challenges for traditional power systems and further highlights the need for load forecasting. At the same time, the rapid development of smart grids and cyber-physical systems (CPS) provides technical support to meet these challenges. Smart grids can optimize power distribution strategies and improve energy efficiency by monitoring power demand in real time, combined with dynamic data analysis and forecasting. In the commercial building environment, the charging and discharging needs of electric vehicles often lead to load uncertainty and volatility, and smart grids can effectively mitigate the impact of load peaks on grid stability by using advanced prediction models and dynamic pricing mechanisms. As an integrated technology, cyber-physical system further improves the flexibility and intelligence of the energy system by integrating physical systems, computing technology, and communication control. In the application of load forecasting, CPS can not only collect and analyze complex data in real time but also make responsive adjustments to dynamic changes, providing strong technical support for load forecasting. In this context, the energy management of commercial buildings is facing a transformation from traditional single-load forecasting to complex multi-scenario load forecasting. The proliferation of electric vehicles has brought new challenges to building-energy management while also creating opportunities to explore more efficient and intelligent load forecasting methods. In modern buildings, the combination of building-energy management systems (BEMS) and CPS opens up new possibilities for efficient energy dispatch and management. BEMS is able to monitor the energy usage inside the building in real time, ensuring the efficient operation of all equipment. At the same time, the CPS enables seamless connection between physical devices and digital systems through the integration of sensors, data processing, and feedback mechanisms. Specifically, the CPS provides a real-time data stream for the BEMS, enabling the system to respond quickly in a rapidly changing environment. For example, when the charging and discharging behavior of an electric vehicle causes sudden load fluctuations, BEMS can obtain real-time data through the CPS, analyze and quickly adjust the energy dispatch strategy, thereby reducing the risk of load imbalance. In addition, the CPS is able to support BEMS to make autonomous decisions in the face of unstable communication conditions by quantifying information gaps and uncertainties in data transmission. With this integration, BEMS is not only able to optimize energy use but also to enhance its adaptability to dynamic load changes, enabling accurate load forecasting and resource allocation in the event of incomplete information. This integration effectively improves the efficiency and sustainability of building-energy management and meets the increasingly complex energy needs of modern buildings. In commercial buildings, EV-charging and -discharging scheduling in parking lots has a significant impact on the overall load demand of the building, so accurate load prediction after dispatch is crucial.