esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Testing Plan and Methods
The water sensitivity test [22] involves the manufacture of cylindrical specimens that are compacted with 35 blows on each side by a Marshall hammer in order to reproduce low compaction energy, thereby simulating more unfavorable conditions against water action. The specimens were divided into two sets of three specimens: a dry set and a wet set. The set of dry specimens was stored at room temperature in the laboratory (15 \(\pm\) 5 \({}^{\circ}\)C), whereas a vacuum process was applied to the wet set for 30 \(\pm\) 5 min until a pressure of 6.7 \(\pm\) 0.3 kPa was obtained. The wet specimens were then immersed in water at a temperature of 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C for a period of 72 h. The next step was to carry out an indirect traction resistance test [25] on each of the cylinders (in both the dry set and the wet set) at a temperature of 15 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and to compare their indirect tensile strength through the ITSR (Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio, which is obtained by dividing the strength of the wet set by the strength of the dry set in terms of percentage). The stiffness modulus was measured according to [21], which consists of manufacturing cylindrical specimens compacted with 75 blows on each side. After conditioning the specimens at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)C for at least 2 h, they were placed and secured in a vertical position of one of its diameters, applying 10 load pulses to adjust the magnitude of the load and its duration. In order to measure the deformation of the diameter, 5 additional load pulses were applied to measure and record the load variation and deformation in the time period of each pulse. At the same time, the surface load factor was also determined. As a final result, the stiffness modulus was obtained for two diameters of the specimen (forming an angle of 90 \(\pm\) 10\({}^{\circ}\)). The triaxial test [23] entails the combination of a confining load of 120 kPa and another cyclic sinusoidal out-of-phase axial loading of 300 kPa at a frequency of 3 Hz for 12,000 load cycles. The creep and permanent deformation parameters for each specimen (cylinders with a diameter of 101.6 mmand a sawn-off height of 60 mm) are calculated, and the results obtained in the test are shown as the mean of the values obtained for three test specimens. During the current study, the triaxial test was carried out at 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C in order to assess the resistance of the material to plastic deformation under severe climate conditions.
# Intelligent Detection and Segmentation of Space-Borne SAR Radio Frequency Interference
## 3 Materials
### Semantic Segmentation Network
#### 3.3.2 UNet  
A new semantic segmentation network called UNet was proposed by [PERSON] et al. [45] (see Figure 8) in 2015, which improved the fully convolution structure mainly by expanding the decoder capacity in the network. Specifically, the authors proposed a U-shaped network structure to capture context and achieve accurate localization. This simpler structure has become very popular and has been applied to various segmentation practices.  
The standard U-Net model consists of a series of convolution operations at each block in the network. Instead of stacking convolutional layers, there are many higher-level blocks that can be stacked to build a network structure. Using this idea, researchers successively proposed Recurrent Residual UNet [46], Attention UNet [47], UNet++ [48], U2 Net [49], and other networks.
# Fast Fractional-Order Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Seven-Axis Robot Manipulator
## 5 Conclusions  
The proposed controller, FFOSMC, applies fractional calculus on both the terminal sliding surface design and the control/reaching law for reaching the sliding surface and maintaining stay on it. This guarantees fast convergence and high trajectory tracking performance. FFOSMC is used with SPO for less chattering, resisting the modeling error and disturbance from the environment. The stability of the controller is analyzed based on the Lyapunov stability theory for fractional-order systems. Both the comparative simulation in MATLAB and experiments on the seven links robot  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline
**Joint** & **FFOSMCSPO \({}^{\star}\)** & **FOTSMCSPO** & **TSMCSPO** & **FOSMCSPO** & **SMCSPO** \\ \hline
1 & 0.02211 & 0.02430 & 0.02697 & 0.04297 & 0.04837 \\
2 & 0.01668 & 0.02025 & 0.02178 & 0.04141 & 0.04412 \\
3 & 0.02347 & 0.02650 & 0.02838 & 0.05033 & 0.05427 \\
4 & 0.03689 & 0.04238 & 0.04600 & 0.08465 & 0.09360 \\
5 & 0.06975 & 0.07661 & 0.08230 & 0.11177 & 0.12822 \\
6 & 0.04323 & 0.04652 & 0.04934 & 0.08188 & 0.08902 \\
7 & 0.03573 & 0.03634 & 0.04380 & 0.05619 & 0.06348 \\ X-axis & 0.14354 & 0.16122 & 0.17215 & 0.26177 & 0.29921 \\ Y-axis & 0.31273 & 0.36022 & 0.39767 & 0.77066 & 0.86858 \\ Z-axis & 0.26544 & 0.31577 & 0.34160 & 0.60392 & 0.66034 \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{\star}\) The tracking error unit in the joint space and the Cartesian coordinate is the degree and mm, respectively.  
\end{table}
Table 2: Mean absolute error.  
Figure 6: Tracking error results of each joint and end effector.  
manipulator verified the excellent tracking performance of the proposed controller. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed controller, which shows a small error and less chattering against the high gravity effect in dynamics and modeling errors.  
Even the finite-time stability of FFOTSMC (reaching the sliding surface and the equilibrium in finite time) cannot be proved in this research. The experimental results and simulation results have demonstrated the outstanding performance in tracking and improvement by applying the fractional-order derivative on the control/reaching law design. The finite-time stability problem will be investigated in the future.  
Conceptualization, [PERSON] and M.C.L.; methodology, J.W.; validation, J.W., J.H.K. and H.H.K.; writing--original draft, [PERSON]; writing--review and editing, J.W. and M.C.L.; supervision, M.C.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was supported by the Smart Factory Development Support Program (20005055, Development of Integrated Control Technology supporting both control of four robots and PLCopen standard-based programmable logic controller(PLC) languages (five types) for SME's smart factory) and the Technology Innovation Program (10073147, Development of Robot Manipulation Technology by Using Artificial Intelligence) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea).  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sensors_**2015**, _15_, 12720-12735; doi:10.3390/s150612720  
_Sensors_  
**ISSN 1424-8220**  
www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors  
_Article_  
An Efficient and Reliable Geographic Routing Protocol Based on Partial Network Coding for Underwater Sensor Networks  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 2,*, [PERSON] 3 and [PERSON] 2**  
1 School of Computer and Information Engineering, Tianjin ChengJian University, 300384 Tianjin, China  
2 School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
3 School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, 5001 Adelaide, Australia; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]  
* Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (K.H.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (Z.J.); Tel.: +86-139-2001-6669 (K.H.); +86-186-0223-6189 (Z.J.).  
Academic Editor: [PERSON]  
_Received: 19 February 2015 / Accepted: 22 May 2015 / Published: 28 May 2015_  
**Abstract:** Efficient routing protocols for data packet delivery are crucial to underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). However, communication in UWSNs is a challenging task because of the characteristics of the acoustic channel. Network coding is a promising technique for efficient data packet delivery thanks to the broadcast nature of acoustic channels and the relatively high computation capabilities of the sensor nodes. In this work, we present GPNC, a novel geographic routing protocol for UWSNs that incorporates partial network coding to encode data packets and uses sensor nodes' location information to greedily forward data packets to sink nodes. GPNC can effectively reduce network delays and retransmissions of redundant packets causing additional network energy consumption. Simulation results show that GPNC can significantly improve network throughput and packet delivery ratio, while reducing energy consumption and network latency when compared with other routing protocols.  
**Keywords:** underwater sensor networks (UWSNs); geographic routing; partial network coding; packet delivery ratio; energy consumption
## 3 Numerical Results and Discussions  
This section presents the numerical results of the proposed WPTM-based PQD detection scheme and compares them with those obtained for the existing wavelet-based denoising (W-Den [10]), WC-Det [1], and non-wavelet-based detection schemes (S-transform [26]). In the simulation, we generate standard PQD event signals [9], including voltage sag, voltage swell, harmonics, sustained interruption, notch, and so on, under real stochastic electricity channel conditions. In the proposed detection scheme, we use RMS or MV metric. Let us assume \(l=3\); thus, \(P=2^{l}-1=7\) packets are used to detect these PQD events. In the proposed PQD detection procedure, the universal threshold \(TH_{U}=\sigma_{d}\sqrt{2\log|N|}\) is initially used, assuming \(N=2504\) (with a sampling rate \(f_{s}=1/T_{s}=2\times 10^{5}\) samples/s). Then, the proposed algorithm replaces \(TH_{U}\) with a modified (or updated) threshold with parameter \(k\) (Table 3), \(TH_{M}=k\sigma_{d}\sqrt{2\log|N|}\), depending on the estimated channel and defined metric, such that its robustness is improved under severe stochastic power signal conditions, including impulsive noise, random phase offset, and low SNR. The simulation assumes that the phase offset \(\varphi_{m}\) is uniformly distributed, that is, \(\varphi_{m}\sim U[0,\;2\pi]\), and that impulsive noise is generated following the B-G model [21].  
In the following subsections, we numerically validate that the proposed scheme with the adaptive denoising function is superior to the existing schemes over such real statistical channels. In particular, double-edge-based detection, which is chosen for more precise PQD localization, is compared with conventional single-edge-based detection over impulsive and Gaussian noise channels. We then analyze the performance effect of the proposed system model with an adaptive impulsive denoising function in detail and evaluate the proposed model for diverse standard PQDs and generate PQDs from an implemented practical distribution network using MATLAB(r) Simulink(r)[27]. Finally, we present a summarized discussion on the numerical analysis of the proposed system model.
# Mitigation of Electro Magnetic Interference by Using C-Shaped Composite Cylindrical Device
## 3 Results and Discussion  
### Simulation  
MagNet is one of the low-frequency electromagnetic field simulation software. It can rapidly model and predict the performance of electromagnetic or electro-mechanical devices. Its solver is based on the finite element method for simulating static, frequency-dependent, or time-varying electromagnetic fields. The setup parameters of the C-shaped device simulation are shown as follows: The length of the conducting wire was 200 m (the Z-axis, from \(-\)100 m to 100 m) with the boundary condition of \(-\)1 m to 1 m in the Z-axis. The angle of the C-shaped opening was 90\({}^{\circ}\) aligned at the horizontal plane with a radius of 3 cm. Mu-metal was selected as the C-shaped composite device material from MagNet's database. The operating frequency was 60 Hz with an electric current of 1 A. As shown in Figure 2a-c, the tubular structure of the high-permeability material shielded the electromagnetic field effectively, and the value was the root mean square. It was obvious that the opening far away sensor could shield from EMF and enhance the opening-sided EMF. The results showed the evidence that a C-shaped device with a high-permeability material can collect magnetic field lines and emit them from the opening. As the electromagnetic field decayed rapidly with the distance, the reinforcement of the C-shaped device was not obvious, because the electric current in this study was 1 A.  
In contrast, the electromagnetic field emitted from the opening in the X-axis, while the C-shaped opening was aligned on the horizontal plane. In Figure 2c and Table 1, the shielding efficiency was \(-\)0.085 dB at the least and \(-\)0.40 dB at most according to the  
Figure 2: Electromagnetic field intensities emitted from the tubular structure without an opening (**a**) and the C-shape cylindrical device (**b**) by MagNet. (**c**) Electromagnetic field as a function of the distance.  
distance of EMI measurements. The efficiency was calculated by the ratio of the \"tubular structure opening (T)\" and the \"C-shaped opening (C)\":  
\[\text{Efficiency}=20\ \text{log}\frac{\text{C}}{\text{T}}. \tag{1}\]  
The negative efficiency indicated that the tubular composite device protected the electromagnetic field, while the positive capacitance indicated that the C-shaped structure increased the electromagnetic field in the aperture vector. Although the electromagnetic field decreased rapidly with the distance, the EMI improvement of the C-shaped aperture still was shown to some degree. This is due to the C-shaped open position and the low voltage across the electrical coils.
## 1 Introduction  
The maritime industry, integral to global commerce, has evolved as a pivotal force, driving economies for centuries. From shipping and logistics to diverse sectors, such as naval operations, fishing, offshore drilling, and marine tourism, its expansive reach has shaped globalization and fostered cultural connections. This introduction sets the stage for the subsequent subsections. We delve deeper into the historical and current significance of the maritime industry, shedding light on its dominant role in international trade, especially with the increased integration of technology and IoT applications (Figure 1).
## 4 Experimental Analysis
### Comparison with Simulation Software  
In order to gauge the effectiveness of our implementation, we compared our vector and segment representation running times with existing population simulation software. We consider two breeding simulators available in the literature: QGene [4] and hypred [17]. For comparing the running times, we executed a simple \((A\times B)\times B\) backcross scenario, where \(A\) and \(B\) represent diploid founder genomes and \(\times\) represents a cross. We generated \(100\) progeny with \(m=1,000--1,000,000\) markers on a chromosome of a length of 10 Morgans. The marker density ranges from modest to very high, as can be expected in the near future from evolving high-throughput technologies. The chromosome size represents a compromise between average chromosome and genome size in plant and animal genomes, used here, since we are dealing with only one chromosome. Experiments were conducted on the same system with an 8-core 2.4 GHz processor and 8 GB RAM. The custom vectors and segments code was compiled with \(\texttt{g}++\) using optimization option -O3. We used hypred to generate smaller subsets of progeny at a time to avoid running out of memory. Since QGene runs via a graphical user interface, timing was obtained with an external tool and is less precise. However, this has no effect on our conclusions, since QGene is clearly slower than the other compared methods. Each scenario was run several times; the average running times are reported in Table 1.  
The existing software are clearly slower than our vector and segment representations; at least partly due to the fact that they include additional overhead associated with running the programs. However, the clear message from this analysis is that our vector representation is a realistic baseline method, for assessing the speed-up obtained by the segment representation.
# Wireless Energy Harvesting with Cooperative Relaying under the Best Relay Selection Scheme
## 4 Performance Analysis
### Energy Efficiency for EH Relaying  
The main idea behind EE scheme is to minimize the total energy consumption while preserving SNR above the threshold. EE in relaying of AF-EH is illustrated in this section. The comparison and formulation of EH relaying for end-to-end SNR are conducted with BRS scheme relaying. This task is performed with the aid of SWIPT technique. In this section, the EE of EH relaying is based on minimizing the total EC with taking the OP into account. Using the derivative from Section 4.3, the EE of the proposed system can be described as the ratio of successful data delivery to the total energy consumption, which can be written as:  
\[EE=\frac{(1-P_{1})\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{sd})+(1-P_{2})\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{brs})}{E _{T}} \tag{34}\]  
The following Algorithm 1 represents the procedure of computing EE for EH relaying, taking into account the OP of the direct path and the selected relay.  
```
1:procedureInitialization \((E_{s}^{max},E_{i}^{max},\rho,\mu,\Gamma^{th})\)
2:\(Itr\leftarrow\) Number of Iterations
3: \[\gamma_{T}\gets E_{s}(v_{o}+v_{i})-\frac{E_{s}^{2}v_{i}^{2}\bar{\rho}+E_{s} v_{i}E_{i}\bar{\zeta}_{i}+E_{s}v_{i}\bar{\rho}+E_{s}v_{i}}{E_{i}\bar{\rho}\zeta_{i}+E_{i} \bar{\zeta}_{i}+E_{s}\bar{\rho}v_{i}+\bar{\rho}+1}\]
4:For Loop:
5:\(i\gets 1\ldots N\)
6:IF\(\gamma_{T}<\Gamma^{th}\)
7:\(E_{s}\gets E_{s}^{max}\)
8:\(E_{i}\gets E_{i}^{max}\)
9:Else
10: Obtain the solution \((\gamma_{T}=\Gamma^{th})\)
11: Compute the derivative of \(E_{T}\) with respect to \(E_{s}\)
12: Choose the path that minimizes \(E_{T}\)
13: \[EE\leftarrow\frac{(1-P_{1})\log_{2}(1+\gamma_{sd})+(1-P_{2})\log_{2}(1+\gamma_ {brs})}{E_{T}}\]
14:END For Loop
```  
**Algorithm 1**EE for EH Relaying.
## Sensor Bus Standards
### Wireless Sensor Networks
#### Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH)  
LEACH [12, 13] assumes the sensor network has a fixed base station to which the sensor data is routed. All the sensor nodes are static, homogeneous and energy constrained. The sensor nodes sense the environment continuously and have their data sent at a fixed rate. LEACH is a cluster based routing algorithm. Cluster heads collect data from all the sensor nodes in their cluster, aggregate the collected data by data fusion methods and transmit the data directly to the base station. It allows the data from nodes within the cluster to be processed locally which reduces the data set that needs to be transmitted. The heads of the clusters are self-elected and remain to be the heads for a period called a round. At the beginning of each round, every node determines if it can be a cluster head during the current round. If yes, the node announces its decision to its neighbors. Other nodes which choose not to be cluster heads can join one of the cluster heads by listening to the announcements by the self-selected heads. Randomized rotation of the high-energy cluster head position is incorporated in LEACH to avoid draining the battery of any one node in the network. TDMA is used for media access. The cluster-head creates a TDMA schedule that tells each node exactly when to transmit its data. It allows the nodes to remain in the sleep state as long as possible and avoid intra-cluster collision. This protocol is reported to extend the life of wireless sensor networks by a factor of eight compared to the conventional multi hop routing and static clustering networking protocols.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Vitamin C, Total Polyphenols, and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of Fruit Juice Formulations
There was also a statistically significant difference between the addition of apple juice and strawberry juice to rose fruits juice (_p_ < 0.05). Antioxidant activity is related to the presence of various bioactive compounds in food products, such as polyphenols and vitamin C. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [59] observed in other strawberry juices a positive correlation between the total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu) and the antioxidant activity (DPPPH). The high content of polyphenols and vitamin C contributes to the high antioxidant potential of food products. However, compounds belonging to polyphenols differ in their antioxidant activity. In addition, we must not forget that synergistic interactions (e.g., vitamin C with other phenols) or inhibitory interactions may occur between compounds [29]. Therefore, for example, raspberries, although they have lower polyphenol content, bind the DPPH radical better than blackcurrants [60]. Juices without rose fruits juice had significantly the lowest antioxidant activity. Juces with 90% and 100% rose juice were characterized by the highest antioxidant activity. Rose juices with 50% apple juice had an antioxidant capacity of 30.15 umol of Trolox/mL, which is almost twice as high as that obtained by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [41]. In the case of strawberry juices, the antioxidant activity value was 13.13 umol of Trolox/mL and this was a value three times higher than the value obtained by [PERSON] [42]. Through the PCA (Figure 3) and the averages table for bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (Table 6), a correlation between DPPH, DHAA, and TPC and a correlation between TAA and AA can be observed. The formulations A (rose juice) had the highest value of all five characteristics, and the formulations B (strawberry juice) and C (apple juice) had the lowest values. The formulations AB1 (50% rose and 50% strawberry juices), AB2 (60% rose and 40% strawberry juices), and AB3 (70% rose and 30% strawberry juices) had average values for all five characteristics. The formulation AB5 (90% rose and 10% strawberry juices) was characterized by the highest content of phenols. The high correlation between the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in the case of all tested mixed juices may suggest that the high content of polyphenol compounds is accompanied by high antioxidant potential. In general, as with the sensory, it appears that combining fruits may provide the opportunity to obtain juices with greater nutritional value than those prepared from  
Figure 3: Principal component analysis (PCA) for the different samples of mixed fruit juice formulations and bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. individual fruits. For example, the content of phenolic compounds in the AB5 formulation (90% rose and 10% strawberry juices) and the antioxidant activity in the AB5 (90% rose and 10% strawberry juices) and AC5 (90% rose and 10% apple juices) formulations were higher than in the formulations of juice prepared from one of these fruits.