esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 3 Proposed Model  
### Problem Formulation  
This study involves both relationship quadruples and static attribute triples. However, considering the dimensional conflicts between them and the difficulty of accurately predicting the properties of unknown entities using fixed attribute values, this paper introduces additional timestamps to static attribute triples, expanding them into dynamic attribute quadruples.  
**Definition 1**.: _Temporal Knowledge Graph: A TKG consists of a relation quadruple \((s,r,o,t)\in T_{R}\) and an attribute quadruple \((s,r,v,t)\in T_{A}\). Therefore, a TKG can be denoted as \(\mathcal{G}=\{\mathcal{E},\mathcal{R},\mathcal{A},\mathcal{T},T_{R},T_{A}\}\), while \(\mathcal{E}=\{s,o|(s,r,o,t)\in T_{R}\cup(s,r,v,t)\in T_{A}\}\), \(\mathcal{R}=\{r|(s,r,o,t)\in T_{R}\cup(s,r,v,t)\in T_{A}\}\), \(\mathcal{A}=\{v|(s,r,v,t)\in T_{A}\}\) and \(\mathcal{T}=\{t|(s,r,o,t)\in T_{R}\cup(s,r,v,t)\in T_{A}\}\) denote the set of entities, relations, attributes and the timestamps, respectively._  
The research objective of this study is to generate continuous vector representations for elements in each relationship quadruple and attribute quadruple by mining the high-order connectivity and attribute information of the TKG. This includes generating complete vector representations for \((\mathbf{s},\mathbf{r},\mathbf{o},t)\) and \((\mathbf{s},\mathbf{r},\mathbf{v},t)\) facts, where the bolded elements represent vectors. Here, the subject entity is \(\mathbf{s}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\) (\(d\) is the dimension of the embedding representation), the relation is \(\mathbf{r}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\), the object entity is \(\mathbf{o}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\), the attribute is \(\mathbf{v}\in\mathbb{R}^{d}\), and the timestamp \(t\) is a scalar.  
In this work, the inputs are all facts (including relations and attributes) in a given TKG \(\mathcal{G}\) before the timestamp \(t\), and the goal is to maximize the performance metrics (using MRR and Hits@n) for the following two tasks:  
1. Entity prediction: given \((?,r,o,t)\) or \((s,r,?,t)\), predict the missing subject or object entity at \(t\) moment.
2. Relation prediction: given \((s,?,o,t)\), predict the missing relationship at the \(t\) moment.
# An Admission-Control-Based Dynamic Query Tree Protocol for Fast Moving RFID Tag Identification
## 3 System Model
### A Fast Moving RFID Tag Identification System
With collision signals, the probability that a tag's response signal can be successfully recognized by the reader is low. For traditional static RFID systems, tags are always within the coverage range of the reader and can repeatedly contend to send response signals until being recognized since there is no participating time limitation. * _Random access manner_: In each reading round, tags with various positions in the reading range will not have different priorities to access the channel. All tags within the reading range have the same chance, i.e., the same identification possibility. This random access property will lead the reader to identify newly arrived tags and earlier entered ones within the range in the same reading round. Thus, tags entering at the early stage may not be identified after they leave the reading range, which will aggravate the tag lost situation. To facilitate the identification process, tags are limited to being recognized at most one time. When a tag is recognized by the reader, it will keep silent and not participate in subsequent identification processes until it leaves the reading range. Thus, the recognized tags will not affect the identification process of other participating tags.
## 1 Introduction
This results in underestimated contact pressure values, leading to an underestimation of damage caused by fretting wear. In response to these circumstances, this study has devised a model denoted as PIC (parallel wire cable internal point contact pressure) to compute the contact pressure between internal wires in the cable. Diverging from conventional methods that derive contact force from strain, this model calculates the inter-wire contact pressure induced by wire torsion by analyzing the transmission pathways of twisting forces within the cables. It employs Boussinesq distribution to calculate the radial contact pressure resulting from sheath compression and, based on a two-dimensional closely arranged contact force transmission model, computes the interlayer contact pressure caused by cable vibration and bending. Consequently, the specific formula for calculating contact pressure is derived. Through this methodology, contact pressure at different contact points within parallel wire cable can be determined. Compared to previous theories, this approach is more comprehensive, incorporating a superimposed analysis of contact force transmission, yielding results closer to real-world conditions. Building upon theoretical calculations, numerical simulation analyses are conducted on various contact models, revealing the distribution patterns of contact pressure on the cross-section of the cable strands. Finally, finite element models for fretting wear of two wires are established, analyzing the influence of contact pressure on wear depth and wear radius. This theoretical model holds promise in guiding the calculation of internal contact pressure distribution in engineering practice involving cable strands.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Predictor Variable  
Based on an extensive literature review about ADHD, the predictor variables were used in this paper as: child's age [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 39; 40], sex of the child [34; 35; 36; 37; 38; 40; 41; 42], mother's age [35; 41; 42], allergies, arthritis, asthma, brain injury, headaches, anxiety [34; 38; 39; 43], depression [34; 36; 38; 43], health insurance [34; 35], alcohol [36; 41], race [28; 34; 35; 37; 38; 40], family structure [34; 35], mother's education [34; 35; 38; 40; 42], very low birth weight (LBW) [38], LBW [35; 38], premature [35; 36; 38; 42], and poverty [34; 35]. The variable names, question types, along with their categories are described in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Variable Names** & **Question Types** & **Categories** \\ \hline Child’s age & Child age in years & Continuous \\ Sex & Sex of the child & Male and Female \\ Mother’s age & Mother’s age in years & Continuous \\  & Has a doctor ever told you & \\ Allergies & that the selected child ([PERSON]) & Yes and No \\  & has allergies? & \\ Arthritis & Has a doctor ever told you & \\  & that [PERSON] has arthritis? & Yes and No \\ Asthma & Has a doctor ever told you & \\  & that [PERSON] has asthma? & \\ Brain injury & Has a doctor ever told you & \\  & that [PERSON] has a brain injury & \\ Headaches & that [PERSON] has frequent or & \\  & severe headaches or migraine? & \\  & Has a doctor ever told you & \\ Anxiety & that [PERSON] had anxiety & Yes and No \\  & problems? & \\  & Has a doctor ever told you & \\ Depression & that [PERSON] had depression & \\  & problems? & \\  & Is [PERSON] currently covered by & \\ Insurance & any kind of health & \\  & insurance plan? & \\  & To the best of your knowledge, & \\ Alcohol & has [PERSON] ever experienced & \\  & lived with anyone who had a & \\  & problem with alcohol or drugs & \\ Race & What is this child’s race? & \\ Family structure & Family structure & \\  & & \\  & & \\ Mother’s education & Highest level of education & \\ Very LBW & Is child-birth weight \textless{1.5 kg?} & \\ LBW & Is child-birth weight \textless{2.5 kg?} & \\  & Premature birth (\textgreater{3 weeks} & \\  & before due date) & \\ Poverty & Income-based on federal & \\  & poverty level status & \textless{200\% and \textgreater{}=200\%} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Description of variable names, question types, and their categories.
## 4 Experimental Results
### Preprocessing  
To extract the annotations from all images in the StaVer (400) dataset, the bounding box contours were located using color from the mask file. Using the image size data (width and height) and the coordinates of the located contours (\(x_{\text{min}}\), \(y_{\text{min}}\), \(x_{\text{max}}\), \(y_{\text{max}}\)), the image annotations were automatically generated in text format for each bounding box. A blur filter was applied to eliminate the presence of multiple bounding boxes in the same stamp, as illustrated in Figure 7.  
Within the StaVer dataset, 61 images without stamps and 27 additional images of scanned documents without any corresponding ground truth were identified. Using the Roboflow tool ([[https://roboflow.com](https://roboflow.com)]([https://roboflow.com](https://roboflow.com))), accessed on 9 September 2024, the 27 images were annotated and labeled, as illustrated in Figure 8. Thus, after removing the images without stamps and incorporating the newly annotated images, the StaVer dataset totaled 366 images.  
Figure 7: Example illustrating the application of the blur filter.  
The DDI-100 dataset contains a large amount of data with a low variety of stamps. Therefore, 366 images were selected, ensuring the inclusion of all different types of stamps present in the set and maintaining the same quantity as the StaVer dataset. In this way, the images and their corresponding annotations were used in the Roboflow tool, integrating the adapted dataset ([[https://universe.roboflow.com/marcos-7](https://universe.roboflow.com/marcos-7) salt/stampdet/dataset/10]([https://universe.roboflow.com/marcos-7](https://universe.roboflow.com/marcos-7) salt/stampdet/dataset/10)), accessed on 9 September 2024. In Table 1, the number of annotations in the adapted dataset can be seen, corresponding to the number of stamps and their various types.  
The images were divided into training, validation, and test sets following a 7:1.5:1.5 ratio, as described in Table 2.
## 3 Near-Infrared Silicon Absorption Physics
### Photoconductivity and Linear Absorption
#### 3.1.1 Mid-Bandgap Absorption (MBA)
Due to the irradiation effect at wavelengths less than 1 \(\upmu\)m, an apparent shift of the absorption edge toward lower energy can be noted (Figure 1). The shift could be caused by a modification of the band structure due to the presence of defects. Under prolonged irradiation, the effect saturates after a shift of about 0.1 eV. The sub-bandgap absorption in the irradiated sample is possible at photon energy as low as 0.41 eV, _i.e._, at wavelengths up to 3 \(\upmu\)m.  
Starting from these results, many authors have induced mid-bandgap energy levels via defect incorporation into the silicon lattice by Si\({}^{+}\) ion implantation. For this material system, two typologies of crystal defects are believed responsible for sub-bandgap radiation absorption: divacancies and interstitial clusters [23].
## 1 Introduction
### Wear Measurement Methods
#### 1.6.5 Profile Measurement with a Sliding Caliper  
A caliper, also known as a vernier caliper, is a precision measuring device that provides accurate measurements of wear dimensions, including wear depth, wear width, and wear profile. This technique provides quantitative data on geometric changes in the cutter profile due to wear. The caliper is operated by adjusting its jaws to the wear surface of the disc cutters. The caliper is carefully positioned to measure specific wear dimensions, and the measurements are recorded for further analysis. This technique provides direct and precise measurements that allow for an accurate assessment of wear progression over time.  
Researchers and engineers have used calipers to measure the wear of disc cutters due to better disc management. [PERSON] et al. [21] investigated the development and implementation of an online monitoring system for the wear of disc cutters in tunnel-boring machines using an eddy current sensor. They conducted experiments to measure the wear of disc cutters during rock crushing in real time. The researchers used a caliper to measure the actual wear of the disc cutters, which was then compared with wear monitored in real time to analyze any deviations. The caliper was important for obtaining accurate measurements of the disc cutter and to verify the effectiveness of the monitoring system. [PERSON] et al. [55] analyzed the fracture behavior of TBM disc cutters under different conditions such as rock temperatures and penetration depths. Experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the penetration depth and vertical force exerted by the disc cutter on the rock. They used a caliper to measure the penetration depth of the crater created by the cutter. [PERSON] et al. [56] collected data on the wear condition of 34 disc cutters over 643 days in the Chaoer-to-Xiliao water conveyance tunnel in China. In this study, they used a caliper to manually measure the wear values of the cutters with millimeter accuracy. The caliper was used to record wear data before and after the replacement of the disc cutters. In this way, it was possible to track the progression of wear and the reasons for replacement, e.g., normal wear or other problems such as flat wear, bearing damage, cracks in the cutter ring, and oil leaks.  
Although calipers are often used to measure wear values to the nearest millimeter, there are some limitations to their use. One drawback is that human error can occur when measuring manually with calipers, leading to inaccuracies in the data recorded. In addition, manual measurements can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, especially when a large number of measurements are involved. Overall, while calipers are useful tools for many applications, they can also have limitations in terms of their efficiency, accuracy, and suitability for certain types of measurements [57].
# Automotive Cybersecurity Application Based on CARDIAN
## 3 Intrusion Detection Systems in Automotives
### Main Cyberattack Techniques  
Starting from the analysis of the CAN bus, the possible attack types can be divided into two categories [11]:  
* Attacks based on transmission frequency;
* Attacks based on message content.  
Frequency-based attacks generally aim to compromise the operation of the entire bus, effectively causing it to stop functioning. The most obvious type of frequency-based attack is DoS (denial of service) [12]. This technique consists in sending messages with the highest priority and zero content in rapid succession. In this way, all other messages will be delayed, causing malfunctions in the ECUs, which can even go offline and stop actively participating in the communication. A very similar type of attack is the fuzzy attack, which consists in sending numerous messages with random IDs and contents. This type of attack still leads to the compromise of the bus, but is more difficult to identify.  
Attacks based on the content of the message do not aim to destroy the bus, but to compromise the nodes. This type of attack can be used to disable some peripherals (such as the brakes), suspend the sending of data, or report non-existent faults. Furthermore, on some types of vehicles, it can allow an attacker, connected remotely, to take control of the vehicle itself. This type of attack typically occurs by sending messages structured in an identical manner to those typically present on the bus; these can be generated by external devices connected to the bus, or by nodes of which it is possible to take control.  
This category also includes man-in-the-middle attacks, which request a great deal of information from the vehicle via remote frames, and then send that information to some externally connected device.  
This type of attack can be recognized directly by interpreting the messages circulating on the bus (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of Attack** & **Consequences** & **Detection** \\ \hline DoS & Network saturation & Analysis of the data present on the bus \\ Fuzzy & Processing of altered data & Behavioral data analysis \\ Man-in-the-middle & Theft of sensitive data & Data interpretation \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Main cyberattack categories.
# Fractional Order Processing of Satellite Images
## 1 Introduction
### Previous Work on Fractional Image Processing  
Fractional derivatives, defined below in Section 2.2, are studied in depth in [7, 8, 9]. Their application to image processing began in 2002 with the CRONE method [10]. Since then, a few already extant image treatment methods have been adapted to include fractionalderivatives (instead of usual, integer order derivatives), such as the fractional Roberts operator [11], the fractional Sobel method [12; 13], the fractional Canny method [6], or the fractional Laplacian of Gaussian method [14]. These methods will be addressed below in Section 2 and details can be found in [5].  
Fractional derivatives can be used in image treatment for purposes other than edge detection, such as denoising, encription, or compression [2]. One of the most frequent applications is to medical imaging [15; 16], in which difficulties in parameter tuning were felt [6], as already mentioned.  
A state of the art of satellite image processing falls outside the scope of this paper; reviews covering not only edge detection but also segmentation and classification can be found in [17; 18].
# La-CTP: Loop-Aware Routing for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks
## 1 Introduction
Additionally, in the testbed experiments of EH-WSN, we found that the local network status varies frequently and the poor network connectivity caused by such variations could spread over the whole network quickly. Therefore, the routing protocols for duty-cycled WSNs have little effect on EH-WSNs in terms of loop handling (Section 2 will detail the reasons behind). We also noticed that existing routings for EH-WSNs are based on rigid models or assumptions and pay much theoretical attention on promoting the energy efficiency in forwarder selection. In particular, they did not comprehensively touch on the issue of great practical significance [20]: plenty of network resources might go to waste once loops occur in EH-WSNs, yet the recovery of valid forwarding paths cannot be necessarily accomplished in short term. In this paper, we will present a loop-aware routing protocol (La-CTP) for practical EH-WSN applications. The experimental results based on a 100-node testbed showed that La-CTP can deal with loops effectively with low cost and yield desirable throughput. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to design practicable loop-aware routing protocol for EH-WSNs. The major contributions of our study include: (1) we design La-CTP based on CTP [21], which takes care of  
Figure 1: Illustration of the typical routing loops. **(a)** no loop; **(b)** 2-node loop; **(c)** 3-node loop. almost all the networking aspects of traditional WSNs, and then La-CTP has strong practicability in engineering; (2) we analyze the structure and the disadvantages of CTP in an anatomical way, providing protocol designers and engineers with clear understanding of the imperceptible operation mechanism of CTP; (3) the proposed La-CTP uses a new parent update metric to effectively restrain the occurrence of loops, and employs a proactive and adaptive beaconing scheme to unlock loops as soon as possible; and (4) we construct a 100-node testbed to simulate the operation of EH-WSN, and conduct extensive experiments with typical scenarios and deep analyses to verify the performance of La-CTP in handling loops. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces some existing works related to ours. Section 3 briefly introduces the architecture of CTP. Section 4 analyzes the problems and shortcomings of CTP in dealing with loops in EH-WSNs. Section 5 details the design of La-CTP. Section 6 evaluates La-CTP and compares it with CTP under different network deployments. Finally, Section 7 concludes this paper and charts some future directions of further improving La-CTP.
# Kinematic Modelling and Experimental Validation of a Foldable Pneumatic Soft Manipulator
###### Abstract  
A foldable pneumatic soft manipulator, which has the foldability to switch between a contraction state and an expanded state, is proposed in this investigation. The soft manipulator is a structure composed of pneumatic actuators and inflatable straight arms. The directional movement is driven by the pneumatic actuators and the foldability is realized by the inflatable straight arms. Based on this design, the kinematic model of one foldable pneumatic module is developed and presented. The shape deformation and workspace of the pneumatic module is numerically calculated and analyzed. To validate the correctness of the kinematic model, the prototype of one foldable pneumatic module, as well as the relevant pneumatic control system, is designed and developed. The repeatability of the pneumatic module and the model prediction accuracy are tested and validated by the experiment.  
soft manipulator; pneumatic; foldable; kinematic model; experiment +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Crop Row Detection and Navigation Line Extraction
(**a**) Navigation line extraction under the missing-plant scenario; (**b**) navigation line extraction under the low-occlusion scenario; (**c**) navigation line extraction under the high-occlusion scenario.
# Experimental Approaches in Delineating mTOR Signaling
## 4 Identification and Characterization of mTOR Signaling Pathway Components
### Biochemical Approaches to Identify mTOR Signaling Pathway Components
#### 4.1.14 The GATOR Complex as a GAP for Rag GTPases Was Identified through a Series of IPs  
Upon identification of expanded Regulator as a GEF for RagA and RagB that promotes mTOR1 activation, [PERSON] et al. went on to examine how amino acid withdrawal inhibits mTOR1. Considering that the weak binding between GTPases including RagA and RagB with GTPases interacting proteins under conventional immunoprecipitation conditions, [PERSON] et al. cross-linked Flag-RagB interacting proteins in HEK293T prior to Flag-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry-mediated protein identification. This led to identification of Mios as a new RagB interacting protein [51]. However, in vitro recombinant Mios proteins failed to bind Rag heterodimers, suggesting additional proteins are involved in this binding. Using Flag-Mios immunoprecipitateds from HEK293T cells, additional seven proteins including WDR24, WDR59, Seh1L, Sec13, DEPDC5, Nprl2, and Nprl3 were found to be associated with Mios. Further Flag-DEPDC5 immunoprecs from HEK293T cells revealed a stronger Nprl2 and Nprl3 association with DEPDC5. Similarly, Flag-Nprl2 immunoprecs from HEK293T cells demonstrated more abundant Npr12 binding to DEPDC5 and Npr13. Cumulatively, these series of immunoprecipitation experiments suggest the existence of two GATOR subcomplexes including GATOR1 (DEPDC5, Nprl2, and Nprl3) and GATOR2 (Mios, WDR24, WDR59, Seh1L, and Sec13) [51]. Further biochemical studies support GATOR1 as a GAP for RagA and RagB [51].