## 3 Analysis of the Lighting Levels for an Urban Context
### In Situ Measurements of the Lighting Parameters  
A measurement campaign of the lighting parameters has been conducted on the 12 analysed roads. The horizontal illuminance on sidewalks and the luminance on carriageway in both directions have been measured on each road. An adequate measurement grid has been set up by identifying the minimum number of points where illuminance and luminance have been subsequently measured. For each typical span, five points have been identified for the horizontal illuminance measurements on each sidewalk and six points for the luminance measurements on the carriageway. In Figure 9, an example of the illuminance and luminance measurement grid for one of the 12 roads is shown. With the aim of verifying the repeatability of the measurement results, the horizontal illuminance and luminance measurements have been repeated 3 times for the 20% (randomly selected) of the total measured points, obtaining a maximum deviation between measures taken at the same point equal to 8%. This deviation, in relation to the type of measurements made (i.e., illuminance and luminance values due to road lighting systems), is such that no significant variations on the results obtained have been introduced. The photometric instruments, used in the measurements campaign, have been selected among those available at the Lighting and Acoustics Laboratory of the University of Pisa, according to the selection criteria indicated in European standards [52]. For the illuminance measurements, the lux meter Delta Ohm mod.2101.2 has been used, equipped with the probe mod.LP471 PHOT for horizontal illuminance measurements. The lux meter allows illuminance measurements from 1 \(\mathrm{lx}\) to \(2\times 10^{4}\)\(\mathrm{lx}\), with mismatch of spectral responsivity (\(f_{1}\)') and deviation from cosine response law (\(f_{2}\)), evaluated according to International standards [56], lower than 6% and 3% respectively. For the luminance measurements, the luminance meter _Hagner mod.S4_ has been used, equipped with a silicon photodiode detector. The luminance meter allows luminance measurements (1\({}^{\circ}\) of measuring angle) from \(1\times 10^{-2}\)\(\mathrm{cd/m^{2}}\) to \(2\times 10^{5}\)\(\mathrm{cd/m^{2}}\), with \(f_{1}\)' and \(f_{2}\) values lower than 3% and 1.5% respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**ID**} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(r\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(l_{c}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(l_{ss}\)} & \(L_{so}\) & & & & \(p_{1}\) & \(p_{2}\) & \multirow{2}{*}{\(L_{ID}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(d\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(h\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(t\)} \\  & & [m] & [m] & [m] & [m] & & & & & [m] & [m] & [m] & [\({}^{\circ}\)] \\ \hline
1 & 466 & 7.00 & 3.45 & – & one sided & 3.95 & – & A & 33.50 & 10.50 & 15 & 13 \\
2 & 431 & 5.50 & 3.10 & 1.80 & two sided staggered & 3.40 & 3.60 & B & 24.00 & 8.00 & 5 & 31 \\
3 & 735 & 10.00 & 3.00 & – & one-sided & 6.15 & – & C & 25.00 & 8.00 & 0 & 30 \\
4 & 109 & 5.60 & 1.00 & 0.60 & one-sided & 2.80 & – & D & 18.00 & 7.50 & 15 & 6 \\
5 & 350 & 8.00 & 1.45 & 1.45 & one-sided & 4.45 & – & A & 41.00 & 12.00 & 5 & 7 \\
6 & 408 & 12.20 & 1.50 & 2.50 & one-sided & 6.25 & – & E & 20.50 & 8.00 & 15 & 21 \\
7 & 295 & 8.30 & 1.45 & 1.45 & one-sided & 4.45 & – & A & 24.10 & 8.00 & 5 & 10 \\
8 & 337 & 7.00 & 1.20 & 1.00 & one-sided & 3.55 & – & F & 22.50 & 9.00 & 15 & 13 \\
9 & 204 & 7.00 & 0.90 & 0.90 & one-sided & 4.20 & – & G & 22.00 & 6.00 & 15 & 8 \\
10 & 442 & 7.00 & 2.40 & 2.40 & two sided staggered & 4.70 & 5.70 & H & 50.00 & 7.00 & 5 & 18 \\
11 & 241 & 3.50 & 1.00 & 1.00 & one-sided & 2.45 & – & I & 12.00 & 3.50 & 0 & 19 \\
12 & 111 & 6.75 & 1.60 & 1.60 & two sided staggered & 3.78 & 3.78 & G & 40.00 & 6.00 & 0 & 5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Road geometric characteristics and luminaires arrangements data for the 12 analysed roads at the present status.