## 5 Discussion
### Implications and Recommendations  
Overall, the findings of this research have a number of important policy and practical implications for future practice, as follows:  
The global implications of disaster resilience and risk reduction: The findings of this research provide useful insight for building local institutional capacity for flood disaster management. The modified UNDRR indicators could become a valuable tool for integrating flood resilience into city planning process, and a better flood risk reduction and sustainable development (i.e., SDGs 1, 11, 13) within local and national planning. Globally, a study of [PERSON] et al. (2016) evaluated the overall progress of local governments (214 cities around the world) in disaster resilience and risk reduction by using 47 indicators of the 10 essentials for making cities resilient on a of 0 to 3. The results revealed that resilient urban development is considered as the area of highest progress (1.55), followed by risk identification (1.52), protective functions and ecosystem services (1.50), and disaster risk governance (1.46), respectively, whereas financial capacity for resilience is considered as the area that needs the most improvement in disaster resilience and risk reduction. Interestingly, by considering the sub-indicators of the 10 essentials for making cities resilient, Sub-Saharan African and American cities performed well in data sharing, Asian cities prepared well in citizen engagement, and Arab cities performed well in hazard assessment (2016). Analyzing the causal links between all factors and flood risk mapping: It is important to analyze the significant correlation between floods and all causative factors. The study by [PERSON] et al. (2014) highlights that all related factors leading to the occurrence of floods (i.e., hydrological and orographic, meteorological geomorphological, characteristics related to land use, land cover, and vegetation cover, as well as soil-related, socio-economic, and infrastructure) should be fully considered when implementing the AHP-GIS technique ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). For instance, the following hydrological and orographic indicators should be further explored in flood hazard zoning: channel capacity and area ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), capacity of the existing drainage ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), drainage density ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), distance from the drainage network ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), distance from the river and riverbank ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014, 2015), distance from open channels and totally covered streams ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), distance from water surfaces ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), distance from the main river and tributary ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), distance from river confluence ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014), flow accumulation and flow length ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014, 2015), and size of the watershed ([PERSON] and Sari, 2014). In terms of geomorphological factors, numerous studies indicate that elevation, slope, hydro-lithological formations, and landform categories are crucial indicators of flood occurrence. Moreover, soil-related factors (i.e., depth to groundwater, water table, and topographic wetness index) are also associated with the ability of the soil to absorb water and prevent areas from flooding ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). In addition, it is perhaps more important to integrate all the factors relating to infrastructure and socio-economic characteristics (i.e., road quality, road density, and population density) in flood hazard zoning. Per unit GDP is also considered as an indicator of flood resilience, reflecting the economic situation in the area ([PERSON] and [PERSON], 2014). However, in practice, the causal factors of flood mainly depend on data availability and the physical characteristics of the study area. Integrating methods for flood hazard and run-off assessment: Both National and Provincial Irrigation Offices should assist in the routine monitoring of flood extent and runoff storage while also forecasting rainfall and runoff risk in communities.