## 7 Performance Analysis and Discussion  
We initially analysed the performance of cooperative T/R RIS and BS-BS handover systems before investigating the performance of the HRIS-DMA and comparing the three. The performance analysis considers a highly dense user area, with 80% of the users having NLoS with respect to the BS. As the main purpose of this work is to provide a convenient solution for the power loss problem suffered by the conventional T/R RIS in the 6G era, we characterised the terahertz frequency band (300-500 GHz) for the evaluation process, as 6G is anticipated to work with this range of frequencies. Firstly, we examined the amount of signal power loss with respect to the user density at 300 GHz operating frequency, as shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that as the number of users increases, the HRIS-DMA shows a stable performance with a maximum loss of 1.71 dBm, a conclusion that is in perfect agreement with the proposed algorithm. To be more precise, HRIS-DMA performs better than the T/R RIS as the tested area becomes denser; when the simulation reaches the maximum user density, the HRIS-DMA records 0.86 dBm signal power loss. On the contrary, using the T/R RIS shows 32 dBm power loss. On the other hand, BS-BS handover performance regarding signal power loss showed relatively better results than the T/R RIS since the handover process did not split the signal power between two signals. However, the power loss can result from degradation, scattering, diffraction, and signal reflections. Table 4 summarises a comparison of power loss for different user density levels. The HRIS-DMA method enables dynamic HRIS element adjustment to maximise signal reflection and propagation by including accurate user position data in the HRIS setup process. Comparing the HRIS-DMA methodology to the traditional way, Figure 4 shows how much less power loss there is. The suggested method minimises signal attenuation and maximises the effective power reaching the user, hence decreasing overall power loss, by dynamically modifying the HRIS elements to reflect signals effectively. Figure 5 shows a comparison between the novel HRIS-DMA, T/R RIS, and BS-BS handover in terms of the latency that each system can produce for 300 GHz and the maximum user density of \(16\times 10^{6}\); the latency is observed for a maximum of 100 time signal transmissions. As noticed, the HRIS-DMA minimised the latency by 44% and 42% for BS-BS handover and T/R RIS, respectively. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Density** & **HRIS-DMA** & **T/R RIS** & **BS-BS** \\ \hline \(3\times 10^{6}\) & 0.13 & 0.94 & 5.14 \\ \hline \(5\times 10^{6}\) & 0.94 & 14.1 & 12.85 \\ \hline \(10\times 10^{6}\) & 0.74 & 20.1 & 26 \\ \hline \(15\times 10^{6}\) & 0.33 & 6.15 & 24.5 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Power loss comparison in (dBm). In order to minimise reflection-induced delays and guarantee the most direct and efficient signal path, the iterative algorithm modifies the HRIS configuration continually. Figure 5 shows a significant decrease in latency for the HRIS-DMA method in comparison to the alternative. Through ensuring that the signal travels the quickest path to the user, the real-time flexibility and precise beamforming capabilities lower latency and speed up network response times. To further highlight the enhancement of the HRIS-DMA in the network over T/R RIS and BS-BS handover, we compare the coverage area for the three approaches for 300, 400, and 500 GHz in Figure 6. It is evident from the results that the maximum coverage area that T/R RIS can provide is only 26% for users in the 300 GHz range; this is due to the fact that if the users are in a blocked area, and the distance between them and the T/R RIS is relatively long, the power associated with the signal will fade before reaching the intended user because T/R RISs transmit the signal with half of the power, as the T/R RIS divides the signal in order to transmit to the user located in the transmission area. Figure 4: Power loss comparison.