esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Risk Assessment of a Coastal Ecosystem from SW Spain
###### Abstract  
The Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) approach uses multiple lines of evidence to analyze the adverse effects associated with CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment in two stations from the Gulf of Cadiz (Spain) with different contamination degrees. Sediment contamination and metal (loid) mobility, toxicity, ecological integrity, and bioaccumulation from the samples exposed to different acidification scenarios (pH gradient from 8.0 to 6.0) were used in the WOE. The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions using a CO\({}_{2}\)-bubbling system. Different integration approaches such as multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the results. The results indicated that the adverse biological effects under pH 6.5 were related to the mobility of dissolved elements (As, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Zn). Furthermore, the pH reduction was correlated to the increase of bioaccumulation of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni in the tissues of mussels at pH 7.0. The noncontaminated sediment showed environmental degradation related to the acidification at pH values of 7.0; whereas the sediment moderately contaminated showed both environmental risks, caused by acidification and the presence and the increase of the bioavailability of contaminants. The WOE approach supposes an effective tool to identify and distinguish the causes of adverse effects related to the enrichment of CO\({}_{2}\) in marine environments.  
integrated analysis; CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment; mesococosms tests; metal contamination; sediment toxicity; ecological integrity +
Footnote †: journal: Medical  
based on the use of acute and chronic toxicity tests and biomarker responses in key organisms; (4) ecological factors through the analysis of the structure and function of benthic communities; and (5) the bioaccumulation assessment of contaminants in living organisms.  
The risk assessment based on the WOE approach to assessing the pollution derived from CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment in aquatic environments was one of the adopted methods. It integrates the different responses, whilst it reduces the uncertainty associated with the complexity [10].  
A recent study used the WOE to assess the environmental risks related to the enrichment of CO\({}_{2}\) in the coastal zones in Brazil [9]. Results showed that the elemental bioavailability increased from pH 7.0, being responsible for the adverse effects caused in marine organisms. In this sense, the current study uses the WOE integrating LOEs to understand the potential adverse effects associated with the enrichment of CO\({}_{2}\) in marine ecosystems, and to identify the source of contamination responsible for the pollution.  
The main goal of the current study was to determine the environmental risk of CO\({}_{2}\) enrichment in marine ecosystems using the WOE approach. Therefore, different LOEs from two sampling sites with different contamination degrees were employed under the influence of acidification (pH gradient from 8.0 to 6.0).
## 2 Applications of Biosensors in Bacteria Detection
### Strategies to Reduce and Control Bacterial Adhesion on Sensing Surfaces
As an important result, hydrophobic moieties such as aromatic and aliphatic carbon groups when accompanied by the weakly polar ester groups were identified for the resistance of bacterial attachment. Surface sensitive label-free techniques such as OWLS (optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy), RWG (resonant waveguide grating), and novel printing technologies (FluidFM BOT) are especially useful to quantify the repellent properties of thin films. For example, poly-L-lysine-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer coating reduced the adhesion of mammalian cells as well, not just bacterial cells as demonstrated by a RWG biosensor [232]. By applying FluidFM BOT technology, it is possible to print patterns from different materials to attract or to repel cells [233]. Furthermore, even coatings from bacterial proteins can be used as repellent surfaces. In the study of [PERSON] et al., OWLS biosensor measurements revealed the bacteria-repellent properties of films fabricated from bacterial flagellin [1]. A different way to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial coatings is to take natural antibiotics, notably the antimicrobial peptides [234; 235]. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides have been extensively studied recently [236]. These peptides were grafted to copolymers and were further modified by varying their hydrophobic groups to optimize their antibacterial and hemolytic activity [237]. The last group of antimicrobial surfaces we briefly summarize here is microbicide-releasing coatings. A well-known product for suppressing microbial growth is Microban. It incorporates triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxyoxy)-phenol), a broad spectrum phenolic antimicrobial, into a surface. The antibiotic then leaches from the surface to provide the bactericidal function. Another well-known example is silver, which has long been known and used; the metal ions (Ag\({}^{+}\)) have significant antimicrobial activity. There are more examples and recent results in the field of antimicrobial coatings, and the interested readers are advised to consult the literature [171; 238]. It should be noted that next to development of bacteria-repellent surfaces, surfaces with adhesive properties are also important. Typically, a bacteria of interest can be effectively detected by employing specific antibodies. In a recent work by [PERSON] et al., different bacteria repellent (protein and synthetic polymer-based repellent coatings) and bacteria adhesive antibody-coated surfaces (using protein A, avidin-biotin, AnteoBind (previously called Mix&Go)-based surfaces) were developed and tested using OWLS [171]. The best setting in the biosensor measurements with _E. coli_ was achieved by applying polyclonal antibodies in combination with protein A-based immobilization and PAcram-P blocking for nonspecific binding [171]. With these adjustments, 70 _E. coli_ cells/mm\({}^{2}\) surface sensitivity was demonstrated [171].
## 5 Result and Discussion
### Results from the Customer Survey
#### 5.2.3 Part 3: DSOs' Preparedness  
A lack of necessary infrastructure was the only reason cited for a lack of DSO preparedness. This highlights the fact that some DSOs would need additional grid upgrades before they could benefit from RESOLVD solution (see Figure 10). The majority of DSOs have encountered regulatory/legal barriers while trying to utilize flexibility for grid management.
# A 112 Gb/s DAC-Based Duo-Binary PAM4 Transmitter in 28 nm CMOS
## 3 Transmitter System Architecture  
The transmitter designed in this paper is shown in Figure 2, which adopts the 4:1 MUX based on a 1/4 speed architecture and low-power source-series terminated driver (SST Driver), including a data path and a clock path. The data path includes a pseudorandom code generator, precoding module, dual-binary conversion module (DB), the 4:1 MUX based on a 1/4 speed architecture, and the SST Driver. In each serial channel, a pseudorandom binary data stream is generated by the built-in PRBS generator (parallel PRBS gen.), 64 channels of 875 Mb/s parallel pseudorandom codes are precoded to eliminate the correlation between the front and back codes, and then double-binary signals are generated by the DB conversion module. The 64 channels of 875 Mb/s parallel signals are converted into 4 channels of 14 Gb/s signals through the 64:4 parallel series conversion module. After that, narrow pulses are sampled using rising and falling edges of clocks with phase differences of 90 degrees. The 4 channels of data are converted into a 56 Gb/s data stream, and the output is finally driven by the SST driver, generating the 112 Gb/s duo-binary PAM4 signal. The clock path contains a CML-to-CMOS level converter (CML2 CMOS), frequency divider, and duty cycle calibration circuit. The input 14 GHz clock signal is converted to the CMOS signal through the CML2 CMOS. After the duty cycle is calibrated, the clock signal is used to drive the 4:1 MUX. The divider generates the binary clock, which is used to drive the 64:4 MUX circuit.
# Line Clipping in 3D: Overview, Techniques and Algorithms
## 3 Line-Clipping Algorithms in Three-Dimensions  
There are many line-clipping algorithms in two-dimensions such as Cohen-Sutherland, Liang-Barsky [5], Cyrus-Beck [6], Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl [7], midpoint subdivision, Skala 2005 [8], S-Clip E2 [9], Kodituwakku-Wijeweere-Chamikara [10], and affine transformation clipping [11]. Unfortunately, only a few of them can clip lines in three-dimensional space. These algorithms include Cohen-Sutherland, Liang-Barsky, and Cyrus-Beck, which are considered as the classic ones for this purpose. Over the years, other algorithms for clipping a line in three-dimensional space have emerged such as simple and efficient 2D and 3D span clipping algorithms [12], Kodituwakku-Wijeweera-Chamikara 3D [13], and Kolingerova [14], but some of them do not perform clipping correctly (e.g., Kodituwakku-Wijeweera-Chamikara) while some others are hard to implement.
###### Abstract  
The purpose of this study was to examine vegetable consumption and its relationship with lifestyle characteristics among children and adolescents. Data from a health survey administered to a representative sample of 177,091 schoolchildren between the ages of 8 and 17 were employed in this observational, cross-sectional investigation. Physical activity level, screen time, and sleeping patterns were assessed using self-completed questionnaires. Vegetable consumption and dietary habits were analyzed using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents. Participants consuming vegetables more than once daily were categorized as consumers vs. non-consumers. Physical education teachers measured anthropometric and physical fitness factors. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted, and the odds ratio with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was calculated and adjusted for confounders. Vegetables were consumed once or more times a day by more females than males (25.5% vs. 24.0%, \(p<0.001\)). In both sexes, vegetable consumers slept more, ate healthier, spent less time on screens, and had better anthropometric and aerobic fitness measurements than non-consumers. Healthy eating practices, such as regularly consuming fruits, legumes, nuts, and dairy products, were strongly correlated with vegetable intake. For every one-year increase in age, the odds of being a vegetable consumer decreased by 8% and 10% in boys and girls, respectively. Overweight/obese participants had lower odds of being a vegetable consumer by 20%. Increased screen time, inadequate physical activity, and insufficient sleeping hours decreased the odds of being a vegetable consumer by 22%, 30%, and 25%, respectively (all \(p\)-values < 0.001). Overall, a healthier lifestyle profile was associated with higher vegetable intake for both sexes among children and adolescents.  
vegetable intake; dietary habits; schoolchildren; lifestyle factors +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences
## 2 Related Work
### Securing VANET-Centralized Architecture Based on DoS Attacks and Other Related Attacks
In a previous study [23], the authors proposed detection and prevention mechanisms of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in VANETs. Based upon the proposed scheme, the authors concentrated only on DDoS attack detection and the prevention scheme. The basic principle of the scheme relied only on keeping track of the number of packets injected into the network. The authors claimed that the proposed scheme did not include any communication overhead (CO) that would affect the network resources. Nevertheless, there were limitations in the network, which included lack of provision of any efficient storage mechanisms; these would be used to secure the network, however, they were not investigated in the proposed scheme, which can lead to CO. Therefore, trustworthiness was an issue with the proposed scheme. In addition, due to the limitation of trustworthiness in the network, CO was increased in the proposed scheme. Another limitation observed with the proposed scheme was the unavailability of hybrid security method investigation. This would be used for detection of all forms of attacks, including HDSA attacks in the network. Therefore, we can verify that the proposed scheme would incur DoS JSA, PD, and RCRCO, which affects the RSU secure information processing in the network. In addition, the proposed scheme performance evaluation was not based upon end-to-end delays in the network, which requires urgent attention. The authors in another study [24] proposed a review of the intrusion detection system (IDS). A survey of IDS, based upon DoS attacks, has been provided with the examination and comparison of every technique, with advantages and disadvantages. Few guidelines have been presented for the development of IDS with prospective application in VANET-cloud and fog computing (VFC). The objective of the authors was the identification of open challenges, leading trends, and future research in IDS deployment in the network. Bridging the gaps by means of overhead detection rate and performance, the authors proposed a proactive bait with respect to the honeypot optimized system. However, leading to the discussion of the authors proposed scheme, no investigation in network performance metric evaluation of end-to-end delay, throughput, and prediction accuracy performance of the proposed scheme were evaluated. Based upon another limitation that was identified, the proposed scheme did not include secure method and storage mechanism investigation, which was also a major concern. Therefore, trustworthiness and accurate processing of safety information in VANET was also a concern. Exploring further investigation in VANET based upon VIA infrastructure, using Vehicular Cloud and Fog Computing (VFC), is important and the investigation below is based upon the concept of VFC.
## 1 Introduction  
Commercially available radiochromic films were designed for X-ray dosimetry [1], where coloration of the films was used to obtain the dose-response relationship. The energy transferred to the receptive parts of the monomers in a radiochromic film could lead to color changes [1] through solid-state polymerization (SSP) [2]. A model for the SSP process in Gafchromic EBT3 films was previously developed [3]. Since the model aimed at explicitly illustrating the SSP process, coloration upon exposures to ultraviolet (UV) radiation instead of X-rays was modeled to avoid the complication of the need to study the secondary electrons generated by X-ray photons. Built on that developed model [3], a new model was developed in the present work for color changes in Gafchromic EBT3 films upon exposures to X-rays. To the best of our knowledge, no theoretical models are currently available for X-ray-induced coloration in EBT3 films. In the present work, Monte Carlo simulation was employed to model the interactions of X-ray photons and the generated secondary electrons in the EBT3 film active layer using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code package [4]. In our Monte Carlo model, the interaction and the transport of the generated secondary electrons were implemented, and dose dispersion [5] in the film active layer was also considered. The realistic amount of energy transferred to the EBT3 film active layer was obtained through Monte Carlo simulation and determination of the calibration coefficient \(R\) (=\(D_{A}\)/\(D_{E}\)) [6,7], where \(D_{A}\) was the actual dose delivered to the EBT3 film active layer and \(D_{E}\) was the dose recorded by an external ionization chamber.  
Atomic scale and macroscopic scale models were employed to model the coloration of EBT3 films, as in the previous model [3]. The classical Helmholtz equation was used to model light reflection from and transmittance through the modeled EBT3 film active layer, and the present system was solved using the finite element method (FEM) technique by employing the multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct solver (MUMPS) [8]. A grid independence test analysis was performed for different grid sizes to ensure the numerical stability of the present model. The theoretical and experimental results were compared.
# Optical Fibres for Condition Monitoring of Railway Infrastructure--Encouraging Data Source or
###### Abstract  
The condition of railway infrastructure is currently assessed by track recording cars, wayside equipment, onboard monitoring techniques and visual inspections. These data sources deliver valuable information for infrastructure managers on the asset's condition but are mostly carried out in time-based intervals. This paper examines the potential of fibre optic cables, which are already installed in cable troughs alongside railway tracks, to monitor railway infrastructure conditions. The sensing technique, known as distributed acoustic/vibration sensing (DAS/DVS), relies on the effect of Rayleigh scattering and transforms the optical fibre into an array of \"virtual microphones\" in the thousands. This sensing method has the ability to be used over long distances and thus provide information about the events taking place in the proximity of the monitored asset in real-time. This study outlines the potential of DAS for the identification of different track conditions and isolated track defects. The results are linked to asset data of the infrastructure manager to identify the root cause of the detected signal anomalies and pattern. A methodology such as this allows for condition-based and component-specific maintenance planning and execution and avoids the installation of additional sensors. DAS can pave the way toward a permanent and holistic assessment of railway tracks.  
Keywords:railway infrastructure; condition monitoring; track assessment; fibre optic sensing; distributed acoustic sensing +
Footnote †: journal: Applied
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Methodology
#### 2.2.1 Field Measurements  
In situ precipitation and discharge data are important to calibrate and validate the hydrological model. Rainfall was measured at a 5 min interval using a tipping bucket rain gauge (0.2 mm/tip, Onset RG2-M) in the open area of a small urban park next to the Department of Environmental Civil Engineering building (46.04\({}^{\circ}\) N, 14.49\({}^{\circ}\) E) [44; 41; 45; 46; 47; 48; 49]. Discharge was calculated using a rating curve that was obtained from water level and discharge measurements [32]. Water level was measured using a HOBO Fresh Water Level Data Logger at a 10 min interval. Discharge measurement was performed sporadically  
Figure 1: Map showing the location of the study area in Ljubljana (**upper right**), showing land use, water courses (**upper left**) and topography (**lower left**).  
during high and low flows using a tracer dilution method. The rating curve was then used to convert the water level data to discharge estimates. Baseflow separation was conducted using the Lyne and Hollick method [50] in R software version 4.1.2. Soil moisture was monitored at a 20 min frequency using the Teros 10 sensor (METER Group, Inc. Pullman, WA, USA) with an accuracy of \(\pm\)3%. The soil moisture sensor was installed very close to the investigated catchment where measurements were performed in the open area and under forest cover (46.052535\({}^{\circ}\) N, 14.479135\({}^{\circ}\) E).
# Efficient Video Frame Interpolation Using Generative Adversarial Networks
## 1 Introduction  
Frame interpolation is a technique that generates intermediate frames between the adjacent ones in a video sequence. In the dyadic case, given two frames \(x_{n-1}\) and \(x_{n+1}\), the frame interpolation process predicts the frame \(x_{n}\) and consequently doubles the frame rate of the output sequence. Frame interpolation techniques based on deep learning has recently been considered [1; 2; 3]. The popular network models include the convolution neural network (CNN) and generative adversarial network (GAN), typically under the supervised learning framework.  
A GAN comprises two adversarial parts, a generator and a discriminator. The generator manages to generate a plausible output while the discriminator manages to distinguish the real data from that fake output. GANs have shown promising results in various image processing applications including frame prediction [4; 5; 6]. Most of the existing GAN based frame prediction methods use complicated models in which each of them takes a different responsibility such as generation or rectification [7; 8]. Those methods also require auxiliary data and long training time.  
This study aims for an efficient GAN framework that produces high-quality interpolated frames without intermediate data and complex network architecture. Motivated by the Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) [4], one of the most popular GAN frameworks for random image generation, we propose using a semi-supervised frame interpolation framework (Figure 1). The generator encodes a pair of frames to produce the generated output, and the discriminator applies several down-sampling operations on an input frame for classification. Furthermore, the generatedoutput can undergo a refinement network that adopts the image-to-image translation to improve motion and color of the generated output. Besides, a loss function that jointly combines the adversarial loss and the reconstruction loss for pixel/structure-based similarity and motion blur degradation is also proposed.  
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review the related work on GANs, particularly in model design, image generation, and video frame generation. Section 3 describes the proposed approach. Section 4 demonstrates the experiments which include qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the proposed method and presents analyses. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 5.
# Seismic Performance Evaluation of Highway Bridges under Scour and Chloride Ion Corrosion
## 2 Earthquake and Scour Combination in the Failure Probability of Bridge  
### Calculation of Seismic Failure Probability of Bridges at Different Scour Depths  
According to the distribution of scour depth, the full bridge model under different scour depths was established by finite element (FE) software, in which the nonlinear interaction between piles and soil was simulated by method of p-y curve [30]. IDA was carried out to determine the critical component and failure modes of bridge structure under seismic load by a set of steps including selecting 48 earthquake ground motions randomly according to the site type, adjusting the ground motion parameters within an appropriate range, and inputting them into the FE model. Combined with the resistance model of structure, the state equation was established to calculate failure probability and reliability index of the structure through the method of direct integration. The state equation, failure probability, and the reliability index of the structure only can be determined in relation to the actual parameters of the practical project. In order to illustrate the above-mentioned methodology more clearly, an application for a practical project is provided in Section 2.2 for the reader's reference.