## 4 Power Converter Topologies
### AC Grid Stage (AC-DC Converters)
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} & **Inverter** & \multirow{2}{*}{**Advantages**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Disadvantages**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Applications**} \\ \cline{6-6}  & **Topologies** & & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[13,38,62]} & & & & Non-ideal conditions & \\  & & & have resulted in the & & \\  & & & continued existence of & & \\  & & & high-frequency & & \\  & & & common mode noise; & & \\  & & & electromagnetic interference in & & \\  & & the AC-side & & & \\  & & & the bipolar modulation & & \\  & & Inverter with & Minimize the DC-side & & \\  & & leakage current & & & \\  & & leakage current & & & \\  & & & & \\  & Reduction & & \(\bullet\) It uses a split-phase single-phase & & \\  & & as an input voltage & & & \\  & & & as such both the & & \\  & & & positive and negative & \\  & & & DC calls will display & \\  & & & the generated common & & \\  & & & mode noise & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[13,38,57,66,7]} & & & & In order to reach equal & \\  & & An output voltage of \(\ast\)VDC is & & voltage sharing & \\  & & created by full-bridge topology & & between the split & \\  & & When comparing equal power & & capacitors, an & \\  & & levels of the half-bridge & & sophisticated and large & \\  & & topology; it displays lower & & capacitor is needed & \\  & Three-Phase FB & & switch stress and losses & \(\bullet\) A perturbation in the & \\  & Bidirectional & & Has a high-power factor with & control scheme is & \\  & Inverter & & most of the control techniques & caused under extreme & \\  & & & (i.e., hysteresis current control, & unbalanced and & \\  & & & sinusoidal PWM, space vector & nonlinear conditions & \\  & & modulation, sliding mode & & stemming from a large & \\  & & & control, and one cycle control) & neutral current flow & \\  & & & & through the & \\  & & & neutral path & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[34,43,47]} & & & & Supports bipolar common & & \\  & & DC bus & & & \\  & & Reduces stress on the power & \(\bullet\) Uses a large number & & \\  & & switching devices & & of components & \\  & & Offers a high-power capacity & \(\bullet\) The positive and & & \\  & & It is capable of producing a & & negative DC bus & \\  & & Three-Level & & five-level output voltage & possesses unbalanced & \\  & & Three-Phase Diode & \(\bullet\) Provoids \(\&\) good power quality & \\  & & NPC Inverter & & at the PCC with less & create a lower current & \\  & & harmonic currents & on the grid side, & \\  & & & & ultimately resulting in & \\  & & & is needed & & \\  & & Posseses superior current & \(\bullet\) Complex control & \\  & & & performance than the & \\  & & & VSI topology. & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[17,34,57]} & & & & The most common control & & \\  & & schemes used for this topology & & & \\  & & include Sliding Mode Control & & \\  & & (SMC), Hysteresis Current & & \\  & & Control (HCC), Sinusoidal & & flow, limiting & \\  & & Pulse-Width Modulation & & V2G operations & \(\bullet\) Medium power single \\  & & Bridgeless Boost & (SPWM), and Space Vector & \(\bullet\) Complex control & \(\bullet\) Low cost \\  & Inverter & Modulation (SVM) & \(\bullet\) Has a & & \\  & & Some of the proposed topologies & & high-power stress & \\  & & & focus on reducing the stress on the active devices while others & & \\  & & & focus on minimize the filter size & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{8}{*}{[17,25,34,64,68,69]} & & & Has fewer losses of reverse & & \(\bullet\) Low cost \\  & & recovery currents & & microgrid–grid interface & \\  & & The controller uses a high & & \\  & & frequency Pulse-Width & & flow, limiting & \\  & & & Modulation (PWM) & \(\bullet\) The & \\  & & & V2G operations & \(\bullet\) Fast & \\  & & Vienna Rectifier & \(\bullet\) Simple control & \(\bullet\) Uses large number & \\  & & & High power factor & & \\  & & & & voltage is the minimal & \\  & & & The dead time problems & & \\  & & are removed & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: _Cont._