esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Experimental Results and Discussion
### Hyperparameters Search
#### 4.1.4 \(d_{CSI}\) Search  
The distance of relative vertices from the reference vertex is also a factor that influences the CSI. Using the parameters of \(\Delta\rho\), \(\Delta\gamma\), \(N_{t}\), \(N_{d}\), and \(\sigma\) as determined, i.e., 0.6, 0.5, 1000, 32, and 1.6, respectively, the performances of several RF models trained using the CSI  
Figure 8: Performance of RF models (in terms of F1 score) under different \(\sigma\) values.  
Figure 7: Effects of mesh smoothing on reliability of estimated curvature: (**a**) mesh partition; (**b**) no filtering; (**c**) \(\sigma=0.3\); (**d**) \(\sigma=0.9\); (**e**) \(\sigma=1.6\); (**f**) \(\sigma=2.0\); and (**g**) \(\sigma=4.0\).  
generated from several values of \(d_{CSI}\) are illustrated in Figure 9. The plot reveals that, when the \(d_{CSI}\) value is small, that is, close to zero, the subsampled SI of the relative vertices has similar information as that of the reference vertex. However, as \(d_{CSI}\) increases, the subsampled SI provides additional information, thereby improving the performance of the RF models in the detection of reliefs. At \(d_{CSI}>2\), the performances of the RF models consistently decrease. According to the plot, the RF model with acceptable performance is observed when \(d_{CSI}\) is 1 with the F1 score of 0.8828.  
The feature importance of two RF(CSI)s with the same SI parameters (\(N_{\rho}\), \(N_{\gamma}\), \(\Delta\rho\), and \(\Delta\gamma\) of 10, 10, 0.6, and 0.5, respectively) but different \(d_{CSI}\) are compared in Figure 10. The additional information of the relative surface points in RF(CSI) with \(d_{CSI}=1\) shows that the model is more descriptive than RF(CSI) of \(d_{CSI}=3\). Specifically, the incremental performance is related to the subsampled SI of \(\mathbf{v}_{i}^{3}\) and \(\mathbf{v}_{i}^{4}\) searched along the minimal principal direction, \(\mathbf{t}_{min}\). These two relative points contain important features and their uniqueness is what make the model accurately identify relief or non-relief regions. Another interpretation is that, if the reference vertex \(\mathbf{v}_{i}\) is in the valley, then \(\mathbf{v}_{i}^{3}\) and \(\mathbf{v}_{i}^{4}\) would also be in the valley (within relief).
# Ephemeral Node Identifiers for Enhanced Flow Privacy
## 3 Method and Implementation
### Implementation in IPv6
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**State** & **Available for Use** & **In Use** & **Safe to Delete** \\ \hline VALID & Yes & No & No \\ ACTIVE & Yes & Yes & No \\ EMPIRED & No & Yes & No \\ INVALID & No & No & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Permitted operations in each NID State (please see Figure 2(b)). A NID must be _Available for Use_ to be used by a new transport session, and _Safe to Delete_ to remove. Only NID values that are _In Use_ will be used to send or receive packets. Figure 3: NID values are managed according to (**a**) for regular NID values, or (**b**) for eNID values. is a strict extension of with the state and transitions not relevant to ephemeral operations greyed out for clarity. In both diagrams, the states have the same meaning. Newly created NID values are VALID: they are available for use, but are not currently in use. Regular (non-ephemeral) NID values become ACTIVE when used by a transport session. ACTIVE NIDs may also be used by other transport sessions. When the last transport session using an ACTIVE NID terminates, the NID returns to being VALID. A VALID NID that is marked for deletion becomes INVALID—values in this state may be deleted whenever is convenient. An ACTIVE NID that is marked for deletion becomes EMPIRED and cannot be used by new transport sessions, but remains until all current transport sessions using it terminate, at which point it also becomes INVALID. eNIDs, however, become EMPIRED _as soon as they are used_, ensuring only one transport session uses them. They must never enter the ACTIVE state. A summary of this behaviour is given in Table 2.  
* initial generation of eNID values: eNID values can be pre-generated and maintained in an _eNID pool_ so that they are ready to use when needed, or they can simply be generated just-in-time, e.g., as part of the process of creating a new socket or communication end-point. * expiring eNID values: an eNID value must not be re-used, but must be expired and deleted from use as soon as the communication flow using it is terminated, e.g., when the socket or communication end-point is deleted. Indeed, the use of eNID values makes generation and management simpler than TA-SLAAC, as there is no need to maintain and manage additional parameters (such as TEMP_VALID_LIFETIME and TEMP_PREFERRED_LIFETIME), or to have additional complexity in managing IID values for long-lived communication flows that might still be in use.
# Bridge Health Monitoring via Displacement Reconstruction-Based NB-IoT Technology
## 3 Bridge Health Monitoring Experiment
### Analysis of a Numerical Bridge  
In this section, a numerical model is created to demonstrate the proposed method in recognizing the damage position for a given bridge, that is, the Level 2 damage detection. Because the accuracy of Level 2 damage detection depends on the number of sensors, a numerical model is more convenient to fulfill this requirement and is therefore adopted here. Only the vertical direction is considered in the numerical model. Both ends are fixed. Mass and stiffness are divided into 200 increments, and 9 sensors are uniformly distributed along the span. Figure 18 shows the bridge dimension and accelerometer positions. As shown, on a 40-m bridge, sensors are arranged every 4 m. The bridge consists of 200 finite elements with assigned mass and stiffness. For the given mass and stiffness, the mass and stiffness matrix could be constructed, and together with the damping matrix, the governing equation is displayed in Equation (13). The bridge property is listed in Table 9.  
\[\tilde{Mx}(t)+\tilde{Cx}(t)+Kx(t)=\tilde{Mx}_{a} \tag{14}\]  
where \(M,C,\) and \(K\) are the structural mass, damping, and stiffness matrix, respectively. Dynamic analysis is conducted using the state-space method provided by MATLAB SIMULINK, where only displacement in the gravity direction is calculated. The vibration source in this numerical analysis is ambient vibration (\(\tilde{x}_{a}\)), which is simulated by white noise with a frequency ranging from 1 to 10 Hz. Figure 19 shows the first three modes of the bridge, where the frequencies of the first three modes are 3.497, 6.994, and 10.490 Hz, respectively.  
To demonstrate the proposed Level 2 damage detection method, 6 cases of damage scenario are artificially created as listed in Table 10. In cases 1 to 4, a bridge with single damage is considered. On the other hand, a bridge with two damages is considered in cases 5 and 6. The damage is generated by reducing the stiffness of the original bridge by a factor of 0.9 with one-meter-long, as shown in Table 10. For each damage case, the obtained acceleration data from original and damage bridges are used to calculate the Level 2 damage indicator. Figures 20-25 display the Level 2 damage indicators for each case, indicating that the proposed Level 2 indicator is able to provide a promising prediction for the damage location, either with a single or double damages.  
Figure 18: Configuration of numerical bridge model.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline
**Bridge Property** & **Value** & **Unit** \\ \hline Young’s modulus & 20,000 & MPa \\ Moment inertia & \(3.27\times 10^{5}\) & mm\({}^{4}\) \\ Total weight & 10 & tonf \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 9: Bridge properties.  
Figure 21: Level 2 damage indicator for Case 2.  
Figure 23: Level 2 damage indicator for Case 3.  
Figure 20: Level 2 damage indicator for Case 1.  
Figure 22: Level 2 damage indicator for Case 3.
## 4 Experiment Arrangement and Results
### Experiment Setup  
A rigorous four-experiment evaluation framework is designed to assess the corrosion rate prediction capabilities of the proposed model. Experiment I evaluates the prediction performance of selected base models, comparing RBFNN and BPNN. Experiment II assesses the efficacy of different optimization algorithms by comparing the prediction performance of BPNN, GA-BPNN, PSO-BPNN, and MPSO-BPNN. Experiment III evaluates the impact of data decomposition techniques on model performance; comparisons are made between MPSO-BPNN, EMD-MPSO-BPNN, EEMD-MPSO-BPNN, CEEMDAN-MPSO-BPNN. Experiment IV provides a comprehensive evaluation of the final hybrid prediction model, CEEMDAN-VMD-MPSO-BPNN, by comparing it against eight other models. Through the above four experiments, a novel hybrid prediction model CEEMDAN-VMD-MPSO-BPNN is established. Further evaluation of the developed hybrid prediction models is carried out by combining the evaluation modules consisting of RE, R\({}^{2}\), MAE, MAPE, U1, U2, RMSE, forecasting effectiveness, and Grey Relational Analysis. This multifaceted approach provided a robust and comprehensive understanding of the model's predictive capabilities.
## 3 The Proposed C-MDSDO  
There is no uniform definition of the reliability-based MDSDO problem. Hence, this paper attempts to define the problem and propose the approach from the perspective of practical applications. Under actual circumstances, uncertainty is inherent in both static and dynamic disciplines. However, for the dynamic discipline with equality constraints, considering the constraint to be constant makes the problem complicated or even unsolvable in any case. As an attempt to introduce reliability into MDSDO, the control strategy of the dynamic discipline is regarded as stable and reliable in this paper. At the same time, the design variables of the static discipline suffer from uncertainty. In general, this paper aims to obtain a generalized control strategy that satisfies the constraints of the system when the uncertainty design variable exists.  
The reliability-based MDSDO problem solved in this paper is expressed as the following formula:  
\[\begin{array}{ll}\underset{\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\times(\mathbf{t}), \mathbf{u}(\mathbf{t})}{min}&\phi(\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{t }),\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{t}),\mathbf{t})\\ \text{\emph{subject to}}&\dot{x}-f(\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{t }),\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{t}),\mathbf{t})=\mathbf{0}\\ &h(\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{t}),\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{t}), \mathbf{t})=\mathbf{0}\\ &Prob[g(\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{t}),\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{t}), \mathbf{t})\geq\mathbf{0}]\geq\Phi(\beta)\end{array} \tag{5}\]  
where \(\mathbf{u}_{\mathbf{d}}\) represents the mean of the design variable, and \(\beta\) represents the objective of the reliability index.  
As shown in the formula, the design variables here are coupled in dynamic disciplines. As discussed previously, the problem can be solved by discretizing the problem using DT and performing the reliability assessment at each time point. However, the disadvantage in efficiency is clear. Therefore, a sequential C-MDSDO approach is proposed to solve the problem related to the efficiently of the above formula. C-MDSDO consists of a deterministic MDSDO stage and a reliability assessment stage. A sub-optimization problem is constructed to achieve the reliability assessment. In the following section, the overall algorithm flow is presented, and then the constructed sub-optimization problem is described in detail.
# Microcontroller Unit-Based Wireless Sensor Network Nodes: A Review
## 3 MCU-Based Hardware Platforms for Wireless Sensor Nodes
### General IoT Applications
#### 3.4.10 Waspmote Plug & Sense!  
The Waspmote Plug & Sense! mote by Libelium is also a popular commercial mote targeted for IoT applications. Pertaining to the processor and memory specifications, the mote is based on the Atmega 1281 MCU comprising 8 kB SRAM, 4 kB EEPROM (with 1 kB reserved), 128 kB Flash, 2 GB SD card and it can operate at 14.7456 MHz. The mote contains an internal SD card and external cards of up to 16 GB are supported. Regarding the communication capabilities, it can support short-, medium- and long-range communication technologies that include XBee-PRO 802.15.4, XBee-PRO DigiMesh, low-power wide area network (LPWAN) (Sigfox, LoRaWAN, LoRa), cellular (4G/3G/GPRS/GSM), Bluetooth PRO, Bluetooth low energy, near-field communication/radio frequency identification (NFC/RFID) 13.56 MHz and industrial protocols such as the recommended standard 232 (RS-232)/Modbus, the recommended standard 485 (RS-485)/Modbus and controller area network (CAN) bus.  
Waspmote Plug & Sense! consists of an in-built three-axis accelerometer and real-time clock temperature sensor. The node also incorporates a specific default socket for basic sensors that include the light-dependent resistor (LDR) and humidity and temperature sensors. The mote is capable of connecting a maximum of six sensor probes at a time. Each signal-conditioning circuit is dedicated for a certain model to facilitate the connection of specific additional sensors. The node can be powered by rechargeable lithium ion batteries (capacity of 6600 mAh) of battery voltages ranging from 3.3 to 4.2 V. It also offers an option for energy harvesting using an external solar panel. Concerning power consumption, the current consumed during the ON, sleep, deep-sleep and hibernate states is 17 mA, 30 \(\upmu\)A, 33 \(\upmu\)A and 7 \(\upmu\)A, respectively.
## 4 Societal Benefits and Impact
### Contributions to Smart City and Community Initiatives
#### 4.3.5 Toward Humanistic Smart Cities  
At its core, participation in smart community initiatives goes beyond immediate improvements in health and safety; it opens the doors to inclusivity, participatory governance, and long-term sustainability. These integrated monitoring systems, built on the foundation of aligning high-tech with community values, help create a fabric of citizens, policies, and the environment we inhabit together. Our framework includes specific provisions for ensuring that technological benefits reach underserved communities. Mobile interfaces, multilingual support, and simplified access points ensure that safety information remains accessible regardless of technological literacy or socioeconomic status.  
Unlike many surveillance-heavy approaches to urban safety, our system emphasizes privacy preservation through techniques such as edge computing (processing data locally before transmission), automated anonymization, and transparent opt-in mechanisms for more sensitive data collection. This approach ensures that safety enhancement does not come at the cost of civil liberties. The system is designed to learn from both successes and failures, incorporating feedback from multiple stakeholders to continuously improve. This adaptive approach ensures that technology remains responsive to changing urban needs and emerging challenges rather than becoming obsolete or irrelevant over time.  
These design features ensure that, at every point we collect data, the nature of our \"smartness\" remains about human interaction rather than just hardware and software.  
In this way, our proposed IoPVT framework represents not just a technological advance but a philosophical shift in how we conceptualize and implement smart city initiatives: moving from technology-centered to human-centered, from data collection to meaningful insight and from reactive response to proactive prevention.
# Combined Investigation of Indoor Climate Parameters and Energy Performance of a Winery
## 3 Results
### Energy Analysis
#### 3.2.2 Conventional Energy Decrease Scenario  
The energy upgrade scenario includes two basic interventions, that of replacing the compressor of the air-to-liquid cooling unit, performing poorly, as well as investigating the potential of installing PV panels for substituting electricity produced by conventional fuel.  
The energy model allows the calculation of the energy saving by the aforementioned interventions; the total amount of consumed electricity by the new chiller is 4326.4 kWh, with an achieved reduction of 38.5%. Moreover, it has been preferred that the area occupied by the photovoltaic system is equal to 50 m\({}^{2}\), as this area is available, while leading to significant conventional energy reduction and satisfactory payback period, as it will be discussed hereafter.  
Given that the PVs would be installed on horizontal surface (South orientation), as there is availability of free area on the premises, their inclination results through the recommendation of the Greek Directive for EPBD [26]. The transformation of the solar radiation data from horizontal [27], to that of the installation, has been based on the Liu-Jordan method [34]. The energy analysis has been based on a monthly based method, proposed by the Greek Directive for EPBD [26]. In Figure 7, the solar fraction is presented.  
Given that the installation of the PVs is planned according to the net metering mechanism, which allows the clearing of produced energy on annual basis, Solar Fraction values above 1 have been considered acceptable; payback period of 3.4 years are estimated for the PVs. The conventional energy saving percentage, through the aforementioned interventions, is 54.6%, and the respective payback period 3.6 years, which can be considered quite satisfactory.  
Figure 5: Energy consumption prediction and actual values (monthly basis).  
Figure 6: (**a**) Energy consumption share of main processes (monthly basis). (**b**) Energy consumption.  
Figure 7: Monthly solar PV fraction.
## 4 Conclusions
result in delay reduction between 5.27% and 31.68%, while increasing the speed limit for TTs from 80 to 90 km/h would result in delay reductions between 0.23% and 7.82%. In terms of safety, in general increasing the TT speed limit would result in statistically significant safety enhancement in some cases (i.e., conflict ratio less than 1.0), and no statistically significant change in the safety situation (i.e., conflict ratio not different than 1.0) for all other cases (i.e., increase or reduction in the conflict ratio between after and before). For all cases showing an increase in conflict ratio, there was no statistically significant difference between the conflict ratio and 1.0 at the 5% level for all cases, which means there was no change in the safety situation between before and after. For all other cases, either there was no change in the conflict ratio (\(\rho=1\)), or no statistically significant difference compared to the one at the 5% level for the other cases showing a reduction in conflict ratio. Based on the results of this study, there is no evidence that decreasing the speed limit of TTs by 30 km/h, 20 km/h, or 10 km/h less than the speed limit of PCs would result in any enhancement in the safety situation, as there was no statistically significant change in the conflict ratio to support such results; hence, it is recommended to increase the speed limit for TTs on Egyptian highways and use the USL strategy. This would significantly reduce the delay already encountered with the current DSL policy of reducing the speed limit by 30 km/h less than PCs. It should be noted that the study results assume that all drivers obey their speed limits 100% of the time (i.e., no speeding), which may not be the case in real life. Therefore, the actual safety situation may differ from that obtained in this simulation study if the speed limit is exceeded. To confirm the results of this study, it is strongly recommended to use observed crashes, which were not available to the author, along with simulated surrogate safety measures. Conceptualization, U.E.S. and S.N. ; software, U.E.S. ; formal analysis, U.E.S., S.N. and J.W.H. ; investigation, U.E.S. and S.N. ; writing--original draft preparation, U.E.S. ; writing--review and editing, U.E.S. and S.N. ; visualization, U.E.S. and S.N. ; supervision, J.W.H. ; methodology, U.E.S., S.N. and J.W.H. ; project administration, J.W.H. ; funding acquisition, S.N. and J.W.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This work was supported by Incheon National University Research Grant in 2022. Not applicable. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# Monitoring Water Area Dynamics in Kashgar (2003-2023) Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data
###### Abstract  
Understanding the dynamics of regional water area changes is crucial for effective water resource management and ecological conservation, particularly in arid regions. Located in northwestern China's arid zone, changes in water area in Kashgar significantly impact local agricultural productivity, ecological integrity, and human socioeconomic activities. However, long-term trends in water area changes and their driving factors in Kashgar remain poorly understood. This study leverages Landsat and Sentinel-2 imagery from 2003 to 2023, employing a random forest algorithm to extract water body information. Key findings are as follows: (1) both total and seasonal water area exhibit a fluctuating downward trend, while permanent water area displays a fluctuating upward trend; (2) precipitation and temperature emerged as primary drivers of water area changes, with precipitation in the surrounding regions of Kashgar exerting a particularly significant influence, while evaporation exhibited a lesser impact; (3) the influence of climate change and anthropogenic activities in surrounding areas on water area changes in Kashgar cannot be overlooked.  
Kashgar area; random forest; multi-source remote sensing; spatiotemporal variations; driving factors Article
# Diode-Pumped Solid-State Q-Switched Laser with Rhenium Diselenide as Saturable Absorber
###### Abstract  
We report a solid-state passively Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser adopting rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) as saturable absorber (SA) materials. ReSe2 belongs to a type of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials and it has the weak-layered dependent feature beneficial for the preparation of few-layer materials. The few-layer ReSe2 was prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation method. Using a power-dependent transmission experiment, its modulation depth and saturation intensity were measured to be 1.89% and 6.37 MW/cm2. Pumped by diode laser and based on few-layer ReSe2 SA, the Q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser obtained the shortest Q-switched pulse width of 682 ns with the highest repetition rate of 84.16 kHz. The maximum average output power was 125 mW with the slope efficiency of 17.27%. Our experiment, to the best of our knowledge, is the first demonstration that used ReSe2 as SA materials in an all-solid-state laser. The results show that the few-layer ReSe2 owns the nonlinear saturable absorption properties and it has the capacity to act as SA in an all-solid-state laser.  
all-solid-state laser; ReSe2 SA; Q-switched laser +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Physics Letters