## 3 Results
### Volatile MRPs of NCS  
The evaporation temperature affected the MRP composition of the NCS. The volatile extract of the PE membrane extraction contained seven compounds (Figure 2), namely three pyrazines, two furans, one pyranone, and one pyrrole, and their amounts varied in the NCS products. The most dominant MRP was 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, and the amount of this compound significantly increased from 378.12 to 3821.94 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g (\(p<0.05\)) as the evaporation temperature was raised from 120 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 2a). The second predominant compound, 2-furanmethanol, was found in much higher concentration in the NCS obtained with a final heating temperature of 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C than in the two other NCS products (432.46 vs. 31.20-88.89 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g, respectively) (Figure 2b). Moreover, except for 2-acetylpyrrole, significant incremental trends were observed in the other MRPs with increasing temperature (Figure 2c-g). The total amounts of MRPs in the NCS products from final heating temperatures at 120, 130, and 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C were 448.84, 1550.09, and 4386.98 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g, respectively. There was a 2.45-fold increase in total volatile MRPs by increasing the evaporation temperature from 120 to 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C and a 1.83-fold increase when the temperature was raised from 130 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 2h). The RAS extraction system isolated four volatile MRPs from the NCS: 2-furanmethanol, 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (Figure 3a-d). Notably, 2-furanmethanol was absent in the NCS obtained at the evaporation temperature of 120 \({}^{\circ}\)C, but its amount was greatly enhanced from 11.92 to 113.05 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g in the NCS when the evaporation temperature was raised from 130 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3a). The pyrazine concentrations ranged from 12.09-155.44, 18.32-41.06, and 17.41-55.15 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g for 2-methylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, respectively. These concentrations were significantly enhanced with an increase in the evaporation temperature from 120 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C (Figure 3b-d). The total MRPs in the NCS ranged from 47.81 to 364.69 \(\mathrm{\SIUnitSymbolMicro g}\)/100 g, wherein the MRP concentration increased by 1.52- and 2.03-fold with an increase in the temperature from 120 to 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 130 to 140 \({}^{\circ}\)C, respectively (Figure 3e). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline
**Trait** & **120**\({}^{\circ}\)C & **130**\({}^{\circ}\)**C** & **140**\({}^{\circ}\)**C** \\ \hline Moisture content (\%) & 5.98 \(\pm\) 0.24 a 1 & 4.41 \(\pm\) 0.18 b & 2.72 \(\pm\) 0.17 c \\ Water activity & 0.63 \(\pm\) 0.01 a & 0.55 \(\pm\) 0.03 b & 0.33 \(\pm\) 0.04 c \\ L* & 34.23 \(\pm\) 2.23 a & 32.48 \(\pm\) 0.43 b & 26.44 \(\pm\) 0.76 c \\ a* & 10.34 \(\pm\) 0.41 b & 12.95 \(\pm\) 0.27 a & 7.98 \(\pm\) 2.02 c \\ b* & 19.03 \(\pm\) 0.66 a & 13.97 \(\pm\) 0.67 b & 3.90 \(\pm\) 1.26 c \\ L*a*b* color spaces & & & & \\ image presentation 2 & & & & \\ ICUMSA value (IU) & 16,005 \(\pm\) 488 c & 19,648 \(\pm\) 142 b & 36,188 \(\pm\) 4133 a \\ \hline \end{tabular} 1  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Moisture content, water activity, L*a*b* color spaces, and ICUMSA values of non-centrifugal case sugar (NCS) were obtained with different evaporation temperatures. Figure 3: Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) obtained at different evaporation temperatures by RAS extraction: (**a**); 2-furanmethanol (**b**); 2-methylpyrazine (**c**); 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (**d**); 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (**e**); total MRPs. Each value is expressed as the mean \(\pm\) standard deviation (\(n\) = 3); nd: not detected. Different letters indicate significant differences at \(p\) < 0.05.