# Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar PV/BG-Powered Heterogeneous Network
## 6 Conclusions  
This paper proposed a hybrid solar PV/BG-powered heterogeneous cellular network in conjunction with sufficient energy storage devices. Various key performance parameters, including optimal sizing, per unit energy generation cost, harvested energy, shared energy, energy efficiency, and carbon footprints, were evaluated to ensure the viability of the proposed system. To determine the best criteria, extensive simulations were carried out under diverse network circumstances using HOMER optimization software. Simulation results show that locally available renewable energy sources are adequate to supply the heterogeneous network without external support. By ensuring minimal net present cost and per unit capital cost, the proposed system offers sustainable and reliable green mobile communication throughout the year. Moreover, the suggested system would drastically lower carbon footprints, thus resulting in better ecological sustainability compared to conventional power supply options. In addition, appropriate energy storage devices and energy selling mechanisms to the grid improve the reliability of the system by preserving the zero-percent energy shortage/outage. Under a 10 MHz macro-configuration, the hybrid system produces 9902 kWh of total energy (66% from solar PV and 34% from BG) and 667 kWh of surplus energy. The numerical results also reveal that the green energy \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Reference** & **Software Used** & **Optimal Size** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Brief Summary of the Proposed Technique**} \\ \hline
[57] & HOMER & 8.5 kW PV, 1 kW WT, and N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 64. & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a solar PV and hybrid solar PV/WT system. \\ NPC of USD 30,975, excess energy of 4132 kWh/Yr. \\ No GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[58] & HOMER & 10 kW PV, 5.5 kW DG, and N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 64. & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/DG system. \\ NPC of USD 69,811, energy cost of USD 0.409/kWh. \\ Emits GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[59] & HOMER & 2 kW PV, 3 kW WT, and 2 kW FC & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/WT and solar PV/WT/FC system. \\ NPCs of USD 75,515, excess energy of 3926 kWh/Yr. \\ No GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[60] & HOMER & 5 kW PV, 1 kW WT, N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 16, and 3 kW & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/WT/DG system. \\ Energy cost of USD 0.839/kWh, excess energy of \\ 3792.9 kWh/Yr \\ Emits GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[61] & HOMER & 2 kW PV, 1 kW WT, N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 3, and 1 kW & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/WT/Grid system \\ NPC of USD 9459, energy cost of USD 0.133/kWh. \\ No GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[25] & HOMER & 2 kW PV, 1 kW WT, and N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 32 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/WT system. \\ NPCs of USD 23,903, excess energy of 863 kWh/Yr. \\ No GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[23] & HOMER & 3.5 kW PV, 1 kW BG, and N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 64 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/BG system for macro BS. \\ NPCs of USD 40,624, energy cost of 0.723 USD/kWh, excess energy of 2094 kWh/Yr. \\ Emits GHG. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
[Approach \\ proposed in this paper] & HOMER & 3 kW PV, 1 kW BG, and N\({}_{\text{batt}}\) = 32 & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \(\surd\) \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} Proposed a hybrid solar PV/BG/Grid system for HetNet. \\ NPCs of USD 21,445, energy cost of USD 0.379/kWh, GHG \\ saving around 2012 Kg/Yr. \\ Save GHG by sharing the energy to the grid. \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
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