# Immersive Digital Twin under ISO 23247 Applied to Flexible Manufacturing Processes
## 3 Materials and Methods  
In this work, a DT is carried out under the ISO 23247 standard for the control and monitoring of processes using AR and gesture recognition in an industrial environment. The ISO 23247 standard is a standard to support the creation of DTs; however, it depends on the standards and technologies available to model the manufacturing elements--that is, the standard does not prescribe specific data formats or communication protocols [34]. It is composed of a four-layer framework, as shown in Figure 1, which describes the observable manufacturing elements, a digital entity that allows for modeling and updating the DT, a device communication entity, and user entities. Figure 1: The digital twin framework for manufacturing under ISO 23247 [34]. From the review of the state-of-the-art research presented in the previous section, it is evident that the methodologies proposed for the implementation of DTs are not based on an established standard. However, this provides a background and current basis regarding the use of technologies and protocols for bidirectional communication in industrial environments and modeling and simulation tools for immersive environments. It can be highlighted that there is no closed concept or standard for the development of DTs; this is because it is a tool that is under development, and it is a central point of research in academia and industry due to the advantages it presents. Figure 2 shows the general diagram of the methodology followed for the implementation of the immersive DT based on the ISO 23247 standard, which shows the steps followed. This includes the physical process, communication protocols, ISO standards, design, general characteristics at each stage, and the analysis of results. It should be considered that the standard used does not restrict the use of technologies and protocols used; however, it has clear parameters that the physical and virtual entities must comply with and have, as well as the communication between them at the industrial level. The design of the architecture for the implementation of the DT was based on the ISO 23247 standard, which establishes the main parameters for the architectures of a DT. Figure 3 shows the parameters that were considered in the physical, virtual, and communication entities for this proposal. As a standard that does not limit the use of devices and protocols, the following proposal is made. The creation of the virtual environment with the help of Blender V 3.3 software based on the ISO 16792 standard, which complements the existing standards and focuses on 2D and 3D modeling in digital format, the communication will be performed using the MQTT protocol, and the data will be sent to the cloud for subsequent integration and interaction with AR and the Senso Glove between the physical and virtual entities. Finally, the proposal will be implemented in the MPS 500 station through an embedded system for the subsequent analysis of results through experimentation and operation tests under different process configurations. Improved figure  
Figure 2: General diagram of the proposed methodology. The physical model is the foundation of the DT. This industrial process incorporates sensors, actuators, and a controller (embedded systems) to gather and transmit all the information that is later stored and processed in the cloud through IoT. This section presents the components that were considered for each stage. To design the model of the physical entity, the following component attributes must be considered: Component name, Component type, Component material, and Component dimensions, so the information attributed to the necessary physical components for creating the digital environment can be observed. The digital model is developed using Blender software. The design considers a scale with precise measurements and dimensions for each component, and finally, it is exported with the.fbx extension.