esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction
The images of the avalanche debris taken by the UAV were first analyzed with a pre-trained Conventional Neural Network (CNN) to extract discriminating characteristics. The authors of [7] described a human body detection method based on onboard sensors' color and depth data. In addition, the authors have presented a computational model for monitoring several people using size invariant and rotating the point of view around the target. Furthermore, [8] proposed a completely autonomous rescue UAV with onboard real-time person detection capability. The researchers used Deep Learning (DL) algorithms to recognize open water swimmers. However, the main challenges of channel allocation in stochastic and dynamic environments are twofold: (1) only local knowledge can be utilized to make self-organizing decisions and (2) the convergence speed of the algorithm should acclimate to the dynamic network topology. With these two issues, we aim to study the integration of UAU computing to further improve SAR performance with convergence speed in dynamic network in disaster areas by utilizing local information in decision-making.
# A Realistic Approach of the Maximum Work Extraction from Solar Thermal Collectors
## 3 Suggested Model
### Mathematical Description
#### 3.2.4 Optimum Operation Temperature  
In order to determine the optimum operation of the system, the first derivative of the system efficiency is calculated. This derivative is set equal to zero, according to Equation (20), the fact that means optimum operation.  
\[\frac{d\eta_{sys}}{dX}=0 \tag{20}\]  
The result of Equation (20) is a non-linear equation, which is given below. The optimum value for the parameter (X) is obtained by solving arithmetically the Equation (21). The Equation (21) is a result of the combination of Equations (16) and (20).  
\[4\cdot X_{opt}{}^{5}-3\cdot X_{opt}{}^{4}=q \tag{21}\]  
In Equation (21), there is the parameter (\(q\)), which is fully dependent on the parameter (\(p\)), according to Equation (22). The parameter (\(q\)) can be found by combing the Equations (16) and (20).  
\[q=\frac{p+1}{p}=\frac{\varepsilon_{r}\cdot\sigma\cdot T_{amb}^{4}+C\cdot G \cdot\eta_{opt}}{\varepsilon_{r}\cdot\sigma\cdot T_{amb}^{4}} \tag{22}\]  
By solving Equation (21), the optimum value for the parameter (X) is determined, and the respective optimum value for the receiver temperature (\(T_{r,opt}\)) is calculated. By substituting the value (\(X_{opt}\)) in Equation (16), the maximum possible system efficiency is calculated. By knowing this parameter, the maximum work (\(W_{max}\)) is calculated easily, as the product of maximum system efficiency to the available solar energy (\(Q_{solar}\)).
## 1 Introduction
By utilizing the orthogonal test method to optimize the design process, the representative parameter combinations are selected to be analyzed, which reduces the complexity of tests to a large extent. The orthogonal test method provides a scientific and efficient way to arrange and analyze the multi-factors test. It can infer the comprehensive test results based on a limited number of tests, and has been widely used for test design and parameter optimization [21; 22; 23; 24; 25; 26]. Taking the test with three factors and three levels, for example, the number of comprehensive tests is \(3^{3}=27\), while only nine  
Figure 1: Irregularly-shaped bridge. (**a**) Plan view; and (**b**) collapse accident. orthogonal tests can analyze the sensitivity of factors and determine the preferred levels. As shown in Figure 2, nine test points regularly distributed throughout the comprehensive test points, which shows a strong representation and is able to better reflect the basic information in the optimal selection space. The optimum condition determined by part tests has the same trends as that obtained by comprehensive tests. The orthogonal test method can effectively reduce the complexity of testing analysis. However, there is still a large calculated amount, unreasonable weight, and human factor influence in the analysis process of the multi-indices orthogonal test [27]. In this paper, the index system for the mechanical properties of an irregularly-shaped bridge is established based on the AHP and orthogonal test methods. Maximum stress, the stress variation coefficient, and torsion vibration fundamental frequency are selected as test indices. The influence of the ramp radius, bifurcation diaphragm stiffness, box girder height, and supporting condition on each test index is analyzed by the orthogonal test method. On this basis, weights of factors and levels in the test indices for mechanical properties of an irregularly-shaped bridge are calculated by the proposed comprehensive weight analysis approach. Based on the weight value, the influence order and optimal values of parameters are determined. Experimental results indicate that the proposed comprehensive weight analysis method used for the analysis of the multi-indices orthogonal test can decrease the calculation amount, reasonably determine the weight, and reflect parameter influences objectively, which provides an effective way for parameter sensitivity analysis and design optimization. Additionally, a limitation of the method employed is that correlations and coupling effects between the variables are not considered and analyzed. The fundamental purpose is to investigate the effect of every variable on the overall mechanical properties and determine their weights. In the future, the correlation and coupling effects between variables will be paid more attention and intensively studied.
## 3 Results
### Adaptation and Marginal Misfit  
Assessments revealed the highest mean value for CN specimens (269.94 (64) \(\upmu\)m), whereas the lowest mean value was observed for 3D crowns (197.82 (11.72) \(\upmu\)m) (Table 1). Compared to CN specimens, a similar amount of adaptation was observed in CC specimens (269.52 (54.17) \(\upmu\)m) (Figure 1). Similarly, CC showed a maximum value of adaptation (392.22 \(\upmu\)m), followed by CN (376.20 \(\upmu\)m) and 3D (229.20 \(\upmu\)m), respectively. However, 3D presented with a minimum adaptation measurement of 186.10 \(\upmu\)m, with similar minimum values for CN (188.57 \(\upmu\)m), whereas the minimum adaptation value for CC specimens was 205.70. Overall, a significant difference was observed among the study groups (\(p\) = 0.003). The specimens of CN and CC showed comparable adaptation outcomes (\(p\) \(>\) 0.05) that were significantly higher (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) than the adaptation findings of 3D crowns. 3D interim crowns showed significantly lower adaptation values (\(p\) \(<\) 0.05) (Table 1). The images of micro CT scans for misfit assessment are shown in Figure 2.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Study Group** & **Mean (\(\upmu\)m)** & **SD (\(\upmu\)m)** & **Max (\(\upmu\)m)** & **Min (\(\upmu\)m)** & **ANOVA** \\ \hline CC & 269.52 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 54.17 & 392.22 & 205.70 & \\ \hline CN & 269.94 \({}^{\text{a}}\) & 64.00 & 376.20 & 188.57 & 0.003 \\ \hline
3D & 197.82 \({}^{\text{b}}\) & 11.72 & 229.20 & 186.10 & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Dissimilar superscript lower-case alphabets show significantly different ([PERSON]’s post hoc test) \(p\)-values: CC vs. CN = 0.15, CC vs. 3D = 0.021, 3D vs. CC = 0.034.  
\end{table}
Table 1: Mean and SD for interim crown adaptation.  
For marginal misfit, the assessments revealed the highest mean value in the CN group (395.89 (80.33) \(\upmu\)m), whereas the lowest mean value was observed in the 3D group (211.87 (17.8) \(\upmu\)m) (Table 2). Compared to the conventional technique, better marginal misfit was observed in the CC group (244.95 (19.65) \(\upmu\)m). Nevertheless, the modern technology 3D-printed crowns performed in a superior manner to the other two groups. Similarly, for marginal misfit, 3D showed a maximum value of 593.20 \(\upmu\)m, followed by CN (275.65 \(\upmu\)m) and CC (257.65 \(\upmu\)m) (Figure 3). However, CC presented with a minimum value of 200.05 \(\upmu\)m, with similar values for CN (211.03 \(\upmu\)m), whereas 3D interim crowns showed a minimum value of 272.86 \(\upmu\)m. Thus, the overall significant difference observed among the study groups was \(p\) < 0.01. Interim crowns fabricated with the CN method showed significantly higher marginal misfit compared to crowns made with 3D (\(p\) < 0.05) and CC (\(p\) < 0.05) methods. However, the marginal misfit among the CC and 3D groups was comparable (\(p\) = 0.30) (Table 2).
## 5 Guidance of Traffic Parameters for Signal Control Optimization
### Oversaturation State Identification and Control  
Oversaturation states during morning peak periods represent challenging aspects of urban traffic management, with traditional control methods often proving ineffective. Parameter extraction based on trajectory data provides new approaches for identifying and controlling oversaturation states.  
Multi-dimensional identification of oversaturation states:  
1. Stop point density identification: Through analyzing the spatial distribution of vehicle stop points, congestion hotspots can be intuitively identified. Experimental results indicate that intersections 1, 2, 3, 9, and 17 exhibit significantly higher stop densities than other areas, with the northbound approaches at intersections 1 and 2 being most severe.
2. Travel time volatility analysis: Standard deviations of link travel times reflect traffic flow stability. Large standard deviations indicate that links are prone to cycles of congestion formation and dissipation, representing potential bottleneck segments.
3. Queue length estimation: Based on stop point density and vehicle trajectories, queue lengths at various approaches can be estimated. When queue lengths approach link lengths, queue spillback risks exist.  
Secondary congestion prevention strategies: Under oversaturated conditions, excessive intersection queues easily lead to secondary congestion, disrupting original coordination control effects. Preventive measures are therefore necessary:  
1. Travel time reduction: In offset optimization, apply travel time reductions for links prone to queue spillback, reserving buffer space to absorb queue fluctuations.
2. Gating control: When links experience oversaturation, appropriately shorten green times for traffic entering the area, preventing or gating large vehicle volumes from entering to avoid regional gridlock.
3. Evacuation priority: Appropriately extend green times at congested area exits to accelerate vehicle evacuation from the area, alleviating internal congestion.
## 3 Results
### Effects of Injection at the Valve and Reactivity Fuels on the Combustion Attributes
#### 3.1.3 Rate of the In-Cylinder Peak Pressure Rise  
Figure 9a revealed that the peak pressure rises rate (PPRR) increased gradually with the increase in the engine load for the B5 fuel combustion in reactivity with the biogas injected at the valve, though went down drastically at a maximum of 6.5 bar IMEP. A similar pattern manifested with the premixed biogas, especially at no-load to mid-load positions. The PPRR fell as the engine load extended to full 6.5 bar IMEP. To explain this trend, Figure 9b indicated the tendency of having a high PPRR with the conventional diesel at the no-load state and decreased with the increased engine load for both premixed and biogas injected at the valve, though it went much low at a capacity of 5 bar IMEP. Therefore, the reduction in the PPRR could be due to the rise in the proportion of the CO\({}_{2}\) gas that did not contribute in heating the cylinder as the load increased, but the heating effect of the biodiesel proportion in the B5 mixture counteracted the impact of the CO\({}_{2}\) gas resulting in higher PPRR during B5 combustion. However, the high in-cylinder temperature has been the expected cause of PPRR, hence having high PPRR at a mid 5.5 bar IMEP deviate from the usual trend. Homogeneity of the mixture due to advanced injection timing could be a contributing factor in rising the PPRR [41]. Looking at it from another perspective, the values of the PPRR obtained are generally low, in fact, much lower than the 4 bar/CA as the EURO VI limit for the light-duty diesel engine. This attribute signifies that 5.5 bar IMEP could likely remain an equilibrium state for the change in reactivity status, implying that the energy supplied by the reactivity fuels might be balanced and reduced the impact of the direct-injected fuel, causing a significant rise in the pressure for change in the crank angle. Furthermore, this is indicating that, at a load of 5.5 bar IMEP, the increase in the peak pressure was influenced by the variability in the fuel reactivity. As shown in Figure 9b, the biogas injection at the valve could potentially cut down the PPRR at high load, hence reducing the tendency of having ringing intensity because of the higher quantity of direct-injected fuel [42]. Generally, the engine demonstrated acceptable PPRR for all the high reactivity fuels used, under both premixed and biogas injection at the valve, as depicted in Figure 9a,b. The patter of the PPRR in both Figure 9a,b does not reflect a uniform attribute across the engine capacities for both premixed and port injection at the valve. The figures indicated that biogas injection at the valve showed less PPRR at 5 and 6.5 bar IMEP while the premixed mode superseded at other loads capacities signifying that the PPRR is independent on the combined effects of the loads and injection technique.
## 5 Wireless Han  
### Based on IEEE Standards  
The IEEE Standards comprise a family of networking standards that cover the media access control (MAC) and PHY specifications for implementing wireless networks.  
IEEE 802.11 series standardize PHY and MAC layers for wide local area networks (WLAN) by employing frequency radio bands at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz. This range of standards and further evolutions offer the basis for wireless network products using the well-known Wi-Fi brand. WiFi is a popular IP-based wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games, and other electronic devices.  
This set provides mobility, flexibility, and low-cost connection with the wired technology which makes it appropriate at the distribution level where the performance requirements and data rate are less strict and the cost of technology is more significant. Furthermore, advanced security and the QoS can in addition be reached using this technology [66].  
The IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard for low-power, low data rate wireless communication between small devices. This standard only defines PHY and medium access control (MAC) layers, is currently the most widely adopted standard for WSN for low power, low data rate (250 kb/s at 2.4 GHz), low complexity, and short range transmission [67].  
Above IEEE 802.15.4, there are several standards like ZigBee, MiWi, 6 LoWPAN, WirelessHART and ISA100.11a. In addition, these higher layer protocols define the suggested application framework, device profile, network layer, and security services among other functionalities.  
Bluetooth is designed for applications that are primarily based on computer peripherals, such as wireless keyboard and mouse. Bluetooth or IEEE 802.15.1 is a standard intended to be a secured and cheap way of connecting and transferring data amongst supported devices, creating a PAN. At present, many versions of Bluetooth are available such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), which is a short-range wireless transmission technology targeting low complexity, low-cost, communication in wireless BAN by utilizing frequency radio bands from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz [68].  
Table 1 shows in detail the wireless networking protocols supported on IEEE Standards.
# RST Resilient Watermarking Scheme Based on DWT-SVD and Scale-Invariant Feature Transform
## 1 Introduction
The SIFT is used for watermarking resynchronization. The embedding of watermark is done using SVD technique, and SIFT algorithm is used to find feature points, which is further used for watermarking detection. Besides that, for geometric invariance of the watermarking schemes, the moments transform domain has attracted the watermarking community as an alternative transform domain to embed the watermark recently. In [28], [PERSON] and [PERSON] introduced a geometric invariant watermarking based on SIFT and Zernike moments, where SIFT is applied to obtain the circular region as well as the Zernike moment performed on binary regions, and magnitudes of local Zernike moments altered for watermark embedding. In [29], [PERSON] et al. proposed a geometrically invariant watermarking scheme using radial harmonic Fourier moments to embed the watermark into their magnitudes by quantization. [PERSON] et al. [30] made great efforts to analyze advantages and disadvantages of watermarking methods based on moment theory, and achieved comparative study on performance of moment-based watermarking scheme. Due to the efficiency of SIFT for image matching and image features, it is becoming an innovative option for the image watermarking method in recent years. The basic theory of the SIFT will be illustrated later in Section 2. In this paper, a new robust watermarking scheme based on SVD, DWT, and SIFT is proposed. Firstly, the host image is performed by DWT for three times, and the LL\({}_{3}\) sub-band is selected for SVD operation. Then, the watermark is embedded into the three-level LL\({}_{3}\) sub-band. The SIFT keypoints, also known as feature points, are saved as keys for correcting the RST attacks. In the extraction process, the capability of attack resistance can be attained owing to the SIFT feature matching. Experimental results show that, with the excellent imperceptibility, the proposed scheme is resilient to both common image processing and various attacks, e.g., Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, RST, cropping, etc. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the SIFT algorithm. Section 3 addresses the concrete watermark embedding and extraction procedures. Section 4 gives experimental evaluation of robustness and imperceptibility compared with previous schemes, and demonstrates the advantage of the proposed scheme. Conclusions and the future works are given finally in Section 5.
## 4 Discussion
In this paper, according to the theoretical derivation and evaluation with simulated dataset, the ERTPL is modeled as twice of the sensor's height. The retrieved SIF values from the corrected irradiance using the modeled ERTPL fit well with the simulated reference SIF values. It needs to be noted that, the result of the ERTPL for hemispherical observation acquired in this study relies on some assumptions. Firstly, the surface reflectance and SIF emission is assumed to be isotropic whereas, in practice, both reflectance and SIF emission of vegetation has obvious directional characteristics. Moreover, the surface is usually heterogeneous. Secondly, the atmospheric transmittance is assumed to be linearly related to the RTPL, which is only true for a limited range of the view zenith angle. Thirdly, for common setups of tower-based observation, the height of sensor is only tens of meters, and the atmospheric scattering effect is tiny. So the effects of atmospheric scattering were neglected. According to our analysis, the errors caused by the former two assumptions are opposite at the far-red band. Although they cannot totally offset each other, the error will not be accumulated. Finally, this study is totally based on simulation due to the lack of field measurements. Further analysis based on measured dataset should be carried out.
## 1 Introduction
### Research Materials  
Referring to [PERSON] et al.'s study on axial stability including the muscle groups of the shoulders, abdomen, waist, and hips [22], the axial stability training program (ASTP) of this study was developed. The experimental group received the ASTP twice weekly for 12 weeks (24 sessions). The main movements included vertical and horizontal jumping. In this study, exercise intensity was based on heart rate as a reference indicator, and each participant wore a heart rate wearable device. When operating the ASTP, the exercise intensity was set to be between 70% and 80% of the maximum heart rate (maximum heart rate = 220 \(-\) current age). The body would thus obviously feel out of breath and tired after each training session [23]. After completing each operation, 10-30 s of rest was allowed. All items were completed in one cycle, followed by a rest for 3-5 min. A total of three cycles were required. The 12 weeks were divided into three phases of different intensities. The training intensity in each phase increased, but the number of repetitions decreased, as shown in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Course** & **Reps/Round** & **Training Focus** \\ \hline Warm-up & - & & Warm up with 10 min of aerobic exercise. \\ \hline V crunch & 10/1 & 6/2 & 1-3/3 & Slowly lift your legs to an extended position at a 45-degree angle with your torso. Hold this V-shaped position for 1 min to begin. \\ \hline Hyperextension & 10/1 & 6/2 & 1-3/3 & Setup in a hyperextension machine with your feet anchored and torso roughly perpendicular to your legs at a 45-degree angle. Begin in a hinged position with your arms crossed and initiate the movement by flexing your glutes. Extend the hips and finish with your body in a straight line. Repeat for the desired number of repetitions. \\ \hline Bent over dumbbell reverse fly & 10/1 & 6/2 & 1-3/3 & Stand with feet shoulder-width apart, holding dumbbells at your sides. Press the hips back in a hinge motion, bringing your chest forward and almost parallel to the floor. Let the weights hang straight down (palms facing each other) while maintaining a tight core, straight back, and slight knee bend. \\ \hline Contralateral superman & 10/1 & 6/2 & 1-3/3 & Raise your left arm and shoulder and right leg off the floor. Lower your arm, shoulder, and leg to the floor. Repeat by raising and lowering the right arm, shoulder, and left leg. Repeat by alternating between opposite sides. \\ \hline Bird dog & 10/1 & 6/2 & 1-3/3 & With your hands under your shoulders and knees under your hips, extend your right leg behind you. At the same time, reach your left arm out in front, parallel to the ground. Hold for one minute, then repeat on the other side. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The ASTP administered to participants.
## 4 Stator-Side External Retrofit Techniques
### Comparative Results Analysis of Stator-Side External Retrofit Techniques  
Stator-side external retrofit techniques show desirable performance in maintaining the terminal voltage and restraining DC-link overvoltage. To compare the control effect of various stator-side external retrofit techniques, the same test system and fault conditions as in Section 3 were adopted. Typical models of an SDBR [44], STATCOM [50], FCL [53], and SGSC [57] were implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, and the results are shown in Figure 19. Figure 19a shows the control effect in maintaining terminal voltage. By providing fast and smooth reactive power compensation, the STATCOM provided better performance in improving the terminal voltage dynamics than the SDBR. In addition, the FCL could maintain terminal voltage regulation by injecting reasonable resistance into the stator circuit and providing adaptive voltage compensation. The SGSC focuses on keeping terminal voltage balanced and sinusoidal; thus, it is not presented in Figure 19a. Figure 19b shows the control effect of maintaining DC-link voltage. By controlling the active power injection or absorption, the SGSC can regulate DC-link voltage during grid faults. The SDBR aids the RSC and GSC in maintaining controllability of DC-link voltage. However, more serious DC-link voltage drops occurred when the SDBR was implemented in DFIG-WTs compared with the SGSC and STATCOM.