###### Abstract
They investigated the impact of dominant seismic parameters on the seismic response of dam-reservoir systems. [PERSON] et al. [19] investigated the influence of pulse and high-frequency components in NF motion on the seismic vulnerabilities of steel frames. They also evaluated the impact of the \(T_{\text{p}}\) to fundamental period (\(T_{1}\)) ratio--that is, \(T_{\text{p}}/T_{1}\)--by categorizing ground motion into four groups with different \(T_{\text{p}}/T_{1}\) ratios. Fragility curves were then employed to assess seismic behavior across different damage states. These studies compared the numerical results between the PL and NP motion, or NF and far-fault motion for various structures under vertical incident conditions. However, the traditional assumption of vertical seismic input generally led to a degree of underestimation of nonlinear dynamic response in structures. Moreover, the influence of oblique incidence on the nonlinear dynamic response of concrete dams has yet to be thoroughly examined. Because of the small source distance, the NF ground motion is obliquely incident at a certain angle to the dam foundation. To avoid dam damage at the most unfavorable incident angle, researchers have analyzed the responses of tunnels [20], concrete dams [21; 22; 23; 24], underground powerhouse structures [25], and liquid tanks [26] to any ground motion incident angles. All the aforementioned studies determined and verified the seismic input model of oblique incidence, discussing the impact of SV or P waves under oblique incidence. The results highlighted the potential underestimation of the seismic responses of concrete structures in the absence of oblique incidence considerations. Consequently, our previous study investigated the dynamic behavior of gravity dams when subjected to NF SV waves at various incident angles. [PERSON] et al. [27] proposed a seismic performance analysis framework based on the oblique incidence theory, addressing the significance of considering incident angles and seismic characteristics in assessing the performance of concrete dams in NFzones. Extensive research has been conducted on the effects of oblique P waves on structural responses. For example, [PERSON] et al. [28] investigated the seismic response and damage behavior of hydraulic arched tunnels under oblique incident P waves. They indicated that the angle of incidence of the P waves affected the displacement and damage severity of tunnel structures enormously. [PERSON] et al. [29] explored the effect of PL motion on the seismic response of tunnels using the theory of oblique incident waves. Comparisons among the NF, far-fault, and artificial ground motion revealed a considerable increase in tunnel internal forces owing to velocity pulses, highlighting the need to incorporate oblique incidence into the seismic design of tunnels. [PERSON] et al. [30] proposed an innovative method for examining the influence of oblique incidence angles on NF ground motion. Their findings indicated a higher level of structural damage under PL motion than under NP motion. The PGV/PGA indicator was a key factor in determining the seismic response, particularly at larger incident angles. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] developed a program for a seismic wave input method under obliquely NF P waves at any angle. The results indicated that the incident angle of the P wave affected dam response enormously, with the maximum failure angle evident at 60\({}^{\circ}\). However, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have quantitatively investigated and compared the seismic performance of dams under PL and NP earthquakes with oblique P wave incidence to identify the main factors influencing the response under different motion scenarios. The effect of the pulse characteristics, seismology parameters, incident angle, and direction have not been considered simultaneously.