## 1 Introduction  
Diabetes is a persistent illness that causes a disruption in glucose metabolism, resulting in persistently high blood sugar levels, known as hyperglycemia. This disease is classified into two types: Type 1 diabetes arising from the deterioration of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin, and type 2 diabetes, in which cells become insulin-resistant [1]. Glycemic regulation is a complex process involving multiple organs and hormones. Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreas, is critical in facilitating glucose absorption by cells for energy use or glycogen storage. Concurrently, glucagon, which is also produced by the pancreas, raises blood sugar levels by encouraging the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream [2; 3]. Inflammation is a critical and complex biological response elicited by the body's immune system in order to protect itself from potentially harmful stimuli such as pathogens, injury, or damaged cells [4]. The procedure entails a series of co-ordinated events aimed at removing the source of the injury or infection and initiating tissue repair. The secretion of inflammatory signaling molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandamins, which promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, is typical of the mechanisms of inflammation [5]. The _Solanum_ genus, which includes various plant species, has attracted considerable interest due to its potential therapeutic effects against diabetes, obesity, and inflammation. Numerous studies have highlighted the bioactive compounds present in Solanum plants, which demonstrate anti-diabetic properties by promoting insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels [6; 7]. Research has indicated that certain compounds in _Solanum_ plants can inhibit fat accumulation, promote lipid metabolism, and suppress one's appetite, making them valuable candidates in the fight against obesity [8; 9; 10]. Studies have revealed that extracts from certain _Solanum_ species, such as _Solanum nigrum_, exhibit significant antioxidant properties due to their content of flavonoids and polyphenols [11]. These compounds help neutralize free radicals and protect cells against oxidative stress, which is implicated in aging and the development of certain chronic diseases [12]. Furthermore, some _Solanum_ species have demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory activities. For instance, studies on extracts from _Solanum Lyopersicum_ have shown the inhibition of inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines in cellular models [13]. _Solanum elaagenifolium_, also known as silverial nightshade, is a perennial shrub in the Solanaceae family and _solanum_ genre. This plant species is native to North America, with its geographic range primarily encompassing the southwestern United States and northern Mexico [14]. It thrives in a wide range of habitats, including arid and semi-arid regions, disturbed areas, roadsides, and agricultural lands. Its ability to adapt to a variety of climates and soil conditions has contributed to its widespread distribution across these regions [15; 16]. In terms of climate, _S. elaagenifolium_ exhibits remarkable tolerance to harsh environmental conditions. It can survive in areas with high temperatures, low precipitation, and high salinity levels, making it ideal for arid and drought-prone environments [17]. _S. elaagenifolium_ has a variety of beneficial biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, insecticidal, molluscicidal, larvicidal, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, and antitumor properties [15; 16; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24]. These various activities can be attributed to the presence of key compounds such as quercetin, gallic acid, kaempfer, and naringenin, which play an important role in mediating these effects [15; 16]. The chemical composition of the plant is rich and diverse, which contributes to its therapeutic potential and makes it a valuable subject of interest for further research in a variety of fields, including medicine and agriculture.