# Early Perspectives on the Planned Brazilian Program to Address Ship-Sourced Pollution
## 2 Project Description
A critical aspect of this goal involves identifying sensor technologies capable of detecting not only the presence of oil but also key parameters such as thickness, chemical composition, and weathering stage. These characteristics are essential for assessing environmental risk and planning cleanup operations. Developing such smart systems, capable of integrating IR, lasers [80], and hyperspectral data [81], is critical for transforming raw sensor outputs into actionable information that can guide emergency response teams [82]. There is no definitive answer regarding which remote sensing technology should be prioritized for marine oil spill monitoring, as each sensor type presents distinct advantages and limitations [83; 84] (Table 1). The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is the most widely employed microwave remote sensing technique for monitoring oil spills at sea due to the advantages of all-day and all-weather operations (including nocturnal). However, SAR is often associated with a high incidence of false positives, making it challenging to accurately determine the type of spilled oil and estimate the thickness of the surface film. In contrast, optical remote sensing provides richer spectral information compared to SAR and has been extensively investigated for oil spill applications. Laser-induced Fluorescence can provide the best information for oil spill surveillance as it can detect oil on several environmental backgrounds including ice and the shoreline. However, the horizontal laser range is limited, making it ineffective for monitoring large areas. No single sensor has the capability to provide all the information needed for oil spill surveillance. Moreover, the selection of ROV/UAS-mounted instruments must complement satellite sensor choices. While satellites are capable of scanning vast ocean regions to detect potential spill locations, ROV/UAS are better suited for targeted, high-resolution investigations of suspicious areas identified by satellite data [83; 84]. _Goal 8--feasibility study and developing the intelligent satellite constellation_  
The microsatellite constellation will be equipped with sensors for ocean color monitoring, radar imaging, RF signal detection, and surface data capture. The ocean color sensors will provide critical information on changes in water quality, aiding in the detection of potential oil spills [85]. Radar imaging capabilities will enable all-weather, day-and-night surveillance, which is crucial for tracking oil slicks [86], vessel activities, and other anomalies within the BJW [87]. The RF signal detection system will seek unauthorized activities or support search and rescue operations [88]. The use of satellite constellations has become a widely adopted strategy around the world to enhance maritime protection against illegal activities, including oil dumping. Since 2008, the U.S. NESDIS Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) has begun developing oil detection capabilities to support operational demands from NOAA's Emergency Response Division (ERD), through continuous analysis of SAR and multispectral satellite imagery within and near the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to detect both accidental and intentional discharges of crude oil [89]. The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) operates the CleanSeaNet and Copernicus Maritime Surveillance services. These programs use Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and high-resolution visible-band imagery to detect and monitor oil slicks on the ocean