## 1 Introduction  
Fire alarm systems are essential safety requirements in various settings, such as factories, companies, seaports, and houses. The need for early fire warning has spurred the development of smart and sensitive alert systems. Currently, commercial flame detectors in use operate based on either heat measurement or smoke detection principles. Smoke sensors available in the market operate within a thermal band of \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C to 50 \({}^{\circ}\)C and have a slow response time of 10-30 s [1, 2, 3, 4]. These sensors are triggered when the smoke's dimming falls within the range of 5%-20%. Heat sensors use heat resistance to obtain accurate heat measurements, but their response speed is low, ranging from 15 to 90 s. Additionally, they require contact with the heat source, and their operating temperature is between \(-10\)\({}^{\circ}\)C and \(50\)\({}^{\circ}\)C. Although smoke and thermal sensors are widely used and low-cost, their response speed, sensitivity, and working range are limited. Smoke sensors only detect smoke and not the fire source itself, which can be dangerous when the fire grows on a large scale. These sensors work best in closed spaces [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, in open spaces, they may fail to detect fires accurately due to air currents and other factors. As a result, new fire detection systems that utilize novel techniques and technologies, such as ultraviolet detection and Fourier spectrum analysis, have been developed to address these limitations and enhance fire safety. Fire alarm systems are essential in various settings, such as factories, warehouses, seaports, and homes. The development of smart and sensitive alert systems that can detect fires at an early stage is crucial for the safety of people and property. While conventional fire detection systems use heat or smoke sensors, recent advancements have led to the development of more sophisticated systems that employ different techniques, such as image processing and infrared/ultraviolet sensors. Infrared (IR) sensors are commonly used in fire detection systems and can detect heat sources with temperatures of 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 300 \({}^{\circ}\)C above the base temperature. However, the limitation of IR and IR/UV sensors is that they may not be able to detect fires with low temperatures, and their sensitivity is affected by noise from heat sources in the ambient environment and solar radiation [5; 6; 7; 8]. Despite these limitations, these sensors are widely used in many fire alarm systems due to their cost-effectiveness and relative reliability. Recently, fire detection systems based on image processing techniques have gained traction [9; 10; 11; 12]. These systems use cameras and sophisticated algorithms to analyze the captured images and identify fires. For instance, an integrated long-wave IR and mid-wave IR bolometer camera with a dual-band filter has been reported to detect flames from 30 to 200 feet outdoors, depending on the fire source. However, this detector cannot detect flames in all directions [13; 14; 15; 16]. Another fire monitoring system uses both IR sensing and color videos and can detect the burning of smokeless liquids, gas fires, and fires of materials that contain carbon and produce a lot of smoke. The cameras used to localize the fire can be integrated into the security system, but this device is difficult to install in hidden areas and is rather short-lived [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. In summary, while traditional fire detection systems using heat and smoke sensors have their limitations, recent advancements in image processing and infrared/ultraviolet sensors have shown promising results in early fire detection. However, each system has its advantages and disadvantages, and the selection of a fire alarm system depends on various factors such as the size of the building, the type of materials stored, and the location of the fire detection system.