## 4 Emergent Configurations in the IIoT
### Revolutionary Communication Technologies for Facilitating EC in Oil and Gas Explorations
#### 4.5.2 Communication Routing Protocols for Realising EC in Oil and Gas Explorations
The results obtained also demonstrate that CoAP offers \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Communication** & **Transmission** & **IEEE** & **Data** & **Power** & **Consumption** & **Cost** \\
**Technology** & **Range** & **Standard** & **Rate** & **Consumption** & **Cost** \\ \hline WPAN (Bietooth) & 8-10 m & 802.15.1 & 1-24 mb/s & Low & Low \\ LR-WPAN (_ZigBee_) & 10-100 m & 802.15.4 & 40-250 kb/s & Low & Low \\ WiFi & 20-100 m & 802.11\(a/b/g/n/ac\) & 1 Mb/s-6.75 Gb/s & High & High \\ WiMAX & Less than 50 km & 802.16 & 1 Mb/s-1 Gb/s (fixed) & Medium & High \\ Mobile Communication & Entire Cellular Region & 4G-LTE based on CP-OFDM & 100 Mb/s-1 Gb/s & Medium & Medium \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: A comparison of existing IoT communication technologies for EC in Oil and Gas extractions. the highest efficiency in comparison to MQTT and WebSocket while MQTT offers the highest RTT as a result of the presence of both application layer acknowledgements and transport. Network layer communication protocols such as OLSR, AoMDV, dynamic source routing (DSR), and a AoDV were proposed for configuring maritime wireless communication systems. However, none of these protocols was found to be efficient [51] since they cannot provide optimal communication capability, sustained interoperability and guaranteed reliable communications. Because the sea-embedded network devices are not stationary and the underwater signal coverage is limited, there is a need to develop energy-efficient and energy balanced protocols that can be used as communication interfaces between submerged network devices. This is required because permanently installed under-sea sensors may be difficult to replace thus, prolonging the battery life of such nodes is necessary for the extremely harsh under-water atmospheric conditions which can be achieved either through clustering or load-balancing techniques. In such scenarios, load balancing schemes require multihop configuration approaches whereas, single-hop methods are adopted for implementing the clustering procedures. Thus, we propose the use of an energy-efficient and energy balanced routing protocol that attempts to balance the energy dissipation of the marine user equipment (MUE) during the formation of cluster networks in the aquatic communication system according to [29] named mobile sink selective-path priority table (MSPT). In this technique, a priority table is developed, where the two shortest paths to the CH are prioritised using some simple rules. The aforementioned rules are formulated to improve marine explorations by combining routing metrics including the transmission power and range of each sensor node in addition to the residual energy of each sensor. Likewise, two phases are involved in the formation of the MSPT routing protocol for maritime communication networks and these consist of the set-up and steady phases respectively. The former phase involves the election of CH nodes for the marine communication networks whereas, the latter phase primarily consists of the development of the data identification and transmission paths in order to optimise the seafaring network performance while considering the energy maximization of network devices.