## 1 Introduction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Approach** & **Year** & **Authors** & **Description** & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Fored air flow of air conditioning systems [(9)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2012} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The method uses available air conditioning systems in the proposed cleaning PV. & \multirow{2}{*}{Reduces the PV temperature in addition to PV cleaning.} & In areas without air conditioning systems, this method has a fatal limitation. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Natural cleaning using rain/wind [(10)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2016} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & Natural conditions, which comprise wind, rainfall, etc, are mined to clean dirt from the PV surface. & The accumulation of dust on the PV surface is effectively reduced. & The PV surface is not comprehensively cleaned, which is affected by the environment and area of the solar farm. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Manual cleaning [(11)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2011} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The nozzle emits a high-pressure water flow for the PV surface to remove the accumulated dust particles. & Enhances the effectiveness of cleaning and cooling the PV surface is an overlaying PV farms could be challenging and costly. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mechanical cleaning (blowing or brushing) [(12)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2017} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & Manpower is the primary determinant in the resourceful removal of dust by using cloths or brushes. & The cleaning quality of PV surfaces is remarkably effective. & The performance of PV systems exhibits disparities across various regions. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Mechanical cleaning using PV cleaning group [(13)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2023} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The robot forcefully removes the dust with a combination of water and a brush. & The PV cleaning robot surpasses significantly in both flexibility and cleaning efficiency [(8)] & The operator is required to possess proficient observation and control skills. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Electrical screws [(14)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2011} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The electro-dynamic display enables the automatic and uninterrupted elimination of accumulated dry dust. & Dust particle removal is effective and straightforward. & The conduct of this method necessitates elevated voltage, a device, a digital signal device, and incurs significant costs in its implementation. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Super-hydrophobic aircraft (SHOP) [(15)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2011} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The outer layer, which is a super hydrophobic aircraft, covered the PV surface and make the water not stick to it. & The SHOP method machines natural conditions such as rain, dev, etc, and has no requirement for water or human involvement. & The dry environments are unsuitable for the application of this technique. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Super water jet (SHIP) [(16)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2011} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & The surface of the water is specially designed to reduce dust accumulation. & This technique proves efficient in breaking down and dissolving dirt. & The SHIP method does not improve the full recovery of PV panel efficiency; the protection layer on the PV surface deteriorates due to ultraviolet radiation. \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{Self-cleaning ultrasonic [(17)]} & \multirow{2}{*}{2013} & \multirow{2}{*}{[PERSON] et al.} & High-frequency standard ultrasound (up to 20 kHz) is used to remove some of the dust. & The requirement for water and human involvement in this method is eliminated. & The efficacy is reduced in humid conditions; moreover, the power supply requires dedicated. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Comparison of PV panel cleaning methods. In terms of mechanical PV cleaning, there are mainly two categories of automatic systems, both utilizing rotating brushes to wipe the dust off PV panels.