esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Wire-Grid and Sparse MoM Antennas: Past Evolution, Present Implementation, and Future Possibilities
## 4 Reconfigurable and Smart Antennas
### Reconfigurable and Smart Antennas: GA  
Numerical optimization of antennas is increasingly used to achieve results in the case of strict requirements. GAs have been used to optimize reconfigurable antennas such as optimizing the far-field patterns of antenna networks [222] or passive microwave components [223]. Another area in which the use of GA designs shows promise is the development of \"smart\" antennas [224]. GAs have been successfully applied in automated antenna design problems with tight specifications and strong constraints, often resulting in structures whose topology and methods of operation are not intuitive [225; 226]. The authors of [227] described an EM GA optimization (EGO) application developed for a cluster supercomputing platform. A representative patch antenna design example for commercial wireless applications was described in detail, which illustrates the versatility and applicability of the method. They showed that EGO allows combining the accuracy of full-wave EM analysis with the robustness of GA optimization and the speed of a parallel computing algorithm. The GAs have also been used to find the best states in reconfigurable antennas with many degrees of freedom [228]. The GA and MoM were also combined in a novel method used to design and optimize frequency reconfigurable pixel antennas in [229]. This method utilizes a multi-objective function that is efficiently computed by using only one full electromagnetic simulation in the entire GA optimization process. An attempt was also undertaken to minimize the number of switches in the design. The method was demonstrated by an antenna structure consisting of a rectangular grid of pixels adjacent to a ground plane and using radio frequency MEMS switches to achieve the reconfigurability. The results demonstrated that reconfigurable antennas can effectively be designed with a minimum number of switches using an efficient optimization method. Using momentum and hyperoptimization methods, the authors of [230] developed and optimized the radiation and absorption characteristics of modified Yagi-Uda (YU) nanoantenna arrays. Four antenna geometries were considered: a conventional YU powered from a voltage source and a transmission line, and a YU with a loop element powered from a voltage source and a transmission line. Numerical electromagnetic modeling of these nanoantennas was performed by the method of moments. The optimization method used was adaptive fuzzy GAPSO, which is based on the hybridization of a genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The optimized results show that the modified YU nanoantennas have better gain, directivity, and radiation efficiency characteristics compared to conventional YU antennas.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### CO\({}_{2}\) Adsorption Measurements  
The sorption of CO\({}_{2}\) in the samples were gravimetrically assessed in a magnetic suspension balance (MSB), (Rubotherm Prazisionsmessstechnik GmbH, 35 MPa and 673 K) equipped with a single sinker device for adsorbate density determination and thermostatized with an oil bath (Julabo F25/\(\pm\) 273 K). The apparatus details are well described elsewhere. When compared to other gravimetrical sorption methods, the MSB device has the advantage of allowing high-pressure sorption measurements as the sample can be potted into a closed chamber coupled to an external precise balance (accuracy of \(\pm\)10 \(\upmu\)g).  
The samples (0.06 to 0.09 g) were weighed and transferred to the MSB sample container, and the system was subjected to a 10\({}^{-7}\) MPa vacuum at the temperature of the sorption measurement, 298 K, for 24 h (constant weight was achieved in this time). The CO\({}_{2}\) was admitted into the MSB pressure chamber up to the desired pressure, 0.1-2 MPa in this study, a pressure gauge with an accuracy of 10\({}^{-3}\) MPa was used to control the system pressure.  
The solubility of CO\({}_{2}\) in the samples for each isotherm and pressure considered was measured 3-4 hours after no more weight increasing for CO\({}_{2}\) sorption had been observed. At this step of CO\({}_{2}\) solubility in the samples, the weight reading from the microbalance at pressure P and temperature T is recorded as W\({}_{\rm t}(P,T)\). The mass of dissolved CO\({}_{2}\) in the sample \((W_{absolute})\) was calculated using Equation (1)  
\[W_{absolute}=\left[W_{\rm t}(P,T)-W_{\rm sc}(P,T)+\rho_{\rm g}(P,T)\cdot(V_{ \rm sc}(T)+V_{\rm s}(T)+V_{\rm ads})\right]-W_{\rm s}(vac,T) \tag{1}\]  
where W\({}_{\rm sc}(P,T)\) is the weight of sample container, \(\rho_{\rm g}(P,T)\) stands for CO\({}_{2}\) density, directly measured with the MSB coupled single-sinker device, V\({}_{\rm sc}(T)\) is the volume of the sample container, determined from a buoyancy experiment when no sample is charged into the sample container, V\({}_{\rm s}(T)\) the specific solid sample volume, W\({}_{\rm s}(vac,T)\) is the weight of samples under vacuum and the term \(\rho_{\rm g}(P,T)\cdot(V_{\rm sc}(T)+V_{\rm s}(T))\), represents the buoyancy force.  
The volume of the adsorbed phase V\({}_{\rm ads}\) must be taken into account in the buoyancy correction to determine the absolute gas adsorption. In this paper, the density of the adsorbed phase \(\rho_{\rm ads}\) was assumed to be the density of liquid CO\({}_{2}\) in a reference state (boiling point at 1 atm) and the V\({}_{\rm ads}\) was obtained by dividing the adsorbed mass, \(m_{\rm ads}\) by the density of the adsorbed phase, \(\rho_{\rm ads}\). Further details on data handling from the adsorption isotherms measured may be found in literature [(39; 40)].
## 4 Acoustic Emission Characterization  
### Acoustic Emission Characterization Parameters  
Acoustic emission (AE) typically monitors the response of materials under stress, where due to the inhomogeneity of their microstructure and the presence of defects, there is a transition from an unstable high-energy state to a lower energy state. This transition is often manifested in the form of deformation and crack formation. When a specimen is subjected to external forces, the morphology of internal microcracks changes and generates elastic waves. These waves propagate to the surface of the specimen, where acoustic emission sensors fixed on the surface can detect the surface changes of the specimen. The acoustic emission is then manifested in forms such as the number of ring counts or energy [45; 46].  
Figure 10 illustrates the changes in acoustic emission (AE) ring counts, cumulative ring counts, energy, and cumulative energy over time. The stages I to V represent the compaction of original pores, the elastic stage, the stable crack propagation stage, the unstable crack propagation stage, and the peak stage, respectively.  
Compaction of original pores stage: There is a trend of increasing AE ring counts, mainly due to the compaction of original pores, which slightly alters the internal structure, resulting in a small increase in AE ring counts.  
Figure 10: Acoustic emission characterization parameters. (**a**) AE counts; (**b**) AE energy.  
Elastic stage: AE ring counts develop steadily with faint signals, while there are almost no changes in the cumulative AE ring counts, AE energy, and cumulative AE energy. No damage is generated during this stage.  
Stable crack propagation stage: AE ring counts begin to show increases in signals, and the cumulative AE ring counts rise slightly, with faint signals in AE energy.  
Unstable crack propagation stage: Both AE ring counts and cumulative AE ring counts rise significantly, and the AE energy signals also become stronger. This indicates that a large number of microcracks are generated within the sandstone, and macroscopic tensile cracks are observed at the tips of pre-existing fractures on the sandstone surface.  
Peak stage: There are substantial increases in AE ring counts and AE energy, reaching the highest point, while the cumulative AE ring counts and cumulative AE energy surge to their maximum in an instant. This stage is characterized by the most intense acoustic emission activity and the strongest signal strength, indicating that the sandstone is about to fail. Research has found that under low stress conditions, no AE signals are generated during the unloading stage, while under high stress conditions, AE signals are produced during the unloading stage.
# Data Mining Based on Chinese Traditional Calendar in the Han Dynasty Yang Mansoleum Museum
## 2 Monitoring Data Processing  
### Introduction to Solar Calendar and Lunar Calendar  
The Gregorian calendar is used as solar calendar today in all around world, which was developed by the Romans according to the revolution of the earth. The average length of the calendar year is 365 days, 5 h, 49 min and 12 s, while the length of the tropical year is 365 days, 5 h, 48 min and 46 s. The difference between a Gregorian year and a tropical year is only 26 s. The month and date of each calendar year in the Gregorian calendar also coincide well with the position of the sun on the ecliptic. The Gregorian calendar is divided into 12 months, due to one twelfth of the tropical year being about 30 and a half days (30.4368 days). However, the \"month\" in question has nothing to do with the phase of the moon. In other words, the solar calendar can only show information about the sun.  
The lunar calendar is based on the earth's revolution and the moon's revolution. Its history can be traced back to the Qin and Han dynasties. The lunar calendar takes the tropical year as one year and the lunar month as one month. However, a tropical year is about 11 days longer than 12 lunar months. If lunar year is measured in 12 months, the date will be wrong. Through practice, the ancients stipulated every three years an extra month, this year is called leap year. Through calculation, the method that seven calendar years were selected as leap years in 19 calendar years was invented. The 3 rd, 6 th, 9 th, 11 th, 14 th, 17 th, and 19 th years are generally selected as leap years, and the rest of the year as ordinary years. A leap year has 13 months, while an ordinary year has only 12 months. Which month is set as leap month according to the solar terms of China. That leaves a mere 0.09 days (about 2 h, 9 min and 36 s) between the 19 tropical years and 235 lunar months (12 common years and seven leap years). During the southern and northern dynasties, [PERSON] created the more accurate method, which selected 144 of 391 calendar years as leap years and the rest as common years. After that, it's still used today. The uniqueness of the lunar calendar lies in that, on the one hand, the date of the calendar represents a certain phase of the moon, such as the beginning of the new moon, the full moon is just in the middle. On the other hand, it is coordinated with the four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter). In conclusion, the lunar calendar can display information from both the sun and the moon. Due to natural data are often influenced by both the sun and the moon, using the lunar calendar as a time label would be more consistent with the changing pattern of the data itself.
# Carbon from Bagasse Activated with Water Vapor and Its Adsorption Performance for Methylene Blue
## 4 Conclusions
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Precursors**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Activating**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Isotherm**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Thermodynamics of Adsorption**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Ref.**} \\  & & **Langmuir** & **Freundlich** & & & **\(\Delta\)H** & \(\Delta\)G** & \(\Delta\)S \\  & & **q\({}_{\text{max}}\) (mg/g)** & **1/n** & & **(kj/mol)** & **(kj/mol)** & **(kj/mol)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} _Citrullus_ \\ _landus_ \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{ZnCl\({}_{2}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{231.480} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.136} & Pseudo- & \multirow{2}{*}{23.83} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)3.07} & \multirow{2}{*}{90.23} & \multirow{2}{*}{[57]} \\  & & & & second-order & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Viscose fibers} & Water vapor & & & & & & \\  & pretreated by & & & & & & \\  & diammo- & 256.13 & 0.0669 & Pseudo- & - & - & - & [62] \\  & nium & phosphate & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Tea seed \\ shells \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{ZnCl\({}_{2}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{324.7} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.1010} & Pseudo- & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)26.80} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)1.720} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)84.64} & \multirow{2}{*}{[63]} \\  & & & second-order & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{_Ficus carica_} & \multirow{2}{*}{H\({}_{2}\)SO\({}_{4}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{47.62} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.398} & Pseudo- & \multirow{2}{*}{21.550} & \multirow{2}{*}{\(-\)1.55} & \multirow{2}{*}{76.24} & \multirow{2}{*}{[32]} \\  & & & second-order & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Ackee apple \\ pods \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{ZnCl\({}_{2}\)} & \multirow{2}{*}{46.95} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.2624} & Pseudo- & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[64]} \\  & & & second-order & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Nuchar \\ WWH (commercial) \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{21.50} & \multirow{2}{*}{0.370} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{-} & \multirow{2}{*}{[65]} \\  & & & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Bagasse \\ \end{tabular} } & Water vapor & \begin{tabular}{c} 21.008 \(\pm\) \\ 0.021 \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} 0.881 \(\pm\) \\ 0.268 \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} Pseudo- \\ second-order \\ \end{tabular} & \((-4\pm 0.220)\) & \(-1.105\) & 0.0408 &
\begin{tabular}{c} Present \\ work \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The summarized literature data on MB adsorption onto carbon materials.
# Therapeutic Hydrogel Lenses and the Antibacterial and Antibiotic Drugs Release
## 1 Introduction
The lenses were tested without drugs and with drugs and are nontoxic to the anterior surface of the eye [13; 14]. The latest studies show that contact lenses can achieve an extended-release period of a few weeks without any significant impact on critical lens properties. Furthermore, in vivo animal studies have confirmed the safety, efficacy and increased drug bioavailability of therapeutic lenses compared to eye drops [15]. Therapeutic lenses can be useful in maintaining the problem of the eye surface and can be designed to convey not only drugs but also natural therapeutic substances [16]. Furthermore, the advantages of these lenses include analgesic action in bullous keratopathy, which is notoriously painful and benefits from the use of anti-inflammatory drugs; the maintenance of corneal hydration, in the case of lagophthalmos; and, finally, a physical bandaging function in the event of wounds or refractive surgery, loss of the filter draft after trabeculectomy, or corneal sutures that need protection from eyelashes in trichiasis. However, further clinical studies should be conducted on this basis to determine the possible effects of their tolerability on the anterior surface of the eye. Additionally, the release duration varies depending on the drug and the properties of the lens; in general, however, the release durations are usually only a few minutes to a few hours for all ophthalmic drugs in the size range of 300 to 500 Dalton's, and most of the drug is released in an initial burst [17]. Corticosteroids and antibiotics administered systemically and/or on the anterior surface of the eye, have long been used to treat and prevent ocular diseases, especially after ophthalmic surgery. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug, is another example of a hydrophobic glucocorticoid and has a very low loading efficiency by soaking method [18]. However, the interaction between different lens types and ocular drugs has not been well examined under controlled experimental conditions with reference to hydrogel lenses. Release of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, a corticosteroid used in the management of ocular inflammation, has been observed from commercial contact lenses in vitro. Similar to the drug release behavior with antibiotic agents, release is generally uncontrolled and occurs in a rapid burst release in vitro for periods of less than one hour [19]. A greater amount of dexamethasone sodium phosphate is released from hydrogel versus silicone hydrogel materials Since one of the main benefits of using contact lenses is the potential for significant improvement in corneal bioavailability, it is important to measure or model drug transport into the eyes by drug-eluting contact lenses. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the interaction of pHEMA hydrogel lenses with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and antibiotics commonly used in ocular therapy. The release of the drugs by the lenses is evaluated at different times after drug application.
## 5 Optimization Design
### Comparison of Results  
Since the accuracy and manufacturing cost of the mechanism will be limited in actual processing, the optimized dimension parameters are rounded to obtain a new set of dimension parameters, wherein \(a=155\) mm, \(b=155\) mm, \(c=150\) mm, \(d=150\) mm, \(l_{\text{a}}=175\) mm and \(l_{\text{b}}=235\) mm, and the performance index of the mechanism is recalculated according to these parameters.  
By comparing Figures 5a and 10a, it is evident that in the 1T2R motion mode, the reachable workspace of the mechanism increases compared to that before optimization. In the reachable workspace, the rotational dexterity index is greater than 0.7434, and the workspace index and rotational dexterity index of the mechanism are significantly improved compared to those before optimization. By comparing Figures 7a and 10b, it is evident that the reachable workspace of the mechanism in the 2T1R motion mode increases compared to that before optimization. In the reachable workspace, the maximum load capacity performance index of the mechanism is greater than 177.8003, and the workspace and load capacity performance index of the mechanism are improved compared to those before optimization.  
When comparing Figures 6a and 10c in the 1T2R motion mode at the same value of \(Z=300\) mm, it can be seen that the rotational dexterity index in the whole plane is greater than 0.7584. Compared to before optimization, the area of the yellow region increases, the rotational dexterity performance index represented by the blue region increases, and the  
Figure 10: Performance index after optimization. (**a**) The rotational dexterity index distribution in the workspace (after optimization); (**b**) the load capacity performance index distribution in the workspace (after optimization); (**c**) the three-dimensional distribution map and corresponding contour lines of the rotational dexterity index at \(Z=300\) mm (after optimization); and (**d**) the three-dimensional distribution map and corresponding contour lines of the load capacity performance index at \(\alpha=0^{\circ}\) (after optimization).  
gap between the rotational dexterity performance index represented by the blue region and the rotational dexterity performance index represented by the yellow region is reduced. With a change in the \(\alpha\) value, the change in the rotational dexterity performance is gentle compared to that before optimization. In the 2T1R motion mode, \(\alpha\) is taken to be \(0^{\circ}\). When comparing Figures 8a and 10d, it can be seen that the load capacity performance index in the whole plane is greater than 197.7812. Compared to before optimization, the gap between the load capacity performance index represented by the blue region and the load capacity performance index represented by the yellow region is reduced. As the \(Z\) value changes, the load capacity performance index changes more gently than before optimization.
###### Abstract  
The rapid development of urban transportation renovation and transportation networks in China has driven the construction of an increasing number of large-span, large cross-section tunnels under sensitive environments, such as airport runways, critical infrastructure, and high-speed railways. These projects often require strict settlement control within a millimeter-level tolerance range, thus theoretical methods and key technologies for micro-settlement control have been developed. This study first derives a calculation formula for surface settlement associated with large cross-section tunnels and elucidates its correlations with factors such as pipe-roof stiffness, support system stiffness, pipe-roof construction procedures, and groundwater level changes. Theoretical approaches for controlling micro-settlement are introduced, including increasing pipe-roof stiffness, reinforcing the support system, mitigating group pipe effects, maintaining pressure and reducing resistance around the pipe, and controlling groundwater levels. A method is proposed for determining the appropriate stiffness of the pipe roof and support system. The stiffness should be selected from the transition segment between the steep decline and the gentle slope on the stiffness-settlement curves of the pipe roof and the support system. If the stiffness of the pipe roof and primary support combined with temporary support fails to meet the micro-settlement control requirements, an integrated support system with greater stiffness can be adopted. A reasonable pressure-regulating grouting technique for maintaining pressure and reducing resistance around the pipe is proposed. It is recommended that the spacing for simultaneous jacking of pipes be greater than half the width of the settlement trough. For over-consolidation-sensitive strata such as medium or coarse sands, water-blocking measures, including freezing, grouting, or a combination of both, are recommended. For over-consolidation-insensitive strata like gravels and cobbles with strong permeability, water-blocking treatments are generally unnecessary. The proposed theoretical approaches have been successfully implemented in projects such as the tunnel beneath Beijing Capital Airport runways and Taiyuan Railway Station, demonstrating their reliability. The research findings provide valuable insights into surface micro-settlement control for similar projects.  
s +
Footnote †: journal: Applied sciences  
article
# Design of a New Bilayer Multipole Electromagnetic Brake System for a Haptic Interface
## 2 Modelling of a Magnetic Brake
### Braking Torque  
When the magnetic brake is actuated, the magnetic force \(F_{mag}\) pulls the rotating disc against a friction pad to seize the motion of armature. The disc is attached with the armature through a spring of known stiffness. In the off-state, the spring restoring force \(T_{sp}\) keeps the friction contact dis-engaged and allows the armature to move freely.  
During engaging, the normal force \(F_{N}=F_{mag}-T_{sp}\), acting at a radius \(r\) on an infinitesimal contact area, generates a braking torque as given by  
\[dT_{Br}=r\mu\kappa pdA, \tag{12}\]  
where \(\mu_{K}\) is the co-efficient of kinetic friction between the contact surfaces and the parameter \(p\) is the pressure on the contact area. For a hollow circular disc having \(r_{i}\) and \(r_{o}\) as inner and outer radii, respectively, the net braking torque can be calculated by integrating Equation (12) for the whole contact area, as given by  
\[T_{Br}=\int\limits_{r_{i}}^{r_{o}}2\pi r^{2}\mu_{K}\rho dr. \tag{13}\]  
As the pressure is uniform for the whole area of the flat contact surface, the relationship in Equation (13) can be simplified to obtain an analytical form:  
\[T_{Br}=\frac{2}{3}\mu_{K}\left(F_{mag}-T_{sp}\right)\left(\frac{r_{o}^{2}+r_{o} r_{i}+r_{i}^{2}}{r_{i}+r_{o}}\right). \tag{14}\]  
The relation in Equation (14) confers that the braking torque depends on the radial dimensions of the friction surface without being influenced by angular dimensions. But a larger surface area has an advantage of better heat dissipation [6].