# Management Information Systems for Tree Fruit--1: A Review
## 3 Literature Evaluation
### Technological Features  
Technological features, including development tools (as defined in Table 1), were described in 31% of all papers (Tables 4 and 5), with a useful review provided by [PERSON] et al. [49] on the architecture of an FMIS and the use of generic software modules in building farm-specialised systems. Decadal progression in technical features can be summarised in terms of (i) the use of personal computers from the 1990s, (ii) the use of WebGIS mapping and remote sensing from the 2000s, (iii) the use of mobile phones for data entry and LoRa-enabled sensors from the 2010s, and (iv) the use of IoT sensors, Lidar, UAVs and machine learning in image analysis in the 2020s. Twelve features were identified within the MISs (Tables 4 and 5). Less common features, such as a search engine, location-based services (LBS), WebGIS-based mapping, notification and alert messaging systems, e.g., web/email/SMS, add to the farm usability of a MIS. These features can be expected to be added to commercial products intended for orchard management use, as opposed to the systems reported in publications, which tend to focus on the demonstration of proof-of-concept for the management of a particular task. Likewise, software features such as RESTful APIs, which allow for the progressive development of an application, are more important in a commercial product than a proof-of-concept project. In concert with the evolution from static to dynamic and onto progressive web app delivery of the orchard MIS, there has been an evolution in the development tools used (Table 6). Of the publications reporting on an orchard MIS as a web application, the majority used HTML/CSS and JavaScript for the development of a front-end graphical user interface (GUI) (Table 6). PHP was popular for backend development (including RESTful APIs) along with Java,.Net and Folium/Django (Python). Most developers used MySQL for database management, followed by PostgreSQL/PostGIS, MS SQL Server and Oracle. Google and ESRI platforms were predominantly used for web mapping and WebGIS app development, with some use of other platforms, e.g., GeoServer/OpenLayers and OpenStreetMap. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Code** & **Features** \\ \hline
1 & IoT/Sensor \\
2 & Data acquisition \\
3 & Data management \\
4 & Data analysis/processing \\
5 & Search engine \\
6 & Prediction/computational model \\
7 & Location-based service \\
8 & Visualisation (charts/graphs) \\
9 & Map visualisation/WebGIS \\
10 & Notification/alert system (e.g., web/email/SMS) \\
11 & Reporting \\
12 & RESTful API/web services \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Technological features utilised within orchard MISs: code key (for use with Table 5). The implementation of sensor and control networks on orchards has been constrained by communication capability. The most implemented orchard-wide management tool has been for irrigation management, involving soil moisture monitoring and irrigation valve control. This has typically involved proprietary radio communications. LoRa and related technologies such as LoRaWAN and SigFox have enabled low bandwidth applications, such as temperature monitoring across orchards, although line-of-sight requirements require the use of elevated aerials and repeater stations. To date, the coverage of high-bandwidth 4G and 5G networks across (Australian) orchards has been limited, given their location \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l} \hline \hline
**Technology** & **Development Tools** \\ \hline Frontend & HTML, CSS, JavaScript, TypeScript, Angular.io, Bootstrap \\ Backend & Ruby on Rails, PHP, Folium/Dango python,, Net, RStudio, Java \\ Database & NoSQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL,/PostGIS, MySQL, MS SQL Server, Oracle \\ WebGIS & ArcGIS Server, GeoServer/OpenLayers, OpenStreetMap, Google Maps \\ Web services & RESTful API, PaaS, SaaS \\ Desktop & Pascal, Delphi, Visual Basic, Java, C++,, Net \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Development tools and technologies used in MIS-related publications.