## 3 Results
### Business Models  
From the stakeholder interviews and discussions with the demonstrators, an important conclusion is that the value of environmentally friendly solutions to the end user is not generally exploitable at the current time. This means that most customers are not willing to pay a premium for heat that comes from a renewable or recovered source. Therefore, standard business models from conventional district heating are typically used for urban waste heat recovery. Despite this, the value of green energy is a potential opportunity for urban waste heat recovery in the future.  
All three of the demonstrator sites in the ReUseHeat project share a common feature, that is, development has focussed on the nature of the technology as the dominant factor. This is characteristic of demonstrator sites and is not unique to urban waste heat recovery schemes. However, if the demonstrator site developers account for added green value on the customer side of the new technology, then the value of the demonstrator site installation could be increased beyond the technological validation. The value  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Issue** & **Description** \\ \hline
1 & Shared incentives \\
2 & Details of supply \\
3 & Resources \\
4 & Communication channels \\
5 & Operational activities \\
6 & Renegotiation \\
7 & Mitigation \\
8 & Simplicity of contract \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 3: Issues to account for to ensure efficient heat supply contractsof using green solutions is a key incentive for the demonstrator site partners to engage in the ReUseHeat project, since, not only is this a way to improve the reputation of the company brand, but it also offers customers district heating without extending the production capacity of heat at the central production unit. It adds additional value in urban waste heat recovery investment, compared to the conventional district heating business model. The value of green is of importance to cities, politicians and the companies engaged in the heat recovery, but it does not yet appear to be in great demand by end-users, and thus cannot be used as a selling point. This makes it difficult to currently profit from low temperature district heating investment.  
Another conclusion of this study is the importance of close interaction between the DH company and the heat source. In all three ReUseHeat demonstrators to date, close interaction has been key to the progression of the projects.  
A key difference between urban waste heat recovery and traditional district heating is the need for heat pumps (these are used on all three ReUseHeat demonstrator projects). Urban waste heat is typically of a lower temperature and therefore needs to be upgraded. This means there is a reliance on electricity to run the heat pump, and uncertainty about the price of electricity is considered to be a key risk to urban waste heat recovery. This risk is somewhat mitigated on the Brunswick demonstrator since the DH company runs an existing CHP plant, which generates electricity alongside heat from the district heating network. Such arrangements may be useful for future urban waste heat recovery projects.  
One final issue regarding business models is that the DH company will often be an existing supplier of heat in the area. This means that the introduction of urban waste heat recovery by that company may reduce its revenue in other areas and may therefore discourage investment in this area. Government incentives may help to solve this issue by making the switch financially viable.