# Common Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers in Breast, Colon and Ovarian Cancer
## 4 Discussion  
With the improvement in life expectancy for patients who survive cancer, the risk of developing a second primary cancer has also increased. Notably, individuals with a history of colorectal cancer have a higher susceptibility to gynecological cancers, such as ovarian and uterine cancer, as well as breast cancer, compared to the general population [28]. Similarly, the risk of colorectal cancer is higher in breast cancer patients [3,4]. Between 5% and 10% of ovarian, breast, and colorectal cancers are believed to have genetic causes. Therefore, to effectively prevent and manage these types of cancer, it is important to periodically implement surveillance protocols for early detection, with particular emphasis on identifying hereditary forms of cancer in individuals with a family history of these diseases [29]. In a 30-year study, the results of diagnostic tests for 15 genes associated with high-risk breast and gastrointestinal tract cancer were analyzed, including the following: BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, PTEN, TP53, APC, BMPR1A, CDH1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, SMAD4, STK11, and MUTYH. This was implemented as a strategy for the prevention and early detection of cancer in patients with a family history of cancer [30]. Studies have highlighted that germline variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the predisposition to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, particularly due to the high incidence of genomic aberrations that lead to a worse prognosis. It has been described that some proteins involved in genomic integrity, primarily in the accurate repair of DNA, play a crucial role [31]. This underscores the need to study the biological processes and molecular functions of proteins involved in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and, subsequently, in tumor biology. Figure 10: Overall survival of patients based on gene expression level (RNA-seq). (**a**) MSH2 gene. (**b**) KIT gene. The cutoff for high and low expression was set at 50%. The hazard ratio (HR) was calculated using the Cox proportional hazards (Cox PH) model. The confidence interval (CI) was set at 95%, represented by dotted lines. The graphs include all patients (\(n\)) with breast, colon, rectum, and ovarian cancer combined. The red curves represent patients with high gene expression, while the blue curves represent those with low expression. The results obtained in our study provide a comprehensive insight into the common molecular mechanisms in breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. This in-silico study identified common proteins among breast, colon, and ovarian cancers, providing a robust basis for multi-cancer therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The hypothesis of this study centers on identifying common molecular mechanisms in three prevalent cancer types--breast, colon, and ovarian--and exploring the possibility of developing shared biomarkers. In our study, 27 common proteins were identified among the three cancer types, reinforcing the idea that some molecular alterations are universal across various cancers. These proteins are involved in essential biological processes such as DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle regulation, which are shared features in these three cancer types. The objectives outlined at the beginning of the study included identifying commonly altered genes and proteins across these cancers, and exploring their potential as biomarkers. While TP53, BRCA2, and MSH2 are well-known cancer-related genes, this study offers a novel perspective by systematically analyzing their common molecular mechanisms across breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. Unlike previous studies that have focused on individual tumor types, our integrative approach identifies cross-cancer patterns and highlights potential common biomarkers that could aid in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. By employing in-silico methodologies and curated datasets, our findings contribute to a broader understanding of the molecular similarities among these cancers.