## 3 Results
### Specific Findings
#### 3.2.3 Cross-Cultural Impact on Drivers' Emotions
* Influence of culture on driver emotion modulation  
Research shows that emotion modulation across different cultures involves cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Cognitive reappraisal is commonly used and associated with fewer behavioral problems [86; 87; 89; 90; 91]. Studies [88; 90] show a strong association between cultural differences and individual performance, with cognitive reappraisal correlated with higher performance. East Asians, in particular, are more adaptable to emotion regulation [92]. Higher religiosity is also linked to increased rates of cognitive reassessment. Ref. [100] indicated that participants from India were more adept at emotionally regulating high-intensity negative stimuli. Moreover, studies focusing on cultural influences on driver emotion modulation primarily concentrate on visual and auditory aspects [85; 94; 95; 99; 107]. Ref. [102] mentioned that even though there is not much direct emphasis on the sensory modulation of emotions, there is greater emphasis on human-machine interactions. This involves adapting interfaces and voice interactions to various cultures to monitor drivers' emotions and lessen \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Region** & **Cultural Background** & **Research Algorithms** & **Results and Application Directions** \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Asia, Middle East} & more sensitive to sound; more & \multirow{3}{*}{machine learning; two-way ANOVA; multi-group structural equation modeling; Bayesian estimator; ANOVA; K-means} & voice regulation should focus on context; flexibly adjust strategies according to emotional needs; regulate through visuals, using symbols more often; emotion recognition needs to be more accurate due to good emotion hiding. \\  & & high sense of well-being; individualistic tendency; high & machine learning; two-way ANOVA; multi-group structural equation modeling; ANOVA & regulate through auditory means; multi-modal emotion regulation is better; use more direct expressions for voice regulation; focus more on focal objects in visual design; use abbreviations for concise and clear expression. \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Americas} & more sensitive to visuals; language with higher information speed and density; individualistic tendency; low-context expression, prefer clear and explicit communication & & \\  & & & \\ \hline \multirow{7}{*}{Others} & the amount and time of exposure to new cultures affect emotional perception & & & \\  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Summary of regional cultural differences and application direction. driving frustration. Ref. [101] highlighted the importance of culturally sensitive design in improving driver interaction and emotional well-being. Meanwhile, several studies [103; 106; 108] have found that high-context cultures exhibit greater trust and preferences in their communication styles, which can influence broader behaviors in social and interactive settings. Also, some studies have demonstrated that cultural norms and social factors lead to differences in steering behavior, risk perception, and overall driving aggressiveness, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive approaches to driving education and policy-making [27; 93; 105; 109]. It can be deduced that cultural backgrounds play a pivotal role in influencing how drivers emotionally respond to and regulate their feelings about autonomous technology. * Influence of human characteristics on driver emotion modulation  
Some studies on driver emotion modulation involve both sensory (\(n=8,30\%\)) and psychological approaches (\(n=19,70\%\)), with a significant emphasis on how culture influences individual personality traits and behaviors. Several studies have reported that drivers from different cultures exhibit unique preferences in driving styles, which require different design approaches to ensure effective emotional regulation during driving [105; 106; 107]. Ref.