# Study on the Effectiveness of Multi-Dimensional Approaches to Urban Flood Risk Assessment
## 4 Conclusions  
This study proposed the Flood Risk Index for Building (FRIB), enabling detailed risk assessment at the building level to improve urban flood risk management. FRIB integrates  
Figure 8: Range of buildings that can be reduced when considering FRIB compared to depth-based criteria at section A in Figure 7. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Depth Based Measurement** & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Excluding FRIB Level Lower** \\ **Than “Low\"** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Excluding FRIB Level Lower** \\ **Than “High\"** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline
5124 & 5100 (\(-\)0.5\%) & 4594 (\(-\)10.3\%) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The number of high-risk buildings reduced by applying FRIB. three key components--vulnerability, hazard, and exposure--to calculate tailored risk levels for individual buildings. Compared to conventional approaches based on simple physical indicators such as flood depth, FRIB offers a more comprehensive and precise analysis of flood risk. First, the importance of building-level risk assessment was emphasized. Traditional region-based evaluations rely on administrative averages, failing to reflect the specific risk levels of individual buildings. In contrast, FRIB utilizes public data to calculate granular risk indicators at the building level, supporting the development of more precise countermeasures for flood damage. Second, the study highlighted the necessity of a multi-dimensional approach. Conventional methods relying solely on single indicators such as flood depth often fail to capture interactions between various risk factors, leading to either excessive resource allocation or inadequate responses. FRIB, by integrating multiple factors, provides a balanced risk profile that addresses nuanced risk characteristics beyond the scope of single-indicator models. Third, FRIB enables efficient resource allocation. By selectively excluding lower-risk buildings identified through FRIB-based analysis, disaster response resources can be concentrated in high-risk areas. This approach significantly reduces resource wastage during emergency response and recovery efforts while enhancing overall effectiveness. Finally, this study demonstrates the feasibility of multi-dimensional approaches for future flood management. The FRIB effectively overcomes the economic limitations of traditional infrastructure. By identifying and addressing only the vulnerable areas during floods exceeding the design capacity, it provides targeted and localized solutions, which are more efficient and practical compared to large-scale infrastructure. Furthermore, by leveraging public data, FRIB enhances the transparency and accessibility of disaster management, offering actionable guidance to policymakers and urban planners. By integrating social factors such as population density, building age, and access to key facilities with physical indicators, FRIB enables comprehensive risk assessments that significantly contribute to strengthening urban resilience. In conclusion, this study underscores the need for a multi-dimensional approach in urban flood management and introduces a new strategy for effectively utilizing limited resources. Future research could expand the application of FRIB to various regions and environments. However, since FRIB is developed based on publicly available data in South Korea, its application to other countries may require tailored adjustments depending on the availability and accessibility of local open data. Through such adaptations, it is possible to propose disaster response measures that reflect the unique characteristics of each region, ultimately contributing to the enhanced effectiveness of urban flood mitigation strategies. H.J.P. performed SW coding, methodology, measurements and writing/editing the paper. S.M.S. and D.H.K. produced data processing and data curation. S.O.L. contributed to the funding, paper idea, research progress, and paper complement. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.