## 4 Discussion
These results indicate that WC holds promise as a potential herbal formulation for managing menopausal symptoms. While further research is essential for comprehensive evaluation and potential applications, these findings suggest WC as a candidate for pharmaceutical or nutraceuticaltical development pending additional animal studies and clinical trials. The fruit extract of water chestnut (_Trapa natans_) includes considerable levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin components, measured in equivalents per gram of dry matter [33]. The total phenolic content is calculated as 63.81 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry material, showing a high concentration of phenolic substances recognized for their antioxidant qualities. The flavonoid concentration is 21.34 mg of ruin equivalents per gram, indicating the presence of chemicals that can promote anti-inflammatory responses and improve cardiovascular health. Additionally, the tannin concentration is 17.11 mg per gram, indicating the extract's astringent characteristics and probable antibacterial action. The methanolic leaf extract of _Trapa natans_ L. contains a wide range of phenolic chemicals, including phenolic acids and flavonoids [34]. Gallic acid and its derivatives, such as gallic acid hexoside, protocatechic acid, and ellagic acid, are among the phenolic acids that are known for their potent antioxidant properties. Flavonoids like quercetin, naringenin, and rhametin promote anti-inflammatory responses and improve cardiovascular health. The extract also contains flavonoid glycosides such as ruin and astragalain, which increase bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. These polar phytochemicals are expected to be present in WC water extract and this emphasizes its potential health advantages for managing climacter symptoms in women and applications of WC extract in functional foods and nutraceuticalals. Moreover, WC extract is particularly abundant in antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which play crucial roles in combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation in the body [35]. These bioactive compounds have been shown to scavenge free radicals, thereby protecting cells from damage and lowering the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders and cancer [36, 37]. Moreover, WC fruit extract is packed with essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C and potassium, which are vital for maintaining immune function and electrolyte balance [35]. Studies have also indicated the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in WC extract, which exhibit antimicrobial antibiofilm properties and may help in combating various pathogens [38]. Furthermore, research suggests that the phytochemicals present in this WC root extract could have potential antidiabetic effects in rat models through suppressing hyperglycemic and hepatotoxic effects, aiding in the management of diabetes, and improving metabolic health [39]. All of these findings were significantly justified by the present study investigated in an in vivo obese climacteric mice model, making it a valuable natural resource for promoting human health. However, future studies should focus on conducting comprehensive phytochemical analyses to elucidate the chemical composition of WC extract and its potential synergistic interactions, providing a more robust foundation for its therapeutic application in treating climacter symptoms and related health complications.