# Internet of Things and Long-Range-Based Smart Lampposts for Illuminating Smart Cities
## 1 Introduction  
According to the UN estimation, 68% of the global population will be living in urban cities by 2050 [1], and the rise of the population in the urban cities comes with distinct challenges including economic, social, and environmental sustainability [2]. Poor urban infrastructure, health issues, educational challenges, increasing crime rates, aging infrastructure, energy shortages, traffic congestions, high power loss in transmission, and deficiency of real-time sharing are the basic concerns that exist in urban cities [3]. The limitations on crucial infrastructure and lack of resources lead to challenges in providing the basic amenities to the citizens of the urban city [4]. The cities are facing budget constraints, and this led to the reduction of budgets besides cost reduction measures. Consequently, smarter and resilient infrastructure is essential for supervising the challenges in urban and transforming the urban environment [5]. Here, the integration of smart city technologies can assist to accomplish the goal of smarter and resilient infrastructure [6; 7]. However, a huge amount of energy is necessary for maintaining and providing smart infrastructure and amenities to the individuals residing in urban cities. Additionally, the scarcity and continuous rising in fossil fuel prices are demanding effective power management and strategy for enhancing energy efficiency [8]. In order of managing energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption, many local government bodies have replaced high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps with light-emitting diode (LED) technologies [9]. The LED technology in street lighting enhances the lighting efficiency, consumes low energy, and reduces the impact on the maintenance as its lifetime is ten times more than HPS [10]. Yet, this strategy is unable to meet the energy conservation goals where the streetlights are consuming the 43.9 billion kWh of electricity every year [11]. Streetlights are the foremost contributors of energy consumption in cities as they consume approximately 30% of total energy consumption in any country [11]. Concerning lighting system in urban cities, smart light and lampposts act as a key sources for offering secure and convenient visibility during nighttime on the roads and streets. According to the SEAP report, innovative energy solutions are required for overcoming the global issues in energy [12]. Furthermore, it suggested minimizing CO2 emissions and enhances energy efficiency by employing renewable energy sources [13]. At present LED are embedded on the street lighting for accomplishing the goal of energy efficiency. Besides, upgrading lighting systems with LED leads to saving of 50-70% of energy and maintenance costs [14]. LED can deliver better lighting, reduce CO2 emissions, and minimum energy consumption. However, the amount of electricity consumption of street and highway lights is high because of continuous lighting during nighttime [15]. To minimize the wastage of energy and electricity consumption, the lighting system needs to be interconnected with network infrastructure that provides intelligence to the lighting system [16]. This concept enables street and highway lights for regulating the intensity of light depending upon the traffic conditions and outdoor light intensity [17]. Generally, in smart cities, the significance of smart infrastructure plays a crucial role. When it comes to a lighting system in smart cities, the roads' lights significantly illuminate the light to guide passengers and vehicles. Even though we are advancing sensor and wireless communication technology, we still prefer the manual switch controller. With the manual switch controller, the light glows from sunset to sunrise with high intensity and even in some cases the light also glows in daylight. This leads to high energy consumption irrespective of non-requirement. To overcome this, many studies have proposed distinct solutions for realizing automatic lighting.