esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Results Discussion
### Computer Vision Module Results
Thus, at very long distances, it might be more challenging for both cameras to locate the UAV. However, as soon as the UAV is detected simultaneously by both cameras, they will send the position. In the various tests conducted, it was demonstrated that the localization process works correctly. In all cases where the UAV was detected by two cameras, the PTZ camera moved to the UAV's position and was able to detect it. Figure 15 provides an example of what was displayed on the NVIDIA Jetson Orin during the localization tests. As shown in Figure 15a, the two fixed cameras simultaneously detected the UAV while the PTZ camera was pointed in a different direction. Figure 15b shows the frame where the PTZ camera rotated to the exact position of the UAV after triangulating its position. The time elapsed between both moments corresponded to the time it took for the camera to complete the rotation, which was less than one second. It is essential to highlight that, for localization to be effective and accurate, the calibration of the cameras' positions and orientations must be precise. When installing the system, several parameters must be entered into the system before it is launched, including the exact positions of the cameras and the direction in which their lenses are pointing. If these parameters are not accurately input, the localization process will fail because the algorithm will triangulate the UAV's position based on incorrect camera positions. Figure 14: Tracking test results using the computer vision module as a function of distance from the UAV.
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Biofilm Formation Assay  
Zinc salts were used to evaluate their effect on biofilm formation for the tested bacteria. MH broth was used as a negative control, while the positive controls (MH broth with bacteria) were specific for each tested strain. The serial dilutions were made in MH broth in 96-well plates. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Afterward, they were washed, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and treated with 96% ethanol. The OD was measured in quadruplets at 595 nm using the ELISA plate reader. The optical density cut-off value (ODc) was calculated with the following formula [11]:  
\[\text{ODc = average OD of negative control + 3 \times standard deviation of negative control} \tag{1}\]  
The classification of biofilm formation is given in Table 1.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c} \hline \hline
**Formula** & **Biofilm Formation** \\ \hline OD \(\leq\) ODc & Non-adherent \\ ODc \(<\) OD \(\leq\) 2 ODc & Weakly adherent \\
2 ODc \(<\) OD \(\leq\) 4 ODc & Moderately adherent \\
4 ODc \(<\) OD & Strongly adherent \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The classification of biofilm formation [11].
# Simulation Study on Ground Vibration Reduction Measures of the Elevated Subway Line
###### Abstract  
With the development of urban rail transportation, the environmental vibration problem caused by the running of metro vehicles has received attention. In order to reduce ground vibration near buildings caused by metro vehicles running on viaducts, this paper establishes the train-track-viaduct rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model and pier-soil-building finite element model and carries out the simulation calculation and analysis of ground vibration. The influence of train speed and fastener stiffness on ground vibration is explored, and the vibration reduction effect of the track vibration reduction pad and continuous support vibration reduction structure is studied. The results show that the ground vibration near the building caused by the train running on the viaduct decreases with the reduction in speed, when the speed is reduced to 40 km/h, the vibration attenuation is slower as the speed continues to be reduced; the reduction in the vertical stiffness of fasteners can reduce ground vibration; the arrangement of the vibration damping pad can effectively reduce ground vibration, and after installing a vibration damping pad, 0-23 Hz and 50-80 Hz ground vibration speeds are effectively suppressed. In order to meet the environmental requirements for ground vibration, the vehicle speed can be reduced to less than 35 km/h or vibration damping mats can be installed.  
metro; viaduct; train-track-bridge rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model; pier-soil-building finite element model; ground vibration +
Footnote †: journal: Medical Engineering
# An In-Depth Analysis of Domain Adaptation in Computer and Robotic Vision
## 3 Applications and Real-World Scenarios
### Domain Adaptation in Robotic Vision: Real-World Applications  
#### 3.2.1 Industrial Automation  
The realm of industrial automation relies significantly on domain adaptation techniques to facilitate the seamless integration of robotic vision systems across various production settings. Domain adaptation empowers robotic vision to maintain consistent and accurate object recognition and manipulation by adapting to changes in illumination, object textures, and camera perspectives [316; 317]. For instance, domain adaptation enables robots to proficiently handle various parts and components from diverse sources within robotic assembly lines, ensuring precise grasping and assembly, while optimizing production efficiency and minimizing errors by aligning the robot's vision with the unique characteristics of each component, as shown in Figure 9.
## 8 Introduction to Proprietary and Standards-based Solutions
### Standards-Based Technologies
#### 8.2.9 IEEE 802.15.4g  
The IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 4g (TG4g) has proposed this standard to extend the short range of the IEEE 802.15.4 base standard for smart utility networks (SUN) [41]. It defines three physical layers based on frequency shift keying (FSK), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and offset quadrature phase shift keying (QQPSK). Except for operation in one licensed band used in the USA, it is mostly operated in unlicensed sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands [6]. It gives coverage of several kms. The data rates supported are from 40 kbps to 1 Mbps depending on the physical layer and region in which it is operated. It works on the principle of CSMA/CA and supports star, mesh, and other topologies.
# Fine-Grained Detection of Pavement Distress Based on Integrated Data Using Digital Twin
## 3 Methodology
### Digital Twin-Based Generation of Integrated Dataset for Pavement Distress  
The digital twin-based integrated data generation consists of four modules: on-site data collection, original background model construction, digital twin model generation, and pavement distress dataset integration, as shown in Figure 2. First, the UAV is used to collect orthophotos in the road inspection area with a pre-determined route and fixed altitude, while image control points are placed within the inspection area to establish a uniform level and elevation reference surface, eliminating modelling layering or misalignment caused by overlap between UAV take-offs and landings and inspection areas. Second, the matching points of the overlapping images are extracted from the acquired orthophotos, and aerial triangulation is performed to estimate the position of each image and generate a dense point cloud with the position information. An irregular triangular network is then created based on the dense point cloud, and a polygon network is created for the whole inspection area based on the orthophoto stitching results and aerial triangulation results of the image control points, obtaining the digital orthophoto map of the whole inspection area, that is, the pavement background model, which reconstructed background control information of the asphalt pavement. Third, the original pavement background model is imported into an Unreal Engine (UE4.26) for analysis and rendering. UE4.26 is a cross-platform game engine that creates 3D interactive experiences, enabling the visual deployment and interpretation of 3D models in multiple formats. The blueprint of pavement distress from the UE4.26 physics engine is deployed in the original pavement background model for random virtual deployment, while common inspection scenarios (e.g., pavement shadows, foreign object occlusions and focus blurs) are simulated to generate a digital twin model capable of simulating the damaged state of the pavement. Finally, a virtual camera in the UE4.26 physics engine is used for the UAV inspection simulation, and a virtual disease dataset containing transverse cracks, longitudinal cracks, cross cracks, alligator cracks and potholes is created based on the digital twin model. The virtual disease dataset is fused with the small-sample real dataset captured by the UAV in five virtual-to-real ratios (0:1 to 5:1) to obtain the pavement-distress-integrated dataset for the training of the deep-object detection networks.  
Figure 2: Flow of integrated dataset generation for asphalt pavement distress based on digital twin.
# Self-Organized Fast Routing Protocol for Radial Underwater Networks
## 4 Routing Path Formation
### Other Issues  
Routing Path Periodic Update Process  
The routing initialization process needs to be executed from time to time in order to eliminate any change in the routing path due to movement, failure or addition of nodes. Before the process is initiated by the gateway, the data communication from the nodes must be stopped, otherwise collisions may occur. For that, the gateway broadcasts an alert packet to all of its neighbor nodes, and throughout the strings. All the nodes that receive the alert send back acknowledgement to the gateway. The gateway already knows about all the nodes in the network. If it fails to receive the acknowledgment of the alert packet from any of the nodes, it sends the alert packet again after waiting for the maximum possible delay. If the gateway still fails to get the acknowledgement, it assumes that the node or nodes are down and starts the routing path update process using the same initial configuration process described above.
# Efficient Estimation of Synthetic Indicators for the Assessment of Nonlinear Systems Quality
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Amplitude of the Swept Sine Signal and Hammerstein Model
By combining the two above equalities, \(g_{\alpha}(t)=\bigg{(}\left[\left[A_{c}\right]^{-1}\right]^{T}\bigg{)}[h_{ \alpha}(t)]\) and \(g_{\beta}(t)=\left[\left[A_{c}\right]^{-1}\right]^{T}[R_{c}][h_{\alpha}(t)]\), we can write the following:  
\[\big{[}g_{\beta}(t)\big{]}=\left[\left[A_{c}\right]^{-1}\right]^{T}[R_{c}]\left[ A_{c}\right]^{T}[g_{\alpha}(t)] \tag{11}\]  
If the amplitude \(R_{\alpha}\) is the reference amplitude actually used for the measurements (\(R_{\alpha}=1\)) and thus \(g_{\alpha}(t)=g(t)\), the entries of the diagonal matrix \([R_{c}]\), the integer powers of \(R=\frac{R_{\beta}}{R_{\alpha}}\), are the powers of \(R_{\beta}\), and (11) becomes the following:  
\[\big{[}g_{\beta}(t)\big{]}=\left[\left[A_{c}\right]^{-1}\right]^{T}\big{[}R_{ \beta}\big{]}\ [A_{c}\big{]}^{T}[g(t)] \tag{12}\]  
We will see how the latter observation allows us to estimate the value of the different indexes (harmonic or intermodulation distortion, damage index) associated with signals of amplitude \(R_{\beta}\) from signals of amplitude \(R_{\alpha}\). The expressions reported above have analytical validity both when the ratio \(\mathrm{R}=\frac{R_{\beta}}{R_{\alpha}}\) is less than unity (extrapolation towards lower amplitude values) and for values of the ratio larger than 1 (extrapolation towards a higher amplitude value than the one actually used). It should be emphasized, however, that all the experiments we have carried out show that the method is able to give accurate extrapolation results only for values of \(\mathrm{R}<1\), therefore extrapolating towards a lower amplitude value than the one actually used. This observation appears consistent with what can be considered intuitive, since by moving to higher amplitude excitations, phenomena can occur in the system that are not evident at lower levels, and therefore cannot be represented in the model obtained for lower-level excitations.
###### Abstract  
Computed tomography (CT) image reconstruction and restoration are very important in medical image processing, and are associated together to be an inverse problem. Image iterative reconstruction is a key tool to increase the applicability of CT imaging and reduce radiation dose. Nevertheless, traditional image iterative reconstruction methods are limited by the sampling theorem and also the blurring of projection data will propagate unhampered artifact in the reconstructed image. To overcome these problems, image restoration techniques should be developed to accurately correct a wide variety of image degrading effects in order to effectively improve image reconstruction. In this paper, a blind image restoration technique is embedded in the compressive sensing CT image reconstruction, which can result in a high-quality reconstruction image using fewer projection data. Because a small amount of data can be obtained by radiation in a shorter time, high-quality image reconstruction with less data is equivalent to reducing radiation dose. Technically, both the blurring process and the sparse representation of the sharp CT image are first modeled as a serial of parameters. The sharp CT image will be obtained from the estimated sparse representation. Then, the model parameters are estimated by a hierarchical Bayesian maximum posteriori formulation. Finally, the estimated model parameters are optimized to obtain the final image reconstruction. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with the simulation experiments in terms of the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM).  
CT reconstruction; compressed sensing; blind restoration; hierarchical Bayesian-MAP
# Dentin Bond Strength of Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
## 4 Discussion
### Drying Protocol  
When comparing the conventional drying protocol (paper tips) with 70% isopropyl alcohol, it was observed that the canals dried with isopropyl alcohol exhibited higher bond strength values in each third, across all sealers assessed (EndoSequence BC, AH Plus, and MTA Fillapex) [31]. However, varying humidity levels, as explored by [PERSON] et al. [19], using three drying protocols (paper tips; irrigation with 95% ethanol followed by paper tips; and irrigation with 70% ethanol followed by aspiration with a 30-gauge needle), did not influence the bond strength of Sealer Plus BC endodontic cement to the root canal walls when employing the single cone technique for canal filling.  
In the evaluation of bioceramic cements, namely, iRoot SP, MTA Fillapex, Endoseal MTA, and SureSeal Root, it was found that the optimal humidity conditions for achieving ideal strength involved normal humidity using the conventional protocol (paper tips), enhancing the adhesive strength of the sealers [46; 49]. Calcium silicate and calcium phosphate in the composition of CSCs rely on humidity for the hydration reaction, allowing the sealer to set and harden [19]. Excessive drying removes water from dental tubules, challenging the penetration of the hydrophilic sealer and compromising adhesion quality. Conversely, excess water can negatively impact adhesion, trapping water droplets at the dentin-cement interface in completely wet root canals, leading to decreased adhesion. Extreme situations, such as dehydrated or excessively hydrated canals, interfere negatively with cement adhesion to dental walls [19].  
The presentation of the cement is another important consideration. A premixed bioceramic offers advantages such as reduced working time and immunity to manual mixing or changes in the powder-liquid ratio that could affect its physicochemical properties. In comparison to powder-liquid presentations, it may exhibit superior physicochemical properties concerning viscosity, solubility, and bond strength to root dentine [19].  
It is noteworthy that while many studies only assess the sealer to examine the impact of humidity on the bond strength to root dentin, the behavior of these cements in clinical applications, particularly when used in conjunction with gutta-percha cones, should also be considered [19]. Consequently, the careful selection of the drying technique based on the type of cement used emerges as a critical step in endodontic treatment [46].
# Traffic Aware Scheduler for Time-Slotted Channel-Hopping-Based IPv6 Wireless Sensor Networks
## 6 Discussion of Simulation Results
### Impact of Traffic Load and Placement of Nodes
#### 6.1.2 Average Delay  
The delay in function of traffic load is illustrated in Figure 11. It can be immediately observed that the new scheduler maintains a low delay even for high traffic loads. When the traffic load increases above 5 packets per minute, RBS Orchestra cannot cope anymore with the high number of packets that needs to be forwarded toward the root and received by it. The reason behind this is that only one Rx cell exists at the root for all its children. For both schedulers, placement 2 performs better than placement 1. One of the reasons is that in placement 1, the number of hops between the leaf nodes and the root is higher than in placement 2.  
Figure 11: We observe that when it comes to average delay, the new scheduler performs better than Orchestra, in high traffic situation.  
Figure 10: We observe that when it comes to average number of packets dropped from queues, the new scheduler performs better than Orchestra, in high traffic situation.
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Further Experiments and Results
#### 4.1.2 Steel Plates Faults Results  
In Table 12, we present extended experimental results from an FD task on the imbalanced Steel Plates Faults dataset [76; 77; 78]. For the method DLWP-RLPr-RLPr, we report improved recall macro (0.82) spread over all the seven classes and improved recall metrics, especially for the minority classes 'Dirtiness' (0.95) and 'Stains' (0.95). We also report the improved ROC-AUC for the two minority classes. DLWP-RLPr-RLPr also delivers improved non-normalized confusion matrix scores in the leading diagonal for the minority classes, achieving 21 for the 'Stains' class and 21 for the 'Dirtiness' class both out of a possible total of 22 samples. We also note that methods CE-RW and Focal-RW perform comparably well on some metrics but not better than DLWP-RPLr-RPLr.  
Figure 5: (**a**) Type I and (**b**) Type II errors from all best-in-category methods evaluated on APS Failure at Scania Trucks dataset.  
DLWP loss with no reweighting and no selected logit weight vector (DLWP-None-None) shows improved Precision (0.75), Recall (0.80) and F1 (0.77) macro scores over the counterparts CE-None, Focal-None, and LDAM-None. Still in this category, the no reweighting strategy can be combined with a different logit weight vector for the DLWP loss method to achieve three other variations. The DLWP-None-DENPr, DLWP-None-RLPr methods that combine no reweighting and logit weight vector derived from the RLPr and DENPr methods attain the highest Precision (0.79) and F1 (0.79) macro scores compared to all the other methods used in the experiments. These are higher precision models suitable for use cases that require low false positives or false alarms.
## 1 Introduction  
### Overview  
Additive manufacturing (AM) is defined as \"the process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer-upon-layer\" [1]. The geometric freedom, customisation, and reduced material waste permitted by AM techniques enable parts to be manufactured which are considered impractical using traditional processing routes such as extrusion or injection moulding. While AM has traditionally been used for prototyping and tooling, increased industrial interest in recent years has meant that it is now being considered for the creation of end-use products.  
Polymer powder bed fusion (PBF) comprises a group of processes considered well-suited for the creation of end-use products, allowing good mechanical properties without the need for surrounding supports [2]. Laser sintering (LS) is the most well-established PBF technique out of those commercially available, utilising a CO\({}_{2}\) laser incident on a bed of preheated powder to apply enough energy to sinter and solidify select regions. In comparison, high-speed sintering (HSS) (along with similar processes such as multijet fusion and selective absorption fusion) is a PBF technique that deposits a radiation-absorbing material (RAM) onto the surface of the powder and uses an infrared (IR) lamp to selectively sinter and solidify regions where the RAM has been deposited, as shown in Figure 1. Although it applies the same general principle as LS, HSS was designed with increased industrial productivity in mind due to its ability to sinter multiple parts concurrently and the ease of scalability of the printheads and IR lamps.  
It is suggested that, between 2021 and 2026, the AM market will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27.5% ([PERSON] et al., 2017). In turn, when producing parts, their performance and properties must be fully understood and validated to ensure sufficient quality and confidence in the finished products. This is particularly true when considering the increasing use of polymer PBF processes for the production of end-use parts, including customised insoles ([PERSON] et al., 2017), the printing of pharmaceuticals ([PERSON] et al., 2017), and mobile robots ([PERSON] et al., 2017). Further examples of the use of polymer AM, such as for aerospace components, surgical guides, and tissue engineering, can be found in ([PERSON] et al., 2017).  
Traditionally, sacrificial test pieces such as tensile and three-point bending tests are included within a build file and used for the qualification of part properties ([PERSON] et al., 2017), but they are time-consuming and reduce productivity by taking up valuable build space. For these reasons, it would be beneficial to develop an alternative method to determine these properties, to ensure confidence in part performance.
## 2 Material and Method
### The Instrument Clusters  
Table 1 shows the main speedometer characteristics of selected instrument clusters. The criterion for the selection of instrument clusters was to have mutually different design characteristics. The ICs are coded according to the numbers given in the Table 1: IC01...IC07.  
The common attributes for all ICs are that they have moderate to high contrast between the speedometer background and the pointer, as well the scale markings (as recommended for in-vehicle visual presentation from the ISO 15008 Standard [7]), the speedometer characters have a visual angle greater than 20\({}^{\prime}\) under the given conditions, and the characters are without serifs.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Car Make and Type, Model Year** & **Code** & **Speedometer Type** & **IC Style** &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Set Speed (\(v_{s}\), km/h):** \\ **1 st Session/2 nd Session** \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline Volkswagen Passat (B6), 2005 & IC01 & A & C & 55/121 \\ Lancia Ypsilon II, 2011 & IC02 & A & C & 47/85 \\ Ford Focus MK1, 1998 & IC03 & A & C & 52/159 \\ Mercedes Benz R129, 1989 & IC04 & A & C & 58/162 \\ Skoda Octavia IV hybrid, 2019 & IC05 & A + D & M & 54/93 \\ Fiat New 500 (500e), 2020 & IC06 & A + D & M & 40/82 \\ Honda Ridgeline (YK2/3), 2016 & IC07 & D & M & 46/104 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: The main characteristics of the speedometers and the ICs. Speedometer type: D—digital, A—analog. Style: C—classic, M—modern.  
Figure 2: A view from the participant’s place: the instrument cluster at the laptop’s display and the monitor.  
The instrument clusters are shown in Figures 3 and 4. The instruments and indicators are in the state presented to the participants in the two test sessions (moderate and high speed). The first four ICs (Figure 3) can be described as traditional or classic (C) designs, while the last three (Figure 4) are modern designs (M).