## 4 NIR-Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy for Yam and Cassava Food Quality
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**S\_N** & **Method** & **Trait** & **Product** & **Software** & **Equipment** & **References** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{1} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & Moisture and & & & & Image spectrometer \\  & & & & ANN & (ImSector V10E) with & \\  & & weight & & -MATLAB 7.0 & & CMOS camera & \\  & & & & (BCi4-USB-M40 LP) & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{2} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & Dry matter and & Potatoes and & MLR, LWPLSR, PLSR & Push broom hyperspectral & \\  & & starch & sweet potatoes & -MATLAB R2016a & imaging system—Specim & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{3} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Moisture content} & Potatoes and & PLSR, SVMR, & & \\  & & sweet potatoes & LWPLSR, & CMOS camera & \\  & & & sweet potatoes & BPANN & (Xeva 992, Venix & \\  & & & & Infrared Solutions) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{4} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Starch content} & Potatoes and & & & Push broom hyperspectral & \\  & & & sweet potatoes & & imaging system—Specim & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{5} & \multirow{2}{*}{Vis/NIR-HSI} & Moisture and & Purple sweet & PLSR & CCD camera (V10 EB1610) & \\  & & content & potato & -MATLAB 2014a- & and spectrograph & [81] \\  & & & & (ImSector V10E2/3) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{6} & \multirow{2}{*}{Vis/NIR-HSI} & Fresh cut & & & Image spectrometer & \\  & & visualization and & & & (ImSector V10E) with & \\  & & starch content & & -MATLAB 2014a- & CCD camera & \\  & & & & (IGVB1620) & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{7} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Adulteration} & \multirow{2}{*}{Cassava starch} & \multirow{2}{*}{PLS} & Push broom hyperspectral & \\  & & & & & imaging system—Specim & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{8} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & Visual & & & & \\  & authentication & & & & \\  & and rapid & & & -MATLAB 7.12 & \\  & classification of & & potatoes & software- & spectrograph & \\  & & tubers using the & & & \\  & moisture content & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{9} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & Scab disease & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato tubers} & Support Vector & Xenics Xeva 1.7–320 & \\  & & detection & & -Not specified- & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{10} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & Hollow heart & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato tubers} & Support Vector & Xenics Xeva 1.7–320 & \\  & & disease detection & & Machine & \\  & & & & & \\  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{11} & \multirow{2}{*}{MIR} & Protein and & Cassava, sweet potato, and taro & PCA and PLSR & \\  & & & & -Unscrambler®X & \\  & & & flour & (Version 10.5.1)- & 6700 & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{12} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Moisture content} & Steamed and & PLS-DA & \\  & & dried sweet & -Unscrambler®X & \\  & & potato & (Version 10.5.1)- & & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{13} & \multirow{2}{*}{NIR-HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Plant yield} & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato} & Multi-period relative & USB 2000 & \\  & & & vegetation indices & spectrometer—Ocean & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{14} & \multirow{2}{*}{VIS/NIR-HSI} & Processing & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato tubers} & PLSR & CCD camera & \\  & quality & & -MATLAB 7.5.0342 & (C480)—Hamamatsu & [97] \\  & parameters & & software- & Photonics & \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{15} & \multirow{2}{*}{HSI} & \multirow{2}{*}{Tuber yield and  tuber set} & \multirow{2}{*}{Potato tubers} & OLS, PLSR, SVR, RF, & \\  & & & & AdaBoost & Headwall nano-hyper & \\  & & & -SpectralView & & spec imager & \\  & & & software- & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Applications of MIR and NIR-HSI to other root and tuber crops, especially potato and sweet potato.