## 2 Process Flow and Performance Indicators of Binder Jetting 3D Printing
### Process Flow and Pre-Printing Parameter Selection for Binder Jetting of Silicon Carbide Components
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Types of Binders** & **Representative Binders** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Applicable Printing Scenarios** \\ \hline In-liquid binder & Water-based binders (such as polyvinyl alcohol [42], polyacrylic acid [43], water-based polymer binders [44], amine-based polymer binders [45]). Solvent-based binders (such as polyvinyl pyrrolone [46]). & Improve printing accuracy and sintering density [47]; suitable for a wider range of powder materials [40]. & High-precision, high-density sintering [47]; complex geometric structures; no additional powder pretreatment required [49]. \\ Dry premixed binder & Polymer binders (such as phenolic resin [50] and phenolic polymer binders [51]). Inorganic material-based (such as inorganic colloids [52], etc.). & Lower equipment maintenance costs; improve printing stability [48]. & Additional powder processing steps; the uniformity of the binder is difficult to ensure [41]. & Filtration materials, high-porosity structures and casting ceramic models [47]; low-cost, large-scale production. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: The difference between in-liquid binding and dry pre-mixed binders. The aforementioned content elucidates the critical importance of powder particle size, binder mechanism, and nozzle type selection during the green body formation process. For post-processing densification techniques, the LSI process has been successfully implemented in practical SiC component manufacturing. However, variations in green part formation processes among different BJ 3D printing equipment brands not only lead to significantly divergent SiC printing outcomes, but also result in distinct applications of the LSI technique. Table 4 enumerates the BJ 3D printing equipment brands commonly employed for SiC component printing, detailing their respective process characteristics in SiC component formation and summarizing their applicable scope. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Company** & **Equipment** & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Characteristics of SiC Component Formation**} & **Applicable Fields** & **Ref.** \\ \hline  & & & High-resolution printheads & Small-batch production & \\  & & & print SiC green bodies with & and SiC components with & \\ Voxelab & & & high-precision microporous & specific precision & \\ (Jinhua, China) & & & structures and, combined with & requirements (such as in \\  & & & LSI, achieve high-precision & the medical and electronics & \\  & & & printing of SiC components. & fields). & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Differences in the SiC forming process among different brands of BJ 3D printing companies. Figure 5: Schematic diagram of piezoelectric printhead operation [54]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Company** & **Model** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Number of Nozzles** \\ **(Units)** \\ \end{tabular} & \begin{tabular}{c} **Nozzle Size** \\ **(um)** \\ \end{tabular} & \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Resolution** \\ **(dpi)** \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} **Maximum** \\ **Frequency** \\ **(kHz)** \\ \end{tabular} & **Advantage** & **Disadvantage** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Xaar & & & & High precision, high \\ (Cambridge, UK) & & & & High reliability, suitable for & Higher cost. & [55] \\ \hline HP (Palo Alto, CA, USA) & & HP Multi & & High nozzle density, & & & & \\ CA, USA) & Jet Fusion & & & High level, and high & & & & \\ (Suwa, Japan) & & PrecisionCore & 33,500 & 20 & 1440 & Variable & & & \\ (Tokyo, Japan) & & & & High reliability. & Higher price. & [57] \\ \hline Toshiba & Toshiba & & & High stability, & & & & \\ (Tokyo, Japan) & & TEC CF3 & & & High reliability, & & & \\ (Kyocera & SG1024 & 1024 & 20 & 400 & 20 & & & \\ (Kyoto, Japan) & & & High level, & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Equipment parameters of mainstream printhead brands.