## 5 Scenarios and Illustrative Applications
### Coastal Setting  
Coastal environments are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and increased stress on infrastructure. Similar to health and safety concerns during winter conditions, industrial accidents that can cause fires, such as hurricanes and flooding in coastal areas, pose significant risks. With weather services offering forecasting and nowcasting, the IoPVT can be utilized not only locally for housing but also globally for community needs and socially for response planning. Two relevant examples are hurricanes and flooding. The initial destruction caused by a hurricane involves high winds, and IoVTs can aid in safety analysis by assessing potential structural damage to bridges, power line towers, and critical facilities like water towers, as illustrated in Figure 6.  
Figure 5: View of former Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station NPP along the Susquehanna River near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Using digital twin technology and understanding the safety limits of certain structures such as water towers and bridges [105], we can monitor the IoVT of these structures when forecasted winds pose a risk of destruction. This approach allows for real-time updates on the potential for structural collapse. With insights from the IoVT regarding system failures, alerts can be dispatched to the public to ensure safety. Furthermore, in the aftermath of such disasters, the same IoVT systems on bridges and highways can provide critical information about water flow, road blockages, and rising water levels. If first responders cannot reach these areas, the city's IoVT can supply rescue teams with vital information on safe routes to enhance the survival of residents. While UAVs could assist in these efforts, they would only be operational after the storm has passed. Therefore, IoVTs near bridges are essential not only for managing traffic flow under normal conditions and monitoring structural integrity but also for facilitating community-wide disaster response during events like hurricanes, particularly those leading to flooding. Beyond immediate emergencies, the IoPVT generates valuable data that contribute to long-term climate adaptation and resilience planning for coastal cities. Planners and policy-makers can analyze trends captured by sensors and connected devices to make informed decisions about adapting the built environment and communities to a changing climate. Key areas of integration include resilient urban development, infrastructure reinforcement, and managed retreat decisions. To fully realize the IoPVT's benefits, policymakers must ensure its equitable deployment in high-risk and underserved coastal communities. Often, the communities most vulnerable to climate disasters, such as low-income neighborhoods or remote coastal villages, have the least access to advanced technologies and infrastructure. This digital divide can compound disaster inequities if not addressed. In fact, smart city research warns that if new innovations like the IoT and 5G are implemented without inclusivity, tech-disadvantaged groups could struggle to utilize or benefit from these services, thus widening inequalities and undermining sustainable resilience efforts. A truly climate-resilient coastal city must therefore plan for digital inclusion from the outset. For coastal settings, the HARISM framework would be specially engineered to withstand harsh maritime conditions while monitoring the unique interface between human activities, infrastructure, and dynamic coastal processes. Sensor systems would be ruggedized against saltwater exposure, high humidity, and extreme weather events, with redundant communication pathways available to maintain operation during storms. The framework would incorporate specialized environmental sensors for tide levels, wave heights, wind velocities, and salinity correlated with infrastructure stress monitoring on seawalls, bridges, and coastal evacuation routes.