## 3 Example of FireBIRD and Himawari-8 Fire Scene Observation  
The Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite Himawari-8, launched in 2015, was the first satellite worldwide which provided mid and thermal IR data with a 2 km ground sampling distance (GSD) at its sub-satellite point (SSP), and a repetition period of 10 min also usable for fire-related applications, including the estimation of the FRP. Geostationary active fire detection has previously been provided over Asia and Australia using Japanese Multifunctional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) imagery and the Korean \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l|c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter/Figure** & **MODIS** & **VIIRS** & **SLSTR** & **HSRS** \\ \hline (a) Ground pixel size at the nadir (m\({}^{2}\)) & 1 km \(\times\) 1 km & 375 m \(\times\) 375 m & 750 m \(\times\) 750 m & 1 km \(\times\) 1 km & 360 m \(\times\) 360 m \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{(b) T\({}_{\rm pix\,max}\), (K)} & 450 & 380 & 380 & 500 & 630 \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{(c) k\({}_{\rm max}\) for an assumed} & 0.0410 & 0.0208 & 0.0208 & 0.0625 & 0.1575 \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{T\({}_{\rm fire\,max}\) = 1000 K} & (4.1\%) & (2.08\%) & (2.08\%) & (6.25\%) & (15.75\%) \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{(d, i) Maximum} & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{area A\({}_{\rm rms}\) of an assumed} & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{assumed 1000 K fire} & 41,000 m\({}^{2}\) & \(\sim\)3000 m\({}^{2}\) & 12,000 m\({}^{2}\) & 62,500 m\({}^{2}\) & 20,500 m\({}^{2}\) \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{(without saturation)} & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{(d, ii) Maximum} & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{depth of a 1000 K} & \(\sim\)30 m & \(\sim\)6 m & \(\sim\)24 m & \(\sim\)44 m & \(\sim\)40 m \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{fire front crossing} & & & & & \\ \multicolumn{1}{c}{the ground pixel} & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 6: Selected parameters and figures of fire application MIR bands of the operational sensors and the HSRS, presented in Table 1 for: (a) the nadir ground pixel sizes, (b) the T\({}_{\rm pix\,max}\) specified for the instrument, (c) the k\({}_{\rm max}\) calculated by Relation (1), and (d) the derived maximum figures for (d, i) the area of an assumed 1000 K fire in a ground pixel and (d, ii) the depth of an assumed fire front crossing the nadir ground pixels. The following column colors were selected for the saturation probabilities: green for low, gray for medium and pink for high. Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS), though FRP assessment has typically not been available [13]. The Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) spectral band 7 at 3.8 \(\upmu\)m and band 14 at 11.1 \(\upmu\)m both have a GSD of 2 km at their SSP, which is significant progress compared, for instance, to the MTSAT, with a GSD of 4 km at its SSP in its 3.8 \(\upmu\)m and 11 \(\upmu\)m bands. The imager of the US Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite (GOES-R), launched in 2017, also has a 2 km GSD at its SSP in these bands. MIR and TIR data from Himawari-8 and GOES-R significantly improve the observation accuracy with regard to the dynamic nature of fires in their diurnal cycle, which is illustrated in Figure 5, showing the FRP diurnal cycle of agricultural residue burning in eastern China on 11 June 2015 derived from Himawari-8 and MODIS data [13]. It is also of interest to compare fire data obtained by Himawari-8 and FireBIRD. Figure 6 shows an Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI)-band 7 image fragment of a fire scene in eastern Australia near Sydney, recorded on 10 November 2019 at 10:10 h local time with green crosses for the fires detected in this band and with an overlay of red fire clusters derived from BIROS IR data recorded over the same region only minutes later. The GSD of the AHI-band 7 (at 3.85 \(\upmu\)m) in this region is 2.1 km \(\times\) 2.5 km (east-west \(\times\) south-north), which also represents the pixel size in the image fragment. Most of the active fires detected in this AHI-band 7 image fragment are located on or close to the major fire clusters derived from the BIROS IR data.