esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
###### Abstract  
Purpose: Given the high incidence of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) in runners, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of shoes with different minimalist indices (MI) on the mechanical loads of the patellofemoral joint. Methods: Fifteen healthy male rearfoot strike runners were recruited to complete overground running trials at 3.33 m/s (\(\pm\)5%) in two running shoe conditions (MI = 26% versus MI = 86%). The amount of ten Vicon infrared cameras (100 Hz) and two Kistler force plates (1000 Hz) were used to collect kinematic and ground reaction force (GRF) data simultaneously. Quadriceps strength, patellofemoral contact force, patellofemoral contact area, and patellofemoral contact stress were calculated. Results: No significant differences were observed in the impact force and the second peak of the vertical GRF between the two shoe conditions. Compared to wearing low-MI shoes, wearing high-MI shoes showed that the maximum flexion angle of the knee, the contact area of patellofemoral joint and the peak knee extension moment reduced significantly (\(p<0.01\)), and the peak patellofemoral contact force and stress decreased significantly (\(p<0.05\)). Conclusion: These findings suggest that wearing high-MI shoes significantly decreases the patellofemoral contact force and patellofemoral joint stress by reducing the moment of knee extension, thus effectively reducing the load of the patellofemoral joint during the stance phase of running and potentially lowering the risk of PFPS.  
minimalist index; patellofemoral contact force; patellofemoral contact stress; footwear; patellofemoral joint pain syndrome
# On Connectivity and Energy Efficiency for Sleeping-Schedule-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
## 4 System Simulation
### The Simulation Performance Index
That is to say, when the node communication radius is around 16 m, the entire network can be in the connected state to maintain the normal operation, and the network connectivity expectations \(K\) is 8, at this time the connectivity probability \(P_{r}\) is the greatest. Since the node communication radius \(R\) is one of the indicators reflecting the overall network energy consumption, the larger the value of \(R\) is, the higher the energy consumption of the entire network will be [23]. Figure 2 also shows that a node communication radius \(R\) of only about 16 can meet the demand for network connectivity, also proving that the new network connectivity and energy efficiency algorithm has the effect of energy saving. The network energy consumption can be effectively reduced while maintaining the desired network connectivity. The following experiments mainly focus on the information provided by this three-dimensional graphics.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Water Pipe Leakage and Localization Identification Field Experiment

Table 2: Localized AI water leakage diagnostic instrument excavation verification: leaking pipe diameter statistics. Figure 18: Factory personnel conducted excavation verification of markings. Table 3 shows that this research assisted the Taiwan Water Corporation in successfully preventing leakages at 212 locations. A total of 16,531 CMD leakages were blocked, and the total leakage amount was calculated for different pipe diameters. The results show that the overall leakage amount from pipes for end-users whose diameters are below 80 mm is 6811.4 CMD, accounting for 41.2% of the overall leakages; leakage from 100 mm pipes is 5665.4 CMD, accounting for 34.27%; leakage from 150 mm pipes is 1748.3 CMD, accounting for 10.58; leakage from 200 mm pipes is 1434.8 CMD, accounting for 8.68%; and leakage from pipes above 250 mm is 871.1 CMD, accounting for 5.27%. Statistics show that the majority of leakages occur in pipes for end-users below 80 mm, which accounts for 12,476.8 CMD (75.47%) of the overall leakages, and the second highest contributor to leakage is the 100 mm diameter pipe. Finally, from April 2020 to the end of March 2022, this study conducted a leakage search and diagnosis in Hsinchu and Maioli based on the CNN autoencoder AI water pipe leakage detection and location identification system database, helping the Taiwan Water Corporation mark 214 locations of leakages. Excavation verification showed that 212 were tap water leaks, and the remaining 2 were false positives, as shown in Figure 19. Therefore, according to the diagnostic results of 214 locations of leakages in this experiment, the diagnostic accuracy rate of the localized AI water leakage diagnostic instrument is \((212/214)\times 100\%\) = 99.07%. In addition to successfully identifying 212 locations of leakages, this study also successfully assisted the Taiwan Water Corporation in preventing the leakage of 16,531 CMD leaks, proving that the system has a fairly stable leak diagnostic effect. It can effectively diagnose micro-leakage and large-scale leaks in water pipelines and narrow down the area of the leakage. In addition, factory leak inspectors can interact with on-site leak inspectors remotely, helping them assess the current status of pipelines in real time and reducing the possibility of misjudgment, which reduces the workload of leak inspectors and greatly improves the efficiency of water leak detection.
## 3 Analysis of Experimental Results
### Internal Damage Mechanism
#### 3.6.1 Changes in the Content of Each Element in Concrete  
The specimens' XRD test results after 120 dry and wet cycles are shown in Figure 8. SiO\({}_{2}\), Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\), CaCO\({}_{3}\), CaO\(\bullet\)Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\), and somewhat weak calcium alumina (Aft) diffraction peaks were the most prominent in the RCASCC specimens for the five fitting ratios. In concrete specimens with various fit ratios, the distribution of the overall compounds was more obvious, and the relative concentration could be inferred from the size of the peaks. Both specimens from (a) and (b) contained Aft. The matching diffraction peaks, however, were smaller. The specimens with a lower replacement rate of RCA demonstrated better resistance to sulfate attack from both the internal structure and the external surface, along with lighter external damage and a smaller decrease in the relative dynamic elastic modulus of the specimens in the macroscopic experiments [25; 40]. Groups (c), (d), and (e) of the CaO\(\bullet\)Al\({}_{2}\)O\({}_{3}\) diffraction peak were all rather faint. The relative dynamic elastic modulus later results could, nevertheless, correspond to the findings that the later relative dynamic elastic modulus declined more when the substitution rate of RCA was higher because the Aft diffraction peaks were much enhanced [26]. The primary cause was that more old mortar adhered to the surface of the aggregate due to a greater RCA replacement rate would further react with SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\) with a specific level of activation, leading to substantially more erosion products. The amount of Aft steadily rose together with the growing erosion of SO\({}_{4}\)\({}^{2-}\), and this substance was the primary factor in the specimens' decreased strength. Concrete's mass loss rate, dynamic elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance factor drop were all more pronounced when its amount was high.  
Figure 7: Microscopic test samples.  
Figure 8: _Cont._
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Cytotoxicity Study of Hep-G2 Cell Line  
The aqueous leaf extract of _E. prostrata_ and synthesized AuNPs were tested at 1-500 ug/mL, which provided cellular toxicity of 7.5%, 12%, 22%, 32%, and 39% for the aqueous leaf extract of _E. prostrata_ and for synthesized AuNPs 16%, 28%, 40%, 57%, and 69%, respectively. The plaque formations of the Hep-G2 cell lines were found to induce cytopathic effects and necrosis formation. The viability was in inverse proportion to the cellular regeneration of Hep-G2 (Figure 9a-f). The results of this study suggest that the cytotoxicity of biologically synthesized AuNPs increased with the increasing concentration of nanoparticles. AuNPs of certain non-irregular shapes can be adsorbed readily to the surface of the biomolecules, which show higher surface plasmon resonance and will have a greater contrast effect than those of photothermal dyes that are used regularly in the detection of cancer cell lines [47; 48]. In Figure 10, it is also quite clear that the test samples showed concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on cancerous cells. This observation is comparable with the report published by [PERSON] et al. on gold(III)-monoethylenediamine complexes on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells [49]. From the results of biological analysis, it is established that our AuNPs are possible candidates for use in nanotherapy. AuNPs possess good cytotoxicity properties and biocompatibility.  
Figure 8: (**a**) Total antioxidant assay of synthesized AuNPs and (**b**) DPPH assay of synthesized AuNPs.
# Whispered Speech Recognition Based on Audio Data Augmentation and Inverse Filtering
## 6 Results
### WER Improvement  
The relative _WER_ improvement (i.e., _WER_ reduction) with respect to the cumulative effect of augmentation techniques (VC for HMM and PS + VC for CNN), inverse filtering, and parallel augmentations is depicted in Figure 14. As can be seen, the contribution of augmentation techniques and inverse filtering to the _WER_ improvement is 24.7% for CNN and 5.7% for HMM. Further increment in the number of augmentations leads to the _WER_ improvement for the CNN recognizer and reaches 33.5% for N = 5.  
Figure 14: Relative _WER_ improvement compared to the baseline.  
Figure 13: Average recognition accuracy vs. the number of augmentations for HMM and CNN recognizers.  
For the HMM recognizer, the _WER_ is improved only in the case when N is changed from 1 to 2. Further increment leads to the _WER_ deterioration.  
It should be emphasized that adding pseudo-whisper samples obtained through inverse filtering from normal speech contributes significantly to the _WER_ improvement, especially for the CNN recognizer.  
It is crucial to bear in mind that the accuracy of ASR systems is highly dependent on factors such as the size of the speech database employed in training (including the number of speakers and utterances), perplexity, and the type of speech (spontaneous, conversational, read, isolated-word, etc.). Therefore, conducting direct and consistent comparisons between different studies may not always be feasible.  
To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few research studies that report _WER_ improvement through the utilization of data augmentation and pseudo-whisper generation methods to enhance speaker-independent whisper recognition.  
The results of this research demonstrate a greater relative improvement compared to the state-of-the-art studies carried out on the wTIMIT speech corpus [41], outperforming the improvements reported in [15] (23%) and [18] (18%). However, to enable a direct comparison, it is important to assess our methodology on the wTIMIT corpus, which can be explored in future studies.
# Flocculation Harvesting Techniques for Microalgae: A Review
## 4 Chemical Flocculation
### Inorganic Flocculant
[70] reported that Fe\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) could be reused three times for harvesting _Chlorella_, and very high flocculation efficiencies of \(\sim\)98% biomass could be achieved each time; further, the biomass could be used directly in the post-lipid extraction process. Fe\({}_{2}\)(SO\({}_{4}\))\({}_{3}\) from algae flocs was effectively released under low-pH conditions by adding sulfuric acid. Positively charged calcium salts and magnesium hydroxide are able to neutralize negatively charged algal cells in addition to their pH-increase effect, thus inducing algae flocculation [35; 85]. For instance, 60 mg/L CaO was reported to harvest a _C. vulgaris_ biomass of 1.5 g/L cell density with an efficiency of 85% [67]. In addition, 80 mg/L of CaCO\({}_{3}\)-rich eggshell (dissolved in 1% HCl solution) has been reported as an effective flocculant (99% efficiency) for harvesting _C. vulgaris_ of 2.3 g/L after treatment for 20 min at pH 6 [68]. Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\) at 145 mg/L has been reported to induce 90% precipitation in _Chlorella_ sp. at a pH of 10.7. Interestingly, Mg(OH)\({}_{2}\) can be effectively be recovered (up to 95%) from harvested biomass if the pH is properly controlled (reduced to 8) [71]. Various inorganic flocculants have been frequently used in algae biofuel applications, but the release of such chemicals into the environment is a critical environmental and health concern.
# SESAM Mode-Locked Yb:Ca3 Gd2(BO3)4 Femtosecond Laser
## 3 Continuous-Wave Laser Operation  
In the CW regime, the laser performance of the Yb:GdCB crystal was evaluated with a four-mirror cavity including a flat rear mirror M\({}_{3}\) and an output coupler (OC) without a SESAM, as shown in Figure 1.  
The cavity mode size in the laser crystal was estimated by the ABCD formalism, yielding a waist radius of 21 and 37 \(\upmu\)m in the sagittal and tangential planes, respectively. As shown in Figure 2a, a maximum output power of 382 mW was achieved for OC with a transmission at the laser wavelength \(T_{\text{OC}}\) = 0.8% at an absorbed pump power of 725 mW, corresponding to a laser threshold of only 25 mW and a slope efficiency of 55.2%. The maximum slope efficiency of 59.2% was obtained for higher \(T_{\text{OC}}\) = 4.5%. The laser threshold gradually increased with \(T_{\text{OC}}\) (0.4-7.5%), from 25 to 158 mW. The measured single-pass pump absorption under lasing conditions tended to decrease with \(T_{\text{OC}}\) between 56.2% to 43%, indicating a certain ground-state bleaching and its suppression by the recycling effect. The emission wavelength of the Yb:GdCB laser in the CW regime experienced a blue-shift with increasing transmission of the OC, from 1025.5 to 1053.4 nm (see Figure 2b). This behaviour was due to the quasi-three-level nature of the Yb laser scheme.  
The Caird analysis [20] was applied to estimate the total losses \(\delta\) (including cavity and laser crystal but excluding reabsorption effects) and the intrinsic slope efficiency \(\eta_{0}\) by fitting the measured laser slope efficiency as a function of the reflectivity of the OC, \(R_{\text{OC}}\) = \(1-T_{\text{OC}}\), using the following equation:  
\[\eta=\eta_{0}\frac{\lambda_{p}}{\lambda_{l}}\frac{-\ln(R_{\text{OC}})}{\delta- \ln(R_{\text{OC}})} \tag{1}\]  
where \(\lambda_{p}\) and \(\lambda_{l}\) are the pump and laser wavelengths, respectively. The best fit gave round trip cavity losses of \(\delta\) = 0.07% and an intrinsic slope efficiency of \(\eta_{0}\) = 59.9% (see Figure 3a). The extremely low cavity losses are evidence for the good quality of the laser crystal and the well-optimized cavity alignment.  
A SF-10 Brewster prism was inserted close to the OC for wavelength tuning in the CW regime. With a 1% OC, a broad range of continuous wavelength tuning, about 68 nm, was obtained, as shown in Figure 3b.
# Monitoring of [PERSON]'s Disease Based on Wireless Sensing Technology
## 2 Related Work  
At present, a large number of scholars have carried out related research on monitoring patients with HD using wearable devices. For example, [PERSON] et al. reported a preliminary study to analyze motor symptoms associated with HD and Parkinson's disease based on sensor signal detection and data analysis. They use a light-weight, low-power sensor to monitor the motor symptoms of patients. The sensor adheres to the limbs and chest of patients like a tattoo and can continuously monitor patients for 48 hours. The experimental results show that the sensor can capture different clear signals of different clinical symptoms [11]. [PERSON] et al. proposed an HD upper limb dyskinesia evaluation system. A triaxial acceleration sensor was worn on each wrist and chest of the experimental participants.  
The collected sensor data was used to develop an automatic classification system to distinguish normal people from HD patients [12; 13] proposed a method of using inertial sensors to identify healthy gait, HD patient gait, and hemiplegic patient gait. This method is based on a supervised and trained two-state hidden Markov model, which can be extended to different research subjects for clinical practice and personal health assessment. At the same time, [PERSON] et al. collected the gait data of HD patients by binding the iPhone on the ankles of patients, using the built-in smart sensor of iPhone, and classified the data with the general assembly (meta) classifier algorithm to distinguish normal people and HD patients [14]. The use of wearable devices to monitor the movements and gaits of HD patients requires the binding of electronic devices to a part of the patient's body, which will affect the patient's movements to a certain extent and cannot collect movement data in the natural state of the patient. At the same time, it will also affect the patient's living comfort. Some scholars have also proposed the idea of using a camera to monitor patient activity, combined with related video image processing algorithms to extract patient activity information. For example, [PERSON] et al. proposed a method for human fall detection based on video surveillance, but this may violate the privacy of patients [15].  
As far as the authors know, this paper proposes for the first time to use C-band wireless sensing technology to monitor HD patients completely in a non-contact way for continuous monitoring. Compared with the traditional monitoring scheme, it has the following characteristics:  
1. Monitoring patients completely in a non-contact way will not bring discomfort to the patient's body, and data can be collected under natural conditions.
2. Continuous monitoring of the patient's condition by wireless sensing will not affect the patient's privacy.
3. MSP has no requirements for the working environment and is easy to install.
4. The collected data are processed, and two machine learning algorithms are used to train the model. The two machine learning algorithms can be compared with each other, which makes the experimental results more convincing.
## Abbreviations  
The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:  
ATP & Adenosine-5'-triphosphate  
BACTEC460 & Automated Adiometric Mycobacterial Broth Culture Detection System  
BRED & Bacteriophage Recombineering of Electroporated DNA  
CF & Cyste Fibrosis  
CRISPR-Cas & Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)  
Associated Proteins  
GFP & Green Fluorescent Protein  
GM-CSF & Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating factor  
GPL & Glycopeptideolipid  
IL & Interleukin  
KITLG & Ligand for the Receptor-Type Protein-Tyrosine Kinase KIT  
LJ & Lowenstein-Jensen Medium  
LRP & Luciferase Reporter Phage  
MDR & Multidrug-Resistant  
MGIT960 & Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 TB System  
Mpr & Multicopy Phage Resistance Exonuclease  
MRSA & Methicyllin-Resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_  
NAP & P-nitro-\(\alpha\)-acetylamino-\(\beta\)-hydroxypropiophenone  
NTM & Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria  
PAA & Phage Amplification Assay  
PAS & Phage-Antibiotic Synergy  
PET-CT & Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography  
PNB & P-nitrobenzoic Acid  
PRA & Phage Reporter Assay  
SEA-PHAGES & Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and  
Evolutionary Science  
SLC & Sub-lethal Concentrations  
TB & Tuberculosis  
TTP & Trehalose Polyphleates  
XDR & Extensively Drug-Resistant
# Emulating Cued Recall of Abstract Concepts via Regulated Activation Networks
## 4 Cued Recall Demonstration with MNIST Data
### Multiple Binary Valued Cue Recall (MBVCR) Operation
#### 4.1.1 Intuitive MBVCR Experiment  
In this experiment, by intuition, we hypothesize that if all CAC nodes (representing a digit) are activated with value 1, then its recall at layer 0 must depict that digit. For example, if the CAC nodes N\({}_{6}\), N\({}_{11}\), and N\({}_{26}\) (see Figure 11) are activated with a value of 1 (and 0 for others), then we should obtain an image depicting a blend of zero digits after the recall operation. We performed this intuitive recall experiment for all ten digits. The binary E-A vector of all ten digits for the intuitive MBVCR operation is listed in Table 5. Table 3 displays the recalled images of all twenty experiments. For every digit, two investigations were made; the first without regulation, i.e., \(\rho=0\); the second with a regulation of 0.009%.  
The first observation is that there is a very insignificant difference between the images recalled with and without regulation. After the second iteration, the digit being recalled begins to appear. Beyond the 80 th iteration, no significant change is observed in the recalled images. The recalled images of digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 are recognizable after the 500 th iteration. However, the digits 4, 5, and 9 are not very discernible in their last iteration; this is because these digits are cross-represented by CAC nodes (see Figure 11). All the images recalled in this experiment contain noise (i.e., the gray shades), because the E-A vector has two values, either 0 or 1, and a node can be 100% similar to only one other node. Therefore, the GBP algorithm adjusts the activation at the CAC node such that the best representation of the E-A is achieved.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l} \hline
**Digit** & **Exp** & **Expected Activation (E-A)** \\ \hline
0 & MBVCR & \(\left[0.0,0.0,0.1,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.1,0.0,0.0\right]\) \\
1 & MBVCR & \(\left[0.1,0.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0\right]\) \\
2 & MBVCR & \(\left[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.1,0.0,0.
## 2 Satellite and Payload Considered  
Technological advancements and miniaturization have led to the use of infrared (IR) instruments in nanosatellite platforms [13]. Infrared instruments used for space imaging, Earth observation (EO), astronomy, surveillance, and hyper- spectral remote sensing at higher IR wavelengths come with thermally sensitive detectors, and these detectors are to be operated in a controlled temperature environment for better performance [14].  
Table 1 lists all of the instruments in different IR wavelength categories and their detector temperature requirements. Cooled detectors are proven to have higher sensitivity with an extremely reduced signal-to-noise ratio [15]. In some literature, the term thermal infrared (TIR) is used and it is a combined form of both MWIR and SWIR.  
Figure 1 shows how the heat flows from each element of the system to a deep space radiator. Passive thermal control methods analyzed in this study are mainly for MWIR detector's thermal requirement and other mission requirements. For this payload as seen in Figure 1, it is assumed that the detector is lying inside the instrument and it is coupled to a micro-crycooler through a high thermal conductivity strap. Heat generated from active micro-crycocoler parts and associated electronics is carried away to radiator then radiated to space.  
This study initially elaborates the theoretical background of the passive thermal control methods such as multi-layer insulation (MLI), thermal straps, radiators, heat pipes, and surface coatings. This is then supported with numerical analyses and performance evaluation studies carried out for a nanosatellite configuration.
# A Novel Method for Constructing the S-Box Based on Spatiotemporal Chaotic Dynamics
## 5 Performance Analysis of the Constructed S-Box
### Bijective Property  
[PERSON] et al. [33] already developed a method to test the bijective property. When \(g_{i}(1\leq i\leq n)\) satisfies \(h(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\varepsilon_{i}g_{i})=2^{n-1}\), it is bijective, where \(g_{i}\) is the Boolean function of an S-box, \(\varepsilon_{i}\in\{0,1\}\), \((\varepsilon_{1},\varepsilon_{2},\ldots,\varepsilon_{n})\
eq(0,0,\ldots,0)\), and \(h(\cdot)\) is the Hamming weight. The Hamming weight of the obtained \(8\times 8\) S-box was \(128\). Hence, the obtained S-box had bijective performance.