## 3 Results  
Based on the PHPP tool under the climate conditions for the case study proposed here, energy is required only for heating. The summary of the results obtained from the PHPP (Appendix C) show that both the energy demand in heating, the heating load, and the percentage of overheating time are below the established requirements of the standard. (Table 2).  
Implementing Passivhaus standard as affordable housing, specifically in Santiago, would result in a significant reduction in energy demand and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions. However, to demonstrate that the standard can be implemented in colder climates, a simulation of the same house was also carried out in the Temuco climate, where the ambient temperature is on average 3.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C lower. The results show that the same house that has an annual energy demand of 10 kWh/m\({}^{2}\) for heating in the city of Santiago, whereas in Temuco it has a demand of 24 kWh/m\({}^{2}\). To comply with the annual heating energy demand limit (15 kWh/m\({}^{2}\)), the surface area of the windows in the north facade was increased by 7.8 m\({}^{2}\) and an additional 10 mm thickness was added to the outer wall covering of the perimeter wall. The cost of this change means an initial budget increase in CLF 75 to a total CLF 1848, which does not exceed the budget limit (CLF 2000 \(\approx\) 81,000 USD).  
In Table 3, it is observed that the thermal transmittance of the walls of the designed housing represents one-eighth of the thermal transmittance required by the norm, while for the roof this was  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parameter** & **Results** & **Passivhaus Requirement** & **Standard Compliance Passivhaus** \\ \hline Annual heating demand & 10 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\)) & \(\leq\)15 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\)a) & Yes \\ Heating load & 8 W/m\({}^{2}\) & \(\leq\)10 W/m\({}^{2}\) & Yes \\ Thermal bridges \(\Delta\)U & 0.1 W/(m\({}^{2}\)K) & - & - \\ Overheating frequency & 7.8\% & \(\leq\)10\% & Yes \\ Annual total energy demand & 120 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\)) & \(\leq\)120 kWh/(m\({}^{2}\)a) & Yes \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Results and verification of compliance requirements Passivhaus (see Appendix C).  
reduced by half. It is further observed that the regulations establish a maximum value of glazed surface (60%) without breaking it down according to geographical orientation.  
For the complete execution of the house, a total budget of CLF 1773 (\(\approx\)80,000 USD) was estimated (Appendix B). The per square-meter cost of the designed house is CLF 15.83 (approximately 640 USD/m\({}^{2}\)). A conventional house can be a maximum of 140 m\({}^{2}\) with a total budget of CLF 2000 (\(\approx\)81,000 USD). If the proposed house had a maximum area (140 m\({}^{2}\)) the total cost would be CLF 2,216 (\(\approx\)90,000 USD) and thus 10% higher than the maximum allowable subsidy. Therefore, achieving Passivhaus, while affordable given the current subsidy, may result in some restrictions to dwelling sizes particularly in the colder climate zones of Chile. Nevertheless, it is expected that the construction of affordable housing with the Passivhaus standard could represent a significant potential for energy savings in the residential sector.