## 4 Evaluation and Results
### Descriptive Analysis: General Situation of Spanish STPs  
This analysis is associated with SO1 and provides singular information about STPs in Spain given the resources and the descriptive techniques presented in Section 3. It will also give essential information to be used in the machine learning for the data analysis. A universe of forty-nine (\(n=49\)) Spanish STPs is considered. General statistics references with each core feature, grouped by STPs (all), SP type, TP type, and HP type, has been obtained and are available at [[https://github.com/gplsi/data-stp](https://github.com/gplsi/data-stp)]([https://github.com/gplsi/data-stp](https://github.com/gplsi/data-stp)) (accessed on 27 October 2023). Fifteen of the forty-nine STPs are considered science parks, thirty are technology parks, and four are hybrid parks. Most of the SPs are promoted by public universities (except for two cases). Most of the TPs are promoted by regional governmental institutions or agencies with the involvement of other public and private drivers. Five out of the forty-nine STPs considered in the study are sectorial parks, four of them technology parks, and one is a hybrid park. According to the study, technology parks are predominant in Spain, constituting 61% of the STP universe. This result is consistent with [PERSON] et al. [18] who argue that 56% of Spanish STPs are not promoted by universities, in contrast to other countries such as the UK with a clear predominance of university science parks. The Andalusia, Catalonia, and Valencian community are the regions with the highest number of STPs, forming 47% of the total. The predominant type of STP in the Catalonia and Valencian Community is the science park, in contrast to Andalusia, with 100% of the technology park type. The first TP in Spain emerged in the mid-1980s, while SPs emerged in the late 1990s. The average age of a TP is 20 years old and that of an SP is less than 16 years, and over 71% of the Spanish STPs in this study were established between 25 and 10 years ago. The number of STPs promoted in the last decade has decreased considerably. One possible reason is that the peak of STP promotion in Spain occurred around the year 2000, when many policies also supported the development of STP infrastructures. Another possible reason is that there are already many STPs in Spain and most provinces have at least one STP. The exploratory analysis of the STP features determined that there is a specific STP that presents an unusual model since it computes the total number of companies and their turnover, employment, etc., of the Spanish city in which it is located. Therefore, this STP has not been included neither in the descriptive analysis nor in the machine-learning analysis, as it would cause an inference that would distort the analysis developed. Figure 3 shows the large divergence of this STP (that is, a TP) from the rest of the STP universe, with much higher values for such critical features as turnover, number of companies, and employment. After the deep exploratory analysis developed in this study, more reflections could be considered. With antiquity, STPs (SPs, TPs, and HPs) present a tendency to grow (at different levels) because of the STP consolidation, as can be observed in the following Figure 4.  
As explained above, TPs emerged before SPs in Spain. Moreover, a group of three \"big TPs\" can be observed, which have experienced significant and steady growth, as well as remarkable performance in terms of general impact (over 2000 million \(\bar{\epsilon}\) turnover and 11,000 employees), as can be seen in Figure 5 (in green). Thus, TPs are larger projects in general terms compared to SPs, but there are considerable heterogeneities between them, with a subgroup of \"big TPs\" at one extreme. Furthermore, the permuted Brunner Munzel test (Section 3.2.1) allows the detection of significant differences, in case, by type of STP. As presented in Table 3, there are eight features with no significant differences by type of STP.