## 3 Materials and Methods
### 5G Technologies  
The purpose of this section is to describe some of the most popular technologies implemented with 5G. Figure 8 shows characteristics and technical specifications of 5G. 5G networks offer several key characteristics and technical specifications that make them ideal for a wide range of applications. 5G provides significantly increased bandwidth, enabling faster data transfer rates for high-speed applications, such as virtual and augmented reality. It also offers lower latency, making it suitable for real-time communication and response applications, such as autonomous vehicles and remote surgery. 5G is highly reliable, with features such as network slicing and redundant network paths, ensuring devices stay connected. 5G enables massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC), making it suitable for mission-critical applications, such as industrial automation. Additionally, 5G offers network slicing, beamforming, and uses millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies for even higher bandwidth and faster data rates. Overall, 5G networks offer significant improvements in bandwidth, latency, reliability, and flexibility, making them well-suited for a wide range of applications. 1. Massive MIMO: This technology is responsible for sending and receiving multiple signals simultaneously, utilizing the same radio channel. While other technologies, such as Wi-Fi or 4G-LTE, have utilized this technology, massive MIMO performs best when paired with 5G technologies. This technology uses extra antennas to move energy into smaller regions of space, which means spectral efficiency and coverage are improved [58]. 2. NOMA: Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access: A radio access technology that plays a vital role in 5G applications [59]. This technology offers several benefits, such as low latency and massive high-speed connectivity. Code domain NOMA is commonly paired with mMIMO, drastically improving spectral efficiency [60]. Power domain NOMA is commonly utilized with MIMO, beamforming, and even cooperative communications, being one of the most flexible technologies utilized in 5G implementations. 3. Millimeter Wave: This technology uses a frequency band between 30 GHz and 300 GHz and derives its name from the 1 to 10 mm waves utilized by the technology. Utilized commonly in radar applications, this technology is being paired with 5G to improve spectrum bandwidth and increase spectrum utilizations. The main benefit of pairing this technology with 5G is the spectrum freedom linked to mmWave. Standard technologies, such as GPS, 4G, and satellite connections, utilize the 1 GHz to 6 GHz spectrum, which is becoming very crowded [61]. Because mmWave is new and has a massive spectral range, 5G provides an improved user experience through this combination. 4. Machine Learning Techniques: Supervised and unsupervised models are being implemented in 5G technologies to improve overall network capacities, predict energy consumption, and optimize tracking technologies such as beamforming. In the supervised category, some 5G networks utilize Linear Regression Algorithms to predict the scheduling of nodes [62]. Other supervised models utilize Deep Neural Networks to predict beamforming vectors. Then, unsupervised learning models are used to improve handover selection and reduce interruption of services, as well as they can reduce latency by clustering fog nodes. 5. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV): Being the most innovative proposal, current 5G researchers are utilizing UAVs to improve network coverage. These UAVs will assist the terrestrial network by serving as beacons. The high altitude of these planes could solve many interference problems and even replace entirely terrestrial cellular networks [63]. UAVs, commonly known as drones, have become increasingly popular for both commercial and personal use. With the advent of 5G networks and IoT, UAVs can now be equipped with a wide range of sensors and devices that can transmit real-time data to ground stations for analysis and decision making [64].