## 3 Results
### Phenolic Profiling and Antioxidant Properties  
The accumulation of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins was assessed in all samples (Figure 4). Except for _M. marina_ and _I. crithmoides_, a high TPC was noted for all samples (\(>\)20 mg g\({}^{-1}\) DW; Figure 4) [33], ranging from 23 up to 230 mg GA eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW. Seasonal patterns varied widely among salt-tolerant species: _H. italcium_ and _I. crithmoides_ had higher TPC in Au (105.6 and 27.2 mg GA eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW, respectively), while _L. monopetulum_ and _C. soldantella_ phenolic contents increased in Sp (144.8 and 73.2 mg GA eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW). The _P. lenticus_ and _C. maritima_ samples reached the lowest values in Su (195.2 and 19.3 mg GA eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW), while no differences were observed for other seasons. Figure 3: Seasonal profile of macrominerals (Ca, K, Mg, and Na; g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM) and trace minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn; mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM) evaluated in the dry biomass of halophytes and salt-tolerant species. Ca, Calcium; K, Potassium; Mg, Magnesium; Na, Sodium; Fe, Iron; Cu, Copper; Mn, Manganese; Zn, Zinc. Dietary requirement (DR) limits are represented as green bars: The lower limit refers to the minimum concentration required for animal maintenance, while the upper limit refers to reproduction, lactation, and rapidly growing animals [32]. DR: Ca, 1.4–7 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; K, 5 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Mg, 0.9–1.2 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Na, 0.7–1.0 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Fe, 40 mg kg\({}^{-1}\); Cu, 4–14 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Mn, 20–25 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Zn, 9–20 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM. Maximum tolerable levels (MTLs) are represented as a dashed red line [31], above which dietary concentrations will have negative impacts on animal health. MTL (sheep): Ca, 15 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; K, 20 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Mg, 6 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Na, 40 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Fe, 500 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Cu, 15 g kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Mn, 2000 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM; Zn, 300 mg kg\({}^{-1}\) DM. \(\dagger\), data published in [25]. Different symbols and colors represent the seasons as follows: spring (Sp), green flower; summer (Su), yellow sun; autumn (Au), brown leaf; winter (Wi), blue snowflake. HI, _H. italcium picardii_; IC, _l. crithmoides_; PL, _P. lenticus_; CS, _C. soldantella_; CM, _C. mariscus_; MM, _M. marina_; PC, _P. coronopus_; LM, _L. monopetulum_; CC, _C. maritima_. _P. coronopus_ had higher contents during Wi (160 mg GAE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW), while _M. marina_ exhibited a marked increase in Sp/Su (13.3-14.2 mg GA eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW). _C. mariscus's_ best results were achieved in the dry periods (Su/Au; 104.3-112.3 mg GAE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW) in contrast to Sp (86 mg GAE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW) [25]. Total flavonoid levels ranged between 4.8 and 45.4 mg QE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW. _I. crithmoides_ consistently showed the lowest TFC values (4.8-13.3 mg QE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW), while _C. soldanella_ and _H. italicum_ had the highest levels, particularly in Sp/Su samples (42-45.2 and 35.8-45.4 mg QE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW, respectively). In general, the highest amounts of flavonoids were recorded in Sp/Su samples, except for _I. crithmoides_ and _P. lentiiscus_, which had increased contents in Au (13.3 mg QE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW) and Wi (28.9 mg QE g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW), respectively. Figure 4: Seasonal variations of the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFCs), and condensed tannin contents (CTCs) of the 80% acetone extracts of halophytes and salt-tolerant species. Results are expressed as mg gallic acid eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW (TPC), mg quercetin eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW (TFC), and mg catechin eq. g\({}^{-1}\) extract DW (CTC). Different letters refer to significant differences for each species across seasons per species (_p_ < 0.05). LOQ, Limit of quantification; HI, _H. italicum picardii_; IC, _I. crithmoides_; PL, _P. lentiiscus_; CS, _C. soldanella_; CM, _C. mariscus_; MM, _M. marina_; PC, _P. coronopus_; LM, _L. monopetalum_; CC, _C. maritima_.