# Comprehensive Review of Traffic Modeling: Towards Autonomous Vehicles
## 4 Factors Influencing Autonomous Vehicle Traffic  
The factors influencing autonomous vehicle (AV) traffic are multifaceted, encompassing vehicle characteristics, road infrastructures, and human behaviors. These elements interact dynamically, shaping the efficiency, safety, and adoption of AVs in various traffic environments. The characteristics of AVs significantly influence traffic flow efficiency and the overall adoption of this technology. Key factors such as speed, acceleration, and flow in dedicated lanes are crucial for optimizing traffic management, particularly in setting buffer zones for lane changes [102]. For instance, the design speed and headway of AVs can reduce the buffer zone length, thereby enhancing traffic efficiency. Moreover, AVs have the potential to increase the network capacity by up to 19%, although they may adversely affect critical accumulation by up to 9% in oversaturated conditions [103]. The integration of AVswith public transportation systems and the promotion of ridesharing can further mitigate potential negative impacts on traffic flow and congestion [104]. Beyond technical specifications, psychological factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, and initial trust play a pivotal role in the adoption of AVs, indirectly influencing traffic patterns by affecting user behavior [105]. Additionally, demographic factors like gender, education, and income can moderate the impact of these psychological factors on AV adoption intentions, thereby affecting traffic dynamics [106]. The socioeconomic profile of individuals and their familiarity with AV technology are other internal factors that shape AV adoption tendencies, contributing to the broader traffic ecosystem. External factors such as safety, security, and legal issues also shape public attitudes towards AVs, influencing their widespread adoption and, consequently, their impact on traffic flow [107]. The development of intelligent transportation systems, including dedicated highway lanes for AVs, is essential for optimizing their traffic flow efficiency and maximizing the benefits of AV technology [102]. The integration of AVs into the transportation system necessitates significant adaptations in road infrastructures to ensure optimal performance and safety. Enhanced road maintenance and the development of separate corridors exclusively for AVs are critical for simplifying and securing the infrastructure. For example, the uniform distribution of AVs can prolong the maintenance life of pavements, although increased traffic volume may accelerate rutting distress [108]. The number of road lanes is another crucial parameter, affecting network vulnerability and travel delays, with AV implementation proving efficient in reducing delays during road failures [109]. While the elimination of the human factor allows for relaxed geometric design requirements, it also introduces challenges such as an accelerated rutting potential and the need for new infrastructure facilities like safe harbor areas [110]. The strategic placement of roadside sensors is also vital for AVs' perception and tracking performance, with an optimized sensor placement improving accuracy and reducing costs [111]. The transition to AVs can lead to increased average speeds and reduced travel times, especially at higher market penetration rates [112]. Public acceptance and the development of appropriate strategies and policies are essential to leverage the benefits of AVs and address uncertainties related to infrastructure and demand modeling [110]. Human behaviors and interactions present significant challenges to the decision-making algorithms of AVs, necessitating sophisticated programming to ensure safety and efficiency. The acceptance of AVs is influenced by personal traits such as the desire for control, hedonic motivation, and perceived safety and risk [105]. These factors not only affect the adoption of AVs but also how human drivers and pedestrians interact with them.