## 2 Background
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt} p{56.9 pt}} \hline \hline
**Study** & **Methodology** & **Common Problems** & **Solutions Identified** & **Summary of Findings** \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [26] & Experimental study & Outage duration reduction & Faster fault detection and automated switching & Field tests observed a 30\% reduction in outage durations due to faster fault detection and automated switching with IoT-enabled distribution automation. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2020) [27] & Economic analysis & Energy losses reduction & Operational cost reduction & Evaluation indicated that benefits of reduced energy losses and operational costs outweighed IoT implementation investment. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018) [28] & Performance evaluation & Lower latency in real-time applications & Implementation of MQTT & MQTT achieved lower latency compared to CoAP, making it suitable for real-time applications in smart grids. \\ \hline [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2017) [29] & Data analytics approach & Maintenance cost reduction & Implementation of predictive maintenance model using IoT data achieved a 25\% reduction in maintenance costs and improved equipment uptime. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2022) [30] & Security analysis & Vulnerabilities to cyberattacks & Implementation of multi-layer security framework & Analysis identified vulnerabilities of IoT-enabled smart grid systems to cyberattacks, proposed multi-layer security framework. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2016) [31] & Integration challenges & Integration of renewable energy sources & Importance of IoT data for managing variability & Explored challenges of integrating renewable energy sources into smart grids, highlighted importance of IoT data for managing variability. \\ \hline [PERSON] et al. (2019) [32] & Grid optimization & Energy cost reduction & Implementation of IoT-based optimization optimization algorithm & Develop IoT-based optimization algorithm for load scheduling, resulting in 15\% reduction in energy costs and improved grid stability. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._Power line communication (PLC) is a technology that enables data communication over existing electrical power lines. It allows for the transmission of data signals alongside the electrical power, effectively turning the power grid into a communication medium. PLC has applications in various domains, including home automation, smart grid management, industrial automation, and more. PLC offers a unique and versatile way to leverage existing power infrastructure for data communication as mentioned in [38]. However, its effectiveness depends on factors like the quality of power lines, noise interference, and regulatory considerations. As technology advances, PLC's potential for providing reliable and efficient communication within various applications could continue to expand. * Smart Grid: PLC is used for smart metering, enabling two-way communication between utility companies and consumers for remote meter reading and demand response, as shown in Table 2.
* Home Automation: PLC can be used to control smart devices within homes, enabling features like lighting control, security systems, and energy management. * Industrial Automation: PLC can provide communication between industrial equipment and systems, aiding in process control and monitoring. * In-Home Networking: PLC can be used for networking devices within a home, providing an alternative to Wi-Fi or Ethernet. PIoT security faces a complex array of challenges stemming from the diverse and interconnected nature of PIoT devices. The vast range of devices, from simple sensors to complex industrial machinery, results in varying security needs that are hard to address uniformly. Resource limitations in many devices hinder the implementation of robust security measures, leaving vulnerabilities open as mentioned in [6]. A lack of standardization in security practices and protocols makes it difficult to establish consistent safeguards.