## 2 Experimental Set-up
Climate B can be found in Australia, Southern and Northern Africa, Middle Southern America, the Middle-East, and Western parts of the US. Climate C dominates West Europe, Southern Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South-East regions of the US, Southern America, Africa, and China. Climate D covers most of Russia, Canada, and the Northern US. Finally, climate E is over Northern Canada, Iceland, Northern Russia, and the North and South poles. Figure 2 shows a matrix of the complete and updated list of the 30 climate classes from [PERSON]. The left axis represents the first letter, the top axis is for the second letter, and the bottom axis is for the third letter. For example, climate Aw is read as tropical, savannah; climate Dsc is read as cold, dry summer, cold summer. The PV systems are located in three different climates and countries: one system in climate Cfb in Italy, two systems in climate Af in Indonesia, and twelve systems in climate BWh in Australia. Table 1 summarizes the list of PV systems and the corresponding climatic information. Most PV systems in Alice Springs are connected to identical SMA Sunny Mini Central 6-kW inverters. Only the PV systems in Site 17 (HIT modules) and Site 7 (CdTe) use differently sized inverters. Site 17 uses an SMA Sunny Mini Central 7-kW, and Site 7 uses a Fronius Primo 6 kW. The CdTe thin-film modules in Alice Springs Site 7 were originally rated by the manufacturer for installation in Europe. They were installed in Alice Springs without the installer, having gained approval from the manufacturer. PV systems in Site 3 and Site 11 in Alice Springs use p-Si modules with identical size and configuration. However, Site 3 is a roof installation, while Site 11 is ground-mounted. Therefore, it would be interesting to observe the performance difference between these two arrays and explain the impact of mounting an array on the roof. Table 1 shows the mentioned parameter next to the total active area, \(\mathrm{A_{a}}\), of PV arrays and the temperature coefficient of the maximum output power (\(\gamma_{\mathrm{Pmp}}\)) of the PV modules. \(\gamma_{\mathrm{Pmp}}\) indicates how strongly the PV array power output depends on the cell temperature. It is a negative number because power output decreases with increasing cell temperature. The PV system capacity ranges from 1.76 to 6.96 kWp, tilted 20\({}^{\circ}\) toward an orientation of 0\({}^{\circ}\) (North) for systems in Alice Springs. Systems in Pekanbaru and Cirata in Indonesia were tilted 10\({}^{\circ}\) toward an orientation of 180\({}^{\circ}\) (South) and 15\({}^{\circ}\), respectively. The array angle of the system in Bolzano was 30\({}^{\circ}\), with an orientation of 188.5\({}^{\circ}\) (South-West). Figure 3 shows a chart of data availability for all PV systems and weather data. In general, data were available from September 2008 to January 2019. As shown, data from each PV and weather monitoring system were distributed over different periods. There was no period of time shared by all systems. Therefore, in this work, we analyzed each PV system according to the period of data availability rather than using the same period of time. The PV system in Bolzano had the longest period of available data of nine years, from February 2011 to January 2019. In contrast, the PV system in Cirata had the shortest period of two years of data, from March 2016 to March 2018. At a monthly level, most of the systems did not have missing values except for the PV systems in Site 27, which missed two months in total, and Site 7, which had a total of a half-year of missing data, both in Alice Springs. The weather data in Alice Springs are only available until October 2016. That is why all systems have the same end date. Figure 2: Thirty climatic subclasses according to Köppen–Geiger [45] and updated by [46].