esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
Three models of the centrifugal pump with a fully sealed structure referred to in [10] were established, and a CFX-MATLAB coupling calculation method was proposed to analyze them. Through a comparison of numerical simulation results and experimental results, the following conclusions were drawn.  
1. Hub leakage destroys the uniform flow field of the main stream and significantly affects the pump's efficiency. Hub leakage promotes an increase in the tip leakage flow and the upward velocity vector component of the main stream, which affects the distribution of the main stream field.
2. Compared with hub leakage, the internal flow further destroys the uniform flow field of the main flow and has a great impact on the performance of the pump. Between the tip leakage model and the internal flow model, the relative error of the head is 2.4% and the relative error of the efficiency is 12.1%.
3. Under the design conditions, the external characteristics of the internal flow model are the closest to the experimental results, with the absolute error of the head at 0.03 m and the absolute error of the efficiency at 1.3%.
4. In the actual flow in the pump, the axial displacement of the main shaft leads to a change in the front liquid film thickness, the tail liquid film thickness, the tip clearance, and the hub clearance, as a result of which the flow field is dynamic. Based on the CFX-MATLAB coupling calculation method, the internal flow model can better simulate the flow in a pump with a dynamic flow field and predict the performance of a pump with a fully sealed structure. Under different flow conditions, the simulation results were found to be very close to the experimental results, with the maximum absolute error of the head at 0.3 m and the maximum absolute error of the efficiency at 1.7%.  
Figure 7: Comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data.  
**Author Contributions:** Investigation, X.L.; data curation and paper writing, X.L. and B.Z.; numerical study, B.Z.; experiment system design, L.C. and T.L.; data analysis, M.Z. and Y.Z.; supervision and project administration, R.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 51976150, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities.  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
# A Polarization Independent Quasi-TEM Metamaterial Absorber for X and Ku Band Sensing Applications
## 4 Conclusions  
A metamaterial absorber (MMA) based on a Ring with mirror reflexed C-shape has been presented for sensing applications in the X and K\({}_{\text{u}}\) band. Design and fabrication of the absorber have been compared through simulations and measurements, to validate the performance and analytical data. Though there are two resonators the balanced mutual surface current distribution had a good impact on performance, creating a dual band resonance. A parametric analysis has been performed between FR-4 and Rogers RT-5880 based on this prototype to identify the applications of the proposed band. Unit cell fabrication shows the design compactness in size as well as physical orientation for better understanding. Having mentioned all these positive facts about this study a few limitations persist here also. Measuring the absorption rating in the measurement and simulation environment based on unit cell performance though an array design would be more accurate regarding practical applications. The experimental procedure is more accurate than simulation for pressure sensing characteristics evaluation. Further studies could be conducted concerning error minimization, especially in the inverse relationship of thickness and resonance frequency shifting. Flexible substrates would be another option to design absorbers with sensing application in the future to make the application field more versatile, nevertheless, a high absorption rate signifies the potential of this absorber for sensing in satellite applications, microwave shielding, and imaging systems.  
[PERSON] made significant contributions to this study regarding conception, design, and analysis and writing the manuscript. [PERSON] participated in revising the article critically for important intellectual contents and supervised the whole study. [PERSON] and [PERSON] revised the manuscript, participated in measurement and provided intellectual suggestions. [PERSON] and [PERSON] participated in revising the article.  
This work is supported by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia research grant DIP-2017-014.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
## 7 Results and Discussion  
### Automated Cluster Recovery  
In Table 1, A represents the time taken to restore Nginx in our environment, B is the time taken for automatic recovery, and A - B is the time excluding the restoration time from the total time spent on automatic recovery. The restoration of Nginx in our environment takes 20 s, which is the time required for the restoration operation to be executed. In the automatic recovery experiment, the restoration was completed in an average of 27 s across 10 trials, within a range of 20-34 s. Excluding the time taken for the restoration operation, an additional 0-14 s was added. This time is attributed to the delay caused by Rancher's 15-s interval for detecting cluster disconnections. However, even if a user were to perform manual recovery, the inevitable delay would occur only after a Rancher detects cluster disconnection. Excluding this inevitable delay, the actual additional delay caused by the automatic recovery operation is determined to be less than 1 s. Therefore, the experiment proves the efficiency of automatic recovery by eliminating the delay that is caused by user intervention in a manual recovery process.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Case** & **Recovery Time (A)** & **Restoration Time (B)** & **(A \(-\) B)** \\ \hline
1 & 23 & 20 & 3 \\ \hline
2 & 34 & 20 & 14 \\ \hline
3 & 28 & 20 & 8 \\ \hline
4 & 26 & 20 & 6 \\ \hline
5 & 32 & 20 & 12 \\ \hline
6 & 22 & 20 & 2 \\ \hline
7 & 23 & 20 & 3 \\ \hline
8 & 25 & 20 & 5 \\ \hline
9 & 30 & 20 & 10 \\ \hline
10 & 27 & 20 & 7
## 3 Experimental Steps
### EF Classification Module Using RST Rule Induction
#### 3.3.4 Generation of _Rules_  
In this step, DTr is used for extracting rules using RST Rule Induction algorithm [30]. In this step the support and confidence of the rules are also counted. The RST rule \(R\) can be represented  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Cut Point No.** & **GR** & **NPHI** & **DRHO** & **PE** & **DPHI** & **CT10** & **CALI** & **BHVT** & **HDIA** & **DTC** \\ \hline
1 & [-Inf,170] & [-Inf,0,241] & [-Inf,0,0279] & [-Inf,148] & [-Inf,0,294] & [-Inf,342] & [-Inf,6,05] & [-Inf,1.54] & [-Inf,5.60] & [-Inf,107] \\
2 & [170,208] & (0.241,0.327) & (0.0279,0.0969) & (1.48,2.27) & [-Inf,0,294] & (342,370) & (605,6.3) & (1.54,278) & (5.60,6.51) & (107, Inf) \\
3 & (208, Inf) & (0.327,0.336) & (0.0969, Inf) & (2.27, Inf) & (0.294, Inf) & (370,886) & (6.3, Inf) & (2.78,37) & (6.51,Inf) \\
4 & & (0.336,0.345) & & & & (886, Inf) & & (3.7, Inf) & \\
5 & & (0.345, Inf) & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Cut points of the attributes.  
Figure 3: Flow chart of Rough Set Theory decision rules generation.  
as, \(R:(bx_{1}=Kx_{1})\wedge(bx_{2}=Kx_{2})\), \(\wedge...\wedge(bx_{n}=Kx_{n})\rightarrow(d=K)\) where, \(bx_{y}\) and \(Kx_{y}\) denote the independent features and the their values respectively. The left hand side of the rule R is the set of feature value sets which is the condition part and denoted as \(cond(R)\), and the right hand side of R is referred as the decision part, \(dec(R)\). In short, a rule in RST is expressed as, IF \(cond(R)\) THEN \(dec(R)\). By following the RST methodology, 66 rules are generated as shown in Table 3 below:  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Rule** & & & & **IF** & & & & & & **THEN** & **Support** & **Laplace** \\
**No.** & **GR** & **NPHI** & **DRHO** & **PE** & **DPHI** & **CT0** & **CALI** & **BHVT** & **HDIA** & **DTC** & **EF** & **Size** & **Value** \\ \hline  
& 4 & 2 & & & & 1
## 4 Proposed SiM-RPO Algorithm  
### Network Composition  
A 2D network is designed for underwater having each dimension 500 m. Further, the network is partitioned into four equal squares and named as the top right square (TRS), top left square (TLS), bottom right square (BRS), and bottom left square (BLS), as shown in Figure 1. In each portion, an MS moves in a triangular path to pick data from the nodes. Irregular deployed nodes sense the attributes and convert the sensed attributes into data packets. The generated data for further processing are delivered to the MS. The nodes communicate directly with the MSs. Communication between nodes takes place through acoustic waves, and every node is equipped with an acoustic modem. All nodes are considered homogenous in all aspects. The method of position determination for the autonomous underwater vehicle in [44] is assumed here for the MS location information. The sinks are deployed at the surface, which are equipped with GPS. These sinks provide help for determining the position of the MS. The distance from these surface sinks is calculated using the time of arrival and speed of the acoustic waves. Then, the coordinates are estimated using the relative distance from the surface sinks, which shows the current position of the MS. For example, if an MS is at the center position, then its distance from each surface sink will be the same. The ordinary nodes do not need location information in the proposed algorithms.  
Figure 1: Proposed network. MS, mobile sink; TRS, top right square; TLS, top left square; BRS, bottom right square; BLS, bottom left square.
# Eco-Efficient Cement-Based Materials Using Biomass Bottom Ash: A Review
## 3 Biomass Bottom Ash in Mortars
### Mechanical Properties  
Table 3 shows the compressive strength of mortars made with BBA at different cure ages. [PERSON] et al. [6] reported the strength at 7 and 28 days of curing, obtaining a slight increase in the series that incorporated BBA compared to the Control mortar. On the contrary, [PERSON] et al. [18] and [PERSON] et al. [21] manufactured specimens of \(40\times 40\times 160\) mm and used EN196-1 [41] standard to obtain the compressive strength values. Both studies show that the compressive strength gradually decreased with the incorporation of BBA, mainly because the pozzolanic activity of BBA is lower than that of cement, this produces a reduction in strength. However, samples made by [PERSON] et al. [30] were manufactured applying uniaxial loads of 20 MPa during 30s, resulting in a very high compactness specimens which present a better compressive strength than control sample with a replacement of 50% of OPC by BBA. However, [PERSON] et al. [21] used different treatments to incorporate BBA with very positive results from the mechanical behavior point of view. [PERSON] et al. [28] and [PERSON] et al. [29] reported a drop in the mechanical behavior due to the replacement of OPC by BBA, nevertheless, that drop is more obvious in the samples made by [PERSON] et al. [29] probably due to the differences between the dosages. Finally, [PERSON] et al. [11] reported that the 5% incorporation by weight of BBA did not affect compressive strength compared to the reference mortar, although a higher percentage of BBA decreases the mechanical properties significantly. The use of BBA in the manufacture of mortar increases the porosity, as a consequence of porosity, decreases density and reduces mechanical strength. The different studies agree that the negative effect on mechanical properties is due to the content of organic matter content present in BBA. In general, BBA produce mixes of greater consistency, thus requiring higher water content. In order to maintain the water/cement ratio, the use of superplasticizers is required to reduce water demand. Additionally, the setting time increases with the incorporation of BBA. The influence of biomass bottom ash is lower in mortars made with CEM-I. It can be concluded that the incorporation of up to 20% of BBA in the manufacture of mortars reduces its mechanical behavior values between 30% and 50% compared to a reference mortar made with natural aggregates and cement (Figure 3). However, it has been shown that with a calcination treatment the mechanical properties can be improved, mainly by the reduction of organic matter content [22]. This factor could be avoided if the electricity generation plants by means of biomass combustion were more efficient in their combustion and thus eliminate a higher percentage of organic matter. Figure 3: Comparative of compressive strength ([PERSON] et al. [6], [PERSON] et al. [18], [PERSON] et al. [21], [PERSON] et al. [11], [PERSON] et al. [28], [PERSON] et al. [30], [PERSON] et al. [29]).
## 3 Linear Mathematical Model of the Bearing Stationary State
### System of Equations for the Balance of Forces and Air Flow Rates of SECT  
The dimensionless system of equations describing the static equilibrium of the bearing includes one equation for forces and two equations for the balance of air flow rates in the SECT:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}W=F,\\ \varepsilon_{p}=K_{\varepsilon}\big{(}W-W_{p}\big{)},\\ Q_{p}-Q_{k}=0,\\ Q_{k}-Q_{h}=0,\end{array}\right. \tag{7}\]  
where \(W,F\) and \(W_{p}\) are the bearing capacity, external load on the bearing and force reaction of air in chambers (7); \(\varepsilon_{p}\) is dimensionless eccentricity of the housing (2) and sleeve (3); \(Q_{p}\), \(Q_{k}\) and \(Q_{h}\) are the mass flow rates of air through the main resistance, damping resistance and at the air inlet the bearing gap and \(K_{\varepsilon}\) is the coefficient of the elasticity (compliance) of the suspension (6).  
The bearing capacity is determined by the formula [25]  
\[W=\frac{1}{\pi}\int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{L}(P-1){\rm cos}\varphi dZd\varphi. \tag{8}\]The components of the equations for the balance of air flow rates (7) are represented by the local functions of the lubricant outflow on arcs of infinitesimal length centered at the current point of the circular coordinate \(\varphi\).  
When modeling the flow of lubricant through the flow path of the bearing, a mathematical model of air movement in an aerostatic support with SECT was used. The dimensionless flow rate through the slot resistances of the SECT is expressed by the formulas [26]  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}Q_{k}=A_{k}\Big{(}P_{p}^{2}-P_{k}^{2}\Big{)},\\ Q_{p}=A_{p}\Big{(}P_{s}^{2}-P_{p}^{2}\Big{)}.\end{array}\right. \tag{9}\]  
The dimensionless flow rate through the SECT throttles is determined by the formulas [26]  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{l}Q_{k}=A_{k}H\Pi\big{(}P_{p},P_{k}\big{)},\\ Q_{p}=A_{p}\Pi\big{(}P_{s},P_{p}\big{)},\end{array}\right. \tag{10}\]  
where \(P_{s}\) is the dimensionless supply pressure, \(P_{p}(\varphi)\) is the function of the dimensionless pressure in the throttle chambers, \(\Pi=\Pi(P_{1},P_{2})\) is the Prandtl function and \(A_{k}\) and \(A_{p}\) are the dimensionless criteria for the similarity of the feeders.  
At the outlet of the pressurization line and the inlet into the carrier gap, the dimensionless gas flow rate \(Q_{h}\) is distributed in two directions: \(Q_{h1}\) into the inter-row area and \(Q_{h2}\) into the end part:  
\[Q_{h}=Q_{h1}-Q_{h2}, \tag{11}\]  
where  
\[Q_{h1}=H^{3}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial P^{2}}{\partial Z}\bigg{)}_{Z_{1}-0}, \tag{12}\]  
\[Q_{h2}=H^{3}\bigg{(}\frac{\partial P^{2}}{\partial Z}\bigg{)}_{Z_{1}+0}. \tag{13}\]
## 1 Introduction
The study examines the influence of the topologically non-homogeneous distribution of EPS parameters on the possibility of the occurrence and development of emergency cascade processes. This is due to the fact that, depending on the non-uniformity of the parameters, the boundaries of the region of permissible EPS modes change significantly. This article presents the results of a study of the boundaries of maximum permissible modes for various variants of non-homogeneous EPSs. Emergency shutdowns of individual elements in non-homogeneous EPSs can lead to a cascading development of an accident with the completion of the process in the region of permissible or impermissible modes. This study shows that in EPSs with homogeneous distributed parameters, the occurrence and development of cascade processes is unlikely. The novelty of the research results is as follows:  
* An algorithm for searching for trajectories of emergency cascade processes in EPSs was developed;
* A mathematical tool for determining the values of non-homogeneities in EPSs that affect the occurrence and development of emergency cascade processes was proposed;
* An approach was developed to determine the boundaries of maximum permissible modes taking into account EPSs non-homogeneities;
* A method for 3D graphic analysis of the influence of EPS non-homogeneities on the occurrence and development of emergency cascade processes was proposed. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 focuses on the conditions for cascading processes in EPSs and their development trajectories, also providing sources of initial information for the study. Section 3 proposes a cyclic algorithm, discusses the features of its application, and presents the results of steady-state calculations for the test schemes of EPSs that incorporate 25, 36, and 40 nodes operating at voltage levels of 6, 35, 110, and 500 kV and a real EPS scheme. The section highlights the effectiveness of topology and operational measures, including the use of DG facilities of various capacities and FACTS devices, along with power flow redistribution in the network by adjusting the loads of power plants based on their different electricity generation costs to increase the survivability of the EPSs. Section 4 discusses the findings of this research and future areas of work aimed at preventing the development of cascading failure processes in EPSs. The conclusion summarizes the main findings of this study.
###### Abstract
To tackle the issues mentioned above, this paper proposes a time-series data augmentation technique using the Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) model. WGAN is a type of DL model that can accurately capture the distribution of the training data. Thus, it can generate synthetic data that maintain identical dynamic characteristics with the training data. For this reason, an in-depth understanding of the physics of the composite structures is less necessary to use the WGAN model to generate the synthetic data. As a tool to validate the proposed data augmentation method, fault diagnosis in laminated composite structure using the One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN) model was implemented. The 1D CNN can extract features directly from time-series signals, and no preprocessing is needed for the use of input data. Therefore, the total time for both preprocessing and training is reduced. To validate the proposed data augmentation methodology, an initial experiment was conducted to obtain vibration data from composite specimens. Three different health states of composite specimens--healthy, delamination 1, and delamination 2--were manufactured. Vibration signals from these states were then captured using a shaker and computer software. The amount of data collected for the healthy state was intentionally made much larger than the damaged ones to simulate the data imbalance problem. Then, data augmentation was performed across all health states. After data augmentation, a fault diagnosis was conducted using the 1D CNN model on two different datasets: a dataset consisting of only experimental data and a dataset composed of synthetic data. Then, the two results were compared to assess the data augmentation capabilities of the WGAN model. Afterward, a comparative analysis was performed to highlight the superior data augmentation ability of the WGAN model by comparing it with various oversampling and other data augmentation methods. The rest of this paper is composed as follows: Section 2 presents the background of previous methods for data augmentation and the fault diagnosis model for this research. Section 3 illustrates the experimental setup to validate the suggested methodology. Section 4 describes the fault diagnosis results and provides a comparative analysis. Finally, Section 5 concludes this research, outlining its contributions and suggesting directions for future research.
# Towards an Optimized Blockchain-Based Secure Medical Prescription-Management System
## 4 Implementation and Test of Blockchain-Based Prescription Management System
### Blockchain Platform  
In order to develop our blockchain-based system and compile, deploy, and interact with the designed smart contract, we used multiple environments. Thus, in Figure 3, we illustrate the essential components in the software architecture of our system.  
The initial stage in implementing our decentralized application involved identifying a blockchain network that best suited our use case: a pharmaceutical application requiring robust security and data authenticity for sensitive information, while also demanding energy efficiency to accommodate the inclusion of IoT devices. Given that sensitive personal data in prescriptions are being examined, privacy is of paramount importance. Utilizing a private blockchain offers greater control over data access and dissemination, mitigating the risks associated with publishing sensitive information on a public network, thus the decision to opt for a private blockchain solution. We propose to explore two types of blockchains: **Ethereum** and **Quorum**. Ethereum is renowned for being a popular platform for building and deploying decentralized applications (DApps). It is important to note that, in our research, we used an older version of Ethereum, which operated on a PoW consensus mechanism. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that Ethereum has been undergoing a transition to a Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, as part of the Ethereum 2.0 upgrades. On the other hand, Quorum, based on Ethereum, retains the fundamental Ethereum features, including smart contract functionality, while incorporating additional privacy and permissioning features. To determine the most suitable blockchain for our application-Ethereum or Quorum--we conducted an energy consumption comparison experiment between the two. In the next section, we will present the detailed methodology of the experiment along with its results.  
The smart contract created for this proposed system has been written in the **Solidity** programming language, compiled and deployed with **Truffle**. In this phase of the project, another essential component employed is **Metamask**. It serves as a user-friendly and lightweight client, which, when added as a Google Chrome extension, functions as a digital wallet. This wallet allows users to effectively manage their ether's across multiple accounts and execute transactions on the blockchain. The interaction with the blockchain is performed with a JavaScript library called **Web3**.