## 2 Results
### Effectiveness of EOs in Post-Emergence Conditions  
Table 5 shows the final effects (after 48 h) of EOs on _L. multiform_ and _S. alba_ seedlings at 10-100 \(\mu\)L/mL. Their lowest tested concentrations (2 and 5 \(\mu\)L/mL) achieved no effect. However, all EOs significantly damaged both receiver species starting from the 10 \(\mu\)L/mL concentration, affecting up to 28.9% of treated seedlings with a degree of toxicity of the considered scale (Table 6) equal to 1-2 (very slight to more severe, but not lasting symptoms). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Target Species**} & **EO** & **Damaged** & **Damaged** & **Damaged Leaf** & **Phytotoxicity** \\  & **(\(\mu\)L/mL)** & **Seedlings (\%)** & **Leaves (\%)** & **Surface (\%)** & **(0–10)** \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{_A. alba_} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_L. multiform_} & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a \\  & 10 & 23.3 \(\pm\) 3.0 b & 17.8 \(\pm\) 2.2 b & 14.8 \(\pm\) 2.0 b & 2 \(\pm\) 0.0 b \\  & 20 & 42.5 \(\pm\) 5.6 c & 40.7 \(\pm\) 2.2 c & 33.1 \(\pm\) 1.9 c & 4 \(\pm\) 1.0 c \\  & 50 & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 93.3 \(\pm\) 0.0 c & 68.8 \(\pm\) 7.1 d & 6 \(\pm\) 2.8 d \\  & 100 & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 96.0 \(\pm\) 3.8 c & 74.4 \(\pm\) 8.4 d & 8 \(\pm\) 2.1 d \\ \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_S. alba_} & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a \\  & 10 & 26.7 \(\pm\) 3.9 b & 22.2 \(\pm\) 3.0 b & 20.6 \(\pm\) 2.5 b & 2 \(\pm\) 0.8 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20 & 69.4 \(\pm\) 7.8 c & 60.5 \(\pm\) 6.3 c & 52.2 \(\pm\) 3.0 c & 6 \(\pm\) 1.1 c \\ \cline{1-1}  & 50 & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 85.6 \(\pm\) 5.9 d & 9 \(\pm\) 1.3 d \\ \cline{1-1}  & 100 & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 100.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 98.4 \(\pm\) 7.6 e & 10 \(\pm\) 1.2 d \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * \\ \hline \multicolumn{6}{c}{_P. abies_} \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_L. multiform_} & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a \\  & 10 & 17.8 \(\pm\) 2.0 b & 15.6 \(\pm\) 2.4 b & 10.0 \(\pm\) 2.8 b & 1 \(\pm\) 0.4 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20 & 42.7 \(\pm\) 6.8 c & 33.6 \(\pm\) 3.2 c & 25.9 \(\pm\) 4.4 c & 3 \(\pm\) 1.0 c \\ \cline{1-1}  & 50 & 100 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 96.7 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 54.7 \(\pm\) 6.3 d & 5 \(\pm\) 0.5 d \\ \cline{1-1}  & 100 & 100 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 97.0 \(\pm\) 3.3 d & 76.2 \(\pm\) 6.9 e & 7 \(\pm\) 1.4 e \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * \\ \hline \multirow{6}{*}{_S. alba_} & 0 & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0.0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a & 0 \(\pm\) 0.0 a \\  & 10 & 13.3 \(\pm\) 3.2 b & 12.2 \(\pm\) 1.0 b & 12.5 \(\pm\) 2.2 b & 1 \(\pm\) 1.0 b \\ \cline{1-1}  & 20 & 51.1 \(\pm\) 8.8 c & 44.4 \(\pm\) 6.7 c & 27.7 \(\pm\) 4.3 c & 3 \(\pm\) 0.6 c \\ \cline{1-1}  & 50 & 100 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 83.3 \(\pm\) 5.0 d & 48.8 \(\pm\) 5.3 d & 5 \(\pm\) 0.8 d \\ \cline{1-1}  & 100 & 100 \(\pm\) 0.0 d & 99.0 \(\pm\) 1.9 e & 67.2 \(\pm\) 1.6 e & 7 \(\pm\) 2.6 e \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{2-6}  & \(p\)-value & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * & 0.000 * \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: Phytooxic effects of different concentrations of EOs (liquid phase) on two target species in post-emergence conditions. At 20 \(\mu\)L/mL, the phytotoxicity of EOs towards _L. multiform_ varied between 2 and 4 (medium and lasting symptoms), with damage to 42.5-55.6% seedlings, 33.6-41.1% leaves, and 24.8-32.7% of their leaf surfaces. At 50 \(\mu\)L/mL, _A. alba_ and _P. mugo_ were successful in causing moderately heavy to heavy damage to _L. multiform_ with symptoms affecting more than 50% of the leaf area (68.8% and 58.8%, respectively), destroying it almost completely at 100 \(\mu\)L/mL (\(\geq\)96% damaged leaves). _P. abies_ produced moderate to very severe symptoms (100% damaged seedlings, \(\geq\)96.7% damaged leaves, \(\geq\)54.7% damaged leaf surface) while _P.