## 3 Results and Discussion
### Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) of Prayer Zone  
In sacred spaces, the quality of light can profoundly influence the ambiance and, consequently, the spiritual experience. An examination of the DGP values across various daylighting typologies in the mosque, segmented by the'men's prayer space' and 'women's prayer space' during the solstice summer, provides valuable insights as depicted in Table 9. Upon detailed analysis, the hybrid typology (S7) presents intolerable DGP values for the'men's and women's prayer space' at Dhuhr and Asr prayer time, suggesting that during Asr, the combination of strategies might not be effectively mitigating the glare, especially with the westerly sun potentially intensifying the illumination. Scenario 1, primarily focused on multi-lateral lighting, shows an imperceptible glare status, likely due to its emphasis on vertical openings that can manage side illumination more effectively. The clerestory design in Scenario 2, given its high-placed openings, might be drawing illumination from the evening sun during Asr prayer time, explaining its perceptible DGP state in the men's prayer space. However, its performance during the rest time and women's prayer space are imperceptible, indicating it manages the overhead sun well, due to blocking the direct penetration at midday. The skylight strategy (Scenario 3), particularly interesting for the 'women's prayer space', has values of 0.33 (Dhuhr) and 1.00 (Asr). The skylight, being a top source of light, captures and diffuses the overhead sun during Dhuhr effectively. But, during Asr, the increased DGP (intolerable state) suggests potential issues with the westerly sun penetrating through the interior window connected with the skylight, intensifying the glare. Figure 9: Comparison of the WPI distribution for different daylighting strategies in the women’s prayer hall during the solstice, specifically at 12:30 PM (**A1**) and 3:30 PM (**A2**) in summer, followed by the same times during the winter solstice at 12:30 PM (**A3**) and 3:30 PM (**A4**). The uniformity index for various daylighting strategies is compared for the summer solstice (**B1**) and the winter solstice (**B2**). Scenarios 4, 5, and 6, which amalgamate various strategies, showcase the potential benefits and challenges of hybrid designs, particularly in an east-west oriented space. Notably, Scenario 5, with its blend of clerestory and vertical fins, emerges superior, indicating the fins' potential role in mitigating direct westerly light during Asr. The main results underscore the importance of tailored architectural decisions in managing daylight glare. While the reference model, integrating multiple strategies, offers a holistic approach, it does not consistently ensure the best DGP values. This aligns with findings from other studies, which emphasize that merely combining various daylighting typologies does not guarantee reduced glare. Specific strategies, like those in Scenario 6, which blend elements of vertical and high-level openings, have been recognized in various research as being particularly effective. Such findings resonate with studies conducted in different building types, where hybrid designs, especially those combining high and side openings, have been found to offer a balanced light distribution with reduced glare risks. The effectiveness of vertical fins, as evidenced in Scenarios 5 and 6, echoes similar results in other architectural research, highlighting their role in diffusing and redirecting incoming light, thereby minimizing direct glare. Furthermore, the results underscore the complexities of managing daylight in spaces with specific orientations and design features. The east-west orientation of the 'women's prayer space', combined with its unique design having both external and internal windows connected with a top light, offers a dynamic interplay of light sources. This is evident in the varied performance of the scenarios, especially during Asr.