## 5 A Roadmap to Decarbonise Seaports
Regarding digitalisation measures, some seaports have started the application of digital technologies, such as smart devices and smart sensors, to collect real-time data and digitise information to enable data-driven optimisation. Data standardization, including data formats and platforms, should be addressed to overcome the data incompatibility barrier. In terms of policy and collaboration measures, relevant policies and regulations at different levels (international, national, regional) are necessary to accelerate port decarbonisation. Incentive schemes and financial support should be strengthened globally. The port community system (PCS) has been used in many ports, but the collaboration between stakeholders through PCS should be improved along with the digitalisation measures. In the second phase around 2030, operationally, it is expected that port-associated stakeholders will design mechanisms to achieve information sharing, develop energy management systems, and coordinate management across subsystems and across stakeholders for better operational performance. This will be supported by digitalisation measures such as digital twins/tools, mobile satellite communication, and the smart grid. For example, digital twins of stay crimes would enable optimising y-care operations and shortening vessel berthing time. Technically, energy-intensive equipment such as gantry cranes will be electrified or powered by hydrogen. This is facilitated by the development of hydrogen technologies and more green energy generated from renewable sources such as solar, wind, wave, and tidal. In addition, it also requires the support of the relevant infrastructure, such as an electrical grid with sufficient power capacity, and renewable energy production facilities. Moreover, carbon capture and storage systems will be rolled out. At this phase, low-carbon fuel facilities and shore power facilities will be rolled out to support seaside vessel decarbonisation. In terms of policy and collaboration measures, stricter regulations and policies will come into force to enforce maritime decarbonisation. Large-scale financial investment and support is needed to enable the rollout of the fuel and energy measures and the infrastructural measures. Port operators will collaborate with supply chain partners vertically, and with other ports horizontally for better operations and energy management. In the third phase around 2040, it is expected that more operational activities will be integrated, automated, and cooperatively optimised, enabled by digitalisation measures and collaboration measures. Technically, small or short-distance vessels such as boats, tugs, and ferries will be powered by either battery or fuel cells. Large ships are likely to be powered by alternative fuels such as hydrogen derivatives or equipped with a carbon capture storage system. Scaling up green energy/fuel production is essential to meet the huge demand from the maritime sector and other industrial sectors. Infrastructure measures include the rollout of renewable energy and hydrogen production, conversion, transport, and storage facilities. Moreover, electric or solar roadways could be constructed to decarbonise road transportation. Large ports can act as an energy hub to support the energy consumption by port operations, the shipping industry, and inland industries. Digitalisation measures include the wide adoption of the smart port concept and AI-enabled data analytics (predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics) to improve operational efficiency and optimise energy consumption. Ports can also be developed as a data hub that consolidates all-around data from various sources and connects to other industries. In terms of policy and collaboration measures, all the organisations within the port geographic boundary would share the same vision of net zero and work together as an ecosystem. As ports are closely linked to the regional city, there is a need to establish a collaboration between the port and the city for decarbonisation.