## 1 Introduction  
Lattice structures are extensively employed in the design of protective structures for various fields, such as aerospace [1], ships [2], automobiles [3], and medicine [4], due to their mechanical properties of being lightweight, high-strength, and excellent energy absorption and impact resistance [5, 6]. Based on the spatial distribution of the unit cells, cellular structures can be categorized into random foam, honeycomb, and three-dimensional cellular structures [7, 8]. The three-dimensional cellular structure consists of highly ordered unit cells, and the internal microstructure of the unit cells plays an important role in their overall performance, allowing for sufficient design of the internal structure and regulation of the mechanical properties [9]. The TPMS structure is a nature-inspired three-dimensional periodic lattice structure, and the porous nature of the structure and continuity of the surface have made it a hot topic in the field of lightweight impact-resistant structures [10, 11]. The unit structure of the designed TPMS is closely related to the fabrication process utilized. Currently, the rapid advancement of additive manufacturing technology has facilitated the fabrication of small-sized and complex geometric structures, reducing the limitations of traditional manufacturing techniques and enhancing the design space [12; 13]. The main method of manufacturing high-precision metal lattice structures is metal additive manufacturing technology, which is represented by powder bed laser melting technology [14]. Selective laser melting is a typical powder bed melting laser additive manufacturing process, which is used to produce dense metal parts with complex geometries by successive layer-by-layer selective melting of metal powders [15; 16]. Selective laser melting has great potential for fabricating metal lattice structures with controlled cell structure, size, and porosity, which are difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional manufacturing techniques. Some scholars have already investigated the properties of TPMS structures fabricated by SLM. [PERSON] et al. [17] comparing the mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics of TPMS lattice structure and body-centred cubic lattice structure. The experimental and simulation results showed that the TPMS lattice structure has a higher plateau stress, smooth deformation during the crushing process, and higher energy absorption efficiency. [PERSON] et al. [18] comparatively studied the fragmentation forms and energy absorption properties of hexagonal structure and TPMS lattice structure, and the experimental and numerical results showed that the TPMS lattice structure was able to absorb more energy. Two sets of TPMS structures with different properties were obtained by filling the spatial structure of the TPMS structure in different forms. [PERSON] et al. [19] performed quasi-static compression tests on strut-based lattice structures and TPMS lattice structures. The experimental results showed that sheet-TPMS based structures exhibited near stretching-dominated deformation, while skeletal-TPMS showed bending-dominated behavior and excellent mechanical properties. [PERSON] et al. [20] prepared four TPMS sheet-based lattice structures using an additive manufacturing process and characterized the deformation patterns and mechanical properties of the TPMS lattice structures under different strain rates by quasi-static and dynamic impact tests. The experimental results show that the sheet-based TPMS can be used to design functionally graded structures. To further explore the potential of TPMS structures, researchers have enhanced their performance of TPMS structures by designing gradient structures and multi-objective optimization. [PERSON] et al. [21] performed gradient design of a TPMS lattice structure using three aspects of relative density, single lattice size, and lattice type, and investigated the gradient multifunctional properties of TPMS lattice structures using experiments and simulations.