## 4 Discussion
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c|c|c} \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **In-Vehicle** \\ **Location** \\ **Collidered in This** \\ **Study** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{**Operation Method**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total**} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **L\({}_{\mathbf{LWS}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{LCF}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{LC}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{CC}}\)** \\ **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{LS}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{BP}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{DR}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total**} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **L\({}_{\mathbf{LWS}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{UCF}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{CC}}\)** \\ **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(1\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(2\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(0\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(3\)} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **L\({}_{\mathbf{LCF}}\)** \\ **L\({}_{\mathbf{CC}}\)** \\ **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(8\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(6\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(0\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(14\)} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **L\({}_{\mathbf{CC}}\)** \\ **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(20\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(11\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(4\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(35\)} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **In-Vehicle** \\ **Location** **notif** \\ **Considered in This** \\ **Study** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{LS}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{BP}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(\mathbf{M}_{\mathbf{DR}}\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Total**} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} **Left side of** \\ **the steering** \\ **wheel** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(2\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(1\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(5\)} \\ \hline \
\begin{tabular}{c} **Right side of** \\ **the steering wheel** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(1\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(2\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(0\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(4\)} \\ \hline
\begin{tabular}{c} **Total** \\ \end{tabular} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(3\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(4\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c|}{\(1\)} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{\(8\)} \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: The frequency associated with each picture group collected during a freehand design session. ran over the driver, resulting in a fatality. Approximately 39,000 such accidents related to the use of \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\) were reported from 2016 to 2020. An investigation conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the United States revealed that many of these incidents were not due to vehicle/transmission system defects but were more likely caused by driver confusion regarding the operation method [35]. Indeed, in this study, comments such as 'inconvenient and unfamiliar operation method' and 'higher risk of driver error compared to other operation methods' were collected regarding \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\) from the respondents. Furthermore, the results from the freehand design session (Table 8) also indicated that, among the three operation methods, the number of respondents selecting \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\) as their preferred operation method was the lowest (5 out of 43 respondents). One possible reason for driver confusion and errors in \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\) can be explained by the lateral design of its operation direction (i.e., the rotation direction of the dial knob) and the arrangement of the gear positions (i.e., P, R, N, and D). Firstly, the operation direction of \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\), involving rotation in a counterclockwise or clockwise direction, is not aligned with the vehicle's longitudinal (forward/backward) travel direction determined by the use of the gearshift--in other words, \(\mathbf{M_{DR}}\) does not satisfy movement compatibility [36]. In general, a higher degree of compatibility is associated with faster learning, shorter reaction time, fewer errors, and higher user satisfaction [37; 38].