## 1 Introduction
Agile methodologies operate on short, iterative development cycles, called sprints, allowing frequent reassessment and adjustment of the project. Regular meetings with stakeholders ensure continuous incorporation of feedback, while flexible planning and collaborative tools facilitate rapid responses to changes. Incremental delivery allows for continuous testing and validation, identifying and addressing issues early. By integrating these techniques, the study was able to overcome the challenges of traditional, document-oriented practices while also improving the effectiveness of system engineering processes. Our approach was compared to traditional Waterfall methodologies and other hybrid approaches, demonstrating greater flexibility and adaptability. Incorporating Agile approaches alongside MBSE not only facilitates iterative system development, but it also improves collaboration and traceability across interdisciplinary teams, as underlined by the INCOSE MBSE roadmap [6; 7; 8; 12; 13]. This integration means that all stages of the system life cycle benefit from ongoing improvement and adaptation to changing project requirements. We define the system life cycle according to the _INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook_ and ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 standards [18], acknowledging that this version has been withdrawn and superseded by the revision project of IEEE Standard 15288-2008 [19], encompassing stages from conceptual design, system design and development, implementation, integration and testing, deployment, and operation and maintenance to disposal. Verification and validation are integral activities conducted throughout these stages to ensure the system meets both design specifications and stakeholder requirements. As shown in Figure 1, the transition to the future of systems engineering will predominantly rely on models, leveraging next-generation modeling, simulation, and visualization environments. Techniques in artificial intelligence and data science are expected to significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of systems engineers. According to the INCOSE Vision 2035 [12; 16], significant advancements are anticipated in digital transformation, flexible and resilient system architectures, and the integration of human systems. These trends encompass the shift from document-centric practices to model-centric approaches, which are deemed essential for scaling systems engineering. Digital transformation underscores the importance of digital ecosystems and collaborative virtual environments for real-time model updates and simulations. Furthermore, collaboration across different engineering disciplines will be enhanced through shared models and mutual understanding. Lastly, addressing the need for continuous education is crucial to meet the demand for technically proficient systems engineers with leadership capabilities. Combining Agile methodologies and MBSE is consistent with industry trends in aerospace and other engineering fields, where systems' complexity and safety-critical nature require Agile and model-centric techniques for effective development and management. Early systems engineering approaches in aerospace often involved extensive documentation and manual processes. However, the adoption of MBSE in aerospace has been bolstered by the development of standards and frameworks [20; 21], such as the Object Management Group's (OMG's) Systems Modeling Language (SysML) [22; 23; 24], and the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) [25; 26]. Nowadays, aerospace companies use MBSE to design, analyze, and manage complex systems, including aircraft, spacecraft, and avionics. MBSE helps ensure that the systems meet stringent performance, reliability, and safety requirements. Concerning Agile methodologies, these were originally developed for software development [27], emphasizing the iterative and adaptive nature of software creation and enabling teams to respond rapidly to changing requirements and feedback from stakeholders.