## 1 Introduction  
Recent climate extremes, such as typhoons, floods, and earthquakes, have emerged as significant natural disaster threats in most parts of the world, and over time in Korea, these natural disasters have damaged some bridges, isolating residential communities located in mountains and rendering the delivery of emergency relief supplies to these communities challenging. Therefore, the construction of temporary bridges becomes crucial for the prompt transportation of food and medical supplies to disaster-affected areas. Deployable bridges are the most suitable temporary bridges for emergency purposes, for which portability, quick assembly, and low maintenance costs are essential. Various studies on temporary bridges have been published. [PERSON] et al. [1] developed ATLASS (Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems) to automate a beam-to-column assembly, which comprised a quick-connector- and cable-driven Stewart platform mounted on a crane. [PERSON] et al. [2] designed a foldable and extensible aluminum-constructed temporary bridge using stress-based optimization techniques. Its prototype bridge, with a folded length of 1 m and an extended length of 5.2 m, could support the weight of three adults. [PERSON] et al. [3] studied a new type of lightweight scrolling arch bridge in the United States. The prototype model is 3 m long and 0.25 m wide. Motor-driven cable reels are utilized to control the retracting, stretching, and recovery of the bridge. The temporary bridge designed by [PERSON] et al. [4] was constructed quicker than culvert bridges, which are commonly used temporary bridges. [PERSON] et al. [5] proposed a new type of structural connector with boltless assembly connections. The functionality of this connector was numerically and experimentally validated. Increasing labor safety during erection and on-site work while decreasing the fabrication and erection times and the total cost of structures is challenging. Therefore, structural engineering solutions are required to develop joints for steel-frame buildings with improved fabrication and erection characteristics. This collaborative idea must transition from local production technology to industrialized or automated production; this results in connections termed \"plug and play\" [6; 7; 8; 9]. The primary motivations for developing these innovative connection forms are as follows: (1) to improve fabrication procedures, that is, to automate the process of structural assembly, and (2) to eliminate dangerous erection practices by reducing the amount of human assistance required during construction. These new forms focus on incentivizing the mass production of joints and connections, automating structural assembly, and minimizing hazardous erection procedures. These structural components are connected using bolts and nuts on-site. The activities on-site necessitate substantial physical exertion from steel construction workers, who are not immune to risk. The measures required to facilitate labor and ensure worker safety are becoming increasingly expensive. The development of plug-and-play connections that can be implemented using remote-control techniques is crucial. If the characteristics of joints are considered during the design phase, the development of plug-and-play joints can ease the on-site work and reduce the overall construction costs. Note that, in a steel structure, about 50% of the total costs are associated with its connections, whereas approximately 90% of the costs are already determined during the construction detailing phase [6; 10]. Recently, extensive research efforts on the finite element (FE) analysis of joints were carried out. [PERSON] et al. [11] developed a 3d FE model to investigate the stiffness and strength of the single- and double-lap bolted joints of composite plates in the early design stage. For the validation of this model, they examined the developed model against experimental and numerical results reported in earlier research.