## 3 Processing and Extraction
### Other Alternative Methods of Extraction
#### 3.6.1 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{42.7 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline \multirow{4}{*}{**Source of Waste**} & \multirow{4}{*}{**Pretreatment Method**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Extraction Conditions**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Fatty Acids Profile**} \\  & & **S–Solvent, p–Pressure, V–Volume, T–Temperature, t–Time, FR–Flow Rate** & **Oil Yield** & **(PUFA/MUFA/SFA, Dominant FA)** & **Reference** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Blackberry (_Rubus_ ssp. cv.} & \multirow{4}{*}{Seeds dried in air circulation oven (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C/48 h), milled, classified according to particle size using vibratory sieve shaker} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{E: special apparatus} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{S: CO2 and propane} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{Optimum} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{} \\  & & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{Seeds dried in air circulation oven (40 \({}^{\circ}\)C/48 h), milled, classified according to particle size using vibratory sieve shaker} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{When using CO2 and 10.0-20.0 MPa when using propane} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{S: CO2 and 25 MPa): 1.89\%} & \multirow{4}{*}{-} & \multirow{4}{*}{[133]} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Blackberry (_Rubus_ _fruicos_)} & \multirow{4}{*}{Pomace dried in the sun and crusted four times} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{E: plant scale fluid extractor} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{FA expressed as} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \multicolumn{5}{c}{**Polyphenol-rich extracts**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Fattement**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Extraction procedure**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Antiv oxidant composition**} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Antiv oxidant activity *} & \multicolumn{1}{p{113.8 pt}}{**Reference**} \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{Blackcurrant (_Riles nigrum_) pomace} & \multirow{4}{*}{Lyophilized, ground pomace} & E: SFE system & Optimum conditions: 45 MPa, 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C, 120 min & \multirow{4}{*}{**DPPH:** 1.59 mg TE/g (extract)} & \multirow{4}{*}{[135]} \\  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \cline{1-1} \cline{5-5}  & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}  
* Results are expressed as written in the bracket after first given result.  
\end{table} 
Table 9: _Cont._89.41 mg GAE/g extract in a Folin-Ciocalteu assay (all values expressed per dm basis) and antioxidant activities: 2.52 mmol TE/g extract, 1.99 mmol TE/g extract and 3.03 mmol TE/g extract in ABTS, DPPH and ORAC assays, respectively. Pressurized acetone extraction resulted in a TPC value of 35.35 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant activities for ABTS, DPPH and ORAC assays amounting to 0.91 mmol TE/g extract, 0.24 mmol TE/g extract and 3.84 mmol TE/g extract, respectively. In this study, also PLE alone, conducted with different conditions of temperature and using different solvents--hexane, methanol, water, acetone with water mixture and a methanol with water mixture--was examined. The optimum parameters of the process were: 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C and methanol used as a solvent. The conditions mentioned above allowed the obtention of the highest extraction yields (48.13%) and values for TPC (410.20 mg GAE/g extract) and antioxidant activity of the extract, as measured in an ABTS (2.17 mmol TE/g extract) assay. Antioxidant activity, as determined by ORAC and DPPH, was highest when an acetone and water mixture under 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C was used in extraction. It can be concluded that PLE extraction without a previous SFE-CO\({}_{2}\) procedure results in higher extraction yields.