## 2 Extraction and Clean-Up of PPCPs in Water
### Spe  
This technique involved the use of a small amount of sorbent (commonly hundreds of mg) in a cartridge or syringe barrel. After activation of the sorbent, a water sample of hundreds of mL was passed through the sorbent, which retained the analytes of interest (in this case PPCPs) whereas the water was discarded. Then, the analytes retained in the sorbent were eluted using a few mL of organic solvent. This technique has some advantages, such as the minor investment in reagent and materials, and rapidity. Figure 1: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) extraction procedures according to the percentage of studies that applied them. SPE: solid-phase extraction. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Matrix \({}^{*}\)** & **No. of PPCPs** & **Preservation** & **Volume (mL)** & **Extraction Method** & **Sorbent or Cartridge** & **Detection** & **Recovery \%** & **Reference** \\ \hline WW, SF & 168 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 50 & SPE & Cleaner PEP-2 & HPLC-MS/MS & 0.05-127 & [32] \\ WW, SF & 168 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & - & Direct injection & - & HPLC-MS/MS & 0.05-127 & [32] \\ SF & 59 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 1000 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 52-137 & [33] \\ WW, SF, DW & 27 & - & - & SPE & Cleaner PEP & HPLC-MS/MS & 74-120 & [34] \\ WW & 55 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 150 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 9-119 & [35] \\ SW & 91 & - & 1000 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 70-110 & [36] \\ WW & 12 & - & 79 & DLIME & - & GC-MS/MS & 91-115 & [37] \\ WW, SW & 12 & - & 1000 & SPE & Oasis HLB & GC-MS/MS & 65-115 & [38] \\ WW, SF, DW & 58 & - & 1.8 & Online-SPE & PLRP+g & HPLC-MS/MS & 70-120 (82\% of total) & [39] \\ SW & 62 & - & \(\leq\)20 & Online-SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 81-120 & [40] \\ SW & 62 & - & 200 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 81-121 & [40] \\ WW, SW, SW & 44 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 200 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 82-299 & [41] \\ SW & 11 & - & 200 & SPE & Strata-X & HPLC-MS/MS & 40-120 & [42] \\ SW & 34 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 400 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 41-125 & [43] \\ WW, SW, SW & 30 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 250 & SPE & Oasis MCK & HPLC-MS/MS & 78-106 & [44] \\ SW & 10 & - & 500 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 69-08 & [45] \\ WW & 11 & - & - & Online-SPE & TurbFlow\({}^{m}\) column & HPLC-MS/MS & 45-150 & [46] \\ SW & 16 & - & 10 & DLIME & - & HPLC-MS/MS & 70-120 & [47] \\ WW, SW & 27 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 125-500 & SPE & Oasis MCK & HPLC-MS/MS & 73-116 & [48] \\ WW, SW & 25 (of 41) & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 120 & PES microextraction & & HPLC-MS/MS & 80-119 & [49] \\ WW, SW & 25 (of 41) & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 100-250 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 71-131 & [49] \\ WW, SW & 10 & - & 20 uL & Online-SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 50-120 & [51] \\ SW & 12 & - & 500 & SPE & Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 58-120 & [51] \\ WW, SW & 44 & - & 500 & SPE innovative & GCHM, Oasis HLB & HPLC-MS/MS & 76 & [52] \\ WW & 190 & - & 100 & SPE innovative & Oasis HLB, Isolute & UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS & 57-120 & [53] \\  & & & & & & & Strata-X-AV, & & \\  & & & & & & & Strata-X-CV & & \\ WW & 52 & - & 100 & Disk SPE & RAERERONDOND C18 & GC-TOF-MS & - & [54] \\  & & & & & & & & \\ SW & 24 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 1000 & SPE & Chrom Chromoid HRX & HPLC-MS/MS & 52-117 & [55] \\ SW & 13 & Na\({}_{2}\)EDTA & 250 & SPE & Strata-X & HPLC-MS/MS & 51-102 & [56] \\ SW & 32 & - & 200 & SPE & Strata-X & HPLC-MS/MS & 36-119 & [57] \\ SW & 32 & - & 200 & SPE & Strata-X-CV & HPLC-MS/MS & 25-110 & [57] \\ SP & 111 & - & 150 & SPE & Strata-X-CV & SPC-MS/MS & 77 (average) & [58] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Selected applications extraction approaches to determine PPCPs in water samples.