# Plaaben Compounds--Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts
## 5 Paraben Detection
### Detection in Animals
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Parbens(s)** & **Animal** & \begin{tabular}{c} **Administration** \\ **Route** \\ \end{tabular} & **Results** & **Reference** \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} PP \\ Other \\ parabens \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{Frogs} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Dermal \\ absorption \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} Paraben adsorption was higher for longer chain and fastest \\ during the first 20 min. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{[22,170]} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} MP \\ PP \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{Rats} & \multirow{2}{*}{Oral} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} For 1 g/kg/day of MP and PP in 1 year, about 96–100\% was \\ excreted daily. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{[21,102]} \\ \hline \begin{tabular}{c} MP \\ PP \\ \end{tabular} & \multirow{2}{*}{Rabbits} & \multirow{2}{*}{Oral} & \multirow{2}{*}{\begin{tabular}{c} The administration of MP and PP led to an excretion in \\ urine of 15–40\% and 4–21\%, respectively, as \\ p-hydroxybenzoic acid. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{[21,171]} \\ \
\begin{tabular}{c} Dogs \\ \end{tabular} & & \multirow{2}{*}{
\begin{tabular}{c} MP and PP were not detected in feces, what suggests full \\ absorption of the parabens. \\ \end{tabular} } & \multirow{2}{*}{[21,171]} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: _Cont._In Washington coast, the species under analysis was the northern sea otter and the detection values for MP were 92.4 and 95.2 ng/g wet weight for males and females, respectively, and 6890 and 12,900 ng/g wet weight for males and females regarding 4-HB. For the Alaskan waters, polar bears and northern sea otter samples were analyzed, detecting values of around 197 and 21.8 ng/g wet weight of MP for males and nonidentified sex for sea otters, and 4.57 and 7.30 ng/g wet weight for male and female polar bears, and for 4-HB values were 5160, 1520, 395 and 569 ng/g wet weight for the same sequence of species [175]. [PERSON] et al. [176] studied the presence of six parabens and their metabolites in 254 tissue samples (liver, kidney, egg, and plasma) of 12 species of fish and seven species of birds, and the liver and kidney tissues of black bears were also analyzed. Fishes were from Michigan waters (including Great Lakes), New York waters and the Florida coast, while birds were from the Baltic Sea coast, Midway Atoll, Great Lakes region and other locations. Regarding fish from Michigan and Great Lakes, only MP was found in some fish samples, and 4-HB was the major metabolite detected, for mean values of 55.8 ng/g wet weight of 4-HB at Siskiwit Lake from Lake trout species, since this was the only compound in high enough quantities to be quantified. For New York waters, the detection and quantification of MP yielded mean values of 173 and 85.0 ng/g wet weight, while for 4-HB the values were 873, 6530, 127, 8690 and 151 ng/g wet weight, for different tissues and fish species under analysis [176]. For the Florida coast and black bears from Michigan, the values detected were 43.8, 44.3 ng/g wet weight, from liver, and <2.01, 13.6 ng/g wet weight from muscle for MP, 13.2 and 48.3 ng/g wet weight of PP from liver and muscle; additionally, 575 and 1130 ng/g wet weight from liver, and <20.2 and 33.9 ng/g wet weight of 4-HB from muscle were detected for striped mullet females, while for red drum, the MP values were 22.7 and 38.1 ng/g wet weight for liver samples and <2.01 and 2.26 ng/g wet weight for muscle from a male specimen and a 11.2 ng/g wet weight for the female's liver sample. As for PP, the values were 5.14 and 24.8 ng/g wet weight for male liver and 9.06 ng/g wet weight for female liver, and for 4-HB the reported values were 412, 434 ng/g wet weight for male liver and 659 ng/g wet weight for female liver.