esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Novel Yellow Aromatic Imine Derivative Incorporating Oxazolone Moiety for Color Resist Applications
## 1 Introduction  
The core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, such as artificial intelligence and the internet of things, rely significantly on the essential utilization of color filter organic materials. These materials are based on semiconductor materials found in liquid crystal displays and charge-coupled devices. There is a growing demand for related technologies due to the significance of visual information. Color filters play a crucial role in impacting the performance of organic semiconductor technologies, particularly in image sensors and displays. In image sensors, color filters play a crucial role by selectively transmitting particular colors from the full spectrum of incident light. This process effectively converts optical images into electrical signals [1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6]. As smartphones and digital cameras require higher resolution, sharper images, and greater sensitivity, the size of image sensor pixels is steadily diminishing [7; 8]. This reduction in pixel size results in a decrease in the quantity of the colorant used, thus requiring colorants of finer dimensions. In these smaller pixel sizes, it becomes crucial to have optimized absorption and transmission properties to produce top-notch images using compact color filters. Hence, there is a need for colorants with a high molar extinction coefficient capable of efficiently absorbing light at specific wavelengths to ensure clear imaging [9; 10; 11; 12]. Moreover, it is essential to explore materials with superior thermal and chemical stability to reliably prepare and utilize components in small-sized pixels [13; 14]. This reliability is crucial for ensuring stable components within these smaller pixels. These requisites apply across all primary colors: red, green, and blue. Particularly, yellow colorants, used to enhance optical properties, are applied to green colors, which are difficult to satisfy optically, as additives [15; 16]. When used in conjunction with green in RGB color filters, the yellow color filter can block unnecessarytransmission below 500 nm, which corresponds to the blue range present in green. This correction compensates for overlapping transmission spectra. Green color filters, thus corrected, can exhibit a narrow full width at half maximum and achieve high color purity, enabling the realization of excellent optical characteristics. Essential optical properties for yellow colorants include a low transmittance of 5% or less at 435 nm in the film state and a high transmittance of over 90% at 530 nm [17]. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel yellow dye based on dimeric derivatives of oxazolone, belonging to the aromatic imine category, to investigate its potential as an additive green colorant. Incorporating a yellow additive into green colorant mixtures is crucial due to the inherent difficulty of green colorants in fully absorbing blue light. The synthesized aromatic imine derivatives were extensively studied to enhance their optical and thermal stability and to evaluate their potential as materials for yellow color filters.
## 2 Status and Risks of Particulate Matter in Korea
### Domestic Particulate Matter Standards and Health Protection  
The Ministry of Environment [2] proposed enhanced environmental standards for PM in 2018, taking into consideration national health effects, international standards, pollution status and achievability. Table 1 shows the WHO recommendations along with the standards in other regions. The concentration of PM in the domestic environment of higher than 50 ug/m\({}^{3}\) far exceeds the WHO's recommended level of an annual average PM\({}_{10}\) of 20 ug/m\({}^{3}\) and is much greater than that of other regions. In addition, the rate of achieving the annual PM environmental standard was around 60% in 2015 and the rate of achieving the 24 h environmental standard for PM\({}_{2.5}\) and PM\({}_{10}\) was very low at 4% and 10.7% respectively.  
Considering public health, the Ministry of Environment has been conducting PM forecasting from February 2014 and ultra-PM forecasting with a warning system from January 2015 [2]. The PM forecasting system provides forecasts of the PM concentration four times a day for the present day, the following day and the day after that. The PM forecast is graded in four stages: \"good\", \"normal\", \"bad\" and \"very bad\" (Table 2). The PM warning system works to promptly inform the public when a high concentration of PM occurs and to reduce the damage. It is issued when the air quality is harmful to health. Air pollution alarms are classified into two stages--warning and alarm--as shown in Table 3. At the time of a PM alarm, there are eight countermeasures for people to take: remaining indoors; wearing a health mask; reducing external activities; washing the body after returning home; drinking water and eating fruits and vegetables; undertaking ventilation and indoor water cleaning; managing indoor air quality; and restricting air pollution inducing activities.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Category**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Standard Time**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**PM Standards**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Standard Achievement**} \\ \cline{3-6}  & & **Korea** & **WHO** & **USA** & **EU** & **Rate (2015)** \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PM\({}_{2.5}\) (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))} & yearly & 15 & 10 & 12, 15 & 25 & 65.0\% \\  & 24 h & 35 & 25 & 35 & - & 4.0\% \\ \hline \multirow{2}{*}{PM\({}_{10}\) (\(\mu\)g/m\({}^{3}\))} & yearly & 50 & 20 & - & 40 & 65.6\% \\  & 24 h & 100 & 50 & 150 & 50 & 10.7\% \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Comparison of air quality standards for PM (Source: Ministry of Environment).  
Figure 3: Seasonal dust concentrations in Seoul.
## 3 Theoretical Foundation  
### 6 GCloHE System Boundaries and Research Approach  
Reflecting on the history of technology accepting theories, scholars have understood the evolution and the development of such theories. Although there has been an increase in comprehending theory, the process of theory advancement is addressed rarely with contributions from other disciplines to harmonize them meaningfully. The reason behind accepting or rejecting any new technology investigation remains the most censorious area in the information communication technology (ICT) discipline. Technology acceptance theories aim to express the concept of the user's knowledge of how one would use such technology. Most technology theories were introduced to measure the degree of satisfaction and acceptance toward any technology of ICT system. Therefore, for any novel technology execution, there would be many variables that influence the execution of a specific technology.  
Theories of technology describe the factors that shape technological innovation and the impact of technology on society. From the perspective of ICT, there are four theories that have frequently been utilized in the advent of behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and connectivism as learning theories for the digital age. The aims of ICT theory are threefold: (i) to provide a comprehensive and compelling overview of cutting-edge ICT; (ii) to identify and discuss the fundamental principles underlying technologies such as CDI, 6G Tactile Internet, and IoHE; and (iii) to investigate the reciprocal relationship between these technologies and societies [31].  
It is critical to lay higher foundations for theory building from a greater cumulative and coherent research base. Consequently, this research considered the underlying challenges in research of ICT and reflected especially on the 6 GCloHE system to reflect the principles of the disciplined inquiry consisting of cognitive healthcare applications.
## 3 Application Scenario  
A complete LoRaWAN network infrastructure for the remote monitoring of overboard sea farms was set up, in order to fulfill the objectives of the _SeaFactory_ project, a strategic research and development project, funded by the Tuscany Region, Italy, whose aim is to realize, for the benefits of companies dealing with fish farming, a prototype of an operational control centre for the management and for the monitoring of several assets. These include infrastructures, transformation plants and miscellaneous instruments which are situated either on land and sea. Moreover, _SeaFactory_ also aims to provide services, to manage and diffuse information to companies that are part of the chain of processing and distribution of fish, as well as towards consumers, having the purpose of allowing the traceability of the product and making it easily accessible by the establishment of the Fishing Passport (i.e., a sort of _\"Identity Card\"_) of the bred fish.  
For this purpose, a sensor node sampling several environmental parameters (i.e., water temperature and salinity, turbidity, pH, chlorophyll, wave intensity and current speed, redox potential and nitrate concentration) is expected to be assembled on board of a seamark buoy floating in the proximity of the breeding cages located offshore Piombino, Italy, belonging to Agroitica Toscana SRL, an Italian aquaculture company. For the time being, only a temporary installation has been accomplished, for the testing of the infrastructure and for the assessing of its feasibility as well. Hence, for the mere scope of validating the link, a fixed length payload (i.e., 51 B) containing a test string was ashore transmitted on a periodic basis, by making use of the LoRaWAN protocol, while two Gateways were placed within the ashore plants of the aquaculture company plant in Piombino, Italy. They were in charge of either demodulating the signals and measuring both the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and finally of forwarding these data and metadata to a remote server exploiting the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol.  
Summarizing, we will show the usability of a LoRaWAN network within the marine environment despite of the intrinsic harshness of the deployment scenario. At the same time, the feasibility of a long LoRa link will be proven without exploiting overhead spots for the installation sites of the antennas together with the employment of off-the-shelf products only. Moreover, the regional regulations the LoRaWAN protocol is subject to [33] will be fully abided.
###### Abstract  
Laser thermochemical processes of metal surface oxidation are promising for creating new advanced technologies to meet the growing needs of opto- and micro-electronics, photonics, catalysis, sensors and other high-tech industries. The features of thermochemical processes of laser-matter interaction occurring in matter under exposure to intense light flows and optical systems for controlling the irradiance and wavefront spatial distribution were reviewed. The laser beam offers the possibility of good focusing, which allows us to conduct chemical reactions, including the heterogeneous oxidation of metals, locally, with high spatial resolution. In this case, the absorption mechanisms of the laser beam vary for metals and for oxides, resulting from a thermochemical reaction and represent semiconductors. For semiconductors, the intrinsic, intraband, impurity, or lattice absorption takes place. The morphology of a metal surface also influences its optical absorption capacity. The improvement of beam shaping systems with elements of computer optics, namely diffractive freeform optics, provides an opportunity for an efficient control of chemical processes by achieving the desired redistribution of the laser beam power density. Laser thermochemical processes of the formation of quasi-one-dimensional nanostructured metal oxides are of great interest for advanced research and for a wide range of applications. A special feature of these processes is that, in the case of a frequency-modulated laser beam the synergy between the heat associated effects of the laser pulses and the laser-induced vibrations allows for a significant increase in the diffusion coefficient, which is stimulated by the non-stationary stress-strain state of the material. Ensuring the means of control over the thermochemical reaction in local sections of the laser exposure zone is an issue that can be solved by adapting the shape of the laser beam by the diffractive freeform optics. The gained knowledge contributes as a foundation for new photonic technologies oriented on the formation of nanostructured metal oxides, involving control over the morphology of the synthesized structures.  
laser-matter interaction; thermochemistry; metal oxidation; wavefront shaping; computer optics; diffractive freeform optics; synergy; laser-induced vibrations; non-stationary stress-strain state; surface morphology optimization
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Life-Cycle Impact Assessment Based on Waste Gas Stream Management  
In this section, the functional unit considered was 1 kg of the corresponding gas stream, and only the scenarios with best and worst results in most impact categories (scenarios 2 and 7, respectively) were directly compared. The results of both scenarios for each impact category are shown in Figure 7.  
Regarding the ADPE category, the impacts in scenario 2 are not too far from those obtained in scenario 7, with different values of 1.92\(\cdot\)10\({}^{-7}\) and 9.69\(\cdot\)10\({}^{-7}\) kg Sb eq/kg gas stream for the APG and COG streams, respectively. These differences are only due to the hydrogen separation and methane recovery stage, since equal values within each impact category corresponded to both scenarios for the manufacture and use of the pile stages. The impacts in this category were linked to the electricity required for pressurization and the presence of the combustion engine. According to the results, the additional materials required for the engine in scenario 2 were compensated by the avoided  
Figure 7: Environmental impact results of the APG and COG processes (FU = 1 kg input stream) in the categories (**a**) ADPE, (**b**) ADPF, (**c**) GWP, and (**d**) AP.  
electricity consumption in the hydrogen purification stage, and the global result lead to a more environmentally friendly than the contrary situation implied in scenario 7. The analysis of both streams demonstrated that the COG situation was more suitable for scenario 2, while the APG stream was more convenient when scenario 7 was proposed. In relation to ADPF, all the values resulted negative, so fossil fuel consumption was avoided thanks to the energy production in the fuel cell, and in the case of scenario 2, the recovery of energy from the engine. In fact, this scenario 2 more than doubled the emissions avoided in scenario 7, and the results were even better for the COG stream, characterized by higher methane content.  
The methane content of both streams was also a determining factor in the analysis of the GWP category. In scenario 2, with methane recovery, the emissions avoided in the COG system were clearly higher than the values corresponding to the APG stream. However, in scenario 7, when methane recovery was not considered, the emissions, due to the higher methane of the COG stream content favored the preference of the APG system. Nevertheless, both systems implied net emissions as both GWP values were positive in scenario 7. In the baseline scenario that considered the null option, which means that the gas streams were flared without further energy recovery, only GWP impacts resulted, these being 0.74 and 1.62 kg CO\({}_{2}\) eq. for the APG and COG streams, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the recovery process proposed clearly constituted an improvement, reducing these values significantly in both cases. Finally, the AP category did not exhibit important differences among all the results. Scenario 2 implied lower emissions, and the APG stream appeared slightly more environmentally friendly than the COG system.
## 2 Channel Reliability Modeling for 5G Communications
### Probability of Reliable Operation of the Contact Switch  
For a distribution network with a defined transfer range, when the control center determines the fault location through the fault monitoring information transmitted by each circuit breaker and sectional switch, if the sectional switch upstream of the transfer area is successfully actuated, the control center will send control information to the contact switch to realize load transfer, and once the contact switch is successfully actuated, the load will be able to successfully restore power supply. Therefore, the probability that the contact switch can be successfully actuated can be expressed as  
\[p_{is,j}=p_{is}R_{C,j} \tag{14}\]  
where \(R_{C,i}\) is the valid probability of control information of the contact switch \(j\) in the transferable supply region. \(P_{is,j}\) is the probability of the reliable operation of the contact switch itself. \(j\in\mathbb{N}\).  
Reliability Assessment of Power Cyber-Physical Distribution Systems Under the Influence of Information Systems  
In this study, based on the idea of an analytical solution, the branch reliability parameters were firstly equivalently aggregated to the head node of the branch and then, for various types of users, the minimum path method was utilized to solve their power supply reliability. We considered the characteristics of cyber failure and modified the equivalent average outage time model of downstream faults processed by switches. This manuscript argues that the equivalent average outage time is not equal to the switch action time of traditional distribution networks. We expected equivalent power outage time for both successful and failed switch actions. So, we propose an equivalent fault time calculation method that considers the participation of multiple switches in fault isolation based on this. At the same time, the reliability calculation model used in this study considers the power supply capacity of the contact network and the planned islanding. Planned islanding refers to isolating a part of the power grid from the main grid when a fault occurs, forming an independent and self-sustaining power system. The model combines the effective action probability and switching rejection rate of the micro power supply to provide the probability of contact network power transfer and planned islanding operation probability. This is more in line with the actual operation of a distribution network.
# Misconfiguration in Firewalls and Network Access Controls: Literature Review
## 4 Challenges and Research Trends
### Traditional Networks vs. SDN  
Around the mid 2010s, we start seeing a shift away from traditional networks, with most recent research being exclusively in SDNs. The majority of the efforts on this topic were on dedicated firewalls, single-entry-point-firewalls, or networks with multiple firewalls that interact with one another. Nearly all of the examples so far have fallen into this category. It was alluded to in the previous section that there are now two separate trends going on. The first, as discussed, was the efficiency of new detection algorithms. The paper discussed in that section used traditional networks or even took a static rule list and ran it through their algorithm. SDNs did not exist when this topic began, so it was not even discussed until the mid 2010s. Anomaly detection inside of an SDN is the other trend occurring.  
Back in the early 2000s, firewalls were rather fractured and proprietary devices with their own special way of inserting and retrieving the rules on them. As such, the tools to detect misconfigurations were platform-agnostic. They typically worked by having some sort of interface in which the user could manually type their rules into the program's GUI, in the form of a table where each cell in a row will represent the fields of a single rule. No matter what firewall was being used, and regardless of the input format of that firewall, the anomaly detectors had a simple interface that allowed packet headers to be inserted into each cell. In fact, programs like [12] had an interface for inputting rules that resemblehow modern day firewall GUIs accept basic filtering rules. Once SDNs gained traction, things began to change a little.  
SDN-focused anomaly detection occurs in very recent papers such as [1; 29; 41; 59; 60]. Unlike the early days of firewalls, the majority of the development into SDNs goes into an open framework that the various solutions are built upon. SDNs are built on the OpenFlow protocol, with most of the firewalls available for the various controllers being accessible via the REST API. These newer attempts at anomaly detection have an interesting advantage: as a tool that can read directly from the REST API, their tool would be cross-platform across different controllers. The open nature of SDNs is really a benefit as they do not need to make generalized tools like the original \"Firewall Policy Advisor\". When it comes to anomaly detection within an SDN, not much has changed. While the network organization is different, the actual anomalies that can occur within a rule set are still the same.
# A Method for Evaluating the Spatial Layout of Fire Stations in Chemical Industrial Parks
###### Abstract  
The development of chemical industrial parks has resulted in the accumulation of a significant amount of hazardous substances, thereby increasing the demand for enhanced firefighting security, which directly relates to fire stations. This article presents a method for the layout evaluation of fire stations within chemical industrial parks. A practical technique for conducting fire risk assessments of each point to be rescued (PTRR) is proposed. The TPRRs are categorized according to their levels of fire risk. The required rescue time for each PPTRR is determined based on the fire risk assessment. The estimated rescue times from each PTRR to each fire station are evaluated based on the actual road network and the speed of the fire engines. The adequacy of the fire stations is assessed through comparing the required and estimated rescue times. The working process of this method is illustrated using an engineering instance. The evaluation results of this engineering instance indicate its feasibility. This method takes into account the impact of irregular road paths and the influence of PTRR fire risks on the layouts of fire stations, which results in a more objective evaluation.  
chemical industrial park; fire risk assessment; fire station; layout evaluation; fire rescue time