## 1 Introduction
### Agriculture Innovation  
According to [5], innovation is a process by which new ideas are transformed into practices. In agriculture, innovation was defined in the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa by [6] as \"the activities and processes associated with the generation, product distribution, adaptation and use of new technical and institutional/organization knowledge\" [7]. We define innovation as an integrated system to improve agricultural productivity and agroecosystem resilience, involving different agronomic and management components within a synergistic relationship. In the same way, [8] indicates that agricultural innovation presents a dynamic view and is seen as a complex and collaborative system. Innovation is a tool that can increase the competitiveness, viability and effectiveness of farms (Figure 1). An innovation should be socially useful, appropriate and economically viable [9; 10]. When innovations are implemented by considering the technical, human and organizational resources, the dynamic capabilities and the strategic positioning of the farm will be enhanced [9]. According to [11], the innovation process allows identifying appropriate technologies and best organizational practices, which will be transferred for satisfying specific needs of the productive activity [12] (Figure 1). Developing the livestock innovations (LI) concept implies improving processes and products from the holistic knowledge of the system [13]. In this way, the background of strategic management could be applied in agricultural innovation [9]. In order to create dynamic capabilities in organizations, the relational coordination framework [11] and the learning curve of innovation [14] can be considered (Figure 1). The livestock innovation level has been previously developed in mixed systems, such as dual-purpose bovine [15], sheep-crop [16] and mixed agriculture [8; 17]. In the DP system, the innovation level depends on several factors [12; 18], _i.e._, farm size (size of herd or surface), ecological zones, culture, _etc._[19], which indicate that an increase of farm size improves production, intensification, and the innovation level. In regard to cultural factors, [7] associate an increase of technological level to higher levels of education. According to [20]: \"Farmers need to innovate in their system; governments need to innovate in the specific policies they implement to support family farming; producers' organizations need to innovate for a better response to the needs of family farmers; the researchers and extension advisors need to innovate shifting from a research driven process  
Figure 1: Dimensions of innovation in the agricultural sector. predominantly based on technology transfer to an approach that enables and rewards innovation done by smallholders themselves\". As such, some questions arise:  
Why do a lot of farmers not adopt the innovation? What is the main reason for failure in the adoption? What is the real level of innovation in the farms? What are the key technologies and practices for reaching success? The use and adoption of innovation are the result of knowing the objectives of the farms, the agroecosystems' limits and the synergies between different activities [4; 21]. In this way, [2] indicate the importance of deepening the knowledge of objectives, potentials, limitations and \"_right of being_\" of the farms. These systems can be optimized by taking into account economic, social and environmental dimensions. Moreover, the farmer's profile (socioeconomic, managerial capacities, access to information, _etc._) must be considered in the development of policies [22]. Knowing how an innovation has been generated and spread to the farmers is recognized to be another key factor in the success or failure of the innovation [11]. The traditional views of _top-down_ and the current _bottom-up_ are not sufficient and they propose joining both strategies to deal with the lack of an innovation paradigm in South Africa [8].