## 3 Results
### Characteristics of Study Participants in Normal and Incident Metabolic Syndrome According to Gender
In men, current smoking, a family history of HTN, and a family history of T2 DM were higher by percentage in iMetS than in the normal group (50.2% for iMetS vs. 37.5% for normal group, 24.1% for iMetS vs. 17.0% for normal group, and 11.7% for normal and 15.5%  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Women (\(n\) = 1215)**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Men (\(n\) = 1323)**} \\ \cline{3-8}  & & **Normal** & **iMetS** & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**Normal**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**iMetS**} \\  & **(\(n\) = 773, & **(\(n\) = 442, & **(\(n\) = 775, & **(\(n\) = 548, & **41.4**\%))** & \\  & **63.6\%**) & **36.4\%**) & **58.6\%**) & **41.4\%**) & \\ \hline \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**General Characteristics**} \\ \hline Age (year) & & 46.4 \(\pm\) 5.9 & 50.5 \(\pm\) 7.9 & \textless{}0.001 & 47.5 \(\pm\) 6.5 & 48.2 \(\pm\) 7.3 & 0.062 \\ Smoker & Ex-smoker & 8 (1.0\%) & 4 (0.9\%) & 0.504 & 291 (37.5\%) & 178 (32.5\%) & \textless{}0.001 \\ Current & & 12 (1.6\%) & 11 (2.5\%) & & 291 (37.5\%) & 275 (50.2\%) & \\ Family history of T2 DM & Yes & 112 (14.5\%) & 80 (18.1\%) & 0.097 & 91 (11.7\%) & 85 (15.5\%) & 0.047 \\ Family history of hypertension & Yes & 155 (20.1\%) & 99 (22.4\%) & 0.332 & 132 (17.0\%) & 132 (24.1\%) & 0.002 \\ Job & Blue color & 236 (30.5\%) & 129 (29.2\%) & 0.363 & 543 (70.1\%) & 379 (69.2\%) & 0.594 \\ White color & 36 (4.7\%) & 14 (3.2\%) & & 185 (23.9\%) & 128 (23.4\%) & \\ Housekeeper & 501 (64.8\%) & 299 (67.6\%) & & 47 (6.1\%) & 41 (7.5\%) & 0.515 \\ Income (KRW) & \textless{}1 million & 96 (12.4\%) & 88 (19.9\%) & 0.005 & 56 (7.2\%) & 41 (7.5\%) & 0.515 \\  & 1-2 & 238 (30.8\%) & 133 (30.1\%) & & 213 (27.5\%) & 154 (28.1\%) & \\  & 2-4 & 347 (44.9\%) & 178 (40.3\%) & & 388 (50.1\%) & 255 (46.5\%) & \\  & 4\(\leq\) & 92 (11.9\%) & 43 (9.7\%) & & 118 (15.2\%) & 98 (17.9\%) & \\ Education & \textless{}12 year & 96 (12.4\%) & 41 (9.3\%) & 0.096 & 258 (33.3\%) & 165 (50.1\%) & 0.222 \\ Marry Status & Yes & 709 (91.7\%) & 388 (87.8\%) & 0.026 & 754 (97.3\%) & 532 (97.1\%) & 0.820 \\ Menopause Status & Yes & 118 (15.3\%) & 118 (26.7\%) & \textless{}0.001 & NA & NA & \\ Body Mass Index (kg/m\({}^{2}\)) & & 23.6 \(\pm\) 2.5 & 25.8 \(\pm\) 2.8 & \textless{}0.001 & 23.9 \(\pm\) 2.6 & 25.4 \(\pm\) 2.5 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Height (cm) & & 155.7 \(\pm\) 5.1 & 154.5 \(\pm\) 4.9 & \textless{}0.001 & 167.8 \(\pm\) 5.5 & 167.9 \(\pm\) 5.8 & 0.635 \\ Weight (kg) & & 57.3 \(\pm\) 6.7 & 61.6 \(\pm\) 7.2 & 0.001 & 67.4 \(\pm\) 8.4 & 71.6 \(\pm\) 9.1 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Alcohol consumption (g/day) & & 1.3 \(\pm\) 4.7 & 1.9 \(\pm\) 6.4 & 0.072 & 17.0 \(\pm\) 25.2 & 22.6 \(\pm\) 30.2 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Leisure physical activity (Met) & & 127.3 \(\pm\) 200.3 & 126.5 \(\pm\) 194.3 & 0.945 & 124.0 \(\pm\) 187.9 & 127.1 \(\pm\) 213.1 & 0.781 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Metabolic Components**} \\ \hline Waist circumference (cm) & & 73.6 \(\pm\) 6.2 & 79.5 \(\pm\) 6.6 & \textless{}0.001 & 80.9 \(\pm\) 6.7 & 85.4 \(\pm\) 6.6 & \textless{}0.001 \\ HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) & 54.9 \(\pm\) 11.9 & 49.8 \(\pm\) 10.7 & \textless{}0.001 & 49.6 \(\pm\) 10.7 & 44.6 \(\pm\) 8.9 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Triglycerides (mg/dL) & 100.0 \(\pm\) 52.0 & 133.1 \(\pm\) 75.0 & \textless{}0.001 & 132.4 \(\pm\) 70.1 & 188.1 \(\pm\) 109.2 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) & 107.0 \(\pm\) 13.8 & 118.7 \(\pm\) 15.9 & \textless{}0.001 & 114.0 \(\pm\) 13.8 & 120.3 \(\pm\) 15.7 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) & 70.8 \(\pm\) 9.0 & 78.2 \(\pm\) 9.9 & \textless{}0.001 & 77.9 \(\pm\) 10.0 & 82.0 \(\pm\) 10.8 & \textless{}0.001 \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Muscle Strength**} \\ \hline \multicolumn{8}{c}{**Hand grip Strength (HGS)**} \\ \hline Mean HGS (kg) & 22.0 \(\pm\) 3.8 & 21.4 \(\pm\) 3.8 & \textless{}0.001 & 35.4 \(\pm\) 5.5 & 35.0 \(\pm\) 5.8 & 0.216 \\ BMI-relative Mean HGS & 0.94 \(\pm\) 0.19 & 0.84 \(\pm\) 0.16 & \textless{}0.001 & 1.49 \(\pm\) 0.26 & 1.39 \(\pm\) 0.24 & \textless{}0.001 \\ Weight-relative Mean HGS & 0.39 \(\pm\) 0.07 & 0.35 \(\pm\) 0.06 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.53 \(\pm\) 0.09 & 0.49 \(\pm\) 0.08 & \textless{}0.001 \\ WC-relative Mean HGS & 0.30 \(\pm\) 0.06 & 0.27 \(\pm\) 0.05 & \textless{}0.001 & 0.44 \(\pm\) 0.08 & 0.41 \(\pm\) 0.07 for iMetS, respectively) (\(p\leq 0.002\)).