# Shoot Phenology in _Bambusoideae_: A Review
## 2 Phenological Studies in Bamboo Species
### Factors Affecting Bamboo Phenology
The mean annual air temperature of the site was 19.3 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The study showed that the daily maximum sap flux density was higher, which lead to an increasing transpiration rate in less than \(>\)3-year-old ratents, results which are similar to those reported by [32]. The above results showed that the transpiration of moso bamboo was influenced by culm age, phenological stages, and soil moisture content. The interactions of plants in their native wild environment have long been studied. The plant and its local environment's interaction can be assessed by morphology, anatomy, and physiology [35, 36]. In general, bamboo plants can adapt to a wide range of environments in the wild from adverse to near optimal environments. There is limited information available on the comparison of different bamboo species with regards to their water requirements, and species comparative measurements of photosynthesis--gas exchange under the same environmental conditions on a longer term (at least one year). In this respect, one of the best scientific reports was carried out in Rome, Italy [17]. Besides the growth pattern, including culm and leaf phenology, the photosynthetic activity and gas exchange (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) were carried out on _Phylostachys viridiglaucscens_, _P. pubescens_ (_P. edulis_), _P. bambusoides_ and _Bambusa ventricosa_. The highest net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were measured in early autumn in all species, with the lowest ones (30% of maximum) in spring for the 3 Phylolostachys species and in winter for Bambusa ventricose (10% of the maximum). The species had the highest water use efficiency in autumn and winter and the lowest ones in spring and summer (33% of the maximum). Their results are summarized in Table 1.  
Additionally, the shooting rhythm of _Fargesia decurata_ was observed under different canopy conditions in a deciduous--broad-leaf forest, evergreen--deciduous--broad-leaf mixed forest, and evergreen--broad-leaf forest in Nanchuan District, China, in 2016 [37]. The results showed that in an evergreen--deciduous--broad-leaf mixed forest and in a deciduous--broad-leaf forest, the bamboo species had an early shooting date, a shooting period of about 110 days total, high shoot number, and high shooting rate. In contrast, in the evergreen--broad-leaf forest, the bamboo species produced a late shooting date and shorter shooting period of about 88 days, low shoot number, and low shooting rate. On-year and off-year bamboo forests showed different phenological change patterns [38]. The phenological variation of bamboo forests was studied, and it was observed that broadleaf and coniferous forests had the same growing cycles between 2018 and 2019, meaning that they have similar one--year growing cycles, while on-year and off-year bamboo forests showed different growing cycles and patterns. The slight changes in bamboo phenology can also affect other living organisms, such as animals. The shoots, stems, and leaves of mature and young bamboo plants are beneficial for both herbivores and people [39]. Annual variations in fiber content, protein, lipid and ash, and carbohydrates in bamboo leaves and culms of four _Phylostachys taxa_ (_P. aurea_, _P. auresulata_, _P. glauca_, and _P. nuda_) were evaluated during the study period of 2008-2010 in China [40]. According to the variation in nutritional content, the giant panda prefers leaves in summer and fall because of the decreased fiber content and more energy in the form of protein and fat content than that which can be found in the culms. Culm consumption was seen in spring because the culms at that time of year were found to have the lowest fiber content, and the starch percentage was high (2.5-fold of starch percentage in leaves).