esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 4 Conclusions  
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) proved to be promising substrates for both yeast species, with _C. curvatus_ showing an increased tolerance to VFAs. Specifically, with acetic acid, the highest concentration that the yeast could completely consume was 60 g/L. For propionic and butyric acid, that concentration was 40 g/L. _R. toruloides_ on the other hand showed reduced tolerance towards high VFA concentrations, reaching a maximum of 30 g/L with acetic acid, and 10 g/L with propionic and butyric acid. _C. curvatus_ resulted in the highest biomass and lipid concentration with 40 g/L butyric acid, reaching 22.7 and 9.2 g/L, respectively, and generally higher biomass and lipid yields were achieved with butyric acid among the tested VFAs. _R. toruloides_ resulted in the highest biomass and lipid concentration with 30 g/L acetic acid, reaching 7.5 and 4.2 g/L, respectively. The highest biomass yield, however, was achieved with 10 g/L butyric acid, but in the case of the lipid yield, was achieved with acetic acid. As indicated by a PCA analysis studying the effect of the substrates on the fatty acid profile of the SCO, it can be concluded that propionic acid favors the formation of OCFAs. Additionally, by comparing the estimated biodiesel properties of the produced SCO, it was observed that when the yeasts were grown on propionic acid, CFPP values were the lowest, resulting in improved cold flow performance of biodiesel. The effluent VFA mixture was tested and the resulting SCO showed optimal characteristics regarding the production of OCFAs and biodiesel properties, highlighting the importance of further studying the effect of different VFAs in varying ratios to find the optimal combination for each yeast species.  
Figure 11: Morphological analysis of the cells and lipid droplets when _C. curvatus_ was cultivated on synthetic and BSG-derived VFAs, as well as glucose. The cells were stained with the lipid dye BODIPY\({}_{493/53}\). Scale bars correspond to 50 \(\upmu\)m.  
**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.M., U.R., P.C. and A.P.; methodology, E.K., L.M., U.R., P.C. and A.P. investigation, E.K.; data analysis, E.K., L.M. and A.P.; writing--original draft preparation, E.K.; writing--review and editing, L.M., U.R., P.C. and A.P.; supervision, L.M. and A.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research was funded by the Swedish Research Council for sustainable development (FORMAS), grant number 2018-00818.  
**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Tga  
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results of 28-day cured samples are presented with derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) in Figure 5, where identified phases are labeled. The identified peaks were attributed to C-S-H [10; 24; 27], ettringite [16; 24; 27], calcite [27; 28; 29], gypsum [30], and U-phase [31; 32; 33], which were confirmed by the XRD results. The CA-A and CG-A samples showed notably strong peaks of ettringite, but the NA-A and NG-A samples barely exhibited these. The DTG peaks for U-phase appeared at two separate temperatures near 150 \({}^{\circ}\)C and 270 \({}^{\circ}\)C, which generally corresponded to dehydration of layered double hydroxides, such as hydrotalcite-like phases or AFm phases (e.g., U-phase).  
The small hump between 100-150 \({}^{\circ}\)C in the DTG of CG-A was attributed to the water loss of gypsum, which corresponded to \(\sim\)22 wt.% of gypsum weight [30]. Because the added weight of gypsum in the mixture proportion of CG-A was only \(\sim\)5.7 wt.% and a large portion of the added gypsum was consumed, the DTG peak of the remaining portion of gypsum was also of very limited intensity, although the XRD result of CG-A at 28 days showed intermediate intensities of gypsum peaks. The NG-A sample also had small gypsum peaks in XRD, but a weight loss for gypsum was barely seen in DTG.  
A higher weight loss from 0 \({}^{\circ}\)C to 600 \({}^{\circ}\)C in TGA in cementitious systems is generally related to a higher strength development because most of the major reaction products, such as C-S-H, AFt, AFm, and Ca(OH)\({}_{2}\), are dehydrated within this temperature range [24]. With the CaO-activation, the use of calcium sulfate sources clearly increased the weight loss in that range; however, in the NaOH-activation, it barely increased (i.e., NA-A) or even decreased the weight loss (i.e., NG-A). This observation was consistent with the strength testing results.
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Geometric Parameter Analysis
Beyond FoS considerations, factors such as the long-term stability of the slope, its performance over extended periods, and potential environmental impacts were also evaluated. Consequently, 6.00 m long soil nails were selected to provide an enhanced margin of safety. Notably, 8.00 m long soil nails were not adopted due to their higher cost implications. However, in Section 2-2\({}^{\prime}\), 4.00 m long soil nails were utilized in the final two stages as a cost-saving measure while still ensuring structural integrity and compliance with safety requirements. The horizontal displacement value and factor of safety obtained in the geometric parameter analysis of Section 1-1\({}^{\prime}\), along with the horizontal displacement that was expected to be seen in the inclinometer section, are given in Figure 21.  
Figure 21: Section 1–1\({}^{\prime}\) HB constitutive model, preferred for geometric analysis and the inclinometer section. (**a**) Total displacement on the model; (**b**) total displacement on the wall (red denotes the (+) x direction, and blue denotes the (\(-\)) x direction). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Inclination of Slope (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Soil Nail Spacing (m)** & **Inclination of Soil Nail (\({}^{\circ}\))** & **Soil Nail Length (m)** \\ \hline
65 & 1.20 & 10 & 4.00 \\ \hline
75 & 1.40 & 15 & 6.00 \\ \hline
85 & 1.50 & 20 & 8.00 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 11: Geometric model variations. Figure 22 shows the horizontal displacement value and safety coefficient obtained in the geometric parameter analysis of Section 2-2, along with the horizontal displacement expected to be seen in the inclinometer section. The numerical results of geometric parameter analysis for Sections 1-1 and 2-2 were compared with field inclinometer measurements. The results confirmed that the revised design provided enhanced stability, while identical maximum displacement results were achieved at the mm scale (see Figures 21-23). Figure 23: Comparison of numerical analyses of Section 1–1 and Section 2–2 alongside actual field measurements. Figure 22: Section 2–2 ring constitutive model, preferred for geometric analysis and the inclinometer section.