# Ensuring Agricultural Sustainability through Remote Sensing in the Era of Agriculture 5.0
## 4 Sensors
Similarly, other studies included the implementation of WSN in vineyards for precision viticulture and addressed heat summation and potential frost damage [10]. Similarly, various other studies on their application in irrigation, greenhouse, and horticulture domains have been reported [45]. However, it is important to consider that there is an immense need for a standard body to regulate agricultural sensor device development as well as their subsequent implementation in modeling and DSS. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline
**Sensor** & **Purpose** & **Ref.** \\ \hline Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) & Crop classification, crop growth monitoring, and soil moisture monitoring. & [84] \\ Visible RGB (VIS) & Vegetation classification and estimation of geometric attributes. & [42] \\ Multispectral and hyperspectral & Physiological and biochemical attributes (leaf area index, crop water content, leaf/canopy chlorophyll content, and nitrogen content). & [85] \\ Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging & Chlorophyll and nitrogen content, nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, and leaf & [86] \\ sensors & & \\ Laser/light detection and ranging (LiDAR) & Horizontal and vertical structural characteristics of plants. & [87] \\  & Crop health, water. & \\ Near-infrared (NIR) & Management, soil moisture analysis, plant counting, and erosion & [7] \\  & analysis. & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Principal categories of remote sensing (RS) sensors with their respective functions in agricultural studies. These technologies have been in constant transition over the past few years, e.g., updating various ISO (International Organization for Standards) standards for RFID (ISO/IEC 18000, ISO 11784, etc. ), Bluetooth, Wibree, WiFi, and ZigBee for WSNs [88; 89]. Various studies have reported on the use of these technologies, such as the use of ZigBee for precision agriculture (elaborated by [PERSON] et al. [90]). A substantial improvement in WSN for subsequent incorporation into satellites and RPAs will certainly augment the efficiency of these platforms. For a summary of some of the commonly implied sensors in agriculture that provide data about plant, soil, and climate conditions, the study by [PERSON] et al. [89] is recommended. A lot of renowned companies and institutes, including NASA, are involved in the production of novel and efficient sensors. For example, the Microsoft Kinect sensor developed in the last decade shows remarkable potential for rapid characterization of vegetation structure, as reported previously [91]. For a comprehensive study on the latest advances in sensor technology applied to the agricultural sector, the study by [PERSON] et al. is recommended [26]. Joint ventures by governments and academic institutes, apart from those of the private sector, in the implementation of sensor technology can bear rapid and efficient results, such as the Center of Satellite Communication and Remote Sensing at Istanbul Technical University (ITU), and the Turkish Statistical Institute joining hands to realize the sensor-driven agricultural monitoring and information system (TARBIL) project [92]. Various sensors are being currently invented and developed, through private firms and joint ventures, based on wireless technology for subsequent applications in viticulture, irrigation, greenhouse, horticulture, pest control, fertilization, etc. [89], but this also highlights the necessity of some regulating and standard bodies. Similarly, John Deere, a leading farming equipment company, is currently undertaking various IoT projects, including sensor-fitted autonomous tractors, capable of yield estimation features, among various other features [93]. Apart from the industrial perspective, a great deal of research in the academic domain is also on the rise in this sphere. These technologies are promising for efficient and sustainable farming, which is basically expected in the 5 th industrial revolution.