# Enhancing Smart Agriculture by Implementing Digital Twins: A Comprehensive Review
## 4 Reviewing DT Applications in Agriculture and Farming Domain
### The Second Categorization of Researched Literature, Related to Specific Technical Research Aspects
Likewise, derived from the smart water management project (SWAMP) [28; 73; 75] a hands-on approach is being utilized to develop a precision irrigation platform based on IoT technology for smart water management, distributed in Brazil, Italy, and Spain. The Third Categorization of Research Literature That Is Related to Specific Technical Research Aspects  
DTs use software to create, operate, and interact with their physical counterparts. The software component of a DT enables the collection, processing, and analysis of data from various sources, including sensors, actuators, and other connected devices. In [28; 77], the high-level programming language Python is used for software development, scripting, and data analysis, serving the purposes of DT applications, implementing the Arduino IDE platform, and exploiting the Debian Buster OS to produce a plant simulation model. Likewise, RPi software for the Raspberry Pi platform is used with goal-oriented requirement language (GRL) for modelling [80]. We should point out the use of an open standard file format JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) which is used in [73] for data representation and communication between systems and is widely adopted and supported by various programming languages and platforms. Specific software packages are utilized for constructing 3D plant models, such as Unreal Engine 5, Reality Capture, Photoshop, Mesh Model Construction, Autodesk, Maya [74], Unreal Engine 5 Nanite technology, and Reality [35]. Other specific software packages serving, for example, the construction of a DT flowsheet model as in [64] found in the researched literature are the Aspen Plus and Aspen HYSYS from Aspen Technology, Inc. (Burlington, MA, USA), ChemCAD from Chemstations, Inc. (Houston, TX, USA), UniSim Design from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA), ProSimPlus from ProSim SA (Labee, France) and PRO/II from AVEVA Group plc. Simulation software was employed in this study [28] to generate a virtual setting for an irrigation system's digital twin, incorporating a plant simulation model. As previously mentioned, in [73], Siemens's industrial plant simulation software was used, and in [74], the Virtual UCF Arboretum Application (V1.0) was developed with virtual plant datasets, plant inventories, VR headsets leading to an AR Holodeck by multiple captured images taken in 3D space and an AR perpetual garden App. In [75], a linear model of plant growth is proposed utilizing a wheat multi-agent planning module close enough to the implied structure modelling simulation in [29], virtual models are used during the usage phase in [84], an earth system model in [78], a farm is represented in 3D in [81], the concept of the DT model via data-driven modelling is assessed [63]. In [76], the authors imply that a software package was developed containingan ontology editor, a DT editor, multi-agent planning module for creating a prototype of an intelligent plant DT system in Java whilst AR implementations to save BIM model files in Film box (.FBX) in [79] by using Unity game engine to provide 3D modelling software. Further authors in [9] confronted post-harvest models by discrete event simulation such as drying, adding to the simulation models for blending and flow DT models [82; 83] that rely heavily on available real-time data a flow for continuous adaption and learning. Finally, DT modelling implies simulation, analysis, and prediction [88] that may assess the modelling and simulation of the fertility of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, pollution challenges, soil agents (hydrological models, soil data), and crop agents  
Table 4 summarises software, 3D, 3D modelling, simulation, and other research aspects addressed in our work regarding the reviewed literature. Suppose the topic of a corresponding cell has no relevant data provided in the literature, a \"-\" sign is displayed in the corresponding cell. If the topic is merely mentioned, a \"\(\surd\)\" sign is displayed in the corresponding cell. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Citation No.