## 2 DC-DC Converters--Background  
When a transformer is used in an isolated conversion, the circuit becomes more complicated and oversized. Furthermore, the leakage current of the transformer causes a high voltage rise in semiconductor circuits. Such issues are avoided using non-isolated conversions, which avoid the usage of transformers. The suggested conversion in [10] is a non-isolated converter, which is more effective and smaller in size. High gain can be achieved with switching capacitors (SCs) and inductors (L), but these add complexity in high-power situations. In [11], an inductor minimized the circuit complexity while increasing gain and reducing ripple current. Its design has a large voltage increase and can handle a lot of power but is not flexible and is subjected to increased electromagnetic interference. Using the approach suggested in [12], a high-gain converter with model predictive control was designed for increased voltage applications. The introduced converter exhibits superior advantages when compared to transformer-less counterparts but does not support variable switching frequency. A high-efficiency converter was developed in [13], adopting the concept of gain cell. Even though the proposed converter exhibits slightly better results, the issues related to power density and cost have to be considered. A hybrid-connected three-port converter was proposed in [14] with reduced voltage stress and soft switching. However, the generated bi-directional port voltages are not so accurate. Conventional boost converters can produce an unlimited boosting ratio in ideal conditions, but this is not the practice case. Many studies have achieved great step-up capability with high efficiency [15]. A non-isolated DC-DC conversion is a cascaded enhanced conversion that increases the low-voltage source without needing a large switching frequency. However, a high-rated switch is necessary due to the high-voltage system. Topologies that use a switching inductor and a switching capacitor can provide a high amplifying ratio without requiring a maximum duty cycle. Another improvement to attain great step-up capabilities is the voltage-lift approach. It offers several benefits, including minimal system voltage on the electronic element and electrical gain. However, numerous diode-capacitor steps are necessary whenever the conversion efficiency is very big. Intermediary conversion is crucial for the proper functioning of a DC converter. A traditional boost converter results in severe restrictions, such as diode reversal recovery and unacceptably greater losses during step-up operations. Non-isolated high-output power converters easily solve these limitations. Voltage multiplier cells (VMCs) are combined with an MPPT to improve the high gain and reduce voltage stress between the power components. However, numerous cells are necessary for achieving high step-up ratios [16]. Moreover, increased power absorption across more components lowers the total conversion effectiveness. Quadratic boost converters (QBCs) are made by carefully stacking the well-known boost converters, resulting from the first framework feeding the second. As a result, the switch of QBCs is subjected to the same operating voltage as the terminal voltage. Hence, the switching stress is particularly high during the circuit operation. Added to this, the increased leakage current due to the increased voltage stress makes the QBC non-applicable for conditions that demand a conversion ratio greater than 10. An interleaved construction improves the power controllability of a conventional boost converter or other derivative converters [17]. Existing stress on the switching converter is reduced because the overall input power is shared among the overlapping phases. Furthermore, the current flowing is smooth and devoid of ripples by properly performing the phase-shift of switching used in each interleaved stage. The working duty cycle of the switching process and the issues related to excessive duty ratios limit the voltage output of the architecture.