## 3 Results and Discussion
### Content Analysis
#### 3.3.3 Cluster 3: Technology Infrastructure  
[PERSON] et al. suggest that the circular economy bears the true potential of exploiting emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, Big Data, etc. [60]. [PERSON] et al. claim that the Internet of Things is crucial in the future of energy, healthcare, and manufacturing, and emphasize the eminent need to create new business models [3]. In other words, Business Model Innovation and improved ways of doing business seem to be the critical factors in capitalizing on this particular transition era [61]. [PERSON] et al. assert that the true potential of the Internet of Things can be realized when deploying a marketplace framework instead of concentrating on single-purposeuses. They emphasize how such applications may be effectively used in smart cities and transport systems [62]. [PERSON] et al. emphasize servitization and its impact on the effective use of these new emerging technologies. Their multiple-case study addresses the interaction between servitization and sustainability [63]. [PERSON] et al. suggest three levels of servitization in the digital era. These are progressive levels; namely, product-oriented, process-oriented, and outcome-oriented levels [64]. Having studied 32 case studies of major international corporations which are true business model innovators, [PERSON] et al. conceptualize three super-patterns [65]. These super-patterns, which are the overriding business model frameworks in the Industry 4.0, are (1) integration, (2) servitization, and (3) expertization [65]. Integration brings together more parts of the value chain. This pattern is more process-focused and aims to create synergies rather than new products. In servitization, a more product-focused business model, new products, and service offerings are aimed for based on the data gathered. In expertization, which is a hybrid business model, companies utilize their in-house expertise and offer it as a consulting service or a new viable platform. [PERSON] et al. propose a product-as-service model by asserting that new methods in the business models will be essential in the fourth industrial revolution. They claim that servitization can be effective in the circular economy era as more smart connected products make more meaningful everyday use of the Internet of Things. They suggest that, in this new era, cost and convenience will be differentiating factors in the effectiveness of the new business models [66]. [PERSON] et al. set out four structural layers that constitute the architecture of the Internet of Things. The first layer is the \"objects\" level [66]. The objects are sensors that measure, check, or perceive external inputs through actuators that effectuate electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, or mechanical movements. These objects connect and communicate at the second layer through data link protocols such as WiFi, Ethernet, \"Near Field Communication (NFC) technology\", or \"Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)\" [66]. The third layer is the Platform layer of the IoT. For example, the platform layer connects the hardware of the IoT device to the cloud by using multi-layer technology and broad data-processing powers. The fourth layer, the performance layer, is where connected devices manage traffic, control health, manage waste, monitor water, or enable smart payment. In other words, even though the Internet of Things has so much potential to offer to both consumers and companies at large, the architecture alone does not guarantee the rightful and ethical utilization of data. On the one hand, for example, it may be wonderful to know that, through the Internet of Things, your alarm clock will communicate with your traffic data, traffic lights, and other features regarding your regular morning commute and do the \"needful\" to adjust the exact time that the alarm will start beeping. On the other hand, all these smart devices possess a very high degree of pervasive presence throughout our lives. [PERSON] et al.