## 1 Introduction  
Currently, increasing rates of cancer cases and morbidity require advanced treatment approaches. There are several widely employed conventional techniques for cancer care such as surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and thermal therapy [1, 2]. However, traditional treatment methods have some limitations and cannot always fulfill the need for cancer patients facing the drawbacks and side effects. Minimal invasive techniques have attracted interest in cancer treatment as a possible alternative to the surgery offering lower pain, a smaller area of trauma, and the possibility of reaching inaccessible locationsinside the tumor [3]. Thermal ablation therapy is considered as a minimally invasive method working on the principle of introducing heat to cancerous cells and eliminating them by generating cytotoxic temperatures over a short period. Depending on the source of ablation, thermal ablation therapies are differentiated as radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA), microwave thermal ablation (MWTA), laser ablation (LA), and high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (HIFU). Among known thermal therapies, radiofrequency ablation has been the focus of interest of many researchers and clinicians offering several advantages: the ability to be deployed for the treatment of many types of tumor can achieve efficient cell elimination, the safe limited demand of resources, and causes less discomfort to patients, with a short recovery period [4; 5]. For the radiofrequency ablation procedure, the tissue is placed on the passive electrode presented in a form of a ground pad. Then, an radiofrequency power is passed to the tissue from an RF generator through an active electrode placed in the tumor area, leading to ionic agitation and resulting in focused heat increment around the electrode due to the difference between the small surface area of the active electrode and large area of the passive electrode [6]. There are commercially available RF probes used by clinicians, among which the advanced LeVeen probes offer the reduction in ablation time and pressure during radiofrequency ablation (RFTA) [7]. Despite the advantages proposed by RF ablation in the treatment of cancer and improvements obtained by researchers since the first pioneering work in the 1990s [4], there are still some challenges faced by clinicians. The main limitation during the RFTA ablation is the inadequate bioheat distribution throughout the tissue [6]; most clinicians observed the maximum temperature at the center of the tumor while the temperature at the periphery region is much less [8]. The complication with the effective thermal ablation is caused by the vaporization of the tissue above 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C leading to the increase in the tissue impedance preventing the dissipation of the heat on the tissue. Another vital challenge over the RFTA procedure is in accurate temperature monitoring. The ability to control the temperature allows setting the optimal ablation parameters during RFTA and subsequently preventing the undesired heating of the tissue or the reoccurrence of cancer by providing the information concerning when to terminate the process when the desired conditions are reached. [3]. In addition, the capability to adjust the thermal ablation conditions makes it possible for clinicians to plan an adequate protocol to improve the treatment outcome of cancer. The important parameters affecting the tissue damage are the time and temperature of ablation. The temperature of 42 \({}^{\circ}\)C is known as a starting point when protein denaturation happens, leading to thermal damage of the tissue [9]. Therefore, the temperature values between 42 and 60 \({}^{\circ}\)C are known as a cytotoxicity range.