## 4 Results and Discussion
### Analysis and Evaluation of PT Modal Shares, VKT, and VHT Reductions for Each Scenario  
The PT modal share performances for each scenario and each year were modeled, and the results are shown in Table 6. Among the three individual scenarios (1, 2, and 3) proposed in 2026, scenario 2 (transit-oriented development (TOD) plus five light rail transit (LRT) lines measure) performed minimally better than scenario 1 (five light rail transit (LRT) lines measure) in terms of the PT modal share performance. This finding reflects the fact that a single TOD development may not strongly influence PT modal share performance over the entire study area. The PT modal shares of scenario 3 (the utilization of EMC and EPC measures) were zero because the scenario assumes that the traveling patterns and modal split of both EMCs and EPCs remain identical to those of the existing MCs and PCs in the baseline cases. In addition, between the two integrated scenarios 4 and 5 in 2026, the PT modal share performances of both scenario 4 (combining scenarios 1 and 3) and scenario 5 (integrating scenarios 2 and 3) were identical to those of scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Similar trends for both the individual and integrated scenarios were observed for 2046. The magnitudes of the VKT and VHT reductions per capita for each scenario in each year were estimated and are shown in Table 6. Among the three individual scenarios (1, 2, and 3) proposed in 2026, scenario 1 performed the best in terms of VKT and VHT reductions per capita, followed by scenario 2. Generally, the integration of LRT development and TOD development leads to shorter trips, fewer unnecessary trips, more usage of active transport modes (such as walking and cycling), and greater public transport shares. Therefore, the magnitudes of VKT and VHT per capita in scenario 2 were expected to be lower than those in scenario 1. However, the degree of VKT and VHT reduction per capita in scenario 2 does not reflect such expectations. This is because, as previously described in scenario 2, the population, students, and employment in the TOD were assumed to be relocated only from the areas outside the KKTP area, and 50% of the total trips produced by such people were intra-zonal trips in the TOD area, while the other 50% of factored trips to destination zones in patterns similar to those living in the original hosting traffic zones. The effects of such circumstances will override the impact of scenario 2 in terms of the VKT and VHT reductions per capita. Hence, the magnitudes of the VKT and VHT reductions \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Indicators**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Base Year**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Baseline Cases**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **2016** & **2026** & **2046** \\ \hline Public transport modal shares (\%) & 9.00 & 15.50 & 18.00 \\ Total daily trips (trips/day) & 656,500 & 860,670 & 1,518,130 \\ Total trip distance, VKT (veh-km/h) & 447,544 & 536,352 & 790,864 \\ Total travel time, VHT (veh-h/h) & 144,47 & 20,477 & 82,115 \\ Energy use (ktoe/year) & 75.10 & 94.67 & 172.94 \\ CO\({}_{2}\) (tonne/y) & 226,410 & 289,997 & 538,456 \\ Population & 323,409 & 424,200 & 729,805 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: The total baseline traffic-related indicators, energy consumption, and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions [30]. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Indicators**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Base Cases**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Baseline Cases**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **2016** & **2026** & **2046** \\ \hline Public transport modal shares (\%) & 9.00 & 15.50 & 18.00 \\ Total daily trips (trips/capita/h) & 2.030 & 2.029 & 2.080 \\ Total trip distance, VKT & 1.384 & 1.264 & 1.084 \\ (veh-km/capita/h) & 0.045 & 0.048 & 0.113 \\ Energy use (toe/capita/y) & 0.232 & 0.223 & 0.237 \\ CO\({}_{2}\) (tonne/capita/y) & 0.700 & 0.684 & 0.738 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 5: The baseline traffic-related indicators, energy consumption, and CO\({}_{2}\) emissions per capita.