## 1 Introduction  
In the digital disruption world with rapid changes, the advances in information technology and engineering surrounded by inexpensive mass production of sensor nodes and the Internet of Things (IoT)technology have demonstrated research and developmental interests in numerous fields like communication, agriculture, industry, smart health, monitoring, business, and tourism [1]. Furthermore, the capability of IoT technology has permitted the operation and collaboration of many devices with different communication and computing capabilities; such as, sensors, actuators, smartphones, and others via a wireless sensor network (WSN), as well as various other smart communication technologies [2]. Simultaneously, the combination of a huge number of interconnected sensor nodes without using wires could form a WSN. Nodes in WSNs are distributed randomly and deployed in areas that are usually not accessible to individuals. Therefore, the topology of the network must be dynamic. The capability of IoT technology has also been used with regularity in agriculture, especially the smart agriculture orchard concept by applying IoT with the sensor nodes to operate independently and construct a network infrastructure in an ad-hoc manner [1; 2]. In the aspect of research regarding smart agriculture production, an IoT-based WSN has been used to observe the condition of the yields and automate precision agriculture by using various sensors. Nevertheless, the sensors were deployed in a smart agricultural eco-system to improve production yields through intelligent farming decisions and obtain information regarding crops, plants, temperature measurement, humidity, and irrigation systems. However, the sensors have had limited resources concerning processing, energy, transmitting, and memory capabilities that could negatively impact agricultural production [1; 2; 3]. Autonomous wireless sensors represent the core of the WSN, which must deliver data with high reliability, exhibit high energetic performance, as well as provide autonomy. Therefore, the current technology would allow for the development of a large spectrum of sensor-based applications in various fields [1; 3]. Figure 1 shows the scenario for a smart agriculture orchard based on various sensors, sink notes, base station (BS), Internet, and PH, temperature, fertilizer, water, heat, and humidity. Nevertheless, a smart agriculture orchard that would rely on seasonal climate in the field has been impacted by climate change with heavy rain, droughts, floods, and unexpected weather conditions that have affected the agricultural ecosystem [1; 4; 5]. Currently, the WSN has been applied worldwide because of the low cost, easy deployment, and cost-effective environment [1; 6; 7]. Recently, the field of a smart agriculture orchard has performed a vital role in the improvement of the economic growth of many countries; therefore, agriculture should be further developed with modern technologies; such as, an IoT based WSN and integrated with optimization algorithms to reduce time, energy, and human effort leading to increasing the agricultural throughput in the quality of life [1; 8; 9; 10]. Moreover, sensors could be used for determining the soil, weather, moisture, and temperature conditions. A WSN has also been utilized by many researchers in the domain of agriculture to improve its performance and reduce the agricultural's burden [1; 11; 12]. Figure 1: A smart agriculture orchard based on a wireless sensor network (WSN). Apart from smart agriculture orchards, a WSN is becoming popular in Thailand, where most Thai people work as agriculturists as the backbone of the country. This has been associated with using energy; such as, oil, gas, and water for the agriculture orchard in their daily life. As the situation about the energy crisis has become a significant issue, management through sustainability is very necessary because energy is a very important factor in Thailand's industry and business sectors.