###### Abstract  
This study assessed the condyle-fossa relationships in adults with different skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 135 adult participants were included in the analysis of the CBCT images. Participants were categorized based on gender, age, race, and skeletal patterns. The measurements of the temporomandibular joint spaces were taken, which include the anterior (AS), superior (SS), posterior (PS), medial (MS), central (CS), and lateral (LS) spaces. Additionally, the dimensions of the condyle were assessed, including mediolateral thickness (MLT), anteroposterior thickness (APT), articular slope (ArS), and the vertical height of the fossa (VHF). These measurements were then compared. The average ratios of AS:SS:PS and MS:CS:LS were 1.00:1.61:1.18 and 1.00:1.15:0.79, respectively. The average values of most measurements were significantly higher in males than in females. The average value of APT was significantly higher in the late age group than in others, but there was no statistical difference according to race. The average values of PS, CS, and LS were significantly higher on the left side than on the right, while the average value of AS was significantly higher on the right side than on the left. The average values of SS, CS, and MLT were significantly higher in hypodivergent than in hyperdivergent skeletal patterns, while the average values did not show any statistical differences based on horizontal skeletal patterns. The average values of SS and CS in the Class II horizontal skeletal group were significantly lower in hyperdivergent individuals compared to other vertical skeletal patterns. In adults, statistical differences in condyle-fossa relationships were observed based on gender, age, sides, and skeletal patterns, but no differences were identified according to race. c 202515944  
18 November 2024  
14 January 202514 January 2025  
example, the condyle and the fossa, varies across different skeletal patterns and occlusal relationships. Various factors such as gender, age, skeletal growth patterns, dental occlusion, and both functional and pathological changes may influence condylar positions and TMJ morphology [1; 2; 3; 4]. Comprehending the relationships between the condyle and the glenoid fossa is important in orthodontics since improper condylar positioning may contribute to TMDs, malocclusions, and other functional impairments [5]. Previous research on adolescents has highlighted the influence of skeletal patterns on the condyle-fossa relationships [4]. During adulthood, the mandibular condyles undergo a remodeling process due to functional adaptation and pathological changes, which could affect condylar morphology, such as resorption, erosion, flattening, sclerosis, and bony spur formation [2]. This emphasizes the importance of expanding the previous research to the adult population. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has emerged as an important instrument in the examination of TMJ morphology since it generates highly detailed three-dimensional images with reduced radiation exposure compared to conventional computed tomography (CT), which enables the precise evaluation of the relationships between the condyle and the fossa [1; 2; 4; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10]. Using CBCT, researchers have investigated variations in mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa morphology in relation to sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns. Other studies have demonstrated associations between skeletal patterns and TMJ morphology [1; 6]. For example, Class III patients exhibited greater condylar width, height, and fossa height than Class II patients. Hypodivergent patients showed wider condyles in contrast to the hyperdivergent group, while hyperdivergent patients had significantly reduced condylar volume and superior joint space but larger fossa length and height than both hypodivergent and normovergent groups [6].