## 1 Introduction  
Dental imaging has undergone a major transformation, moving from traditional film-based X-rays to advanced, data-driven systems enabled by artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR). This evolution reflects broader trends in digital health, where new technologies are being integrated into clinical workflows to enhance diagnostic accuracy, surgical precision, and patient care (Scheme 1). Toolssuch as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), deep learning algorithms, and comprehensive simulation platforms now enable clinicians to visualize, plan, and perform procedures with greater detail and control. These advances represent not only technological advancements but also a fundamental change in the way dentistry is taught, practiced, and experienced [1,2]. **Scheme 1. ** This scheme illustrates how advanced technologies, CBCT, AI, AR/VR, and 3D printing, are integrated into various phases of dental care. It starts with diagnosis, where CBCT scans are enhanced by AI for accurate pathology detection. The data supports 3D reconstruction, enabling precise pre-surgical planning. During treatment, AR/VR tools assist with real-time intraoperative navigation to improve accuracy and reduce complications. Postoperative imaging, combined with AI monitoring, helps in assessing recovery. Finally, immersive VR platforms provide educational feedback and virtual training, promoting continuous learning for dental professionals. Dental imaging has its origins in the revolutionary discovery of X-rays by [PERSON] on 8 November 1895 (Figure 1). This innovation revolutionized medical diagnosis by allowing visualization of internal structures without invasive procedures [1]. [PERSON]'s contribution was so significant that he received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901, highlighting the transformative impact of X-ray technology on both medicine and dentistry. Shortly after the discovery of X-rays, radiography was introduced into dentistry, with Dr. [PERSON] performing the first dental radiograph in 1896. Early methods were rudimentary, relying on glass photographic plates and long exposure times that resulted in high radiation doses [3]. Over time, improvements like faster film speeds and safety measures like lead aprons have made dental radiography much safer and more practical. The mid-20 th century marked a major advancement in dental imaging with the introduction of panoramic radiography in the 1950s, enabling full-mouth views. This was followed by the appearance of digital radiography in the 1980s, which improved diagnostic accuracy, reduced processing time and radiation exposure, and greatly enhanced workflow efficiency. Today, dental imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and management of conditions such as dental caries, periodontal disease, fractures, and jaw pathologies. Continued technological advances have introduced tools such as digital sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems such as Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). These innovations provide high-resolution images and improve diagnostic accuracy through AI-enabled analysis and integrated digital workflows [4]. This progression lays the groundwork for exploring how these technologies have specifically enhanced surgical planning and execution in modern dental practice. Advanced imaging technologies like AI, CBCT, AR, and VR are reshaping dental care. This review explores their development and integration into diagnostics, surgery, and clinical training. It evaluates their clinical impact, technological advancements, and educational value, while also highlighting current challenges and proposing future directions for research and implementation in precision dentistry. Figure 1: Timeline of key advancements in intraoral radiographic imaging. This figure depicts the major milestones in dental imaging, starting with the discovery of X-rays by [PERSON] in 1895.