## 1 Introduction  
Additive manufacturing (AM) [1; 2; 3; 4] has become extensively popular and marks a considerable transformation in the manufacturing sector. The F42 International Committee from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provides a detailed description of additive manufacturing (AM). They define it as an innovative process that combines materials to create objects straight from 3D computer models. Distinctly, this method builds objects layer by layer, which is a significant shift away from traditional subtractive manufacturing methods [5]. The result is a more efficient and versatile manufacturing paradigm that opens the door to an array of new possibilities. According to the ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 standard [6], additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are classified into distinct categories based on their operational principles. This classification system, as referenced in sources [3; 7; 8], organizes the technologies into broad groups, each defined by its unique approach to material manipulation and deposition, ranging from jetting and photopolymerization processes to fusion and lamination techniques. Additionally, based on the kind of base material utilized, additive manufacturing (AM) can be classified into three groups: technologies based on solid, liquid, and powder materials [9]. These technologies encompass laminated object manufacturing (LOM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), 3D plotting, direct energy deposition (DED), InkJet printing (IJP), direct write (DW), etc. For this study, the technologies of FDM and SLA were chosen. FDM is recognized as a broadly utilized and easily accessible method in the field of additive manufacturing for 3D printing, as supported by numerous research findings [10; 11; 12; 13; 14]. In the realm of FDM, the process unfolds with the melting of thermoplastic filaments, which are then meticulously deposited, layer by layer. The FDM process operates by extruding a plastic material (filament) through an extruder, typically positioned at the rear of the 3D printer. In the FDM process, a pulley-drive system within the extruder pushes the filament into a heated nozzle at a controlled rate. The nozzle, part of the extruder or print head, features resistive heaters that maintain the filament's temperature slightly above its glass transition point, rendering it in a semi-liquid state. This molten filament is then extruded smoothly through the nozzle onto a build platform. Upon extrusion, it rapidly reverts to its solid state, shaping the desired pattern. This iterative process continues until the model is complete, at which point it is removed from the build chamber for post-processing [14; 15]. FDM technology is characterized by its ability to utilize a diverse range of thermoplastic substances. This includes materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polyamide (PA), polylactide (PLA), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG), as highlighted in source [16]. This versatility empowers users to select materials that align with their unique product needs. The wide array of available materials enables the manufacturing of products with diverse attributes, including qualities such as strength, flexibility, and resistance to temperature and chemicals. The SLA is a technology for rapid prototyping and 3D printing that focuses on using ultraviolet (UV) rays to cure liquid resin and create three-dimensional objects layer by layer [17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23]. This technology represents one of the earliest methods for 3D printing and continues to be essential for producing accurate and top-quality models and products. The method ensures enhanced precision in component dimensions, exceptional quality in surface finish, and beneficial mechanical properties [19]. The SLA printing process commences with a 3D model of the intended product. The printer systematically applies a layer of resin to the work surface and solidifies it using directed UV light.