## 3 Results
### Spatial and Seasonal Variability of LST Trend
#### 3.2.2 Daytime Trend  
The annual and monthly breakdown of daytime LST over the studied cities are given in Table 5. The monthly breakdown of the daytime LST shows that pre-monsoon and monsoon (May-June-July) months showed a positive daytime LST trend for most cities except for Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru, and Coimbatore (Table 1).  
Although the annual total change in daytime LST for 23 years was negative except for Dhaka (1.50 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Kolkata (0.61 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Yangon (0.32 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and Colombo (1.57 \({}^{\circ}\)C), the total change in daytime LST for May-June-July was relatively highly positive in Yangon (3.52 \({}^{\circ}\)C), followed by Dhaka (3.34 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Kanpur (2.62 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Lucknow (2.58 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Lahore (2.10 \({}^{\circ}\)C), Kolkata (1.78 \({}^{\circ}\)C), and other cities (Table 1).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c c c c c} \hline
**Sl.** & **City** & **Ann.** & **Jan** & **Feb** & **Mar** & **Apr** & **May** & **Jun** & **Jul** & **Aug** & **Sep** & **Oct** & **Nov** & **Dec** \\ \hline
1. & Delhi & \(-0.81\) & \(-0.67\) & \(-0.12\) & 0.66 & 0.15 & 0.93 & 2.42 & 0.90 & \(-0.17\) & 0.13 & \(-0.82\) & \(-2.12\) & \(-2.08\) \\ \hline
2. & Mumbai & \(-1.38\) & \(-1.71\) & \(-1.54\) & \(-1.39\) & \(-1.44\) & \(-0.51\) & \(-1.47\) & 0.72 & \(-1.51\) & \(-0.17\) & \(-0.89\) & \(-1.75\) & \(-2.16\) \\ \hline
3. & Dhaka & \(1.50\) & 0.80 & 0.42 & 2.16 & 3.18 & 2.66 & 3.66 & 3.69 & 1.14 & 2.30 & 1.44 & 1.49 & \(-0.30\) \\ \hline
4. & Karachi & \(-1.28\) & \(-2.28\) & \(-0.36\) & \(-0.98\) & \(-0.73\) & 1.21 & 0.01 & \(-1.17\) & 0.85 & \(-1.15\) & \(-2.18\) & \(-1.97\) & \(-1.42\) \\ \hline
5. & Kolkata & \(0.61\) & 0.36 & \(-0.53\) & 0.93 & 1.75 & 1.47 & 2.20 & 1.67 & 0.46 & 1.70 & 1.53 & 0.94 & \(-0.37\) \\ \hline
6. & Lahore & \(-0.23\) & \(-0.60\) & \(-0.03\) & 0.37 & 0.16 & 0.41 & 3.05 & 2.83 & 1.12 & 0.92 & 0.08 & \(-1.01\) & 0.22 \\ \hline
7. & Bengaluru & \(-1.37\) & \(-1.71\) & \(-3.37\) & \(-1.92\) & \(-0.92\) & \(-2.21\) & \(-1.67\) & \(-0.39\) & 1.37 & \(-0.40\) & 0.13 & \(-0.53\) & \(-1.09\) \\ \hline
8. & Chennai & \(-0.37\) & 0.25 & \(-0.27\) & 0.65 & 0.25 & \(-0.83\) & \(-0.66\) & \(-0.66\) & \(-0.36\) & \(-0.25\) & 0.71 & 0.65 & 0.60 \\ \hline
9. & Hyderabad & \(-1.90\) & \(-1.93\) & \(-2.97\) & \(-1.19\) & \(-2.34\) & \(-3.47\) & \(-0.99\) & 0.23 & 0.62 & \(-0.29\) & \(-1.13\) & \(-1.85\) & \(-2.33\) \\ \hline
10. & Ahmedabad & \(-1.60\) & \(-2.07\) & \(-1.08\) & \(-1.40\) & \(-1.11\) & 0.49 & \(-0.34\) & \(-0.83\) & 2.13 & \(-1.67\) & \(-2.55\) & \(-1.94\) & \(-2.58\) \\ \hline
11. & Surat & \(-0.62\) & \(-1.36\) & \(-1.13\) & \(-0.73\) & \(-0.61\) & 1.61 & \(-1.50\) & 2.53 & 1.02 & \(-0.09\) & \(-1.24\) & \(-0.97\) & \(-1.99\) \\ \hline
12. & Pune & \(-3.25\) & \(-3.43\) & \(-4.88\) & \(-4.60\) & \(-4.38\) & \(-2.86\) & \(-2.87\) & 3.05 & \(-1.61\) & \(-1.49\) & \(-2.72\) & \(-3.50\) & \(-3.82\) \\ \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 5: Total change in daytime temperature (LST, \({}^{\circ}\)C) based on the linear trend from 2000–2023.  
Figure 9: The monthly total change in nighttime MODIS-derived LST (\({}^{\circ}\)C) over major cities for (**a**) April and (**b**) May and June, based on the linear trend for the period 2000–2023.