esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Analysis of Optimal Loading Angle in Dynamic Flattened Brazilian Disc Splitting Test for Concrete
## 3 Theoretical Analysis
By [PERSON] strength criterion, \(\sigma_{1}+3\sigma_{3}\leq 0\), so it can be expressed as:  
\[\sigma_{1}+3\sigma_{3}=\frac{4P}{2\pi rHsin\theta/2}(-\frac{b_{1}}{a_{1}}- \frac{b_{3}}{a_{3}}+2c_{1}+2c_{3}+2 sin\theta/2 cos\theta/2) \tag{2}\]  
\[f_{1}=(\sigma_{1}+3\sigma_{3})/(P/2\pi rH) \tag{3}\]  
After dimensionless \(\sigma_{1}+3\sigma_{3}\) is recorded as \(f_{1}\), it can be seen from Figure 8 that the loading angle satisfies \(\sigma_{1}+3\sigma_{3}\leq 0\) from \(20^{\circ}\) to \(30^{\circ}\). Combining Formula (4) with (1) and (2), it can be further obtained that the [PERSON] equivalent stress on the loading diameter of the loading BD specimen is:  
\[\sigma_{G}=\frac{-P(b_{1}/a_{1}+b_{3}/a_{3})^{2}}{4\pi rHsin(\theta/2)(c_{1}+ c_{3}+sin\theta/2 cos\theta/2)} \tag{4}\]  
\[f_{2}=\sigma_{G}/(P/2\pi rH) \tag{5}\]  
Figure 7: Non-dimensional vertical stresses along loaded diameter. After dimensionless [PERSON]'s equivalent stress is recorded as \(f_{2}\), the relationship between its value and loading angle is as shown in Figure 9.  
When the loading angle is less than \(20^{\circ}\), \(f_{2}\) increases first and then decreases from the disc \(O\) to A\({}_{1}\) and A\({}_{2}\) as shown in Figure 9. It indicates that Griffith equivalent stress at the loading end of BD is larger than that at the center \(O\). It cannot meet the crack initiation requirement at the center and be used to measure the tensile strength of SCC. Figure 8: Non-dimensional Griffith decision conditions along loaded diameter. Figure 9: Non-dimensional Griffith equivalent stresses along loaded diameter. When the loading angle is between 20\({}^{\circ}\) and 30\({}^{\circ}\),\(f_{2}\) decreases from disc O to A\({}_{1}\) and A\({}_{2}\), from 1.88 when the loading angle is 20\({}^{\circ}\) to 1.77 when the loading angle is 30\({}^{\circ}\), and its change rate with the loading angle is 0.11. At the same time, it is found that\(f_{2}\) gradually decreases to the center of the disc with the increase in the loading angle, and the Griffith equivalent stress zone approaches to the center of the specimen, which makes it easier for the specimen to start from the middle. When the loading angle is greater than 30\({}^{\circ}\), the value of \(f_{2}\) decreases rapidly at the disc O, and its tensile stress is not enough to destroy the center point of the specimen.
# Finding Optimal Stations Using Euclidean Distance and Adjustable Surrounding Sphere
###### Abstract
Therefore, recommending the station location to cover a prospective land use expansion has an important key role for sustainable development of air pollution control and helps assess air pollution's spatial variability for better monitoring of air quality [31]. Previous studies attempted to design air monitoring networks by considering specific air pollution concentration, cost, population data, and other parameters, while spatial coverage was ignored. Such a design methodology causes station locations to have high density in some particular regions, especially in urban areas. It does not distribute coverage to rural areas with a sufficient number of stations. The incremental building of air quality monitoring in urban areas can make better monitoring of the specific areas. However, it leads to an increase in installation and maintenance costs, which is one of the main constraints for designing a dense air quality monitoring network. Furthermore, none of the methods in previous studies mentioned designing an AQMN without historical pollution data or city characteristics data. Furthermore, it is important to consider that the air monitoring networks designed are not only for use today but also for urban expansion in the future. We organized the rest of the paper as follows. Problem formulation is introduced in Section 2. We describe the study areas in Section 3. In Section 4 proposes four methods for finding the best next station, which includes algorithms and equations. In Section 5, the evaluation criteria will be explained. The results of the proposed methods are compared and discussed in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 draws our conclusion and suggests possible future work.
## 2 The Application of Metamaterials
### Solar Energy Cells  
One of the most captivating realms where electromagnetic metamaterials (EM MM) have garnered significant attention is solar energy generation. These ingenious materials offer a pathway to highly efficient solar cells by exerting precise control over the absorption and conversion of light into electricity [32]. Through the strategic manipulation of light absorption and scattering using metamaterials, scientists have achieved notable breakthroughs in surpassing the efficiency of traditional solar cells [33]. META Materials Inc., a pioneering firm, has already taken this concept to a production scale by incorporating metamaterials into solar energy films. These films enhance efficiency by effectively collecting  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Metamaterial** & **Solar Energy** & **Thermal** & **Water** & **Sensing** & **Energy** & **Electromagnetic** & **Acoustic** & **Metamaterials** & **Sustainable** \\
**Type** & **Harvesting** & **Management** & **Purification** & **Detection** & **Storage and** & **Snielding** & **for Noise** & **Building** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{Electromagnetic MM} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} & \multirow{3}{*}{X} \\  & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Chiral MM & & & & & & & & \\ \hline Mechanical MM & & & \(\times\) & & & & & \\ \hline Acoustic MM & & & & & & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Metamaterials’ applications based on their type.  
Figure 1: Overview of electromagnetic, chiral, acoustic, and mechanical metamaterials.  
and absorbing light. An exemplary study by [PERSON] et al. [34] showcased a remarkable achievement in the realm of broadband metamaterial solar spectrum absorption. Their proposed absorber, featuring a three-layer structure of metal-dielectric-metal, exhibited exceptional properties, including a wide incident angle and polarization-insensitive absorption. Through meticulous design and the utilization of a silicon dioxide dielectric layer between the petal-shaped metasurface and lower tungsten metal layers, the unit cell structure demonstrated an astounding 99% absorption across wavelengths, ranging from 456.62 nm to 677.73 nm. This remarkable utilization of metamaterials in solar energy applications showcases their potential to revolutionize the field and to drive sustainable advancements in renewable energy technology.
# Evaluating the Effects of Deep Excavation on Nearby Structures Through Numerical Simulation
## 4 Scenarios Simulation Under Adjacent Building Conditions
### Effect of Adjacent Buildings on Ground Settlement  
This section compares the impact of distance factor, load factor, and depth factor on ground settlement using the MC, HS, and HSS models. The results show that as the distance between the adjacent building and the site decreased, ground settlement exhibited significant changes. This indicates that large deformations of the diaphragm wall result in greater ground settlement. The proximity of the adjacent building showed a clear effect on ground settlement, particularly in the HS and HSS models, where the impact was more pronounced. The MC model did not effectively estimate ground settlement. Figure 13 illustrates that the load factor of the adjacent building influenced ground settlement. Due to space constraints, additional figures are provided in Appendix A, Figures A7 and A8. Therefore, when simulating adjacent buildings, it is crucial to accurately estimate the effects of the building load. In contrast, the depth factor did not significantly affect ground settlement, suggesting that while detailed information on relative position and building load is necessary, the depth factor is less critical compared to the other two factors.
# Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
###### Abstract  
This paper presents a detailed discrete-time implementation of an inner-loop voltage controller with a current limiter for grid-forming converters with an LC filter connected to the grid. The proposed approach utilizes a state feedback control law that depends on the states of both the converter and the internal model controller. Additionally, a resonant controller is designed to accurately track the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage. The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed for both virtual impedance and virtual admittance implementations. To validate the controller's effectiveness, simulation results are provided using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) setup, alongside a comparison of different virtual impedance implementations.  
In this case, the Utility Company exchanges information with the microgrid through the MGCC. The MGCC is responsible for dispatching the DERs within the microgrid, considering criteria such as power quality and economic or environmental factors. Additionally, it manages the transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes. In islanded mode, the MGCC provides the set-points for the DERs to restore the microgrid's voltage and frequency to their nominal values. This can be understood as secondary control. Since the MGCC communicates with the DERs and controllable loads via a low-bandwidth communication channel, in islanded mode, at least one DER must control the microgrid's voltage and frequency in response to sudden load changes. When a DER is responsible for controlling the microgrid's voltage and frequency, a mechanism for sharing active and reactive power among them is required. Traditional synchronous generators have an inherent power-sharing mechanism. However, inverter-based DERs must be properly controlled to incorporate this functionality, which can be understood as primary control. DERs such as wind and solar power are integrated into the grid via converters, whose behavior is primarily dictated by their primary control mechanisms, in contrast to the classical synchronous machines [1]. Two primary approaches for controlling inverter-based distributed energy resources are the grid-following and grid-forming modes [2; 3; 4].
## 3 Results and Discussion
### Farinograph Properties of Doug
Additionally, fibers such as arabinoxylans (AX) and \(\beta\)-glucans may form molecular complexes with gluten proteins, improving dough strength and stability at moderate concentrations. However, at higher concentrations, excessive fiber content can cause steric hindrance or promote self-aggregation, weakening the gluten network. These combined effects explain both the beneficial increases in farinograph stability and the formulation-dependent variability in dough behavior [26; 27; 28; 29; 30; 31]. Both DDT and ST are essential indicators of flour strength. A longer development time typically reflects greater gluten strength, while a higher stability time suggests better dough tolerance to mixing and enhanced ability to retain CO\({}_{2}\) during fermentation--both characteristics favorable for breadmaking [19; 32; 33]. These beneficial effects were especially evident in doughs with oat and spelt beverages. Interestingly, [PERSON] et al. [10] reported contrasting results when using oat beverage residue flour. They observed a significant (\(p<0.05\)) decrease in both dough stability and development time across different particle sizes and inclusion levels. This adverse effect was likely due to the high concentration of solids in the oat residue flour, which may have diluted gluten proteins and weakened the dough matrix. DS decreased or remained stable in most formulations. The lowest DS value was observed in BS100 (49.3 FU), indicating high resistance to overmixing. In contrast, the highest softening was recorded for BM25 (68 FU), suggesting a weaker gluten structure and lower mechanical stability. A combination of high water absorption and low softening is generally considered favorable, as it reflects doughs that can withstand extended mixing without breakdown [33]. The Farinograph Quality Number (FQN), a composite parameter reflecting overall dough quality, increased with substitution level across all beverage types. The control dough had the lowest FQN (77), while the highest value was observed for BS100 (125). Oat- and millet-based beverages also contributed positively, reaching FQN values of 108 (BO100) and 102 (BM100), respectively. These results confirm the beneficial influence of plant-based beverages--especially spelt and oat--on dough processing characteristics. In summary, cereal-based beverages significantly influenced farinograph parameters, particularly at higher substitution levels. All tested beverages improved water absorption and dough stability, while also extending development time and enhancing dough quality. Among the tested variants, spelt-based beverages had the most favorable impact on dough performance, followed by oat. These findings highlight their potential as functional substitutes for water in wheat breadmaking, with the ability to improve dough strength and mixing tolerance.
# Dynamic Responses of Liquid Storage Tanks Caused by Wind and Earthquake in Special Environment
## 6 Numerical Example
### Wind Interference Effect  
Significant wind disturbance effect exists in group structures, [PERSON] et al. [26] obtained that amplification effect caused by wind disturbance reaches to 20-40% through wind tunnel test. [PERSON] et al. [27] obtained that the unfavorable influence of double-row arrangement of towers is obviously larger than that of single-row arrangement.  
Through the research on the influence of wind speed on the dynamic response of the structure, it is found that the larger the wind speed, the more unfavorable it is to the tank. Therefore, taking the wind speed of 20 m/s as an example, single tanks and double tanks are selected as research objects to study the influence law of wind interference effect on the dynamic responses of liquid storage tanks. The comparisons of effective stress, displacement, base shear force, and velocity field are shown in Figures 12-15 and Table 4.  
Figure 14: Effect of wind interference on base shear force (unit N).  
Figure 15: Effect of wind interference on wind velocity field (unit: m/s). (**a**) Single tank. (**b**) Double tank.  
As shown in Figures 12-15 and Table 4, without considering and considering the wind interference effect, the maximum absolute values of effective stress of the tank are 218.96 MPa and 233.81 MPa, respectively; the maximum absolute values of the displacement of the tank are 13.13 mm and 18.02 mm, respectively; the maximum absolute values of the base shear force of the tank are 951.11 kN and 1263.77 kN, respectively; and the maximum absolute values of the wind field speed are 35.59 m/s and 52.13 m/s, respectively. The difference ratios corresponding to effective stress, displacement, base shear force and wind velocity are 9.07%, 37.24%, 32.85%, and 46.47%.  
For a single tank, the maximum dynamic response is located on the tank axis and the maximum wind speed is located near the tank walls on both sides; while for a double tank, the maximum dynamic response shifts to the side between the two tanks, and the maximum wind speed is located in the area between the two tanks.  
It can be seen that the wind interference effect has a great influence on the dynamic response and wind field of liquid storage tanks. Liquid storage tanks in actual oil storage facilities are basically arranged side by side. In order to ensure their safety, it is necessary to consider the wind interference effect.
# A Survey on Recent Advanced Research of CPS Security
## 3 Reviews
### New Attacks
#### 3.21.3 USB Security  
GoodUSB [41] is a mediation architecture for the Linux USB stack that prevents USB stack from exposing a set of unrestricted device privileges and defends against BadUSB attacks. It verifies a new device's claim with a user's expectation, and, if verification fails, the device will be redirected to a honeypot virtual machine. The authors tested GoodUSB against rubber ducky and tensy, which are popular BadUSB tools. It blocks the actions of these devices' firmware with only nine more microseconds in the enumeration process on average.  
WooKey [42] is an open-source USB encrypting mass storage device designed for user data encryption and protection. It combines a two-factor authentication scheme and a security-oriented microkernel implemented in Ada/SPARK to prevent pre-authentication attacks and memory corruption. Even with in depth protection, the read/write speed of Wookey is not affected.
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Satellite-Based Datasets  
#### 2.1.1 TanSat SIF Product  
TanSat is the first sun-synchronous satellite that has the potential to retrieve SIF in China and has a revisit period of 16 days. The high spectral resolution (0.044 nm) and high SNR (360 at 15.2 mW m\({}^{-2}\) nm\({}^{-1}\) sr\({}^{-1}\)) of the Atmospheric Carbon dioxide Grating Spectroradiometer (ACGS) in the region of the O\({}^{2}\)-A band (758-778 nm) provide the potential to retrieve SIF. The TanSat SIF dataset used in this study ([[https://zenodo.org/record/3883434](https://zenodo.org/record/3883434)]([https://zenodo.org/record/3883434](https://zenodo.org/record/3883434))) was provided by [PERSON] et al. (2017), and consisted of SIF retrievals (referenced at 758 and 771 nm) retrieved at 13:30 local time. Singular vector decomposition (SVD) was used for SIF retrieval and the surrounding area covering a footprint of \(2\times 2\) km. TanSat can work in nadir, sun-glint or target mode. However, there was a change from sun-glint mode to nadir mode from October 2018, so the available data for 2019 is equivalent to that for 2017 for the first five months only.  
Previous studies have shown that the SIF at different wavelengths has a different sensitivity to stress, and to leaf and canopy reabsorption ([PERSON] et al., 2017; [PERSON] et al., 2018; [PERSON] et al., 2018). We chose the 758 nm fluorescence because it is closer to the peak band and has a stronger fluorescence signal. In addition, studies have shown that the SIF at 757 nm is better at predicting GPP than the 771 nm SIF ([PERSON] et al., 2018). Observations covering the period from February 2017 to August 2019 made at nadir were used in this study to avoid the potential impact of the viewing geometry, as the glint mode tends to underestimate SIF ([PERSON] et al., 2018).
# Development and Evaluation of a LiFi-Transceiver Module for TMTC Intra-Satellite Communication +
## 3 Transceiver-Design
### Transimpedance-Amplifier (TIA)  
A Transimpedance-Amplifier (TIA) similar to that in [19] or [20] can be used to convert the current produced by a photodiode into a voltage and amplify it.  
It consists of an Operational Amplifier (OPA), a resistor \(R_{FB}\) and a capacitor \(C_{FB}\) in the feedback path and the photodiode, as shown in Figure 2. The feedback resistor \(R_{FB}\) determines the gain of the input current to the output voltage. The feedback capacitor \(C_{FB}\) is used to stabilize and remove unwanted oscillations. The two resistors \(R1\) and \(R2\) act as a voltage divider to provide a negative bias voltage to the photodiode anode. A negative voltage on the photodiode anode causes the photodiode to operate in photoconductive mode, which reduces its capacitance and enables a faster response [19; 21].  
Figure 1: Block diagram of the developed LiFi-transceiver.  
Figure 2: Circuit diagram of the Transimpedance-Amplifier (TIA).  
The resulting bandwidth depends on the Gain-Bandwidth-Product (GBP), the feedback resistor \(R_{FB}\) and the total parasitic input capacitance from the photodiode and the operational amplifier, and it can be calculated with the following equation [19; 22; 23]:  
\[f_{\text{-3 dB}}=\sqrt{\frac{GBP}{2\cdot\pi\cdot R_{FB}\cdot C_{I}}}. \tag{1}\]  
A first simulation with the OPA355 was performed to determine the frequency response of it. The simulation ran from 1 Hz to 200 MHz. Figure 3 shows the gain in dB over the frequency axis. The \(-3\) dB point of the gain in the simulation is 1.6 MHz. In Figure 4, three measurements were taken with a square wave pulse signal that has been converted into a current source using a resistor to mimic a photodiode and determine the behavior of the OPA in general. It can be seen that although the current at the input is not optimal and is significantly attenuated at higher frequencies, the output still keeps up with the frequency and is capable of amplifying the TIA input signal as soon as it changes its positive or negative sign.
# Vendor-Agnostic Reconfiguration of Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud Federations
## 6 Design and Implementation of the Autonomic Feature Management Controller
### Controller Implementation
#### 6.2.1 Custom Resource: Featureconfig  
To enforce the declarative feature management, we extend the Kubefed host cluster API server with a new custom API resource _Featureconfig_ through the Kubernetes CRD API. The _Featureconfig_ API can be used to describe the intended features that all member clusters should support. As such, the cluster administrators manage feature configurations like any Kubernetes resource, writing a YAML file to specify the desired features (ex. Listing 1) and using kubectl to apply it in the host cluster. Then, the controller will handle the remaining processes, reconfiguring clusters' features to the desired.  
```
1 apiVersion:feature.kubefed.io/valpha1
2 kind:FeatureConfig
3 metadata:
4 name:CPUManagementPolicy
5 spec:
6 cpumanagementpolicy:static
7 pdpreset:true
8 networkpolicy:true
```  
**Listing 1** Example YAML file for Featureconfig API.  
Note that multiple features can be toggled in a single Featureconfig object. When this is the case, the controller will try to install multiple features at once. This is possible if these features must be enabled by the same vendor-agnostic tactic.
# A Novel Security Architecture for WSN-Based Applications in Smart Grid
## 2 Security in WSN-Based SG
### Related Work
The PKI should keep the same robustness, independently of the number of sensor nodes and the network dimensions. In this paper, we will design a new distributed PKI in WSNs-based applications in SG based on a clustering algorithm to elect a set of sensor nodes eligible to play the role of the CA in their clusters. The election depends on the topology of the network and many other parameters, to ensure the stability and the scalability of the distributed PKI. In the following section, we will review some clustering algorithms in WSNs.