## 2 Results and Discussion  
### The Profile of Volatiles Compounds in Bee Products  
There is only scarce information about the profiles of volatile compounds of bee products. Most studies dedicated to the volatile profiles refer to honey [19; 20]. While, the research on the characteristics of volatiles in beeswax, bee pollen, and beebread mainly concern their use as additives, which allows enriching the flavor and aroma profile, and bioactive properties of various final products [21; 22]. Thus, this is the first research presenting the profile of volatile compounds of four different bee products (honey, beebread, bee pollen, and beeswax). A total of 55 volatile compounds identified in this study are presented in Table 1. They include 15 alkanes (volatile nos. X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6, X7, X8, X9, X11, X16, X17, X18, 25, and 27; refer to Table 1), eight compounds from monoterpenes (nos. 10, 20, 22, 30, 39, 41, X47, and X50), seven alcohols (nos. X23, X29, X33, X38, X43, X51, and X52), also seven acids (nos. X31, X45, X46, X48, X49, X53, and X55), five aldehydes (nos. X13, X21, X28, X34, and X37), two esters (X26 and X54), two ketones (24 and 36), and two compounds from benzenes (nos. X15 and X19), as well as disulfides (compound no. X12), sulfoxides (X14), furans (X32), oxygenated hydrocarbon (X36), pyrroles (X40), and lactones (X44), represented by one molecule. Nonanal (X28), fur furtal (X32), and benzaldehyde (X37) were detected in all samples of been products (Table 1). In addition, 2,4-Dimethyl-heptane (X1), 4-methyl-octane (X2), 2-methyl-nonane (X5), 4-methyl-decane (X7), dodecane (X17), octanal (X21), and tetradecane (X27) were found in beeswax, beebread, and bee pollen, while, acetic acid (X31) and hexanoic acid (X49) were present only in beebread, bee pollen, and honey. As shown in Table 1, the total sum of volatiles was detected within the range of 138.29-267.13 ppm (presented as peak areas). The highest relative content of these compounds was detected in bee pollen (267.13 \(\pm\) 8.32). However, no statistical differences were found between bee pollen and beebread (\(p<\) 0.05). In contrast, the lowest sum of volatiles was determined in beeswax (138.29 \(\pm\) 5.73). The sum of volatiles could be ranked as follows: Bee pollen \(\geq\) beebread \(>\) honey \(>\) beeswax. However, the order of the number of volatiles in bee products was: Bee pollen (33 compounds) \(>\) beebread (32) \(>\) honey \(=\) beeswax (20). In addition, 2,4-dimethyl-heptane (X1) was the dominant compound in beeswax (18.9% of total volatile amount) and bee pollen (13.7%). Furthermore, 4-methyl-octane (X2; 13.8%; \(p<\) 0.05) also dominated in bee pollen, while benzaldehyde (X37) had a significantly higher percent contribution in the volatile profile in honey (26% of total volatiles). In case of the beebread, four compounds were prevailing, including three from the group of alkenes (X6,X9, and X25) and one from the group of furrans (X32). These major compounds accounted for approximately 38% of the total peak area in the beebread. As mentioned above, several volatiles were found only in one bee product (Table 1). Nine volatiles (X20, X22, X30, X39, X41, X42, X48, X50, and X53) were only present in honey, six (X14, X23, X26, X34, X47, and X54) in bee pollen, while, five (X10, X29, X35, X38, and X43) volatiles were only present in beeswax. The richest profile of volatiles was detected in the bee pollen (33 volatiles), therefore they are listed in Table 1. In contrast, a study conducted by [PERSON] and [PERSON] (2018), showed only 25 compounds in the bee pollen from Turkey. Tetradecane (X27) was the common compound identified in the Turkish bee pollen and bee products analyzed in our study. A small number of volatiles (propanediolic acid, benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, 1-dodecene, hexadecenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, and nonadecanoic acid) were also detected in the bee pollen from Brazil ([PERSON], 2018).