## 1 Introduction
### Brief Literature Review
The spatio-temporal data related to transport have experienced rapid growth in recent years, and the management and analysis of the data have become dominant. The use of relational databases for this purpose has been researched for more than two decades, with many authors [29; 30] proposing several models for designing a spatially enabled database management system. More recently, a model [31] has been proposed for the calculation of public transport accessibility with a relational database, using a PostgreSQL relational database for a data processing system for large car services [32]. The movement of data has been approached in several scientific papers, with the focus on the spatial and temporal properties of individual trajectories [33], while the consideration of vehicle speed and trajectory was researched in [34; 35]. The literature emphasizes that GIS shows huge potential for visualizing, managing, and modeling geo-spatial data [36; 37] and can be used to evaluate the transport system, make decisions, and create and analyze different scenarios, depending on the variation of different parameters. The use of open-source software such as OpenStreetMap, QGIS, PostgreSQL, and PostGIS (for connecting relational databases to GIS) allows the integration of geospatial databases with non-spatial data necessary for modeling the transport system. The GIS-based accessibility model developed by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [38] provides a general framework for the integrated use of GIS, travel impedance measurement tools, and accessibility measures to support the accessibility analysis process. A GIS-based land use and public transport origin-based accessibility indexing model [39] has been developed for measuring accessibility based on both actual walking distances and public transport travel time. In addition, a GIS-based approach for assessing pedestrian accessibility in urban areas, with a focus on the accessibility of public transport stops and stations, was developed as an integrated approach to urban planning and mobility planning [40]. The possibility of using general transit feed specification (GTFS) to identify deviations of public transport in morning hour traffic was examined in [41], and a method for evaluating the quality of pedestrian paths and the accessibility of railway stations was developed in [42]. A real-time tactic-based control (TBC) procedure for increasing the service reliability and actual occurrence of synchronized transfers in a headway-based public transport system was detailed [43], using selected online operational tactics, such as holding, boarding limits, and skipping stops, all of which are based on real-time data, for minimizing the additional travel time for passengers and reducing the uncertainty of meetings between public transport vehicles. GIS was also used to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of public transportation. A simple GIS-based tool that allows the rapid analysis of accessibility via different transport modes in London, using ArcGIS, is presented in [11]. For measuring the sustainability of urban transport performance, [44] proposes a performance model with which to evaluate the development of urban transport in terms of sustainability. This model is based on indicators such as traffic congestion, traffic pollution, and land consumption for transport infrastructure. It may be concluded that using GIS for digital maps, the optimization of bus location and public transport routes, GIS-based accessibility models, effectiveness, and the sustainability of public transport, together with research on data and data movement, are subjects extensively discussed in the scientific literature. However, the use of open tools in providing digital maps for public transport, and for the analysis of transport performance through the accessibility of public transport stations for residential areas and the optimization of the headway of vehicles is still a work in progress and may be completed with new elements.