# A Literature Review on the Charging Behaviour of Private Electric Vehicles
## 3 Results
### Use of Infrastructure  
Analyses of charging behaviors cannot ignore the availability and composition of charging infrastructures and the context of the areas analyzed. This means that the results obtained for specific geographical areas in the literature have limited applicability to other countries. Nonetheless, there are some charging behaviors that are common among most EV users, such as the predominance of home charging, where it is available [26], and the important role of workplace-charging infrastructure for EV commuters [27; 64]. Concerning the choice of where to charge, generally, public charging infrastructures are used differently depending on their location in a city [112]. According to a Dutch study on public CPs [106], roadside charging accounted for 62.86% of all sessions, while charging near one's home accounted for 27.84%, and charging sessions near one's workplace amounted to 9.3%. A general preference for home charging was identified in many studies [26; 132], followed by workplace and public charging [26; 111; 133]. According to the IEA, approximately 89% of charging stations are private, located in places of convenient access, such as at home or in offices [1]. According to a survey conducted by the European Alternative Fuel Observatory (EAFO), 76% of EV users in the EU charge their EVs at home, while around 20% do so regularly at work [132]. These results are in line with those obtained in the UK [58; 134] and Germany [13], although there are some variations in the distribution of percentages. In the USA, about 80% of recharging takes place at home [82; 135], and about 50% drivers use this mode exclusively [61]. In addition, in British Columbia, most users have access to home charging [20]. The availability of CPs at work represents an important opportunity [77], especially for users without access to home charging [132]. Users who charge exclusively at work usually have unlimited free or paid access to work CPs [61]. However, free or over-subsidized charging can lead to the inefficient use of CPs if there is no incentive to move a vehicle after the charge is over [136], and this type of charging can encourage plugging in even if the remaining range is enough for subsequent trips, creating congestion for chargers [118]. Furthermore, free charges are not financially viable and could discourage future charge investments by employers. Therefore, suitable pricing policies can significantly influence the use of charging in the workplace [127; 136]. Public charging infrastructure can be a valuable alternative for areas with limited home-charging options, particularly densely populated urban areas [31]. Personal safety and proximity to one's home are the most crucial factors in the replacement of private charging with public charging, particularly during nighttime usage [71]. Additionally, public charging infrastructures are used differently depending on their location [112]. In [106], the authors state that public charging along the streets accounts for 62.86% of all sessions, while charging near work amounts to 27.84% of the total, and charging sessions near home make up 9.3%. Public and corridor charging stations are the least-used types of infrastructure [26; 113]. An overall analysis of charging demand revealed that the likelihood of using public charging in a given area is proportional to the average number of cars per family and inversely proportional to the percentage of private homes in an area [93]. Fast charging is a promising technological solution that can positively impact the spread of electric vehicles. By reducing charging times, it can potentially increase user acceptance of electric mobility. A questionnaire distributed in Germany revealed that motorway service stations, shops, and traditional refueling stations are ideal locations for fast-charging stations. EV users are willing to take a detour to find fast charging stations, but they reject waiting times [13]. Users are also willing to pay more for fast charging compared to slow charging [53; 55].