## 3 Results
### Evaluation on Collapse of Set CAp Granules  
To evaluate the function of the set granules in preventing migration, their collapse after shaking in a saline solution was investigated. After six days, SG 0.33 collapsed completely (Figure 7a). Partial collapse was observed in SG 0.43, SG 0.54, and SG 0.67, while SG 0.82 retained its original shape with minimal structural damage. Weight measurement over 1, 2, 4, and 6 days (Figure 7b) revealed a gradual decrease across all groups. The weights of SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82 decreased by 76.7%, 68.6%, 64.0%, and 59.6%, respectively. The transverse and sagittal cross-sectional u-CT images of the remaining set CAp granules (Figure 8a-i) confirmed complete collapse in SG 0.33 and partial collapse in SG 0.43, SG 0.54, and SG 0.67. Conversely, in SG 0.82, CAp granules retained most of their original shape. Furthermore, the intergranular spaces of SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82 increased after six days of shaking to 129.8 \(\pm\) 40.9, 134.5 \(\pm\) 36.7, 146.2 \(\pm\) 55.6, and 176.7 \(\pm\) 47.6 \(\upmu\)m, respectively (Figure 8j). Notably, SG (0.54), SG (0.67), and SG 0.82 exhibited significant differences (Figure 8j). Furthermore, in SG 0.33, SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82, the material volume slightly decreased to 283.4 \(\pm\) 3.8, 282.2 \(\pm\) 3.2, 281.6 \(\pm\) 3.9, 280.8 \(\pm\) 3.7, and 280.4 \(\pm\) 3.5 mm\({}^{3}\), respectively, before shaking in saline solution (Figure 8k). After immersion in saline for six days, the material volume decreased for SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82 with 269.7 \(\pm\) 7.7, 269.3 \(\pm\) 11.0, 276.6 \(\pm\) 9.0, and 276.7 \(\pm\) 8.5 mm\({}^{3}\), respectively. Furthermore, before immersion in saline, the specific surface area decreased as the CSH/CAp ratio increased (Figure 8l). After immersion, the specific surface area values increased by 3.99 \(\pm\) 0.20, 3.82 \(\pm\) 0.20, 3.65 \(\pm\) 0.28, and 3.66 \(\pm\) 0.  
ratio increased from 0.33 to 0.82. These results indicate that CSD dissolution contributed to increased intergranular space and surface area while the CAp granules retained structural integrity, particularly at higher CSH/CAp ratios. The porosity in the set CAp granules tended to decrease before shaking in the saline solution as the CSH/CAp ratio increased, with values of 59.3 \(\pm\) 3.0%, 59.5 \(\pm\) 1.3%, 58.9 \(\pm\) 1.1%, 57.5 \(\pm\) 1.2%, and 55.3 \(\pm\) 0.6% (Figure 9a). After shaking in the saline solution for six days, the porosity of the remaining set CAp granules increased, with values of 60.80 \(\pm\) 1.42%, 60.47 \(\pm\) 0.95%, 60.29 \(\pm\) 1.48%, and 59.87 \(\pm\) 1.29% in SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82, respectively (Figure 9a). These results confirmed that as the CSH/CAp ratio increased, the range of increase in porosity before and after shaking in the saline solution increased. The CS of the set granules increased as the CSH/CAp ratio increased from 0.50 \(\pm\) 0.17 to 3.45 \(\pm\) 0.93 MPa before shaking in the saline solution (Figure 9b). Although the CS values decreased after shaking in the saline solution, this trend was maintained, ranging from 0.85 \(\pm\) 0.17 to 1.57 \(\pm\) 0.19 MPa (Figure 9b). The elemental composition of the remaining material after immersion in saline was analyzed. Across all groups (SG 0.43, SG 0.54, SG 0.67, and SG 0.82), calcium (Ca) was the primary element, followed by phosphorus (P), indicating the presence of the CAp structure after immersion (Figure 10). Sulfur (S) levels varied across groups, with SG 0.82 exhibiting the lowest sulfur content (0.67%), compared to SG 0.43, SG 0.54, and SG 0.67. The EDX results for SG 0.82 showed 23.5% Ca, 0.67% S, and 11.8% P. In contrast, SG 0.33 demonstrated no detectable sulfur content, indicating the complete dissolution of CSD. These results indicate varying degrees of CSD dissolution depending on the CSH/CAp ratio. Figure 7: Images of the remaining set granules after six days of immersion in saline solution (**a**).