## 1 Introduction
### Study Objectives  
Maintaining the health, safety, and well-being of workers is vital for achieving social sustainability in manufacturing [39], and safety is a top priority in the industrial sector [40; 41]. Effective safety training is essential for minimizing and preventing accidents during human-machine interactions [14]. Given that humans are central to any business, effectively managing their resources and capacity, particularly their health, safety, and well-being, has become increasingly crucial in recent decades [26]. Moreover, safety training is legally mandated in many countries and industries as a vital accident-prevention measure [42]. While safety training is crucial for human-machine interactions, current methods in manufacturing fall short by not adapting to individual learning needs, knowledge levels, and operational habits, and often rely on passive and unengaging methods like text, images, videos, and regulations [14; 42]. Traditional training methods are often ineffective due to low engagement, poor knowledge retention, high costs, and limited ability to simulate real hazards [43]. Furthermore, despite technological advancements, the consistently high rates of WMSD in manufacturing highlight the urgency of better assessment methods and regular updates to safety protocols [27]. Innovative emerging tools like immersive VR and AR platforms have demonstrated promise in industrial education by combining gamified experiences with simulations to improve knowledge retention and emotional preparedness. For example, manufacturing and other industrial sectors have become prime areas for applying immersive learning environments via virtual technologies, which combine gamification with educational design to improve safety training [44]. Immersive visual technologies create exciting opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of safety training programs [45]. These emerging immersive technologies are central to the shift towards human-centered smart manufacturing, which entails safe and reliable human-robot collaboration (HRC) [46]. Hence, this study aims to explore the integration of DT and IM technologies to enhance OHS in the manufacturing sector. These technologies hold significant promise by enabling real-time monitoring, analysis, and optimization of working conditions through immersive digital simulations. While previous studies have primarily examined their applications in industries such as construction and healthcare, there is limited research that comprehensively addresses their combined integration in manufacturing for OHS purposes, highlighting the novelty and necessity of this study. Thus, the main objectives of this study are to investigate the definitions, characteristics, and applications of DT and IM technology in manufacturing. Furthermore, we analyze how these technologies contribute to improving OHS through immersive training and real-time risk management. In addition, we identify the key enabling technologies, benefits, and barriers to implementation. Based on these objectives, we posed the following research questions (RQs):  
* RQ 1: What is a DT, and how is it used to create virtual replicas of plants, machinery, and production processes? * RQ 2: What is an IM, and how can virtual worlds be used to simulate real industrial environments? * RQ 3: How does the integration of DT and IM technologies create an advanced digital ecosystem that enhances safety training, incident management, and workplace monitoring? * RQ 4: What are the benefits of using immersive technologies in safety training and incident management? * RQ 5: What are the challenges and limitations of the large-scale adoption of these technologies in manufacturing? This study supports the shift toward Industry 5.0 by demonstrating how immersive and predictive technologies can transform OHS in manufacturing. By addressing these key RQs, a roadmap for moving from reactive safety measures to proactive, human-centered strategies is offered.