esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 1 Introduction  
Ag nanoparticles with significant light-harvesting and photothermal properties have attracted a lot of attention in recent years [1]. A lot of researchers have focused on the application of Ag nanoparticles for light management in optoelectronic devices [2; 3] and for optothermal synergy therapies to treat cancer [4; 5]. Recently, heat-labile organic or organic-inorganic hybrid materials, such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), perovskites and pro-injected organic drugs in nanostructures have been used to improve the efficiency of optoelectronic devices [6; 7] and pharma projects [8]. Spin coating [9], doctor blading [10] and screen printing [11] have been used to deposit metal nanoparticles on these heat-labile substrates without causing heat generation or introducing impurities. However, it is still challenging to use the above-mentioned coating methods owing to the low adhesion forces and the inhomogeneous distributions found on such substrate surfaces owing to their complex topological structures.  
Plasmonic heating can occur in the nanoscale gaps, that is, at the grain boundaries; this generates extremely localized hot spots and causes atomic mass diffusion between the gaps [12; 13]. Thus, plasmonic heating has been used as a new low-temperature welding technique for metal materials with one-dimensional nanostructures, for example, plasmonic welding for Ag or Cu nanowire networks [14; 15]. Significant plasmonic heating can also be excited in two- or three-dimensional metal nanostructures as these have low melting points because of their enhanced surface energy [16]. However,plasmonic heating for ultrathin metal nanofilms or other three-dimensional metal nanostructures has seldom been studied or applied.  
In this work, we studied plasmonic heating for ultrathin Ag nanofilms and applied the technique for the fabrication of Ag nanoparticles on the surfaces of substrates with complex topological structures. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results show that the plasmonic enhancement mainly occurs in the gaps or voids of the Ag nanofilms, rather than because of random surface fluctuations. The observation of the enlargement of the voids and rewelding of the Ag nanoparticles provides direct evidence for the plasmon-assisted conglobation of Ag nanofilms. Owing to the highly localized plasmonic heat generation, the average temperature of the Ag nanofilm is far below its melting point when the conglobation occurs. Therefore, the results of this study show great potential for the use of plasmonic heat generation in the fabrication of heat-labile organic or organic-inorganic hybrids in solar cells, light-emitting diodes or cancer pharma projects.
## Adaptive Measurement-Based Policy-Driven QoS Management with Fuzzy-Rule-based Resource Allocation  
**[PERSON] 1,*, [PERSON] 2, [PERSON] 2 and [PERSON] 2**  
1 Centre for Secure Information Technologies, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT3 9 DT, UK  
2 School of Computing and Information Engineering, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, BT52 1 SA, UK; E-Mails: [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (G.P.P.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (S.I.M.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (P.J.M.)  
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +44-028-9097-1896.  
_Received: 26 January 2012; in revised form: 5 June 2012 / Accepted: 27 June 2012 / Published: 4 July 2012_  
**Abstract:** Fixed and wireless networks are increasingly converging towards common connectivity with IP-based core networks. Providing effective end-to-end resource and QoS management in such complex heterogeneous converged network scenarios requires unified, adaptive and scalable solutions to integrate and co-ordinate diverse QoS mechanisms of different access technologies with IP-based QoS. Policy-Based Network Management (PBNM) is one approach that could be employed to address this challenge. Hence, a policy-based framework for end-to-end QoS management in converged networks, CNQF (Converged Networks QoS Management Framework) has been proposed within our project. In this paper, the CNQF architecture, a Java implementation of its prototype and experimental validation of key elements are discussed. We then present a fuzzy-based CNQF resource management approach and study the performance of our implementation with real traffic flows on an experimental testbed. The results demonstrate the efficacy of our resource-adaptive approach for practical PBNM systems.  
**Keywords:** policy-based network management; fuzzy logic; resource allocation; admission control; resource management; converged networks
## 3 VPS and CPS Based PC-HBF  
### Proposed Architecture  
Figure 1b shows the proposed PC-HBF architecture. The signal model of this architecture is similar to that in Figure 1a, except for the analog precoding part. Specifically, in the proposed architecture, RF precoding based on VPSs and CPSs is employed, and hence in (2), \(\mathbf{F}_{V}\) is replaced with \(\mathbf{F}_{VC}\in\mathbb{C}^{N_{t}\times N_{RF}}\), which can be expressed as follows [13]:  
\[\mathbf{F}_{VC}=\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf{f}_{VC,1}&\mathbf{0}&\cdots&\mathbf{0} \\ \mathbf{0}&\mathbf{f}_{VC,2}&\mathbf{0}&\vdots\\ \vdots&\mathbf{0}&\ddots&\mathbf{0}\\ \mathbf{0}&...&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{f}_{VC,U}\end{bmatrix}, \tag{1}\]  
where \(\mathbf{f}_{VC,u}=\Delta_{U}\mathbf{f}_{u},u=1,...,U\), and \(\mathbf{f}_{u}=[\mathbf{f}_{V,u}^{T},\mathbf{f}_{C}^{T}]^{T}\) is a concatenated vector of \(\mathbf{f}_{V,u}\) and \(\mathbf{f}_{C}\). Here, \(\mathbf{f}_{V,u}\) and \(\mathbf{f}_{C}\) represent the phases of \(N_{V}\) VPSs and \(N_{C}\) CPSs in the \(u\)th subarray, respectively. Notably, the phases of the CPSs are fixed to \(\mathbf{f}_{C}=[1,e^{-j\frac{2\pi}{N_{C}}},...,e^{-j\frac{2\pi(N_{C}-1)}{N_{C }}}]^{T}\) for every subarray, where \(N_{C}=M-N_{V}\). Furthermore, \(\Delta_{u}=[\Delta_{u}^{1}\ \Delta_{u}^{2}]\) is a binary switch matrix that determines the allocations of phase shifters to transmit antennas for the \(u\)th subarray, where \(\Delta_{u}^{1}\in\mathbb{B}^{M\times N_{V}}\) and \(\Delta_{u}^{2}\in\mathbb{B}^{M\times N_{C}}\) denote the VPS-to-antenna and CPS-to-antenna allocations, respectively. Each VPS and CPS is allocated to a single antenna. Therefore, only a single element in every row and column of \(\Delta_{u}\) is one, whereas all other elements are zero.
## 2 Results and Discussion
### Peppermint's Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Composition
These results indicate that ultra-high CO\({}_{2}\) levels may enhance the production of EOs and, consequently, VOC production in plants grown in vitro, meaning that they would be present at higher levels than in soil grown crops. [PERSON] et al. (2004) [48] created an experiment to test the major VOCs of the linalool-producing _Lippiia alba_ Mill. [PERSON]. (Verbenaceae family) chemotype. Plantlets were grown in MS medium with or without PGR. The study showed that _L. alba_ contains sabinene, myrrene, and linalool, which can also be found in peppermint. In this case, the addition of 0.23 uM of IAA to the medium significantly enhanced sabinene and myrrene contents, and the addition of 0.92 uM of KIN significantly increased the linalool level. These results may be useful to increase the levels of chemical compounds in peppermint. [PERSON] and [PERSON] experiment (2016) [46; 49] was designed to study the effect of PGRs and to find the best ones for maximizing the efficiency and quality attributes of peppermint. The following regulators were used: BAP, CCC (chloromequat), GA\({}_{3}\), IAA, IBA, KIN, MJ (methyl jasmonate), SA (salicylic acid), and Tria (triacontanol). Regulators were used at 60 days after transplanting (DAT) at concentrations of \(5\times 10^{-6}\) M. The concentration, yield, and active constituents of peppermint were studied at 90 DAT. The data showed that SA was the best for increasing oil content and yield as well as menthol yield and concentration. The study identified three regulators with the greatest impact on menthol content-SA, GA\({}_{3}\), and IBA. This experiment also proved that BAP was the best regulator for menthone content. [PERSON] and [PERSON] (1997) [50] studied the influence of phenylurea cytokins (DROPP: 50% TDZ and 4 PU-30-N-(2-chlor-4-pyridyl)-\(N^{\prime}\)-phenylurea) on the EO composition of a chosen cineole-type spearmint cultivar. The experiment showed that the use of cytokins increased the major components (1,8-cineole and \(p\)-cymene) and reduced the amount of carvacrol and thymol nearly two-fold. It was concluded that the use of phenylurea cytokins for this type of spearmint has a beneficial effect on EO productivity. For a well-balanced composition of EO, it is recommended to use 4 PU-30 at 25 mg: dm\({}^{-3}\) and DROPP at 100 mg: dm\({}^{-3}\). At these concentrations of PGRs, the specific pharmacological activity should be guaranteed.
# An Efficient Opportunistic Routing Based on Prediction for Nautical Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
## 5 Conclusions  
In this paper, we developed an efficient opportunistic routing based on prediction for nautical wireless ad hoc networks for the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge. For unavailable links of opportunistic networks, the proposed scheme takes into consideration transmission quality evaluation and relay advancement prediction to improve message forwarding. The results demonstrated that the proposed scheme achieved performance improvements with respect to packet loss ratio and throughput compared to other schemes. Due to the sparse distribution of nodes and the complexity of marine environments, the selections of intermediate nodes are easily affected during message transmission, and therefore the average latency becomes longer. However, we feel that the additional delay in a scheme that greatly improves routing performance is a good trade-off. In future work, intelligent routing strategies will be further explored to reduce latency as much as possible, while ensuring routing efficiency.  
**Author Contributions:** Supervision, S.J.; writing--original draft, L.G.; writing--review and editing, L.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
**Funding:** This work was supported by The Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission of China (No. 2021-01-07-00-10-E00121).  
**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.  
**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.  
Figure 4: Comparison of different schemes. (**a**) Packet loss ratio vs. node density. (**b**) Throughput vs. node density. (**c**) Average latency vs. node density.  
Data Availability Statement: The program code used in the research can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.
## 4 Spatial Cooperative Game Models and Their Applications in Terms of Locales
### Case I: The Three Player (\(N=3\)) Hypothetical Spatial Cooperative Game
Multinational organizations such as the EU, NAFTA, NATO, and BRICS generate benefits from eased trade and common operations by taking advantage of various scale and external economies. The major source of coalition benefits comes from spatial continuity enabling a frictionless flow of factors, goods, and services between demanding and supplying countries. A functional spatial continuity requires common infrastructures (e.g., roads, pipelines, railroads, energy grids) and institutional settings. In contrast to the cases presented in urban regeneration, finding clear cut and exact parameters for computing the returns from coalitions is technically impossible in a multinational setting. Therefore, a hypothetical incrementally increasing return function has been developed in Equation (10) as a function of countries' economic sizes (i.e., gross domestic product [GDP]) for presenting the capability of spatial cooperative game models. This study classifies countries' economic sizes both before and after the coalition (Table 8). \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Country**} & \multirow{2}{*}{**Country Code**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Base GDP Before Grand Coalition**} & \multicolumn{1}{c}{**GDP by EU Countries**} \\  & & **(SA\(\cdot\)10\({}^{9}\))** & **(\(\mathbf{\xi}\)10\({}^{9}\))** * \\ \hline Austria & AT & 159 & 441 \\ Czechia & CZ & 136 & 376 \\ Germany & DE & 1515 & 4199 \\ Hungary & HU & 104 & 290 \\ Italy & IT & 836 & 2317 \\ Slovakia & SK & 65 & 180 \\ Slovenia & SI & 26 & 71 \\ Poland & PL & 406 & 1126 \\ Belgium & BE & 191 & 529 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 8: European union countries and their gross domestic product values. Figure 4: After tax (\(Z\)), the minimum expected individual benefits per unit base square meter area (\(P\_Min/P\_area\)) [41]. Figure 5: After tax (\(Z\)), the maximum expected individual benefits per unit base square meter area (\(P\_Max/P\_area\)) [41].
## 3 Results
### Some Results of the Opacity Evaluations from the NASA Data  
Evaluations of the atmospheric opacity from the NASA data as described in Section 2.4 have been performed for more than 40 sites around the globe [9]. They include an analysis of the seasonal variations in opacity. The main conclusion of this research is that the best place for submillimeter astronomy in the Eastern hemisphere is the high-altitude (4300-4500 m) plateau in Eastern Pamirs. The atmospheric transparency at this site is comparable with that in the Atacama desert in Chile and is much better than on the Suffa plateau in Uzbekistan, where the 70 m radio telescope is constructed. Typical PWV values in winter are as low as 0.8-0.9 mm. The extent of the plateau is rather large, and baselines up to \(\sim\)130 km are possible. Similar conditions exist in Tibet. Among the sites on the Russian territory considered in this study, the best transparency was found for the Terskol peak (3150 m), where the optical observatory is located. The comparison of the atmospheric transparency on the Suffa plateau and on the Terskol peak is presented in Figure 4.  
In general, the advantages of high-altitude locations for submillimeter astronomy are due to lower water content (including cloudiness), lower oxygen absorption and lower specific absorption coefficient per PWV unit \(\beta(\
u)\) in Equation (1). It is worth noting that in the mountains, humidity decreases with height more slowly than above the plain (e.g., [29]), and the decrease in humidity is largely due to a drop in temperature.  
Figure 3: (**Left panel**): the monthly averaged values of the optical depth at the site of RT-70 construction on the Suffa plateau in the atmospheric transparency windows at 3, 2, 1.3 and 0.8 mm. (**Right panel**): the monthly averaged PWV values at this site derived from the radiometer MIAP-2 measurements (filled circles) and from the aerosonde data (open circles). The plots are based on the data from [33].
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Patients  
A total of 32 Korean adults (15 males, 17 females) were diagnosed with a class III skeletal malocclusion at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, during the years 2018 to 2020. Those patients with a history of trauma, a head and neck malformation including cleft lip and palate, or craniofacial syndrome were not included in the study. Those patients were included in the study who underwent mandibular setback using a bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO). Those patients who were treated with a genioplasty were also excluded from the study. Other inclusion criteria comprised the availability of complete records, radiographs as well as preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with 1 year follow-up images. Among the study population, 21 patients (65.6%) under the age of 22 accounted for the majority, a total of 5 patients (15.6%) from the age group of 23-25 years, and 6 patients (18.7%) over the age of 26 years. The male to female ratio was 15 males (46.87%) to 17 females (53.13%), respectively. (Table 1).  
Written informed consent was obtained from all patients included in this study, which was performed retrospectively, using radiographic data, and medical anesthesia records were obtained after receiving approval from the Institutional Review Board of Pusan National University Hospital (IRB No. PNUDH-2021-037). All patients and their records were treated consistently with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The patients were divided according to the setback amount into three groups. In Group 1, the setback was 8 mm or less (8 patients, 25%), in Group II there was 8 to10 mm of setback (10 patients, 31.2%), and in Group III, the setback was 11 mm or more (13 patients, 43.8%) (Table 2).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l l l l} \hline \hline
**Age (Years)** & **Male** & **Female** & **Total (\%)** \\ \hline
22 & 7 & 14 & 21 (65.6) \\
23–25 & 4 & 1 & 5 (15.6) \\
26 & 4 & 2 & 6 (18.7) \\ \hline Total (\%) & 15 (46.87) & 17 (53.13) & 32 (100) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Sex and age distribution of the patients.
# Proxy-Based Semi-Supervised Cross-Modal Hashing
## 4 Experiments
### Ablation Studies  
To validate the effectiveness of the PSSCH method, we implemented three variations to calculate the mAP values for the tasks of I\(\rightarrow\)T and T\(\rightarrow\)I. Specifically: (1) PSSCH-1: Using discrete \([0,1]\) pseudo-labels, and applying the labeled data loss \(\mathcal{L}_{h}^{l_{p}}\) to the unlabeled data in the hash space. (2) PSSCH-2: Not dynamically adjusting the weight of the loss for unlabeled data \(\mathcal{L}_{h}^{u}\). (3) PSSCH-3: Removing the loss function \(\mathcal{L}_{f}\) in the feature space.  
The results of the ablation experiment are shown in Table 4. Since PSSCH-1 uses discrete pseudo-labels \([0,1]\), which require quantization of the results after pseudo-label generation, information is inevitably lost during this process. In contrast, continuous pseudo-labels can directly represent the structural relationship between data and similar categories. By comparing the results of PSSCH-1 and PSSCH on three benchmark datasets, it can be seen that PSSCH effectively utilizes the structural relationships within continuous pseudo-labels to achieve better outcomes. PSSCH-2 eliminates the dynamic weight adjustment function: \(\min\left(1,\frac{\text{epoch}}{\text{epoch}}\right)\).  
In the early stages of training, when feature proxies have not been sufficiently trained, generating pseudo-labels based on the similarity between pre-trained features of unlabeled data and feature proxies introduces noise. Assigning a large weight to unlabeled data loss in the early stages can negatively impact model performance. Comparing the results of PSSCH-2 and PSSCH indicates that not dynamically adjusting the loss weight for unlabeled data leads to the initial low-quality pseudo-labels severely affecting the model's training, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. Comparing the results of PSSCH-3 and PSSCH, we see that PSSCH-3 removes the loss function \(\mathcal{L}_{f}\) in the feature space and only updates the feature proxy through hash loss during backpropagation without constraining the feature proxy at the feature level. This lack of guarantee in pseudo-label generation leads to suboptimal results. By comparing these three variants, the effectiveness of each component in the PSSCH method can be verified.
## 1 Introduction
### Scope and Objectives of the Study  
Unfortunately, only a few studies have discussed the role of Earth observation in the context of capacity building in Africa for addressing service delivery and national development as well as AU-Agenda 2063 development imperatives. In addition, existing EO-derived information in various thematic applications and open and free satellite data and software are underutilized, attributable to lack of awareness, technical capability, and infrastructure for processing, analyzing, storing and disseminating terabytes of data. Therefore, this paper seeks to address these gaps, by discussing the potential of capacity building in Earth observation for supporting the implementation, monitoring of, and reporting for, AU-Agenda 2063 development imperatives. Specifically, we identified existing capacity-building resources, including the role of open and free Earth observation data, open-source software, and product dissemination platforms that can be leveraged for supporting national development, service delivery and the achievement of AU-Agenda 2063 targets. Furthermore, the paper recognizes the importance of bilateral and multilateral partnerships in leveraging existing expertise, technology and other resources for advancing strategic goals of African emerging space agencies and promoting sustainable development with examples from South African National Space Agency (SANSA). Then, the challenges and opportunities for capacity building and wide adoption of EO in Africa are discussed in the context of African emerging space agencies and AU-Agenda 2063.
# Learning an Efficient Convolution Neural Network for Pansharpening
## 3 Proposed Model
### Dilated Multilevel Block  
Since CNN models are formed by stacking multiple convolutional layers, as the network goes deeper, higher level features can be extracted, while lower structural details may be lost; Figure 3 provides further insight into this interpretation. By observing Figure 3b,c, we can find they match different features (vegetated areas and water basins) but tend to share similar structural information as that of LRMS, while higher level features in Figure 3d are more abstract compared with LRMS.  
To make full use of the extracted information, we propose the dilated multilevel block, which is introduced from multiscale block as displayed in Figure 2b. A multiscale block can learn representations of different scale under same receptive field, which can improve the abundance of extracted features, and has been applied in Reference [21]. Different from multiscale architecture, our proposed dilated multilevel block leverages both high- and low-level features sufficiently, which can make up the drawback of our lower network depth.  
We compare the dilated multilevel block with the plain block and multiscale block to validate the superiority of the proposed one. All the experiments were conducted on same datasets and hyper-parameter settings. During the training procedure, all the networks are trained for \(1.5\times 10^{5}\) iterations and tested for 2000 iterations. Loss errors on the validation datasets are displayed in Figure 4a. As it shows, our dilated multilevel block outperformed plain block and multiscale block in improving pansharpening accuracy.  
Figure 3: Input and intermediate results of a WorldView-2 sample. (**a**) Input of the CNN model. (**b**) The feature map obtained using filter #1 of the first convolutional layer. (**c**) The feature map obtained using filter #9 of the first convolutional layer. (**d**) The feature map obtained using filter #5 of the third convolutional layer.
## 5 Component Cost and Financial Assumption
### Interest Rate and Inflation Rate  
As depicted in Figure 9a,b the nominal interest rate and inflation rate, respectively, announced by National Bank of Ethiopia [48] for the past seven years (2013-2019) were considered for the simulation analysis. The minimum nominal interest rate of 11.88%, the maximum nominal interest rate of 13.5%, and the average of the nominal interest rate for the considered period was 12.59%. Similarly, the minimum, maximum, and average inflation rate for the considered period were 7.4%, 14.6% and 10.51%, respectively. In this paper, the project lifetime of 25 years, the average values of nominal interest rate (12.59%) and the inflation rate (10.51%) were used to calculate the annual real interest rate using Equation (1).