## 1 Introduction  
Aquaculture farming has been the fastest growing food producing sector in the last few decades and an important industry in many developing countries. However, the industry currently faces a threatening challenge due to the bacterial disease outbreaks resulting in high mortality rates in the aquaculture population [1; 2]. This is in part due to extensive use of antibiotics in fish farms leading to antimicrobial resistance in fish pathogens [3; 4; 5]. Vibriois is an important bacterial disease in wild and farmed marine fishes, which results in severe economic loss of more than USD 1 billion [6]. In addition, bacteria from seafood sources have been associated with foodborne outbreaks [7]. The formation of biofilms by marine pathogens further amplifies problems faced in the aquatic systems and the aquaculture industry. Biofilms are self-assembled communities of bacteria embedded in a self-developed extracellular matrix (ECM) and are adherent to abiotic or abiotic surfaces. The ECM contains exopolysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA (eDNA) [8; 9; 10]. Biofilm formation is induced by genetic factors and influenced by environmental conditions including pH, temperature and the availability of nutrients [9]. The formation of ECM in biofilms presents a physical barrier that allows the bacteria to protect themselves from external disturbances. This further leads to the improvement of their resilience to the external environmental conditions and enhance their virulence to cause disease. Examples of enhanced resilience include resistance against antimicrobial agents, disinfectants and host defense mechanisms, making them more difficult and expensive to treat [11,12]. The extensive use of antibiotics in marine systems coupled with the enhanced resilience of marine pathogens as biofilms leads to a \"double whammy\" scenario of antimicrobial resistance in the aquaculture industry, resulting in huge economic losses due to high mortality rates of fish and seafood as important commodities in countries with high economic dependency on seafood farming such as South East Asia and Japan. The prevalent challenge has necessitated efforts on new antibacterial materials that can effectively inhibit growth and resistance of aquatic pathogens while minimizing negative impacts on human and animal health and the environment. _V. parahemolyticus_ is a prevalent food-poisoning bacterium associated with seafood consumption, typically causing self-limiting gastroenteritis and commonly found in temperate and tropical marine and coastal waters globally [13,14]. Vibrioisis is a systemic bacterial infection in farmed and wild marine fishes, which is considered to be a profoundly significant problem due to intensive economic losses in aquaculture industry worldwide [15]. _V. campbelli_ is as an emerging marine pathogen recently associated with diseased farm shrimps [16]. Several studies have reported on the development of bacterial biofilms in aquatic environments, particularly challenges faced due to the persistence of these biofilms as important sources of infection and disease in the aquaculture industry. The diseases result in huge economic losses due to high mortality rates of seafood as important commodities [17, 18, 19]. Several strategies have been evaluated to combat biofilm development in aquaculture systems, and these include seawater ozonation [20], use of probiotics [21] and sanitizers [22]. In a recent minireview by [PERSON] et al., the strategy of quorum sensing (QS) inhibition was discussed. QS refers to chemical signaling molecules that control biofilm formation in bacteria [23]. Recently, several studies on antibacterial agents for the aquaculture systems have also been explored. These include non-chemotherapeutic methods such as natural therapeutics from plants and immunostimulants [24, 25, 26] and by alternative inorganic materials [27]. Additionally, studies on the application of zeolites as an antimicrobial agent have started to gain traction particularly in the field of aquaculture.