## 4 Results and Discussion  
The application of heritage BIM to Ad Deir has yielded promising results. The 3D BIM model provides a highly accurate as well as detailed representation of the monument, enabling researchers and conservationists to explore various aspects of the structure remotely. The model facilitates the identification of deterioration and potential conservation strategies, supporting the preservation efforts of this heritage site. Additionally, the interactive BIM model allows visitors to experience Ad Deir in virtual reality, promoting public engagement and educational opportunities. The application of heritage BIM for the enhanced architectural documentation of Ad Deir Tomb in Petra has yielded promising results and can directly provide the engineering drawings and historical information. This can be shown in Figures 11 and 12. Through the integration of various data sources and technologies, a comprehensive 3D digital documentation and heritage BIM model of the monument were successfully created. This section discusses the key findings and implications of this endeavour. The 3D digital documentation of Ad Deir Tomb incorporated data from diverse sources, including laser scanning, photogrammetry, and architectural surveys. These data sources provided a holistic representation of the monument, capturing both geometric and textural details. The integration of data was seamless, resulting in a highly accurate and detailed 3D model. This approach aligns with the principles of heritage BIM, which emphasize the importance of multi-source data integration for a comprehensive understanding of heritage structures [35]. Heritage BIM offers an immersive and visually rich representation of the Ad Deir Tomb. Researchers, conservationists, and the public can explore the monument virtually, gaining insights into its architectural intricacies. The model facilitates the interpretation of historical and architectural features, supporting educational and research initiatives. This aligns with the goals of cultural heritage preservation, as it enhances accessibility and engagement with heritage sites [47]. One of the significant advantages of heritage BIM is its ability to assess the structural condition of the Ad Deir Tomb. The 3D model enables a detailed analysis of deterioration, damage, and deformation. By comparing the current state of the monument to historical records, researchers can identify areas of concern and prioritize conservation efforts [48]. This analytical capability is invaluable for long-term preservation strategies. On the other hand, during the project, several numbers of technical limitations and challenges were associated with the'scan to heritage BIM' methodology. Several factors need consideration. First are the data collection challenges. One significant hurdle in utilizing 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry for data acquisition is the complexity of capturing data from rough and irregular surfaces. The Ad Deir Tomb, being an ancient structure, likely poses challenges in obtaining accurate data due to its diverse surface characteristics. Manual intervention may be necessary to identify corresponding points on such surfaces, increasing the time and effort required for data collection. Second are the computational demands. Processing large-scale data acquired through 3D laser scanning can be computationally intensive. The sheer volume of data, especially when dealing with millions of point clouds, necessitates powerful computing resources and efficient algorithms for data processing and registration. This can lead to increased processing time and resource requirements, potentially limiting the scalability of the methodology, especially in resource-constrained environments. Finally are the software limitations. While BIM platforms offer capabilities for data integration and modeling, not all platforms may be well suited for modeling heritage projects with irregular and unique elements [16].