## 3 Results and Discussion
### Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract Chemical Profile Implementing GS-MS Analysis
#### 3.1.2. S. _officialis_ Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract Chemical Profile
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c c} \hline \multirow{3}{*}{**No.**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**Compounds \({}^{*}\)**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**RI**} & \multirow{3}{*}{**LRI**} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{**Relative Percentage Area (\%)**} \\ \cline{4-10}  & & & & & & **EOs** & & & **HSs** & \\ \cline{4-10}  & & & & **OVH** & **SO** & **MP** & **OVH** & **SO** & **MP** \\ \hline
**1** & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\)-Pinene & 939 & 932 & 1.9 & 2.9 & - & - & - & - \\
**2** & Camphene & 957 & 946 & - & 2.0 & - & - & - & - \\
**3** & _3_-Octanol & 970 & 988 & - & - & 2.5 & - & - & - \\
**4** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\)-Pinene & 984 & 974 & - & 10.0 & - & - & - & - \\
**5** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\)-Myrce & 990 & 988 & 2.0 & - & - & - & - & - \\
**6** & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\)-Terpinenee & 1020 & 1014 & 1.6 & - & - & - & - & - \\
**7** & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\)-Cymene & 1032 & 1022 & 11.6 & - & - & - & - & - \\
**8** & _1,8_-Cineole & 1040 & 1026 & - & 15.8 & - & - & 32.6 & - \\
**9** & \(\mathbf{\gamma}\)-Terpinenee & 1063 & 1054 & 8.4 & - & - & - & - & - \\
**10** & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\)-Thujone & 1113 & 1101 & - & 25.1 & - & - & 22.4 & - \\
**11** & \(\mathbf{\beta}\)-Thujone & 1126 & 1112 & - & 5.0 & - & - & 3.4 & - \\
**12** & Menthone & 1132 & 1148 & - & - & 7.8 & - & - & 2.6 \\
**13** & Isomenthone & 1134 & 1158 & - & - & 7.7 & - & - & 1.0 \\
**14** & Camphor & 1160 & 1141 & - & 2.9 & - & - & 11.3 & - \\
**15** & Borneol & 1181 & 1165 & - & 5.1 & - & - & 22.6 & - \\
**16** & Terpinen-4-ol & 1187 & 1174 & - & - & - & - & 3.0 & - \\
**17** & Pulegone & 1213 & 1133 & - & - & 62.1 & - & - & 50.6 \\
**18** & Piperitone & 1230 & 1249 & - & - & 11.3 & - & - & 32.4 \\
**19** & Thymol & 1296 & 1289 & 1.8 & - & - & - & - & - \\
**20** & Carvarcol & 1269 & 1298 & 63.0 & - & - & 97.3 & - & - \\
**21** & _E_-Caryophyllene & 1419 & 1417 & 1.9 & 7.8 & - & - & - & - \\
**22** & \(\mathbf{\alpha}\)-Humulene & 1475 & 1452 & - & 7.8 & - & - & - & - \\ \hline \end{tabular} \({}^{*}\) Compounds are presented according to elution order from Thermo-5 MS column. RI: Retention Index from calculation, LRI: Retention Index from literature. EOs: essential oils, HSs: hydrosols, OVH: _O. vulgar_ ssp. _hitrun_, SO: _S. officialis_, MP: _M. pulgium_.  
\end{table} 
Table 2: Chemical composition of _Origanum vulgar_ ssp. _hitrun, Salvia officinalis_ and _Mentha pullegium_ essential oils and hydrosols. most abundant compounds in EO samples of _S. officinalis_ cultivated in Italy were \(\alpha\)-thujone, camphor, bornecol, \(\gamma\)-murolene and sclareol. Besides well-explained differences among _Salvia_ species, intra-species variability is known to affect chemical composition. Chemical composition is also affected by geographical origin, plant part, phenological stage and culture conditions [57]. It has been previously reported that clary sage under water stress exhibited reduced growth and altered chemical composition than clary sage under regular irrigation [58]. Moreover, different chemotypes of _S. officinalis_ might be attributed to the plant age and drying process [48]. [PERSON] et al. conducted an analysis of essential oils extracted from eleven mother plants of Spanish sage, some of them collected in the wild and the rest cultivated, over four years at three different phenological stages, and they concluded that the chemical composition was strongly affected by the genotype. It was also clear that the year of harvest significantly affects EO chemical profile, while the phenological stage of the plant was not that important [59]. The chemical profile of _S. officinalis_ HS showed six identified compounds accounting for roughly 95.3% of the overall extract. The most abundant compounds were _1,8_-cineole (32.6%), borneol (22.6%), \(\alpha\)-thujone (22.4%) and camphor, alongside \(\beta\)-thujone (3.4%) and terpinene-4-ol (3.0%). In the case of _S. officinalis_, in HSs, fewer compounds were identified, and in higher percentages relative to the EO. Of note, only in _S.