# A Review of SATis5: Perspectives on Commercial and Defense 5G SATCOM Integration
## 5 Overview of Recent and Existing Defense SATis5 Testbeds and Projects  
Currently, works on defense SATis5 architectures are limited and not available in the public domain. Defense SATCOM (also known as MILSATCOM) requirements are different from ordinary SATCOM systems. Defense SATCOM has additional security requirements on the communications links, e.g., transmission security (TRANSEC), emission security, and data encryption/decryption. These security requirements are designed to protect communications links in hostile environments [22]. As described in [22], the defense physical, datalink, and MAC layers for SATCOM terminals are not the same as for civilian and commercial SATCOM terminals. Integrating defense satellites into 5G networks, i.e., defense SATis5 requires addressing the protocols for these layers. The DoD and aerospace defense industry have recognized defense SATis5 integration challenges for multidomain defense operations, such as US DoD Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2) program [22; 23; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28; 29].  
Lockheed Martin's (LM) \"5G.MIL\" project is currently investigating an approach to integrate MILSATCOM with tactical gateway capabilities and 5G enabling JADC2 across all battlefield assets [24]. LM has also been collaborating with Keysight Technologies on defense SATis5 with a focus on LM-5G.MIL testbed with hosted Keysight's integrated 5G solutions so LM teams can address 5G solutions for multiple defense applications [25]. Keysight integrated 5G solutions include UE emulator and 5G core network and traffic simulator [26]. Ref. [26] also addresses several 5G applications for defense operations, including (i) Integration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) with 5G networks allowing for 4G/5G UE to establish its position, frequency, and time reference, (ii) 5G communication on-the-move (COTM), and (iii) Security threat for military and government  
Figure 13: Architecture for integrating IoT device-UAV-satellite and 5G terrestrial network.  
operations. Additionally, LM also teamed up with Omnispace to jointly develop a global space-based 5G-NTN. Omnispace foresees a \"one global network\" with 3 GPP-compliant \"one global network\" supporting a variety of civilian, commercial, and defense applications. This includes but is not limited to autonomous vehicles, unmanned aircraft, public safety, and smart agriculture [27].  
Recently, Hughes secured a DoD three-year contract to develop a stand-alone SATis5 network located at Whidbey Island Naval Station, Washington [28]. The satellite-enabled 5G wireless network will support the naval air station in terms of operations, maintenance, and flight traffic management. As indicated in [28], the new SATis5 network leverages DISH Wireless and GEO/LEO satellites. For GEO, the SATis5 network uses JUPITER high throughput satellites. For LEO, the network leverages OneWeb LEO.  
In 2021, VSAT secured US DoD two three-year research contracts for evaluating the feasibility of 5G connectivity on the battlefield [29]. The contracts focus on two key areas, namely. (i) Research Area 1 focuses on providing C2 hardware packages that bolster C4 ISR operations, cybersecurity, and networking software, and (ii) Research Area 2 emphasizes the deployment of secure 5G nodes at the tactical edge. Thus, VSAT will be responsible for testing 5G resiliency in warfighting operations that require large bandwidth applications such as ISR missions.