# Managing a Smart City Integrated Model through Smart Program Management
## 3 Related Works  
Smart city is a wide concept that involves technological, economic, and social improvement fueled by technologies based on sensors, big data, open data, new ways of connectivity, and exchange of information [17]. This concept is used worldwide with different nomenclatures, contexts, and meanings and includes several definitions adopted in both practical and academic scenarios [18], such as intelligent city, knowledge city, ubiquitous city, sustainable city, digital city, virtual city, etc., depending on the perceived meaning of the word \"smart\". For example, [PERSON] et al. [19] identified 23 different definitions proposed in literature for the term. However, by analyzing and abstracting the different definitions, common aspects arise: the existence of a layered architecture, the existence of several application domains that coexist in a Smart city such as environment, people, mobility, etc., and the use of information and communication technology ICT_as the glue element and enabling factor. This word is increasingly used to refer to resource optimization through the use of advanced technologies [20; 21] to create benefits for citizens in terms of well-being, inclusion and participation, environmental quality, and intelligent development [22; 23]. Quality of life represents the basic component of a Smart city and all the actions taken should have the objective of raising the quality of life [24; 25]. Consequently, this approach pushes towards adapting city services to the behavior of its inhabitants and enables the optimal use of available physical infrastructures and resources [26; 27]. A better comprehension of urban infrastructures--as the systems that provide energy, water, food, safety, waste management, transportation, and public spaces--is essential to move from data to information, knowledge, and finally, action for urban sustainability and human well-being [28]. This objective can be pursued by developing an urban infrastructure that provides unified, secure [29], simple, and economical access to a plethora of public services, thus unleashing potential synergies and increasing transparency to citizens [30]. Both the necessity to implement many complex tasks in the area of a Smart city, using complex and complicated technical infrastructure, as well as the need to link the function of such an infrastructure with non-technical factors, require the development of a comprehensive model of intelligent city management [31]. Information and communication technology (ICT) and related emerging technology frameworks such as Internet of Things (IoT) [32], cyber physical systems (CPS), and big data are enabling keys for transforming traditional cities to Smart cities [3]. As a result, governments have started to gather and deploy data more effectively [33; 34] in order to enhance the development and the sustainability of Smart cities [35], thinking in terms of strategic planning over days, hours, and minutes, rather than years, decades or generations [36]. City managers require a political understanding of technology and a focus on both economic gains and other public values to make a city smarter. They should consider the content of government actions as the production of better outcomes of policies in wealth, health, and sustainability and, at the same time, the process of governance as an innovative way of decision-making, administration, citizen participation, and even innovative forms of collaboration through the use of information and communication technologies [37].