# Flexible Coated Conductive Textiles as Ohmic Heaters in Car Seats
## 8 Conclusions  
The electrification of the vehicle is a current focus of research, in the area of lowering energy consumption due to environmental concerns. In order to evenly distribute the heat over the body contact area of automotive seats and to create pleasant interior conditions within cars, as well as provide comfort, conductive textiles are most effective. These textiles behave as a semiconductor (as an electrical conductor and also creating resistance, which in turn creates heat). Flexible textile ohmic heaters present great advantages due to their ability to bend, stretch, and stitch. Different heating systems fabricated for car seats have been \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline  & **Fabrication** & **Materials** & **Advantages** & **Disadvantages** & **Refs.** \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{1} & \multirow{3}{*}{Metal wire heaters} & Copper, & Uniform heating and greater & Poor flexibility, rigid & [9] \\  & & silver, & heating efficiency & oxidative corrosion, & [10] \\  & & steel wires, etc. & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{2} & \multirow{3}{*}{Electroless plating on textile} & Silver & Uniform deposition, & & \\  & & copper, nickel, & good flexibility, & & \\  & & & comfortable, and & effluent treatments, & [34] \\  & & palladium, etc. & able to apply over & & and poor durability & [35] \\  & & & complex structures & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{3} & \multirow{3}{*}{Electroplating of metals} & Copper, silver, and & & & \\  & & combinations of & & & \\  & & metals & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{4} & \multirow{3}{*}{Printing of metallic inks over textiles} & Conductive & & & \\  & & polymers and & visuals, & & \\  & & carbon-based inks & lightweight, and & & \\  & & & cost efficient & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{5} & \multirow{3}{*}{Vapour-deposition techniques} & Metals, & & Lack of pressure, & \\  & & alloys, and & & highly volatile, and & \\  & & mixtures & & nonpyrophoric & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{6} & \multirow{3}{*}{Metal particles coated} & \multirow{3}{*}{Copper, silver} & Uniform coating, flexible & Oxidation of copper particles, & \\  & & structure, comfortable, light & particles eroding, and less & [56] \\  & & weight, and greater heating & & durability & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{7} & \multirow{3}{*}{Carbon-based conductive materials} & Graphite powder, & High specific surface area, & & \\  & & carbon nanotubes & high conductivity, and & & \\  & & (CNTs), and & high conversion of efficiency & & \\  & & graphene & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{8} & \multirow{3}{*}{Graphene sheets} & Silver coated & Fast heating and & High temperature but risk to & \\  & & graphene & uniform temperature delivery & damage skin & [17] \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{9} & \multirow{3}{*}{Activated carbons} & Copper & High porosity, high specific & & \\  & & nanoristics & surface area, desired surface & Less durability and less ohmic & \\  & & nanoparticles & functionalization, and & conductivity & \\  & & heat-resistance & & & \\ \hline \multirow{3}{*}{10} & \multirow{3}{*}{Polymer composites} & \multirow{3}{*}{Carbon fillers} & Lightweight, resistance to & Low ductility, complex & \\  & & corrosion, degradability, & manufacturing process, low & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & chemical stability, and lower & stiffness, and low & \\ \cline{1-1}  & & production costs for & fatigue resistance & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of conductive fabrics used for ohmic heating. explained in this study. Metal-coated textiles should be used on any product that is to heat the human body. As a result of their minimal sheet resistance, metal nanostructure heating systems could be operated at lower driving voltage levels. Electrical heating items, in general, increase the temperature through integrated heating elements. The current review has focused on the use of various textile-based ohmic heating systems, their fabrication techniques, heating range, and reliability.