# The 2014 Effusive Eruption at Stromboli: New Insights from In Situ and Remote-Sensing Measurements
## 5 Conclusions  
Integration of in situ and remote-sensing measurements can strongly support the management of eruptive crises at active volcanoes. In this paper, data from the in situ (visible and infrared) live-cam and seismic monitoring network, measuring the ground motion in the seismic band (0.02-10 Hz), have been integrated with ground displacement recorded by a GBInSAR device. Furthermore, to constrain the erupted lava volume, DEMs from LiDAR and PLEIADES-1 tri-stereo were compared, also supported by the high-resolution PLEIADES-1 optical images, supporting the areal mapping of the 2014 lava flow field. The main findings are:  
* live-cam and explosion-quake data revealed that the explosive activity peaked between 5 and 6 August 2014, whereas the GBInSAR device recorded a drastic increase in the displacement rate since the morning of 6 August, consistent with a strong inflation of the crater terrace;
* ground displacement started to show evidence of sliding in the crater terrace after the 6 August 2014 evening, as also evidenced by seismic signals;
* the onset of the 2014 flank eruption involved the breaching of the summit cone with emplacement of a landslide along the SdF (anticipated by the GBInSAR measurements, observed by the live cam, and recorded by the seismic data), the opening of an eruptive fissure on the NE flank of the cone (observed by the live cam), and the effusion of lava from the crater rim at first and from the eruptive fissure later, feeding the 2014 lava flow field;
* the eruption was characterized by the lava effusion along the SdF from a fissure at 650 m above sea level (a.s.l.) that lasted until 13 November 2014, with a total volume of \(3.07\pm 0.37\times 10^{6}\) m\({}^{3}\) of lava emplaced on the steep SdF slope;
* this volume is below the limit of \(6.5\pm 1\times 10^{6}\) m\({}^{3}\) expected for triggering a paroxysmal explosion. This work highlights the importance of considering data from in situ sensors and remote-sensing platforms in monitoring active volcanoes. Comparison of data from live-cams, seismic monitoring, and ground displacements recorded by GBInSAR devices provide information about the eruptive activity, nowcasting the shift in eruptive style from effusive to explosive. At the same time, the landslide activity during the run-up and onset phases could be forecasted and tracked using the integration of data from the GBInSAR and the seismic landslide index. Finally, the use of airborne and space-borne DEMs permitted the detection of topographic changes induced by the eruptive activity, allowed for the estimation of the total erupted volumes. The following are available online at [[http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2035/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2035/s1)]([http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2035/s1](http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/12/2035/s1)), Text 1. Supporting information to the main text. Conceptualization: F.D.T., S.C., A.B., L.D., T.N., A.F. ; Live-cam data analysis: S.C., A.C.; Seismic data analysis: LD., A.E. ; GBInSAR data analysis: F.D.T., N.C.; DEMs comparison: A.F., M.F. ; Writing--Original Draft Preparation: F.D.T., S.C., A.B., L.D., A.F. ; Writing--Review & Editing: T.N., A.E., M.F., N.C. This work has been financially supported by the \"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento della Protezione Civile\" (Presidency of the Council of Ministers - Department of Civil Protection) within the framework of the InGrID2015-2016 and SAR.NET2017 projects (Scientific Responsibility: NC); this publication, however, does not reflect the position and the official policies of the Department. FDiT has been supported by a post-doc fellowship founded by the \"Universita degli Studi di Firenze - Ente Cassa di Risparmi di Firenze\" (D.R. n. 127804 (1206) 2015; \"_Volcano Sentinel_\" project). project (Call: \"Settore ricerca scientifica e innovazione tecnologica\"; founded by: Ente Cassa di Risparmi di Firenze. Scientific Responsibility: FeDiT).