esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
# Bioremediation of Crude Oil by _Corynebacterium stationis_ CsPe-1: A Preliminary In Vitro Study
###### Abstract  
The present study evaluated the effect of two inoculum concentrations on the degradation of crude oil by _Corynebacterium stationis_ CsPe-1. To this end, two treatment systems were utilized, each containing Davies Minimum Medium, 1% crude oil, and bacterial inoculum at concentrations of 10% and 15%, respectively. The degree of oil biodegradation was determined by evaluating the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD\({}_{5}\)), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), the concentration and fractions of oil and grease, and the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The results indicated that both BOD\({}_{5}\) and COD exhibited an increase after a 20-day treatment period. For the 10% and 15% inoculum concentrations, a statistically significant difference was observed between the initial and final values of oils and fats (\(p<0.05\)). In both systems, the levels of oils and fats decreased by 61%, contrasting with the control system, which exhibited minimal variation. A significant difference (\(p<0.05\)) was observed in the degradation of TPH at the two inoculum concentrations. The findings indicated that the biodegradation of TPH was more efficient with an inoculum of 15%, resulting in a 79.94% reduction in fraction 3 (28-40 carbon chains). Fraction 1 exhibited less degradation, attributable to the toxicity of short-chain n-alkanes. Genomic analysis identified the pcaG and pcaH genes, which have been linked to the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This study underscores the biotechnological potential of strain CsPe-1 for the remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated environments, thereby contributing to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals 14 and 15.  
crude oil; biodegradation; _Corynebacterium stationis_; inoculum
###### Abstract  
In this study, a novel fibrous carbon nitride (FCN) was prepared from laminated covalent triazine framework (CTF) via pyrolysis, using functionalized 2,5-thiopenedicarboxylic acid and melamine as the precursors. A carbon vacancy was produced by two-step calcination in argon and air atmospheres. These carbon vacancies further exposed the edges and diffusion channels of the FCN nanofibers, which accelerated photogenerated charge transfer and provided more active sites. The FCN was characterized using various techniques and used for H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation. The as-synthesized FCN exhibited excellent stability, and its photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation was 66 times higher than that of bare C3N4 (BCN), attaining a maximum H2 evolution rate of 102.63 umol in 6 h. The FCN remained stable following visible-light irradiation at the end of 10 cycles. The FCN benefited from the absorption of solar energy and a large number of active sites. These advantages facilitated the efficient separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs to hinder charge recombination. This work generates new insights into the preparation of highly effective FCN photocatalysts that may be put to various applications, especially in the fields of energy and environment.  
covalent triazine framework; fibrous carbon nitride; H2 evolution; nanofiber +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences  
**2021**, _11_, 7222. [[https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167222](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167222)]([https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167222](https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167222))
## 2 Numerical Simulation Model
### Model Setup  
#### 2.2.1 Numerical Model  
Five types of commonly used carbide buttons, including conical, spherical, parabolic, saddle, and wedge buttons, will be investigated in this work. Figure 2 shows the structural parameters of these five carbide buttons. These buttons have the same diameter of 18 mm. The rock sample is granite in Beishan, Gansu Province.  
The numerical model of the button penetrating into the rock is shown in Figure 3a. The rock specimen has dimensions of 200 \(\times\) 200 \(\times\) 200 mm (width \(\times\) length \(\times\) height) to reduce the boundary effect. To produce high-resolution simulation results, a local particle refinement scheme was adopted. A cube region directly below the button, with a size of 50 \(\times\) 50 \(\times\) 50 mm, is selected as a refined area (yellow zone in Figure 3a). The region size can ensure that cracks only extend inside this region. The refined model consists of 1,395,887 particles with a radius of 0.18 mm to 0.31 mm, while the outer part consists of 1,373,962 particles with a radius of 0.75 mm to 1.2 mm. By introducing local refinement techniques, the particle number of the rock samples will be greatly reduced, thereby saving simulation time.  
The geometry of buttons was built from the surface profile. Instead of a triangular mesh adopted in previous studies [51], this work used a particle clump to model the button surface as shown in Figure 2(b). The motions of the particle clump were entirely controlled by applied velocity boundary conditions. The particles for buttons have a radius of 0.15 mm and overlap neighboring ones by 0.05 mm. The particle numbers for spherical, saddle, wedge, conical, and parabolic buttons are 118,640, 122,109, 124,877, 123,426 and 115,966, respectively. In this way, the geometric profile of buttons can be built with a very high resolution, so that the difference in button structural parameters can be reflected in the interaction process between rock and buttons.  
Except for the top surface, the boundary conditions are applied to the other five faces of the rock sample by fixing its normal displacement. The button moved in the z-direction while also fixing its displacement in other directions. The penetration velocity applied to the cutters is set to 0.1 m/s and the max penetration is 3 mm. For a quasi-static problem, a local damping factor of 0.7 was used to apply a damping force to particle motions. To meet the requirement of numerical stability, the timestep satisfies \(\Delta t=2\zeta min\sqrt{m_{i}/\max(k_{n},k_{s})}\), where scaling coefficient \(\zeta\) (0.1 as a default) is used to adjust the time-step. Accordingly, the time step took about \(5\times 10^{-8}\) s. The corroding displacement increment of cutters is only \(5\times 10^{-9}\) m/ step. Each simulation performed 600,000 steps.
# Recent Advances in Plasmonic Sensor-Based Fiber Optic Probes for Biological Applications
## 6 FOPS Geometrical Configuration and Techniques  
Recent FOPS can be categorized based on the geometry of sensor probes and are discussed in what follows. Moreover, some novel SPR sensor techniques developed in the last few years are also discussed.
# I-BIM Applied in Railway Geometric Inspection Activity: Diagnostic and Alert
## 4 Railway Inspection Activity
### Rail Inspection Metodologies
#### 4.2.1 EM 120 Inspection Vehicle  
In Portugal, the railway geometry inspection is supported by the use of an EM 120 vehicle [25]. It contains a global positioning system (GPS) receiver device, providing the vehicle's geographical position, corresponding to each inspection point along the rail, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) composed of three accelerometers. The vehicle  
Figure 9: A trolley KRAB equipment **(a)**, laser rail inspection system **(b)** and the inspection car (c).  
devices are calibrated using an encoder optical measurement system, based on the distance traveled by the vehicle. The vehicle is also equipped with an optical gauge measuring system (OGMS) that measures the displacement of each rail in relation to the center of the IMU box. Measuring track geometry through the EM 120 vehicle enables a precise and reliable track measurement under load conditions, which simulates the real stresses occurring on the track under normal operating circumstances.  
The collected inspection data are composed of acceleration values, transformed into displacements after double integration, along three orthogonal axes and of three rotational values that measure the angular variations around the axes. During the measurement process, a minimum speed of 18 km/h is maintained, avoiding the wrong parametric values caused by the inertial measurement unit [48].  
For the present study, the national infrastructure entity provided an inspection report including the required measures. The collected data were then represented in a graphic of values' oscillation around the rail lines, generated according to the distance measured between inspection points. The kilometric value represented the point where the measures were made, corresponding to intervals of 25 cm. These data referred to the left and right rails' longitudinal level, twist, gauge, cant and left and right rail alignments.
# Advances and Challenges of Corrosion and Topology Detection of Grounding Grid
## 2 Corrosion Detection Method of Substation Grounding Grid  
According to the detection principle, grounding grid corrosion diagnosis methods can be generalized as the electrical network method, electromagnetic field method, electrochemical method, ultrasonic detection method, and electromagnetic imaging method.
## 8 Remediation Strategies and Methods
### Physical Remediation Methods
The cake layer that forms act as a secondary membrane, capturing particles and fouling particles as the WW passes through the supporting membrane. The use of a large pore-sized mesh or inexpensive porous material as the supporting membrane allows for low filtration resistance and minimal trans-membrane pressure, enabling gravity-driven operation without a vacuum system [181]. However, DM filtration has disadvantages related to fluctuating membrane performance. Excessive fouling and thicker cake layers can lead to a decline in membrane performance, while some MPs may bypass the formation of a filter cake [181]. Sedimentation is a simple physical separation technique that involves the settling of particles in a fluid using gravity, also, a cost-effective method for removing larger MPs. The principle of sedimentation is based on the difference in density between the MPs and the surrounding fluid, allowing the MPs to settle at the bottom of the tank or basin. Therefore, sedimentation can be an effective method for the removal of MPs from water. However, the removal of PP and PE MPs pose a challenge due to their lower density, which results in longer settling times compared to the water travel time. Consequently, these types of MPs may not settle effectively during the primary sedimentation process [179]. Coagulation is a widely studied approach for the removal of MPs and includes a crucial process utilized in water treatment to aggregate small particles into larger flocs and facilitate the adsorption of dissolved organic matter onto these particles. This allows for the subsequent removal of impurities through solid/liquid separation techniques. Over time, advancements in coagulation technology and the development of alternative coagulants  
Figure 6: Schematic summary of MPs remediation methods. have expanded the options available for water treatment, allowing for more efficient and tailored processes to achieve high-quality treated water [231]. High-frequency sound waves generated by ultrasonic devices can cause physical and chemical changes in water, leading to the agglomeration and precipitation of MPs. Ultrasonic treatment has been shown to be effective in removing MPs from WW, surface water, and seawater. On the other hand, a new hybrid model with advanced oxidation process (AOPs) was suggested rather than a single usage of ultrasound in WW treatment [232]. In this way, the cost of the WW treatment can be minimized while maintaining effective cleaning-up processes. Ultrasonic treatment has also been shown to have other benefits, such as improving the performance of downstream WW treatment processes and reducing the amount of sludge produced during treatment. Cleaning sludge is an essential process because it is commonly utilized as fertilizer in agricultural fields, and when MPs are detected in this substance, it can result in soil pollution.
# Securing IoT: Mitigating Sybil Flood Attacks with Bloom Filters and Hash Chains
###### Abstract  
In the evolving landscape of the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring the security and integrity of data transmission remains a paramount challenge. Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is commonly utilized in IoT networks to facilitate efficient data routing. However, RPL networks are susceptible to various security threats, with Sybil and flood attacks being particularly detrimental. Sybil attacks involve malicious nodes generating multiple fake identities to disrupt network operations, while flood attacks overwhelm network resources by inundating them with excessive traffic. This paper proposes a novel mitigation strategy leveraging Bloom filters and hash chains to enhance the security of RPL-based IoT networks against sybil and flood attacks. Extensive simulation and performance analysis demonstrate that this solution significantly reduces the impact of sybil and flood attacks while maintaining a low power consumption profile and low computational overhead.  
authentication; Bloom filter; hash chain +
Footnote †: journal: Electronics
###### Abstract  
A variation of temperature produces a change in the microstructure of the rock due to the mineral thermal expansion and its residual strain. Depending on the temperature cycle and texture, microstresses may lead to the development of preexistent cracks or the creation of a new and irreversible cracking. The effect of temperature on reservoir rocks is an important topic since it conditions the permeability and the fluid flow. Two main questions arise from this: the first is if an irreversible cracking threshold is attained in the reservoir rocks at low temperature geothermal systems (around 100 \({}^{\circ}\)C); the second one is about the influence of thermal fatigue by the repetition of heating-cooling cycles on the different rock types. To answer these questions, four reservoir rocks (chalk, sandstone, fresh granite, and weathered granite) were submitted to two different thermal regimes. The first test was conceived to detect the irreversible cracking threshold, and for that, the rocks were submitted to progressive heating (90\({}^{\circ}\), 100\({}^{\circ}\), 110\({}^{\circ}\), 120\({}^{\circ}\), and 130 \({}^{\circ}\)C). The second test consisted of doing cycles of fast heating of the samples up to 200 \({}^{\circ}\)C. The microstructure variation was assessed by means of a scanning electron microscope, mercury porosimetry, and capillary water uptake combined with passive infrared thermography. Infrared thermography is an emerging tool in the field of rock study, used to detect water masses or determine thermal properties. The water transfer during the capillary tests of the rocks, before and after the tests, was monitored with this technique. In addition, the cooling rate index, a non-destructive parameter to detect cracking development, was calculated. The results made it possible to differentiate the behaviours in relation to the rock type, with a chalk and a weathered granite less susceptible to thermal stresses than a fresh granite and sandstone. In addition, infrared thermography resulted in being a very useful indirect technique to detect the changes on the surface, although they do not always correlate to the bulk microstructural changes.  
infrared thermography; reservoir rocks; thermal fatigue; thermal threshold; microstructure +
Footnote †: journal: Applied Sciences
## 2 Materials and Methods
### Data Source Overview  
The proposed framework mainly involves two types of GIS datasets: model and entity datasets. The former is further classified into two kinds, i.e., the realistic 3D model of the study area obtained by oblique photogrammetry and the virtual 3D model reconstructed with third-party software supported by photogrammetric data. As for the latter, in the GIS domain, entity data were first classified into three geographic types according to their geometry shape (i.e., point, line, or polygon type). Further, each entity type in our case study included several object types and the conventional 2D vector-based data model was adopted, opposed to the raster-based model for remotely sensed imagery or triangle-based 3D models. Additionally, this study uses a geospatial information data exchange format based on JavaScript Object Notation (GeoSON) [36] format for data transmission and storage. Object data is divided into primary key, geometry data, and attribute data (Table 2), where IDentifier (ID) is a database self-growing sequence. The geometric data consists of geometric types (points, lines, polygons) and coordinates in GeoJSON format, while the attribute data consist of key value pairs for names and values and thus, it can be easily stored in a database for interchange between documents and queries. Figure 4 gives an example of GeoJSON format for a point feature structure.  
Our study considers 2D-shaped geographical features. The real 3D features in the Cesium environment mainly correspond to 3D photo-realistic and 3D virtual models, respectively. On the other hand, for each GIS dataset type, its data collecting method and the raw outputted data format are heterogeneous. Thereby, disseminating these geospatial data with online map services initially requires the creation of GIS data layers and relies on the map servers to render them in web-friendly data formats (such as 3D Tiles [37]) and then publish the data as WMS services for rendering and visualization in the web application's map view. Therefore, data format conversion must always be addressed for different GIS dataset types. A brief overview of the dataset involved in our case study is tabulated in Table 3. Detailed information on them is introduced below.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c} \hline \hline
**GIS Entity Type (Point, Line, or Polygon)** \\ \hline ID (Primary key) & Geometry Data (GeoSON) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Data table format for storing a certain type of GIS entity data.
# Non-Classic Atmospheric Optical Turbulence: Review
## 6 Influence in Applications
### Wireless Optical Communications
#### 6.1.1 Aperture-Averaged Scintillation of a Gaussian Beam  
The intensity fluctuations measured at the focal plane of the receiving telescope are conventionally characterized by the aperture-averaged scintillation flux [100], generally defined as follows:  
\[\sigma_{I}^{2}=\frac{\langle I^{2}\rangle}{\langle I\rangle^{2}}-1, \tag{46}\]  
with \(I\) being the instantaneous optical intensity (see [71] containing the well-known expressions for \(\sigma_{I}\) derived for basic types of waves). This parameter is crucial since it is required for calculation of the probability of fade, the SNR and the BER in the direct detection systems. The complete theoretical analysis of the scintillation flux in non-classic turbulence is given in [100] (see, in particular, Equation (14)). Here, we display in Figure 17  
Figure 16: Spectral density \(S\) of an electromagnetic Gaussian–Schell model (EM GSM) beam with (**a–d**) high; (**c–h**) intermediate and (**i–l**) low values of the typical coherence width \(\delta_{0}\), on propagation through an anisotropic turbulence in a horizontal direction, at specified distances. Reprinted with permission from Reference [96].  
the scintillation flux with the fixed structure function at the Fresnel distance, for six pairs of anisotropic factors along the \(x\) and \(y\) axes (shown as \(z_{x}\)eff and \(z_{y}\)eff in the figure legend). It is evident that at higher values of anisotropy factors, the scintillation flux is reduced at any power law in the range from 3 to 4.
## 3 Results  
In total, 90 procedures were planned. The data of four procedures were excluded from the analysis due to alignment error. Therefore, the data of 86 procedures were analyzed. Of these, 39 (45.34%) were performed with a drill and 47 (54.65%) with a trephine. Descriptive statistics can be seen in Table 1. In the case of the drill, the DGD was 1.53 \(\pm\) 0.51 mm, and the AD was 3.32 \(\pm\) 1.41\({}^{\circ}\). In contrast, in the case of the trephine, the DGD was 1.31 \(\pm\) 0.45 mm, and the AD was 3.5 \(\pm\) 1.67\({}^{\circ}\).  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline  & & **Drill** & **Trephine** \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{DGD} & Mean & 1.5318 & 1.3119 \\  & SD & 0.51074 & 0.45690 \\  & Median & 1.4500 & 1.3300 \\  & Minimum & 0.60 & 0.46 \\  & Maximum & 3.45 & 2.58 \\ \hline \multirow{4}{*}{AD} & Mean & 3.323 & 3.500 \\  & SD & 1.4199 & 1.6722 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Median & 3.200 & 3.200 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Minimum & 0.9 & 0.6 \\ \cline{1-1}  & Maximum & 6.5 & 8.8 \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 1: Descriptive statistics of the results. DGD (distal global deviation—mm), AD (angular deviation—degree).  
Figure 6: Analysis of a trephine procedure. The numbers show the values of distal global deviation (0.1 mm) and angular deviation (4.3\({}^{\circ}\)) for the given pair of virtual cylinders that represent the planned (blue) and achieved (red) instrument positions. The purple cylindrical bodies within the virtual rendering of the plaster model show the positions of the postoperatively inserted metal cylinders used as segmentation aids (see text).
## 4 Discussion on the Initialization of Dynamap and Its Implementation
### Leq at Time \(t\) for Arbitrary Receiver Point \(a\): \(\mathrm{L_{eqT}^{a}}(t)\)  
Let us discuss next the way in which the absolute level \(Leq_{\tau}^{a}(t)\) at time \(t\) for an arbitrary location point \(a\) can be obtained from the measured values of \(\delta_{g}^{\tau}(t)\) using either Equation (14) or Equation (16). The first quantity we need to know is the value of \(\mathrm{L_{eqT(g,a)}}\) at the point \(a\) due to the noise produced by roads in the group \(g\), which is provided by the calculated (CADNA) acoustic base map. The absolute level \(Leq_{\tau}^{a}(t)\) at location \(a\) at time \(t=n\tau\) can then be obtained by properly adding the contribution of each base map with its variation \(\delta_{g}^{\tau}\):  
\[Leq_{\tau}^{a}(t)=\ 10\cdot Log\ \sum\
olimits_{g=1}^{6}10\frac{\tLeq_{\tau}(g \alpha)+\delta_{g}^{\tau}(t)}{10}. \tag{17}\]  
This operation provides what we called the \"scaled map\" (dynamic map). In Figure 11, the working scheme procedure of Dynamap is illustrated. The process includes the data collection from field noise monitoring terminals (NMTs), the scaling of the basic noise maps, and finally their sum to achieve the updated scaled noise map of the entire area.