esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
Source parameters--such as seismic energy, seismic moment, and apparent stress--are used by [PERSON] et al. [19] to reveal the evolutionary characteristics of hazard types and seismic paths. The variation characteristics of the daily seismic event count, average energy level, cumulative apparent volume, and b-value of the Jinping II hydropower station tunnels were statistically analyzed by [PERSON] et al. [20], who concluded that the accuracy of rockburst prediction can be improved by comprehensively analyzing the multi-parameter precursors of seismicity. Apparent stress, apparent volume, and main frequency value were adopted by [PERSON] et al. [21] to analyze the activity state inside the enclosing rock. It was found that the combination of these three parameters can better describe the different damage characteristics of the surrounding rock in real-time. Different seismic source parameters characterize the risk of dynamic hazards in different ways, and existing studies have included only some of them in the risk assessment. Methods of quantifying the contribution of different seismic source parameters to the risk assessment have not been sufficiently investigated, making it difficult to comprehensively quantify the risk of rockbursts. A new seismic-based method is proposed in this study to determine main impact factors and discriminate hazardous high-energy seismic events. Geotechnical and seismic data from a burst-prone longwall panel in a Chinese coal mine were used to refine the method. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [22] and entropy weight method (EWM) [23] were utilized to quantify dynamic risk induced by typical geotechnical factors. The distribution law and correlation relationship among the seismic energy and other source parameters are investigated, and the comprehensive energy index evaluation method is established to distinguish hazardous high-energy seismic events. Method validation is performed using nearly two months of seismic data in the longwall mining.
### Proposed Technique Analysis
In the present paper, we propose a constellation of small satellites to carry out 3D mapping of ionosphere and troposphere with improved spatiotemporal resolutions on the condition that the satellite constellation is large enough to cover a wider area. Moreover, the feasibility of ISLranging based on a low-cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) SDR transceiver and RPi microcomputer is uniquely demonstrated. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the advancements of climate and scientific studies of the atmosphere concerned with the influence of atmospheric water vapor and total electron content. In fact, prediction of _TWVC_ assists in understanding the risks and impact of climate change and weather patterns so that mitigation and adaptation measures can be completed to safeguard life on Earth. The _TWVC_ data acquired will be vital in the development of advanced climate and weather prediction models. Moreover, to a certain extent, this study finds its use in space communication and SDR technology applications. In this paper, Section 2 details the theoretical concept of detecting both _TEC_ and _TWVC_ as well as the final derivation of atmospheric water vapor. Section 3 explains the design configuration for each satellite in the ISL network as well as procedures for determining time and frequency bands used for communication. Section 4 provides the setup utilized to demonstrate the ISL ranging, SS-BPSK software implementation, time delay detection, and elimination of SDR clock jittering errors. Section 5 illustrates the frequency manipulation algorithms and link budget analysis for the ISL network. Section 6 highlights discussions, and finally, the conclusion and suggestions for future work are given.
# Optimal Progressive Pitch for OneWeb Constellation with Seamless Coverage
## 3 Algorithm Design
### Genetic Algorithm  
Genetic algorithms are a class of heuristic algorithms based on evolutionary iteration of populations to obtain better solutions. In genetic algorithms, each individual is genetically determined by a specific way of encoding. The main operators in the evolutionary process of the algorithm include crossover, mutation and selection operators. Since genetic algorithms have been successful in many combinatorial optimization problems with NP-hard, the genetic algorithm has been used to solve the optimal interference avoidance strategy.
## 2 Autonomous Orbit Determination Model
### Rotation Correction Model
#### 2.2.2 Algorithm for Independent Satellite Constraints  
The constraint conditions for the algorithm for independent satellite constraints are shown as follows:  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}i=\widetilde{i}\\ \Omega=\widetilde{\Omega}\end{array}\right. \tag{14}\]  
where \(\widetilde{i}\) and \(\widetilde{\Omega}\) are the orbital inclination angle and the right ascension of the ascending point of the reference orbit, respectively, and \(i\) and \(\Omega\) are the corresponding parameters to be estimated. Considering \(i\) and \(\Omega\) as functions of state \(X\) to be estimated (Cartesian coordinates and velocity in the inertial system) and linearly expanding at the approximate value \(X_{0}\), we have  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}i_{0}+\left.\frac{\partial i}{\partial X}\right|_{X_ {0}}(X-X_{0})=\widetilde{i}\\ \Omega_{0}+\left.\frac{\partial\Omega}{\partial X}\right|_{X_{0}}(X-X_{0})= \widetilde{\Omega}\end{array}\right. \tag{15}\]  
where \(i_{0}\) and \(\Omega_{0}\) are obtained by calculation based on \(X_{0}\), and  
\[\begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial i}{\partial X}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial X}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial i}{ \partial\widetilde{i}}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{j}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial\widetilde{i}}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{ j}}\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial i}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial i}{ \partial y}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{z}}&\frac{\partial i}{ \partial\widetilde{x}}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial i}{ \partial\widetilde{z}}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial y}&\frac{\partial i}{ \partial\widetilde{z}}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{z}}&\frac{ \partial i}{\partial\widetilde{z}}&\frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{y}}& \frac{\partial i}{\partial\widetilde{z}}\end{bmatrix} \tag{16}\]  
When the one-step prediction value from the filtering results of the previous epoch to the start time of the current epoch is selected as the linearized expansion point \(X_{0}\), Equation (16) can be written as a general expression form of the constraint equation  
\[C\delta X=M \tag{17}\]  
where  
\[C=\begin{bmatrix}\frac{\partial i}{\partial X}\\ \frac{\partial}{\partial X}\end{bmatrix}_{X_{0}},\ M=\begin{pmatrix} \widetilde{i}-i_{0}\\ \widetilde{\Omega}-\ \Omega_{0}\end{pmatrix}\]  
Therefore, the complete orbit filtering model of the algorithm for independent constraints on satellites in distributed autonomous orbit determination is  
\[\left\{\begin{array}{c}\delta X_{k}=\Phi_{k,k-1}\delta X_{k-1}+W_{k-1}\\ Z_{k}=H_{k}\delta X_{k}+Y_{k}+V_{k}\\ C_{k}\delta X_{k}=M_{k}\end{array}\right. \tag{18}\]
## 4 Results and Discussion
### Conclusions  
This study compared the leachability and stability of FeSO\({}_{4}\)- and CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized Cr(VI)-contaminated soils. A series of toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), simplified bioaccessibility extraction (SBET), alkaline digestion, sequential extraction, and X-ray diffraction  
Figure 7: The XRD patterns of the Cr(VI)-contaminated soil, FeSO\({}_{4}\)-stabilized soil, and CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soil.  
(XRD) tests were performed on Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. The influence of reductant dosage on the leachability and stability was assessed. The following conclusions can be drawn:  
1. The pH and redox potential of the CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soils were better than those of the FeSO\({}_{4}\)-stabilized soils regardless of CaS\({}_{5}\) dosage. The concentrations of Cr(VI) and Cr leached from the stabilized soils with FeSO\({}_{4}\) were larger than those of CaS\({}_{5}\) at the same dosage. The Cr(VI) content in the stabilized soils was decreased with the increase in FeSO\({}_{4}\) and CaS\({}_{5}\) dosages, and that in the CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soils decreased more noticeably compared with that in the FeSO\({}_{4}\)-stabilized soils at the same dosage. This finding reflected that CaS\({}_{5}\) presented a better effect than FeSO\({}_{4}\) in the stabilization of Cr(VI) and Cr.
2. The leached Cr(VI)/Cr from the SBET leaching test was considerably larger than that from TCLP leaching due to the difference in the stabilization mechanism and the pH of the leaching solutions. The bioaccessibility risk of Cr in the FeSO\({}_{4}\)-stabilized soils was higher than that in the CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soils due to the difference in stabilization mechanisms of Cr(VI) between FeSO\({}_{4}\) and CaS\({}_{5}\).
3. The differences in the leachability, bioaccessibility, and toxicity of Cr(VI) and Cr in the FeSO\({}_{4}\)- and CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soils were attributed to the changes in mineral composition. For the FeSO\({}_{4}\)-stabilized soil, the Cr(VI) was mainly converted to Cr(OH)\({}_{3}\) and Cr\({}_{x}\)Fe\({}_{1-x}\)(OH)\({}_{3}\). For the CaS\({}_{5}\)-stabilized soil, the Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and formed ettringite and sulfur. The Cr(III) was retained in the crystal structures of ettringite and sulfur through anion exchange.  
[PERSON] and [PERSON] conceived, designed and performed the experients and wrote the paper; [PERSON] analyzed the data.  
This research was funded by [National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China] grant number [51625903] and [Chinese National Natural Science Foundation] grant number [51479194,41702349] And The APC was funded by [41702349].  
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
_Applied_  
_sciences_  
_Article_  
**Modeling and Analysis of the Influence of an Edge Filter on the Combining Efficiency and Beam Quality of a 10-kW-Class Spectral Beam-Combining System**  
**[PERSON] 1,2,*, [PERSON] 1, [PERSON] 1 and [PERSON] 1,2**  
1 School of Electronic Engineering & Optoelectronic Technology, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (F.C.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (C.W.); [EMAIL_ADDRESS] (R.Z.)  
2 Key Laboratory of Advanced Solid-State Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China  
* Correspondence: [EMAIL_ADDRESS]; Tel.: +86-8430-3376 check for updates  
Received: 6 May 2019; Accepted: 24 May 2019; Published: 27 May 2019  
**Featured Application: The constructed model is able to provide some theoretical instructions for the future design of a filter that is beneficial for achieving an optimal combining efficiency and beam quality for the 10-kW-class filter-based spectral beam combination system.**  
**Abstract:** Filter-based spectral beam combining (FSBC) is a promising power-scaling concept for high-power, broad-linewidth fiber lasers, as it relaxes the requirements for linewidth control and also the sizes of the individual beams. As the combining element in the FSBC system, the steep-edge filter plays a major role in achievement of the combining efficiency and the beam quality. In this case, we combine the uncorrelated surface roughness model and the combining efficiency model, and we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of surface roughness, thickness error, and incident angle on the filter's optical properties and the combining efficiency, in order to determine the optimal configuration for the laser beam-combining system. The simulation results show a good agreement with the measured ones. Meanwhile, through the adoption of the angular spectrum theory, this paper has also conducted a preliminary analysis of the influence of the combining elements on the quality of the combined beam, and some theoretical instructions on the future design of the spectral beam-combining system are provided.  
**Keywords:** laser beam combining; filters; scattering theory; multilayer design; combining efficiency
## 1 Introduction  
Picosecond lasers with compact structure, lightweight and high stability are in demand for a number of applications, such as laser satellite ranging (SLR), precision machining, biology, spectroscopy, and military science [1; 2; 3; 4; 5]. All fiber picosecond laser has the characteristics of miniaturization and lightweight, however, the peak power of all fiber laser operating in the picosecond regime is limited to the nano-Joule level due to the strong nonlinear effect in high peak power operation. In order to generate stable high peak power regenerative amplifier output, a good way is to combine the fiber picosecond seed source with all solid state regenerative amplification technology [6; 7; 8].  
In order to obtain high peak power regenerative amplified output at high repetition rate, we need to improve the injected pumping power as well as the pump absorption efficiency. At present, 808 nm wavelength is the most widely used pumping source of Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal for the highest absorption peaks around 810 nm. However, due to the poor thermal and mechanical properties of Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\), a large temperature gradient will be generated inside the crystal at high power pumping. For example, the heat capacity and conductivity of Nd:YAG are 0.59 J/(g\(\cdot\)K) and 0.13 W/(cm\(\cdot\)K), respectively; however, as for Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) are corresponding to 0.79 J/(g\(\cdot\)K) and 0.06 W/(cm\(\cdot\)K). High local stress can even cause the damage of crystal, which limits the increase of pumping power [9; 10; 11; 12]. In addition, the Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) absorption cross section for \(\pi\) and \(\sigma\) polarizations differ by a factor of 3.7 at 808 nm. That is to say, for an _a_-axis cutting Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal, the optical absorption coefficient in 808 nm has great difference along the two orthogonal axis. Although Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) crystal has lower absorption efficiency with 888 nm (0.15/mm along _a_- & _c_-axis) than that of 808 nm (1.0/mm and 3.7/mm, respectively), we can also improve absorption efficiency by increasing the crystal length or Nd-doping concentration. The increase of the crystal length means the increase of the heat dissipation area and the decrease of the thermal effect. Compared with 0.8 nm absorption band in 808 nm pumping, Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) absorption band in 888 nm pumping is 3 nm which is not sensitive to the fluctuation of the wavelength jitter. Therefore, 808 nm pumped Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) regenerative amplifier is able to achieve stable output in the case of high pumping power at high repetition rate.  
In this paper, we develop a high power and high repetition rate all solid state Nd:YVO\({}_{4}\) picosecond regenerative amplifier by using all optical fiber picosecond laser as seed source and 888 nm laser as pumping source. The regenerative amplifier is operating at 99.6 kHz delivering up to 19.63 W output power with pulse duration 39 ps, central wavelength 1064.07 nm and spectral width 0.14 nm. To our best knowledge, this is the highest power has been generated from an optical fiber end pumped all solid-state picosecond regenerative amplifier at \(\sim\)100 kHz repetition rates.
# DCS-ST for Classification of Breast Cancer Histopathology Images with Limited Annotations
## 4 Experiment
### Ablation Study
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Network Models**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**40x**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**100x**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **AUC-ROC** & **Balanced Accuracy** & **F1 Score** & **Cohen’s Kappa** & **AUC-ROC** & **Balanced Accuracy** & **F1 Score** & **Cohen’s Kappa** \\ \hline Swin-Transformer [5] & 0.9143 \(\pm\) 0.0078 & 0.8564 \(\pm\) 0.0073 & 0.8900 \(\pm\) 0.0079 & 0.6942 \(\pm\) 0.0171 & 0.9315 \(\pm\) 0.0033 & 0.8666 \(\pm\) 0.0171 & 0.9189 \(\pm\) 0.0049 & 0.7372 \(\pm\) 0.0229 \\
**DCS-ST** & **0.9187 \(\pm\) 0.0051** & **0.8664 \(\pm\) 0.0053** & **0.9004 \(\pm\) 0.0126** & **0.7695 \(\pm\) 0.0244** & **0.9614 \(\pm\) 0.0182** & **0.8833 \(\pm\) 0.0303** & **0.9217 \(\pm\) 0.0144** & **0.7884 \(\pm\) 0.0531** \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Network Models**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**200x**} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{**400x**} \\ \cline{2-9}  & **AUC-ROC** & **Balanced Accuracy** & **F1 Score** & **Cohen’s Kappa** & **AUC-ROC** & **Balanced Accuracy** & **F1 Score** & **Cohen’s Kappa** \\ \hline Swin-Transformer [5] & 0.9430 \(\pm\) 0.0027 & 0.8786 \(\pm\) 0.0049 & 0.9313 \(\pm\) 0.0026 & 0.7711 \(\pm\) 0.0090 & 0.8702 \(\pm\) 0.0482 & 0.7678 \(\pm\) 0.0581 & 0.8519 \(\pm\) 0.0278 & 0.5355 \(\pm\) 0.0982 \\
**DCS-ST** & **0.9582 \(\pm\) 0.0026** & **0.8935 \(\pm\) 0.0084** & **0.9339 \(\pm\) 0.0039** & **0.7802 \(\pm\) 0.0141** & **0.8945 \(\pm\) 0.0243** & **0.8263 \(\pm\) 0.0461** & **0.8805 \(\pm\) 0.0120** & **0.6995 \(\pm\) 0.0796** \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 7: Ablation experiment: performance comparison of Swin-Transformer and DCS-ST on BreakHis dataset based on different magnifications (two-class classification). Moreover, to assess the statistical reliability of these performance gains, we conducted significance tests between DCS-ST and baseline models on the BreakHis dataset, with \(p\)-values for Balanced Accuracy and F1-Score summarized in Table 9. The results confirm that the improvements achieved by DCS-ST are statistically significant. In addition, we evaluated the empirical computational complexity of DCS-ST in comparison to other competing models, as detailed in Table 10. This analysis includes training time per epoch, peak GPU memory usage, and relative computational overhead, demonstrating that DCS-ST maintains acceptable computational efficiency while achieving superior performance.
###### Abstract  
On 2 December 2020, a moderate and shallow M\({}_{\rm w}\) = 4.6 earthquake occurred in Boeotia (Central Greece) near the city of Thiva. Despite its magnitude, the co-seismic ground deformation field was detectable and measurable by Sentinel-1, ascending and descending, synthetic aperture interferometry radar (InSAR) acquisitions. The closest available GNSS station to the epicenter, located 11 km west, measured no deformation, as expected. We proceeded to the inversion of the deformation source. Moreover, we reassessed seismological data to identify the activated zone, associated with the mainshock and the aftershock sequence. Additionally, we used the rupture plane information from InSAR to better determine the focal mechanism and the centroid location of the mainshock. We observed that the mainshock occurred at a shallower depth and the rupture then expanded downdip, as revealed by the aftershock distribution. Our geodetic inversion modelling indicated the activation of a normal fault with a small left-lateral component, length of 2.0 km, width of 1.7 km, average slip of 0.2 m, a low dip angle of 33\({}^{\circ}\), and a SW dip-direction. The inferred fault top was buried at a depth of \(\sim\)0.5 km, rooted at a depth of \(\sim\)1.4 km, with its geodetic centroid buried at 1.0 km. It was aligned with the Kallithea fault. In addition, the dip-up projection of the modeled fault to the surface was located very close (\(\sim\)0.4 km SW) to the mapped (by existing geological observations) trace of the Kallithea fault. The ruptured area was settled in a transition zone. We suggest the installation of at least one GNSS and seismological station near Kallithea; as the activated zone (inferred by the aftershock sequence and InSAR results) could yield events with M \(\geq\) 5.0, according to empirical laws relating to rupture zone dimensions and earthquake magnitude.  
seismic sequence; InSAR; seismic deformation source modelling; shallow earthquake 2020 M\({}_{\rm w}\) = 4.6 Thiva (Central Greece)  
[PERSON], [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; [PERSON]; Combined Geodetic and Seismological Study of the December 2020 M\({}_{\rm w}\) = 4.6 Thiva (Central Greece) Shallow Earthquake
# QoS Aware and Fault Tolerance Based Software-Defined Vehicular Networks Using Cloud-Fog Computing
###### Abstract  
Software-defined network (SDN) and vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) combined provided a software-defined vehicular network (SDVN). To increase the quality of service (QoS) of vehicle communication and to make the overall process efficient, researchers are working on VANET communication systems. Current research work has made many strides, but due to the following limitations, it needs further investigation and research: Cloud computing is used for messages/tasks execution instead of fog computing, which increases response time. Furthermore, a fault tolerance mechanism is used to reduce the tasks/messages failure ratio. We proposed QoS aware and fault tolerance-based software-defined V vehicular networks using Cloud-fog computing (QAFT-SDVN) to address the above issues. We provided heuristic algorithms to solve the above limitations. The proposed model gets vehicle messages through SDN nodes which are placed on fog nodes. SDN controllers receive messages from nearby SDN units and prioritize the messages in two different ways. One is the message nature way, while the other one is deadline and size way of messages prioritization. SDN controller categorized in safety and non-safety messages and forward to the destination. After sending messages to their destination, we check their acknowledgment; if the destination receives the messages, then no action is taken; otherwise, we use a fault tolerance mechanism. We send the messages again. The proposed model is implemented in CloudSim and iFogSim, and compared with the latest models. The results show that our proposed model decreased response time by 50% of the safety and non-safety messages by using fog nodes for the SDN controller. Furthermore, we reduced the execution time of the safety and non-safety messages by up to 4%. Similarly, compared with the latest model, we reduced the task failure ratio by 20%, 15%, 23.3%, and 22.5%.  
Vehicular ad-hoc network; quality of service; priority basis scheduling; safety/non-safety messages; response time; fault-tolerance
# Remote Sensing Image Target Detection Method Based on Refined Feature Extraction
###### Abstract
(2) Normalized Gaussian Wasserstein distance (NGWD) loss function for multi-scale target detection: To enhance the robustness and generalization ability of multi-scale target detection, the CIoU loss function [22] is replaced with the NGWD loss function as the regression loss function. This compensation helps improve detection performance for targets of different sizes. (3) Small target YOLO detection head: A small target YOLO detection head is added to the publicly available DOTAv1.0 dataset [23]. This head uses the K-means++ algorithm for clustering anchor frames, significantly improving the accuracy of small target detection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through comprehensive experiments conducted on the publicly available DOTAv1.0 dataset and DIOR dataset [24]. Ablation experiments verify the rationality of each module proposed in this paper.