# A Scoping Review on Virtual Reality-Based Industrial Training
## 3 Results
### Literature Review
#### Industrial Training Based on Virtual Reality
However, at the end of this study, it is established that it is necessary in order to further evaluate these technologies to have more support in their usability in industry 4.0. [PERSON] et al. [49] propose a method for interactive training within the field of industrial maintenance. This research is specifically focused on the maintenance of hydroelectric generators. The developed environments allow each device to be broken down into interactive and standardized virtual elements. In this way, the maintenance time is reduced and much more efficient teaching processes can be applied for this type of machinery. Even though this system presents good results in terms of its efficiency, the authors establish that the use and recognition of support tools for this type of maintenance still needs to be improved, so that training times can be shortened. Besides, they also mention that, with an adjustment of the perspective offered by the proposed system, the efficiency in terms of user experience could be better. A Virtual Reality Training System (VRTS) that simulates the use of industrial manipulator robots to perform simple manufacturing tasks was developed by [PERSON] et al. [50]. The developed environments allow for improving the capacities of the operators to handle in tape-laying for building aerospace composite parts. The results showed that the system obtained a high score in various aspects, such as (i) presence by involvement and (ii) navigation issues. The operators who underwent this type of training stated that the immersion sensation was excellent and the level of detail of the 3D elements made them feel as if they were working in a real workstation. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [51] deploy a solution for the training of industrial operators in an utterly immersive environment. The central idea of this research is based on providing training on how to act within established parameters of industrial safety. Two case studies are presented, (i) the sudden flange rupture in a butane pipe, and (ii) the polymerization process for the production of propylene. These allow workers to make decisions under pressure, understand the risks that may exist, and find the best solutions for each case. [PERSON] et al. [52] present a successful case study in the steel industry. For this experiment, they used a hybrid simulation, i.e., they combined a virtual model with physical elements and various human-machine interfaces. Among the essential characteristics that this article presents, it can be mentioned that it has, (i) a high level of interaction, (ii) efficient connectivity in real-time between virtual environments and physical devices, (iii) a level of detail adapted to the skills of the user, and finally (iv) high profitability in the use and application of this system. [PERSON] et al. [53], set out a framework for teaching complex concepts of industrial automation. They use Industry 4.0 technologies, such as VR and augmented reality, to easily and intuitively build systems through the IEC 61499 standard, allowing them to parameterize the function blocks used. The proposed architecture includes four main components, (i) a distributed industrial automation and control runtime environment, an open-source project, which simulates and executes applications through function blocks, (ii) a distributed industrial automation and control structure, an integrated development environment, also open source, which provides a programming based environment in Controllable Logic Programmers that combines the aforementioned standard with the IEC 61131-3 standard, (iii) VR and AR environments, developed in Unity 3D, because it is free to use and has great advantages in development, portability, support between users and in pre-prepared computer-aided designs for immediate import and use. Additionally, they have a set of devices for this type of technology, such as HTC's haptic glasses and controls, along with infrared tracking cameras; and, (iv) case studies, developed within the context of the automation of liquid tanks and conveyor belts.