# Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks Using an Optimized LEACH Protocol
## 6 Conclusions  
Today, wireless sensor networks are commonly employed in several sectors, and the research focus on wireless sensor networks was always directed towards the LEACH protocol. This paper presents a solution that employs an enhanced version of the LEACH protocol known as EE-LEACH in which the issues of the standard LEACH protocol are addressed and had tried to remove them efficiently. First, for the total energy usage each round, the appropriate number of cluster heads is estimated. This trial reveals that the methodology presented can regulate the headcount of clusters to vacillate between \(3\leq\mathrm{k}\) and \(\leq 10\). The EE- LEACH protocol successfully boosts FND to 1710 rounds and enhances its network life by 118 percent compared to the conventional LEACH and LEACH-C.  
Moreover, it increases the proportionality of data packets received through BS. As nodes' energy consumption is considered more balanced, there are many death nodes, which will not affect the total power usage as only \(2.00174\times 10^{-4}\) J is consumed per node unit because there are no more than 10 clusters in total. This approach presents a novel CH selection and packet routing threshold function that includes the node's residual power. We have seen that, while comparing with other algorithms like LEACH and LEACH-C, EE-LEACH delivers better outcomes in terms of network life, residual energy, and reliability.  
In the future, it is worth studying the optimization of multiple paths as this work is only intended to improve the life cycle of WSNs and minimize data transmission energy usage. We had considered a flat environment, but we tried to implement this in a 3D and multidimensional environment in our plan. Thus, the LEACH protocol should also be enhanced in future research utilizing a combination of some intelligent algorithms of AI or machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, we will attempt to offer a clustered routing protocol that addresses as many challenges as possible, including QoS parameters, additional security, and tolerating faults, particularly in the situation of dead CH, with the least amount of complexity. Finally, we will also consider modulation and coding strategies in the future to make the network more efficient and more reliable. This study can also be extended to the evaluation and assessment of microfluidics, which further offers numerous benefits in various disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and medical diagnostics [29].  
Conceptualization: S.B. ([PERSON]), S.S.; methodology: S.B. ([PERSON]); validation: O.I.K., Y.A.; formal analysis: S.A. and F.A.; investigation: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]), S.B. ([PERSON]), S.S.; resources: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]); data curation: S.S.; writing original draft preparation: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]); writing review and editing: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]), S.S., [PERSON] ([PERSON]), Y.A.; visualization: [PERSON]. ([PERSON]); supervision: S.S., Y.A.; project administration: O.I.K., Y.A., F.A., S.B. ([PERSON]), S.S.; funding acquisition: S.A., F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This research is funded by Taif University, TURSP-2020/150.  
Figure 11: Packet success ratio.