# A Comparative Analysis of 3D Software for Modeling Fatigue Crack Growth: A Review
## 2 Software
### Numerical-Based Approaches
#### 2.1.1 ABAQUS
Additionally, [PERSON] [18] and [PERSON] [19] employed ABAQUS for automated finite element simulation and plasticity-induced crack closure, respectively. Both studies reported favorable agreement between the computational models and experimental results. The introduction of extended finite element methods (XFEMs) for ABAQUS was documented by [PERSON] [12] and [PERSON] [20]. [PERSON]'s work focused on the application of XFEM to quasi-brittle materials, whereas [PERSON]'s research centered around three-dimensional fatigue crack growth. In addition, [PERSON] [21] and [PERSON] [22] developed progressive damage models and algorithms specifically for ABAQUS. [PERSON]'s study concentrated on bonded joints, while [PERSON]'s work addressed non-proportional mixed mode loading. Collectively, these studies showcase the versatility of ABAQUS in fatigue crack growth modeling. However, they also highlight certain limitations of the software, including its performance in 2D analyses, adhesively bonded joints, and non-proportional mixed mode loading scenarios. Using ABAQUS for fatigue crack growth simulations offers several advantages. Here are some key advantages:  
* Comprehensive Simulation Tool: ABAQUS provides a robust platform for simulating fatigue crack growth. Although it does not natively support fatigue analysis, engineers can leverage plug-ins or toolkits to perform these predictions. The versatility of Abaqus allows users to model complex geometries, material behavior, and loading conditions, making it suitable for various engineering applications [23; 24]. * Freely Distributed Plug-In: Researchers have developed an ABAQUS plug-in specifically for fatigue crack growth simulations. This plug-in is freely distributed and aims to evaluate the design life of engineering components. It includes five different fatigue crack growth models and relies on the XFEM method to simulate crack propagation. The plug-in covers all necessary steps, from geometry creation to job submission and post-processing [9; 25]. * Validation and Accuracy: The implementation of the plug-in has been validated by comparing its predictions to analytical and experimental results. This ensures its accuracy and reliability [9; 26]. * Integration with Pre/Post-processing Tools: ABAQUS integrates seamlessly with pre-processing tools like CATIA or SolidWorks for geometry creation and mesh generation. It also provides a powerful post-processing environment that allows users to visualize and analyze simulation results effectively. This integration streamlines the simulation workflow and enhances productivity [27; 28]. While ABAQUS is a powerful software tool for fatigue crack growth analysis, it does have certain limitations that should be considered:
* Mesh Sensitivity: The accuracy of fatigue crack growth analysis is highly dependent on the quality and refinement of the mesh near the crack tip. Achieving an appropriate mesh density can be challenging, as refining the mesh in this region leads to increased computational costs. Careful consideration and validation of the mesh sensitivity are required to obtain reliable results [29]. * Crack Growth Models: ABAQUS offers various crack growth models such as cohesive zone modeling and XFEM. However, the accuracy of these models is dependent on the assumptions and parameters used. Choosing the appropriate crack growth model and accurately defining its parameters can be complex and may require experimental validation [30]. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [31] highlighted the importance of incorporating a mesh-independent computational algorithm within ABAQUS to achieve accurate predictions of fatigue crack growth, particularly under variable amplitude loading conditions. This emphasizes the need for advanced techniques that can mitigate the influence of mesh resolution on the results, ensuring reliable predictions of crack propagation behavior. * Material Data: Accurate material properties, such as fatigue properties, are crucial for reliable fatigue crack growth analysis.