# Applications of Plasma Produced with Electrical Discharges in Gases for Agriculture and Biomedicine
## 3 Review of Plasma Applications in Agriculture and Medicine
### Plasma Application in Biomedicine
#### 3.2.5 Veterinary Medicine  
The vast majority of medical research, whether laboratory or clinical using non-thermal plasma, concerns research involving humans. A comparatively small number of articles report experiments already carried out on animals to improve their health problems related to pathogens, bacteria, wound healing, and other ailments for which human-aimed plasma-treatment methods have already been found. Nevertheless, dermatologists from Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University (Grafton, MA, USA) reported that the CAP can be used to treat skin wounds on all types of animals, from cats and dogs to horses, birds, farm animals, and even exotic animal species [231]. The scientists use the kINPen plasma jet for painless treatment of cat and dog superficial skin infections, benign skin growths, chronic wounds, etc. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c} \hline \hline
**Dental Science Applications** & **Source of Plasma/Plasma Devices** & **Biological Models** & **References** \\ \hline Dental canal disinfection & Plasma jet device/He; He/O\({}_{2}\) & Human extracted tooth & [225] \\ Dental canal disinfection & Plasma jet device/Ar/O\({}_{2}\) & Human extracted tooth & [226] \\  & Plasma brush/Ar; low pressure plasma & & \\ Improvement of dental structures & device/O\({}_{2}\), Ar, N\({}_{2}\), and He + N\({}_{2}\); & Human extracted tooth & [227, 228, 229] \\  & HDBD device/Ar; plasma jet device & & \\ Biofilm reduction & Kinpen MED® plasma jet/Ar & & \\  & Three different types of CAP devices: & & \\ Biofilm reduction on titanium discs & (a) kINPen plasma jet/Ar; (b) HDBD & & \\  & device/Ar; (c) VDBD device/Ar & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 4: Plasma applications in dentistry [205]. Nonthermal atmospheric plasma can also be useful in canine osteosarcoma treatment, especially in large breeds [232]. This is a primary bone tumour which usually arises in the bones of the limbs, skull, spine, or ribcage, and in rare cases arising in non-boney tissues. [PERSON] et al. presented research where D-17 and DSN canine osteosarcoma cell lines subdued to DBD CAP treatment were studied. The authors suggested both lines of DNA damage were caused by ROS plasma agents in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, further CAP treatment resulted in induction of cells apoptosis, inhibition of the invasion, and migration activity of cells. The most widespread pathogens that cause bacterial skin and ear infections, such as canine pyoderma and otitis in dogs are _Staphylococcus_ spp. (Gram-positive bacteria), and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, _Proteus_ spp., and _Escherichia coli_ (Gram-negative bacteria) [233, 234]. [PERSON] et al. [235] presented the application of cold atmospheric microwave plasma (CAMP) on _Staphylococcus pseudintermedius_ field strains, obtained from dog skin with pyoderma and ears with otitis externa. Plasma-generation parameters included argon gas, a microwave energy range of 30-50 W, power supply frequency of 2450 Mhz, and gas flow rate after ionisation of 10-20 L/min. The experiments showed that 30 W CAMP-treatment of _P. aeruginosa_, _E. coli_, and _S. aureus_ at 10, 30 and 60 s exposures caused a very significant survival rate reduction, even up to 0.7-0.8% (60 s of treatment). All studied organisms, except _S. aureus_, were completely killed after 60 s of plasma exposure in 50 W mode. To kill _S. aureus_ cells, an additional 120 s of treatment was given. A novel therapy method using non-invasive physical plasma (NIPP) treatment was developed by a German scientific group. [PERSON] et al. presented research on NIPP exposure applied to a hedgehog with a head injury [236]. The experiment was carried out with a male European hedgehog with a head wound of unknown aetiology. NIPP treatment was performed in combination with conventional pharmacological wound therapy that relied on primary wound cleansing with ocentidine, and antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin after the first plasma treatment.