## 6 Review of Studies Related to Micromobility in the Context of Multi-Modal Mobility
### Summary of Studies  
In Figure 3, the keyword \"bike\" is detected. As \"bike\" is one type of vehicles in micromobility, it can be selected as a candidate keyword to search for related papers. As \"scooter\" is another type of vehicles in micromobility, it can be selected as a candidate keyword to search for related papers. We used two query strings AB = ((\"bike\" AND \"transport\" AND \"multi-modal\")), AB = ((\"micromobility\" AND \"multi-modal\")) and AB = ((\"scooter\" AND \"transport\" AND \"multi-modal\")) to search for the papers for the fourth category related to micromobility in the context of multi-modal mobility. The sources of the literature were obtained based on the Web of Science database. The search resulted in 17 papers. Although query strings were used to search for papers potentially relevant to the combination of keywords for the review, many papers containing the keywords in the abstract did not focus on research issues related to those keywords. If a paper was not directly related to the research issues associated with the keywords after content analysis, it was excluded from this review. After screening the papers found by searching the Web of Science database, 11 papers were obtained.  
Figure 7 shows the distribution of these papers published over the years. Although there was a break in publication in 2022, the sustained growth in the number of publications in 2023 and 2024 indicates that the number of related publications has the potential to grow in the coming years, helping to fill the gap in the literature.  
The research questions addressed in each paper found by the refined search of this section are summarized in Table 7.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c p{284.5 pt}} \hline \hline
**Paper** & **Research Questions** \\ \hline
[92] & What are the impacts of bike-sharing on travelers’ usage of other transport modes in a multi-modal transportation system? \\ \hline
[59] & How does multi-modal travel improve accessibility of tourist attractions? \\ \hline
[93] & How to assess the mode substitution effects of dockless bike-sharing systems and its determinants? \\ \hline
[94] & How to assess the interactions between different modes of transport and the influence of one transport mode on the other one from the perspectives of time and region attribute? \\ \hline
[95] & What are the determinants of station-based round-trip bike sharing demand? \\ \hline
[60] & How to model public transport users’ propensity to shift to the bicycle to access bus stops, train and metro stations? \\ \hline
[61] & How to analyze bike sharing travel patterns based on bike sharing trip data? \\ \hline
[96] & What are the differences of micromobility modes in terms of the characteristics, complementation or competition between them? \\ \hline
[62] & How to optimize the locations of micromobility stations/service area using geospatial data? \\ \hline
[63] & How to assess the effectiveness of integrating shared e-scooters as the feeder to public transit in cities? \\ \hline
[64] & How governance stakeholders might shape sustainability transitions and technology uptake of e-bike? \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 7: Summary of research questions addressed in the papers published between 2017 and 2024 in the Web of Science Core Collection with keywords “bike/micromobility/scooter”, “transport” and “multi-modal” in the abstract.  
Figure 7: Distribution of research issues and the number of papers published annually between 2017 and 2024 in the Web of Science Core Collection with keywords “micromobility”/”bike” AND “transport”/”scooter” AND “transport” and “multi-modal” in the abstract.