## 2 Applied Sensor Engineering in Logistic and Shipping Activities  
Technological and digital revolutions in the transport sector, including logistic and shipping activities of Maritime 4.0, have redefined the functional roles of shipping and ports. Ships have an important role in industrial activities as means of the transportation of passengers or goods. In 2018, approximately 11 billion tons of cargo were transported using ships [51]. Furthermore, several regulations were introduced in the 20 th century to maintain passenger safety in maritime areas and strengthen ships. One of the regulations was the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention established in 1914 [52]. Table 1 lists milestones along with regulations in international maritime safety. At present, several developments have been shown to increase the utility of the ship-using industry, including satellites, radars, and sensors. These developments can be used to determine the position of a ship and for maritime monitoring. In 2007, [PERSON] et al. [54] investigated satellite imagery as an alternative approach for assessing stormwater in the ocean region. The research examined the image quality of four types of satellite data: (1) Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) Level 2 normalized water-leaving radiation of 555 nm wavelength; (2) SeaWiFS Level 3 chlorophyll; (3) Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Level 3 sea surface temperature (SST); and (4) Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 3 SST. One of the crucial conclusions of the research is that the MODIS sensors provided better coverage than SeaWiFS or AVHRR did due to better spectral, spatial, and particularly, temporal resolution. [PERSON] et al. [55] researched the detection of ships in an inland river using high-resolution optical satellite imagery. This research's background shows that it is more difficult to detect ships in an inland river due to several challenges compared to ship \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c l} \hline \hline
**Year** & **Initiative or Regulation** \\ \hline
1914 & Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS): Ship design and life-saving equipment \\
1929 & First international conference to consider hull subdivision regulations \\
1948 & The International Maritime (Consulative) Organization (IMO) is set up as a United Nations agency \\
1966 & Load Line Convention: Maximum loading and hull strength \\  & Rules of the road \\  & The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS): \\  & Harmonization of classification rules and regulations \\
1969 & Tonnage Convention \\
1972 & International Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing \\  & Collisions at Sea (COLREG) \\
1974 & IMO resolution on probabilistic analysis of hull subdivision \\
1973 & Marine Pollution Convention (MARPOL 73) \\
1978 & International Convention on Standards for Training, \\  & Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafear's (STCW) \\
1979 & International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) \\
1988 & The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Milestones in international maritime safety [53]. detection in a sea and offshore area. The first challenge is that ships in an inland river are gathered together and difficult to separate. Secondly, ships lying alongside a pier are very likely to be identified as part of the pier. Usually, optical Earth observation satellites with a resolution adequate for ship detection are located in low Earth orbit [56]. Figure 2 shows a typical example of an optical satellite image of a coast. Satellite imagery is an important tool that can be used for monitoring marine vessels. The examination of illegal fishing regions, maritime traffic management, oil spill detection, and national defense with ship detection all require maritime management technology [56; 57; 58]. [PERSON] et al. [57] investigated multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for detecting oil spills.