## 3 Auto-Insurance Systems Based on Cloud or Blockchain
### Cloud-Based Auto-Insurance  
Cloud computing has the potential to benefit insurance companies in a number of different areas. The cloud makes it possible to access new promotional strategies and methods, as well as to boost customer loyalty and retention. In this subsection, we discuss the recent attempts to store data consisting of videos or images of accidents taken from dashboard cameras to perform video analytic operations for insurance and other purposes. The benefits and issues of the related cloud-based vehicle insurance frameworks [41; 42; 43; 44; 45; 46; 47; 48] are listed in Table 2, and their working infrastructure is discussed below. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Advantages** & **Issues/Limitations** \\ \hline
[36] & Data integrity was guaranteed with a two-level integrity evaluation approach. & i. WIDE did not consider privacy issues, with witness vehicles supplying information to expedite responsibility judgments. ii. The proposed work did not consider issues such as scalability, execution times, and storage limitations. \\ \hline
[35] & i. The authors provided information on numerous functional facets of the vehicle ecosystem that could benefit from blockchain technology. ii. As every transaction was tracked and tamper-proof, the proposed framework proved to be successful in automatically handling insurance claims and resolving conflicts among different stakeholders. \\ \hline
[38] & CAIPY could be expanded to include more robust access control. Smart contracts were utilized to determine insurance premiums, and blockchain was used to store encrypted driving data. & Symmetric encryption keys were used, but a major problem was the need to disclose the key to the person with whom the data were exchanged. Since just one key was used for symmetrical encryption, it was known by both the sender and receiver. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: _Cont._ \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt} p{113.8 pt}} \hline \hline
**Ref.** & **Advantages** & **Issues/Limitations** \\ \hline
[41] & i. A cloud-hosted, dynamic, front-end visualization was presented to assist relevant authorities in conducting holistic data analyses. ii. Through an evaluation of the stored and processed data, companies could make decisions. & i. A stored accident video was accessible without authorization. ii. The message-passing mechanism was not elaborated in detail. The suggested program was complex due to the involvement of many sensors and technologies, such as edge and cloud computing. \\ \hline
[42] & An app allowed for users to record real-time videos using AES-128 encryption and save them to the cloud for backup. & i. The application was limited to Android-based mobile devices. ii. Drivers record live video, encrypt evidence, and save it to the cloud. \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 2: Advantages and limitations of existing cloud-based auto-insurance models. In [41], accident alerts from all vehicles equipped with OBUs were collected and sent to the nearest hospital using an open-source web server program. Following the rescue procedure, the collected data were transmitted to edge and cloud storage. The stored data could be retrieved and thoroughly evaluated by the police, courts, and insurance companies. In addition to data transfer, data reliability is also important for the prevention of data tempering or loss. A mobile application for Android phones was designed to store real-time video and a Google Maps journey as evidence [42]. The data were protected against loss and tampering by unauthorized users in the cloud using the advanced encryption standard (AES)-128 encryption method. Car owners, insurance companies, and other investigation agencies could benefit from this application. Authorized individuals could view the recorded data, whereas encryption prevented unauthorized individuals from editing or manipulating these data.