## 2 Glyphosate and AMPA  
Glyphosate is a non-selective, post-emergent, and systemic herbicide developed in the 1970s by the agrochemical corporation Monsanto and introduced into the market under the brand name Roundup(r). Subsequently, this herbicide has been extensively utilized in agriculture, horticulture, and other sectors for weed control. Nonetheless, GLYP is an active component in several organophosphorus herbicides [31]. The mechanism of action resides in its ability to inhibit a key enzyme in the plant metabolic pathway, specifically 5-enolpyruvateylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is an essential enzyme in the shikimate pathway [32]. The shikimate pathway produces chorismate, a precursor molecule of essential aromatic amino acids in plants. Inhibition of EPSPS results in plants being unable to synthesize the proteins necessary for growth, development, and reproduction [33]. In the environment, GLYP is degraded to AMPA (its primary metabolite) and CO\({}_{2}\) by microorganisms, which utilize GLYP as a carbon and phosphorus source, resulting in the cleavage of C-N and C-P bonds. Microbial degradation of GLYP may occur under aerobic and anaerobic conditions; however, the degradation rate significantly increases in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, it has been observed that GLYP degradation can occur within the plants themselves [34]. Additional studies have indicated that AMPA can be produced in aqueous solutions through the interaction of GLYP with metallic ions, often copper ions [35], potentially resulting in the presence of both GLYP and AMPA residues in biological and non-biological samples [2]. It is noteworthy that GLYP is not the sole precursor of AMPA in the environment; AMPA can also be generated from the degradation of amino phosphonates. However, due to the extensive use of herbicides containing GLYP, it remains a significant source of AMPA [35]. Table 1 shows the structural, physical, and chemical properties of GLYP and AMPA. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Parameter**} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{**Property Value**} \\ \cline{2-3}  & **Glyphosate** & **Aminomethylphosphonic Acid** \\ \hline Chemical structure & & \\ \hline Family & Organophosphorus compounds & Organophosphorus compounds \\ \hline Function & Herbicide & Metabolite from glyphosate \\ \hline IUPAC name & \(N\)-phosphonomethyl-glycine & Aminomethylphosphonic acid \\ \hline CAS number & 1071-83-6 & 1066-51-9 \\ \hline Molecular formula & C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{8}\)NO\({}_{5}\)P & CH\({}_{6}\)NO\({}_{3}\)P \\ \hline Molecular weight & 169.07 g/mol & 111.04 g/mol \\ \hline Solubility & \
\begin{tabular}{c} \textgreater{}353 g L\({}^{-1}\) at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)CNot soluble in \\ acetone, ethanol or xylene \\ \end{tabular} &
\begin{tabular}{c} 272.3 to 710.7 g L\({}^{-1}\) at 20 \({}^{\circ}\)CNot \\ soluble in acetone, ethanol or xylene \\ \end{tabular} \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of glyphosate. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), GLYP is an organic compound known chemically as N-phosphonomethyl-glycine that belongs to the organophosphate family and whose chemical formula is C\({}_{3}\)H\({}_{8}\)NO\({}_{5}\)P [40]. Its chemical structure consists of a phosphonomethyl group linked to carboxylic acid and an amine group. The phosphonomethyl group (PO(OH)\({}_{2}\)) is essential for the herbicidal activity of GLYP as it is involved in the inhibition of the EPSPS enzyme [41]. The carboxyl group (COOH) confers upon GLYP the ability to form hydrogen bonds and interact with other molecules in the environment, which can influence the mobility and bioavailability of this herbicide in soil and water [42]. Furthermore, the presence of a covalent bond between the carbon and phosphorus atom imparts to GLYP chemical and physical properties such as water solubility, high adsorption, and compatibility with other chemical compounds [2].