esa-sceva/satcom-chunk-collection huggingface dataset:
## 2 Geological Context and Current Production Base Status  
The Neuquen Basin, hosting the Vaca Muerta formation, stands as a central figure in Argentina's energy sector, contributing significantly to the national output of oil and gas. The Vaca Muerta formation, nestled within this basin, showcases a remarkable geological and stratigraphic complexity with significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration and production.  
The formation's thickness demonstrates considerable variation, ranging from 60 m at the basin's edges, to 520 m towards the center; this is indicative of the dynamic depositional environments and tectonic activities that have shaped the basin over millions of years. This variation in thickness is paralleled by a broad range of matrix permeabilities and porosities, which fluctuate between 4% and 14%, with an average of about 9%. Such diversity in physical properties underscores the heterogeneity of the Vaca Muerta formation, affecting both the exploration strategies and the production potential.  
The total organic carbon (TOC) content and thermal maturity (Ro) across the formation are notably variable, further emphasizing the formation's complex geology (Figure 1). These variations contribute to the differing hydrocarbon qualities within the formation, ranging from heavier black oil in the southeast to lighter dry gas towards the northwest. The overpressured nature of the formation, with pressure gradients between 0.6 and 0.9 psi/ft, enhances its attractiveness for hydrocarbon extraction via potentially improving flow rates and recovery efficiencies.  
Adding to the geological and operational perspective, the lithology of the Vaca Muerta formation comprises a mix of shale, marks, carbonates, and sandstones. Ternary mineralogical diagrams highlight a relatively low clay content with a dominance of quartz and carbonates,  
Figure 1: Ro distributions in the Vaca Muerta formation producing oil and gas. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2018, Society of Petroleum Engineers.  
pointing to a substantial heterogeneity in mineral distribution (Figure 2). This heterogeneity is closely tied to the paleogeographic conditions and diagenetic evolution of the formation. Vertically, there is a trend of decreasing quartz and clay content from top to bottom, while the TOC content shows an upward trend, ranging approximately from 2% to 15%. This variability in mineral and organic content has direct implications for the formation's hydrocarbon production potential.  
Recent operational data, such as the Vista Oil & Gas Q2 2020 earnings webcast, shed light on the production capabilities of the Vaca Muerta formation. The analysis of production data from ten wells, particularly two high-performing wells in the La Cocina area of Pad 3, reveals peak production rates of up to 2000 barrels per day (equivalent to 300 metric tons per day), attributed to their positioning within a shale layer that is rich in TOC. Conversely, wells in other areas, like Pads 1 and 2, despite periods of shut-in, also demonstrate substantial production rates, further evidencing the formation's significant role in Argentina's hydrocarbon sector.
## 2 Acquisition of Tunnel Face Images
### Method of Partitioned Image Acquisition  
#### 2.1.1 Principles for Selecting Photography Equipment  
Due to the dim lighting, severe dust, low visibility near the tunnel face, and the typically large area of the tunnel face, the requirements for photographic equipment are relatively high.  
Selecting a camera with a larger frame allows for a wider field of view, and a larger sensor size results in more detailed images. An aperture of f/2.0 or larger is recommended for low-light conditions in tunnel environments. A focal length of 35 mm to 60 mm is appropriate for tunnel projects, balancing visible distance and field of view. Longer exposure times are good for capturing more information about the rock in low-light environments and are recommended to be between 1/30 s and 1/8 s. These settings ensure high image quality in low-light conditions typical of mountain tunnels. The equipment selected for this study meets the above settings, including a Canon EOS 6D MARK II camera with a 50 mm f/1.4 lens and a DSLR tripod (see Figure 1).
# Alternative Categorization of Radio Frequency Power Amplifier for Generalized Design Insights
## 4 Generalized Design Approach
### Systems Engineering and Practical Implementation  
The generalized design flow, as introduced in this paper, shares conceptual alignment with the V-model, which is also known as the verification and validation model used in MBSE [51], where the left leg (horizontal flow) represents domain-specific modeling and architecture analysis, while the right leg (vertical flow) covers implementation, verification, and integration. The horizontal flow of the proposed method incorporates rigorous mathematical modeling and waveform synthesis, corresponding to requirement definition and functional decomposition in the V-model shown in Figure 10. The vertical flow--covering practical realization using components, EM simulation, and system integration--maps to the implementation and verification stages of MBSE.  
In addition, this structure aligns with SysML-based MBSE, where system requirements, parametric constraints, and functional behaviors are modeled hierarchically and traced throughout the design flow [52]. Though this work does not employ SysML notation explicitly, the time-frequency-space categories lend themselves well to a SysML modeling  
Figure 10: Mapping of the generalized design flow onto the V-model framework, highlighting its alignment with MBSE stages.  
framework, enabling traceability between RF performance goals (e.g., linearity, PAPR efficiency) and their respective design components.
# Topology and Polarization of Optical Vortex Fields from Atomic Phased Arrays
## 1 Introduction  
Studies and applications of optical angular momentum (OAM) beams attract a lot of interest from the photonics research community, and the methods for the generation of optical vortices are rapidly progressing [1]. Most recently, new results were obtained on the use of metasurfaces for the synthesis and multiplexing of terahertz vortices [2] and optical vortices [3], the generation of supercontinuum vortices with femtosecond pulses [4], the breakup of vortices with high topological charges [5], and stability studies of vortex solitons in matter [6]. Of particular interest are the enhanced capabilities of OAM beams to transmit information encoded in orthogonal angular-momentum eigenstates [7, 8]. OAM radio has the potential to improve the bandwidth of radio communications [9].  
In view of the robustness of information transfer by OAM light, here we address the problem of its coupling to artificial arrays of atoms prepared with optical traps. Our work is motivated in particular by studies of two-dimensional arrays for quantum memory [10], topological states of optical excitations in two-dimensional atomic arrays [11], free-space radiation entanglement by atomic arrays (Ref. [12]), and the possible application of phased atomic arrays as antennas in chiral photonic quantum links for quantum networks [13].  
Given the limited number of atoms in an array, the question arises of what number of atoms is required to generate OAM light radiation--or an optical vortex--with a certain topological charge. In fact, the formation of OAM modes of light from discrete radiation sources was demonstrated experimentally using coherent laser beam arrays [14] or an array of small apertures (Ref. [15]). In the previous theoretical study [16], we considered scalar fields from 2D arrays of point-like emitters. In the present paper, we extend our formalism to 3D vector fields of a phased atomic antenna array and analyze the topological and polarization properties of the emitted radiation.  
The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we analyze radiation from a circular array of polarized atoms and obtain an analytic formula for the case of a large number of atoms. In Section 3, the case of a finite number of atoms is treated via the Jacobi-Anger expansion, which enables us to perform an analytic summation for all individual emitters. Section 4 provides a review of the formalism of the 3D polarization of optical fields and gives analytic results of polarization parameters in limiting cases. Section 5 gives a detailednumerical analysis of atomic-array radiation intensity and polarization as a function of the propagation distance and number of radiating atoms. The results are summarized in Section 6.
## 3 SPO-Based Collision Detection and Obstacle Avoidance Using APF
### Estimation of External Torque Using SPO
#### 3.1.3 Estimation of External Disturbance Torque due to Collision  
Consider the following equation of SPO:  
\[\Psi=(\tau_{e})\ +(G)+\big{(}\Delta C(q,\ \dot{q})\big{)}+\Delta I(q)) \tag{12}\]  
where \(\tau_{e}\) is the external torque at each joint owing to collision (disturbance). \(G\), \(\Delta C\), and \(\Delta I\) are the gravity, nonlinear, and unmodelled inertia and Coriolis force terms. The main task of this research is to detect a collision inside the RVI. Inside the RVI, the speed of the robot is slow. The allowed speed in the RVI is 0.025 to 0.05 m/s. Thus, we can neglect the Coriolis and inertia term because in the current scenario, gravity plays main role in the nonlinearity of the system (i.e., \(G>>\Delta C,\Delta I\)). The equation reduces to the following:  
\[\hat{\tau}_{e}=\hat{\Psi}-G \tag{13}\]  
Assuming inertia \((\Delta I)\) and Coriolis \((\Delta C)\) are negligible due to low speed in the RVI. To verify the above assumptions, we took a desired speed of 0.05 m/s and ran the simulations for about 300 s and provided a simple trajectory to the robot so that perturbation and gravity of the system could be observed.  
As shown in Figure 5, at low speeds, the perturbation is virtually equal to the calculated gravity. Based on Equation (13), if collision does not occur, then the external estimated joint torque is zero.
# Guidelines towards Information-Driven Mobility Management
## 4 Mobility in ICN  
### Mobile Nodes, Correspondent Nodes, and MAPs in ICN  
The ICN architecture embodies a publish/subscribe pull-based communication model. Producer nodes correspond to devices that send data (_Data packets_), once they get an expression of interest by consumer nodes (_Interest packets_). Data are sent back following ICN forwarding strategies, and based on the network state left by Interest packets in routers along the way.  
From a functional and interoperable mobility management perspective, producer nodes and consumer nodes may be associated with both the MN or the CN functionality. At first glance, and from an abstract, functional perspective, mobility management entities could be reduced from MN vs. CN into a single MN entity, for instance. However, ICN is receiver-driven, while IP mobility management solutions are source-driven. Furthermore, ICN does not require the functional concept of a MAP to support mobility, as binding is directly performed to content and not to hosts, as shall be explained next.
# Performance Comparison of NB-Fi, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN
## 2 Related Works
However, this paper considers only the problem of signal propagation but omits the effects on the network performance of the collisions caused by random access due to many sensors operating in the network. Moreover, the authors allocate each network with the channel resources that would maximize the network's coverage, but these resources are different for Sigfox and LoRaWAN. The analyses of prior art bring us to the following conclusion. The comparison of various LPWAN technologies is very important both from scientific and practical points of view, which is confirmed by many papers on this topic. However, because of its novelty, NB-Fi is typically not considered in such studies. This paper fills this gap and compares NB-Fi with Sigfox and LoRaWAN both (i) by their nominal parameters and (ii) by the system-level performance in various scenarios, in order to determine the best-suited technology for each scenario.
## 5 Computational Experiments
### Cost Performance Differences with Partial and Full Charging  
[PERSON] et al. (2019) assumed a fixed 30 min replenishment time at AFS, with vehicles leaving fully charged, representing a time-consuming fixed full charging process. In contrast, this study introduces HERI, offering two energy replenishment options: battery swapping and charging. Battery swapping is completed in a short, fixed time, replenishing the entire onboard battery capacity. Charging, however, is more flexible, allowing vehicles to replenish energy partially based on route demands, with both time and energy consumption being variable. This flexibility is a key advantage of HERI, enabling adaptation to dynamic energy replenishment environments by combining partial charging with battery swapping strategies. Compared to full charging, partial charging offers two main competitive benefits. 1. Reducing energy costs. When vehicles require only minimal energy for subsequent tasks, partial charging enables on-demand energy replenishment at CI, minimizing unnecessary energy consumption and associated costs. 2. Alleviating the capacity pressure of CI. By reducing individual charging times, partial charging increases infrastructure turnover rates, effectively easing capacity constraints when serving multiple vehicles. This study numerically validates the effectiveness of partial charging by comparing energy costs and total costs under full charging and partial charging strategies using the HACO algorithm. The experimental results are presented in Table 7.  
The table above demonstrates that partial charging, following the \"energy replenishment on demand\" principle, effectively reduces charging costs across all instances, as indicated by the positive GAP11 values. Notably, the total cost for instance C25_6 is most significantly impacted by partial charging, with a GAP11 of up to 8.54%. As the instance
## 2 Materials and Methods  
### Preparation of Sample and HHP Treatment  
Bovine blood plasma powder 70 B (Sonac Burgum, Loenen, The Netherlands) was used for the study. In total, 3 \(\times\) 350 mL of 12 \(w/v\)% suspensions were prepared from the blood plasma samples intended for HHP treatment. The samples were then packaged in 200 mL PA-PE (polyamide-polyethylene) bags (90 \(\upmu\)m: 20 \(\upmu\)m PA + 70 \(\upmu\)m PE; AMCO Kft, Budapest, Hungary), which were sealed with a foil sealer, ensuring that as little air as possible remained in the packaging. The flexible PA-PE material allows for uniform pressure transmission while preventing oxygen ingress, which helps maintain product integrity and extend shelf life. For samples for microbiological examinations, 20 mL samples were placed in the packing bags. The samples were stored in a refrigerator at 4 \(\pm\) 1 \({}^{\circ}\)C until use. The samples were pressure treated using a Hiperbaric 135 (Hiperbaric, Burgos, Spain) pressure treatment system. All samples were subjected to a 5 min pressure treatment. The pressure values used were as follows: 0 MPa (control), 300 MPa, 400 MPa, 450 MPa, 500 MPa, 550 MPa and 600 MPa. The application of HHP in the pressure range of 300-600 MPa provides an optimal balance between microbial inactivation and food quality preservation. Therefore, the food industry prefers to use it for products such as fruit juices, meats and ready meals. This is proven by the fact that most of the HHP-treated products on the food market are treated at pressures between 300 and 600 MPa for less than 5 min [21].
## 7 Conclusions  
In this paper, we point out two problems of the existing location privacy protection schemes. The continuous query request scenario for the same user in the same location and the hierarchical structure of the address corresponding to the location are not considered, which makes it difficult for the privacy protection scheme to resist statistical attacks and hard to achieve the ideal privacy protection effect. To protect location privacy and privacy preferences, and improve anti-attack capabilities, we present the privacy protection scheme of DGS-HSA. The scheme divides the historical location dataset into a grid with a two-level structure according to the hierarchical structure of the address. Then we select the dummy locations from the structured historical location dataset to achieve the privacy protection level \(<L_{(k,s)}\), \(Q_{l}>\). In addition, we formalize the equilibrium problem of privacy protection and system overhead. By solving the multi-objective optimization problem, we give the recommended values of the system parameters. The effectiveness of the presented scheme is evaluated from both theoretical and experimental aspects. The results show that the presented scheme achieves the expected goals.  
Nevertheless, the effect of the presented scheme in this paper depends largely on whether the historical location dataset covers enough areas, especially special areas such as sparsely populated or inaccessible areas, which easily lead to anonymous failure due to an insufficient number of organizations. How to process, update, and distribute the historical location dataset more effectively is the focus of future research efforts.  
Conceptualization, M.L.; Data curation, Y.W., G.Y. and Y.X.; Formal analysis, M.L.; Funding acquisition, Y.X.; Investigation, M.L.; Methodology, M.L. and Y.Y.; Supervision, S.L.; Validation, S.L., H.Z. and Y.Y.; Writing--original draft, M.L.; Writing - review & editing, Y.W., G.Y., Y.C. and F.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.  
This work was partially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2017 YFB0802300, in part Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Guizhou Province under Grant 20183001, in part Foundation of Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Big Data under Grant 2018 BDKFJ021, and in part Research Project of Hechi University under Grant XJ2017 ZD08 and XJ2016 ZD007.  
The authors declare no conflict of interest.  
Figure 10: The value of \(s\) that balances the privacy protection and system overhead varies with \(k\).
## 5 Example
### Damage Assessment of a Pipeline  
When the stress interval value is obtained, the cloud model map at this time can be obtained by the forward cloud generator, and the degree of damage to the pipeline can be obtained by comparing the standard assessment figure of the pipeline damage. According to the assessment of stress grades, the standard assessment model for seismic damage is proposed based on cloud model, which is shown in Figure 13a, and combined with the stress response of the pipeline with seismic excitation of non-random process. The evaluation is shown in Figure 13b. The result indicates that the degree of damage to the pipeline is \"essentially intact\". When the stress interval is [380 MPa, 430 MPa], the damage degree is between \"essentially intact\" and \"minor damage\", as shown in Figure 13c.  
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Type of** & **Density/(kg\(\cdot\)m\({}^{-3}\))** & **Elastic** & **Poisson** & **Expansion** & **Friction** & **Flow Stress** \\
**Material** & **Deadulus/Pa** & **Ratio** & **Angle/\({}^{\circ}\)** & **Angle/\({}^{\circ}\)** & **Ratio** \\ \hline Soil & 1867.3 & \(2\times 10^{8}\) & 0.4 & 28.7 & 18.4 & 0 \\ Pipeline & 7850.0 & \(2.07\times 10^{11}\) & 0.3 & — & — & — \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table}
Table 2: Basic parameters of materials.  
Figure 12: Response of pipeline. (**a**) Von Mises stress under upper boundary loads; (**b**) Von Mises stress under lower boundary loads.  
Figure 13: Assessment grades based on cloud model. (**a**) Standard cloud evaluation chart; (**b,c**) Damage assessments of example.  
When the maximum stress values of the pipeline are analyzed, the assessment method is proposed to describe the fuzziness of the damage and understand the degree of dispersion visually. Thus, the broad abscissa demonstrates the fuzziness of the results and the advantages of the concept randomness, making the evaluation results more abundant, and it can more accurately describe the degree of structural damage. Hence, the degree of structural damage is a process from intact to damaged and the randomness of concept. From the distribution of the data, the evaluation center can be seen the location. Moreover, the discreteness and randomness of the results can be expressed by entropy and super-entropy, which makes the results more accurate. Clearly, for the operation of the pipeline in the future, it is necessary to improve the maintenance and assessment method of the pipeline to avoid secondary accident.
# Robot Routing Problem of Last-Mile Delivery in Indoor Environments
## 3 Problem Description and Mathematical Models
### Travel Time Calculator Considering Robot Movement
\]  
In regard to vertical movement using an elevator, we can assume that either no intermediate stops or several intermediate stops occur during movement. When the difference between the \(n^{th}\) and \(m^{th}\) floors increases, the possibility of the occurrence of intermediate stops might increase. For example, when a robot tasked with delivering a parcel must move from the first floor to the tenth floor, there could theoretically occur up to eight intermediate stops. For example, the problem involving two intermediate stops (\(s^{\prime}\)) is shown in Figure 3.  
Here, since it is a matter of choosing whether to stop or not to stop during vertical movement on an elevator from the \(n^{th}\) floor to the \(m^{th}\) floor, which can be regarded as a Bernoulli trial, the number of intermediate stops can be expressed with the following binomial distribution. \[\#\ of\ intermediate\ stops\ \sim\ B(r,\ p_{\omega}), \tag{2}\]  
where:  
\[\text{the maximum possible number of intermediate stops is }r=|m-n|-1,\]  
the stop probability under scenario \(\omega\) is determined as \(p_{\omega}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}\alpha,\ if\ \omega=peak\\ \beta,if\omega=normal\\ \gamma,if\omega=off-peak\end{array} \right.\]The following basic ideas are applied to calculate the travel time of the robot between the two floors in the above example:  
1. First, the density of the building is assessed, and the number of floors to be traversed by the robot is determined, after which the moving distance associated with vertical movement between the \(n^{th}\) and \(m^{th}\) floors is calculated. 2. Next, the journey time (\(T_{4}^{\prime}\)) is calculated to traverse the distance between floors on an elevator considering the probability of intermediate stop occurrence. 3. Finally, the total travel time associated with vertical movement between the \(n^{th}\) and \(m^{th}\) floors can be determined by summing the initial elevator waiting time (\(w_{\omega}\)), the time required for two fixed stops (s), and the journey time (\(T_{4}^{\prime}\)) calculated in step 2. With the use of the notations and procedure defined above, the moving distance (\(L_{4}\)) and travel time between the two floors (the \(n^{th}\) and \(m^{th}\) floors) can be calculated as follows:  
\[L_{4}=(|m-n|)h \tag{3}\]  
\[t_{ij}^{v}=w_{\omega}+2s+\left(r\cdot p_{\omega}\cdot s^{\prime}\right)+ \frac{L_{4}}{V_{e}} \tag{4}\]  
In Equation (4), the mean value of the intermediate stop occurrence is calculated by multiplying \(r\) and \(p_{\omega}\), according to the properties of the binomial distribution. As a result, \(t_{ij}\), i.e., the travel time between any two nodes \(i\) and \(j\) within the building, can be calculated by summing the results obtained with Equations (1) and (4). Note that Equation (4) is only needed when two nodes are located on different floors.