# Operationalisation of Building Inspections and Repair: Systematisation-Based Approach
## 3 Results
### Most Common Types of Repair Techniques
#### 3.2.2 Repair Techniques in Facade Elements/Claddings
As for \"A-A4 Colour changes\", it may occur in up to 15% of the area of the stone cladding in good conditions (Level 1), but if it affects more than that area, then the surface is considered with slight degradation (Level 2). As for \"A-A6 Cohesion loss/disaggregation and chalking\", it is classified according to the thickness of the stone slab that is affected. Material degradation in up to 1% of the thickness may occur in claddings in good conditions (Level 1), regardless of the affected area. But material degradation in up to 10% of the thickness of the stone slab is limited to 20% of the area of the stone claddings for it to be considered in good condition (Level 1). In cladding under generalised degradation (Level 4), material degradation may affect more than 30% of the thickness of the stone slabs in more than 20% of the surface of the stone cladding. In the case of \"A-B2 Vegetation growth\", it may be observed in claddings with slight degradation (Level 2) in up to 30% of the surface. If it is more than that, then the surface is considered moderately degraded (Level 3). Efflorescence (A-B3) follows the same criteria as A-B2. Cracking is the most severe defect in the set, according to its width, closely followed by disaggregation. [PERSON] et al. [57] use a five-level scale from Level 0 (No visible degradation) to Level 4 (Generalised degradation). Also, in Table 16, the results referring to the repair techniques associated with the most relevant correlations are presented. It is found that for the repair of facade elements/claddings, the techniques that may solve a broader number of types of defects are \"R-A1 Cleaning\", \"R-A2 Application of a protective coat (paint, varnish, water-repellent, antifungal, biocide)\", \"R-A11 Replacement or reapplication of the cladding/glazing (partially or completely)\", \"R-A12 Application of a new (adequate) cladding/finishing coat over the existent/replacement\", \"R-A14 Treatment of cracks or other holes in the cladding\", and \"R-D16 Correction of geometrical construction details\". These repair techniques tend to have very broad designations, and the particular works that are involved for each building material may be quite different. Concerning the resources used, two repair techniques are analysed, namely, R-A1 and R-A2. In the case of Table 17, \"R-A1 Cleaning\" in facade claddings refers to manual cleaning of the surface with mould stains or dampness through the application of water and bleach solution at 10% and rinsing with abundant clean water. In the case of Table 18, \"R-A2 Application of a protective coat (paint, varnish, water-repellent, antifungal, biocide)\" in natural stone claddings refers to a water-repellent surface treatment for natural stone facades, using colourless water-repellent and oil-repellent impregnation applied in successive coats until the element is saturated. \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{l c c c} \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Life-Cycle Stage**} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{**Facade Claddings**} \\ \cline{2-4}  & **Applicable?** & **Resource** & **Amount** \\ \hline
**Raw material extraction and** & & & \\
**processing, processing of** & & & \\
**secondary material input** & & & \\ \hline \hline \multirow{2}{*}{**Transport to the manufacturer**} & \multirow{2}{*}{Yes} & Transportation using a & \\  & & vehicle and the & \\  & & respective energy & \\ \hline
**Manufacturing** & & & \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 17: Resources involved in the use of repair technique “R-A1 Cleaning” from category “R-A Surface of the cladding” in the scope of facade elements/claddings—an approach based on a cradle-to-gate approach of LCA [38]; resource data from CYPE Ingenieros S.A: [39].