## 3 Results and Discussion
### Effect of Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on the Physicochemical Stability of Vitamin-Loaded Nanemulsions
#### 3.2.4 Impact of CIN Loading on Retention of BC and VE  
Effect of loaded CIN was accessed on the BC retention throughout storage for 30 days at 25 and 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. After 30 days of storage at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C, NE7 and NE8 nanoemulsions (Table 1) revealed the highest BC retention around ~52.23% and ~57.02%, respectively, as elaborated in Figure 4A. Furthermore, loading of CIN within NE9 to NE12-based nanoemulsions presented loss in BC; but TW-80-based nanoemulsions enriched with MCT oil showed more BC reduction. NE7 and NE8 nanoemulsions reserved a great amount of BC at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. An identical trend regarding BC retention was observed in NE9, NE10, NE11, and NE12 nanoemulsions at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Though, NE9 nanoemulsion presented higher BC retention, around 42.3% over a storage period of one month at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, as stated in Figure 4B. Loading of CIN within NE10 and NE12 nanoemulsions reduced VE contents, while an opposite trend was observed regarding reduction in VE contents in NE9 and NE11 nanoemulsions at 25 \({}^{\circ}\)C for 30 days of storage (Figure 4C). However, there was no significant impact observed on the VE retention by any kind of emulsifier. Even at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, nanoemulsions revealed an identical trend in the case of VE retention, and NE5 nanoemulsion presented the least VE retention ~79.8%, as seen in Figure 4D. Overall, each nanoemulsion exhibited VE retention above than ~80%, and NE4 nanoemulsion presented ~90.1% VE retention rather than others over a storage period of one month at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C. Antioxidants perform differently within diverse emulsified systems; however, they deliver different oxidative stability when they are used together. For instance, [PERSON] and his team used aqueous and lipid-soluble antioxidants in single form as well as in combined form to enhance the BC stability. They reported that EDTA performed excellently in individual form as compared to VE, and their combined form offered greater stability rather than VE acetate but not higher than EDTA, signifying antagonistic potential among VE acetate and EDTA [14]. In another previous research, better VE retention was observed in whey protein isolate (WPI)-based nanoemulsions, while the defensive potential of ascorbic acid was based on molar percentages of WPI and ascorbic acid [60]. In current work, CIN significantly enhanced BC retention in all nanoemulsions covering BC and CIN, whereas it displayed intermediate consequences when entrapped within the nanoemulsions encapsulating BC, VE, and EU together (Figure 4A). Additionally, throughout storage at 40 \({}^{\circ}\)C, nanoemulsions encompassing a mixture of BC with VE and CIN presented to some extent greater BC retention rather than nanoemulsions holding of BC + VE as well as BC + CIN as illustrated in Figure 4B. It is an understood phenomenon that emulsifiers could plan a crucial role in the stability of nanoemulsions. As reported by [PERSON] et al. [61] that emulsifiers such as proteins having greater molecular weight exposed a smaller amount of degradation rather than Tween-20-based nanoemulsions because of their smaller molecular weight. [PERSON] et al. [62] fabricated BC-loaded nanoemulsions stabilized by larger and smaller molecular-based emulsifiers where they reported BC retention in flowing order protein > Tween-20 > OSA starch during the storage period. Similarly, a great BC retention of OSA-MS stabilized nanoemulsions was observed over the storage of 30 days by [PERSON] et al. [44]. However, in this work, TW-80-based nanoemulsions showed slightly lesser BC retention that could be owing to their smaller particle size instead of PGU-based nanoemulsions. A reduction in MPS causes a rise in interfacial surface area that further upsurges the oxidation rate, resulting in a supreme loss in BC [63]. The most suitable reason for the healthier character of PGU might be owing to the OSA-MS capabilities to produce denser interfacial coatings that can protect the entrapped lipids from the aqueous phase [40].