## 1 Introduction
Figure 3 shows the total number of studies in percentages for each area of interest. The combustion area dominates the studies, covering almost half of the graph for all databases. Based on the retrieved documents, the discussion mainly lies in developing the technique to reduce the emissions, particularly NOx and CO, which are considered the most dangerous pollutants emitted from the gas turbine combustion process [11]. As the emissions issue from gas turbine combustion is concerned, various combustor technologies have been developed to perform cleaner comb  
Figure 1: Global primary energy consumption in 2020.  
most used combustors due to its high emission reduction ability and stability. However, since the DLE combustor reduces emissions by lowering the operating temperature, some challenges and problems are faced. The major problem found in DLE gas turbines is the lean blow-out (LBO). LBO is a phenomenon of flame-out in a gas turbine that leads to a tripping problem. Accordingly, the preceding studies investigated the LBO phenomenon to observe the proper preventive actions to solve LBO in DLE gas turbines. Hence, FDII and prediction techniques are extensively developed to minimize the probability of a LBO error. Furthermore, the dynamic models, including physical-based and data-driven, are established to learn and characterize the LBO phenomenon in the gas turbine. This paper aims to provide an overview of the DLE gas turbine as one of the top clean gas turbine technology. The flow of paper organization is represented by Figure 4.  
Figure 3: Various fields of work published in Scopus, WOS, and IEEE Database. Figure 2: Research produced in gas turbine area from IEEE, Scopus, and WOS Database. Firstly, the progress of modern gas turbines is described, beginning with single flame combustion as the conventional burner until the latest low NOx burners, which are DLE and NanoSTAR. The gas turbine models, including the physical and black box models, are discussed in detail. The working principle of the DLE burner according to the combustion range and fuel staging followed by common faults are subsequently discussed. The LBO phenomenon is further addressed by evaluating its causes, effects, and behavior. Lastly, various prediction techniques are identified, covering the semi-empirical, numerical, hybrid model, and data-driven methods to predict LBO. This review is expected to be helpful for the gas turbine industry or community and the engineers currently dealing with DLE gas turbine challenges. Furthermore, it can be applied by theorists interested in the gas turbine model and lean-burn combustion. Additionally, some contributions to the gas turbine fields that can be found in this paper are listed as follows:  
1. Advantages and drawbacks of various combustors based on the emissions, combustion method, efficiency, fuel, and stability. 2. Comparison of numerous models that can be used to study the dynamics of a gas turbine based on the equation, parameter assumption, and their application. 3. DLE gas turbine working principle covering the allowable operating range and the difference of fuel system configuration with the conventional one. 4. Various combustion challenges in DLE and conventional gas turbine including the causes and the prevention actions. 5. Characteristics of LBO according to emission and firing temperature, and some precursor events. 6. Possible techniques to predict LBO, which can be used to avoid the event and its future implementation. The paper's remaining sections are organized as follows: the evolution of burner technology and various models to study the dynamics of the gas turbine are described in Section 2. Section 3 delivers the working principle and potential faults in the DLE gas turbine. Subsequently, the discussion of the LBO phenomenon and various LBO prediction techniques are presented in Section 4. Finally, a summary of the discussion is given in Section 5.