## 3 Current Objectives and Legislation for Successful European EV Penetration
### Current European Legislation on EVs  
The EU has set several temporary targets to eliminate polluting vehicles throughout its territory. In November 2018, the EU Vision for a climate-neutral Europe was defined to be consistent with the Paris Agreement, in which the commitment is to maintain the increase in global warming below 2 \({}^{\circ}\)C, and if possible no more than 1.5 \({}^{\circ}\)C [87]. The EU has set 2050 as the year in which it will achieve climate neutrality. This is a fundamental objective within the European Green Deal, an ambitious EU plan that aims for Europe to be the first climate-neutral continent by that year and in which the EU is to invest in technologies and research to support citizens to achieve that goal [88]. To begin this process, in December 2019 the European Council endorsed the objective of a climate-neutral EU by 2050 [89], submitting its long-term strategy to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in March of 2020 [90]. Another Green Deal objective is that of reducing net GHG emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels [91]. For these purposes the EC has developed the European Climate Law, which sets a legally binding target of net zero GHG by 2050 while addressing the necessary steps to reach both this target and the EU 2030 one [92]. Drawing on these two objectives, a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation and include new initiatives to ensure that EU policies follow climate goals, which have been called 'Fit for 55', were submitted to the Council in July 2021. These comprise several policy areas, such as transport, environment, energy, and economic and financial affairs. In the transport case, the proposal introduces increased reduction targets of EU-wide CO2 emissions for cars and vans by 2030 and sets a new target of 100% for 2035, meaning that from 2035 on all cars or vans sold on \begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{c c c c c c} \hline \hline
**Name** & Euro 1 & Euro 2 & Euro 3 & Euro 4 & Euro 5 & Euro 6 \\ \hline
**Year** & 1992 & 1996 & 2000 & 2005 & 2009 & 2014 \\ \hline
**Directive** & 91/441/EEC [74] & 94/12/EC [75] & 98/69/EC [76] & 2002/80/EC [77] & 715/2007/EC [78] & 459/2012/EC [79] 2016/646/EU [80] \\ \hline \hline \end{tabular}
\end{table} 
Table 1: Euro regulations, year of approval, and associated directives. the market in the EU will be zero-emission [93]. In Brussels, a press release was published on 28 October 2022 indicating that the European Commission had reached an agreement \"ensuring all new cars and vans registered in Europe will be zero-emission by 2035\" [94]. It is important to emphasize that this regulation will apply to new ICEVs emitting CO2. At the time of application, the regulations apply to cars and vans, not to trucks or motorcycles. In successive updates, these types of vehicles could change. EVs can also achieve the zero-emission requirement with BEV or hydrogen approaches that use 100% renewable electricity. Additionally, 'Fit for 55' plans for power generation include a milestone at which 40% of all energy produced in Europe in 2030 should come from renewables [93]. As can be seen in Figure 2, based on the European strategy described above and similar strategies in other regions of the world, the authors of [95] made projections for CO2e emissions while distinguishing between 'advanced economies' and 'emerging economies and developing countries'. According to these estimates, the former will reach carbon neutrality four years earlier, although the latter will have to move much faster to achieve this goal. Previous actions have had a great impact on the uptake of BEV and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) in the global (Figure 3) [96] and European (Figure 4) [97] marketplaces. EV uptake is directly related to a wide range of charging points.