## 1 Introduction  
Analysis of heat transfer phenomena in fluid mechanics has showed that it has a vital role in many engineering and technological processes, such as glass fiber manufacturing, plastic sheeting, and food processing, to name a few. Heat transfer mechanisms have applicable uses in our daily life, through conduction, convection, and radiation. Particularly, heat transfer analysis in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid models has gained great interest from many researchers in recent years, due to their wide range of applications in industry. Mostly, scientists have focused on the study of the boundary layer flow of both fluid models and the heat transfer analysis by including linear, nonlinear, exponential, hyperbolic, and cylindrical stretching surfaces; [PERSON] [1], for instance, introduced the concept of a boundary layer towards stretching sheet taking with linear velocity. He also obtained an exact solution for the flow equation in this problem. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [2] presented a heat transfer study along with mass transfer aspects subject to stretching sheets, having applications in polymer processing. The temperature distribution in a viscous incompressible fluid flow induced by the stretching of a sheet that emerges through a slit into the stream was investigated by [PERSON] et al. [3]. The sheet velocity was proportional to its distance from the slit, and it was subjected to a constant heat flux. It was discovered that when the Prandtl number rises, the temperature at a given location falls. The temperature of the stretched sheet is calculated for multiple Prandtl numbers for a given surface heat flow. The heat transfer happening in the laminar boundary layer on a linearly stretched, continuous surface subjected to suction or blowing was investigated by [PERSON] [4]. Two scenarios were considered: a sheet with a predetermined wall temperature, and a sheet with a predetermined heat flux. Kummer's functions were used to express the findings. The answers were reduced to the reported findings under certain circumstances. Additionally, the findings of an impermeable stretched plate with varying wall heat flux were acquired. Finally, the impacts of the Prandtl number, the suction or blowing parameter, the temperature parameter, and the heat flux parameter on the temperature distribution were thoroughly studied. The flow and heat transfer properties of a viscous fluid across a nonlinearly extending sheet were investigated by [PERSON] [5]. The flow and heat transfer equations of the conservation of momentum, mass, and energy were partially decoupled using a similarity transformation that was distinct from the linearly stretched sheet issue. Using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration strategy, the fundamental nonlinear differential equation for the velocity field and the differential equation with a variable coefficient for the temperature field were numerically solved. A table and graphs were used to display the numerical data for the flow and heat transfer characteristics. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that heat flowed from the stretched sheet to the fluid at all times. Radiation influences on the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a viscous fluid across an exponentially stretched sheet were investigated by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [6]. The convergent series expressions of velocity and temperature were determined using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Graphs were used to lend a physical explanation to these expressions. The effects of Prandtl and radiation numbers on temperature were discovered to be diametrically opposed. The problem of laminar fluid flow in a nanofluid caused by the stretching of a flat surface was quantitatively studied by [PERSON] and [PERSON] [7]. This is the first paper on nanofluid stretching sheets. The Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are accounted for in the nanofluid model. The Prandtl number, Lewis number, Brownian motion number, and thermophoresis number all play a role in the similarity solution.