# An Overview of GIS-Based Assessment and Mapping of Mining-Induced Subsidence
## Mine subsidence Risk Assessment and Mapping
### Literature Review According to the Element at Risk  
#### 4.2.1 Buildings and Infrastructures  
Several studies considered buildings or infrastructures as elements at risk associated with mining subsidence events.  
Among them, some studies adopted the terrain deformation value as an element for estimating subsidence risk. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [46] assessed building damage in mining terrains based on a comparison between building strength and terrain deformation using a theoretical method in a GIS environment. This study predicted surface subsidence caused by coal and copper ore underground exploitation by employing the Polish approach from the influence function of [PERSON]'s theory. Subsequently, the overall hazardous impact of mining on buildings (within a densely built up area) at the planned mining extraction site in selected periods of time was assessed by evaluating mining impacts on the surface, the resistance of objects in mining areas, and hazards in order. A fuzzy inference system was used to identify the damage classification (final form of result), such as structural buildings, to assess the impact of subsidence on surface properties. [PERSON] et al. [47] assessed salt mining activities related to risk at Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina) by evaluating building density and intensity classes for four different hazards: deformation (sinking rate), water table rise, superficial fracture density, and deep fracturing. Using a multi-criteria decision analysis method including the FMF and AHP techniques, this study generated a final risk map with five severity classes over the area of abandoned salt mines, where care must be taken by urban planners and local administrators in their actions.  
Conversely, a few studies used subsidence susceptibility maps as an alternative to subsidence hazard elements to estimate subsidence risk. These studies visualized the degree of subsidence risk due  
Figure 6: Typical flow chart for assessing mine subsidence risk within a GIS environment.  
to mine development in five stages from very low to very high from a relative perspective. [PERSON] and [PERSON] [48] mapped mining geohazard susceptibility and risk around the Amyntaio open-pit coal mine, West Macedonia, Greece, using GIS techniques. In this study, a subsidence susceptibility map was produced by the semi-quantitative method weighted linear combination (weight of factors and rate of each class within the factor). Subsequently, two thematic maps (i.e., land use and a road network) were considered as exposure elements to assess the subsidence risk. However, the vulnerability of the elements above was not considered in this study. [PERSON] et al. [35] presented a GIS model to generate a subsidence priority map representing the relative risk of mine subsidence to buildings, which included residential and commercial buildings, playgrounds, gas stations, and other infrastructure. This study evaluated a subsidence hazard map based on the FR model. Subsequently, the subsidence hazard map was overlain with an exposure intensity map (building density) and vulnerability map (considering the distributions of buildings and depths of drift lines) to generate a subsidence risk map (Figure 7).