## 1 Introduction  
Livestock identification is important for a variety of reasons, including the management of breeding programs, disease outbreaks, food management, and security. Accurate identification can also improve the overall organization and management of livestock, as well as the monitoring of animal welfare and production efficiency. Biometric identification technologies, such as image scanning and automated detection and feature extraction algorithms, can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of this process. Animal identification has been a long-standing practice, using various techniques and methods. Artificial markings, such as tattooing and branding, are common methodsof identification that involve the use of ink or heat to create a permanent mark on an animal's skin [1; 2]. However, these techniques can be painful and are prone to alteration or copying onto other animals. Microchips injected into the nuchal ligament [3] and containing a serial number can also be used for identification. According to recent studies, microchip implantation in animals has generally been considered a safe and effective means of identification. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and imitations to be considered. One potential risk of microchip implantation is the possibility of infection at the site of the implant. Other potential risks include migration of the microchip within the animal's body, malfunction of the microchip, or adverse reactions to the microchip. These risks are generally considered to be rare, but it is important for animal owners to be aware of them and to discuss any concerns with their veterinarian. In addition to the potential risks, there are also some drawbacks to consider when using microchips for animal identification. One potential disadvantage is the cost of the microchip and the implantation procedure, which may be a barrier for some animal owners. Additionally, microchips can only be read with specialized scanners, which may not always be readily available. This means that if an animal becomes lost, it may not be immediately identifiable if the finder does not have access to a scanner. In addition, chip scanners cannot read all the chips [4]. Finally, microchips do not provide any visible identification for animals, which can make it difficult to identify them if the microchip is not scanned. Moreover, if the chips are made smaller so that they stay in one place and do not cause any damage, their readability is affected [5]. In addition to these traditional methods, biometric identification techniques, such as iris matching, DNA matching, and muzzle pattern matching, offer unique and reliable means of identification [6]. Iris feature scanning uses mathematical techniques to identify patterns in the visual image of the eye, while retinal imaging utilizes the unique vascular pattern of an animal's retina. External patterns, such as muzzle patterns, can also be photographed or filmed for identification. Digital images can be manipulated to improve recognition accuracy. Livestock biometric identification involves the use of unique physical characteristics, such as facial features, hoof prints, and retina patterns, to accurately identify individual animals. Muzzle patterns, which are the unique patterns of fur and skin on the muzzle of an animal, have been found a promising biometric feature for identification in recent studies. Muzzle patterns are unique to each animal and can serve as a reliable means of identification [7]. The use of muzzle patterns for livestock identification has the potential to improve various aspects of modern livestock industries. One key benefit of using muzzle patterns for livestock identification is improved traceability. Accurate identification of animals enables the tracking of their movement and history, which is essential for food safety and disease control. In the event of an outbreak of a foodborne illness or a disease that spreads among livestock, accurate identification can help to quickly trace the source and contain the spread.